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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Game Birds and Game Fishes of the Pacific
+Coast, by Harry Thom Payne
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Game Birds and Game Fishes of the Pacific Coast
+
+Author: Harry Thom Payne
+
+Release Date: November 16, 2011 [EBook #38032]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GAME BIRDS AND GAME FISHES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas, Joseph Cooper and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                 GAME BIRDS
+
+                    AND
+
+                 GAME FISHES
+
+                   OF THE
+
+                PACIFIC COAST
+
+
+                    _BY_
+
+                 H. T. PAYNE
+
+
+             [Illustration: shell]
+
+
+  Illustrated with Half-tones from Photographs of
+          Live and Carefully Mounted
+               Birds and Fishes.
+
+     With Ready Reference Diagrams of Each Family,
+       Giving the Scientific and Common Names
+          of Each Genus and Species, Their
+           Relationship, Breeding Grounds
+                and General Range.
+
+           NEWS PUBLISHING CO., Los Angeles.
+
+
+
+
+        Copyrighted 1913, Under Act of Congress,
+                      By H. T. Payne
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+Laws recently enacted by most of the states for the better protection
+of the game, imposing a nominal license for the privilege of hunting
+it, have enabled us to take a census, as it were, of that vast number
+of the American people who enjoy the health-giving sports of the
+field. This census reveals the fact, that, of the whole population of
+the Pacific Coast, nearly twenty per cent of all those over fifteen
+years of age are licensed sportsmen. Add to these the large number of
+anglers, not counted in this enumeration, and the rapidly increasing
+number of young ladies who are learning to enjoy the exhilarating
+sports of the field and stream, and this percentage will be
+appreciably increased. It is, therefore, obvious that a study of the
+game birds and game fishes must be one of interest to a very large
+portion of our people, and especially to the younger generation whose
+knowledge of the game they bring to bag is still in the formative
+state.
+
+Unlike all other works treating of the birds and fishes, this one is
+written from the standpoint of the practical sportsman and angler,
+rather than for the student of ornithology or ichthyology. I have,
+therefore avoided the use of technical names as much as possible, and
+employed in the description of the various species the plainest
+language consistent with a clear understanding of their distinguishing
+features. I have, however, for the benefit of those who wish to learn
+their scientific names and genetic relationship, added after the
+description of the members of each family, a tabulated form, giving
+the Order, Family, Subfamily and Genus to which the several species
+belong; together with their common names, general range and breeding
+grounds. A new and convenient feature of ready reference.
+
+The numerous illustrations, which are from photographs of the actual
+birds, is a new feature of great importance to the student, as they
+give the perfect markings of every feather, and the true gradation of
+color as appearing in nature.
+
+That, by placing within the reach of the younger generation of
+sportsmen, such knowledge of the game birds and game fishes as I have
+gained through more than half a century spent in their pursuit, may,
+in a measure, liquidate the deep debt I owe for the many happy hours
+and excellent health drawn from the exhilarating sports of the field
+and stream, is the earnest wish of
+
+                                                  THE AUTHOR.
+
+
+
+
+  [Illustration: Taxonomy of Birds]
+
+
+
+
+THE GAME BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC COAST
+
+
+In describing the game birds of the Pacific Coast, I have included all
+those found in any considerable numbers from the British Columbia
+line, south to and including the state of Arizona, the Mexican states
+of Sonora and Chihuahua and the peninsula of Lower California, for in
+some of these less frequented places, game birds are found in great
+numbers and great variety. This is especially true in these southern
+sections with the quail, for here its voice is heard in all the notes
+of the gamut, from the soft, turkey-like call of the mountain species,
+the soul-stirring whistle of the bobwhite, or the sharp, decisive
+"can't see me" of the valley quail, through all the varied changes of
+the blue quail family, to the low plaintive note of the massena quail
+of Mexico.
+
+While it is not the purpose of this work to give a scientific
+classification of the game birds of which it treats, a brief statement
+of the manner in which they are grouped and classified by the
+ornithologist will materially assist the reader in the study of those
+species herein mentioned.
+
+The ornithologist groups all the birds of North America into seventeen
+"Orders"; each of these including all birds of a similar nature. Some
+of these orders are divided into two or more suborders, where, while
+clearly belonging to the order, there is yet a sufficient difference
+in certain groups of families to justify this further separation. The
+next division is the "family," which is again divided into "genera,"
+and each "genus" into "species."
+
+Of the seventeen orders of American birds, the scope of this work
+includes only six; for all of the birds, commonly called game birds,
+belong to one or the other of the following orders:
+
+The =Gallinę=--All gallinaceous, or chicken-like birds. Of this order
+we only have to consider two families: The =Tetraonidę=, composed of
+the quail and grouse, and the =Phasianidę=, composed of the turkeys
+and pheasants.
+
+The =Anseres=--Lamellirostral, or soft-billed swimmers, such as the
+ducks, geese, swans and mergansers, comprising the one family,
+=Anatidę=, which is divided into five subfamilies, with four of which
+we are concerned, viz.: The =Anatinę=, the fresh-water ducks; the
+=Fuligulinę=, the salt-water ducks; the =Anserinę=, the geese and
+brant; and the =Cygninę=, the swans.
+
+The =Columbę=--This order has but one family, the =Columbidę=,
+composed of the pigeons and doves.
+
+The =Limicolę=--This order has seven families, only three of which I
+have mentioned as being of sufficient interest to the sportsmen of the
+Pacific Coast to justify a description of them. These are the
+=Recurvirostridę=, composed of the stilts and avocets; the
+=Scolopacidę=, the snipes, curlews, yellow-legs, willits, marlins,
+sandpipers, etc.; and the =Charadridę=, the plovers.
+
+The other two orders, the =Herodiones= and the =Paludicolę=, the first
+composed largely of the herons, storks, ibises, and egrets, and the
+latter of the cranes, rails gallinules and coots, afford more pleasure
+to the sportsman through their stately appearance on his hunting
+grounds than as game birds. The coots, however, are not considered
+game by our sportsmen.
+
+It is well to state here also, that ornithologists do not always agree
+in the classification and nomenclature of birds. One claiming that a
+certain species or genus should be separated, while others insist that
+there is no reason for such separation. With the one exception of the
+California valley quail, I have followed the plan of the American
+Ornithologists' Union. In this exception I have followed such good
+authorities as Bonapart, Elliott, Ridgeway and Gambel, and given the
+California valley quail the generic name of =Lophortyx=, instead of
+classing them with the Callipepla, to which belong the scaled quail, a
+species with no distinction between the sexes.
+
+
+THE QUAIL
+
+While the eastern half of the continent has but one genus of quail,
+the Pacific Coast, including Mexico, is well supplied with five genera
+and eighteen species, to which may be added four subspecies. Nine
+species of the genus, =Colinus=, however, and two of the genus,
+=Callipepla=, do not come into the United States.
+
+Properly speaking we have no quail in America, all of our so-called
+quail being partridges, but the use of the word "quail" has become so
+common that these birds will, in all probability, be known as quail
+for all time. But whatever the name, they are resourceful beyond
+comparison, and gamy to the fullest degree; affording with dog and
+gun the most enjoyable of all out-door sport.
+
+
+  [Illustration: MOUNTAIN QUAIL      PLUMED QUAIL
+                 (Oreortyx pictus)   (Oreortyx pictus plumiferus)]
+
+
+THE MOUNTAIN QUAIL
+
+(Oreortyx pictus)
+
+The mountain quails are the largest and most beautiful of all the
+American quails, though the least hunted and the least gamy. There is
+but one genus, with one species and two subspecies. Two of these
+inhabit the mountains of California and Oregon, and the third, the
+high ranges of the peninsula of Lower California. While most of the
+sportsmen of the Pacific Coast are conversant with the general
+character and coloration of the mountain quail, I believe but few of
+them have ever seen the more beautiful species that inhabit the San
+Pedro Martir mountains of Lower California.
+
+The present species, given the English name of mountain partridge, by
+the ornithologists, and which he has taken for his type, is a small
+race found only on the Coast Range from the Bay of San Francisco north
+into Oregon, and, therefore, never reaches the high altitudes reached
+by its near relatives, the =Oreortyx pictus plumiferus=, to which the
+English name, plumed partridge, has been given. In fact, both of these
+varieties are plumed, though that of the latter is a trifle the
+longer. The fact that the plumed quail ascends the mountains each
+spring to heights of from five to eight thousand feet for nesting
+purposes, gives it a better claim to the name, mountain, than has the
+other variety.
+
+The present species, the mountain quail, is generally found in the
+canyons and on the damp hill-sides where ferns are abundant. They have
+very little of the migratory habits of the other species, except when
+driven down in the winter by the snows. Their habits and general plan
+of coloration are so much like those of the other two species that I
+shall describe them all together, with the proper mention of wherein
+they differ.
+
+
+THE PLUMED QUAIL
+
+(Oreortyx pictus plumiferus)
+
+The range of the plumed partridge is throughout the entire length of the
+Sierra Nevadas and of the coast range south of San Francisco bay into
+Lower California, where it intergrades with the San Pedro partridge,
+but it does not cross the Colorado river and enter Arizona or the
+mainland of Mexico. This species begins its migrations early in the
+spring, keeping close to the snow line until they reach altitudes as
+high as 7000 to 8000 feet, where they nest and rear their young. In the
+fall, just before the winter rains begin, they commence their migrations
+down again to the foothills, where they remain until the following
+spring. Unless driven by unusually heavy snows, they rarely descend
+lower than 2000 to 3000 feet above sea level.
+
+
+SAN PEDRO MARTIR MOUNTAIN QUAIL
+
+(Oreortyx pictus confinis)
+
+The San Pedro partridge, so named by the ornithologist, is a resident
+of the San Pedro Martir mountains of Lower California, and ascends to
+a height of ten thousand feet, and is rarely seen lower than five
+thousand feet above the sea.
+
+I want to say here that no work on ornithology that I have seen,
+describes the San Pedro partridge properly. Most likely this is the
+result of an examination of the intergrades only, for they do
+intergrade with the California species to the northward. The two
+species first mentioned have the plume from one and a half to two and
+a half inches long and nearly round in form. The plume of the San
+Pedro partridge is flat, about three-sixteenths of an inch wide and
+from three and a half to four and a half inches long. The plume of the
+other varieties is erectile, but that of the San Pedro denizen is soft
+and falls down the side. In all species both sexes are alike, with the
+exception that the plume of the female is generally a trifle the
+shorter; but this can not always be relied upon to distinguish the
+sex.
+
+Generally speaking there is not much sport in hunting the mountain
+quail, but I have at times had a bevy scattered in ferns, and in such
+cases had very good sport with them with a dog, and found them to lie
+very well. They are about a half larger than the valley quail, and as
+a table bird much more succulent.
+
+=Color=--Top of head, back of neck and breast, an ashy blue, darker on
+the back of the neck than the breast; back and wings, inclining to
+olive brown, in the Coast species with a slight reddish tinge; abdomen
+and flanks, rich chestnut barred with black and white; under tail
+feathers, black; entire throat, reaching well down onto the breast,
+rich chestnut, bordered with white; chin, white; bill, black. The two
+California species have two round, black plumes falling gracefully
+over the back of the neck, but erectile when excited. These plumes
+will vary from one and a half to two and a half inches in length. The
+Lower California species have two flat, black plumes about
+three-sixteenths of an inch in width and from three and a half to five
+inches long. Both sexes are alike in all species.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest, like that of all gallinaceous birds, is a
+depression on the ground, hidden among a bunch of bushes or under a
+log, surrounded by a few dry leaves. The number of eggs will average
+about a dozen, rather oval in shape and of a light ochreous color.
+
+=Measurements=--Length (see diagram), will average about 10 inches;
+wing 5-1/2, bill about 5/8 of an inch.
+
+
+  [Illustration: CALIFORNIA VALLEY QUAIL
+                 (Lophortyx californicus vallicola)]
+
+
+THE CALIFORNIA VALLEY QUAIL
+
+(Lophortyx californicus vallicola)
+
+There are two varieties of the California valley quail. They are
+distinguished not so much by the slight difference in color as in the
+very marked difference in their habits.
+
+As with the mountain quail the ornithologist has taken the wrong bird
+for the type, making the larger race the subspecies. To the species
+(=Lophortyx californicus=) inhabiting the foothills of the Coast range
+north of the bay of San Francisco and into western Oregon, the
+ornithologist has given the English name California partridge. This
+species is a lover of damp places and rank growths of underbrush and
+ferns. The subspecies (=Lophortyx californicus vallicola=), to which
+has been given the name valley partridge, ranges from central Oregon
+throughout the great valleys of California, the foothills of the
+western slope of the Sierras, both sides of the Coast range south from
+San Francisco bay and throughout the peninsula of Lower California.
+Like the mountain quail it does not cross the Colorado desert into
+Arizona or the mainland of Mexico. Nevertheless it has a wider range
+than any other one species of game bird.
+
+Of all the game birds of America the California valley quail is the
+most resourceful and characterized by the greatest cunning. Having
+hunted these birds for upward of fifty years and practically
+throughout their entire range, I freely give them credit for knowing
+more tricks and being able to concoct more schemes of deception than
+all the rest of the =tetraonidę= combined, and this resourcefulness
+has led to most of the false statements regarding their behavior and
+gameness. It has been said by writers, who should know better, that a
+dog is no use in hunting them because of their disposition to run. Any
+bird with more game than a fool-hen will either flush or run where
+there is no undercover in which to hide, and the valley quail being so
+often found in dry, open places or chaparral devoid of undercover,
+will either flush or run until it finds suitable hiding grounds.
+
+But give the valley quail cover in which to hide and it can and will
+out-hide any game bird except the Montezuma quail of Mexico. In fact it
+is this remarkable faculty of hugging the ground until it is almost
+stepped upon that has led, more than anything else, to its false
+reputation as a runner. The man who hunts the valley quail without a
+dog--and most of its detractors do--can walk through a patch of good
+cover with a hundred birds scattered in it for an hour or more and not
+get up a half dozen. Unlike the bobwhite or the Montezuma quail of
+Mexico, the valley quail bunches in the fall. These bunches will
+contain anywhere from two or three broods to two or three hundred
+individuals, and sometimes even thousands, and they seem to understand
+that the larger the bunch the greater the necessity for avoiding
+pursuit. They are fond of the open places and the bare hill-tops and
+when driven from these, being a brush bird, they very naturally seek
+the brush. If there is no grass or suitable undercover in which to
+hide they will continue to work their way through it or double back on
+their pursuers until hiding places are found, when they will hug the
+ground so closely that even a good dog must pass reasonably near to
+them before he will detect their scent. The man who hunts without a
+dog generally passes through the cover into which his bevy has
+settled, continues his walk for a mile or more, then sits down,
+filling the air with a sulphurous streak of strong sounding words as
+he curses the game little birds for running, while the resourceful
+little fellows, closely hid, laugh over the security a false
+reputation has given them.
+
+There has been a great deal written about the ability of quail to
+withhold their scent, and many theories have been advanced. That all
+game birds do lose their scent temporarily while passing rapidly
+through the air I believe to be true, and the valley quail has this
+faculty strongly added to its other resources. This too often deceives
+the inexperienced man even when hunting with a dog. Where birds have
+been flushed into good cover and can not be raised, sit down and take
+a smoke, if you like, for twenty minutes or half an hour, then cast in
+your dog and you will be rewarded with point after point, where before
+your dog failed to detect the slightest scent. After years of
+experience with all of the upland birds of the United States and half
+of Mexico, I do not hesitate to pronounce the California quail the
+chief of them all in gameness, in resourcefulness, and in its general
+adaptability to furnish the highest form of upland shooting. But
+California quail can not be hunted successfully without a good dog.
+
+The food of the adult California quail, according to an investigation
+made by the United States Agricultural Department, through the
+examination of the stomachs of 619 birds, taken during every month of
+the year, except May, consists of 97 per cent vegetable and 3 per cent
+animal matter, the vegetable varying according to the seasons. During
+the rainy season, when green vegetation is abundant, grasses and
+foliage of various kinds form fully 80 per cent of the entire food,
+while in the dry season it forms barely one per cent. In the dry
+season weed seeds form as high as 85 per cent of the food; one stomach
+examined containing 2144 seeds of various kinds. During the harvesting
+season when there is a good deal of grain on the ground, and during
+the sowing season, grains form about 6 per cent of the diet. During
+the season when wild blackberries, elder and other wild berries are
+ripe, these, with a few grapes and a little of some other fruits, form
+23 per cent of the food.
+
+During the first week of the life of the young birds, insects of
+various kinds make up 75 per cent of their food, but by the time they
+are a month old their animal food is no greater than that of the old
+birds.
+
+=Color=--Male--Forehead, gray; top and back of head, sooty black,
+bordered with white running around from one eye to the other, and this
+again has a faint edging of black; throat, black, margined with white;
+plume, narrow at the base and wide at the top, consisting of six
+black, V-shaped feathers, each folded within the other and curved
+forward; back and sides of the neck to the shoulders, deep ashy blue
+with the feathers margined with black. Back and wings, bluish brown;
+primaries, or longest wing feathers, dark brown; breast, deep ashy
+blue, shading into a dirty buff at the lower part of the abdomen;
+flanks, dirty brown with white markings.
+
+The northern coast species are darker with more of an olive tinge.
+But all the markings are the same.
+
+Female--The female resembles the male in general color, but without
+the black head and throat. The plume is dirty brown, about half the
+length of the male's and nearly straight.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest consists of a depression in the ground
+carefully hid away in some bunch of grass or brush, and usually
+contains from fifteen to twenty very light buff or white eggs, often
+faintly speckled.
+
+=Measurements=--Length, eight to nine inches; wing, 4-1/2; tail, 4;
+bill, 1/2.
+
+
+  [Illustration: GAMBEL QUAIL OR ARIZONA QUAIL (Lophortyx gambeli)]
+
+
+THE GAMBEL QUAIL
+
+(Lophortyx gambeli)
+
+The gambel partridge occupies a unique position in its common
+nomenclature. In California it is known as the Arizona quail, while
+the sportsmen of Arizona refer to it as the California quail. In this,
+too, they both have good reasons for the names used, for these birds
+are found on both sides of the Colorado river, that is in both Arizona
+and California. Commencing in the Mexican state of Sonora, where they
+are found from the western slope of the Sierra Madre mountains to the
+Gulf of California, the range of the species extends northward and
+eastward through western Arizona, and, crossing the Colorado river
+onto the desert of the same name, passes through southeastern
+California into southern and central Nevada and Utah. The gambel quail
+belongs to the same genus as the two species of the California valley
+quail and in general appearance resembles them.
+
+The gambel quail is emphatically a desert bird, able to live through
+the long, dry seasons without water. If there are any trees in its
+neighborhood it will seek them for roosting purposes, but it is found
+distributed over vast sections where even the smallest brush is very
+scattering and under cover nearly quite if not entirely absent, yet in
+such places this member of the resourceful blue quail family protects
+itself from hawks and predatory animals with an astonishing success.
+The gambel quail is a true runner and can develop an astonishing speed
+for so small a bird. A very large part of the unwarranted reputation
+of the California valley quail as a runner is derived from confounding
+it with the gambel and the habit of the Arizona sportsmen of calling
+the gambel the California quail, but even as great runners as the
+gambel quail are, I have found them to lie well to the dog in the
+heavy bunch-grass sections of southeastern California and southern
+Nevada. I have also had fine sport with them along the bottoms of the
+Colorado river, where they are to be found in abundance.
+
+The food is practically the same as the California valley quail.
+
+=Color=--The general color of the upper parts and the breast is
+lighter and more of an ashy blue than the valley quail, but in its
+markings the gambel is the more conspicuous and more brilliant. The
+black throat, bordered with white, the gray forehead and the forward
+turned plume are common to both, but the top of the head of the gambel
+is a bright cinnamon red, while that of the valley quail is a sooty
+brown. The flanks of the gambel are conspicuously marked with bright
+chestnut brown with each feather with a narrow central stripe of
+white.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--Are the same in this species as in the valley quail.
+
+=Measurements=--Same as the valley quail.
+
+
+  [Illustration: SCALED QUAIL (Callipepla squamata)]
+
+
+THE SCALED QUAIL
+
+(Callipepla squamata)
+
+Next in geographical order is the scaled quail of Arizona and northern
+Mexico generally. This, too, is a desert bird which I have seen in
+great numbers at least twenty-five miles from the nearest water. It is
+the only member of the quail family where there is no difference in
+the markings of the sexes, except the mountain quail. In the open
+country it, too, is a runner, though it can not begin to develop the
+speed of the gambel nor will it continue to run for such long
+distances.
+
+During a residence of a year in the state of Chihuahua, Mexico, where
+I was developing some mining property, I found the scaled quail in
+great numbers all around me. Very few of the Mexican people are wing
+shots and few hunt except for the resulting meat. Little attention,
+therefore, is paid to the quail, and in the section where I was
+located I do not believe that even the "oldest inhabitant" of the
+quail settlement had ever heard the report of a shotgun. I had with me
+a brace of English setters, and these birds, though found among chino
+grama grass and low maguey plant, which offered splendid opportunities
+for hiding, not only tried my patience to the limit, but that of my
+dogs as well, by deliberately walking about twenty-five to thirty
+paces in front of me without the least thought of either hiding or
+taking to wing. By firing a couple of shots over them each morning I
+soon educated them to flush at the sight of me. In a couple of weeks
+they behaved very well and furnished me with good sport, hiding
+readily and lying good for the dogs.
+
+Most of the game birds need more or less educating before they fully
+meet the requirements of the sportsmen. Most, too, of the complaints
+that sportsmen make regarding the bad behavior of certain species of
+game or birds of certain sections should be charged to the lack on the
+part of the hunter of a knowledge of their habits rather than to the
+ill manners of the birds. One will often hear it said that certain men
+are lucky hunters and can not help staggering onto their game. Such
+men are lucky because they make a close study of the ways of the birds
+of each separate character of country. Knowing the places in which
+they will most likely be found feeding, they approach them from such
+directions as will have a tendency to drive them into the desired
+cover. A great deal of the annoyance of running birds, I have found,
+can be avoided by a careful study of their habits and proper
+management in handling them, and this is especially true of the scaled
+quail.
+
+=Color=--The back, the wings and tail coverts are a
+light, ashy blue, but the feathers of the shoulders, breast and
+abdomen are margined with dark brown, with a yellowish arrow-shaped
+central spot which gives them the appearance of scales. Its throat is
+a very faint buff, and instead of the plume of the genus Lophortyx it
+has a broad erectile crest with the feathers tipped with white. Both
+sexes are alike.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nesting habits are the same as those of the other
+species of the blue quail family, but the eggs are more of a buff and
+generally more speckled with brown.
+
+=Measurements=--About the same as the valley quail.
+
+
+THE CHESTNUT-BELLIED SCALE QUAIL
+
+(Callipepla squamata castaneigastra)
+
+The chestnut-bellied scaled quail is a subspecies of the scaled quail
+just described. They are not numerous and hardly enter the territory
+covered by this work. Intergrades of the two species are occasionally
+found in northern Mexico and possibly in southeastern Arizona. In
+general appearance they resemble the former species, being, however, a
+little darker and with a strong chestnut blotch on the belly.
+
+
+  [Illustration: ELEGANT QUAIL (Callipepla elegans)]
+
+
+THE ELEGANT QUAIL
+
+(Callipepla elegans)
+
+Along the western slope of the Sierra Madre range in the state of
+Sonora, Mexico, is to be found another member of the blue quail family
+whose habits appeal strongly to the sportsman. This species, known as
+the elegant quail, is one of the most handsomely marked of the group.
+From the blending of the white throat of the bobwhite with the black
+one of the gambel, and the brown of the back of the one with the blue
+of the other, together with a marked resemblance in its call to that
+of the bobwhite, suggests the possibility of its origin having
+resulted from a cross of the two genera. I may add that both the
+gambel and a species of the =Collinus=, bobwhite, are found in this
+same section.
+
+The elegant quail is generally found in and around the cultivated
+fields which they seem to prefer to the open country. While the
+elegant quail will walk leisurely in front of their pursuer until too
+closely approached, they can in no sense be termed runners. When
+flushed they take to cover and lie closely. Like all the quail of
+Mexico they have been hunted but little and need to be well scared
+before they become properly educated to the gun. After a few days'
+hunting I found them a very satisfactory game bird. Being found around
+the fields, the grounds and cover were all that could be desired for
+excellent sport.
+
+=Color=--Male--Plume straight, upright feathers about an inch and a
+quarter to an inch and a half in length, varying in color--possibly on
+account of age--from a light lemon to a dark reddish orange. The
+throat is finely mottled with small black and white dots, giving it a
+dark gray appearance. The general color of the back and the wing and
+tail coverts is a dark blue with about half of the exposed portion of
+each feather tipped with a bright, rich brown. The breast and abdomen
+is a light, ashy blue, profusely flecked with large, circular white
+spots.
+
+Female--The plume is about two-thirds the length of that of the male,
+brown in color and barred with black. The breast and abdomen are
+spotted like the male but the back is much the color of the English
+snipe.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The same as the other species of the blue quail.
+
+=Measurements=--Same as the valley quail.
+
+
+  [Illustration: MASSENA QUAIL (Cyrtonyx montezuma)]
+
+
+THE MASSENA OR MONTEZUMA QUAIL
+
+(Cyrtonyx Montezuma)
+
+The Massena, or Montezuma quail, is a distinct genus from the blue
+quail family. In many respects it resembles the bobwhite in color,
+though far more fancifully marked. It is also nearly one-half larger,
+though in some parts of Arizona and in New Mexico there is a smaller
+species of the same genus known as fool quail. The Mexican bird is far
+from a fool, and although it roosts on the ground like the bobwhite,
+it is resourceful enough to take care of itself in a country where
+vermin of all kinds are very plentiful. Its range is from near the
+northern boundary south through the larger portion of Mexico.
+
+The Montezuma quail is emphatically a grass bird and inhabits the
+grassy foothills and the cultivated fields, where it affords fine
+sport with a dog. It is very cosmopolitan as to climate, for it is
+found at altitudes of from five to six thousand feet, where
+considerable snow falls, as well as in the foothills of the hot,
+tropical valleys of the lowlands, and thrives equally well in all
+sections. It is a bird of peculiar habits. When startled by the
+approach of an enemy the bevy at once huddles together, where the
+birds remain motionless until they are approached to within from one
+to four feet, according to the cover they are in. If they think that
+they have not been seen or that the object of their alarm is going to
+pass by, there is not the slightest motion made by any one of them,
+but when they decide to take wing for safety every bird in perfect
+unison springs into the air to a height of about six feet and darts
+rapidly away. They are quick on the wing and seem able to carry away a
+good deal of shot. The flight generally is not more than one hundred
+yards, and when they alight they scatter well and will then out-hide
+any bird that lives. I have both ridden and walked, without a dog, for
+hours through a country where they were plentiful without seeing a
+bird, except where I chanced to nearly step upon them, yet with a dog
+I have found on the same grounds probably an average of fifteen bevies
+to the square mile. For work with a dog I prefer them to any bird I
+have ever hunted. They give out a strong scent, for points on bevies
+of from six to fifteen birds, made thirty to forty yards away are no
+uncommon occurrence. Then when you walk in front of your dog they
+never flush until you have almost stepped upon them. A scattered bevy
+will lie securely hid until each individual is flushed. Unlike the
+blue quail they never gather in large flocks, but always remain in
+single broods until broken up in the spring for nesting purposes.
+
+=Color=--Male--The head of these birds have a very bizarre appearance
+whose strange black and white markings seem to have no more purpose or
+design than the black and white chalk marks on a clown's face. The
+head of the male is crested with semi-erectile feathers in the shape
+of a broad hood of dark yellowish brown color, falling about half way
+down the neck; groundwork of the back and of the wing and tail coverts
+is a dark ocher barred with a deep rich brown; breast and flanks are
+nearly black, dotted with large white spots, and from the throat to
+the vent is a stripe about five-eighths of an inch wide of a dark rich
+chestnut.
+
+=Female=--The female, with the exception of the white dots on the
+breast and flanks is much the color of the female bobwhite.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is like that of the quail generally, simply
+a depression in the ground, carefully hidden away in some thick matted
+grass or bunch of brush, and generally higher up the hill-sides than
+they are found at other times. Eggs, white, and of a china appearance,
+and from ten to fifteen in number.
+
+=Measurements=--While these birds are fully one-half larger than the
+blue quail, the very short tail makes their total length not over 8 to
+9 inches; wing, 5 inches, and bill, 5/8.
+
+
+  [Illustration: BOBWHITE (Colinus virginianus)]
+
+
+THE BOBWHITE
+
+(Colinus virginianus)
+
+I have said that the voice of the bobwhite is heard in the land. This
+is true, for the clear notes of his little throat awaken the morning
+echoes from eastern Oregon to the islands of Puget Sound. This great
+little game bird, whose praise has been recounted in volumes of prose
+and sung in the rhythmic measures of countless lines of verse, is not
+a native of the coast, but he knew a good thing when he saw it. When
+he was turned loose in the Pacific Northwest he cast his bright little
+eyes about him and remarked to himself:
+
+    "This looks good to me. Bobwhite, get busy at once in raising big
+    families and settle up your new domain."
+
+And he has done it, for now the sportsmen of the Pacific Northwest
+have better bobwhite shooting than is to be found in any part of the
+eastern states.
+
+The bobwhite roosts on the ground and always remains in single broods.
+When startled they huddle together and flush in a bunch. They are good
+hiders and lie well to the dog. They are seldom found far from water
+and rarely in heavy brush. They are fond of stubble or corn fields and
+the grassy nooks along the fences. Many efforts have been made to
+acclimatize this species farther south in California but they have all
+proved failures on account of the dryer climate and the lack of
+insects during the rearing season of their young. They must have a
+damp climate where the vegetation remains green, thus furnishing an
+abundance of insects during the early summer on which to feed their
+young. For until a bobwhite is nearly grown it lives almost entirely
+upon insects.
+
+=Color=--Male--General color of the upper parts, light buff, marked
+with triangular blotches of brown; head and back of the neck, dark
+chestnut; forehead, gray; light stripe from above the eye passing down
+the side of the neck; throat, white or very light buff, faintly
+bordered with dark brown or black; breast, light buff with the
+feathers tipped with brown; flanks chestnut mixed with black and
+white.
+
+Female--Generally lighter, and without the white throat and light
+breast.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nests are rude depressions on the ground beneath
+a fence rail or fallen limb, or in a bunch of thick grass or brush.
+The eggs number anywhere from fifteen to twenty and of a pure white
+color.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length about nine inches; wing, 4-1/2 inches;
+bill, 5/8.
+
+
+THE MASKED BOBWHITE
+
+(Colinus ridgewayi)
+
+A smaller species of the bobwhite, known as the masked bobwhite, were
+reasonably plentiful along the border of southern Arizona and south
+through the state of Sonora, Mexico. Like the typical bobwhite they
+were strictly a field and grass bird. But through the heavy pasturing
+of that section, together with a series of dry seasons denuding the
+whole country of such cover as would be necessary for their protection
+from hawks and vermin, they have become nearly if not quite extinct.
+They differed from the eastern bobwhite in that the male had a black
+throat instead of a white one and a bright cinnamon breast. The
+female differed also in having a light buff throat, and generally of a
+lighter color.
+
+
+
+
+  Order, GALLINAE
+
+  Family, TETRAONIDAE
+
+  Subfamily, PERDICINAE
+
+
+  Genus        Species           Common Names       Range
+  ---------- ------------------ ----------------- ---------------------
+                                                  {Coast Range of
+             {pictus             Mountain quail   {California from
+             {                                    {Monterey Bay north
+             {                                    {into Western Oregon.
+             {
+             {                                    {Both sides of the
+  Oreortyx   {pictus plumiferus  Mountain quail   {Sierra Nevadas from
+             {                                    {Central Oregon south.
+             {                                    {Coast range of
+             {                                    {California from
+             {                                    {Monterey Bay south.
+             {
+             {                                    {Peninsula of Lower
+             {                                    {California,
+             {pictus confinis   {Lower California {inter-grading in the
+                                {mountain quail   {northern part with the
+                                                  {pictus plumiferus.
+
+                                                  {Coast Range valleys
+             {californicus       Valley quail     {of California from
+             {                                    {San Francisco Bay
+             {                                    {north into Oregon.
+             {
+             {                                    {Both sides of the
+             {                                    {Sierra Nevadas from
+  Lophortyx  {californicus       Valley quail     {Central Oregon south.
+             {vallicola                           {Coast range valleys
+             {                                    {south from San
+             {                                    {Francisco Bay into
+             {                                    {Lower California.
+             {
+             {                  {Gambel quail     {Southern Nevada,
+             {gambeli           {                 {Southeastern
+                                {                 {California, Western
+                                {Arizona quail    {Arizona and Northern
+                                                  {Mexico.
+
+             {squamata           Scaled quail     {Southern Arizona
+             {                                    {and Northern Mexico.
+  Callipepla {
+             {elegans            Elegant quail    {Southern Sonora,
+                                                  {Mexico.
+
+                                {Montezuma quail  {Southwestern Arizona
+  Cyrtonyx   {montezuma         {                 {and south into
+                                {Messena quail    {Mexico.
+
+             {ridgewayi          Masked Bobwhite  {Northwestern Sonora,
+             {                                    {Mexico.
+             {
+  Colinus    {                                    {Introduced and
+             {                                    {acclimated in
+             {virginianus        Bobwhite         {Washington and Oregon
+                                                  {and the islands
+                                                  {of Puget Sound.
+
+
+
+
+THE WILD TURKEY
+
+
+If there is any member of the feathered tribe entitled
+to the designation of royal game bird, it is the wild turkey. This
+magnificent bird, whose size and cunning challenges at once the
+admiration and the skill of the sportsman, is a native of North and
+Central America, and found in its wild state in no other part of the
+globe. The ocellated turkey, the Central American species, is even
+more gaudy in plumage than the peacock, but as it is not found within
+the territorial scope of these articles, I shall leave its resplendent
+colors to scintillate in its own tropic sun, undescribed.
+
+Of the North American turkeys the scientist recognizes four varieties.
+The =Meleagris sylvestris= of the eastern states, except Florida, the
+=Meleagris sylvestris osceola= of Florida, the =Meleagris sylvestris
+elliotti= of the Rio Grande district of southern Texas and
+northeastern Mexico, and the =Meleagris gallopavo= of Arizona, New
+Mexico, part of Colorado, and west and south through the larger
+portion of old Mexico. It is of this last species that I shall write.
+
+
+  [Illustration: WILD TURKEY (Meleagris gallopavo)]
+
+
+THE MEXICAN WILD TURKEY
+
+(Meleagris gallopavo)
+
+Outside of the progenitors of our common barnyard fowl, there is no
+wild bird that mankind has domesticated whose distribution in its
+domestic state has become so wide as that of the wild turkey, and none
+have been so highly prized as an article of food. It is from the
+Mexican wild turkey, =Meleagris gallopavo=, that all of our domestic
+turkeys have descended. First captured in Mexico by the early settlers
+of that country, they were taken to the West Indies and there
+domesticated as early as 1527, for Oviedo, in his "Natural History of
+the Indias," speaks of the wild turkey having been taken from Mexico
+to the islands and there being bred in a domestic state. From the West
+Indies they were taken to Spain, France and England, and again brought
+back to America as domestic fowls. In 1541 they must have been scarce
+yet in England, for in an edict promulgated by Cranmer in that year,
+the "turkey cocke" was named as one of "the greater fowles," and which
+"an ecclesiastic was to have but one in a dishe." By 1573, however,
+they must have become quite plentiful, for in that year Tusser
+mentions them as the most approved "Christmas husbandlie fare."
+
+Inasmuch as there were no settlements of either English, French or
+Spanish in America north of Mexico until 1584, or in that section of
+the country inhabited by the eastern species of wild turkey until
+sixty years after the turkey is known to have been introduced into
+England, the common belief that the eastern species (=Meleagris
+sylvestris=) was the foundation of the domestic turkey is clearly an
+error; but the ornithologist does not find it necessary to consult
+history to determine the origin of the domestic turkey. That
+distinguishing feature of the Mexican wild turkey (=Meleagris
+gallopavo=), the broad, light sub-terminal of the rump feathers, is so
+strong that even after three and a half centuries of domestication,
+changes in color through selection in breeding, and possibly crossing
+to some extent with the eastern and Florida species, those markings,
+peculiar to it alone, are unmistakably present even in the
+lightest-colored varieties.
+
+As a game bird the turkey has but few equals. Like most of game birds
+they are comparatively tame and unsuspicious until after they have
+been hunted, and learned that of all animals man is their greatest foe
+and most to be dreaded, for whenever he is within sight he is within
+the range of his instruments of destruction. I have seen the Mexican
+wild turkey constantly running or flushing in front of us from morning
+till night as we traveled through their country for days. They showed
+but little fear, for while we killed all we could eat, we were
+constantly traveling, so that those that had been introduced to the
+white man's methods of destroying were left behind us, and those in
+front of us had yet the lesson to learn; but when the wild turkey has
+been hunted a little it becomes about as wary, cunning and resourceful
+as any bird that flies.
+
+The Mexican wild turkey is the largest of the race, and has been, and is
+yet, the most plentiful. They are strictly mountain dwellers, not often
+found in altitudes of less than twenty-five hundred to three thousand
+feet, and more frequently from four to six thousand, and even up to
+eight thousand feet or more. They are strictly timber dwellers, usually,
+if not always, living in the pine forests, for I can not call to mind a
+single instance where I have found them except where pines of some
+variety were the principal trees. In size, individuals vary a good deal.
+So, also, will the general average be found to vary as much as ten
+pounds in different localities. Generally the higher their habitat the
+larger the birds, some of the old gobblers reaching forty pounds if not
+more. I remember killing one in the Sierra Madres of northern Mexico
+that I carried about three miles into camp over a very rough country. By
+the time I got him there I was willing to bet my last "silver 'dobe"
+that he weighed a ton. I have also killed some very large ones in the
+San Francisco mountains of Arizona.
+
+The wild turkey, like the mountain quail, has an up and down mountain
+migration. In the early spring the hens begin to work up the mountains
+and seek the densest jungles, and of course the gobblers follow them.
+The gobblers are polygamous, and have but little respect for their
+families. They will not only destroy the nests, but even the young
+birds. For this reason the hens are very secretive in nesting, taking
+as much care in hiding them away from the gobblers as from their other
+enemies. As soon as the hens begin setting the gobblers gather in
+flocks and remain by themselves until joined in the early fall by the
+hens and their half-grown broods. After this the flocks soon begin
+their migration to the lower hills and mountain openings, and
+congregate into immense roosts. Places were once to be seen where they
+had filled the trees for acres in such numbers as to break the limbs
+in many instances. In those times and localities they were too tame
+and too plentiful to afford much amusement to the man who hunted them
+for sport, but with the exception of some places in Mexico that day
+has passed, and the sportsman who hunts these grand game birds now
+will find a quarry worthy of his skill and affording him sufficient
+exertion to whet his appetite for the delicious feast they furnish
+him.
+
+Both the habits and the habitat of the wild turkey make the sport of
+hunting them especially enjoyable. As soon as the gobblers are
+deserted by the hens they become more wary, and the crack of a twig or
+the sight of a man, be he ever so far away, and they at once seek
+cover. Then the keen eye and the noiseless tread of the still hunter
+is called upon for his best and most careful efforts, for the eyes of
+these gobblers are quick to catch the slightest move and their ears
+acute to the faintest sound. The curiosity of a deer often makes him
+hesitate long enough for the opportunity of a shot, but the gobbler,
+after the hens have left him, is no longer lured by curiosity. His
+business is to keep out of sight, and he can do it, after he has once
+learned the destructiveness of man, just a little more successfully
+than any other bird or animal that I have ever hunted.
+
+There are no wild turkeys west of the Colorado river, nor on the
+peninsula of Lower California; but there can be no reason to doubt
+that, had the mountains of Arizona connected with the pines of the
+Coast range in San Bernardino county or with the Sierras of Inyo or
+Kern, the mountains of California would have been as well supplied
+with turkey as are its valleys with quail.
+
+=Color=--The color of the wild turkey varies very much except in those
+that are found in the higher mountains and far away from civilization.
+Domestication of over three hundred and fifty years has not yet robbed
+the turkey of its love for the wild and they are often seen long
+distances away from the farms feeding contentedly. In countries where
+the wild turkey still existed these tame varieties of various colors
+have mixed with them, often to such an extent as to change the color
+very materially. I have seen flocks in Mexico ranging close to ranch
+houses with turkeys among them so light-colored that they were no
+doubt tame birds that had wandered away with their wild progenitors.
+
+The wild turkey of Mexico, Arizona, New Mexico and Colorado is a dark
+bronze bird with a light-colored rump, caused by the upper tail
+coverts being tipped with a broad subterminal band of white, narrowly
+tipped with black. The tail feathers are dark brown, spotted with
+black and tipped with white.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest of the wild turkey is generally in a
+depression in the ground, high up on the mountains, and carefully
+hidden away in some dense thicket. I cannot call to mind ever seeing
+but two nests. One of these had but seven eggs while the other had
+seventeen. The markings are the same as those of the tame turkey.
+
+=Measurements=--The total length varies from three to four and a half
+feet; wing 18 to 24 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration: MONGOLIAN PHEASANT (Phasianus torquatus)]
+
+
+THE MONGOLIAN PHEASANT
+
+(Phasianus torquatus)
+
+While the wild turkey is the only representative of the =Phasianidę=
+found native to the American continent, the Mongolian pheasant has
+been so successfully acclimatized in Oregon and Washington that it
+must now be recognized as an established resident species.
+
+After it became an established fact that these pheasants were proving
+a success in Oregon, there became a demand for their introduction into
+California, and thousands of dollars were spent for a number of years
+in an unsuccessful effort to acclimatize them. The pheasant, like the
+grouse, is a cold country bird, and the mild and dry climate of
+California does not appeal to their peculiar tastes or the
+requirements of their physical being. Oregon, however, possesses the
+climatic, floral and entomic conditions for which nature has fitted
+them. Green vegetation lasts during the whole season in which they
+rear their young, thus furnishing them with that abundance of insects
+necessary to the health and nourishment of the young chicks. They are
+endowed with certain physical attributes for which the cold of winter
+is necessary to preserve a continued healthful condition, and this,
+too, they find in Oregon. In fact this constitutional demand for the
+cold of winter has been by nature so strongly implanted within them
+that the rearing of thirty generations in the comparatively mild
+climate of Oregon has not effaced it, and obeying this primal instinct
+they have migrated through Washington and into the better-loved and
+colder winters of British Columbia.
+
+Therefore, while California undoubtedly may have an abundance of wild
+turkeys, quail in unlimited numbers and of two or three more species
+than we have at present, the timber and the plain tinamus of South
+America, and possibly the sand grouse of southern Europe, she will
+never have pheasants unless they be of the extreme southern varieties,
+and never have more than a limited supply of grouse.
+
+North of the mountains of southern Oregon and through Washington into
+British Columbia pheasants are plentiful and furnish the principal
+sport of the lovers of upland shooting of that section of the Pacific
+Coast. The Mongolian pheasant as a game bird has his merits and
+demerits. As a large, beautiful plumaged bird to grace the game bag
+the pheasant stands without a rival. As a table bird the pheasant is
+only surpassed in delicacy of flavor by the wild turkey. As an
+aggravating runner from the dog the pheasant is in a class by itself,
+and as an evader of all pursuit when wounded, "the Chinaman," as they
+are generally called in Oregon, can give odds to the gambel quail.
+Though the pheasant is a large bird and able to carry off a good deal
+of shot, it starts so slow to one accustomed to the rapid flight of
+the California quail that a reasonably fair shot will find no
+difficulty in getting the limit with a sixteen gauge.
+
+They are slow starters, caused by their habit of rising at an angle of
+forty-five to fifty degrees until they reach a height of about ten
+feet before their rapid flight begins, but when once on the wing they
+are quite swift flyers.
+
+While I have said that the pheasants are aggravating runners, this is
+principally so in the latter part of the season. In the earlier parts
+they are commonly found in the stubble fields, potato and other
+vegetable patches, and usually in single broods. At such times I have
+found them to lie quite well to the dog, not flushing until closely
+approached, and running but little except when winged. They are then
+easy shooting, but the fine size of the bird and the beautiful plumage
+of the cocks give a zest to the sport and a pleasant distinctiveness
+which every sportsman will be pleased to add to the list of upland
+shooting he has engaged in.
+
+To those who wish to spend a season on these handsome birds, Oregon,
+especially, offers an attraction which goes far beyond its good supply
+of pheasants. During the open pheasant season the climate of Oregon is
+as near perfect as one can ask. That season of the eastern states that
+has been idealized in verse, and is known as Indian summer, finds its
+superlative in the early fall of Oregon. The sun shines brightly, but
+with its rays softened by its sub-equinoctial position; the air is
+mild, clear and invigorating, and the golden hues of the stubble
+field, the yet bright green of the grassy pastures, the rich tints of
+the dying autumn leaves, all framed in the blue-green fringe of the
+near-by pines and firs, produce a picture strikingly beautiful and
+always enjoyed. It is in this delightful season with such a picture on
+every side, heightened by an occasional glimpse of some towering
+mountain peak with its crown of eternal snows, that the sportsman of
+Oregon lays aside the cares of life and lives in an elysium during his
+pheasant-shooting days. The setting of the stage is as much to the
+play as the acting. So with our days after game. The invigorating air
+we breathe, the beauty of the landscape, the stateliness of the
+forest, the rugged grandeur of the mountains, the soul-inspiring
+picture of our dogs on point and back, lends more to the real
+enjoyment of the day than does the size of the bag we carry home.
+
+=Color=--Male--The male of the Mongolian pheasant can not be
+confounded with any other game bird in America. Its very long tail
+feathers--from fifteen to twenty inches--will always prove a
+distinguishing mark. Its rich metallic colors of black, cinnamon,
+chestnut and ocher give it a combination of hues surpassing that of
+any other of our game birds.
+
+Female--Nor should the female ever be mistaken for any other bird. It
+partakes much of the general colors of the male, but much subdued and
+more of a general ochreous hue, the plumage being buff mottled with
+brown. The tail, however, is not more than one-fourth the length of
+that of the male.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is generally a depression on the ground, but
+often in the hollow of some log. The eggs number from 12 to 18 and are
+of a dark ochre in color.
+
+=Measurements=--The measurements of a Mongolian pheasant are
+practically useless on account of the larger portion of it being the
+tail, which greatly varies in length.
+
+
+
+
+THE PIGEONS AND DOVES
+
+
+The family =Columbidę= is represented on the Pacific Coast by three
+genera which are considered, to more or less extent, legitimate game,
+though they can not be termed game birds in the generally accepted use
+of the term. Still as they are hunted to a very considerable extent by
+the sportsmen of the Coast, they rightfully belong in a work of this
+kind. I shall, therefore, give them a place, and briefly treat each
+species that is pursued as game within the territory under
+consideration.
+
+
+  [Illustration:
+    MOURNING DOVE         BANDED PIGEON      WHITE-WINGED DOVE
+    (Zenaidura macroura)  (Columba faciata)  (Melopelia leucoptera)]
+
+
+THE WILD PIGEON
+
+(Columba faciata)
+
+The wild, or banded pigeon, is a mountain dweller, found principally
+in the southern half of the territory covered by this work. They visit
+the valleys in the fall and winter months to feed on the oak mast, and
+at such times they are seen in large flocks in the Sacramento, San
+Joaquin and coast valleys of California. They are found in good
+numbers in parts of Arizona, and are common along both sides of the
+Sierra Madres of Mexico. When visiting the valleys they afford good
+sport, as they are swift flyers and capable of carrying off a good
+deal of shot. They have no migrations like the passenger pigeon once
+so plentiful in the eastern states, nor do they congregate in such
+immense flocks.
+
+=Color=--About the same as the darker colored tame pigeon; the tail is
+a trifle longer than the tame bird and a little lighter than the rest
+of the plumage with a dark band across the middle of it; a small patch
+of white feathers at the back of the head. Both sexes are alike.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is built in the trees of small twigs and
+grass. Two eggs are layed at a time, and a pair of young birds are
+produced about every six weeks from April to August.
+
+=Measurements=--A trifle more than the tame pigeon.
+
+
+THE MOURNING DOVE
+
+(Zenaidura macroura)
+
+The mourning dove is a cosmopolitan species found in greater or less
+numbers in all sections. They have a slight migratory movement from
+the higher to the lower altitudes, but they cannot be called a
+migratory bird. A large number of these birds begin their nesting
+season in the mountains at altitudes of from 2000 to 4000 feet,
+raising one brood at that height, then moving down and nesting again,
+and moving again until they reach the lower valleys, where they remain
+all winter, congregating in certain places in flocks of hundreds.
+Many, however, remain in the valleys all the year and nest around the
+fields and along the streams.
+
+The mourning dove is so well known in every country that a description
+of it is unnecessary.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is generally built in the small trees and
+lined with any soft article that they can find. The eggs number two
+and a pair of the young birds are hatched about every six weeks from
+May to September.
+
+
+THE WHITE-WINGED DOVE
+
+(Melopelia leucoptera)
+
+The white-winged dove is nearly one-half larger than the common
+mourning dove. They range from Mexico through southern Arizona to the
+Colorado desert in southeastern California. In some parts of Arizona
+and in Mexico they are found in large numbers, and afford good
+shooting. Their habits are the same as the common dove, both as to
+food and nesting, though in parts of Mexico it nests in the pitahaya
+plants--a species of cactus--of whose fruit it is very fond.
+
+This species can easily be distinguished from any other member of the
+dove family by the broad patch of white on the wings.
+
+
+
+
+  Order, GALLINAE
+
+  Family, TETRAONIDAE
+
+  Subfamily, TETRAONINAE. (Grouse)
+
+
+    Genus      Species         Common Names    Range
+  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+              {umbellus sabini Oregon ruffed {Western Oregon and Washington
+              {                 grouse       {and Northwestern California.
+              {
+  Bonasa      {                              {Eastern sides of Cascade
+              {umbellus togata Canada ruffed {Mountains in Oregon and
+              {                 grouse       {Washington, thence East.
+
+                                             {Northeastern California,
+  Centrocercus urophasianus    Sage hen      {Nevada and the sage lands
+                                             {of Oregon and Washington.
+
+                                             {Western slope of the
+              {franklini       Spruce grouse {Cascade Mountains.
+              {
+              {                              {Northeastern Arizona and
+  Dendragapus {obscurus        Dusky grouse  {Eastern Nevada.
+              {
+              {                              {Coast Range and Sierras from
+              {obscurus        Sooty grouse  {Southern California to
+              { fuliginosus                  {British Columbia.
+
+                                             {Eastern Oregon and Washington
+  Pediocaetes  phasianellus    Sharp-tail    {and a few in Northeastern
+                columbianus     grouse       {California.
+
+
+
+
+THE GROUSE
+
+
+Within the territorial scope of this work there are seven species of
+the grouse family, though only four of these are in any way common. As
+the wild turkey is confined to the southern extremity of the Pacific
+Coast hunting grounds, so are the grouse principally found in the
+northern sections. I have met with a few dusky grouse (=Dendragapus
+obscurus=) in the mountains of Arizona, but they are by no means
+plentiful. There were a few and possibly is yet an occasional sooty
+grouse (=Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus=) in the mountains of
+southern California, but grouse in sufficient numbers to furnish any
+kind of sport are not found much south of Yosemite valley in the
+Sierras, or south of Humboldt county in the Coast range. An occasional
+pair or small flock, however, may be met with considerable south of
+the points named.
+
+The grouse is a northern bird, extending into far colder regions than
+any other subfamily of the gallinaceous group. The ptarmigan, of
+course, are grouse.
+
+
+  [Illustration: SOOTY GROUSE (Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus)]
+
+
+THE SOOTY GROUSE
+
+(Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus)
+
+The sooty grouse, commonly called blue grouse by the sportsmen of
+California, are reasonably plentiful in the Sierras from the Yosemite
+north into Oregon, where they are quite plentiful, and from there
+through Washington into Alaska. It is a mountain dweller, being found
+at altitudes fully 9000 feet above the sea. In the winter it descends
+to lower latitudes, but seldom below 3000 feet. It is naturally a
+confiding bird where it has not been hunted much, and for this reason
+has been given the name, "fool hen," in many localities. But like
+most of the feathered tribe, it soon learns the destructiveness of
+man, and after gaining this knowledge it is quite able to take care of
+itself. When flushed it flies with a cackling sound, generally taking
+refuge in the tall pines, where it is an expert hider. In the nesting
+season it produces a drumming sound and struts like a turkey. This
+drumming is produced by inflating an air sack on each side of the
+neck. Later in the season these sacks dry up and nearly disappear.
+It's only migrations are ascending and descending the mountains with
+the seasons.
+
+According to a published statement of the Section of Biological Survey
+of the United States Department of Agriculture, the food of the sooty
+grouse consists of buds, seeds, leaves and insects, of which 68 per cent
+is leaves, buds and the tender ends of young twigs; 6.73 per cent
+insects and the balance seeds, berries and the like. The flesh is
+generally of a fine flavor, though at times it will be found to be
+tainted a little strongly with the flavor of the pine.
+
+=Color=--Male--Back of head, back of neck and all upper parts, a sooty
+brown; light streak over the eye and a light throat; breast, a dead or
+sooty black; the rest of the under parts a slaty gray; tail tipped
+with gray.
+
+Female--Generally lighter in color but otherwise resembling the male.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is usually nothing more than a depression in
+the ground among dried leaves or grass, well concealed from view. The
+eggs, which average about a dozen, are of a cream color, spotted with
+brown.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, from 18 to 22 inches; wing, 9 to 9-1/2. The
+weight will vary from 2-1/2 to 4 pounds.
+
+
+  [Illustration: OREGON RUFFED GROUSE (Bonasa umbellus sabini)]
+
+
+THE OREGON RUFFED GROUSE
+
+(Bonasa umbellus sabini)
+
+The Oregon ruffed grouse is the handsomest species of the ruffed
+grouse genus, and is truly a beautiful bird with its deep, rich
+browns, orange and black. The eastern species of this genus is wrongly
+known in the north Atlantic states by the name of partridge, and as
+wrongly called pheasant in Virginia and some other of the southern
+states. The Pacific Coast species ranges from northern California
+along the Coast range through Oregon, Washington and far into British
+Columbia. It is a wary bird, full of cunning and gamy qualities. The
+male of this genus is, I believe, the only member of the grouse family
+that drums all the year; all others confining their drumming to the
+nesting season. This drumming is made with the wings and not by the
+inflation of an air sack as with other species. The sound, also, is
+much different, having more of a rolling reverberation. In the spring
+they will take their position on some rock or dead log and strut back
+and forth with their heads thrown back and their tails spread out to
+show the beautiful hues of the feathers and drum for hours to attract
+the hens or challenge the other males to an almost life and death
+combat, in which they fight in the same manner as the game cock. They
+live among the pines, usually near some little opening where they are
+fond of feeding. When startled they take at once to the timber and are
+quickly lost to view. For this reason dogs are almost useless in
+hunting them. They are never found in numbers greater than a single
+brood, even though the brood may be decimated by the gun of the
+sportsman or the cunning of the vermin to no more than two or three.
+
+The flesh of the ruffed grouse is white and generally tender and of
+fine flavor, although in the late fall or winter when its food
+consists almost wholly of fir buds it tastes quite strong of
+turpentine. Its food generally is about the same as the sooty grouse
+and in about the same percentages.
+
+=Color=--Head, light chestnut, the feathers on the top being long and
+capable of erection when excited; a tuft of long, rich brown feathers
+will be found on each side of the neck; back, reddish chestnut mottled
+with black; rump and tail-coverts, more of a cinnamon color blotched
+with dark brown; flanks, lighter and barred with black; tail, rusty
+brown barred with deep brown and tipped with two bands of gray,
+separated by a streak of black; under tail-coverts, orange, barred
+with black and tipped with white; wing feathers, brown with a central
+stripe of light yellow.
+
+The female is marked the same but somewhat lighter in coloring.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest, like that of all the gallinaceous birds, is
+made on the ground and hidden away in some thick cluster of brush or
+beneath some log. The eggs are of a buff color spotted with dark
+brown, and number from ten to fifteen.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length from 16 to 19 inches; wing about 7 or 8
+inches. Weight about 2 pounds.
+
+
+THE CANADIAN RUFFED GROUSE
+
+(Bonasa umbellus togata)
+
+The Canadian ruffed grouse ranges through the eastern side of the
+Cascade mountains of Oregon and Washington, but does not pass over to
+the Pacific side. It resembles the Oregon ruffed grouse very closely
+except that it is much lighter in color, and the female either lacks
+the tufts of feathers on the neck entirely, or where present, they are
+very small. Like the Oregon species it is a dweller in the heavy
+timber, and follow the same habits in most all respects. It is of a
+more confiding nature, however, often sitting unconcerned upon a tree
+while several of its companions are being shot, making no effort to
+get away or save itself from the same fate.
+
+=Color=--The color of this species is more of a grayish brown than the
+Oregon species, and lacking that rich chestnut that adds so much to
+the beauty of the latter. The brown markings, however, are possibly a
+little more conspicuous. The upper tail feathers are more of a blue,
+mottled and barred with a blackish brown. A large tuft of feathers on
+each side of the neck of a smoky brown, edged with metallic green.
+Unlike the Oregon species these feathers are entirely absent or very
+small on the female.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest and eggs are the same as the Oregon grouse.
+
+=Measurements=--In size the two species do not vary to any
+considerable extent.
+
+
+THE SPRUCE GROUSE
+
+(Dendragapus franklini)
+
+The spruce or Franklin grouse of Oregon and Washington is a species of
+the Canadian spruce grouse, and ranges diagonally through the
+mountains of eastern Oregon and Washington, and thence to the coast of
+British Columbia. It confines its habitat to the higher mountains,
+being seldom found below an elevation of four to five thousand feet.
+This is another of the grouse family that has been given the name of
+"fool hen," on account of its naturally tame nature. When sitting on
+the limb of a tree, but a few feet above the ground, it considers
+itself safe from all harm and makes little effort to escape, and may
+often be killed with a stick. There is little sport in shooting this
+variety. The food of this species, like all other mountain dwelling
+grouse, is buds, tender shoots and seeds, berries and insects when
+obtainable.
+
+=Color=--Male--Upper parts gray, the central back and the wings having
+a brownish hue; the tail-coverts, which are tipped with broad
+splashes of white is a distinguishing feature of this species;
+feathers, on the flanks tipped broadly with white, throat, black,
+imperfectly edged with white; tail, nearly square at the end and of a
+brownish color.
+
+Female--Considerably more of an ochreous cast. It has the same
+characteristic broad white tips on the feathers of the flanks; tail,
+dirty ochre, mottled with black and narrowly tipped with white.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is a depression in the ground in some
+secluded place and lined with leaves or grass. The eggs, averaging
+about a dozen, are of a reddish buff mottled with brown.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length about 15 inches; wing about 7 inches.
+Weight from one and a half to two pounds.
+
+
+  [Illustration: SAGE COCK (Centrocercus europhasianus)]
+
+
+THE SAGE HEN
+
+(Centrocercus urophasianus)
+
+The sage grouse, or sage hen is the largest of the grouse of America,
+some of the males weighing as much as seven pounds. Its range, so far
+as the geographical scope of this work is concerned, is northeastern
+California, Nevada, and eastern Oregon and Washington, but it extends
+much farther east. It is only found in the sage brush districts of the
+high altitudes. They usually remain in single broods, though they are
+sometimes found in much larger flocks. They often travel for
+considerable distances, "following the leader" in single file. They
+strut in the nesting season, but in a peculiar way, pushing their
+breasts on the ground until the feathers are worn off and even the
+skin abraded.
+
+A peculiarity of the sage grouse is that it has no gizzard, but
+instead it has a stomach more like that of an animal. The young birds
+lie quite well to a dog and furnish very good sport, and until they
+are about half grown the flesh is quite good, but the older birds are
+very unsavory and in fact almost unpalatable. This is caused by their
+feeding almost entirely upon the leaves of the sage.
+
+=Color=--Male--Upper parts, gray, barred with brown; tail, very long,
+the longer feathers being quite narrow and stiff and barred also with
+brown; a dark line over the eye and a light one from the eye down the
+side of the neck; throat and cheeks, nearly white, mottled with black;
+a few long hairy like feathers grow from the side of the neck of the
+male birds.
+
+Female--The female is colored and marked like the male but
+considerably darker, is much smaller, with shorter tail and without
+the hairy feathers on the side of the neck.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is nothing more than a hollow in the midst
+of some bunch of brush, possibly lined with a few leaves. The eggs are
+from twelve to eighteen in number and of a greenish shade, mottled
+with bright brown, but these spots are easily rubbed off.
+
+=Measurements=--Male--Total length from 24 to 28 inches; wing,
+12 to 14. Weight, from four to seven pounds.
+
+Female--Total length, from 20 to 22 inches; wing, 10 to 12. Weight,
+from three to five pounds.
+
+
+  [Illustration: SHARP-TAIL GROUSE
+                 (Pediocętes phasianellus columbianus)]
+
+
+COLUMBIAN SHARP-TAILED GROUSE
+
+(Pediocaetes phasianellus columbianus)
+
+The Columbian sharp-tailed grouse is the "prairie chicken" of eastern
+Washington. It is far different from the pinated grouse
+(=Tympanuchus=) of the middle states, commonly called prairie chicken.
+Its habitat is much the same, however, being the open plains and
+untimbered foothills east of the Cascade mountains in Washington and
+through eastern Oregon into northern Nevada, and the extreme
+northeastern corner of California. The sharp-tail grouse has the same
+habit of strutting in large groups like the prairie chicken at the
+beginning of the nesting season. They do not drum, however, like the
+eastern bird, but make a noise more like an attempt to crow. They also
+take refuge in the timber for protection from the storms of winter.
+
+During the hunting season they lie well to a dog and afford fine
+shooting. The food of the sharp-tailed grouse consists of about ten
+per cent insects, the balance being made up of seeds, grains and
+berries, with a good percentage of "brouse" in the winter.
+
+=Color=--Male--Side of head and throat, pale buff with mottlings of
+brown on the cheeks; back and wings, gray, mottled with black;
+breast, light buff. Under parts, white with lines of dark brown;
+central tail feathers long and pointed; no long feathers on the neck.
+
+Female--Resembles the male with the exception that the tail feathers
+are not so long.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is a rude affair on the ground, lined with a
+little dead grass and generally contains from ten to fifteen eggs of a
+greenish buff speckled with fine dots of brown.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length from 14 to 16 inches, with the wing about
+eight; the central tail feathers are about five inches in length. The
+average bird will weigh about two pounds.
+
+
+
+
+  Order ANSERES
+
+  Family, ANATIDAE
+
+
+                                                         Range. (All
+   Genus        Species            Common Names         breed far north.)
+  ------------ ------------------ ------------------- -------------------
+
+  Subfamily, ANSERENAE
+
+               {hyperborea        {White goose       {From Southern
+  Chen         {                  {(large)           {California north.
+               {
+               {rossi             {Ross' goose       {From Mexico
+                                  {Small white goose {north.
+
+  Anser         albifrons gambeli {White-fronted     {From Mexico
+                                  {goose             {north.
+                                  {Gray goose        {
+
+                                  {Fulvous tree duck {From Central
+  Dendrocygna   fulva             {Mexican tree duck {California south
+                                  {Cavalier          {through Mexico.
+                                                     {Breeds from Central
+                                                     {California to
+                                                     {Central Mexico.
+
+               {canadensis        {Canada goose      {From central
+               {                  {Honker            {Mexico north.
+               {
+               {canadensis         Hutchins' goose    From Southern
+               {hutchinsii                            California north.
+               {
+               {canadensis         White-cheeked     {Inland plains from
+  Branta       {occidentalis       goose             {Central California
+               {                                     {north.
+               {
+               {canadensis        {Black brant       {From Southern
+               {minima            {Cackling goose    {California north.
+               {
+               {nigricans          Black sea brant   {On certain bays
+                                                     {from Magdalena,
+                                                     {Lower California
+                                                     {north.
+
+  Philacte      canagica           Emperor goose     {A rare visitor
+                                                     {south of Humboldt
+                                                     {Bay, California
+
+  Subfamily, CYGNINAE
+
+               {columbianus        Whistling swan    {From Oregon north.
+  Olor         {                                     {Rarely as far
+               {                                     {south as Central
+               {                                     {California.
+               {
+               {buccinator         Trumpeter swan     From Southern
+               {                                      California north.
+
+
+
+
+THE WATERFOWL
+
+
+The great variety of the waterfowl of the Pacific Coast, the wonderful
+numbers in which they are found and the excellent shooting they
+afford, forms a subject, which, to do it justice, would require the
+space of an ordinary volume.
+
+With the exception of the Gulf tier of the Southern states, waterfowl
+on the Atlantic Coast are but birds of passage, tarrying for a time on
+their way to milder winter quarters; tourists loitering for a day or
+two at attractive by-stations as they wing their way south in the fall
+and again on their return north in the spring. They are leaving the
+isolation of the far north or the mountain lakes and marshes where
+they spent the summer rearing their young and they are seeking more
+favorable feeding grounds in the milder climate of the South, where
+animal and vegetable life is not in the state of hibernation which
+prevents it from furnishing them with an abundance of food during
+their southern sojourn.
+
+Over the larger portion of our hunting grounds what is the beginning
+of the calendar year is in fact the beginning of our spring. When the
+frost king lays his hand upon all vegetable and insect life in the
+East, spreading his white shroud over field and pasture and breaking
+with his icy sleet from the vine and the brush their clinging leaves;
+when from the trees have fallen the last vestige of their autumnal
+crowns of gold and crimson; when the last flower has shed its petals;
+when the last hum of insect is heard and the last song of bird has
+died away on the southern horizon--'tis then the early rains of the
+Coast start the new sown grain in the fields, give life again to the
+grasses of the plains, carpet the foothills and the valleys with the
+gold and purple and crimson of innumerable flowers, and our veritable
+spring commences.
+
+With us, therefore, waterfowl are not passing pilgrims, tarrying for a
+few days only as they rest and feed on their way to the open waters
+and green pastures in which they intend to pass those months marked
+winter on the calendar of the year. They are not mere hurrying flocks
+alighting now and again as they wing their way back to their breeding
+grounds in the spring But ours is the Mecca to which they journey;
+ours the feeding grounds on which they assemble from the lakes and
+marshes of the Arctic; from the whole chain of the Aleutian Islands;
+from the inland seas of British Columbia and from the mountain lakes
+of our own Sierras from Washington to Mexico. Here on the bays,
+estuaries and marshes of the coast and the lakes and ponds of the
+valleys, throughout the whole length of these hunting grounds,
+countless millions of these birds have found their winter feeding
+grounds for unnumbered ages. No cold, no ice, no snow, no howling
+blizzards to stop them in their search for food or disturb their
+midday rest upon our quiet waters. In warmth they feed upon the tender
+shoots of the young grasses that fringe their watery haunts or bask in
+sunshine on the sandy shores.
+
+It is the popular impression that all ducks breed in the far north and
+migrate from there south. One has only to shoot on the lakes of Mexico
+to learn how erroneous this impression is, for one will meet varieties
+quite common there that rarely if ever reach the southern boundaries
+of the United States.
+
+The masked duck (=Nomonyx dominicus=) is a purely southern species
+reaching Mexico only in its breeding season. The three species of the
+Mexican tree duck, quite common in that country, come but little into
+the United States. One of these, the black-bellied tree duck
+(=Dendrocygna autumnalis=) migrates to some little extent into Texas
+and to less extent into New Mexico and Arizona. The fulvous tree duck
+(=Dendrocygna fulva=) extends its migrations still farther north,
+breeding to considerable extent in Arizona and southern California,
+but rarely seen as far north as the center of the state. The other
+species of the genus (=Dendrocygna elegans=), for which I know no
+English name, is even rare as far south as southern Jalisco. The
+cinnamon teal is a southern duck, breeding in Arizona, Texas and
+southern California but so rarely seen north of San Francisco that a
+gentleman who had killed a straggler near Marysville, when showing it
+to me, said that he couldn't find a man in the town who could tell him
+what it was. Yet the cinnamon teal is very common in Mexico and
+Arizona and quite plentiful in southern California in the spring,
+before the flocks break up and the birds seek their nesting places.
+
+Northern bred ducks and purely northern species visit us in great
+numbers during the winter months, and to these must be added the vast
+number of these birds that breed in the mountains throughout our
+hunting grounds.
+
+The ornithologist divides the ducks into two subfamilies; the
+fresh-water ducks forming the subfamily, =Anatinę=, and the salt-water
+ducks the subfamily, =Fullgilinę=. These two families can easily be
+distinguished by their feet. If a salt-water duck, the hind toe will
+be found to have a small web or flap on the under side, but if the
+bird belongs to the fresh-water group, the toe will be as clean as any
+land bird.
+
+
+  [Illustration: MALLARD (Anas boschas)]
+
+
+THE MALLARD
+
+(Anas boschas)
+
+The mallard is possibly the best known duck in America, it being found
+in greater or less numbers everywhere from the Arctic to Central
+America. It is a resident species throughout the Pacific Coast,
+breeding on the mountain lakes and streams from Mexico to Alaska, and
+even to a considerable extent on the lower marshes of California,
+Oregon and Washington. On the fresh water ponds and overflows they
+congregate in great numbers during the winter months and a bag limit
+of twenty is no uncommon thing. Like all of the fresh-water ducks of
+this Coast, they, too, are often found in considerable numbers on the
+tide lands and salt marshes.
+
+The mallard of the Pacific Coast can hardly be said to be a migratory
+duck, for it breeds from Mexico north. Its migrations consisting more
+of altitudinal movements than of longitudinal. While it breeds on the
+mountain lakes of Mexico, it is rarely seen in the higher altitudes
+during the winter months.
+
+Hybrids between the mallard and the pin-tail and the mallard and the
+widgeon have been occasionally met with on the marshes of the Coast.
+This is most likely caused by the mating of cripples that had not the
+strength to make the flight to their usual breeding grounds.
+
+=Color=--Male--Head and neck, dark green with a metallic luster;
+white ring around the neck at the bottom of the green; back, gray;
+breast, chestnut brown; under parts dirty white; tail, black with two
+feathers curled upwards; speculum, (see diagram) purple, bordered with
+black and white.
+
+Female--Head, dark buff; breast, lighter buff with brown mottlings;
+legs, orange colored; speculum same as the male; bill, yellow,
+blotched with brown.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is placed on the ground and lined with
+grass, feathers and down. The eggs number eight to a dozen and are of
+a greenish tinge.
+
+=Measurements=--Male--Total length, from 20 to 25 inches; wing, 10 to
+12 inches; bill, 2-1/2 inches.
+
+Female--Total length, from 18 to 20 inches; wing, 9 to 10 inches;
+bill, 2 to 2-1/4 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration: GADWALL (Anas strepera)]
+
+
+THE GADWALL
+
+(Anas strepera)
+
+The gadwall was at one time quite plentiful on the shooting grounds of
+California, south of San Francisco; but, on account of our season
+opening later and closing earlier than in years past, few are killed
+now. The gadwall is really a southern duck, coming into the United
+States to breed. When the California season opened on the first of
+September and closed the first of April, there were plenty of gadwall
+found on its ponds in the early fall and late in the spring. Now, but
+few are killed except in the southern part of the state. Such as are
+killed are generally found on the mountain lakes and ponds of the
+higher valleys. On the waters of Mexico and Lower California, however,
+they are met with in good numbers.
+
+The gadwall, however, migrates as far north as British Columbia for
+breeding purposes as well as breeding on the mountain lakes of all the
+territory through which it ranges.
+
+=Color=--Male--Head, light brown, finely mottled with dark brown and
+black; neck and breast, finely streaked with wavy black and white;
+under parts, grayish white; rump and tail, black; speculum, black and
+white, with the lesser wing-coverts chestnut; feet, orange, and bill
+nearly white.
+
+Female--Closely resembling the male but with very little chestnut on
+the wings.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest which is usually made a little way back
+from the water is lined with dead grass, and contains from ten to
+twelve eggs of a light buff color.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, about 19 inches; wing, 10, and bill,
+1.60.
+
+
+[Illustration: WIDGEON (Anas americana)]
+
+
+THE WIDGEON
+
+(Anas Americana)
+
+The widgeon is one of the most common ducks of the Coast, both north
+and south. As well as being one of the most plentiful of the interior
+lakes and ponds, they are found in great numbers on the salt marshes
+and tide overflows, and even form great dark patches on the ocean as
+they take their midday rest on its bosom a mile or so beyond the surf.
+They breed on the mountain lakes and streams all along the Coast from
+Mexico north.
+
+The widgeon begins its migrations early in the fall and great numbers
+find their way as far south as the Coast marshes and lower lakes of
+Mexico. They feed largely on the plains and frequent the fields in
+search of grain. In migrating or flying from pond to pond they usually
+go in quite large flocks.
+
+=Color=--Male--Head, pinkish white on top, with a greenish streak from
+the eye back to the ociput; below this the head and neck are speckled
+with black and white; back and wing-coverts, gray with fine markings
+of black; breast, a light brick red with a purplish cast; speculum,
+black and green. Axillars, white with dark shafts.
+
+Female--The female resembles the male in all but the green on the head
+and the reddish color of the breast.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is generally built in some tuft of grass or
+thick weeds near some water's edge. The eggs average about a dozen and
+are of very light brownish white.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, 18 inches; wing 9-1/2, and bill, 1-1/2.
+
+
+  [Illustration: GREEN-WINGED TEAL (Anas carolinensis)]
+
+
+GREEN-WINGED TEAL
+
+(Anas carolinensis)
+
+The green-winged teal is another variety that is very plentiful on the
+Coast, breeding in great numbers on our mountain lakes and along the
+streams from Mexico to Alaska, and even to considerable extent on the
+lower marshes, especially from central California north. While many of
+these are killed on the salt marshes and tide lands, they are more
+generally frequenters of the inland ponds and overflows. Nesting late
+and maturing early, they are both a late and early duck on our
+shooting grounds, and remain constantly with us during the whole
+winter. Shooting on a pass over which the teal are flying from one
+pond to another furnishes about the finest sport of the duck shooter's
+life. In such cases they come in small flocks, and single birds must
+be selected; being a small mark and very rapid flyers they require a
+good lead and quick work. In fact, a brace of green-winged teal with a
+pressing engagement at the next pond makes about as pretty a target as
+the sportsman often fires at.
+
+The green-winged teal, like the widgeon, feeds a great deal on the
+plains and in the fields.
+
+=Color=--Male--Top of head and neck, brown of a chestnut tinge, the
+feathers forming almost a crest; a broad stripe of green runs back
+from the eye to the neck; back and sides, mottled gray; breast, buff,
+shaded to white on the abdomen and spotted with black; speculum,
+green.
+
+Female--The top of the head of the female is a rusty brown, and with a
+very faint stripe on the sides; upper parts, gray, spotted with black;
+speculum, green.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest of the green-winged teal is generally a
+little more carefully made than most of the ground nesting ducks. The
+eggs average about ten and are of a light brownish buff.
+
+=Measurements=--The green-winged teal is the smallest of the
+fresh-water ducks. Total length, about 14 inches; wing, 7-1/4; bill,
+1-1/4 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration: CINNAMON TEAL (Anas cyanoptera)]
+
+
+THE CINNAMON TEAL
+
+(Anas cyanoptera)
+
+The cinnamon teal, very commonly called the blue-winged teal by the
+sportsmen of the Coast, is only a late fall and early spring bird on
+our shooting grounds north of Lower California and Mexico. While the
+cinnamon teal has a blue wing there is no resemblance between the
+male cinnamon and the male blue-winged. The females of the two
+species, however, have a marked resemblance in color but a wide
+difference in shape of body. The female cinnamon teal is much darker
+on the throat than the blue-winged female, and generally shows a
+considerable of the cinnamon color of the male. The male of the
+blue-winged teal partakes more of the grayish color of the
+green-winged variety and has a white crescent in front of the eye. The
+northern limit of the cinnamon teal is about the latitude of San
+Francisco so far as their appearance on our shooting grounds is
+concerned. A few, however, go farther north for breeding purposes.
+They are quite common in the southern part of California, where they
+come to breed. They winter in Mexico, Lower California and Arizona in
+great numbers. They nest on the mountain lakes and along the mountain
+streams of California and even as far north as Oregon. In southern
+California they nest along the salt-water marshes, especially those of
+Los Angeles, Orange and San Diego counties.
+
+=Color=--Male--The male bird cannot well be mistaken for that of any
+other species. The general color being a dark cinnamon, or in fact
+much nearer a chestnut in color; the head being somewhat darker than
+the rest of the bird; the upper wing-coverts being blue, form a large
+patch of blue at the shoulders when the wing is at rest; the speculum,
+like that of all the teal is green.
+
+Female--The female resembles the female of the blue-winged teal, but
+is a little larger with a longer and slimmer body; the chin is dusky
+and the throat is speckled; the breast also has a slight tinge of the
+cinnamon color of the male.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nests are built generally in long grass patches
+of the low grounds bordering the streams and lakes and even the salt
+marshes. The eggs which average about a dozen are of a peculiar light
+creamy color with a faint bluish tinge.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, 16 inches; wing, 7-1/2; bill, 1-3/4.
+
+
+  [Illustration: BLUE-WINGED TEAL (Anas discors)]
+
+
+THE BLUE-WINGED TEAL
+
+(Anas discors)
+
+The blue-winged teal is only a straggler north of Lower California,
+Arizona and Mexico. In Mexico and Lower California I know them to be
+quite common, and reasonably plentiful in some parts of Arizona.
+
+The blue-winged teal is a plumper bird than either of the other
+species, and not near so handsomely marked. It is a rapid flyer and
+affords good shooting in those sections where it is plentiful.
+
+=Color=--Male--Head, a glossy purplish gray, darker on top; between
+the eye and the bill is a white crescent-shaped mark about one-fourth
+wider in its center than the eye; the wing-coverts are blue like those
+of the cinnamon teal; back, dark gray; under parts, gray, spotted with
+black; speculum, rich green; bill, black, and legs and feet, yellow.
+
+Female--The female resembles the female of the cinnamon teal; but
+unlike the cinnamon it has no dark markings under the chin, or any of
+the cinnamon color faintly seen on the cinnamon female. The bill also
+is much shorter, and the legs are of a yellowish tinge.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nests are much the same as the other members of
+the teal family. The eggs about a dozen in number are pale buff.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, 15 inches; wing, about 7, and bill,
+1-1/2 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration: SHOVELLER OR SPOON-BILL
+                 (Spatula clypeata)]
+
+
+THE SPOON-BILL OR SHOVELLER
+
+(Spatula clypeata)
+
+The shoveler, or spoonbill, as they are commonly called, is also an
+early duck upon our ponds; they, too, breed throughout the mountains
+of our hunting grounds. When they first arrive on our ponds they are
+very fat and finely flavored, but they soon become poor of flesh and
+lose the flavor brought with them from their mountain homes. And then
+they are generally let pass undisturbed by the discriminating
+sportsman.
+
+=Color=--Male--Head and neck, green; breast, white, shading into rusty
+chestnut toward the abdomen; lesser wing-coverts, blue; speculum,
+green, with white border; legs, orange red.
+
+Female--The female is much smaller than the male and lacks all its
+high coloring. The general color is buff, mottled with brown;
+wing-coverts and speculum, same as the male.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest, which is a rude affair, generally contains
+from seven to ten eggs of a light buff color.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length of the male, about 20 and the female, 18
+inches; wing, 9 to 9-1/2; bill, about 2-1/2 to 2-3/4 inches, and very
+broad at the end.
+
+
+  [Illustration: PIN-TAIL OR SPRIG (Spatula acuta)]
+
+
+THE PIN-TAIL
+
+(Dafila acuta)
+
+The pin-tail, or sprig is another very common duck of the Coast. Great
+numbers of this species breed on our mountain lakes and, maturing
+early, they are about the first to appear upon our shooting grounds,
+great flocks reaching as far south as San Diego county, the mouth of
+the Colorado river and the lakes and marshes of Lower California,
+Arizona and northern Mexico as early as the middle of August or the
+first of September. They come from the mountains plump and fat, and as
+soon as the shooting season is open prove quite acceptable to the
+epicure.
+
+The pin-tail ranges throughout the territory covered by this work and
+far to the north of it, and the fact that they breed around the
+mountain lakes for the whole distance accounts for their early
+appearance on the shooting grounds of the Coast.
+
+=Color=--Male--Head and neck, rich brown, with a white stripe running
+from the ociput down the sides of the neck to the breast; bill, lead
+color, with a black stripe along the top; back, gray; breast, white;
+central tail feathers, very long and pointed; speculum, light smoky
+brown, edged with white.
+
+Female--The female is much more of an ocher brown than the male, and
+without the stripe on the neck or the lead color of the bill. The top
+of the head and the sides of the neck are streaked with brown; breast,
+spotted with dark brown; under parts, white. While it somewhat
+resembles the female mallard, the much narrower bill and difference of
+the speculum should prevent any error in identification. Besides the
+tail is pointed and the axillars are white, barred with dark brown.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is usually back a little distance from the
+water's edge and contains from eight to twelve bluish-white eggs.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, male, 28 and female, 22 inches;
+wing, 9-1/2; bill, 2 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration: WOOD DUCK (Aix sponsa)]
+
+
+THE WOOD DUCK
+
+(Aix sponsa)
+
+The wood duck, the handsomest of all the American ducks, is not
+plentiful anywhere, and seems to be growing fewer in numbers.
+Ornithologists class them as resident ducks, breeding throughout their
+range. From my personal experience I believe that they are migratory,
+at least to a considerable extent, for while many flocks of from half
+a dozen to twenty birds can be seen along the timbered portions of the
+Sacramento river during the summer months and the early fall, as well
+as along other wooded streams of the Coast, few are to be seen during
+the shooting season. From this fact I can draw but one conclusion;
+they migrate south in the winter. A few are killed each winter but
+they can only be considered a rare duck whose beauty lends an
+occasional charm to the game bag.
+
+=Color=--Male--The male has a long crest falling down the back of the
+neck and showing a green and purple luster; the bill is red with a
+dark stripe on top; a broad stripe of white commences under the bill
+and passes down the neck, meeting another stripe of white that nearly
+encompasses the neck; sides and front of lower neck, brownish purple,
+dotted with white; back, a bronze green; speculum, bluish purple,
+bordered with black and white.
+
+Female--The general plan of the markings of the female is the same as
+that of the male, but the colors are not so bright, nor the crest so
+long. The crest is more of a brown, and the breast a pale brown,
+mottled with dark spots.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is built in the hollow of a tree or stump,
+and occasionally a considerable distance above the ground. The eggs,
+which average about eight, are of a pale brownish white. The young are
+taken from the nest in the bill of the mother, and are often seen
+perched on her back while she is swimming around in search of food.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length of the male, about 18 inches, with the
+female about an inch less; wing, 9-1/4 to 9-1/2; bill 1 3/8 inches.
+
+
+THE FULVOUS TREE DUCK
+
+(Dendrocygna fulva)
+
+The fulvous tree-duck, commonly called the Mexican tree-duck, and
+cavalier, as well as the black-bellied tree-duck (=Dendrocygna
+autumnalis=), according to the classification of the ornithologist,
+belong to the subfamily, =Anserinę=, the same family as the geese. The
+fact that they have a bill more like that of the goose than any other
+duck, a goose neck also, and that there is no difference in the sexes
+will show the reason for such classification. Their generic name,
+however, signifies tree-swan. The fulvous tree-duck ranges on our
+hunting grounds as far north as Sacramento, where occasionally one is
+killed. They come here only to breed and, therefore, late in the
+season. Quite a few are killed in southern California, and from
+Arizona and Lower California south they are very plentiful. The
+black-bellied tree-duck is only met with as a straggler north of
+Chihuahua, Mexico. Another species of the same genus (=Dendrocygna
+elegans=) is a still more southern bird, seldom seen north of the
+state of Guerrero.
+
+=Color=--Sides of head and neck and lower parts, buff; top of head,
+back of neck and back, dark brown; wings, dark brown; neck, long and
+slim; bill, resembles that of a goose very much. Both sexes alike.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nests are generally built in a hollow tree or
+stump. The eggs number from ten to fifteen and are of an ochreous
+white.
+
+=Measurements=--Wing, about 9-1/2; bill, 1-3/4 inches.
+
+
+
+
+  Order, ANSERES
+
+  Family, ANATIDAE Subfamily, ANATINAE
+
+  (Fresh water ducks)
+
+  Genus      Species       Common Names      Breeding Grounds and Range.
+  --------- ------------- ----------------- ------------------------------
+
+            {boschas       Mallard           {Throughout the scope of
+            {                                {this work. Breeds wherever
+            {                                {found.
+            {
+            {strepera      Gadwall           {From Central California
+            {                                {south. Breeds wherever
+            {                                {found.
+            {
+            {                                {From British America south.
+            {                                {Breeds on the mountain
+            {americana     Widgeon Baldpate  {lakes from California
+  Anas      {                                {south.
+            {
+            {                                {From British America south.
+            {carolinensis  Green-winged teal {Breeds throughout its range.
+            {
+            {                                {From Central California
+            {cyanoptera    Cinnamon teal     {south. Breeds from Central
+            {                                {California to Central Mexico.
+            {
+            {
+            {discors       Blue-winged teal  {From Arizona south into
+            {                                {Mexico. Breeds throughout
+            {                                {its range.
+
+  Spatula    clypeata     {Shoveller or      {From British America south.
+                          {Spoon-bill        {Breeds on the mountain
+                                             {lakes from Mexico north.
+
+  Dafila     acuta        {Pin-tail or       {From British America south.
+                          {Sprig             {Breeds from Central
+                                             {California north.
+
+                                             {Along the wooded streams
+                                             {from Central California
+  Aix        sponsa        Wood duck         {north. Breeds wherever
+                                             {found.
+
+
+
+
+THE BAY and SEA DUCKS
+
+
+As I have already stated the ducks are divided into two subfamilies,
+the one the =Anatinę=, commonly called fresh-water ducks, the other
+the =Fuligulinę=, commonly known as the salt-water ducks. A
+distinguishing feature of the salt-water ducks is the little flap or
+web on the hind toe, which is not seen in the fresh-water varieties.
+
+On our shooting grounds, however, whether the blind is on the
+salt-water marsh or the fresh-water pond, both kinds are sure to fall
+to the gun in almost equal numbers. Of the more common of the
+fresh-water varieties the gadwall and the mallard are seen the least
+on the salt marshes and the tide overflows, yet even these are quite
+often met with in these places. So it is with the salt-water species.
+All except the scoters are frequenters of the mountain lakes,
+fresh-water ponds and overflows. The red-head, both species of the
+scaups, the canvasback and the ruddy are commonly found on the
+fresh-waters. The ring-neck, and, in fact, the red-head are much more
+common on these waters than on the salt or brackish marshes.
+
+With the exception, therefore, that certain species always predominate
+at a given place at certain times of the season, the sportsman's aim
+brings down a well-assorted bag, let him shoot where he may, on marsh,
+pond or overflow, from Washington to Mexico.
+
+
+  [Illustration: CANVASBACK (Aythya vallisnaria)]
+
+
+THE CANVASBACK
+
+(Aythya vallisneria)
+
+The canvasback, the duck par excellence of the Eastern states, is very
+plentiful in the more northern portions of the territorial scope of
+these articles, though I have seen them in good numbers on the lakes
+of Mexico. It is the general supposition that the canvasback breeds in
+the far north, but from the fact that they are found on the lakes of
+Mexico as early as October, they must also breed on the higher lakes
+of our mountains. On our lower marshes they are a late duck, but they
+appear on our mountain lakes quite early in the season. Canvasback
+shooting on our waters affords the finest of sport, as it does not
+partake so much of flock shooting as it does on the Chesapeake and the
+Delaware rivers. While I certainly prefer our shooting, by no means do
+I prefer our ducks. When killed on the mountain lakes, our canvasback
+possesses nearly if not quite as fine flavor as do those of the
+Eastern states, but when killed on the bays and salt marshes of
+California they are fishy and barely palatable. This is caused by the
+absence of the so-called wild celery, properly tape grass
+(=Vallisneria spiralis=), the common food of the Eastern canvasback.
+Our birds have the habit of feeding largely on the shallow waters of
+the tide lands and marshes and of consuming large quantities of
+crustaceans, such as clams, crabs, mussels and the like, and it takes
+but a few days' diet of this kind to make the canvasback about the
+poorest of ducks. I have killed these ducks on the high lakes and
+ponds of Mexico, when, on account of something they fed upon, they
+were really unfit to eat.
+
+=Color=--Male--Head and neck, nearly black; back, light gray; bill,
+black, and forming nearly a straight line from the tip to the crown of
+the head; belly and flanks, nearly white.
+
+Female--Head and neck, cinnamon brown, paler on the throat; back, dark
+gray.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest of the canvasback is generally found on some
+little knoll in the marsh, and is lined with dead grass and feathers,
+and often with considerable down. The eggs, which are about ten in
+number, are of a dark creamy white.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, from 18 to 22 inches; the more northern
+birds within the territory here covered will always be found
+considerably larger than those of the more southern latitudes. Wing, 8
+to 9-1/2 inches, and bill about 2-1/2 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration: RED-HEAD (Aythya americana)]
+
+
+THE RED-HEAD
+
+(Aythya americana)
+
+The red-head is quite a common duck in the southern sections of the
+Coast hunting grounds. Though purely a bay or salt-water duck, that
+is, belonging to the subfamily =Fuligulinę=, it is not found to any
+great extent on the salt-water marshes, preferring the higher lakes,
+ponds and reservoirs of the mountain valleys and foothills. I found
+them one season in great numbers on the San Rafael marshes, high up in
+the mountains of Lower California, and all the shooting two friends
+and myself wished to do had no effect in driving them away, although
+the ponds of the marsh were few and small.
+
+=Color=--Male--Head and neck, reddish chestnut; lower neck and upper
+breast, sooty brown, a mixture of finely penciled lines of gray and
+brown; speculum, gray; back, gray; feathers on the top of the head
+almost form a crest; bill, lead color.
+
+Female--Head and neck, light cinnamon brown, very pale on the sides of
+the head near the bill, and throat nearly white; breast and shoulders,
+dirty light brown, and back a darker dirty brown.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest, like that of the canvasback, is generally
+built in the marsh or on the low banks of a lake, usually lined with
+down and contains about ten eggs of a brownish buff color.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, about 20 inches; wing, 8-1/4 to 8-1/2; bill
+barely 2-1/4 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration: AMERICAN SCAUP DUCK OR BLUE-BILL
+                 (Aythya marila neartica)]
+
+
+THE AMERICAN SCAUP, OR BLUE-BILL
+
+(Aythya marila neartica)
+
+The American scaup, or blue-bill, the lesser scaup (=Aythya affinis=)
+and the ring-neck (=Aythya collaris=) are very plentiful from
+Washington to Mexico. These three species are generally grouped
+together by the sportsmen of the Coast under the name of black jacks,
+black ducks, black-heads or blue-bills; all three species being
+considered as belonging to the one variety, and the lesser scaup
+(=Aythya affinis=) as the younger birds. With the males, at least,
+there should be no excuse for this error, for they can be easily
+distinguished by the color of the speculum, or bright band on the
+wings, and by the color of the metallic sheen of the head and neck.
+The speculum of the American scaup, or larger blue-bill, is white, the
+head and neck showing a greenish sheen, quite pronounced in the
+sunlight. The lesser scaup, or little blue-bill (=Aythya affinis=) has
+a white speculum also, but the sheen of the head and neck is purple.
+The ring-neck (=Aythya collaris=), has a gray speculum, which, though
+quite light in color, can easily be distinguished from the pure white
+of the other two. The metallic sheen of the head of the ring-neck is a
+dark indigo blue. The bill of the ring-neck is quite different from
+that of the scaups, being much darker in color and more of a sooty
+tinge and with a faint bluish band across it about half an inch from
+the end. The females of all three species resemble each other very
+closely, but the difference in size will generally determine to which
+species they belong. The two blue-bills can be told from the female
+ring-neck by their white speculums. The female ring-neck has the gray
+of the male, but this does not distinguish it from the female
+red-head. The smaller size of the ring-neck and darker appearance of
+the head and neck will always indicate to which species the female
+belongs. The bill of the female red-head meets the skull in quite an
+abrupt manner, while hat of the ring-neck has more of the sloping
+character of the canvasback.
+
+=Color=--Male--Head and neck, black, showing a green luster in the
+sun; back, gray, finely lined with black; under parts, white;
+speculum, white.
+
+Female--Head, dead brown, with a light gray patch at the base of the
+bill blending into the brown of the head; breast and back, dirty
+brown; under parts, white; speculum, white; bill, bluish.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is a crude affair near the water's edge,
+containing about ten pale olive-buff eggs.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, about 18 inches; wing, 8-1/2, and
+bill, 1 7/8 inches. The females are but a trifle smaller.
+
+
+THE LESSER SCAUP, OR LITTLE BLUE-BILL
+
+(Aythya affinis)
+
+The little blue-bill, or lesser scaup, like its larger relative, is a
+cosmopolitan species, and commonly met with in flocks of the other,
+which has led to the common error of classing the two together, the
+one as the elder and the other as the younger birds.
+
+While in general color and markings they are very similar, there is
+so much difference in their size that they should be easily
+distinguished. With the males this is very easy for the head of the
+larger species has a green sheen, the head of the lesser has a purple
+sheen as shown in the sun. The bill of this species is more of a blue
+and much smaller, being not over 1-1/2 inches in length.
+
+=Color=--The color and markings are the same as the American scaup,
+with the exception that the metallic sheen of the head, as already
+mentioned, is purple.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The same as the American scaup.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, about 16-1/2 inches; wing, 7-1/2,
+and bill 1-1/2 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration: RING-NECK (Aythya collaris)]
+
+
+THE RING-NECK
+
+(Aythya collaris)
+
+In the breeding season the ring-neck male has a dirty orange ring
+around the neck which disappears wholly, or nearly so, before the
+beginning of the hunting season. The ring-neck is generally more
+plentiful on the fresh waters. I have seen great numbers of them at
+the mouth of the Colorado river. In fact, both the ring-neck and the
+lesser scaup range much farther south than do the larger species, for
+while few of the larger scaup are seen in Mexico, great quantities of
+the little blue-bills are found throughout the republic, especially on
+the salt marshes of the two coasts. All of these three species breed
+along the mountain lakes from California north.
+
+=Color=--Male--Head and neck, black, with an indigo sheen when turned
+in the sun. This will always distinguish it from the larger blue-bill
+whose sheen is green and the lesser blue-bill whose sheen is purple.
+The speculum is gray; bill, bluish with a pale blue band across it
+about a half inch from the end.
+
+Female--The female of this species resembles the female of the
+red-head very closely. It is considerable darker, however, and the
+bill joins the head without the marked indentation seen in the
+red-head.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest and eggs are the same as the scaups.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, 17-1/2 inches; wing, 8, and bill, 2 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration: RUDDY DUCK (Erismatura rubida)]
+
+
+THE RUDDY DUCK, OR WIRE-TAIL
+
+(Erismatura rubida)
+
+The ruddy duck is a very common duck on our shooting grounds, from one
+end to the other, though as a rule it is not much sought after by our
+sportsmen. When feeding on the salt marshes they are not very
+palatable, it is true, but when killed on fresh waters they are one of
+our finest flavored ducks, if properly cooked. After refusing many
+shots at these little ducks and even many times failing to carry home
+those I did kill, it remained for Mr. Babcock, then of the Coronado
+Hotel, of San Diego, California, to demonstrate to me the real value
+of the ruddy duck. I was one of the party shooting with him on his
+preserve at Otay dam. When we came into the house after our morning's
+shoot, a most enjoyable one, he asked each member of the party what
+kind of duck he wished for his dinner. Mallards, canvasbacks, sprigs
+and widgeons had been named, so when he came to me I answered that any
+kind would do me. To this he replied: "Then you shall have one of my
+favorites." When dinner was ready, before each plate was a beautifully
+roasted duck of the species chosen by the member of the party for whom
+that plate was laid, but the plates in front of Mr. Babcock and myself
+each contained two plump little birds that I did not recognize in
+their undress uniform. After I had tasted of one, Mr. Babcock asked:
+"How do you like my selection?" "Very much," I answered, "but what are
+they? I never ate anything better." "The much despised ruddy," was his
+reply, "the superior of the canvasback when properly handled." The
+best evidence that I fully endorsed all that he claimed for the ruddy
+duck is the fact that there was nothing left of my two birds but
+well-picked bones. The ruddy duck may well be called a resident
+species over the whole of the Pacific Coast shooting grounds, for they
+breed not only on the lakes and streams, but on the lower marshes as
+well, throughout the whole territory.
+
+The ruddy duck is known by a number of names such as "wire tail,"
+"dipper," "bullet-head," "buffle-head," etc.
+
+=Color=--Male--Top of head, dark brown; sides of head below the eye,
+dirty white; upper parts, brown; no speculum on the wing; axillars,
+very light gray with light brown shafts; tail, broad and stiff with
+the feathers pointed; under parts, dirty white.
+
+Female--Much the color of the male, but more of a dirty brown. Side of
+the head and throat, dirty gray.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nests are usually built on little hillocks in the
+marshes, and contain from six to eight dirty white eggs.
+
+=Measurements=--The ruddy is a small duck with a very rounded body.
+Total length, about 15 inches; wing, 6, and bill, 1-1/2 inches, strongly
+depressed in the center.
+
+
+  [Illustration: AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE (Glaucionetta clangula americana)]
+
+
+THE AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE
+
+(Glaucionetta clangula americana)
+
+The American golden-eye is a visitor from the far north to the
+northern portions of the territory covered by this work. An occasional
+straggler is killed as far south as San Francisco, but they are a cold
+country bird. They are more common in the interior of Washington and
+Oregon than along the coast.
+
+=Color=--Male--Head and upper half of neck, dark green with a metallic
+sheen; a nearly round patch of white between the eye and the base of
+the bill; lower part of neck, most of the back and the under parts,
+white; upper part of the back, rump and tail, black; wings, mostly
+white.
+
+Female--Head and upper neck, brown; gray spot at the base of the bill;
+breast and under parts, gray; back and most of the wings, brownish
+black.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is usually built in a hollow tree or stump
+and contains about ten eggs of a bluish white color.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, about 19 inches; wing, 9, and
+bill, 1 7/8. Female about one-tenth smaller.
+
+
+  [Illustration: BARROW'S GOLDEN-EYE (Glaucionetta ilandica)]
+
+
+BARROW'S GOLDEN-EYE
+
+(Glaucionetta ilandica)
+
+Barrow's golden-eye is another duck that is seen, but little within
+the Pacific Coast hunting grounds, and only then near the coast
+sections of the northern part. They are found more plentiful on the
+islands along the north Pacific coast.
+
+=Color=--The male resembles the American golden-eye very closely,
+except that the head of the Barrow's is more of a purple, or greenish
+purple. The white at the base of the bill is also different, it being
+a crescent shape instead of round.
+
+The female differs in the head being more of a cinnamon brown, and the
+back more of a gray and slightly mottled with brown.
+
+=Nest, Eggs and Measurements=--The same as the American golden-eye.
+
+
+  [Illustration: BUTTER-BALL (Charitonetta albeola)]
+
+
+THE BUTTER-BALL
+
+(Charitonetta albeola)
+
+The butter-ball, or buffle-head, is another common duck all over the
+country. But where we have so many larger and better ducks they are
+little sought for, and are generally considered poor shooting. Yet I
+recall one occasion when with a friend I was shooting on a couple of
+foothill ponds where many of these little ducks had congregated, they
+furnished us with fine sport. The larger ducks were soon scared away,
+but the little butter-balls would not leave. One of us was stationed
+at each pond and we soon had them all in the air.
+
+=Color=--Male--Head, greenish purple, with a strong metallic luster;
+white patch running from the eye to the back of the head; feathers of
+the head long, forming a crest; back, black; under parts white and a
+broad white patch on the wing.
+
+Female--The female is a very modestly colored bird to have so gaudy a
+mate. Head and upper parts, a dark, dead brown; under parts, white;
+speculum, white; a small, elongated white spot on the side of the
+head.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is usually built on some elevation such as a
+stump or log; some times in a tree. The eggs, numbering eight to ten,
+are of a pale buff color.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, 11 to 12-1/2 inches; wing, about 6, and
+bill, 1 inch.
+
+
+THE OLD SQUAW, OR LONG-TAILED DUCK
+
+(Clangula hyemalis)
+
+The old squaw, or long-tailed duck, comes but little into California,
+though a few are killed each year in Washington and Oregon. I killed
+one several years ago as far south as Los Angeles county, California,
+the only one I have ever known to get that far away from his northern
+home.
+
+=Color=--Male--As the winter plumage is the only garb that one of this
+species will be seen in on these hunting grounds, I will only mention
+it. Head, white, with a patch of brownish black on the side of the
+head and side of the neck; breast, black, continuing over the back;
+belly, white; wings, white; a band of yellow across the bill; central
+tail feathers, black and very long.
+
+Female--Head, white, with a dark patch on the top and on the side;
+breast and back, smoky black; under parts, white; no long feathers in
+the tail.
+
+
+  [Illustration: HARLEQUIN DUCK (Histrionicus histrionicus)]
+
+
+THE HARLEQUIN DUCK
+
+(Histrionicus histrionicus)
+
+The harlequin duck is a northern bird that comes but little into the
+United States on either coast. A few stragglers are met with in Oregon
+and Washington, and an occasional one is killed in California. These
+and the old squaw add a pleasing variety to our mounted collections,
+but nothing to our sport.
+
+=Color=--The accompanying illustration is the best description of this
+duck that can be given, as the colors are white and a brownish black.
+It is about the size of the widgeon.
+
+
+  [Illustration: WHITE-WINGED SCOTER (Oidemia deglandi)]
+
+
+THE SCOTERS
+
+(Oidemia deglandi--Oidemia americana)
+
+The scoters, or coots, as they are called on the Atlantic coast, are
+all found on this coast southward to Mexico. Of these the white-winged
+scoter (=Oidemia deglandi=) is the most common, being found in large
+numbers on all the bays and inlets of the coast as far south as the
+Magdalena bay, Lower California.
+
+
+
+
+  Order, ANSERES
+
+  Family, ANATIDAE Subfamily, FULIGULINAE.
+
+  (Bay and sea ducks)
+
+  Genus        Species      Common Names     Range and Breeding Grounds
+  ------------ ------------ ---------------- ----------------------------
+
+                                            {From Northern Mexico north.
+               {vallisneria Canvasback      {Breeds on the higher lakes
+               {                            {from Eastern Oregon to the
+               {                            {Arctic.
+               {
+               {                            {From Central Mexico north.
+               {americana   Red-head        {Breeds on the interior lakes
+               {                            {from Eastern Oregon north.
+               {
+               {           {American scaup  {From Central California
+               {neartica   {Blue-bill       {north. Breeds on the
+  Aythya       {           {Black-jack      {interior lakes from
+               {                            {Washington north.
+               {
+               {           {Lesser scaup    {From northern Mexico north.
+               {affinis    {Blue-bill       {Breeds on the interior lakes
+               {           {Black-jack      {from Washington north to the
+               {                            {Arctic.
+               {
+               {                            {From Central California north.
+               {collaris   {Ring-neck       {More common on fresh waters.
+               {           {Black-jack      {Breeds on the interior lakes
+               {                            {from Oregon to the Arctic.
+
+               {americana   American        {Rare south of Oregon. Breeds
+               {            golden-eye      {from northern Washington
+               {                            {north.
+               {
+  Glaucionetta {                            {Very rare south of Puget
+               {islandica   Barrows         {Sound. Found only along the
+                            golden-eye      {coast. Breed on the
+                                            {Aleutian Islands and Alaska
+                                            {coast.
+
+                                            {From Central Mexican coast
+  Charitonetta albeola     {Buffle-head     {north. Breeds along the
+                           {Butter-ball     {coast from Washington north.
+
+                                            {From Central Mexico north.
+  Erismatura rubida        {Ruddy duck      {Breeds on the mountain lakes
+                           {Wire-tail       {throughout its range.
+
+                                            {From the Lower California
+               {americana  {Americas scoter {coast north. Breeds on the
+               {           {Black coot      {Aleutian Islands and the
+               {                             {Alaska coast.
+  Oidemia      {
+               {deglandi   {White-winged    {From the Lower California
+                           {scoter          {coast north. Breeds on the
+                           {White-winged    {Aleutian Islands and the
+                           {coot            {Alaska coast.
+
+
+
+
+THE GEESE OF THE PACIFIC COAST
+
+
+The hunting grounds of the Pacific Coast have a greater variety of
+geese than any other section of America. Here are to be found every
+species known to the Eastern states, except the barnacle brant of the
+Atlantic. But in return for the absence of this species of sea brant
+we have the black sea brant, the white-cheeked goose, the ross goose,
+the emperor goose (none of which are found east of the Rocky
+Mountains) and the hutchins goose, the lesser snow goose, the
+white-fronted goose and the little brown brant, which are only
+stragglers east of the Mississippi valley, and only sparingly seen
+that far east. Thus it will be seen that within the Pacific Coast
+hunting grounds there are four genera and nine species of the goose
+family. All of these are found in the northern parts of these hunting
+grounds, but only about one-half of them visit the southern parts.
+Increased areas of cultivation, the drainage of vast sections of
+marshy lands and the absence of laws for their protection have greatly
+reduced the once wonderful supply.
+
+Acres of geese sounds fabulous, yet miles of geese is the only
+expression which conveys an adequate idea of the wonderful numbers in
+which these birds were seen on the Coast half a century ago. The great
+majority of the geese of the Coast at that time were of the white
+varieties, and it is a veritable fact that in California, and
+especially in the Sacramento, San Joaquin and Los Angeles valleys,
+these geese congregated during the winter months in such numbers as to
+whiten the plains for miles. Many flocks of honkers were mixed with
+them, as well as some of the other darker varieties. These darker
+species of the family, however, were far more plentiful in the
+northern parts of the State than in the southern. That part of the
+Sacramento valley known as the Maine Prairies has always been a
+favorite feeding place for the Canada goose and its subspecies.
+
+
+  [Illustration: CANADA GOOSE             BROWN BRANT
+                 (Branta canadensis)      (Branta minima)]
+
+
+THE CANADA GOOSE, OR HONKER
+
+(Branta canadensis)
+
+The Canada goose, or honker as it is commonly called, was and is quite
+common on the Coast. This goose, the largest of the Americans, has a
+wide distribution, ranging from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from
+the Arctic to Central America. They breed as far south as southern ern
+Oregon, at any rate, and possibly on the higher mountain lakes as far
+south as Mexico, for they seem to make their appearance on the Coast
+shooting grounds of Mexico nearly, if not quite, as early as they do
+here.
+
+The flesh of the Canada goose is the equal if not the superior of the
+tame goose. Its flight, except when migrating long distances, is
+generally low, and in such cases it can be called by the hunter to
+within shooting distance.
+
+=Color=--Head and neck, black, with a white stripe running from the
+chin back of the eye to near the top of the head; upper parts, dark
+brownish gray; breast, dull, light gray, grading into white at the
+abdomen; tail and wings, black. Both sexes alike.
+
+=Eggs and Nest=--The nest is generally built of sticks and grass,
+lined with feathers, and either in the marshes or on the banks of a
+stream, and rarely if ever contain more than six or seven, and often
+not more than four, eggs of a very light brownish white.
+
+=Measurements=--Wing, about 19 inches; bill, about 1-3/4 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration: WHITE-CHEEKED GOOSE (Branta canadensis occidentalis)]
+
+
+THE WHITE-CHEEKED GOOSE
+
+(Branta canadensis occidentalis)
+
+The white-cheeked goose, known also as Mexican goose, is found only on
+the Pacific Coast and never east of the Cascades in Washington and
+Oregon, or the Sierra Nevadas in California. In fact, they are
+generally confined to localities not far from the ocean. While both
+the honker and the Hutchins goose have a white cheek, the white of the
+honker meets under the chin or blends into a gray, but the white of
+the white-cheeked variety is separated either with a distinct black
+stripe under the chin or a mottled black and white one. Also the black
+of the neck of the white-cheeked goose and the brownish gray of the
+breast is very generally separated by a white collar, though sometimes
+this is so faint as to be almost indistinguishable.
+
+The white-cheeked goose is rarely seen south of Monterey Bay,
+California.
+
+=Color=--Same as the Canada goose, except that the white on the cheeks
+is either separated under the chin by a black stripe or by only a very
+few white feathers in the black. Between the neck and the dull gray of
+the breast is a narrow white stripe, or collar. This some times is
+very faint, and, in fact, some times, though very rarely, absent. This
+absence of the collar is quite likely caused by its inter-grading with
+the Hutchins goose.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The same as the Canada goose.
+
+=Measurements=--Wing, never more than 16 inches; bill, not more
+than 1-1/4 inches.
+
+
+THE HUTCHINS GOOSE
+
+(Branta canadensis hutchinsii)
+
+We have on the Pacific Coast four varieties of the =Branta
+canadensis=, or that species to which belongs the Canada goose, all
+resembling each other closely except in size. Two of these species are
+generally considered honkers by most of our sportsmen, while others
+have two or three local names for them, among which are Mexican goose
+and Lower California goose. The fact is that while the Canada goose is
+quite common on the coasts of Mexico, neither the Hutchins goose nor
+the white-cheeked goose migrate that far south.
+
+The Hutchins goose so closely resembles the Canada goose, or honker as
+it is popularly called, that it is principally distinguished by its
+smaller size and a considerable difference in the call. The Hutchins
+goose ranges as far east as the Mississippi valley, and on the Pacific
+Coast south only to about Santa Barbara county, California. This is
+one of the two varieties that is given the local names of Mexican and
+Lower California goose.
+
+=Color=--Same as the Canada goose, from which it is only distinguished
+by its smaller size and a considerable difference in its call.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--Same as the Canada goose.
+
+=Measurements=--Wing, not more than 17 inches; bill, 1-1/2 inches.
+
+
+THE CACKLING GOOSE, OR BROWN BRANT
+
+(Branta canadensis minima)
+
+The cackling goose, known also as brown brant and gray brant, is the
+most common of the four varieties and much the smallest. (See
+illustration.) Its markings are the same as the Canada goose, but its
+under parts are somewhat darker. While in total length it is fully
+half that of the honker, in weight it is not more than one-third. The
+cackling geese are commonly found in flocks of the white geese, both
+in their feeding and their migrations. This species ranges east as far
+as the Mississippi valley and south on the Coast as far as the mouth
+of the Colorado river and to some extent into Lower California. It is
+more numerous than any other of the dark colored geese of the Pacific
+Coast.
+
+=Color=--The same as the Canada goose, with the exception that it is a
+little darker on the under parts.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The same as the Canada goose, but the eggs number as
+high as ten.
+
+=Measurements=--Wing, 13 to 14-1/2 inches; bill, from one to one and
+one-eighth.
+
+
+  [Illustration: LESSER SNOW GOOSE     ROSS GOOSE
+                 (Chen hyperborea)     (Chen rossi)]
+
+
+THE SNOW GOOSE, OR WHITE GOOSE
+
+(Chen hyperborea)
+
+The lesser snow geese, commonly called white geese, are the larger of
+the two species of white geese so numerous on the Coast. They not only
+feed, but migrate in great flocks, and these migrations often take
+place at night when their sharp cries will be heard high in the air.
+The lesser snow goose is found as far east as the Mississippi valley
+and south on the Pacific Coast to San Diego. Occasionally a few are
+seen at Ensenada and the valley of the Palms in Lower California. The
+meat is tough and poor in flavor and, therefore, they are hunted but
+little except by the market hunters, who, somehow, succeed in selling
+a good number of them to the uninitiated.
+
+=Color=--Pure white, with black bill and legs; the primaries, or long
+feathers of the wings, are black.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nests are made close to the water's edge and
+contain about ten dirty white eggs.
+
+=Measurements=--Wing, about 16 inches; bill, 2-1/4 inches.
+
+
+THE ROSS GOOSE LITTLE WHITE GOOSE
+
+(Chen rossii)
+
+The Ross goose has been given the name of China goose by many who
+wanted some distinguishing nomenclature for them, when in fact the
+Ross goose is purely an American Pacific Coast bird. Like the snow
+goose it is pure white with black primary plumes. Young birds of both
+species are occasionally seen in the early part of the season more or
+less mottled on the breast with yellowish gray feathers. The Ross
+goose is only about half the size of the snow goose. Aside from this
+it can always be known by the warty appearance of the upper half of
+the bill. They are commonly seen, both in feeding and in their
+migrations, mixed in the flocks of the snow geese. Occasionally they
+are seen as far east as Utah and Montana, but only in small numbers.
+The Ross goose migrates as far south as Central Mexico, great numbers
+of them congregating on Lake Chapala, in the state of Jalisco.
+
+=Color=--Same as the snow goose.
+
+=Measurements=--Wing, about 14 inches; bill, 2-1/4, with warty
+excresences on the upper part.
+
+
+  [Illustration: WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE, OR SPECKLE-BREAST
+                (Anser albifrons gambeli)]
+
+
+WHITE FRONTED GOOSE
+
+(Anser albifrons gambeli)
+
+The white-fronted goose, or speckle-breast as it is commonly called,
+is quite common on the Coast south to Mexico, where great numbers
+congregate on Lake Chapala, Jalisco. This is another western species,
+though ranging to some extent as far east as the Mississippi valley
+and an occasional flock wanders even to the Atlantic coast. The
+breasts of the old birds are commonly profusely speckled with black
+feathers. The white-fronted goose is a little more exclusive in its
+habits than any of the others named, being generally found in flocks
+by themselves. As a table bird the meat is quite palatable, and large
+numbers are sold in the markets.
+
+=Color=--Head, grayish brown, with a white spot at the junction of the
+bill, but this is absent from the young birds; neck, lighter, shading
+into white or dull white on the breast, mottled with black; back, ashy
+gray, edged with brown; shafts of the quills, white; bill and legs,
+light pink.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is usually well made and lined with feathers
+and down. The eggs number about seven or eight, and are of a pale
+greenish white.
+
+=Measurements=--Wing, 16 inches; bill, 2 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration: EMPEROR GOOSE (Philacte canagica)]
+
+
+THE EMPEROR GOOSE
+
+(Philacte canagica)
+
+The Emperor goose is a north Pacific species, breeding principally on
+the islands of the Alaska coast. The great majority of these birds
+winter well to the north of us, though a number venture southward into
+California to Humboldt bay and even south of that. A small flock or
+two is seen almost every winter on the marshes near San Francisco. A
+close watch of the markets will reveal one or two offered for sale
+almost every winter.
+
+=Color=--Head and back of neck, white; throat, brownish gray, shading
+into light gray on the breast and abdomen; back, a little darker; the
+feathers being gray, tipped with lighter gray, with a subterminal band
+of brownish gray; legs, flesh color.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nests are usually found on the small islands of
+the salt marshes, and contain eight to ten eggs of a dull white color.
+
+=Measurements=--Wing, about 15-1/2 inches; bill, 1-1/2 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration: BLACK SEA BRANT (Branta nigricans)]
+
+
+THE BLACK SEA BRANT
+
+(Branta nigricans)
+
+The black sea brant is another purely Pacific Coast species, found
+nowhere else except as a straggler. They resemble the barnacle brant
+of the Atlantic (=Branta barnicla=) except in the shape of the head
+and bill. A differing characteristic, however, is that the white
+speckling on the sides of the neck of the barnacle brant extends all
+around the front of the neck in the case of the black sea brant. As
+their name implies, these are purely seabirds, rarely flying over the
+land even, and only found in such bays as produce the eel grass on
+which they feed almost exclusively. I only know of the following
+places within the Pacific Coast shooting grounds where the black sea
+brant is found. These are: Puget sound, Washington; Coos bay, Oregon;
+Humboldt, Tomales, Moro and San Diego bays, California, and Magdalena
+bay, Lower California. In most of these places they ate plentiful
+during the winter season. Of all birds that fall to the aim of the
+sportsman, the black sea brant is the most difficult to get within
+range of. This is only accomplished by great caution and a good deal
+of strategy, but when they are brought to bag the reward is a full
+compensation, for of all the waterfowl their flesh is the most
+delicious. The sea brant is rarely found away from the haunts
+mentioned, yet the bird from which the accompanying illustration was
+made was killed from a small flock that had strayed into the lower end
+of San Francisco bay, near Redwood City, and was mounted by that
+accomplished sportsman and taxidermist, Chase Littlejohn, of that
+place.
+
+=Color=--General color, black; throat, with a white or speckled ring
+all around the neck, except a small portion of the back; flanks,
+mottled white and black; under tail feathers, white.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is only a depression on the ground, but
+nicely lined with down. The eggs, numbering six to eight, are of a
+dull white.
+
+=Measurements=--Wing, 13 inches; bill, 1-1/2 inches.
+
+
+THE SWANS
+
+(Olor columbianus) and (Olor buccinator)
+
+(Subfamily, CYGNINAE)
+
+Both the whistling swan (=Olor columbianus=) and the trumpeter swan
+(=Olor buccinator=) were once very plentiful on the Pacific Coast
+hunting grounds, as far south as central California, and especially so
+on the Columbia river and the lakes of Oregon and Washington. A few
+were met with also as far south as San Diego county, California.
+
+I shall never forget the first two swans I ever killed and my
+experience with them. It was the first winter after I came to
+California and I was living in Los Angeles, then a little Mexican
+village, and three of us were doing our own housekeeping. Whatever the
+reason--most likely from some hallucination of boyhood--I entertained
+the belief that swans must be exceedingly fine eating. As I prided
+myself then, just after crossing the plains, upon being a good cook,
+great preparations were made for an extra fine feast on what I fancied
+would be a delicious bird. We had a good stove and the first of the
+two swans was carefully "stuffed" with the choicest dressing,
+consisting of the combined suggestions of the three of us. It was
+placed in the oven, the fire carefully tended and the magnificent bird
+repeatedly "basted." When it was ready and placed on the table it fell
+to my lot to do the carving. Having drawn my knife across the
+hunger-producing carcass without making any perceptible impression, I
+decided that it must be the fault of a dull knife. Among our table
+furnishings we had no sharpening steel, a scythe stone doing service
+in its stead. I hunted this up and began on the knife with the
+"mower's challenge" stroke and soon had an edge that would have cut
+through anything less than an eighty-pound rail. With no little effort
+I amputated the legs and the wings, and cutting a generous piece from
+one side of the breast passed it to one of my companions, who at once
+began on it with his knife. A few attempts to sever it and he reached
+for the scythe stone. Then when he began chewing on the segregated
+piece he declared that it was not cooked enough. A dispute followed as
+to whether it is over-cooking or under-cooking that makes a bird
+tough. With this momentous question still unsettled we decided that
+some of the many ingredients that we had put into the "stuffing" must
+have given the meat its sole-leather consistency. We had a couple of
+hounds, whose teeth had been well tested in many a coyote kill, and we
+passed this first swan up to them.
+
+The next day the other bird was worked into a fine stew and well
+cooked. When served the stew was fine. The dumplings were light and
+fairly melted in our mouths; the red peppers were hot; the aroma of
+onions was just of that degree to suggest the ambrosia of the gods;
+but the swan! Well, the hounds ate it through the compulsion of
+hunger.
+
+A half-grown swan, however, is very good eating.
+
+There is very little difference in the two varieties. The whistling
+swan being more of a northern bird, rarely migrating as far south as
+central California. About the only noticeable difference is that the
+whistling swan has a small yellow spot at the V-shaped point of the
+bill where it meets the eye.
+
+
+
+
+THE WADERS AND SHORE BIRDS
+
+
+The Pacific Coast is especially rich in waders and shore birds, there
+being upwards of forty species that are more or less common, with some
+ten or more that are occasional visitors. Of these few can be
+considered game birds, while others are so small that they are rarely
+shot by our sportsmen. Many of both the waders and the shore birds are
+constant residents. Others come from still farther south for breeding
+purposes, while still others breed north of us and migrate throughout
+the territorial scope of these articles to spend their winters.
+
+The shore birds, while very common, are hunted but little by the
+sportsmen of this region, and many of the smaller species that are
+considered quite a delicacy by our eastern brethren are passed by
+entirely by our lovers of the gun. The reasons for this will be
+obvious to all who have read the preceding pages and noted the
+abundance and great variety of larger and better game. By better game
+I mean birds that furnish better sport by requiring more skill in
+approaching them and better marksmanship in bringing them to bag. The
+little mountain plover, of the southern part of the Coast, while not
+surpassed even by the jack snipe as a table delicacy, are hunted but
+little, even where they are very abundant, because there is little
+sport to be had in shooting them. And the same is true, in a great
+measure, of several other species. Sportsmen, therefore, are little
+acquainted with these birds either as to their names, gastronomic
+merits or means of identification.
+
+
+  [Illustration: WHITE-FACED GLOSSY IBIS (Plegadis gaurauna)]
+
+
+THE HERONS and IBISES
+
+(Order, HERODIONES)
+
+
+While none of the order =Herodiones=, which includes the storks,
+herons, ibises and bitterns, can be considered game birds, they are so
+common about our waters, and some of them add such a charm to the
+scene by their beautiful plumage and graceful movement, that mention
+of some of them here will not be out of place.
+
+The great blue heron (=Ardea herodias=) is the most common of these
+waders. With his long, gracefully curved neck and slender legs he
+wades with stately mien along the shallow waters of the lakes,
+marshes and streams, both summer and winter, for he is to the manner
+born and has no desire to seek other lands or other climes. The herons
+are said to be destructive to fish. This can be to a limited extent
+only, for they subsist very largely on the enemies of the fish,
+destroying hundreds of snakes, water lizards and other fish
+destroyers.
+
+The snowy heron, or white crane as it is commonly called (=Ardea
+candidissima=), is another handsome wader that lends a charm to the
+lakes, ponds and streams from Oregon south through Mexico. Built on
+the same graceful lines as its blue relative, and with a plumage as
+white as the purest snow, it never fails to attract attention.
+
+Three representatives of the family =Ibididę= are found here and
+present a pleasing and interesting group.
+
+The white-faced glossy ibis (=Plegadis guarauna=) ranges over the
+larger portion of the Coast, but from Lower California north only for
+breeding purposes. Its long curved bill, slim, gracefully bent neck,
+shapely body, tall legs and irridescent reflections of its plumage in
+the sunlight, place it among the most attractive of North American
+birds. Unlike the herons they are gregarious and are, therefore, seen
+in flocks of varying size. The glossy ibis is often called bronze
+curlew, but this is a bad misnomer, as they are in no way related to
+the curlew.
+
+Another of the family is the white ibis (=Guara alba=). These are
+quite common in Lower California and Mexico. They rarely migrate into
+California, though they venture much to the north of us in a
+northeastern direction, reaching the shores of the Great Salt Lake,
+during the breeding season. The scarlet ibis (=Guara rubra=), the
+other member of the family, is confined to Mexico, so far as these
+articles are concerned.
+
+The American egret (=Ardea egretta=) ranges from Oregon south to South
+America. It was at one time quite plentiful in California, but its
+handsome plumes attracted the eye of the milliner, which in turn
+aroused the cupidity of the market hunter, and these beautiful birds
+are now rare north of Lower California and Mexico, and are rapidly
+decreasing even there. The reddish egret (=Ardea rufescens=) is an
+inhabitant of Lower California and Mexico, not coming north of these
+places. Though not as handsome as the white egret, it is also being
+exterminated for the same purposes.
+
+The birds that I have so far mentioned, while not game birds, are so
+constantly before the eyes of the sportsmen who engage in waterfowl
+shooting that they can not help but be interested in them. They add a
+variety and a beauty to the scene, and many an hour's wait, that
+otherwise would have been tedious, has passed away pleasantly in
+watching the graceful movements of some one or more of these stately
+waders.
+
+
+
+
+THE CRANES, RAILS, GALLINULES
+
+
+To the order, =Paludicolae=, belong the cranes, rails, gallinules and
+coots, or mudhens, as they are commonly called. Of the members of this
+order we are concerned only with the cranes, rails and coots. The
+sandhill crane (=Grus canadensis) is a common visitor to all parts of
+the Coast, but more plentiful in the interior valleys than near the
+seashore. They are generally hard to approach and for that reason they
+are but little hunted by our sportsmen. The whooping crane (=Grus
+americana) once common throughout the middle states, is still met with
+to considerable extent in Mexico, but it is by no means a common
+visitor.
+
+The California clapper rail, known also as the San Mateo rail (=Rallus
+obsoletus=), is the largest as well as the most important of the rail
+family in this section. At one time the clapper rail was very
+plentiful in certain localities in California and furnished abundant
+sport, though rather of a tame nature, to those who hunted them. Being
+an easy bird to kill and unsuspicious, they have been rapidly reduced
+in numbers until now they are in danger of extinction unless laws are
+enacted giving them better protection. The clapper is only a straggler
+south of San Francisco bay.
+
+The Virginia rail (=Rallus virginianus=), a species not more than half
+the size of the clapper rail, is found sparingly over the Coast, but
+principally on the fresh water marshes.
+
+The little yellow rail (=Porzana noveboracensis=) is found on the
+fresh waters from central California south, but it is nowhere
+abundant.
+
+The black rail (=Porzana jamaicensis=) is another of the smaller rails
+that are found on the fresh waters to a limited extent. Both this and
+the last preceding one are so small that they are seldom shot, though
+as an article of food they are very delicate.
+
+
+
+
+THE SHORE BIRDS
+
+(Order, LIMICOLAE)
+
+
+The order =Limicolae=, which is composed of the shore birds proper,
+is abundantly represented. They are seen wading in the shallow waters,
+carefully watching for worms, insects and other species of food upon
+which they live, boring in the soft mud, scurrying in flocks from
+place to place, or running along the beach as the surf recedes,
+picking up the jetsam of the sea, then taking wing or running back
+like a playful child to the higher ground as the foaming crest of the
+next breaker rushes up the sandy shingle. Or, as is the case of the
+phalaropes and some others, they may be seen riding lightly upon the
+restless billows far out at sea. Modest in coloring and plain in
+plumage, the shore birds seem to belong to the plebeians of the
+avafauna, for they are constant workers, always busy, always plying
+their slender legs rapidly as they hurry from one spot to another,
+never idle, never resting for a moment.
+
+Of the shore birds there are six families and twenty genera
+represented on the Coast. Most of them are quite abundant from
+Washington to Mexico on their respective feeding grounds.
+
+
+  [Illustration:
+       WILSON SNIPE, OR JACK-SNIPE     DOWITCHER
+       (Gallinago delicata)            (Macrorhamphus scolopaceus)]
+
+
+THE WILSON, OR JACK SNIPE
+
+(Gallinago delicata)
+
+Of all the shore birds the jack snipe, English snipe or Wilson snipe
+as it is variously called, is the most highly prized as a table
+delicacy and furnishes the best sport with the dog and gun. Usually
+lying well for the dog, erratic in its flight and quick on the wing,
+the Wilson snipe is one of the most difficult birds to bring to bag.
+It is not only erratic in its flight, but it is erratic in its nature
+as well. One day it will be found on a given feeding ground in
+abundance and on the next not one is to be seen, while possibly the
+day following they are there again in great numbers. To this
+uncertainty and the corkscrew flight, peculiar to it alone, is due
+much of the charm that jack snipe shooting affords. While these birds
+are commonly called jack snipe or English snipe, their proper name is
+Wilson snipe, but like the rose, no matter what the name, they are
+just as gamy and just as delicious. The Wilson snipe migrates here to
+but little extent, and these migrations are altitudinal rather than
+latitudinal. They breed commonly in all the mountain valleys and even
+as low down as on the Sacramento marshes south of the city of the same
+name. I found a pair breeding a few years ago in the low hills of San
+Luis Obispo county not half a mile from the ocean beach.
+
+=Color=--Head, black, with a central stripe of brown; back, a mixture
+of dark brown, pale brown, yellow and dull white; greater
+wing-coverts, dark brown, tipped with white; throat, dull white,
+barred with brown; a dark stripe running from the base of the bill
+across the eye to the occiput; under parts of the wings, dull white,
+barred with black; tail feathers, dark brown, tipped with white, and
+with a sub-terminal bar of black. No web between the toes.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is a very crude affair made on the ground
+and with but little lining of any kind. It contains from three to four
+grayish eggs, blotched with brown.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, 11 inches; wing, 5-1/2; bill, 3 inches.
+
+
+THE DOWITCHER, OR RED-BREASTED SNIPE
+
+(Macrorhampus scolopaceus)
+
+Though not of the same genus, the closet relative to the Wilson snipe
+is the dowitcher or red-breasted snipe. By many who are not accustomed
+to the Wilson snipe and its many vagaries, the red-breasted snipe is
+often mistaken for the former. The red-breasted snipe may easily be
+distinguished by the small web between the outer and middle toes. This
+species of the dowitcher is a western bird, breeding well to the north
+and migrating south to Mexico.
+
+=Color=--Head and back, more of a gray than the Wilson snipe, with the
+feathers edged with a pale buff; light gray stripe running from the
+base of the bill over the eye to the occiput; chin, dull white;
+breast, gray, with a tinge of cinnamon red; tail, banded with dark
+brown; a small web between the outer and middle toes, extending about
+one-fourth down the outer toe.
+
+=Eggs and Nest=--Nest made on the ground and containing from three to
+four dull white eggs.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, 10-1/2 inches; wing, 5-3/4; bill, about 2-1/2
+inches, and with a considerable swelling at the end.
+
+
+  [Illustration: GREATER YELLOW-LEGS (Totanus melanoleucus)]
+
+
+THE GREATER YELLOW-LEGS
+
+(Totanus melanoleucus)
+
+The greater yellow-legs migrates throughout the entire region, being
+common on the beaches of Washington, Oregon and California during the
+fall and early winter as it works its way to Lower California and
+Mexico. It somewhat resembles the godwit in coloring, but it is more
+of a grayish tinge. Its shorter bill--not over two and a half inches
+in length--will always distinguish it from the godwit. So, also, will
+its sharp whistling note. It is nearly as delicate a table bird as the
+Wilson snipe.
+
+=Color=--Top of head and neck, brown, with whitish streaks; back,
+brown, with the feathers edged with white; chin, white; breast, white,
+lined with narrow streaks of brown; bill, black, and legs, yellow.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nests are built close to the water's edge,
+containing four light buff eggs, spotted with brown.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, 14 inches; wing, 7-3/4; bill, 2-1/4, to
+2-1/2 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration: MARLIN OR GODWIT (Limosa fedoa)]
+
+
+THE MARLIN, OR MARBLED GODWIT
+
+(Limosa fedoa)
+
+The marbled godwit, or marlin as it is also called, is one of the
+largest birds of the =Scolopacidę= family. It ranges from Alaska to
+Central America. This species is seen in large numbers in the early
+fall along the sea beaches of California as they are working their way
+south. They spend the winter in great quantities in Lower California
+and Mexico. There should be no difficulty in distinguishing the godwit
+from any of the other shore birds, its long upward curved bill and
+brownish-barred back being features by which it may always be known.
+
+=Color=--Top of head and back of neck, brown, streaked with paler
+brown; feathers of the back, brown, with ochreous edges; throat and
+forehead, pale buff, with faint markings of brown; bill slightly
+turned upward.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--Nest a crude affair on the ground, containing four
+eggs of an ash color, mottled with a dead brown.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, 19 inches; wing, 8-3/4; bill, about 4
+inches.
+
+
+THE RED-BACKED SANDPIPER
+
+(Tringa alpina pacifica)
+
+The red-backed sandpiper, or American dunlin, is one of the larger
+members of the genus and quite plentiful on the Coast marshes, but it
+is seldom seen in the interior valleys except during its migrations.
+In its winter plumage, in which our sportsmen see it, it is of a dull
+light gray color. A diagnostic feature of this species is the slightly
+downward curved bill.
+
+=Color=--Head and upper parts, light gray, with a white stripe over
+the eye; shafts of the feathers are dark brown, producing a streaky
+appearance. In its summer plumage the head and back are reddish brown,
+wings brownish and abdomen black.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--Nests on the ground without lining. Eggs, bluish
+white, with brown spots.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, about 8-1/2 inches; wing, 4-3/4; bill, 1 5/8.
+
+
+THE WILLET
+
+(Symphemia Semipalmata inornata)
+
+The willet, or stone curlew as it is sometimes called, is a resident
+species, breeding from Washington to Mexico. It is a western bird,
+ranging eastward to the Mississippi valley, where it is but a
+straggler. In size it is nearly as large as the marlin. Its black
+wings, with broad, white patches, and feet webbed for about half the
+length of the toes, are distinguishing features, easily recognized. It
+is generally found on the salt marshes.
+
+=Color=--The general color of the plumage is ashy white or light gray,
+usually with some light buff markings on the breast. When flying it
+shows a broad, white patch on the wings, caused by the upper part of
+the primaries and part of the secondaries being white. Its smoky black
+axillars will always distinguish it.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is any place on the ground where it can
+deposit three or four pale buff eggs, spotted with dark brown.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, 15-1/2 inches; wing, 8-1/2; bill, 2-1/2
+to 2-3/4 inches.
+
+
+
+
+  Order, LIMICOLAE
+
+  Family SCOLOPACIDAE.
+
+   Genus         Species        Common Names        Range and Breeding
+                                                     Grounds
+   ------------- --------------- ----------------- -------------------
+
+                                 {Wilson snipe     {Throughout the
+                                 {                 {marshes of the coast.
+   Gallinago       delicata      {Jack snipe       {Breeds in the
+                                 {                 {mountain valleys.
+
+                                 {Dowitcher        {Along the fresh waters
+                                 {                 {of the interior
+   Macrorhamphus   scolopaceus   {Red-breasted     {valleys. Breeds in
+                                 { snipe           {British Columbia
+                                 {                 {and Alaska.
+
+                                 {                 {From the Central
+                                 {Red-backed       {Mexican coast north.
+   Tringa          pacifica      {sandpiper        {Breeds from
+                                 {                 {Washington north.
+
+                                 {Marble godwit    {Early and late
+                                 {                 {migrant along the
+   Limosa          fedoa         {Marlin           {coast from Mexico
+                                                   {north. Breeds in
+                                                   {the far north.
+
+                                                   {Early and late
+                                                   {migrant along the
+                                                   {coast, passing the
+   Totanus         melanoleucus   Yellow-legs      {winter in Southern
+                                                   {California and Mexico.
+                                                   {Breeds in the mountain
+                                                   {valleys.
+
+                  {semipalmata                     {From Mexico north.
+   Symphemia      {inornata      {Western Willet   {Breeds throughout
+                                                   {its range.
+
+                                                   {Early and late migrant.
+                  {longirostris  {Jack curlew      {Winters in Southern
+                  {                                {California and Mexico.
+                  {                                {Breeds throughout its
+                  {                                {range.
+                  {
+   Numenius       {              {Long-billed      {Same habits as the
+                  {              { curlew          {long-billed and
+                  {              {                 {usually found with it.
+                  {hudsonicus    {                 {But breeds farther
+                                 {Hudsonian curlew {north.
+
+
+  [Illustration: HUDSONIAN CURLEW         LONG-BILLED CURLEW
+                 (Numenius hudsonicus)    (Numenius longirostris)]
+
+
+THE LONG-BILLED CURLEW
+
+(Numenius longirostris)
+
+The long-billed curlew, or sickle bill as it is often called, is a
+plentiful resident in all suitable localities. The young birds mature
+early and find their way to the marshes during August, when the season
+for their killing should begin. At this time and even during the month
+of September they are quite palatable, but later they become strong in
+flavor. In these months they feed largely upon the seeds and insects
+to be found on the plains, but later they confine themselves
+principally to the marshes. They breed near the mountain lakes and
+streams and even to considerable extent on the lower grounds. A glance
+at the accompanying illustration will be sufficient to enable the
+uninitiated to always know a curlew.
+
+=Color=--Head, back of neck and back, dark brown, mottled with buff;
+throat and under parts, pale buff, the feathers on the breast being
+streaked with brown; axillars, reddish brown.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is usually made on the ground in tall grass
+and back some distance from the marsh. The eggs are about four and of
+an olive gray, spotted with brown.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, without the bill, which varies very
+much, about 20 inches; wing, 9 to 11; bill, from four to eight inches,
+and bent downwards, with nearly as much curve as a sickle; in most
+specimens the bill will be about six inches in length.
+
+
+THE HUDSONIAN CURLEW
+
+(Numenius hudsonicus)
+
+The Hudsonian curlew, or jack curlew, by which name it is also known,
+is also a common visitor to our hunting grounds. It is often seen
+mixed with flocks of the preceding species, which leads many to
+suppose that they are the younger birds of that species. Unlike the
+long-billed, the Hudsonian curlew is not a resident species, or, at
+least, not to so great an extent, although it makes its appearance on
+our marshes quite early in the season, even as far south as central
+California. In markings the two species are almost identical, with the
+exception that the Hudsonian is somewhat paler in shade. Any doubt
+arising as to which species a specimen may belong can easily be
+settled by an examination of the axillar plumes. If a long-bill, these
+feathers will be a solid reddish-brown, but if a Hudsonian, they will
+be of a pale buff color barred with a dull-brown, the buff and brown
+being nearly of the same width. Both species become less common north
+of southern California during the late winter months.
+
+=Color=--Same as the long-billed curlew, except that it is a little
+paler on the under parts, and the mottling shows more distinctly on
+the back. The axillars are pale buff, distinctly barred with light
+brown.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The same as the long-billed curlew.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, including bill, which varies but little
+in this species, about 17 inches; wing, 9, and bill about 3-1/2 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration: BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER (Charadrius squatarola)]
+
+
+BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER
+
+(Charadrous squaterola)
+
+The largest of the family =Charadridę= is the black-bellied plover. In
+its plumage, both summer and winter, it closely resembles the golden
+plover, as the black on the sides of the head, front of neck, breast
+and abdomen disappear from both species in their winter plumage. But,
+notwithstanding this, they can easily be distinguished by the small
+rudimentary hind toe of the black-bellied species, the other having
+but three toes. A few specimens of the golden plover have been taken
+on the Coast, but it is of rare occurrence. The black-bellied plover
+is reasonably common along the coast line, but it is not seen to any
+great extent in the interior valleys.
+
+=Color=--Upper plumage, dull brown, mottled with gray, the top of the
+head being somewhat darker; under parts, nearly white and the sides
+and breast streaked with brown. In the summer the throat and belly are
+black.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is usually made on the uplands, where four
+eggs are deposited of a pale olive, spotted with brown.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, 11 inches; wing, 7-1/2, and bill,
+1-1/4 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration:
+      SNOWY PLOVER       MOUNTAIN PLOVER      RING-NECK PLOVER
+     (AEgialitis nivosa)  (AEgialitis montana)  (AEgialitis semipalmata)]
+
+
+THE MOUNTAIN PLOVER
+
+(AEgialitis montana)
+
+The mountain plover is very plentiful on the plains of southern
+California during the winter months. This little bird as a table
+delicacy is not surpassed by any of the long list of shore birds. In
+fact it is preferred by many to the far-famed jack snipe. It is an
+upland bird, feeding largely on insects, and rarely found near the
+marshes whether salt or fresh-water. In its winter plumage, as seen
+here, its underparts are white with the breast and upper parts of a
+brownish gray.
+
+=Color=--Throat, breast and under parts, white; the rest of the
+plumage, light buffish gray; sometimes the breast will show a slight
+tinge of buff; axillars, white; bill, black. Three toes without web.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nests are placed on the uplands and contain three
+grayish eggs, spotted with brown.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, 8-3/4 inches; wing, 6, and
+bill, 9/10 of an inch.
+
+
+THE SNOWY PLOVER
+
+(AEgialitis nivosa)
+
+The snowy plover is quite common from northern California to Mexico.
+It is a small bird and, while it is hunted but little, its flesh is
+quite delicate. In its winter plumage it is much lighter in color
+than any of the others named.
+
+=Color=--Top of head, back of neck and back, buffish gray; forehead
+and under parts, white; a patch of dull brown just above the white of
+the forehead, and another of the same color on each side of the
+throat. Three toes without web.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nests are found throughout its range; they are
+nothing more than a depression in the sand and contain four grayish
+buff eggs, spotted with black.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, about 6-3/4 inches; wing, 4-1/4, and bill
+5/8 of an inch.
+
+
+THE RING-NECKED PLOVER
+
+(AEgialitis semipalmata)
+
+The ring-neck plover is a fairly common visitor during the winter
+months. It is usually seen on the coast or on other sandy shores. It
+may be known by its partially webbed feet.
+
+=Color=--Forehead, chin and neck, white, with a faint streak of dull
+brown from the bill under the eye to the back of the neck; a band of
+dull, brownish gray on the breast; back and wings, ashy gray; under
+parts, white; bill, black with a spot of orange at the base. Three
+toes which are webbed for about half their length.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--Nests are made in the sand and contain from three to
+four dirty white eggs, spotted with brown. =Measurements=--Total
+length, 6-3/4 inches; wing, 4-3/4, and bill, 1/2 inch.
+
+
+WILSON'S PLOVER
+
+(AEgialitis wilsonia)
+
+While the Wilson plover is found to some extent on the southern
+Atlantic Coast, it may properly be said to be a Pacific species. Here
+it is seen on the beaches in large numbers, just beyond the reach of
+the surf, picking the insects and minute shellfish as they are washed
+on the sand, or flying in flocks just above the breakers.
+
+=Color=--Forehead and stripe over the eye, white; black stripe in
+front of crown; top of head and stripe from the eye to the bill,
+black; black band just below the throat; back, gray; under parts,
+white; bill black, and legs and feet, light pink.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is a mere depression in the ground, with
+three to four eggs of a pale olive, spotted with dark brown.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, 7 to 8 inches; wing, 4 to 5; bill, about
+3/4 of an inch. Three toes with a small
+
+[Note: Unfinished sentence in original printed version.]
+
+There are a number of other plovers on the hunting grounds of the
+Pacific Coast, but they are either too small or the flesh too poor to
+interest the sportsman. Of these the killdeer plover is the most
+common and the best known. A description of these would be of no
+interest to the sportsman and therefore add nothing to the purposes of
+this work.
+
+
+  [Illustration: AMERICAN AVOCET (Recurvirostra americana)]
+
+
+THE AVOCET
+
+(Recurvirostra americana)
+
+The family =Recurvirostridę= has but two representatives on the Coast.
+The American avocet breeds from Washington southward and spends its
+winters from central California south. They are quite plentiful in
+southern California during the winter months, increasing in numbers in
+Lower California and Mexico. Its webbed feet and long upward turned
+bill are features by which it may always be known. It is generally
+found in flocks and frequents both fresh and salt-waters.
+
+=Color=--Head and neck, ashy gray; back and under parts, white; the
+primaries and upper half of the secondaries, black, making the wing
+about half black; bill, very slender and curved upward; legs, very
+long and of a lead color; feet, webbed.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest contains three to four eggs of a pale olive,
+spotted with brown.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, about 19 inches; wing, 8, and bill,
+3-1/2 inches.
+
+
+THE BLACK-NECKED STILT
+
+(Himantopus mexicanus)
+
+The black-necked stilt is the other representative of the family. The
+stilt breeds as far north as eastern Oregon, but is little seen north
+of southern California in the winter. From there south it is
+plentiful. It may be easily known by the back of its head and neck,
+its back being black and the rest of the plumage nearly pure white.
+Its legs are a dark pink.
+
+=Color=--Wings, back, back of neck and top of head, black; balance of
+the plumage, white; legs, dark pink and very long. Toes, three and
+partly webbed.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is rarely anything but bare ground on which
+is deposited three to four eggs of a pale brown, spotted with dark
+brown.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, about 15-1/2 inches; wing, 9, and
+bill 2-3/4 inches.
+
+
+
+
+  Order, LIMICOLAE
+
+  Family, CHARADRIDAE  -  Plovers
+
+  Genus            Species       Common Names    Range and Breeding Grounds
+  -------------- -------------- ---------------- --------------------------
+
+                 {squatarola    Black-bellied   {From Mexico north.
+                 {               plover         {Breeds from Oregon
+                 {              .               {north to Alaska.
+  Charadrius     {
+                 {dominicus     Golden plover    Only an occasional
+                                                 migrant.
+
+                                                {From Alaska south to
+                 {semipalmata   Ring-necked     {Lower California. Breeds
+                 {              plover          {in its northern range.
+                 {
+                 {                              {From Central California
+                 {nivosa        Snowy plover    {south to Lower California
+  AEgialitis     {                              {and Mexico. Breeds
+                 {                              {throughout its range.
+                 {
+                 {montana       Mountain plover {Interior plains of
+                 {                              {California and Arizona.
+                 {                              {Breeds in the mountain
+                 {                              {valleys.
+                 {
+                 {wilsonia      Wilson's plover {From Oregon south to
+                                                {Mexico. Breeds
+                                                {throughout its range.
+
+
+  Order, LIMICOLAE
+
+  Family, RECURVIROSTRIDAE  -  Avocets and Stilts
+
+  Genus            Species       Common Names    Range and Breeding Grounds
+  -------------- -------------- ---------------- --------------------------
+
+  Recurvirostra    americana     Avocet          { From Mexico north to
+                                                 { California. Breeds from
+                                                 { Eastern Oregon south.
+
+  Himantopus       Mexicanus     Black-necked    { From Mexico to Southern
+                                  stilt          { California. Breeds near
+                                                 { the mountain lakes.
+
+
+
+
+  [Illustration: Morphology of Fishes]
+
+
+
+
+THE GAME FISHES OF THE PACIFIC COAST
+
+
+Like in that portion of this work devoted to the game birds, this also
+is written in popular language, avoiding, as far as possible, all
+technical words and phrases, with the intention of furnishing a plain
+description of the game fishes of the Coast which anyone, unlearned in
+the science of ichthyology, may understand, and by which be able to
+identify any of the fishes he may capture.
+
+With fishes, like with birds, there are certain parts that must be
+referred to in order to show wherein one species differs from
+another. Wherever these parts have a common English name, that name
+has been used. But as there are a few parts that can only be referred
+to by their scientific names, a diagram has been added showing the
+location of all parts referred to in the text.
+
+In scope it treats only of such varieties as rise to the fly or are
+caught by trolling with rod and reel, whether from the stream, lake,
+bay or ocean, and furnish sport to the angler who fishes for the
+exhilarating pleasure their capture affords.
+
+The Pacific Coast is rich in game fishes, not only in the varieties
+found in its lakes and streams, but as well in its bays and estuaries,
+while the broad ocean furnishes varieties whose size and fighting
+qualities are not surpassed, even if equaled, in any other part of the
+world. To place in the hands of the young angler, and others who may
+not have given the subject the necessary attention, a convenient
+handbook by the aid of which even the novice may readily recognize the
+species of fish he has landed, is the object of these pages.
+
+     *     *     *     *     *     *     *
+
+All of the salmon, the trout, the chars, the white-fish and the lake
+herring have been classed by the naturalist in one family and given
+the name, =Salmonidę=; but it is only with three genera of the
+subfamily, =Salmoninę= that we are concerned. These are the Pacific
+salmon (=Oncorhynchus=), the true trout (=Salmo=) and the Eastern
+trout and the dolly varden trout (=Salvelinus=). The Atlantic salmon
+belong to the genus Salmo, the same as the true trout, and have but
+one species (=Salmo salar=), which partake more of the habits of the
+trout than do their Pacific cousins.
+
+
+THE PACIFIC SALMON
+
+(Oncorhynchus)
+
+Notwithstanding the fact that the salmon is one of the most valuable
+of all the food fishes, but little is known of its habits after it
+leaves the stream in which it is hatched until it returns to spawn,
+supposed to be from three to four years afterward. Whether they remain
+near the mouths of the streams, or whether they migrate to distant
+feeding grounds are questions that have never been solved. All of the
+five species are caught with seins in Puget Sound in greater or less
+numbers all the year round. From the action of those that spawn in the
+Sacramento river it would seem that they migrate southward and far out
+to sea, for on their return to spawn they enter Monterey Bay only on
+its southern side, and following around it at no great distance from
+the shore, leave it at the northern headlands and skirt the shore
+northward until they reach the entrance to San Francisco Bay on their
+way up the Sacramento river. Where the young fish make their habitat
+from the time they drift down the stream in which they were spawned
+until they return again to spawn has never been determined. They spawn
+but once and die soon afterward. As I know that this last statement
+will be disputed by some, for reasons best known to themselves, I will
+quote from that excellent work by Evermann and Jordan, "American Food
+and Game Fishes." "We have carefully," say these gentlemen, "examined
+the spawning habits of both forms of the red fish and chinook salmon
+in the head waters of Salmon river, Idaho, during two entire seasons,
+from the time the fish arrived in July until the end of September, by
+which time all the fish had disappeared. A number of important
+questions were settled by these investigations. In the first place it
+was found that all of the fish arrived upon the spawning grounds in
+perfect physical condition, so far as external appearances indicated;
+no sores, bruises or other mutilations showing on any of more than
+4000 fish examined. During the spawning, however, the majority became
+more or less injured by rubbing against the gravel of the
+spawning-beds, or by fighting with one another. Soon after done
+spawning every one of them died, not only both forms of the red fish
+but the chinook salmon as well. The dying is not due to the injuries
+the fish received on the spawning-grounds; many were seen dying or
+dead which showed no external or other injuries whatever. The dying of
+the West Coast salmon is in no manner determined by distance from the
+sea. Observations made by us and others elsewhere show that the
+individuals of all species of the =Oncorhynchus= die after one
+spawning, whether the spawning-beds are remote from the sea or only a
+short distance from salt-water."
+
+The angler's concern, however, is not so much with the procreative
+habits of the salmon as it is with their behavior while feeding and
+after being hooked.
+
+Salmon are rarely caught by still fishing, but they will take the
+spoon or a sardine or other small fish impaled upon the hook. They
+take the bait generally with some hesitation, though at times they
+strike it with all the impetuosity of the trout. Then the singing reel
+calls for careful and immediate action on the part of the angler, for
+the ten to forty pound fish on his light tackle is going to put up a
+fight worthy of his skill. In his mad rush for liberty the gamy fish
+gradually rises to the surface, and when at last checked by the skill
+of the angler, he will often leap out of the water to a height of from
+four to eight feet, his beautiful sides scintillating in the rays of
+the sun, forming a picture to gladden the heart of the angler, for if
+he be a true sportsman he will fish with such tackle only as will give
+his adversary a fair chance in the fight and require the fullest
+exercise of his own knowledge and skill to bring his fish to gaff. The
+salmon is a strong fighter but his rushes do not last long for a fish
+of its size. For this reason much of the sport of salmon fishing is
+lost through the use of too heavy tackle. The writer landed one
+without difficulty weighing 33-1/2 pounds on a nine thread, Cuttyhunk
+line and a 5-1/2 foot steel rod weighing less than six ounces, and I
+believe that a fifty pound fish can be landed with the same tackle.
+Trolling with hand lines for salmon is practiced by some, but such is
+not angling. Hauling in an impaled fish hand over hand with a small
+cable is neither sport nor sportsmanlike.
+
+
+  [Illustration: CHINOOK SALMON (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha)]
+
+
+THE CHINOOK, OR KING SALMON
+
+(Oncorhynchus tschawytscha)
+
+This species has a multiplicity of names, being known in different
+localities as chinook, quinnat, king, Sacramento river and Columbia
+river salmon, besides half a dozen or more Indian names. Its
+distribution is the widest of any of the Pacific salmon, ranging on
+both sides of the ocean from the latitude of Monterey Bay to Behring
+Straits. The run begins on the Columbia river as early as the latter
+part of February, many of the fish going up its tributaries 1000 miles
+or more to spawn. Farther south the run becomes gradually later.
+
+The spawning season also varies with the locality, and ranges from the
+latter part of July to the middle of November. The date of spawning
+seems to be determined by the temperature of the water, for it is said
+that the salmon will not spawn, even if on the spawning grounds, until
+the water has fallen to a temperature of 54 degrees Fahrenheit.
+
+The chinook salmon is the largest of the family, specimens having been
+taken in Alaska waters that have weighed 100 pounds, while 50 to 60
+pound fish are common. Those taken in the Columbia river are said to
+average 22 pounds, while the average of the Sacramento river catch is
+16.
+
+Head, rather pointed; eye, small and situated a little in front of the
+back of the mouth; body, rounded and full, the deepest part being
+about midway of its length; pectoral fins, short and situated low and
+just behind the gills; dorsal fin, nearly midway of the back; ventral
+fins, a little behind the center of the dorsal; anal fin about half
+way between the ventral and the tail; adipose fin, a little in front
+of the rear of the ventrals; caudal fin, or tail, slightly forked.
+
+The back, dorsal fin and tail are generally well covered with dark
+brownish black spots. There are few spots as a rule on the head, and
+those are of a slaty color.
+
+There is always some variation in color, but usually the back is quite
+dark, turning to bluish on the sides and light silver below. As the
+spawning season approaches, the jaws of the males become lengthened
+and badly distorted and the color changes to more of a pinkish hue and
+blotched in appearance. The gills are never alike on both sides,
+varying from 15 to 19 in number. (See plate giving names of all parts
+mentioned.)
+
+
+BLUEBACK, OR SOCK-EYE SALMON, REDFISH
+
+(Oncorhynchus nerka)
+
+This species is next in commercial value to the chinook. It has been
+taken occasionally in the Sacramento river but it is not common south
+of the Columbia river. The run of this species begins about the first
+of April and the fish go as far as Salmon river, Idaho, fully 1000
+miles from the sea to spawn. By a peculiar instinct this species only
+run up such rivers as have lakes at their heads, and spawn in the
+lakes or at the mouths of little streams emptying into them, in many
+of the lakes of Oregon and Washington are found the young of the
+blue-back salmon which are commonly called redfish. These fish never
+leave these lakes and therefore never attain a size of more than five
+to seven pounds.
+
+Head, short and pointed and light olive in color; under jaw, white;
+body, long, slim and rather flattened; back, blue; sides, silver;
+belly, dull white; dorsal fin, dark; others flesh color; tail, rather
+narrow and well forked; gills, 13 to 15. As the spawning season
+approaches the whole fish takes on a decided reddish cast, which
+sometimes becomes as dark as a brick-red. The jaw becomes very much
+hooked, and a few spots appear.
+
+
+THE SILVER SALMON
+
+(Oncorhynchus kisutch)
+
+In line of importance the silver salmon occupies the next place. It is
+also known by a number of names, among which are koho, skowitz and
+kisutch. It is a small fish, rarely exceeding 16 inches in length and
+never reaching more than ten pounds in weight. Its range is from
+Alaska south to Monterey Bay, where it has recently been planted and
+seems to flourish. It spawns in the smaller coast streams, never going
+far from the salt water. Its run begins about the first of September,
+spawning in October and November.
+
+Head, short with blunt snout; opercles or gill covers, very convex;
+body, shaped very much like the chinook; back, bluish green; sides,
+silver white. It has but few spots and these are confined pretty much
+to the head, upper fins and tail. Gills, 13 or 14.
+
+
+THE HUMP-BACK SALMON
+
+(Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)
+
+This is another small species, rarely exceeding six pounds in weight
+but more commonly from three to four. Its range is from the Sacramento
+river, where it appears in limited numbers, north to Alaska.
+
+Body, slim, scales very small; back, blue and sides silvery white.
+Profusely spotted on the after part of the back, with large oval spots
+on the tail. Gills, 11 to 13.
+
+
+THE DOG SALMON
+
+(Oncorhynchus keta)
+
+The dog salmon rarely exceeds ten pounds in weight. Its range is from
+the Sacramento river north, and its spawning-grounds the small streams
+up which it never extends any great distance from the salt water.
+
+Head, quite pike-like in shape and therefore much longer and slimmer
+than the chinook. Back, dirty brown, with the sides of much the same
+color, but of a lighter tint; fins, very dark; very few distinct
+spots, with those showing very small; gills, 13 or 14.
+
+=Tackle and Lure=--The Pacific salmon are only caught by trolling.
+They will take a spoon, or any live bait. The most successful lure,
+however, is a sardine, or other small fish of six to eight inches in
+length. Pass the hook through both eyes, take a half hitch around the
+head, insert the point of the hook in the gill and by bending the fish
+in the shape of the hook bring the point out about an inch and a half
+or two inches from the tail. This allows the fish to remain curved,
+and gives it a revolving motion while trolling, resembling a live,
+though disabled fish.
+
+A salmon rod should consist of a butt 14 to 16 inches in length, with
+a hand piece in front of the reel; tip, 6 feet long and not to weigh
+more than 7 ounces; line not to exceed standard 12-thread. With fishes
+weighing from 40 pounds and upward, 300 feet of line can be used to
+advantage.
+
+
+  [Illustration: RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo irideus)]
+
+
+THE RAINBOW TROUT
+
+(Salmo irideus)
+
+There are at least four distinct species of trout; that is, trout
+proper and chars, now common to the coast. One of these, the Eastern
+brook trout, is the result of artificial hatching and distribution.
+These, as well as the rainbow, and to lesser extent the cutthroat,
+have been so widely distributed by the state fish commission and
+private hatcheries that to attempt to give the present habitat of the
+several species would be sure to result in many errors which might be
+confounding. The Eastern brook trout has taken kindly to our waters
+and seem to be doing well in all suitable streams. Several other
+foreign species of trout have been introduced into our waters as well
+as these, among which are the Loch Leven, the German brown trout and
+the Mackinaw, but the success of their acclimatization has yet to be
+fully determined, though the Loch Leven and German brown seem to be
+doing well in the higher streams.
+
+The Eastern brook trout and the native species, known as dolly varden,
+are chars and belong to the genus =Salvelinus=, but the rainbow and
+the cutthroat are true trout belonging to the genus =Salmo=. The
+rainbow and the cutthroat present a variety of forms in different
+localities and these have been given separate specific names by the
+naturalist. With many of these species(?) the only difference seems to
+be too slight to entitle them to specific or even sub-specific
+separation; the variation being no more than that found in the color
+and markings of the same fishes in the same stream, caused by the
+depth of the water, the food, or other local conditions.
+
+The rainbow trout is now a resident, either through natural or
+artificial distribution, of nearly all the streams of the Coast from
+Washington to Lower California. They vary in size, color and number of
+scales in different localities and have been given distinct specific
+names in the various sections, those of the Coast streams of
+California being used as the typical form. These several varieties,
+even in their natural condition, showed very little, if any positive
+line of demarkation, but since the establishment of the many
+hatcheries on the Coast and the wide distribution of the fry hatched
+from the spawn of the rainbow of the Sacramento and its tributaries,
+of the steelhead of the Eel river, and of the typical form of the
+Coast streams, there seems but one course now left, and that is to
+group them all as one species under the original name of rainbow.
+
+The rainbow is a very handsome trout, varying in size from adults of
+but a few inches in the smaller Coast streams, to 25 and 30 inches
+long in the larger rivers and lakes. Its dark spotted back and silvery
+sides with the rich metallic colors of the rainbow streak gives it a
+coloration that is at once brilliant and pleasing. As a game fish it
+has no superior, if indeed an equal. It takes the fly with a rush,
+often leaping out of the water to seize it as it is descending. Then
+it fights with a determination, often breaking three or four feet into
+the air, shaking its head to free the hook like a terrier shakes a
+rat. It seldom sounds and never sulks. The rainbow trout goes to the
+sea at varying ages, the same as all other trout that can get there
+without passing through long stretches of warm and sluggish water. In
+the salt water it attains a greater size, changes its color in
+accordance with the length of time it has been there, but on returning
+again to the stream it soon assumes its original plan of coloring.
+
+Head, about one-fourth of the whole length from the snout to the base
+of the caudal fin, varying much with age and size. Generally the
+greatest depth is about one fourth of the length of the fish, but this
+also varies very much with the character of the waters it inhabits. In
+rapid running streams the fish are always slimmer than in more
+sluggish ones. I have known them 20 inches or more in length, when
+confined in large reservoirs, to become so heavy that they would weigh
+one pound to every two inches in length. The lateral line, or rainbow
+varies, in intensity of color, but always showing in varying shades of
+red, pink, and sometimes blue of a metallic luster. The vertical black
+blotches seen on the sides are the marks of immature fish.
+
+The snout of the rainbow is considerably more rounding than that of
+the salmon, and the head larger in proportion. The eye also is much
+larger and fuller. The shape and position of the fins are almost
+identical with those of the salmon, but a little larger in proportion
+to the size of the fish. The tail, however, varies considerably, being
+more rounded, and showing only a slight indentation in the center.
+
+
+THE GOLDEN TROUT
+
+(Salmo irideus agua bonita)
+
+If there is any variety of the rainbow trout found on the Coast that
+is entitled to a sub-specific name it is the golden trout of Mt.
+Whitney. They were originally found in only a short portion of two
+little streams fed by the snows of Mt. Whitney, and vary but little
+from each other. In one stream they have been given the name of =Salmo
+irideus agua bonita=, and in the other that of =Salmo irideus
+rooseveltii=, after ex-president Roosevelt. They are of a beautiful
+color with scarlet markings at the base of the fins and with a lateral
+stripe of bright scarlet blending into a rich orange. One peculiarity
+of these fish is that the par marks or vertical blotches on the sides
+of other young fish still show on the adults of these. This form of
+the rainbow has changed its color through the process of natural
+selection, caused no doubt, by the color of the rocks in the shallow
+streams it inhabits. Below on these same streams where the rocks are
+of a darker color the fish assume the natural color of the rainbow.
+
+The writer is possibly the first white man to ever catch one of the
+golden trout. They were taken in 1865 with a small piece of the flank of
+a deer skin slipped over the hook, with the hair clipped to about half
+an inch in length. No sooner was this improvised fly cast upon the water
+than it was eagerly seized by one of these beautiful fish. When it was
+landed the color astonished me, and knowing that it was a trout, I
+thought it must be a diseased one and threw it back. Making another cast
+I secured another one as promptly as the first, and it being the same
+objectionable color and of the same size--about eight inches--I
+concluded that it was the same fish and this time threw it on the bank.
+As fast as my deer skin fly would strike the water it would be eagerly
+seized by one of these game little fellows and all of the same size and
+color. I was puzzled and called to my companion, who was cooking our
+supper but a few yards away, to "come and see what was the matter with
+these fish." Professing some scientific knowledge, he cut one of them
+open, examined the meat and the intestines and finally pronounced it in
+a healthy condition, finishing with:
+
+"The coffee is boiling and the bacon is fried; hurry up, and as soon
+as you get a mess I'll fry them and take all chances."
+
+I soon had a mess for supper and while he was frying them I caught
+enough for breakfast, for the game little fellows would race for the
+fly as fast as it struck the water. We ate them with a relish, for we
+had had nothing but bacon, venison and frying-pan bread for a month.
+As we found ourselves alive in the morning we increased the
+prescription to a good alapathic dose for breakfast.
+
+The golden trout are small, rarely reaching a length of more than
+fifteen inches. The back is olive, sides and belly light orange or
+golden yellow with a scarlet stripe along the center of the belly and
+at the base of the pectoral, ventral and anal fins, which are of
+themselves more or less of a golden color. Tail, olive, grading into
+orange on the lower part. Few spots in front of the dorsal fin but
+abundant behind it.
+
+While the rainbow trout of the Coast have been given several
+sub-specific names, such as =masoni= for the Coast streams of Oregon
+and Washington, =shasta= and =stonei= for those of the upper
+Sacramento basin, and =gilberti= for those of Kern river, there seems
+to be so very little reason for this distinction beyond the usual
+variations of color in all trout, spots and size with the changing
+conditions of water and feed, that I shall make no mention of the very
+slight variations upon which the ichthyologist has based the claim to
+a sub-specific nomenclature.
+
+
+THE STEELHEAD TROUT
+
+(Salmo rivularis)
+
+The history of the so-called steelhead trout and the efforts to class
+these sea-run fishes as a species separate from the rainbow and the
+cutthroat, is interesting, if not amusing. No one questioned that they
+were other than the sea-run of the rainbow or the cutthroat, according
+to the locality, until Dr. Richardson, mistaking a young blue-back
+salmon for a so-called steelhead gave it the scientific name of =Salmo
+gairdneri=, and the description of this young salmon was recognized as
+that of the steelhead for years, and under this name it appears in
+the statutes of California, with a separate season for its protection.
+In other words the =Salmo gairdneri= of the laws of California is a
+young blue-back salmon and not a sea-run trout of any kind. Recently
+Dr. Ayers to correct the mistake, examined a fish taken from the
+Sacramento river and said to be a steelhead, gave it the name of
+=Salmo rivularis=, and this now stands as the scientific name of the
+so-called steelhead. Dr. Jordan, in an article recently published in
+the Pacific Monthly, says: "There has been much discussion as to
+whether the steelhead is a species really distinct from the rainbow
+trout, and on this subject the writer (Jordan) has at different times
+held different opinions."
+
+If one authority bases his reasons for a belief in a specific
+difference between the rainbow and the steelhead on the fact that he
+did find a difference between a blue-back salmon and a rainbow, and
+another authority finds so little difference that he holds different
+opinions at different times, can there be any wonder that the
+practical angler, who catches these sea-run fish at the mouths of our
+rivers in every stage of transition, or gradation, if you please, from
+the typical rainbow to the Simon pure steelhead, refuses to believe
+that there is a specific difference?
+
+Then again, Messrs. Jordan and Evermann in bulletin 47 of the United
+States National Museum, "The Fishes of North and Middle America," say:
+"In the lower course of the Columbia they (the steelhead) are entirely
+distinct from the cutthroat or clarki series, and no one would
+question the validity of the two species. In the lower Snake river and
+other waters east of the Cascade range, the two forms or species are
+indistinguishable, being either undifferentiated or else inextricably
+mixed."
+
+From this it would seem clear that the steelhead of the Columbia,
+where the cutthroat abounds, are cutthroats that have gone to the sea,
+grown larger in the larger body of water--a natural condition of all
+fishes--and changed in color and appearance. That while they are yet
+in the lower Columbia and only recently from the salt water, they
+still maintain a sufficient difference to be easily distinguished from
+the cutthroat; but by the time that they have reached the "Snake river
+and other waters east of the Cascade range," their long residence in
+the fresh water has again restored them to their former appearance.
+The same changes are found with the rainbow and the steelhead of
+farther south. All trout are anadromous to greater or less extent,
+unless actually landlocked or living in streams so distant from the
+sea that they would be compelled to pass through long stretches of
+warm and sluggish water to reach it. The small trout of the coast
+streams are compelled to go to the ocean quite early in the season by
+the falling of the water to such an extent that in many cases the
+streams go dry before the beginning of the winter rains, and in the
+larger body of water they rapidly increase in size. The steelhead of
+the Columbia river always retains the cutthroat sing-manual, to
+greater or less extent, while the steelhead of the lower coast has no
+red on the jaw. The claim that the smaller head of the steelhead is a
+distinguishing mark, fails in effect, for it is an undisputable fact
+that the older and larger the trout the smaller becomes the relative
+size of the head. The other claim that the larger scales of the
+rainbow is a distinguishing feature from the steelhead is not founded
+on facts. For while the scales of the rainbow counted along the
+lateral line vary from as low as 120 in the coast streams, they run as
+high as 150 in the same streams, as high as 160 in the McCloud and 185
+in the Kern. The average being 135 in the smaller coast streams, 150
+in the Sacramento basin, and 170 in the Kern. The steelhead's scales
+run from 130 to 155. An average of 145; or exactly an average of those
+of the coast streams and the Sacramento. Were it possible for the Kern
+river trout to enter the ocean no doubt we would find steelhead
+running as high as 185 to the section.
+
+Whatever may be the origin of the large sea-running trout called
+steelheads, the fact remains that it is a grand fish both in size and
+fighting qualities. In the ocean it eagerly takes the spoon and fights
+with a vigor not even surpassed by the rainbow of the streams. After a
+short sojourn in the fresh waters it rises to a fly just as readily.
+
+Since the above was written Dr. Jordan has made the statement
+publicly, that he is thoroughly convinced that the rainbow trout and
+the so-called steelhead are one and the same fish; the only difference
+being that the latter has grown larger and changed its color during
+its life in the salt water, this variation of color returning again
+after a short sojourn in the fresh water streams, giving it all the
+original appearance of the rainbow, or of the cutthroat, as the case
+may be.
+
+
+THE CUTTHROAT TROUT
+
+(Salmo clarki)
+
+The cutthroat trout very largely take the place of the rainbow in the
+waters of northern California and in Washington and Oregon, and its
+various forms are more common to the lakes. Like the rainbow they
+have been artificially distributed to such an extent that they are
+now found in many of the streams of California and nearly all of
+Washington and Oregon. As a general rule they are not as keen fighters
+as the rainbow, but in the cold streams of Oregon and Washington they
+put up a fight worthy of the most gamy fish. In the lakes of
+Washington and Oregon, and such as Tahoe, Donner and other large
+bodies of water in California, they reach a large size; fishes of ten
+and twelve pounds being not uncommon. When not landlocked they go to
+the sea the same as the rainbow and return as the steelhead of the
+Columbia and other northern streams. Like the rainbow the cutthroat
+has been divided into several subspecies.
+
+General appearance like that of the rainbow. The color on the back is
+a lighter olive or dark steel color. The upper parts are generally
+thickly covered with dark spots, varying in color and shape, and the
+lower fins are also spotted with smaller spots. The inner edge of the
+lower jaw is strongly marked with deep red and it is from this red
+mark on the throat that the species takes its name. The sides are
+generally of a marked pinkish hue or coppery brown. The red mark of
+the throat will always prove a distinguishing feature.
+
+
+SILVER TROUT
+
+(Salmo tahoensis)
+
+In Lake Tahoe there are two varieties of trout that have been given
+separate specific names. They both belong to the cutthroat series, but
+vary considerable from the typical form. The one commonly called silver
+trout is a resident of the deep waters of the lake and grows to a large
+size, specimens having been taken fully 30 inches long.
+
+Back, dark green; side and sides of head, coppery; lower jaw, yellow.
+The spots are so profuse that many of them run into each other and
+form long blotches in many instances. All of the fins are spotted,
+those on the dorsal and the tail being oblong in shape. The belly also
+is covered with many small spots.
+
+
+LAKE TAHOE TROUT
+
+(Salmo henshawi)
+
+The other variety of trout found in Lake Tahoe, and the most common
+one, is a very handsome fish. Its native habitat is the lakes of
+Tahoe, Donner, Independence, Webber, Pyramid and others of the high
+mountains, and the Truckee, Carson and Humboldt rivers. Specimens of
+this trout have been taken that weighed fully six pounds.
+
+Back, green, varying in depth of color with the water; sides, light,
+with a strong coppery tinge. The spots on this variety are generally
+quite large above, but growing smaller below and reaching well onto
+the belly. Its coppery sides and larger spots should prove a
+distinguishing feature. Like all the cutthroats it has the red
+markings below the jaws.
+
+
+LAKE SOUTHERLAND TROUT
+
+(Salmo jordani)
+
+Another peculiar variety of the cutthroat trout is found in Lake
+Southerland of Eastern Washington. Its distinguishing features are its
+orange-red fins and intensely black spots which are very profuse. It
+is a gamy fish and full of fight to the finish.
+
+In several of the lakes of Washington there are varieties of trout
+differing in coloration and location of their spots that have been
+given specific names by the naturalist, such as crescent trout,
+beardslee trout and bathaecetor trout, all residents of Crescent lake.
+But as they all belong to the cutthroats and vary each from the other
+but little, further mention is unnecessary.
+
+
+RIO GRANDE TROUT
+
+(Salmo spilurus)
+
+The Rio Grande trout, which is also a cutthroat, has a very limited
+distribution within the territorial scope of this work. It is found in
+the streams of the eastern slope of the Sierra Madre Mountains of
+Chihuahua, Mexico. Its head is shorter and more rounded than the other
+species of the cutthroat, with a mouth also very large. The spots are
+principally confined to the latter half of the body and most profuse on
+the tail.
+
+
+COLORADO RIVER TROUT
+
+(Salmo pleuriticus)
+
+The Colorado river trout, also a cutthroat, is the common trout of
+Arizona, where it is found in nearly all the mountain streams of the
+territory which flow to the Colorado river. It differs only from the
+typical cutthroat by having its spots mostly on that part of the body
+behind the dorsal fin; and the lower fins strongly marked with red.
+
+
+DOLLY VARDEN TROUT
+
+(Salvelinus parki)
+
+The dolly varden is the only char native to the Pacific Coast, and
+like the Eastern brook trout is not properly a trout. They both are
+chars and belong to the genus =Salvelinus=--not to the =Salmo=. The
+dolly varden often reaches a length of thirty to thirty-six inches,
+and a weight of twelve pounds. It is a more slender fish than the
+rainbow and not so rounded on the back. It is very largely a bottom
+feeder and, therefore, rather of a sluggish nature. It rises but
+little to the fly and makes a poor fight.
+
+Back, olive green but without the marble markings of the Eastern brook
+trout. Spots on the back and sides are red, not very close together
+and about the size of three-fourths of the diameter of the eye. The
+lower fins have a reddish tinge, of varying hue in different waters.
+It is a native of the McCloud river and has been little distributed.
+
+
+  [Illustration: EASTERN BROOK TROUT (Salvalinus fontinalis)]
+
+
+EASTERN BROOK TROUT
+
+(Salvelinus fontinalis)
+
+The Eastern brook trout--properly a char--was introduced into the
+coast waters several years ago and found our waters so congenial that
+it must now be considered a resident species, for it is to be met with
+in many of our streams, and thrives well in any of the higher
+localities. The brook trout is a handsome fish with its brown and
+olive marbled back, scarlet spots and salmon-colored sides. Its beauty
+has challenged the cunning of the painter, and been immortalized by
+the genius of the poet. Its gamy qualities stood for centuries as
+beyond comparison until the bended rod and singing reel announced the
+impalement of the native of the Golden West, with its mad rushes and
+terrier-like fights; then the rosy beauty of the East had to yield the
+palm to the rainbow-colored, fighting pirate of the Pacific.
+
+The brook trout may easily be distinguished from any of the other
+trout of the coast by its marbled back and red spotted sides. Besides
+this the whole fish is more of a pinkish color. It varies in size like
+the others of the family, according to the waters it inhabits,
+attaining about the same size as the rainbow in the same waters.
+
+=Tackle and Lure=--On account of over fishing the streams, and the
+very bad habit of killing so many small fish, the majority of the
+trout caught on the Pacific Coast are small. If there were more
+sportsmen and less fishermen on our streams this condition would not
+exist. For the sportsman will throw back all the little babies that
+are not over six inches in length and allow them another year to grow.
+And in this connection I want to say to the young boys and girls: be
+true sportsmen and sportswomen and never fish for trout with anything
+but artificial flies. You may not catch as many fish while you are
+learning, but you will soon find that you are having ten times more
+sport. As to the rod and line, you will never get it too light. The
+longer you have been a flycaster, the lighter you will want them; and
+the lighter they are the more sport you will have.
+
+
+
+
+  THE SALMON AND TROUT
+
+  Order, ISOSPONDYLI
+
+  Family, SALMONIDAE  Subfamily, SALMONINAE
+
+  Genus          Species       Common Names      Range and Breeding Grounds
+  ------------- ------------- ----------------- ---------------------------
+                              {Quinant
+                {tschawytscha {Chinook          {From Monterey Bay north.
+                {
+                {             {Blue-back
+  Oncorhynchus  {nerka        {Redfish          {Sacramento river north.
+                {
+                {kisutch      {Silver salmon     From Monterey Bay north.
+                {keta         {Dog salmon        From Sacramento river
+                {             {                  north.
+                {gorbuscha    {Hump-back salmon  From Sacramento river
+                {             {                  north.
+
+                {irideus      {Rainbow trout     From Lower California
+                {             {                  north.
+                {
+                {irideus auga  Golden trout      Western slope of
+                {bonito                          Mt. Whitney.
+                {
+                {irideus       Golden trout      Western slope of
+                {rooseveltii                     Mt. Whitney.
+                {
+                {rivularis     Steel-head trout  From Ventura river
+                {                                north.
+                {
+  Salmo         {clarki        Cutthroat trout   Central California
+                {                                north.
+                {
+                {tahoensis     Silver trout      Lake Tahoe.
+                {
+                {henshawi      Tahoe trout      {Lakes Tahoe, Donner,
+                {                               {Independence, Webber;
+                {                               {Truckee and Carson
+                {                               {rivers.
+                {
+                {jordani       Lake Southerland  Lake Southerland,
+                {                                Oregon.
+                {
+                {spilurus      Rio Grande trout  Tributaries of the
+                {                                Rio Grande river.
+                {
+                {plueriticus   Colorado trout    Tributaries of the
+                {                                Colorado river.
+
+                {parki         Dolly Varden      McCloud river north.
+  Salvelinus    {              trout
+                {
+                {fontinalis    Eastern brook    {Acclimatized in
+                {              trout            {many streams of
+                {                               {the coast.
+
+
+  [Illustration: SMALL-MOUTHED BLACK BASS (Micropterus dolomieu)]
+
+
+SMALL-MOUTHED BLACK BASS
+
+(Micropterus dolomieu)
+
+The black bass is not a native of the coast, but both species are now
+so well established in our waters that they must now be classed as
+permanent residents, for whether it is the crystal lake, the flowing
+stream, the little pond, the artesian-fed reservoir or the brackish
+slough, they thrive equally well and take any lure from the artificial
+fly to the plebeian angleworm.
+
+Black bass are prolific breeders and rapid growers. A case is on
+record where eight males and seven females were planted in a pond in
+May and during the November following over 37,000 young fish were
+taken from the same pond, each from three to four inches long.
+
+The black bass is a short, deep fish with a double dorsal fin; the
+front half being stiff and spiney and the latter half soft and rayed.
+The color is variable, but always dark and from a dirty green to a
+blackish brown on the back, shading to a dirty white on the belly. The
+gill covers are pointed at the back, with a darker spot on the point.
+In the small-mouthed variety the end of the upper bone of the mouth
+does not quite reach to the back edge of the eye, this with the scales
+on the cheek numbering from 16 to 18, can always be relied upon as a
+distinguishing diagnosis from the large-mouthed variety.
+
+
+LARGE-MOUTHED BLACK BASS
+
+(Micropterus salmoides)
+
+There is but little difference in the habits of the large and
+small-mouthed black bass, and but little difference in their
+appearance, but the distinguishing features may easily be known. The
+end of the upper bone of the mouth of the large-mouthed variety
+extends behind the eye, and the rows of scales on the cheek number
+only 10 or 12.
+
+While both species seem to do well any place, the large-mouthed are
+better adapted to muddy bottomed ponds and sloughs and brackish
+waters. The average weight of the adults of either species is about
+three pounds, though individuals are often taken weighing from six to
+seven. It is reported that specimens have been taken in the state of
+California that have weighed eight and three-quarters and nine pounds.
+
+=Tackle and Lure=--The black bass will take any lure from the
+artificial fly to the plebeian angleworm. In trolling, a medium sized,
+Kewell spoon is to be preferred. I have always found, however, that
+the best sport is to be had by casting with a large trout fly--the
+color varying with the season--close to the edge of lily pads or
+tules. The tackle for fly-fishing should be the same as for trout.
+For trolling the rod should be shorter and stiffer.
+
+
+SACRAMENTO PIKE
+
+(Ptychocheilus oregonensis)
+
+The Sacramento pike, known also by the names chappaul and squawfish,
+and as lake trout in the San Joaquin Valley, while but little sought
+after by the angler, can rightfully be classed as a game fish, for it
+rises to the fly as readily as a trout and often gets cursed for doing
+so. It is a very common fish in many of the lakes and streams from
+Washington south to the San Joaquin Valley. Like nearly all fish its
+size depends very much upon the waters in which it is found. In
+Washington it has been known to reach a length of four feet, but it is
+more commonly met with from eight to twenty inches. In shape it
+resembles a trout, but with a slimmer and more pointed head. The
+dorsal fin is large and located about midway between the snout and the
+end of the tail; ventral fins, slightly in front of the dorsal and not
+as large as the anal which is set about its length from the ventrals;
+tail, strongly forked.
+
+
+  [Illustration: STRIPED BASS (Roccus lineatus)]
+
+
+STRIPED BASS
+
+(Roccus lineatus)
+
+The striped bass, like many people who have crossed the continent to
+California, readily appreciated the many advantages of a life on the
+Pacific Coast. From a couple of shipments brought from the East in
+1879 and 1882 they have grown to be one of the most important food
+fishes of the state, about 3,000,000 pounds being annually marketed.
+They were at first liberated in the Bay of San Francisco, but later
+some effort has been made to distribute them, with the result that
+they are now found in small quantities along the coast from Los
+Angeles to Humboldt.
+
+From their fine size--three to forty pounds--they stand well with the
+angler as a game fish and furnish good sport if the tackle is light
+enough. Their rushes are not equal to those of the steelhead or the
+salmon or the yellow-tail, nor do they fight with the same vigor or
+with the same persistency.
+
+The striped bass is unlike any other coast fish. Its back is light
+olive; sides, nearly white with seven or eight longitudinal stripes
+running the whole length of the body, the dorsal fin is double, but
+not joined like that of the black bass. The first half is spiny with
+the after division rayed and soft. It is a salt water fish, making its
+habitat in and near the mouths of rivers, and often running up them
+for 100 miles or more. Use the same rod and line as for salmon.
+
+
+
+
+THE GAME FISH OF THE SEA
+
+
+There certainly is no better sport to be had any place with the trout,
+salmon and bass than that furnished by the rivers, lakes and bays of
+the Pacific Coast. To this excellent sport must be added another of
+the most exciting character, and one distinctly Californian, and that
+is the capture with rod and reel of the large sea fishes found in the
+waters of the Santa Barbara Channel, and more especially of Catalina
+Island. The great variety, gamy qualities and massive size of these
+fishes furnish a sport at once exciting and exhilarating, and
+challenging the keenest exercise of the ability of the sportsman.
+
+The world-wide fame of these waters, and the grand sport they furnish
+have resulted in the establishment on Catalina Island of one of the
+finest, if not the most perfect and best equipped angler's resort in
+the world, from its launches and boatmen to its clubhouses and hotels,
+and made it the Mecca of the expert anglers of the civilized nations
+of the earth.
+
+
+  [Illustration: LEAPING TUNA (Thunnus thynnus)]
+
+
+THE TUNA
+
+(Thunnus thynnus)
+
+The leaping tuna is the largest of the great game fishes of the
+Pacific. It ranges from Monterey Bay, where it is sparingly met with,
+south to Mexico. About Catalina Island they are found in great numbers
+and of great size. The excellent sport their capture with rod and reel
+furnishes, has drawn to the island the expert anglers of the world,
+and resulted in the formation of the now famous "Tuna Club of
+Catalina," with its members residing in all parts of the world; and of
+which no one can become a member until he has landed a tuna of 100
+pounds or more with rod and reel and with a line not larger than a
+24-thread Cuttyhunk.
+
+Professor Charles F. Holder, an expert angler with a national
+reputation, and who has angled for all fishes and in all waters, says,
+"The most sensational fish of these waters is the leaping tuna. It is
+the tiger of the California seas, a living meteor, which strikes like
+a whirlwind, and played with a rod that is not a billiard cue or a
+club in stiffness, will give the average man the contest of his life."
+
+The record for the largest tuna caught with a rod and reel is held at
+this writing by Col. C. P. Morehouse of Pasadena, who brought to gaff
+a 251 pound tuna after a six-and-a-half-hours' fight, during which it
+had towed his boat over ten miles. But even a greater fight than this
+is recorded, but the fish was not landed. This fish fought for
+seventeen hours and thirty minutes before its wonderful endurance and
+splendid courage mastered the skill of the angler. Mr. C. B. Stockton
+has to his credit a fight which not only shows the great endurance of
+this angler but the remarkable vitality of these fish. This fight
+lasted for sixteen hours and fifty-five minutes before the fish was
+brought to gaff. It weighed 170 pounds and was taken on the regulation
+tackle.
+
+Body, round and sloping rapidly from the middle to the caudal fin, and
+very small and round at the base of the tail; tail divided into two
+long forks; two dorsal fins, the first beginning just behind the
+gill-covers with the pectoral and ventral fins a trifle farther back;
+second dorsal fin smaller than the first and located nearly half way
+between it and the caudal; anal fin midway between the ventral and the
+caudal; bony, saw-like projections from the second dorsal fin, and
+from the anal fin to the tail; color, blue on the back and silvery
+white on the sides.
+
+=Tackle and Lure=--The flyingfish is about the only bait with which
+the tuna can be caught. The hook, which must be attached to about 3-1/2
+or 4 inches or light chain and with a wire snell, is passed into the
+mouth and down the belly of the flyingfish, the barb projecting about
+midway of the fish. A small string is passed through the nose and
+under lip and tied through a link of the chain to keep the mouth shut.
+The speed of the boat should be from two to four miles an hour. In the
+middle of the day, when the tunas are feeding in schools, the sinker
+should be removed, and the lure skipped along the surface of the
+water. This effect can be helped by the motion of the rod.
+
+The Catalina Tuna Club has adopted the following tackle
+specifications:
+
+    For Tuna and Swordfish--Rod to be of wood, consisting of a
+    butt and tip, and to be not shorter than 6 feet, 9 inches
+    over all. Tip not less than 5 feet in length, and to weigh
+    not more than 16 ounces. Line not to exceed standard
+    24-thread.
+
+
+  [Illustration: ALBACORE (Germo alalunga)]
+
+
+THE ALBACORE
+
+(Germo alalunga)
+
+The albacore is another genus of the same family, and reaches a weight
+of 40 to 80 pounds; averaging 25 pounds. It is seldom seen as far
+north as San Francisco, but is abundant from Santa Barbara south to
+Central America. Like all of the family it is a gamy fish, and affords
+good sport to the angler. In general shape and appearance it resembles
+the tuna, but will always be distinguished by its long, sword-like
+pectoral fins that start from near the gills, and a trifle lower than
+the eye, and reach beyond the second dorsal fin.
+
+=Tackle and Lure=--The albacore will take almost any lure from a
+sardine to a white rag. The speed of the boat can also be varied very
+much. I have known them to be caught on a hand line trolled behind a
+coast steamer. About three miles an hour, however, will give the best
+results. The following light tackle specifications of the Tuna Club
+will be found quite satisfactory for the average albacore:
+
+    Rod to be of wood, consisting of a butt and tip, and to be
+    not shorter than 6 feet, over all. Butt to be not over 14
+    inches in length. Tip not less than 5 feet in length, and to
+    weigh not more than 6 ounces. Line not to exceed standard
+    9-thread.
+
+
+THE YELLOW-FIN ALBACORE
+
+(Germo microptera)
+
+Another of the =Scrombridę= family, and very closely allied to the
+albacore, is the yellow-fin albacore. This fish has erroneously been
+called "yellow-fin tuna." It does not belong to the genus =Thunnus=
+any more than does the albacore or the bonito. It is only a visitor to
+the California waters, and often does not make its appearance for one
+or two seasons at a time. They are common to the coasts of Japan and
+the Hawaiian Islands, and are supposed to migrate with the Japanese
+current. This species fights altogether on the surface, but lacks the
+sterling gamy qualities of the tuna.
+
+In shape it is built very much on the lines of the albacore, but with
+its pectoral fins only extending back to about half way between the
+anal and ventral, the other fins are placed the same as the albacore,
+and all except the pectoral strongly tinged with bright lemon;
+pectoral fin is more of a bright brown; eye, large and prominent.
+
+A few have been taken weighing as much as 40 pounds and one even 65
+pounds. The average, however, is about 30 pounds.
+
+
+  [Illustration: BONITO (Sarda chilensis)]
+
+
+THE BONITO, OR SKIPJACK
+
+(Sarda chilensis)
+
+To the angler who is not looking for the largest of game, the
+bonito--known as skipjack to the Catalina anglers--is possibly the
+most interesting of the ocean game fishes. Its beautiful metallic
+colors, its rapid movements, and pleasing habit of always fighting on
+the surface, and rarely, if ever sulking, makes it a most attractive
+game to the discriminating angler.
+
+The bonito also belongs to the =Scrombidę= family, and ranges from
+Point Conception to Mexico and south through the tropics.
+
+Body, rounded, tapering rapidly to the tail, which is strongly forked,
+but not so much as the albacore; pectoral fins, short and placed
+opposite the eye; dorsal fin, double, with saw-like ridges from the
+second dorsal and the anal fins to the tail, the same as in all of
+this family. Color, dark blue on the back, with a metallic luster;
+sides, silvery white, with dark longitudinal lines. Weight, from six
+to twelve pounds.
+
+=Tackle and Lure=--The light tackle specifications of the Tuna Club,
+given for albacore cannot be improved upon for these fish.
+
+
+  [Illustration: SPANISH MACKEREL (Scomberomorus concolor)]
+
+
+SPANISH MACKEREL
+
+(Scomberomorus concolor)
+
+This is another of the =Scrombidę= family. It ranges north to Monterey
+Bay, where it makes its appearance in September, remaining until
+November, when it goes south to the Santa Barbara channel; remaining
+in these waters and about Catalina Island during most of the winter.
+This fish is called bonito by many of the Catalina anglers, which is a
+misnomer, as it is a much slimmer fish than the bonito.
+
+The pectoral fins are small and located a little above the center of
+the body and close to the gill covers; front dorsal starts just above
+the base of the pectorals and extend along the back for a distance a
+little more than the length of the head, and nearly meeting the second
+dorsal, which is about the same width as its heighth; ventral fins, a
+little in front of the pectorals and rather small; front of the anal
+fin under the back of the second dorsal. Back, steel blue; sides,
+silvery. Oblique lines, of the darker color of the back, running
+forward and downward to a little below the lateral line.
+
+Weight, usually from nine to twelve pounds, though they occasionally
+attain a weight of eighteen pounds.
+
+=Tackle and Lure=--The same as for the bonito.
+
+
+  [Illustration: CHUB MACKEREL OR GREEN-BACK (Scomber japonicus)]
+
+
+THE CHUB MACKEREL
+
+(Scomber japonicus)
+
+The chub mackerel, the smallest of the =Scombridę= family, approaches
+very closely the true mackerel of the East. It is hard to find a fish
+of any variety more delicious than a chub mackerel, caught from the
+yacht and placed on the broiler as soon as it quits flapping. They are
+occasionally found as far north as Monterey bay, but their real range
+is from the Santa Barbara channel south. With reasonably light trout
+tackle they put up a gamy and interesting fight.
+
+Back, bluish green, mottled with irregular darker streaks, some of
+which pass below the lateral line; first dorsal fin quite high, and
+about the distance of its height in front of the second dorsal; second
+dorsal and anal about the same size and nearly opposite each other;
+tail forked, but not so broadly as the bonito. Weight, from one-half
+to three pounds.
+
+=Tackle and Lure=--Trout tackle and spoon will furnish interesting
+sport. But they will take any lure.
+
+
+  [Illustration: YELLOW-TAIL (Seriola dorsalis)]
+
+
+THE YELLOW-TAIL
+
+(Seriola dorsalis)
+
+The yellow-tail belongs to the family =Carangidę=, the same to which
+belong the pompanos, and is one of the gamiest of sea fishes. In fact,
+it is generally said by experts who have fished for all varieties and
+in all waters, both salt and fresh, that the yellow-tail of Catalina
+is the gamiest fish, pound for pound, that swims. Whether this be true
+or not, it is certainly one of the hardest and most persistent
+fighters found anywhere and furnishes the angler with rod and reel
+from an hour to two hours of lively sport before he can bring it to
+gaff. One well-known writer on angling subjects says: "It never knows
+when it is dead." While the average catch will run from ten to thirty
+pounds, specimens have been taken weighing sixty-five pounds. It is
+occasionally met with in Monterey bay, but its range is from the Santa
+Barbara channel south, where it is caught the larger portion of the
+year.
+
+Grayish blue on the back; sides, a dull silver, with a yellowish buff
+stripe along the lateral line; fins, green, with a strong yellowish
+tinge; tail, yellowish buff. Scales small, with the head bare, except
+a small patch on the cheeks. Pectoral fin on a level with the eye and
+small; ventral under the center of the pectoral; caudal, slim and
+forked. The dorsal fin is double, the front being very small with
+spines and the second half more than twice as high; dorsal and anal
+fins continue in a low membrane to very near the tail. Body,
+elliptical and very small at the base of the caudal fin.
+
+=Tackle and Lure=--Same as for salmon or albacore.
+
+
+
+
+  Order, ACANTHROPTERI.
+
+  Family, SCROMBIDAE
+
+   Genus         Species       Common Names      Range
+  ------------- ------------- ----------------- --------------------------
+
+  Thunnus        thynnus       Leaping tuna     {From Coronado Islands
+                                                {to Monterey Bay.
+
+                {microptera    Yellow-fin       {Irregular visitors to the
+                {               albacore        {waters of Catalina Island
+  Germo         {                               {and adjacent mainland.
+                {
+                {alalunga      Albacore          From Point Conception
+                                                 south.
+
+  Sarda          chilensis     Bonito            From Santa Barbara south.
+
+  Scomberomorus  concolor      Spanish mackerel  From Monterey Bay south.
+
+  Scomber        japonicus     Chub mackerel     From Point Conception
+                                                 south.
+
+
+  [Illustration: CALIFORNIA SWORDFISH (Tetrapturus mitsukuri)]
+
+
+THE CALIFORNIA SWORDFISH
+
+(Tetrapturus mitsukuri)
+
+By many anglers for large and exciting game, the California swordfish
+is pronounced the king of all game fishes. Certainly they put up a
+very determined and exciting fight. In size they average about 180
+pounds, though one has been taken at Catalina by W. C. Boschen that
+weighed 355 pounds. When a swordfish is hooked its rushes are
+desperate, even reckless, and at times dangerous to the angler. In its
+determined efforts to free itself from the impaling hook, it threshes
+the waters into foam, repeatedly leaping into the air, where the
+sunlight scintillating upon the purple of its back and silvery sides
+adds the charm of color to the excitement of the contest. It is safe
+to say that there is no fish, either in the salt or fresh waters, that
+is so constantly on the surface and in the air during its struggles
+for freedom as is the California swordfish. Thirty, forty and even
+fifty clean leaps into the sunlight by the one fish have been recorded
+in its desperate struggle to baffle the skill of the angler.
+
+The snout of the swordfish is continued into a long, sharp bone, which
+measured from the back of the mouth is about one-fourth of the length
+of the fish from the mouth to the base of the tail. The under jaw is
+also a sharp projecting bone about half the length of the sword. The
+dorsal fin rises sharply from the top of the head to a height nearly
+equaling the depth of the body, the latter part curving downward and
+continuing along the back to nearly the center of the body; tail
+divided into two long, slim forks; second dorsal and anal near the
+tail and nearly opposite each other; ventral fin below the terminal of
+the first dorsal; pectoral fins rather long and located close to the
+gill-covers; two long, slender feelers projecting from the center of
+the throat just below the base of the pectorals; eye very large and
+bright dark blue.
+
+Purplish green on the back, with blue perpendicular stripes fading
+into the silvery sides; fins, dark purple.
+
+=Tackle and Lure=--Same as for tuna.
+
+
+THE BLACK SEA BASS, OR JEW-FISH
+
+(Stereolepis gigas)
+
+This monster of the ocean, commonly called jew-fish, seems to be in
+all respects a gigantic black bass, closely resembling the
+small-mouthed of the fresh waters, and no further description will be
+necessary for anyone who may be fortunate enough to land one to know
+to what species it belongs. In fact, he will know just what he has
+hooked long before the monster shows himself on the top of the water.
+This huge black sea bass seems to have a very restricted range, for it
+is only known from the Coronado Islands to the Farallones. They are
+very plentiful around Catalina Island, where they are usually taken
+with hand lines. They can not be called a game fish, though they are
+now being taken with rod and reel at Catalina and furnish a kind of
+"heavy-weight" sport for those who like it. One weighing over 436
+pounds has been taken on a tuna rod and twenty-one thread line. The
+writer saw one several years ago that was taken on a hand line that
+weighed 720 pounds and was over seven feet in length. They are fish of
+great strength and will tow a boat with ease at a considerable speed.
+
+=Tackle=--The same as for tuna, with fish bait.
+
+
+THE BARACUDA
+
+(Sphyraena argentea)
+
+The baracuda is a common fish from San Francisco south to Mexico. In
+the Santa Barbara channel and about Catalina and San Diego it is
+largely taken by trolling with light tackle, when it affords really
+good sport. It is a long, slim fish, reaching three and even three and
+a half feet in length, the usual catch being from two to two and a
+half feet in length.
+
+Head long and slender; eye high up on the head and nearly half way
+between the snout and the back of the gill covers. Pectoral fin just
+below the lateral line; first dorsal spinous and nearly opposite the
+ventral; second dorsal about midway between the first and the tail;
+anal almost directly under the second dorsal.
+
+Bluish brown on the back, grading into white on the belly.
+
+=Tackle and Lure=--Same as for bonito.
+
+
+
+
+WHITING and CROAKERS
+
+
+There are three other species of fish which inhabit the surf of the
+Pacific from Point Conception, south to Mexico, that, while they can
+not be properly termed game fishes, furnish the angler fine sport
+because of the gamy fight they make on light tackle. These are the
+whiting (=Menticirrhus undulatus=), the spot-fin croaker (=Roncador
+stearnsi=) and the yellow-fin croaker (=Umbrina roncador=). The first
+of these is known locally by the names of corbina and surf-fish,
+which are bad misnomers. The name, surf-fish, is given by the
+ichthyologist to a species of perch, and the courbina belongs to the
+genus =Pogonias= and is not found as far north as the California
+coast. These names should be abandoned by the anglers and the proper
+English name of whiting used. The word courbina is Italian and means
+croaker, from the Latin, corvus, crow.
+
+
+  [Illustration: WHITE SEA BASS (Cygonoscion nobilis)]
+
+
+THE WHITE SEA BASS
+
+(Cygonoscion nobilis)
+
+The white sea bass is purely a California species, ranging from the
+Coronado Islands to about the latitude of San Francisco. They are
+caught trolling and make a gamy fight on rod and reel. Twenty to forty
+pound fish are common and they have been caught weighing seventy-five
+pounds.
+
+Light bluish on the back and white on the sides, with many small
+specks; dark spot at the base of the pectoral fins. Head, long, with
+pointed snout, and with the scales of the head running nearly to its
+end. Dorsal fin double, the first half having ten spines and the
+latter twenty-one or twenty-two soft rays. Anal with two spines and
+nine rays. Tail but little forked.
+
+=Tackle=--The same as for salmon or yellow-tail.
+
+
+  [Illustration: CALIFORNIA WHITING OR SAND SUCKER
+                 (Menticirrhus undulatus)]
+
+
+CALIFORNIA WHITING OR SAND-SUCKER
+
+(Menticirrhus undulatus)
+
+This species is common to the sand beaches of the Pacific, from Point
+Conception south to Guaymas, Mexico. It feeds during the larger part
+of the year in the surf, and is caught from the wharfs or by long
+casts with heavy sinkers from the beach. The whiting appears on the
+California coast in two varieties, the =undulatus= proper and a
+subspecies which I think has never been classified. At any rate, the
+difference seems sufficient to entitle it to a subspecifies
+classification, for the mouth curves strongly downward, and,
+therefore, does not extend so far back as the undulatus proper. The
+tail also differs, in having both upper and lower lobes rounded,
+instead of the upper being square as in the =undulatus=.
+
+Head, about one-fifth of the entire length; snout, rather pointed, and
+projecting beyond the mouth; mouth reaching to the center of the eye;
+small barbel on the lower lip. Dorsal fin, double, the first with from
+seven to nine spines, the second soft and reaching from the first to
+within about the length of the head from the tail; pectoral fins near
+the gills and about the width of the eye below the center of the body;
+ventral fins, a little behind the pectoral; anal fin under the center
+of the second dorsal; dorsal fins dark; pectoral, ventral and anal
+fins, light with darker tips; tail of the =undulatus= proper, upper
+lobe square and lower lobe rounded. Back, bluish brown, shading to
+white on the belly; scales, small. Below the lateral line are a number
+of small spots forming irregular lines running backward and upward.
+Size, rarely exceeding eight pounds.
+
+The illustration is of the variety that I have referred to as a
+subspecies.
+
+=Tackle and Lure=--The three-six tackle. Rod to be of wood, consisting
+of a butt and tip, and to be not shorter than six feet over all;
+weight of entire rod not to exceed six ounces; butt not to be over
+twelve inches in length. Line not to exceed standard 6-thread. Lure,
+sandflies, mussels or clams.
+
+
+  [Illustration: YELLOW-FIN CROAKER (Umbrina roncador)]
+
+
+YELLOW-FIN CROKER
+
+(Umbrina roncador)
+
+The yellow-fin croaker is found in the surf or near it along the sandy
+beaches from some distance north of Point Conception south to
+Manzanillo, Mexico, where it is known by the name "corvina con aletas
+amarillas," or "croaker with yellow fins."
+
+Head, about one-fifth the whole length; snout, very blunt, with a
+small barbel on the lower lip. Dorsal fin double, the first half with
+seven or eight spines, the longest about two-thirds the length of the
+head; second half rayed and about two-thirds the height of the first,
+and reaching to about half the length of the head from the tail;
+pectoral fins short, and placed close to the gills and a little below
+the center of the body; ventral fins just below the pectoral and a
+trifle longer; anal fin, below the center of the second dorsal; tail,
+nearly square. Back, greenish brown, with a metallic luster and giving
+a pinkish tinge in some lights; sides, shading to white on the belly.
+A few irregular spots on the sides forming faint lines.
+
+
+SPOT-FIN CROAKER
+
+(Roncador stearnsi)
+
+The spot-fin croaker appears in and near the surf of the Pacific Coast
+from Point Conception south to Mexico. =Roncador= is Spanish and
+signifies snorer. This species resembles the yellow-fin very closely,
+but is usually lighter in color and more metallic in appearance. It
+can always be distinguished from the yellow-fin by the distinct black
+spots at the base of the pectoral fins.
+
+=Tackle and Lure=--Same as for whiting.
+
+
+
+
+THE TUNA CLUB OF CATALINA ISLAND
+
+
+I cannot close these articles on fish and fishing without a few words
+of commendation of the Tuna Club of Catalina Island. From the very
+inception of this organization it has striven to encourage the use of
+light tackle by all anglers. To this end, it has adopted three classes
+of tackle specifications for the taking of the several kinds of fish
+found in the waters surrounding its island home, and provided a number
+of cups and buttons to be awarded each year to anglers who land fishes
+of certain weights, with such tackle as is prescribed therefore by its
+rules. This campaign, which it has so energetically urged in behalf of
+scientific angling, has worked wonders in its section of the Coast.
+The old methods of landing fish, even of the gamiest quality, by the
+employment of nothing more than brute force at the end of an
+unbreakable cable, has almost disappeared in its section, and
+scientific angling with the lightest possible tackle has taken its
+place. But the good work of the Tuna Club has not been confined to the
+boundaries of its own section. Anglers from other sections of the
+country visiting Catalina, and seeing the additional pleasure derived
+from the use of light tackle, have become enthusiastic advocates of
+this more scientific means, and returning to their homes have spread
+the propaganda there.
+
+To the stiff pole and chalk-line fishermen of confirmed habits I have
+nothing to say. But to the younger generation who have not yet grown
+grey in the practice of bad habits, I wish to urge upon them the use
+of the lightest tackle possible, as a means of developing greater
+skill and deriving greater pleasure from their favorite sport. And
+this is equally true whether it be a tuna or a trout.
+
+
+
+
+  Order, ACANTHROPTERI
+
+  Family, SCIAENIDAE
+
+   Genus        Species    Common Names        Range
+  ------------ ---------- ------------------- --------------------------
+                          {California whiting {From Point Conception
+  Menticirrhus  undulatus {or sand sucker     {south to Guaymas, Mexico.
+
+                                              {From Point Conception
+  Roncador      stearnsi   Spot-fin croaker   {south to Manzanillo,
+                                              {Mexico.
+
+                                              {From Point Conception
+  Umbrina       roncador   Yellow-fin croaker {south to Manzanillo,
+                                              {Mexico.
+
+                                              {From San Francisco south
+  Cygonoscion   nobilis    White sea bass     {to Coronado Islands.
+
+
+
+
+ATTRACTIVE FISHING RESORTS
+
+
+It is possible that the day may come when man will be so engrossed
+with the pursuit of the dollar that the call of the wild will no
+longer quicken the pulsations of his heart. But until that time does
+come, the wild creatures of nature, whose pursuit affords the most
+healthful and exhilarating pastime, will continue to lure him to their
+haunts.
+
+    "To sit on rocks and gaze o'er flood and fell;
+      To slowly trace the forest's shady scene,
+    Where things that own not man's dominion dwell,
+      And mortal feet hath ne'er, or rarely, been,"
+
+will long continue to present a charm to all who love the sublimity of
+the mountains, the beauty of the flower-decked fields, or the
+awe-inspiring grandeur of the ocean.
+
+To draw a bead on the antlered buck; to stop the flight of the gamy
+quail; to land the denizen of the mountain stream, or troll the
+ocean's depth for the tuna, the salmon or the yellow-tail, furnishes a
+pastime whose recollection draws one back again and again to sit on
+nature's lap and listen to her teachings. The recollection of these
+pleasures are locked in the treasure vaults of the memory, where the
+wearings of time can never erase them; for when the once firm step
+that carried him proudly up the mountain's side shall falter and
+become a palsied wreck of time, and the eye, dimmed by the accumulated
+mists of years, shall see clearly, only in retrospect, he will sit by
+his fire-side in slippered feet, and, gazing down the long vistas of
+the past, live over and over again in his reveries the pleasures
+furnished by the forest, the field, the stream and the ocean.
+
+Nothing would please me better than to describe herein the many places
+where, during a residence on the Pacific Coast of more than half a
+century, I have enjoyed these sports in the fullest degree. But even
+the merest mention of the almost innumerable hunting grounds and
+trout streams, and the hundreds of mountain and sea-side resorts, from
+Washington to Mexico, would, of itself, make a volume of no mean size.
+I am, therefore, restricted to the mention of only a few of the more
+attractive places where good sea fishing can be found, coupled with
+such accommodations and surroundings as appeal to the discriminating
+pleasure seeker.
+
+
+CATALINA ISLAND.
+
+Almost due south of Los Angeles, and about twenty miles from the
+mainland, is the far-famed island of Catalina.
+
+It is still a debatable question whether it was the leaping tuna that
+made Catalina famous, or whether it was its many attractions, its
+facilities for sea fishing and its splendid accommodations, that gave
+the sport of tuna fishing a world-wide reputation.
+
+This beautiful island, with its diversified amusements; its grand
+scenery; its wonderful drives; its surf less sea bathing; its marine
+views; its perfect equipment for sea fighting, and its splendidly
+appointed hotel, has made it the Mecca to which the enthusiastic
+anglers of the world make their regular pilgrimages, for it seems to
+be the favored habitat of all the game fishes of the ocean, except the
+salmon and the striped bass.
+
+Catalina is the home of the Tuna Club, the greatest fishing
+organization of the world, with its international membership pledged
+to the promotion of scientific angling. It is here where the world's
+records are made, and the greatest feats in landing the fighting
+monsters of the sea have been achieved.
+
+In its variety of game fishes I know of no place to equal it. The
+leaping tuna, the albacore, the Spanish mackerel, the bonito, the chub
+mackerel, the white sea bass, the yellow-tail, and the California
+swordfish, the sensational fighter of the ocean, are all here and
+ready to give the light tackle angler the most exciting contest of his
+life.
+
+When the angler waits for the tides, he wants some other divertisement
+to occupy his mind. At Catalina he finds a pastime suitable to every
+hour, to every fancy, to every mood. He can bathe in its crystal
+waters; he can stroll along its pebbly beaches or climb its hills in
+search of wild goats; he can ride through its charming valleys, over
+its lofty peaks and around the dizzy heights that overlook the ocean;
+he can increase the elasticity of his step on its tennis courts, or
+exercise his muscle on its golf links. He can view the ancient relics
+of a departed people, study the strange and curious forms of ocean
+life in the extensive aquariums, or comfortably seated in a
+glass-bottomed boat, marvel at the extravagant splendor of the marine
+gardens, hundreds of feet below the surface, where sirens sing and
+mermaids are said to dwell. And, when he has gone the rounds, and
+longs again for more exciting sport, well--then he can go fishing.
+
+
+  [Illustration: HOTEL DEL MONTE]
+
+
+DEL MONTE
+
+Monterey Bay is pre-eminently the fishing ground for the Pacific
+salmon. As these gamy fish seek their spawning grounds, after their
+four-years' sojourn in unknown waters, they enter Monterey Bay at its
+southern headland and follow around it at varying distances from the
+shore. During this season the Hotel Del Monte, with its splendid
+appointments and scenic beauty, is the favored Mecca of the salmon
+anglers. Here boats with experienced boatmen, and a good supply of
+tackle and bait are always to be had. The contour of the peninsula,
+with its high mountain crest, forming the southern shore of the bay,
+is such that the strong winds of the open ocean is cut off from the
+Del Monte side, allowing the waters of this side of the bay to retain
+that smoothness that makes either boating or fishing a delight. This,
+too, may have something to do with the feeding habits of the salmon,
+thereby accounting for the usually large catches made by the guests of
+the hotel.
+
+While the Pacific Coast furnishes fine sport for the angler, both in
+its fresh and salt waters, with an infinite variety of gamy fishes,
+salmon fishing must be classed as one of the most satisfying. An
+angler likes to see his adversary and know with what he is contending.
+The salmon is a surface fighter, leaping high into the air when he
+finds himself impaled; and this sight of his beautiful sides,
+scintillating in the sunlight, quickens the pulsations of the heart of
+the angler and gives zest to the sport.
+
+Each section of the coast has its fish and fishing peculiar to itself;
+but I care not from what section the expert angler may come, he will
+enjoy the salmon fishing of Monterey Bay. He will do more; for the
+Hotel Del Monte is one of the delightful show places of the Pacific
+Coast. Space will not admit of an enumeration of the many interesting
+sights here to be seen. There are glimpses of California life a
+hundred years ago by the side of picturesque golf links and tennis
+courts. A modern hostelry hid away in the center of a primeval park. A
+seventeen-mile drive through shady mountain dells and along weirdly
+beautiful ocean coves and rocky crags. The marine gardens as seen at
+the bottom of the ocean through glass-bottomed boats. These, and many
+other interesting relics and inspiring scenes are the side attractions
+for the salmon angler who visits Del Monte.
+
+
+  [Illustration: FISHING PIER, DEL MAR]
+
+
+DEL MAR.
+
+Del Mar is one of the few beach resorts where the pleasure-seeker can
+divide his time among the whole range of out-door amusements. The long
+pleasure wharf and the miles of just that character of beach where the
+whiting, the croaker, the chub mackerel and the young sea bass love to
+feed, offer the finest of still fishing. If he is ambitious for a
+contest with the big fighting fishes of the deeper waters, he can take
+a boat and soon be floating over the haunts of the yellow-tail, the
+albacore and the bonito. If he prefers the report of the gun to the
+music of the reel, a short walk back from the hotel brings him into
+the country of the game little quail.
+
+Again, he can, by a short ride to the ponds and lagoons, change from
+upland to waterfowl shooting.
+
+But the gamut is not yet run; for within easy reach are several
+mountain streams where he can cast his flies on their waters with good
+returns. And, if he seeks to pit his cunning and his skill against the
+watchful deer, a pleasant and interesting ride over a good motor road,
+takes him into the wilds of the Cuyamaca mountains.
+
+But the sportsman in his outings will always think of his comforts as
+well as his sports, and for those Del Mar has planned with a lavish
+hand.
+
+It is not all of the enjoyment of a good meal to have a choice
+selection of viands, admirably cooked by an experienced chef, and
+served in the most approved manner. It is not all of a good night's
+rest, after the fatigue of a day's sport, to have lain on a downy bed
+in a richly appointed room. Agreeable service; the affability of the
+management; the pervading air of welcome; the society of congenial
+companions; the beauty of the situation; the inspiring views; the
+charm of the many scenes that each day photographs upon the memory,
+adds a relish to the menu which no chef can compound, and a
+restfulness to one's slumber that the ingenuity of no upholsterer can
+supply. For a part of these delightful adjuncts to one's enjoyment, I
+am willing to give credit to the excellent taste of the founders of
+Del Mar. But the beauty of its surroundings, the possibility of its
+charming individuality, must be credited to those exclusive gifts
+which nature first bestowed upon it.
+
+Del Mar is twenty-two miles from San Diego and 111 from Los Angeles,
+and can be reached from either of these cities by the Santa Fe
+railroad, or by a good motor road, distinguished for its many
+interesting views.
+
+
+  [Illustration: AQUARIUM, VENICE]
+
+
+VENICE
+
+That there is but one Venice in America is the verdict of all who have
+visited this charming sea-side resort. Its oriental architecture, and
+its numerous canals, on whose surface floats in Italian ease, real
+Venetian gondolas, give it an atmosphere suggestive of the
+Mediterranean. But it is not of its Venetian aspect, nor its endless
+chain of amusements, from its surf and plunge bathing to its
+rollicking scenic railroad and hair-raising dash through its cavernous
+rapids, or its hundred or more interesting pastimes for the pleasure
+seeker, that the attention of the reader is herein directed.
+
+It is to those forms of sea life that contribute to his pleasure that
+his attention is called, for the waters of Venice furnish a wonderful
+variety of these, as will be seen by a visit to the large aquarium
+maintained on the pier by the University of Southern California. From
+the wharfs he can angle for smelt, mackerel and perch, as well as for
+halibut and other bottom fishes. From the beach, by bait-casting into
+the surf, he is rewarded with croaker, whiting (erroneously called
+corbina), and young sea bass, locally known as sea trout.
+
+By taking a launch and going out into the open water, his ambition to
+bring to gaff the larger species of the deeper sea can be gratified
+with strikes from the tuna, the albacore, the bonito, the mackerel and
+the yellow-tail that will give him a contest worthy of his metal.
+
+These launch trips upon the bosom of the open ocean, are among the
+chiefest pleasures of our beach resorts, for the angler not only finds
+keen sport in the landing of these larger fishes, but an exhilarating
+recreation, restful to the mind and healthful to the body.
+
+Then, when his day's sport is over, whether his outing is only for a
+day, or for the several weeks of his vacation, His comforts are to be
+considered. In these Venice offers as wide a range as it does in its
+amusements. At the splendidly appointed Hotel St. Marks he can find
+the most luxurious accommodations; he can dine at one of its
+deservedly popular cafes; or, if he wants to spend his vacation in
+restful quietude with his family, he can take a furnished villa on the
+bank of one of the canals, hidden away in a wealth of flowers and
+forest trees, with the sea breeze tempered to a balmy zephyr. To this
+sequestered home he can bring his fish, fresh from the sea, and
+broiling them to his particular taste, enjoy the last delight of the
+angler's day of sport.
+
+
+
+
+  INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+  DOVES--
+    Mourning Dove,                                  40
+    White-winged Dove,                              40
+
+  DUCKS--
+    American Golden-eye,                            84
+    American Scaup,                                 78
+    Barrow's Golden-eye,                            90
+    Blue-bill,                                      78
+    Butter-ball,                                    86
+    Canvasback,                                     74
+    Gadwall,                                        56
+    Harlequin,                                      86
+    Mallard,                                        54
+    Pin-tail,                                       66
+    Red-head,                                       76
+    Ring-neck,                                      80
+    Ruddy,                                          82
+    Scoter, White-winged,                           91
+    Shoveler,                                       68
+    Spoon-bill,                                     68
+    Sprig,                                          66
+    Teal, Blue-winged,                              64
+    Teal, Cinnamon,                                 62
+    Teal, Green-winged,                             60
+    Widgeon,                                        58
+    Wire-tail,                                      82
+    Wood Duck,                                      70
+
+  FISHES--
+    Albacore,                                      155
+    Bass, Small-mouthed, Black,                    149
+    Bass, Striped,                                 151
+    Bass, White Sea,                               167
+    Bonito,                                        157
+    Croaker, Yellow-fin,                           171
+    Mackerel, Chub,                                161
+    Mackerel, Spanish,                             159
+    Salmon, Chinook,                               130
+    Sand-sucker,                                   169
+    Skip-jack,                                     157
+    Swordfish,                                     165
+    Trout, Eastern Brook,                          145
+    Trout, Rainbow,                                135
+    Tuna, Leaping,                                 153
+    Whiting, California,                           169
+    Yellow-tail,                                   163
+
+  GEESE--
+    Black Brant,                                   104
+    Brown Brant,                                    94
+    Cackling Goose,                                 94
+    Canada Goose,                                   94
+    Emperor Goose,                                 102
+    Honker,                                         94
+    Little White Goose,                             98
+    Ross Goose,                                     98
+    Speckle-breast,                                100
+    Snow Goose,                                     98
+    White-cheeked Goose,                            96
+    White-fronted Goose,                           100
+
+  GROUSE--
+    Oregon Ruffed,                                  46
+    Sage Hen,                                       48
+    Sharp-tail,                                     50
+    Sooty,                                          42
+
+  PHEASANT, Mongolian,                              36
+
+  PIGEON, Band-tailed,                              40
+
+  QUAIL--
+    Arizona,                                        18
+    Bobwhite, Virginia,                             28
+    California Valley,                              14
+    Elegant,                                        22
+    Gambel,                                         18
+    Massena,                                        26
+    Montezuma,                                      26
+    Mountain,                                       10
+    Plumed,                                         10
+    Scaled,                                         20
+
+  SHORE BIRDS--
+    Avocet,                                        124
+    Curlew, Sickle-bill,                           117
+    Curlew, Hudsonian,                             117
+    Dowitcher,                                     111
+    Godwit,                                        115
+    Ibis, White-fronted, Glossy,                   107
+    Marlin,                                        115
+    Plover, Black-bellied,                         120
+    Plover, Mountain,                              122
+    Plover, Ring-neck,                             122
+    Plover, Snowy,                                 122
+    Snipe, Jack or Wilson,                         111
+    Snipe, Red-Breasted,                           111
+    Yellow-legs,                                   113
+
+  TURKEY, Mexican Wild,                             32
+
+
+
+
+  INDEX
+
+
+  ANATIDAE, family,                                  9
+
+  ANATINAE, subfamily,                              73
+
+  ANSERENAE, subfamily,                             53
+
+  ANSERES, order,                                    9
+
+
+  BAY AND SEA DUCKS,                                75
+
+
+  CHARADRIDAE, family,                              11
+
+  COLUMBIDAE, family,                               11
+
+  CYGNINAE, subfamily,                              11
+
+
+  DOVES--
+    Mourning Dove,                                  41
+    White-winged Dove,                              41
+
+  DUCKS--
+    American Golden-eye,                            85
+    American Scaup,                                 79
+    Barrow's Golden-eye,                            87
+    Blue-bill,                                      79
+    Butter-ball,                                    87
+    Canvasback,                                     75
+    FulvOus Tree Duck,                              72
+    Gadwall,                                        61
+    Harlequin Duck,                                 89
+    Lesser Scaup Duck,                              81
+    Little Blue-bill,                               81
+    Long-tailed Duck,                               59
+    Mallard,                                        59
+    Old Squaw,                                      89
+    Pin-tail,                                       69
+    Red-head,                                       77
+    Ring-neck,                                      81
+    Ruddy Duck,                                     83
+    Scoters,                                        89
+    Shoveler,                                       69
+    Spoon-bill,                                     69
+    Sprig,                                          69
+    Subfamily, genus & species, fresh-water ducks,  73
+    Subfamily, genus & species, salt-water ducks,   92
+    Teal--
+      Blue-wing,                                    67
+      Cinnamon,                                     65
+      Green-wing,                                   63
+    Widgeon,                                        61
+    Wire-tail,                                      83
+    Wood Duck,                                      71
+
+  FISHES--
+    Albacore,                                      156
+      Yellow-fin,                                  156
+    Bass--
+      Black, Large-mouth,                          148
+      Black, Small-mouth,                          148
+      Striped,                                     150
+      White Sea,                                   168
+    Baracuda,                                      166
+    Bonito,                                        158
+    Croaker--family, genus and species,            173
+      Spot-fin,                                    172
+      Yellow-fin,                                  170
+    Jewfish,                                       166
+    Mackerel--family, genus and species,           162
+      Chub,                                        160
+      Green-back,                                  160
+      Spanish,                                     158
+    Sacramento Pike,                               150
+    Salmon,                                        131
+    Salmon--family, genus and species,             162
+      Blue-back,                                   133
+      Chinook,                                     132
+      Dog,                                         134
+      Hump-back,                                   134
+      King,                                        132
+      Redfish,                                     133
+      Silver,                                      134
+      Sock-eye,                                    133
+    Sand-sucker,                                   168
+    Skip-jack,                                     158
+    Swordfish,                                     164
+    Trout--family, genus and species,              147
+      Colorado River,                              144
+      Cutthroat,                                   142
+      Dolly Varden,                                144
+      Eastern Brook,                               144
+      Golden,                                      138
+      Lake Tahoe,                                  143
+      Lake Southerland,                            143
+      Rainbow,                                     136
+      Rio Grande,                                  143
+      Silver,                                      142
+      Steel-head,                                  140
+    Tuna,                                          152
+    Whiting, California,                           168
+    Yellow-tail,                                   160
+
+  FISHING RESORTS,                                 174
+    Catalina Island,                               175
+    Del Mar,                                       179
+    Del Monte,                                     177
+    Venice,                                        181
+
+
+  GAME BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC COAST,                   9
+
+  GAME FISHES OF THE PACIFIC COAST,                129
+
+  GAME FISHES OF THE SEA,                          152
+
+  GEESE OF THE PACIFIC COAST,                       93
+
+  GEESE, FAMILY, GENUS AND SPECIES,                 53
+    Black Sea Brant,                               103
+    Brown Brant,                                    97
+    Cackling Goose,                                 97
+    Canada Goose,                                   93
+    Emperor Goose,                                 101
+    Honker,                                         93
+    Hutchins Goose,                                 97
+    Little White Goose,                             99
+    Ross Goose,                                     99
+    Speckle-breast,                                101
+    Snow Goose,                                     99
+    White Goose,                                    99
+    White-cheeked Goose,                            95
+    White-fronted Goose,                           101
+
+  GROUSE--Family, genus and species,                43
+    Canadian Ruffed,                                47
+    Oregon Ruffed,                                  45
+    Sage Hen,                                       51
+    Sharp-tail,                                     52
+    Sooty,                                          44
+    Spruce,                                         49
+
+
+  PHEASANT, Mongolian,                              35
+
+  PIGEON, Wild,                                     39
+
+  PIGEONS AND DOVES,                                39
+
+
+  QUAIL--Family, genus and species,             11, 30
+    Arizona,                                        19
+    Bobwhite,                                       27
+    Bobwhite, Masked,                               29
+    California Valley,                              15
+    Elegant,                                        24
+    Gambel,                                         19
+    Massena,                                        25
+    Montezuma,                                      25
+    Mountain,                                       12
+      Lower California,                             13
+      Plumed,                                       12
+    San Pedro Mountain,                             13
+    Scaled,                                         21
+      Chestnut-bellied,                             23
+
+
+  SHORE BIRDS--Family, genus and species,     110, 118
+    Avocet,                                        125
+    Cranes, Rails and Gallinules,                  109
+    Curlew, Sickle-bill,                           119
+      Hudsonian,                                   119
+    Dowitcher,                                     112
+    Godwit,                                        114
+    Herons and Ibises,                             108
+    Marlin,                                        114
+    Plover, family, genus and species,             126
+      Black-bellied,                               121
+      Mountain,                                    121
+      Ring-neck,                                   123
+      Snowy,                                       123
+      Wilson,                                      125
+    Rails,                                         109
+    Sandpiper, Red-backed,                         116
+    Snipe, family, genus and species,              118
+      Jacksnipe,                                   110
+      Red-breasted,                                112
+      Wilson,                                      110
+    Stilt, Black-necked,                           127
+    Willet,                                        116
+    Yellow-legs,                                   114
+
+  SWANS,                                           105
+
+
+  TUNA CLUB,                                       172
+
+  TURKEYS, Wild,                                    31
+    Mexican, Wild,                                  31
+
+
+  WATERFOWL,                                        55
+
+  WADERS AND SHORE BIRDS,                          106
+
+
+
+   +------------------------------------------------------------+
+   |                                                            |
+   |                      FISHING TACKLE                        |
+   |                                                            |
+   |                    Chas. H. Kewell Co.                     |
+   |                     436-438 Market St.                     |
+   |                    San Francisco, Cal.                     |
+   |                                                            |
+   |               Manufacturers and Patentees                  |
+   |                                                            |
+   |                  Trout Flies-Dry & Wet                     |
+   |                                                            |
+   |               KEWELL-STEWART SPOON Kewart                  |
+   |                 Reg. U. S. Patent Office                   |
+   |                  KEWELL-LAFORGE SPINNER                    |
+   |                                                            |
+   |                  Write for Catalogue P                     |
+   |                                                            |
+   +------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+   +------------------------------------------------------------+
+   |                                                            |
+   |                         [Illustration: Man in boat fishing]|
+   |                                                            |
+   |                                                            |
+   |                   Tufts-Lyon Arms Co.                      |
+   |                                                            |
+   |                     Sporting Goods                         |
+   |                   GOOD SHOOTING GOODS                      |
+   |             Special Tuna and Swordfish Tackle              |
+   |                                                            |
+   |                 Los Angeles, California                    |
+   |                                                            |
+   |                                                            |
+   |[Illustration: Men in rowboat fishing]                      |
+   |                                                            |
+   +------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+    ++==========================================================++
+    ||                     A FULL LINE OF                       ||
+    ||                                                          ||
+    ||                     Sporting Goods                       ||
+    ||                                                          ||
+    ||        SHOTGUNS                  RIFLES                  ||
+    ||    =Parker, Ithaca=,           =Hopkins & Allen=         ||
+    ||    =Remington, Stevens=,       =Winchester=              ||
+    ||    =Winchester, Marlin=,       =Remington=               ||
+    ||    =Hopkins & Allen=,          =Stevens=                 ||
+    ||    =Ainsley H. Fox=,           =Savage=                  ||
+    ||    =L. C. Smith=               =Marlin=                  ||
+    ||                  Marble's Game-Getter Gun                ||
+    ||                                                          ||
+    ||        REVOLVERS               AUTOMATIC PISTOLS         ||
+    ||    =Harrington & Richardson=    =Smith & Wesson=         ||
+    ||    =Hopkins & Allen=            =Savage=                 ||
+    ||    =Smith & Wesson=             =Mouser=                 ||
+    ||    =Iver-Johnson=               =Loger=                  ||
+    ||    =Colts=                      =Colts=                  ||
+    ||                  Stevens Target Pistols                  ||
+    ||                                                          ||
+    ||                     AMMUNITION                           ||
+    ||                                                          ||
+    ||    U. M. C., Winchester, Selby--Field and Trap Shells    ||
+    ||      Dupont, Ballistite, New E. C., Schultz Powders      ||
+    ||                                                          ||
+    ||              =Blue Rock Traps and Pigeons=               ||
+    ||                                                          ||
+    ||                     HUNTING CLOTHING                     ||
+    ||      Our Own Make of Khaki, Canvas, Corduroy Suits       ||
+    ||                      Hats and Leggins.                   ||
+    ||                                                          ||
+    ||  Shaw-duck Ulsters, Coltskin Reafers, Duluth Mackinaws,  ||
+    ||       Knit Jackets, Webber-stitch Coats, Roughneck       ||
+    ||           Sweaters, Flannel Shirts, Knit Caps,           ||
+    ||                       Woolen Socks.                      ||
+    ||                                                          ||
+    ||                Laced Boots and Hunting Shoes.            ||
+    ||    Oiled Clothing, Rubber Suits and Boots. Sleeping      ||
+    ||     Bags, Oregon Blankets, Comforts, Bedding Rolls,      ||
+    ||    Carryall Bags, Ponchos and Knapsacks, Packsaddles,    ||
+    ||             Kyaks, Water Bottles and Canteens.           ||
+    ||                                                          ||
+    ||  ======================================================  ||
+    ||                 The Wm. H. Hoegee, Inc.                  ||
+    ||                                                          ||
+    ||                  138-40.42 South Park                    ||
+    ||  LOS ANGELES,                                       CAL. ||
+    ++==========================================================++=
+
+
+
+
+         +--------------------------------------------------+
+         |                            I Mounted The         |
+         |     [Illustration]       African Collection      |
+         |                                  OF              |
+         |                         Stewart Edward White     |
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+         |                 Albert E. Colburn                |
+         |                806 South Broadway                |
+         |                LOS ANGELES, CALIF.               |
+         +--------------------------------------------------+
+
+         +--------------------------------------------------+
+         |                     A KODAK                      |
+         |                                                  |
+         |  is as necessary to your hunting outfit as your  |
+         |      gun, and a shot with it often far more      |
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+         |              A LASTING PLEASURE                  |
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+         |                                                  |
+         |   Bring your films for developing and printing   |
+         +--------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+  Transcriber's Notes
+
+  The text presented here is that contained in the original printed
+  version. Other than the typographical corrections listed below and
+  a number of minor corrections, the following changes were introduced:
+
+  1) Paragraphs split by illustrations or tables were rejoined.
+
+  2) The illustration captions were placed above the section describing
+       the species illustrated.
+
+  3) The following errata notes displayed on the bottom of pages 112,
+       114 and 116 have been applied:
+
+       "In the make-up of a few pages on the shore birds, the
+       scientific names have become transposed. They should read:
+         Page 112: Dowitcher (Macrohampus scolopaceus).
+         Page 114: Yellow-legs (Totanus melanoleucus).
+           "   " : Marlin (Limosa fedora).
+         Page 116: Red-backed sandpiper (Tringa alpina pacifica).
+           "   " : Willet (Symphemia Semipalmata inornata)."
+
+  4) There appears to be text missing under the description of
+       "WILSON'S PLOVER" in the "Measurements" section on page 125.
+       A note was inserted to that effect
+
+  5) The Ę ligature which was used in the caption of the image on
+       page 122 has been changed to the letters "AE" for consistancy
+       with the way those names are displayed elsewhere in the book.
+
+
+  Typographical Corrections
+
+  Page  Correction
+  ====  ====================
+    11  Banapart => Bonapart
+    61  "Male" added for consistancy
+    66  Spatula acuta => Dafila acuta
+    77  Aythya amaricana => Aythya americana
+    98  Chen rossi => Chen rossii
+   108  Plegadis gaurauna => Plegadis guarauna
+   108  Gaura alba => Guara alba
+   109  Grus mericana => Grus canadensis
+   109  GALLINUL => GALLINULES
+   109  Grus mericana => Grus americana
+   121  Charadrous squaterola => Charadrius squatarola
+   125  AVOSET => AVOCET
+   136  Loch Loven => Loch Leven
+   167  Cygnocian nobilis => Cygonoscion nobilis
+   172  SPOT-FIN CRAOKER => SPOT-FIN CROAKER
+
+
+  Emphasis Notation
+
+  _Text_  - Italics
+
+  =Text=  - Bold
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Game Birds and Game Fishes of the
+Pacific Coast, by Harry Thom Payne
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GAME BIRDS AND GAME FISHES ***
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Game Birds and Game Fishes of the Pacific Coast, by H. T. Payne.
+    </title>
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Game Birds and Game Fishes of the Pacific
+Coast, by Harry Thom Payne
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Game Birds and Game Fishes of the Pacific Coast
+
+Author: Harry Thom Payne
+
+Release Date: November 16, 2011 [EBook #38032]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GAME BIRDS AND GAME FISHES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas, Joseph Cooper and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+<div class="book"><!-- Begin Book -->
+<div class="center">
+<a name="cover" id="cover"></a>
+<img src="images/cover.png" width="397" height="600" title="" alt="" />
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
+<div class="caption1">
+GAME BIRDS<br />
+<br />
+AND<br />
+<br />
+GAME FISHES<br />
+<br />
+OF THE<br />
+<br />
+PACIFIC COAST
+</div>
+<br />
+<div class="caption3">
+. . . <i>BY</i> . . .
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+<div class="caption2">
+H. T. PAYNE<br />
+</div>
+<br />
+<div class="center">
+<img src="images/shell.png" width="59" height="55" alt="Shell" title="Shell" />
+</div>
+<br />
+<div class="center">
+Illustrated with Half-tones from Photographs of<br />
+Live and Carefully Mounted<br />
+Birds and Fishes.<br />
+<br />
+With Ready Reference Diagrams of Each Family,<br />
+Giving the Scientific and Common Names<br />
+of Each Genus and Species, Their<br />
+Relationship, Breeding Grounds<br />
+and General Range.<br />
+<br />
+NEWS PUBLISHING CO., Los Angeles.
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p>
+<br />
+<br />
+<div class="center">
+Copyrighted 1913, Under Act of Congress,<br />
+By H. T. Payne
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="caption2">INTRODUCTION</div>
+
+<p>Laws recently enacted by most of the states for the
+better protection of the game, imposing a nominal license
+for the privilege of hunting it, have enabled us
+to take a census, as it were, of that vast number of
+the American people who enjoy the health-giving sports
+of the field. This census reveals the fact, that, of the
+whole population of the Pacific Coast, nearly twenty per
+cent of all those over fifteen years of age are licensed
+sportsmen. Add to these the large number of anglers,
+not counted in this enumeration, and the rapidly increasing
+number of young ladies who are learning to
+enjoy the exhilarating sports of the field and stream,
+and this percentage will be appreciably increased. It is,
+therefore, obvious that a study of the game birds and
+game fishes must be one of interest to a very large
+portion of our people, and especially to the younger
+generation whose knowledge of the game they bring
+to bag is still in the formative state.</p>
+
+<p>Unlike all other works treating of the birds and fishes,
+this one is written from the standpoint of the practical
+sportsman and angler, rather than for the student of
+ornithology or ichthyology. I have, therefore avoided
+the use of technical names as much as possible, and
+employed in the description of the various species the
+plainest language consistent with a clear understanding
+of their distinguishing features. I have, however, for
+the benefit of those who wish to learn their scientific
+names and genetic relationship, added after the description
+of the members of each family, a tabulated form,
+giving the Order, Family, Subfamily and Genus to
+which the several species belong; together with their
+common names, general range and breeding grounds.
+A new and convenient feature of ready reference.</p>
+
+<p>The numerous illustrations, which are from photographs
+of the actual birds, is a new feature of great
+importance to the student, as they give the perfect markings
+of every feather, and the true gradation of color as
+appearing in nature.</p>
+
+<p>That, by placing within the reach of the younger generation
+of sportsmen, such knowledge of the game birds
+and game fishes as I have gained through more than
+half a century spent in their pursuit, may, in a measure,
+liquidate the deep debt I owe for the many happy hours
+and excellent health drawn from the exhilarating sports
+of the field and stream, is the earnest wish of</p>
+
+<div class="text_rt">
+THE AUTHOR.
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+    <img src="images/i008.png" width="600" height="372" alt="Bird Anatomy" title="Bird Anatomy" />
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="caption2">THE GAME BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC COAST</div>
+
+<p>In describing the game birds of the Pacific Coast, I
+have included all those found in any considerable numbers
+from the British Columbia line, south to and including
+the state of Arizona, the Mexican states of
+Sonora and Chihuahua and the peninsula of Lower
+California, for in some of these less frequented places,
+game birds are found in great numbers and great variety.
+This is especially true in these southern sections
+with the quail, for here its voice is heard in all the
+notes of the gamut, from the soft, turkey-like call of the
+mountain species, the soul-stirring whistle of the bobwhite,
+or the sharp, decisive "can't see me" of the valley
+quail, through all the varied changes of the blue
+quail family, to the low plaintive note of the massena
+quail of Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>While it is not the purpose of this work to give a
+scientific classification of the game birds of which it
+treats, a brief statement of the manner in which they
+are grouped and classified by the ornithologist will materially
+assist the reader in the study of those species
+herein mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>The ornithologist groups all the birds of North America
+into seventeen "Orders"; each of these including all
+birds of a similar nature. Some of these orders are
+divided into two or more suborders, where, while clearly
+belonging to the order, there is yet a sufficient difference
+in certain groups of families to justify this further
+separation. The next division is the "family," which is
+again divided into "genera," and each "genus" into
+"species."</p>
+
+<p>Of the seventeen orders of American birds, the scope
+of this work includes only six; for all of the birds, commonly
+called game birds, belong to one or the other of
+the following orders:</p>
+
+<p>The <b>Gallin&aelig;</b>&mdash;All gallinaceous, or chicken-like birds.
+Of this order we only have to consider two families:
+The <b>Tetraonid&aelig;</b>, composed of the quail and grouse, and
+the <b>Phasianid&aelig;</b>, composed of the turkeys and pheasants.</p>
+
+<p>The <b>Anseres</b>&mdash;Lamellirostral, or soft-billed swimmers,
+such as the ducks, geese, swans and mergansers, comprising
+the one family, <b>Anatid&aelig;</b>, which is divided into
+five subfamilies, with four of which we are concerned,
+viz.: The <b>Anatin&aelig;</b>, the fresh-water ducks; the <b>Fuligulin&aelig;</b>,
+the salt-water ducks; the <b>Anserin&aelig;</b>, the geese and
+brant; and the <b>Cygnin&aelig;</b>, the swans.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p>
+<p>The <b>Columb&aelig;</b>&mdash;This order has but one family, the
+<b>Columbid&aelig;</b>, composed of the pigeons and doves.</p>
+
+<p>The <b>Limicol&aelig;</b>&mdash;This order has seven families, only
+three of which I have mentioned as being of sufficient
+interest to the sportsmen of the Pacific Coast to justify
+a description of them. These are the <b>Recurvirostrid&aelig;</b>,
+composed of the stilts and avocets; the <b>Scolopacid&aelig;</b>,
+the snipes, curlews, yellow-legs, willits, marlins, sandpipers,
+etc.; and the <b>Charadrid&aelig;</b>, the plovers.</p>
+
+<p>The other two orders, the <b>Herodiones</b> and the <b>Paludicol&aelig;</b>,
+the first composed largely of the herons, storks,
+ibises, and egrets, and the latter of the cranes, rails
+gallinules and coots, afford more pleasure to the sportsman
+through their stately appearance on his hunting
+grounds than as game birds. The coots, however, are
+not considered game by our sportsmen.</p>
+
+<p>It is well to state here also, that ornithologists do not
+always agree in the classification and nomenclature of
+birds. One claiming that a certain species or genus
+should be separated, while others insist that there is no
+reason for such separation. With the one exception of
+the California valley quail, I have followed the plan of
+the American Ornithologists' Union. In this exception
+I have followed such good authorities as Bonapart, Elliott,
+Ridgeway and Gambel, and given the California
+valley quail the generic name of <b>Lophortyx</b>, instead of
+classing them with the Callipepla, to which belong the
+scaled quail, a species with no distinction between the
+sexes.</p>
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE QUAIL</div>
+
+<p>While the eastern half of the continent has but one
+genus of quail, the Pacific Coast, including Mexico, is
+well supplied with five genera and eighteen species, to
+which may be added four subspecies. Nine species of
+the genus, <b>Colinus</b>, however, and two of the genus,
+<b>Callipepla</b>, do not come into the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Properly speaking we have no quail in America, all
+of our so-called quail being partridges, but the use of
+the word "quail" has become so common that these
+birds will, in all probability, be known as quail for all
+time. But whatever the name, they are resourceful
+beyond comparison, and gamy to the fullest degree;
+affording with dog and gun the most enjoyable of all
+out-door sport.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2"><img src="images/i010.png" width="600" height="360" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">MOUNTAIN QUAIL<br />(Oreortyx pictus)</td>
+  <td class="caption3">PLUMED QUAIL<br />(Oreortyx pictus plumiferus)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="caption2">THE MOUNTAIN QUAIL</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Oreortyx pictus)</div>
+
+<p>The mountain quails are the largest and most beautiful
+of all the American quails, though the least hunted
+and the least gamy. There is but one genus, with one
+species and two subspecies. Two of these inhabit the
+mountains of California and Oregon, and the third, the
+high ranges of the peninsula of Lower California. While
+most of the sportsmen of the Pacific Coast are conversant
+with the general character and coloration of the
+mountain quail, I believe but few of them have ever
+seen the more beautiful species that inhabit the San
+Pedro Martir mountains of Lower California.</p>
+
+<p>The present species, given the English name of mountain
+partridge, by the ornithologists, and which he has
+taken for his type, is a small race found only on the
+Coast Range from the Bay of San Francisco north into
+Oregon, and, therefore, never reaches the high altitudes
+reached by its near relatives, the <b>Oreortyx pictus plumiferus</b>,
+to which the English name, plumed partridge, has
+been given. In fact, both of these varieties are plumed,
+though that of the latter is a trifle the longer. The
+fact that the plumed quail ascends the mountains each
+spring to heights of from five to eight thousand feet for
+nesting purposes, gives it a better claim to the name,
+mountain, than has the other variety.</p>
+
+<p>The present species, the mountain quail, is generally
+found in the canyons and on the damp hill-sides where
+ferns are abundant. They have very little of the migratory
+habits of the other species, except when driven
+down in the winter by the snows. Their habits and
+general plan of coloration are so much like those of the
+other two species that I shall describe them all together,
+with the proper mention of wherein they differ.</p>
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE PLUMED QUAIL</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Oreortyx pictus plumiferus)</div>
+
+<p>The range of the plumed partridge is throughout the
+entire length of the Sierra Nevadas and of the coast
+range south of San Francisco bay into Lower California,
+where it intergrades with the San Pedro partridge, but
+it does not cross the Colorado river and enter Arizona
+or the mainland of Mexico. This species begins its
+migrations early in the spring, keeping close to the
+snow line until they reach altitudes as high as 7000 to
+8000 feet, where they nest and rear their young. In
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>
+the fall, just before the winter rains begin, they commence
+their migrations down again to the foothills,
+where they remain until the following spring. Unless
+driven by unusually heavy snows, they rarely descend
+lower than 2000 to 3000 feet above sea level.</p>
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">SAN PEDRO MARTIR MOUNTAIN QUAIL</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Oreortyx pictus confinis)</div>
+
+<p>The San Pedro partridge, so named by the ornithologist,
+is a resident of the San Pedro Martir mountains
+of Lower California, and ascends to a height of ten
+thousand feet, and is rarely seen lower than five thousand
+feet above the sea.</p>
+
+<p>I want to say here that no work on ornithology that
+I have seen, describes the San Pedro partridge properly.
+Most likely this is the result of an examination
+of the intergrades only, for they do intergrade with the
+California species to the northward. The two species
+first mentioned have the plume from one and a half to
+two and a half inches long and nearly round in form.
+The plume of the San Pedro partridge is flat, about
+three-sixteenths of an inch wide and from three and a
+half to four and a half inches long. The plume of the
+other varieties is erectile, but that of the San Pedro
+denizen is soft and falls down the side. In all species
+both sexes are alike, with the exception that the plume
+of the female is generally a trifle the shorter; but this
+can not always be relied upon to distinguish the sex.</p>
+
+<p>Generally speaking there is not much sport in hunting
+the mountain quail, but I have at times had a bevy scattered
+in ferns, and in such cases had very good sport
+with them with a dog, and found them to lie very well.
+They are about a half larger than the valley quail, and
+as a table bird much more succulent.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Top of head, back of neck and breast, an ashy
+blue, darker on the back of the neck than the breast;
+back and wings, inclining to olive brown, in the Coast
+species with a slight reddish tinge; abdomen and flanks,
+rich chestnut barred with black and white; under tail
+feathers, black; entire throat, reaching well down onto
+the breast, rich chestnut, bordered with white; chin,
+white; bill, black. The two California species have two
+round, black plumes falling gracefully over the back of
+the neck, but erectile when excited. These plumes will
+vary from one and a half to two and a half inches in
+length. The Lower California species have two flat,
+black plumes about three-sixteenths of an inch in width
+and from three and a half to five inches long. Both
+sexes are alike in all species.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>
+<b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest, like that of all gallinaceous
+birds, is a depression on the ground, hidden among a
+bunch of bushes or under a log, surrounded by a few
+dry leaves. The number of eggs will average about a
+dozen, rather oval in shape and of a light ochreous
+color.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Length (<a href="#Page_8">see diagram</a>), will average
+about 10 inches; wing 5 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>, bill about <sup>5</sup>/<sub>8</sub> of an inch.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i014.png" width="600" height="358" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">CALIFORNIA VALLEY QUAIL (Lophortyx californicus vallicola)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE CALIFORNIA VALLEY QUAIL</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Lophortyx californicus vallicola)</div>
+
+<p>There are two varieties of the California valley quail.
+They are distinguished not so much by the slight difference
+in color as in the very marked difference in
+their habits.</p>
+
+<p>As with the mountain quail the ornithologist has taken
+the wrong bird for the type, making the larger race
+the subspecies. To the species (<b>Lophortyx californicus</b>)
+inhabiting the foothills of the Coast range north of the
+bay of San Francisco and into western Oregon, the
+ornithologist has given the English name California partridge.
+This species is a lover of damp places and rank
+growths of underbrush and ferns. The subspecies
+(<b>Lophortyx californicus vallicola</b>), to which has been
+given the name valley partridge, ranges from central
+Oregon throughout the great valleys of California, the
+foothills of the western slope of the Sierras, both sides
+of the Coast range south from San Francisco bay and
+throughout the peninsula of Lower California. Like the
+mountain quail it does not cross the Colorado desert
+into Arizona or the mainland of Mexico. Nevertheless
+it has a wider range than any other one species of game
+bird.</p>
+
+<p>Of all the game birds of America the California valley
+quail is the most resourceful and characterized by the
+greatest cunning. Having hunted these birds for upward
+of fifty years and practically throughout their
+entire range, I freely give them credit for knowing
+more tricks and being able to concoct more schemes of
+deception than all the rest of the <b>tetraonid&aelig;</b> combined,
+and this resourcefulness has led to most of the false
+statements regarding their behavior and gameness. It
+has been said by writers, who should know better, that
+a dog is no use in hunting them because of their disposition
+to run. Any bird with more game than a fool-hen
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>
+will either flush or run where there is no undercover
+in which to hide, and the valley quail being so
+often found in dry, open places or chaparral devoid of
+undercover, will either flush or run until it finds suitable
+hiding grounds.</p>
+
+<p>But give the valley quail cover in which to hide and
+it can and will out-hide any game bird except the Montezuma
+quail of Mexico. In fact it is this remarkable
+faculty of hugging the ground until it is almost stepped
+upon that has led, more than anything else, to its false
+reputation as a runner. The man who hunts the valley
+quail without a dog&mdash;and most of its detractors do&mdash;can
+walk through a patch of good cover with a hundred
+birds scattered in it for an hour or more and not get up
+a half dozen. Unlike the bobwhite or the Montezuma
+quail of Mexico, the valley quail bunches in the fall.
+These bunches will contain anywhere from two or three
+broods to two or three hundred individuals, and sometimes
+even thousands, and they seem to understand that
+the larger the bunch the greater the necessity for avoiding
+pursuit. They are fond of the open places and the
+bare hill-tops and when driven from these, being a
+brush bird, they very naturally seek the brush. If there
+is no grass or suitable undercover in which to hide they
+will continue to work their way through it or double
+back on their pursuers until hiding places are found,
+when they will hug the ground so closely that even a
+good dog must pass reasonably near to them before he
+will detect their scent. The man who hunts without a
+dog generally passes through the cover into which his
+bevy has settled, continues his walk for a mile or more,
+then sits down, filling the air with a sulphurous streak
+of strong sounding words as he curses the game little
+birds for running, while the resourceful little fellows,
+closely hid, laugh over the security a false reputation
+has given them.</p>
+
+<p>There has been a great deal written about the ability
+of quail to withhold their scent, and many theories have
+been advanced. That all game birds do lose their scent
+temporarily while passing rapidly through the air I believe
+to be true, and the valley quail has this faculty
+strongly added to its other resources. This too often
+deceives the inexperienced man even when hunting with
+a dog. Where birds have been flushed into good cover
+and can not be raised, sit down and take a smoke, if
+you like, for twenty minutes or half an hour, then cast
+in your dog and you will be rewarded with point after
+point, where before your dog failed to detect the slightest
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>
+scent. After years of experience with all of the upland
+birds of the United States and half of Mexico, I
+do not hesitate to pronounce the California quail the
+chief of them all in gameness, in resourcefulness, and
+in its general adaptability to furnish the highest form
+of upland shooting. But California quail can not be
+hunted successfully without a good dog.</p>
+
+<p>The food of the adult California quail, according to
+an investigation made by the United States Agricultural
+Department, through the examination of the stomachs
+of 619 birds, taken during every month of the
+year, except May, consists of 97 per cent vegetable and
+3 per cent animal matter, the vegetable varying according
+to the seasons. During the rainy season, when
+green vegetation is abundant, grasses and foliage of
+various kinds form fully 80 per cent of the entire food,
+while in the dry season it forms barely one per cent.
+In the dry season weed seeds form as high as 85 per
+cent of the food; one stomach examined containing 2144
+seeds of various kinds. During the harvesting season
+when there is a good deal of grain on the ground, and
+during the sowing season, grains form about 6 per cent
+of the diet. During the season when wild blackberries,
+elder and other wild berries are ripe, these, with a few
+grapes and a little of some other fruits, form 23 per
+cent of the food.</p>
+
+<p>During the first week of the life of the young birds,
+insects of various kinds make up 75 per cent of their
+food, but by the time they are a month old their animal
+food is no greater than that of the old birds.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Male&mdash;Forehead, gray; top and back of head,
+sooty black, bordered with white running around from
+one eye to the other, and this again has a faint edging
+of black; throat, black, margined with white; plume,
+narrow at the base and wide at the top, consisting of
+six black, V-shaped feathers, each folded within the
+other and curved forward; back and sides of the neck
+to the shoulders, deep ashy blue with the feathers margined
+with black. Back and wings, bluish brown;
+primaries, or longest wing feathers, dark brown; breast,
+deep ashy blue, shading into a dirty buff at the lower
+part of the abdomen; flanks, dirty brown with white
+markings.</p>
+
+<p>The northern coast species are darker with more of
+an olive tinge. But all the markings are the same.</p>
+
+<p>Female&mdash;The female resembles the male in general
+color, but without the black head and throat.  The
+lume is dirty brown, about half the length of the male's
+and nearly straight.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>
+<b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest consists of a depression in
+the ground carefully hid away in some bunch of grass or
+brush, and usually contains from fifteen to twenty very
+light buff or white eggs, often faintly speckled.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Length, eight to nine inches; wing,
+4 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>; tail, 4; bill, <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i018.png" width="600" height="359" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">GAMBEL QUAIL OR ARIZONA QUAIL (Lophortyx gambeli)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE GAMBEL QUAIL</div>
+<div class="caption2">(Lophortyx gambeli)</div>
+
+<p>The gambel partridge occupies a unique position in its
+common nomenclature. In California it is known as the
+Arizona quail, while the sportsmen of Arizona refer to
+it as the California quail. In this, too, they both have
+good reasons for the names used, for these birds are
+found on both sides of the Colorado river, that is in
+both Arizona and California. Commencing in the Mexican
+state of Sonora, where they are found from the
+western slope of the Sierra Madre mountains to the
+Gulf of California, the range of the species extends
+northward and eastward through western Arizona, and,
+crossing the Colorado river onto the desert of the same
+name, passes through southeastern California into
+southern and central Nevada and Utah. The gambel
+quail belongs to the same genus as the two species of
+the California valley quail and in general appearance
+resembles them.</p>
+
+<p>The gambel quail is emphatically a desert bird, able
+to live through the long, dry seasons without water. If
+there are any trees in its neighborhood it will seek
+them for roosting purposes, but it is found distributed
+over vast sections where even the smallest brush is
+very scattering and under cover nearly quite if not
+entirely absent, yet in such places this member of the
+resourceful blue quail family protects itself from hawks
+and predatory animals with an astonishing success.
+The gambel quail is a true runner and can develop an
+astonishing speed for so small a bird. A very large part
+of the unwarranted reputation of the California valley
+quail as a runner is derived from confounding it with
+the gambel and the habit of the Arizona sportsmen of
+calling the gambel the California quail, but even as
+great runners as the gambel quail are, I have found
+them to lie well to the dog in the heavy bunch-grass
+sections of southeastern California and southern Nevada.
+I have also had fine sport with them along the
+bottoms of the Colorado river, where they are to be
+found in abundance.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
+The food is practically the same as the California
+valley quail.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;The general color of the upper parts and the
+breast is lighter and more of an ashy blue than the
+valley quail, but in its markings the gambel is the
+more conspicuous and more brilliant. The black throat,
+bordered with white, the gray forehead and the forward
+turned plume are common to both, but the top of the
+head of the gambel is a bright cinnamon red, while that
+of the valley quail is a sooty brown. The flanks of the
+gambel are conspicuously marked with bright chestnut
+brown with each feather with a narrow central stripe
+of white.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;Are the same in this species as in
+the valley quail.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Same as the valley quail.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i020.png" width="600" height="355" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">SCALED QUAIL (Callipepla squamata)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE SCALED QUAIL</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Callipepla squamata)</div>
+
+<p>Next in geographical order is the scaled quail of Arizona
+and northern Mexico generally. This, too, is a
+desert bird which I have seen in great numbers at least
+twenty-five miles from the nearest water. It is the
+only member of the quail family where there is no
+difference in the markings of the sexes, except the
+mountain quail. In the open country it, too, is a runner,
+though it can not begin to develop the speed of
+the gambel nor will it continue to run for such long distances.</p>
+
+<p>During a residence of a year in the state of Chihuahua,
+Mexico, where I was developing some mining property,
+I found the scaled quail in great numbers all
+around me. Very few of the Mexican people are wing
+shots and few hunt except for the resulting meat. Little
+attention, therefore, is paid to the quail, and in the
+section where I was located I do not believe that even
+the "oldest inhabitant" of the quail settlement had ever
+heard the report of a shotgun. I had with me a brace
+of English setters, and these birds, though found among
+chino grama grass and low maguey plant, which offered
+splendid opportunities for hiding, not only tried my
+patience to the limit, but that of my dogs as well, by
+deliberately walking about twenty-five to thirty paces
+in front of me without the least thought of either hiding
+or taking to wing. By firing a couple of shots over them
+each morning I soon educated them to flush at the sight
+of me. In a couple of weeks they behaved very well
+and furnished me with good sport, hiding readily and
+lying good for the dogs.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p>
+<p>Most of the game birds need more or less educating
+before they fully meet the requirements of the sportsmen.
+Most, too, of the complaints that sportsmen make
+regarding the bad behavior of certain species of game
+or birds of certain sections should be charged to the
+lack on the part of the hunter of a knowledge of their
+habits rather than to the ill manners of the birds. One
+will often hear it said that certain men are lucky hunters
+and can not help staggering onto their game. Such
+men are lucky because they make a close study of the
+ways of the birds of each separate character of country.
+Knowing the places in which they will most likely
+be found feeding, they approach them from such directions
+as will have a tendency to drive them into the
+desired cover. A great deal of the annoyance of running
+birds, I have found, can be avoided by a careful
+study of their habits and proper management in handling
+them, and this is especially true of the scaled
+quail.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;The back, the wings and tail coverts are a
+light, ashy blue, but the feathers of the shoulders,
+breast and abdomen are margined with dark brown,
+with a yellowish arrow-shaped central spot which gives
+them the appearance of scales. Its throat is a very faint
+buff, and instead of the plume of the genus Lophortyx
+it has a broad erectile crest with the feathers tipped
+with white. Both sexes are alike.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nesting habits are the same as
+those of the other species of the blue quail family, but
+the eggs are more of a buff and generally more speckled with brown.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;About the same as the valley quail.</p>
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE CHESTNUT-BELLIED SCALE QUAIL</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Callipepla squamata castaneigastra)</div>
+
+<p>The chestnut-bellied scaled quail is a subspecies of
+the scaled quail just described. They are not numerous
+and hardly enter the territory covered by this work.
+Intergrades of the two species are occasionally found
+in northern Mexico and possibly in southeastern Arizona.
+In general appearance they resemble the former
+species, being, however, a little darker and with a
+strong chestnut blotch on the belly.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i022.png" width="600" height="355" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">ELEGANT QUAIL (Callipepla elegans)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p>
+<div class="caption2">THE ELEGANT QUAIL</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Callipepla elegans)</div>
+
+<p>Along the western slope of the Sierra Madre range
+in the state of Sonora, Mexico, is to be found another
+member of the blue quail family whose habits appeal
+strongly to the sportsman. This species, known as the
+elegant quail, is one of the most handsomely marked of
+the group. From the blending of the white throat of
+the bobwhite with the black one of the gambel, and
+the brown of the back of the one with the blue of the
+other, together with a marked resemblance in its call
+to that of the bobwhite, suggests the possibility of its
+origin having resulted from a cross of the two genera.
+I may add that both the gambel and a species of the
+<b>Collinus</b>, bobwhite, are found in this same section.</p>
+
+<p>The elegant quail is generally found in and around
+the cultivated fields which they seem to prefer to the
+open country. While the elegant quail will walk leisurely
+in front of their pursuer until too closely approached,
+they can in no sense be termed runners. When flushed
+they take to cover and lie closely. Like all the quail
+of Mexico they have been hunted but little and need to
+be well scared before they become properly educated
+to the gun. After a few days' hunting I found them a
+very satisfactory game bird. Being found around the
+fields, the grounds and cover were all that could be
+desired for excellent sport.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Male&mdash;Plume straight, upright feathers about
+an inch and a quarter to an inch and a half in length,
+varying in color&mdash;possibly on account of age&mdash;from a
+light lemon to a dark reddish orange. The throat is
+finely mottled with small black and white dots, giving
+it a dark gray appearance. The general color of the
+back and the wing and tail coverts is a dark blue with
+about half of the exposed portion of each feather tipped
+with a bright, rich brown. The breast and abdomen is
+a light, ashy blue, profusely flecked with large, circular
+white spots.</p>
+
+<p>Female&mdash;The plume is about two-thirds the length of
+that of the male, brown in color and barred with black.
+The breast and abdomen are spotted like the male but
+the back is much the color of the English snipe.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The same as the other species of the
+blue quail.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Same as the valley quail.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i026.png" width="600" height="357" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">MASSENA QUAIL (Cyrtonyx montezuma)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p>
+<div class="caption2">THE MASSENA OR MONTEZUMA QUAIL</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Cyrtonyx Montezuma)</div>
+
+<p>The Massena, or Montezuma quail, is a distinct genus
+from the blue quail family. In many respects it resembles
+the bobwhite in color, though far more fancifully
+marked. It is also nearly one-half larger, though in
+some parts of Arizona and in New Mexico there is a
+smaller species of the same genus known as fool quail.
+The Mexican bird is far from a fool, and although it
+roosts on the ground like the bobwhite, it is resourceful
+enough to take care of itself in a country where
+vermin of all kinds are very plentiful. Its range is from
+near the northern boundary south through the larger
+portion of Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>The Montezuma quail is emphatically a grass bird
+and inhabits the grassy foothills and the cultivated
+fields, where it affords fine sport with a dog. It is very
+cosmopolitan as to climate, for it is found at altitudes
+of from five to six thousand feet, where considerable
+snow falls, as well as in the foothills of the hot, tropical
+valleys of the lowlands, and thrives equally well in
+all sections. It is a bird of peculiar habits. When
+startled by the approach of an enemy the bevy at once
+huddles together, where the birds remain motionless
+until they are approached to within from one to four
+feet, according to the cover they are in. If they think
+that they have not been seen or that the object of their
+alarm is going to pass by, there is not the slightest
+motion made by any one of them, but when they decide
+to take wing for safety every bird in perfect unison
+springs into the air to a height of about six feet and
+darts rapidly away. They are quick on the wing and
+seem able to carry away a good deal of shot. The
+flight generally is not more than one hundred yards,
+and when they alight they scatter well and will then
+out-hide any bird that lives. I have both ridden and
+walked, without a dog, for hours through a country
+where they were plentiful without seeing a bird, except
+where I chanced to nearly step upon them, yet with a
+dog I have found on the same grounds probably an
+average of fifteen bevies to the square mile. For work
+with a dog I prefer them to any bird I have ever hunted.
+They give out a strong scent, for points on bevies of
+from six to fifteen birds, made thirty to forty yards
+away are no uncommon occurrence. Then when you
+walk in front of your dog they never flush until you
+have almost stepped upon them. A scattered bevy will
+lie securely hid until each individual is flushed.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p>
+<p>Unlike the blue quail they never gather in large flocks,
+but always remain in single broods until broken up in
+the spring for nesting purposes.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Male&mdash;The head of these birds have a very
+bizarre appearance whose strange black and white markings
+seem to have no more purpose or design than the
+black and white chalk marks on a clown's face. The
+head of the male is crested with semi-erectile feathers
+in the shape of a broad hood of dark yellowish brown
+color, falling about half way down the neck; groundwork
+of the back and of the wing and tail coverts is a
+dark ocher barred with a deep rich brown; breast and
+flanks are nearly black, dotted with large white spots,
+and from the throat to the vent is a stripe about five-eighths
+of an inch wide of a dark rich chestnut.</p>
+
+<p><b>Female</b>&mdash;The female, with the exception of the white
+dots on the breast and flanks is much the color of the
+female bobwhite.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest is like that of the quail
+generally, simply a depression in the ground, carefully
+hidden away in some thick matted grass or bunch of
+brush, and generally higher up the hill-sides than they
+are found at other times. Eggs, white, and of a china
+appearance, and from ten to fifteen in number.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;While these birds are fully one-half
+larger than the blue quail, the very short tail makes
+their total length not over 8 to 9 inches; wing, 5 inches,
+and bill, <sup>5</sup>/<sub>8</sub>.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i028.png" width="600" height="356" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">BOBWHITE (Colinus virginianus)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE BOBWHITE</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Colinus virginianus)</div>
+
+<p>I have said that the voice of the bobwhite is heard
+in the land. This is true, for the clear notes of his little
+throat awaken the morning echoes from eastern
+Oregon to the islands of Puget Sound. This great little
+game bird, whose praise has been recounted in volumes
+of prose and sung in the rhythmic measures of
+countless lines of verse, is not a native of the coast,
+but he knew a good thing when he saw it. When he
+was turned loose in the Pacific Northwest he cast his
+bright little eyes about him and remarked to himself:</p>
+
+<p>"This looks good to me. Bobwhite, get busy at once
+in raising big families and settle up your new domain."</p>
+
+<p>And he has done it, for now the sportsmen of the
+Pacific Northwest have better bobwhite shooting than
+is to be found in any part of the eastern states.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p>
+<p>The bobwhite roosts on the ground and always remains
+in single broods. When startled they huddle together
+and flush in a bunch. They are good hiders and
+lie well to the dog. They are seldom found far from
+water and rarely in heavy brush. They are fond
+of stubble or corn fields and the grassy nooks along
+the fences. Many efforts have been made to acclimatize
+this species farther south in California but they have
+all proved failures on account of the dryer climate and
+the lack of insects during the rearing season of their
+young. They must have a damp climate where the vegetation
+remains green, thus furnishing an abundance of
+insects during the early summer on which to feed their
+young. For until a bobwhite is nearly grown it lives
+almost entirely upon insects.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Male&mdash;General color of the upper parts, light
+buff, marked with triangular blotches of brown; head
+and back of the neck, dark chestnut; forehead, gray;
+light stripe from above the eye passing down the side
+of the neck; throat, white or very light buff, faintly
+bordered with dark brown or black; breast, light buff
+with the feathers tipped with brown; flanks chestnut
+mixed with black and white.</p>
+
+<p>Female&mdash;Generally lighter, and without the white
+throat and light breast.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nests are rude depressions on
+the ground beneath a fence rail or fallen limb, or in a
+bunch of thick grass or brush. The eggs number anywhere
+from fifteen to twenty and of a pure white color.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length about nine inches; wing,
+4 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches; bill, <sup>5</sup>/<sub>8</sub>.</p>
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE MASKED BOBWHITE</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Colinus ridgewayi)</div>
+
+<p>A smaller species of the bobwhite, known as the
+masked bobwhite, were reasonably plentiful along the
+border of southern Arizona and south through the state
+of Sonora, Mexico. Like the typical bobwhite they were
+strictly a field and grass bird. But through the heavy
+pasturing of that section, together with a series of dry
+seasons denuding the whole country of such cover as
+would be necessary for their protection from hawks and
+vermin, they have become nearly if not quite extinct.
+They differed from the eastern bobwhite in that the
+male had a black throat instead of a white one and a
+bright cinnamon breast. The female differed also in
+having a light buff throat, and generally of a lighter
+color.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="caption3">
+Order, GALLINAE<br />
+Family, TETRAONIDAE<br />
+Subfamily, PERDICINAE
+</div>
+<br />
+<div class="caption2">Order, GALLINAE<br />
+Family, TETRAONIDAE<br />
+Subfamily, PERDICINAE</div>
+
+
+<table style="width:100%" summary="taxon list">
+<tr>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Genus</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Species</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Common&nbsp;Names</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Range&nbsp;and&nbsp;Breeding&nbsp;Grounds</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td rowspan="3">Oreortyx</td>
+  <td rowspan="3" style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf1.png" width="20" height="215" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>pictus</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Mountain&nbsp;quail</td>
+  <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="20" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Coast Range of California from Monterey Bay north into Western Oregon.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>pictus&nbsp;plumiferus</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Mountain&nbsp;quail</td>
+  <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Both sides of the Sierra Nevadas from Central Oregon south. Coast range valleys south from San Francisco Bay into Lower California.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>pictus confinis</td>
+  <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Lower&nbsp;California<br />mountain quail</td>
+  <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Peninsula of Lower California, inter-grading in the northern part with the pictus plumiferus.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td rowspan="3">Lophortyx</td>
+  <td rowspan="3" style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf1.png" width="20" height="215" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>californicus</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Valley&nbsp;quail</td>
+  <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Coast Range valleys of California from San Francisco Bay north into Oregon.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>californicus<br />vallicola</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Valley&nbsp;quail</td>
+  <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="64" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Both sides of the Sierra Nevadas from Central Oregon south. Coast range valleys south from San Francisco Bay into Lower California.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>gambeli</td>
+  <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Gambel&nbsp;quail<br /><br />Arizona&nbsp;quail</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="64" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Southern Nevada, Southeastern California, Western Arizona and Northern Mexico.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td rowspan="2">Callipepla</td>
+  <td rowspan="2" style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf1.png" width="20" height="215" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>squamata</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Scaled quail</td>
+  <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Southern Arizona and Northern Mexico.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>elegans</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Elegant quail</td>
+  <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Southern Sonora, Mexico.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Cyrtonyx</td>
+  <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>montezuma</td>
+  <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Montezuma quail<br /><br />Messena quail</td>
+  <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Southwestern Arizona and south into Mexico.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td rowspan="2">Colinus</td>
+  <td rowspan="2" style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="96" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>ridgewayi</td>
+  <td style="width:5%">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Masked&nbsp;Bobwhite</td>
+  <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Northwestern Sonora, Mexico.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>virginianus</td>
+  <td style="width:5%">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Bobwhite</td>
+  <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Introduced and acclimated in Washington and Oregon and the islands of Puget Sound.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+<div class="caption2">THE WILD TURKEY</div>
+
+<p>If there is any member of the feathered tribe entitled
+to the designation of royal game bird, it is the
+wild turkey. This magnificent bird, whose size and
+cunning challenges at once the admiration and the skill
+of the sportsman, is a native of North and Central
+America, and found in its wild state in no other part
+of the globe. The ocellated turkey, the Central American
+species, is even more gaudy in plumage than the
+peacock, but as it is not found within the territorial
+scope of these articles, I shall leave its resplendent
+colors to scintillate in its own tropic sun, undescribed.</p>
+
+<p>Of the North American turkeys the scientist recognizes
+four varieties. The <b>Meleagris sylvestris</b> of the
+eastern states, except Florida, the <b>Meleagris sylvestris
+osceola</b> of Florida, the <b>Meleagris sylvestris elliotti</b> of
+the Rio Grande district of southern Texas and northeastern
+Mexico, and the <b>Meleagris gallopavo</b> of Arizona,
+New Mexico, part of Colorado, and west and south
+through the larger portion of old Mexico. It is of this
+last species that I shall write.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i032.png" width="600" height="359" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">WILD TURKEY (Meleagris gallopavo)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE MEXICAN WILD TURKEY</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Meleagris gallopavo)</div>
+
+<p>Outside of the progenitors of our common barnyard
+fowl, there is no wild bird that mankind has domesticated
+whose distribution in its domestic state has become
+so wide as that of the wild turkey, and none have
+been so highly prized as an article of food. It is from
+the Mexican wild turkey, <b>Meleagris gallopavo</b>, that all
+of our domestic turkeys have descended. First captured
+in Mexico by the early settlers of that country,
+they were taken to the West Indies and there domesticated
+as early as 1527, for Oviedo, in his "Natural History
+of the Indias," speaks of the wild turkey having
+been taken from Mexico to the islands and there being
+bred in a domestic state. From the West Indies they
+were taken to Spain, France and England, and again
+brought back to America as domestic fowls. In 1541
+they must have been scarce yet in England, for in an
+edict promulgated by Cranmer in that year, the "turkey
+cocke" was named as one of "the greater fowles,"
+and which "an ecclesiastic was to have but one in a
+dishe." By 1573, however, they must have become quite
+plentiful, for in that year Tusser mentions them as the
+most approved "Christmas husbandlie fare."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p>
+<p>Inasmuch as there were no settlements of either English,
+French or Spanish in America north of Mexico
+until 1584, or in that section of the country inhabited
+by the eastern species of wild turkey until sixty years
+after the turkey is known to have been introduced into
+England, the common belief that the eastern species
+(<b>Meleagris sylvestris</b>) was the foundation of the domestic
+turkey is clearly an error; but the ornithologist does
+not find it necessary to consult history to determine the
+origin of the domestic turkey. That distinguishing feature
+of the Mexican wild turkey (<b>Meleagris gallopavo</b>),
+the broad, light sub-terminal of the rump feathers, is
+so strong that even after three and a half centuries of
+domestication, changes in color through selection in
+breeding, and possibly crossing to some extent with the
+eastern and Florida species, those markings, peculiar to
+it alone, are unmistakably present even in the lightest-colored
+varieties.</p>
+
+<p>As a game bird the turkey has but few equals. Like
+most of game birds they are comparatively tame and
+unsuspicious until after they have been hunted, and
+learned that of all animals man is their greatest foe and
+most to be dreaded, for whenever he is within sight he
+is within the range of his instruments of destruction.
+I have seen the Mexican wild turkey constantly running
+or flushing in front of us from morning till night as we
+traveled through their country for days. They showed
+but little fear, for while we killed all we could eat, we
+were constantly traveling, so that those that had been
+introduced to the white man's methods of destroying
+were left behind us, and those in front of us had yet
+the lesson to learn; but when the wild turkey has been
+hunted a little it becomes about as wary, cunning and
+resourceful as any bird that flies.</p>
+
+<p>The Mexican wild turkey is the largest of the race,
+and has been, and is yet, the most plentiful. They are
+strictly mountain dwellers, not often found in altitudes
+of less than twenty-five hundred to three thousand feet,
+and more frequently from four to six thousand, and
+even up to eight thousand feet or more. They are
+strictly timber dwellers, usually, if not always, living in
+the pine forests, for I can not call to mind a single
+instance where I have found them except where pines
+of some variety were the principal trees. In size, individuals
+vary a good deal. So, also, will the general
+average be found to vary as much as ten pounds in
+different localities. Generally the higher their habitat
+the larger the birds, some of the old gobblers reaching
+forty pounds if not more. I remember killing one in
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>
+the Sierra Madres of northern Mexico that I carried
+about three miles into camp over a very rough country.
+By the time I got him there I was willing to bet my
+last "silver 'dobe" that he weighed a ton. I have also
+killed some very large ones in the San Francisco mountains
+of Arizona.</p>
+
+<p>The wild turkey, like the mountain quail, has an up
+and down mountain migration. In the early spring the
+hens begin to work up the mountains and seek the
+densest jungles, and of course the gobblers follow them.
+The gobblers are polygamous, and have but little respect
+for their families. They will not only destroy
+the nests, but even the young birds. For this reason
+the hens are very secretive in nesting, taking as much
+care in hiding them away from the gobblers as from
+their other enemies. As soon as the hens begin setting
+the gobblers gather in flocks and remain by themselves
+until joined in the early fall by the hens and their half-grown
+broods. After this the flocks soon begin their
+migration to the lower hills and mountain openings,
+and congregate into immense roosts. Places were once
+to be seen where they had filled the trees for acres in
+such numbers as to break the limbs in many instances.
+In those times and localities they were too tame and
+too plentiful to afford much amusement to the man who
+hunted them for sport, but with the exception of some
+places in Mexico that day has passed, and the sportsman
+who hunts these grand game birds now will find
+a quarry worthy of his skill and affording him sufficient
+exertion to whet his appetite for the delicious feast they
+furnish him.</p>
+
+<p>Both the habits and the habitat of the wild turkey
+make the sport of hunting them especially enjoyable.
+As soon as the gobblers are deserted by the hens they
+become more wary, and the crack of a twig or the sight
+of a man, be he ever so far away, and they at once
+seek cover. Then the keen eye and the noiseless tread
+of the still hunter is called upon for his best and most
+careful efforts, for the eyes of these gobblers are quick
+to catch the slightest move and their ears acute to the
+faintest sound. The curiosity of a deer often makes
+him hesitate long enough for the opportunity of a shot,
+but the gobbler, after the hens have left him, is no
+longer lured by curiosity. His business is to keep out
+of sight, and he can do it, after he has once learned the
+destructiveness of man, just a little more successfully
+than any other bird or animal that I have ever hunted.</p>
+
+<p>There are no wild turkeys west of the Colorado river,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>
+nor on the peninsula of Lower California; but there can be
+no reason to doubt that, had the mountains of Arizona
+connected with the pines of the Coast range in San
+Bernardino county or with the Sierras of Inyo or Kern,
+the mountains of California would have been as well
+supplied with turkey as are its valleys with quail.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;The color of the wild turkey varies very much
+except in those that are found in the higher mountains
+and far away from civilization. Domestication of over
+three hundred and fifty years has not yet robbed the
+turkey of its love for the wild and they are often seen
+long distances away from the farms feeding contentedly.
+In countries where the wild turkey still existed
+these tame varieties of various colors have mixed with
+them, often to such an extent as to change the color
+very materially. I have seen flocks in Mexico ranging
+close to ranch houses with turkeys among them so light-colored
+that they were no doubt tame birds that had
+wandered away with their wild progenitors.</p>
+
+<p>The wild turkey of Mexico, Arizona, New Mexico and
+Colorado is a dark bronze bird with a light-colored
+rump, caused by the upper tail coverts being tipped
+with a broad sub-terminal band of white, narrowly tipped
+with black. The tail feathers are dark brown, spotted
+with black and tipped with white.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest of the wild turkey is generally
+in a depression in the ground, high up on the
+mountains, and carefully hidden away in some dense
+thicket. I cannot call to mind ever seeing but two
+nests. One of these had but seven eggs while the other had
+seventeen. The markings are the same as those of the
+tame turkey.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;The total length varies from three to
+four and a half feet; wing 18 to 24 inches.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i036.png" width="600" height="357" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">MONGOLIAN PHEASANT (Phasianus torquatus)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE MONGOLIAN PHEASANT</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Phasianus torquatus)</div>
+
+<p>While the wild turkey is the only representative of
+the <b>Phasianid&aelig;</b> found native to the American continent,
+the Mongolian pheasant has been so successfully acclimatized
+in Oregon and Washington that it must now
+be recognized as an established resident species.</p>
+
+<p>After it became an established fact that these pheasants
+were proving a success in Oregon, there became a
+demand for their introduction into California, and thousands
+of dollars were spent for a number of years in
+an unsuccessful effort to acclimatize them.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p>
+<p>The pheasant, like the grouse, is a cold country bird,
+and the mild and dry climate of California does not appeal
+to their peculiar tastes or the requirements of their
+physical being. Oregon, however, possesses the climatic,
+floral and entomic conditions for which nature
+has fitted them. Green vegetation lasts during the
+whole season in which they rear their young, thus furnishing
+them with that abundance of insects necessary
+to the health and nourishment of the young chicks.
+They are endowed with certain physical attributes for
+which the cold of winter is necessary to preserve a
+continued healthful condition, and this, too, they find
+in Oregon. In fact this constitutional demand for the
+cold of winter has been by nature so strongly implanted
+within them that the rearing of thirty generations in
+the comparatively mild climate of Oregon has not effaced
+it, and obeying this primal instinct they have
+migrated through Washington and into the better-loved
+and colder winters of British Columbia.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, while California undoubtedly may have an
+abundance of wild turkeys, quail in unlimited numbers
+and of two or three more species than we have at present,
+the timber and the plain tinamus of South America,
+and possibly the sand grouse of southern Europe, she
+will never have pheasants unless they be of the extreme
+southern varieties, and never have more than a
+limited supply of grouse.</p>
+
+<p>North of the mountains of southern Oregon and
+through Washington into British Columbia pheasants
+are plentiful and furnish the principal sport of the
+lovers of upland shooting of that section of the Pacific
+Coast. The Mongolian pheasant as a game bird has his
+merits and demerits. As a large, beautiful plumaged
+bird to grace the game bag the pheasant stands without
+a rival. As a table bird the pheasant is only surpassed
+in delicacy of flavor by the wild turkey. As an
+aggravating runner from the dog the pheasant is in a
+class by itself, and as an evader of all pursuit when
+wounded, "the Chinaman," as they are generally called
+in Oregon, can give odds to the gambel quail. Though
+the pheasant is a large bird and able to carry off a
+good deal of shot, it starts so slow to one accustomed
+to the rapid flight of the California quail that a reasonably
+fair shot will find no difficulty in getting the
+limit with a sixteen gauge.</p>
+
+<p>They are slow starters, caused by their habit of rising
+at an angle of forty-five to fifty degrees until they reach
+a height of about ten feet before their rapid flight begins,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>
+but when once on the wing they are quite swift flyers.</p>
+
+<p>While I have said that the pheasants are aggravating
+runners, this is principally so in the latter part of the
+season. In the earlier parts they are commonly found
+in the stubble fields, potato and other vegetable patches,
+and usually in single broods. At such times I have
+found them to lie quite well to the dog, not flushing
+until closely approached, and running but little except
+when winged. They are then easy shooting, but the
+fine size of the bird and the beautiful plumage of the
+cocks give a zest to the sport and a pleasant distinctiveness
+which every sportsman will be pleased to add
+to the list of upland shooting he has engaged in.</p>
+
+<p>To those who wish to spend a season on these handsome
+birds, Oregon, especially, offers an attraction
+which goes far beyond its good supply of pheasants.
+During the open pheasant season the climate of Oregon
+is as near perfect as one can ask. That season of the
+eastern states that has been idealized in verse, and is
+known as Indian summer, finds its superlative in the
+early fall of Oregon. The sun shines brightly, but with
+its rays softened by its sub-equinoctial position; the
+air is mild, clear and invigorating, and the golden hues
+of the stubble field, the yet bright green of the grassy
+pastures, the rich tints of the dying autumn leaves, all
+framed in the blue-green fringe of the near-by pines
+and firs, produce a picture strikingly beautiful and always
+enjoyed. It is in this delightful season with such
+a picture on every side, heightened by an occasional
+glimpse of some towering mountain peak with its crown
+of eternal snows, that the sportsman of Oregon lays
+aside the cares of life and lives in an elysium during
+his pheasant-shooting days. The setting of the stage
+is as much to the play as the acting. So with our days
+after game. The invigorating air we breathe, the beauty
+of the landscape, the stateliness of the forest, the
+rugged grandeur of the mountains, the soul-inspiring
+picture of our dogs on point and back, lends more to the
+real enjoyment of the day than does the size of the
+bag we carry home.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Male&mdash;The male of the Mongolian pheasant
+can not be confounded with any other game bird in
+America. Its very long tail feathers&mdash;from fifteen to
+twenty inches&mdash;will always prove a distinguishing mark.
+Its rich metallic colors of black, cinnamon, chestnut and
+ocher give it a combination of hues surpassing that of
+any other of our game birds.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p>
+<p>Female&mdash;Nor should the female ever be mistaken for
+any other bird. It partakes much of the general colors
+of the male, but much subdued and more of a general
+ochreous hue, the plumage being buff mottled with
+brown. The tail, however, is not more than one-fourth
+the length of that of the male.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest is generally a depression on
+the ground, but often in the hollow of some log. The
+eggs number from 12 to 18 and are of a dark ochre in
+color.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;The measurements of a Mongolian
+pheasant are practically useless on account of the
+larger portion of it being the tail, which greatly varies
+in length.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table style="width:610px" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i040.png" width="600" height="350" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">
+    <table width="610" summary="names">
+<tr>
+  <td>MOURNING DOVE<br />(Zenaidura macroura)</td>
+  <td>BANDED PIGEON<br />(Columba faciata)</td>
+  <td>WHITE-WINGED DOVE<br />(Melopelia leucoptera)</td>
+</tr>
+    </table>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<a name="THE_PIGEONS_AND_DOVES" id="THE_PIGEONS_AND_DOVES"></a>
+<div class="caption2">THE PIGEONS AND DOVES</div>
+
+<p>The family <b>Columbid&aelig;</b> is represented on the Pacific
+Coast by three genera which are considered, to more
+or less extent, legitimate game, though they can not be
+termed game birds in the generally accepted use of
+the term. Still as they are hunted to a very considerable
+extent by the sportsmen of the Coast, they rightfully
+belong in a work of this kind. I shall, therefore,
+give them a place, and briefly treat each species that
+is pursued as game within the territory under consideration.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE WILD PIGEON</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Columba faciata)</div>
+
+<p>The wild, or banded pigeon, is a mountain dweller,
+found principally in the southern half of the territory
+covered by this work. They visit the valleys in the
+fall and winter months to feed on the oak mast, and at
+such times they are seen in large flocks in the Sacramento,
+San Joaquin and coast valleys of California.
+They are found in good numbers in parts of Arizona,
+and are common along both sides of the Sierra Madres
+of Mexico. When visiting the valleys they afford good
+sport, as they are swift flyers and capable of carrying
+off a good deal of shot. They have no migrations like
+the passenger pigeon once so plentiful in the eastern
+states, nor do they congregate in such immense flocks.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>
+<b>Color</b>&mdash;About the same as the darker colored tame
+pigeon; the tail is a trifle longer than the tame bird
+and a little lighter than the rest of the plumage with a
+dark band across the middle of it; a small patch of
+white feathers at the back of the head. Both sexes
+are alike.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest is built in the trees of small
+twigs and grass. Two eggs are layed at a time, and a
+pair of young birds are produced about every six weeks
+from April to August.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;A trifle more than the tame pigeon.</p>
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE MOURNING DOVE</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Zenaidura macroura)</div>
+
+<p>The mourning dove is a cosmopolitan species found
+in greater or less numbers in all sections. They have
+a slight migratory movement from the higher to the
+lower altitudes, but they cannot be called a migratory
+bird. A large number of these birds begin their nesting
+season in the mountains at altitudes of from 2000 to
+4000 feet, raising one brood at that height, then moving
+down and nesting again, and moving again until
+they reach the lower valleys, where they remain all
+winter, congregating in certain places in flocks of hundreds.
+Many, however, remain in the valleys all the
+year and nest around the fields and along the streams.</p>
+
+<p>The mourning dove is so well known in every country
+that a description of it is unnecessary.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest is generally built in the
+small trees and lined with any soft article that they
+can find. The eggs number two and a pair of the young
+birds are hatched about every six weeks from May to
+September.</p>
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE WHITE-WINGED DOVE</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Melopelia leucoptera)</div>
+
+<p>The white-winged dove is nearly one-half larger than
+the common mourning dove. They range from Mexico
+through southern Arizona to the Colorado desert in
+southeastern California. In some parts of Arizona and
+in Mexico they are found in large numbers, and afford
+good shooting. Their habits are the same as the common
+dove, both as to food and nesting, though in parts
+of Mexico it nests in the pitahaya plants&mdash;a species of
+cactus&mdash;of whose fruit it is very fond.</p>
+
+<p>This species can easily be distinguished from any
+other member of the dove family by the broad patch of
+white on the wings.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="caption3">
+Order, GALLINAE<br />
+Family, TETRAONIDAE<br />
+Subfamily, TETRAONINAE. (Grouse)
+</div>
+<br />
+<table summary="Grouse Family">
+<tr>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Genus</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Species</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Common Names</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Range and Breeding Grounds</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td rowspan="2">Bonasa</td>
+  <td rowspan="2"><img src="images/brace_lf1.png" width="20" height="85" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td style="width:15%">umbellus&nbsp;sabini</td>
+  <td style="width:15%">Oregon&nbsp;ruffed&nbsp;grouse</td>
+  <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td style="width:70%">Western Oregon and Washington and Northwestern California.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td style="width:15%">umbellus&nbsp;togata</td>
+  <td style="width:15%">Canada&nbsp;ruffed&nbsp;grouse</td>
+  <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td style="width:70%">Eastern sides of Cascade Mountains in Oregon and Washington, thence East.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Centrocercus</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td style="width:15%">urophasianus</td>
+  <td style="width:15%">Sage&nbsp;hen</td>
+  <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td style="width:70%">Northeastern California, Nevada and the sage lands of Oregon and Washington.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td rowspan="3">Dendragapus</td>
+  <td style="width:3%" rowspan="3"><img src="images/brace_lf1.png" width="20" height="165" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td style="width:15%">franklini</td>
+  <td style="width:15%">Spruce&nbsp;grouse</td>
+  <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Western slope of the Cascade Mountains.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td style="width:15%">obscurus</td>
+  <td style="width:15%">Dusky&nbsp;grouse</td>
+  <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Northeastern Arizona and Eastern Nevada.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td style="width:15%">obscurus&nbsp;fuliginosus</td>
+  <td style="width:15%">Sooty&nbsp;grouse</td>
+  <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Coast Range and Sierras from Southern California to British Columbia.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Pediocaetes</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td style="width:15%" class="ws_nowrap">phasianellus&nbsp;columbianus</td>
+  <td style="width:15%">Sharp-tail&nbsp;hen</td>
+  <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td style="width:70%">Eastern Oregon and Washington and a few in Northeastern California.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="caption2">THE GROUSE</div>
+
+<p>Within the territorial scope of this work there are
+seven species of the grouse family, though only four of
+these are in any way common. As the wild turkey is
+confined to the southern extremity of the Pacific Coast
+hunting grounds, so are the grouse principally found
+in the northern sections. I have met with a few dusky
+grouse (<b>Dendragapus obscurus</b>) in the mountains of
+Arizona, but they are by no means plentiful. There
+were a few and possibly is yet an occasional sooty
+grouse (<b>Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus</b>) in the mountains
+of southern California, but grouse in sufficient
+numbers to furnish any kind of sport are not found
+much south of Yosemite valley in the Sierras, or south
+of Humboldt county in the Coast range. An occasional
+pair or small flock, however, may be met with considerable
+south of the points named.</p>
+
+<p>The grouse is a northern bird, extending into far
+colder regions than any other subfamily of the gallinaceous
+group. The ptarmigan, of course, are grouse.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i042.png" width="600" height="358" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">SOOTY GROUSE (Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE SOOTY GROUSE</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus)</div>
+
+<p>The sooty grouse, commonly called blue grouse by
+the sportsmen of California, are reasonably plentiful in
+the Sierras from the Yosemite north into Oregon, where
+they are quite plentiful, and from there through Washington
+into Alaska. It is a mountain dweller, being
+found at altitudes fully 9000 feet above the sea. In
+the winter it descends to lower latitudes, but seldom
+below 3000 feet. It is naturally a confiding bird where
+it has not been hunted much, and for this reason has
+been given the name, "fool hen," in many localities.
+But like most of the feathered tribe, it soon learns the
+destructiveness of man, and after gaining this knowledge
+it is quite able to take care of itself. When flushed
+it flies with a cackling sound, generally taking refuge
+in the tall pines, where it is an expert hider. In the
+nesting season it produces a drumming sound and struts
+like a turkey. This drumming is produced by inflating
+an air sack on each side of the neck. Later in the season
+these sacks dry up and nearly disappear. It's only
+migrations are ascending and descending the mountains
+with the seasons.</p>
+
+<p>According to a published statement of the Section of
+Biological Survey of the United States Department of
+Agriculture, the food of the sooty grouse consists of
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>
+buds, seeds, leaves and insects, of which 68 per cent is
+leaves, buds and the tender ends of young twigs; 6.73
+per cent insects and the balance seeds, berries and
+the like. The flesh is generally of a fine flavor, though
+at times it will be found to be tainted a little strongly
+with the flavor of the pine.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Male&mdash;Back of head, back of neck and all
+upper parts, a sooty brown; light streak over the eye
+and a light throat; breast, a dead or sooty black; the
+rest of the under parts a slaty gray; tail tipped with
+gray.</p>
+
+<p>Female&mdash;Generally lighter in color but otherwise resembling
+the male.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest is usually nothing more than
+a depression in the ground among dried leaves or grass,
+well concealed from view. The eggs, which average
+about a dozen, are of a cream color, spotted with brown.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length, from 18 to 22 inches;
+wing, 9 to 9 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>. The weight will vary from 2 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> to 4 pounds.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i046.png" width="600" height="358" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">OREGON RUFFED GROUSE (Bonasa umbellus sabini)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE OREGON RUFFED GROUSE</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Bonasa umbellus sabini)</div>
+
+<p>The Oregon ruffed grouse is the handsomest species
+of the ruffed grouse genus, and is truly a beautiful bird
+with its deep, rich browns, orange and black. The eastern
+species of this genus is wrongly known in the north
+Atlantic states by the name of partridge, and as wrongly
+called pheasant in Virginia and some other of the
+southern states. The Pacific Coast species ranges from
+northern California along the Coast range through
+Oregon, Washington and far into British Columbia.
+It is a wary bird, full of cunning and gamy qualities.
+The male of this genus is, I believe, the only member
+of the grouse family that drums all the year; all others
+confining their drumming to the nesting season. This
+drumming is made with the wings and not by the inflation
+of an air sack as with other species. The
+sound, also, is much different, having more of a rolling
+reverberation. In the spring they will take their position
+on some rock or dead log and strut back and forth
+with their heads thrown back and their tails spread out
+to show the beautiful hues of the feathers and drum
+for hours to attract the hens or challenge the other
+males to an almost life and death combat, in which they
+fight in the same manner as the game cock. They live
+among the pines, usually near some little opening where
+they are fond of feeding. When startled they take at
+once to the timber and are quickly lost to view. For
+this reason dogs are almost useless in hunting them.
+They are never found in numbers greater than a single
+brood, even though the brood may be decimated by
+the gun of the sportsman or the cunning of the vermin
+to no more than two or three.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p>
+<p>The flesh of the ruffed grouse is white and generally
+tender and of fine flavor, although in the late fall or
+winter when its food consists almost wholly of fir buds
+it tastes quite strong of turpentine. Its food generally
+is about the same as the sooty grouse and in about the
+same percentages.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Head, light chestnut, the feathers on the top
+being long and capable of erection when excited; a tuft
+of long, rich brown feathers will be found on each side
+of the neck; back, reddish chestnut mottled with black;
+rump and tail-coverts, more of a cinnamon color
+blotched with dark brown; flanks, lighter and barred
+with black; tail, rusty brown barred with deep brown
+and tipped with two bands of gray, separated by a
+streak of black; under tail-coverts, orange, barred with
+black and tipped with white; wing feathers, brown with
+a central stripe of light yellow.</p>
+
+<p>The female is marked the same but somewhat lighter
+in coloring.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest, like that of all the gallinaceous
+birds, is made on the ground and hidden away
+in some thick cluster of brush or beneath some log.
+The eggs are of a buff color spotted with dark brown,
+and number from ten to fifteen.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length from 16 to 19 inches;
+wing about 7 or 8 inches. Weight about 2 pounds.</p>
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE CANADIAN RUFFED GROUSE</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Bonasa umbellus togata)</div>
+
+<p>The Canadian ruffed grouse ranges through the eastern
+side of the Cascade mountains of Oregon and Washington,
+but does not pass over to the Pacific side. It
+resembles the Oregon ruffed grouse very closely except
+that it is much lighter in color, and the female either
+lacks the tufts of feathers on the neck entirely, or where
+present, they are very small. Like the Oregon species
+it is a dweller in the heavy timber, and follow the
+same habits in most all respects. It is of a more confiding
+nature, however, often sitting unconcerned upon
+a tree while several of its companions are being shot,
+making no effort to get away or save itself from the
+same fate.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p>
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;The color of this species is more of a grayish
+brown than the Oregon species, and lacking that rich
+chestnut that adds so much to the beauty of the latter.
+The brown markings, however, are possibly a little more
+conspicuous. The upper tail feathers are more of a
+blue, mottled and barred with a blackish brown. A
+large tuft of feathers on each side of the neck of a
+smoky brown, edged with metallic green. Unlike the
+Oregon species these feathers are entirely absent or
+very small on the female.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest and eggs are the same as
+the Oregon grouse.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;In size the two species do not vary to
+any considerable extent.</p>
+
+
+<div class="caption2">THE SPRUCE GROUSE</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Dendragapus franklini)</div>
+
+<p>The spruce or Franklin grouse of Oregon and Washington
+is a species of the Canadian spruce grouse, and
+ranges diagonally through the mountains of eastern
+Oregon and Washington, and thence to the coast of
+British Columbia. It confines its habitat to the higher
+mountains, being seldom found below an elevation of
+four to five thousand feet. This is another of the grouse
+family that has been given the name of "fool hen," on
+account of its naturally tame nature. When sitting on
+the limb of a tree, but a few feet above the ground, it
+considers itself safe from all harm and makes little
+effort to escape, and may often be killed with a stick.
+There is little sport in shooting this variety. The food
+of this species, like all other mountain dwelling grouse,
+is buds, tender shoots and seeds, berries and insects
+when obtainable.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Male&mdash;Upper parts gray, the central back and
+the wings having a brownish hue; the tail-coverts, which
+are tipped with broad splashes of white is a distinguishing
+feature of this species; feathers, on the flanks
+tipped broadly with white, throat, black, imperfectly
+edged with white; tail, nearly square at the end and of
+a brownish color.</p>
+
+<p>Female&mdash;Considerably more of an ochreous cast. It
+has the same characteristic broad white tips on the
+feathers of the flanks; tail, dirty ochre, mottled with
+black and narrowly tipped with white.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest is a depression in the
+ground in some secluded place and lined with leaves
+or grass. The eggs, averaging about a dozen, are of
+a reddish buff mottled with brown.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p>
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length about 15 inches; wing
+about 7 inches. Weight from one and a half to two
+pounds.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i048.png" width="600" height="358" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">SAGE COCK (Centrocercus urophasianus)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE SAGE HEN</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Centrocercus urophasianus)</div>
+
+<p>The sage grouse, or sage hen is the largest of the
+grouse of America, some of the males weighing as much
+as seven pounds. Its range, so far as the geographical
+scope of this work is concerned, is northeastern California,
+Nevada, and eastern Oregon and Washington,
+but it extends much farther east. It is only found in
+the sage brush districts of the high altitudes. They
+usually remain in single broods, though they are sometimes
+found in much larger flocks. They often travel
+for considerable distances, "following the leader" in
+single file. They strut in the nesting season, but in a
+peculiar way, pushing their breasts on the ground until
+the feathers are worn off and even the skin abraded.</p>
+
+<p>A peculiarity of the sage grouse is that it has no
+gizzard, but instead it has a stomach more like that of
+an animal. The young birds lie quite well to a dog and
+furnish very good sport, and until they are about half
+grown the flesh is quite good, but the older birds are
+very unsavory and in fact almost unpalatable. This is
+caused by their feeding almost entirely upon the leaves
+of the sage.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Male&mdash;Upper parts, gray, barred with brown;
+tail, very long, the longer feathers being quite narrow
+and stiff and barred also with brown; a dark line over
+the eye and a light one from the eye down the side of
+the neck; throat and cheeks, nearly white, mottled
+with black; a few long hairy like feathers grow from
+the side of the neck of the male birds.</p>
+
+<p>Female&mdash;The female is colored and marked like the
+male but considerably darker, is much smaller, with
+shorter tail and without the hairy feathers on the side
+of the neck.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest is nothing more than a hollow
+in the midst of some bunch of brush, possibly lined
+with a few leaves. The eggs are from twelve to eighteen
+in number and of a greenish shade, mottled with
+bright brown, but these spots are easily rubbed off.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Male&mdash;Total length from 24 to 28
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>
+inches; wing, 12 to 14. Weight, from four to seven pounds.</p>
+
+<p>Female&mdash;Total length, from 20 to 22 inches; wing,
+10 to 12. Weight, from three to five pounds.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i050.png" width="600" height="358" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">SHARP-TAIL GROUSE (Pedioc&aelig;tes phasianellus columbianus)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">COLUMBIAN SHARP-TAILED GROUSE</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Pedioc&aelig;tes phasianellus columbianus)</div>
+
+<p>The Columbian sharp-tailed grouse is the "prairie
+chicken" of eastern Washington. It is far different
+from the pinated grouse (<b>Tympanuchus</b>) of the middle
+states, commonly called prairie chicken. Its habitat
+is much the same, however, being the open plains and
+untimbered foothills east of the Cascade mountains in
+Washington and through eastern Oregon into northern
+Nevada, and the extreme northeastern corner of California.
+The sharp-tail grouse has the same habit of
+strutting in large groups like the prairie chicken at the
+beginning of the nesting season. They do not drum,
+however, like the eastern bird, but make a noise more
+like an attempt to crow. They also take refuge in the
+timber for protection from the storms of winter.</p>
+
+<p>During the hunting season they lie well to a dog and
+afford fine shooting. The food of the sharp-tailed grouse
+consists of about ten per cent insects, the balance being
+made up of seeds, grains and berries, with a good percentage
+of "brouse" in the winter.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Male&mdash;Side of head and throat, pale buff with
+mottlings of brown on the cheeks; back and wings, gray,
+mottled with black; breast, light buff. Under parts,
+white with lines of dark brown; central tail feathers
+long and pointed; no long feathers on the neck.</p>
+
+<p>Female&mdash;Resembles the male with the exception that
+the tail feathers are not so long.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest is a rude affair on the
+ground, lined with a little dead grass and generally
+contains from ten to fifteen eggs of a greenish buff
+speckled with fine dots of brown.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length from 14 to 16 inches,
+with the wing about eight; the central tail feathers are
+about five inches in length. The average bird will weigh
+about two pounds.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="caption2">Order ANSERES</div>
+<br />
+<div class="caption2">Subfamily, ANSERENAE - Geese</div>
+<br />
+<table style="width:100%" class="smaller" summary="Geese">
+<tr>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Genus</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Species</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Common Names</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Range. (All breed far north.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td rowspan="2">Chen</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" rowspan="2"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="96" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>hyperborea</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>White&nbsp;goose&nbsp;(large)</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From Southern California north.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>rossi</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Ross' goose<br />Small white goose</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From Mexico north.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Anser</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>albifrons&nbsp;gambeli</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>White-fronted&nbsp;goose<br />Gray goose</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From Mexico north.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Dendrocygna</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>fulva</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Fulvous tree duck<br />Mexican tree duck<br />Cavalier</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From Central California south through Mexico. Breeds from Central California to Central Mexico.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td rowspan="5">Branta</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" rowspan="5"><img src="images/brace_lf1.png" width="18" height="205" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>canadensis</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="ws_nowrap">Canada&nbsp;goose<br />Honker</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From central Mexico north.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>canadensis<br />hutchinsii</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Hutchins'&nbsp;goose</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From Southern California north.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>canadensis<br />occidentalis</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="ws_nowrap">White-cheeked goose</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Inland plains from Central California north.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>canadensis<br />minima</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Black brant<br />Cackling goose</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From Southern California north.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>nigricans</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Black sea brant</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>On certain bays from Magdalena, Lower California north.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Philacte</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>canagica</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Emperor goose</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>A rare visitor south of Humboldt Bay, California.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">Subfamily, CYGNINAE - Swans</div>
+<br />
+<table style="width:100%" class="smaller" summary="Swans">
+<tr>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Genus</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Species</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Common Names</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Range. (All breed far north.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td rowspan="2">Olor</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" rowspan="2"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="96" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>columbianus</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Whistling&nbsp;swan</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From Oregon north. Rarely as far south as Central California.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>buccinator</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Trumpeter&nbsp;swan</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From Southern California north.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<a name="THE_WATERFOWL"></a>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p>
+<div class="caption2">THE WATERFOWL</div>
+
+<p>The great variety of the waterfowl of the Pacific
+Coast, the wonderful numbers in which they are found
+and the excellent shooting they afford, forms a subject,
+which, to do it justice, would require the space of an
+ordinary volume.</p>
+
+<p>With the exception of the Gulf tier of the Southern
+states, waterfowl on the Atlantic Coast are but birds of
+passage, tarrying for a time on their way to milder
+winter quarters; tourists loitering for a day or two at
+attractive by-stations as they wing their way south in
+the fall and again on their return north in the spring.
+They are leaving the isolation of the far north or the
+mountain lakes and marshes where they spent the summer
+rearing their young and they are seeking more
+favorable feeding grounds in the milder climate of the
+South, where animal and vegetable life is not in the
+state of hibernation which prevents it from furnishing
+them with an abundance of food during their southern
+sojourn.</p>
+
+<p>Over the larger portion of our hunting grounds what
+is the beginning of the calendar year is in fact the beginning
+of our spring. When the frost king lays his
+hand upon all vegetable and insect life in the East,
+spreading his white shroud over field and pasture and
+breaking with his icy sleet from the vine and the brush
+their clinging leaves; when from the trees have fallen
+the last vestige of their autumnal crowns of gold and
+crimson; when the last flower has shed its petals; when
+the last hum of insect is heard and the last song of
+bird has died away on the southern horizon&mdash;'tis then
+the early rains of the Coast start the new sown grain
+in the fields, give life again to the grasses of the plains,
+carpet the foothills and the valleys with the gold and
+purple and crimson of innumerable flowers, and our
+veritable spring commences.</p>
+
+<p>With us, therefore, waterfowl are not passing pilgrims,
+tarrying for a few days only as they rest and
+feed on their way to the open waters and green pastures
+in which they intend to pass those months marked
+winter on the calendar of the year. They are not mere
+hurrying flocks alighting now and again as they wing
+their way back to their breeding grounds in the spring
+But ours is the Mecca to which they journey; ours the
+feeding grounds on which they assemble from the lakes
+and marshes of the Arctic; from the whole chain of the
+Aleutian Islands; from the inland seas of British Columbia
+and from the mountain lakes of our own Sierras
+from Washington to Mexico. Here on the bays, estuaries
+and marshes of the coast and the lakes and ponds
+of the valleys, throughout the whole length of these
+hunting grounds, countless millions of these birds have
+found their winter feeding grounds for unnumbered
+ages. No cold, no ice, no snow, no howling blizzards to
+stop them in their search for food or disturb their midday
+rest upon our quiet waters. In warmth they feed
+upon the tender shoots of the young grasses that fringe
+their watery haunts or bask in sunshine on the sandy
+shores.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p>
+<p>It is the popular impression that all ducks breed in
+the far north and migrate from there south. One has
+only to shoot on the lakes of Mexico to learn how erroneous
+this impression is, for one will meet varieties
+quite common there that rarely if ever reach the southern
+boundaries of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The masked duck (<b>Nomonyx dominicus</b>) is a purely
+southern species reaching Mexico only in its breeding
+season. The three species of the Mexican tree duck,
+quite common in that country, come but little into the
+United States. One of these, the black-bellied tree duck
+(<b>Dendrosygna autumnalis</b>) migrates to some little extent
+into Texas and to less extent into New Mexico and
+Arizona. The fulvous tree duck (<b>Dendrosygna fulva</b>)
+extends its migrations still farther north, breeding to
+considerable extent in Arizona and southern California,
+but rarely seen as far north as the center of the state.
+The other species of the genus (<b>Dendrosygna elegans</b>),
+for which I know no English name, is even rare as far
+south as southern Jalisco. The cinnamon teal is a southern
+duck, breeding in Arizona, Texas and southern
+California but so rarely seen north of San Francisco
+that a gentleman who had killed a straggler near Marysville,
+when showing it to me, said that he couldn't find
+a man in the town who could tell him what it was.
+Yet the cinnamon teal is very common in Mexico and
+Arizona and quite plentiful in southern California in
+the spring, before the flocks break up and the birds
+seek their nesting places.</p>
+
+<p>Northern bred ducks and purely northern species visit
+us in great numbers during the winter months, and to
+these must be added the vast number of these birds
+that breed in the mountains throughout our hunting
+grounds.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p>
+<p>The ornithologist divides the ducks into two subfamilies;
+the fresh-water ducks forming the subfamily,
+<b>Anatin&aelig;</b>, and the salt-water ducks the subfamily,
+<b>Fullgilin&aelig;</b>. These two families can easily be distinguished
+by their feet. If a salt-water duck, the hind
+toe will be found to have a small web or flap on the
+under side, but if the bird belongs to the fresh-water
+group, the toe will be as clean as any land bird.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i054.png" width="600" height="357" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">MALLARD (Anas boschas)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE MALLARD</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Anas boschas)</div>
+
+<p>The mallard is possibly the best known duck in America,
+it being found in greater or less numbers everywhere
+from the Arctic to Central America. It is a resident
+species throughout the Pacific Coast, breeding on
+the mountain lakes and streams from Mexico to Alaska,
+and even to a considerable extent on the lower marshes
+of California, Oregon and Washington. On the fresh
+water ponds and overflows they congregate in great
+numbers during the winter months and a bag limit of
+twenty is no uncommon thing. Like all of the fres-hwater
+ducks of this Coast, they, too, are often found
+in considerable numbers on the tide lands and salt
+marshes.</p>
+
+<p>The mallard of the Pacific Coast can hardly be said
+to be a migratory duck, for it breeds from Mexico north.
+Its migrations consisting more of altitudinal movements
+than of longitudinal. While it breeds on the
+mountain lakes of Mexico, it is rarely seen in the higher
+altitudes during the winter months.</p>
+
+<p>Hybrids between the mallard and the pin-tail and
+the mallard and the widgeon have been occasionally
+met with on the marshes of the Coast. This is most
+likely caused by the mating of cripples that had not the
+strength to make the flight to their usual breeding
+grounds.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Male&mdash;Head and neck, dark green with a metallic
+luster; white ring around the neck at the bottom
+of the green; back, gray; breast, chestnut brown; under
+parts dirty white; tail, black with two feathers
+curled upwards; speculum, (<a href="#Page_8">see diagram</a>) purple, bordered
+with black and white.</p>
+
+<p>Female&mdash;Head, dark buff; breast, lighter buff with
+brown mottlings; legs, orange colored; speculum same
+as the male; bill, yellow, blotched with brown.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest is placed on the ground and
+lined with grass, feathers and down. The eggs number
+eight to a dozen and are of a greenish tinge.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Male&mdash;Total length, from 20 to 25
+inches; wing, 10 to 12 inches; bill, 2 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p>
+<p>Female&mdash;Total length, from 18 to 20 inches; wing, 9
+to 10 inches; bill, 2 to 2 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> inches.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i056.png" width="600" height="366" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">GADWALL (Anas strepera)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE GADWALL</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Anas strepera)</div>
+
+<p>The gadwall was at one time quite plentiful on the
+shooting grounds of California, south of San Francisco;
+but, on account of our season opening later and closing
+earlier than in years past, few are killed now. The
+gadwall is really a southern duck, coming into the
+United States to breed. When the California season
+opened on the first of September and closed the first
+of April, there were plenty of gadwall found on its
+ponds in the early fall and late in the spring. Now,
+but few are killed except in the southern part of the
+state. Such as are killed are generally found on the
+mountain lakes and ponds of the higher valleys. On
+the waters of Mexico and Lower California, however,
+they are met with in good numbers.</p>
+
+<p>The gadwall, however, migrates as far north as British
+Columbia for breeding purposes as well as breeding on
+the mountain lakes of all the territory through which
+it ranges.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Male&mdash;Head,
+light brown, finely mottled with dark
+brown and black; neck and breast, finely streaked with
+wavy black and white; under parts, grayish white;
+rump and tail, black; speculum, black and white, with
+the lesser wing-coverts chestnut; feet, orange, and bill
+nearly white.</p>
+
+<p>Female&mdash;Closely resembling the male but with very
+little chestnut on the wings.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest which is usually made a
+little way back from the water is lined with dead grass,
+and contains from ten to twelve eggs of a light buff
+color.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length, about 19 inches; wing,
+10, and bill, 1.60.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i058.png" width="600" height="362" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">WIDGEON (Anas americana)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE WIDGEON</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Anas Americana)</div>
+
+<p>The widgeon is one of the most common ducks of the
+Coast, both north and south. As well as being one of
+the most plentiful of the interior lakes and ponds, they
+are found in great numbers on the salt marshes and
+tide overflows, and even form great dark patches on
+the ocean as they take their midday rest on its bosom
+a mile or so beyond the surf. They breed on the mountain
+lakes and streams all along the Coast from Mexico north.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p>
+<p>The widgeon begins its migrations early in the fall
+and great numbers find their way as far south as the
+Coast marshes and lower lakes of Mexico. They feed
+largely on the plains and frequent the fields in search
+of grain. In migrating or flying from pond to pond
+they usually go in quite large flocks.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Male&mdash;Head, pinkish white on top, with a
+greenish streak from the eye back to the ociput; below
+this the head and neck are speckled with black
+and white; back and wing-coverts, gray with fine markings
+of black; breast, a light brick red with a purplish
+cast; speculum, black and green. Axillars, white with
+dark shafts.</p>
+
+<p>Female&mdash;The female resembles the male in all but
+the green on the head and the reddish color of the
+breast.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest is generally built in some
+tuft of grass or thick weeds near some water's edge.
+The eggs average about a dozen and are of very light
+brownish white.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length, 18 inches; wing 9 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>,
+and bill, 1 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i060.png" width="600" height="365" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">GREEN-WINGED TEAL (Anas carolinensis)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">GREEN-WINGED TEAL</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Anas carolinensis)</div>
+
+<p>The green-winged teal is another variety that is very
+plentiful on the Coast, breeding in great numbers on
+our mountain lakes and along the streams from Mexico
+to Alaska, and even to considerable extent on the lower
+marshes, especially from central California north. While
+many of these are killed on the salt marshes and tide
+lands, they are more generally frequenters of the inland
+ponds and overflows. Nesting late and maturing
+early, they are both a late and early duck on our shooting
+grounds, and remain constantly with us during the
+whole winter. Shooting on a pass over which the teal
+are flying from one pond to another furnishes about the
+finest sport of the duck shooter's life. In such cases
+they come in small flocks, and single birds must be
+selected; being a small mark and very rapid flyers they
+require a good lead and quick work. In fact, a brace
+of green-winged teal with a pressing engagement at
+the next pond makes about as pretty a target as the
+sportsman often fires at.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p>
+<p>The green-winged teal, like the widgeon, feeds a
+great deal on the plains and in the fields.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Male&mdash;Top of head and neck, brown of a chestnut
+tinge, the feathers forming almost a crest; a broad
+stripe of green runs back from the eye to the neck;
+back and sides, mottled gray; breast, buff, shaded to
+white on the abdomen and spotted with black; speculum,
+green.</p>
+
+<p>Female&mdash;The top of the head of the female is a rusty
+brown, and with a very faint stripe on the sides; upper
+parts, gray, spotted with black; speculum, green.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest of the green-winged teal is
+generally a little more carefully made than most of
+the ground nesting ducks. The eggs average about ten
+and are of a light brownish buff.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;The green-winged teal is the smallest
+of the fresh-water ducks. Total length, about 14 inches;
+wing, 7 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub>; bill, 1 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> inches.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i062.png" width="600" height="364" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">CINNAMON TEAL (Anas cyanoptera)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE CINNAMON TEAL</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Anas cyanoptera)</div>
+
+<p>The cinnamon teal, very commonly called the blue-winged
+teal by the sportsmen of the Coast, is only a
+late fall and early spring bird on our shooting grounds
+north of Lower California and Mexico. While the cinnamon
+teal has a blue wing there is no resemblance
+between the male cinnamon and the male blue-winged.
+The females of the two species, however, have a marked
+resemblance in color but a wide difference in shape of
+body. The female cinnamon teal is much darker on
+the throat than the blue-winged female, and generally
+shows a considerable of the cinnamon color of the male.
+The male of the blue-winged teal partakes more of the
+grayish color of the green-winged variety and has a
+white crescent in front of the eye. The northern limit
+of the cinnamon teal is about the latitude of San Francisco
+so far as their appearance on our shooting grounds
+is concerned. A few, however, go farther north for
+breeding purposes. They are quite common in the
+southern part of California, where they come to breed.
+They winter in Mexico, Lower California and Arizona
+in great numbers. They nest on the mountain lakes
+and along the mountain streams of California and even
+as far north as Oregon. In southern California they
+nest along the salt-water marshes, especially those of
+Los Angeles, Orange and San Diego counties.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p>
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Male&mdash;The male bird cannot well be mistaken
+for that of any other species. The general color being
+a dark cinnamon, or in fact much nearer a chestnut in
+color; the head being somewhat darker than the rest
+of the bird; the upper wing-coverts being blue, form a
+large patch of blue at the shoulders when the wing is
+at rest; the speculum, like that of all the teal is green.</p>
+
+<p>Female&mdash;The female resembles the female of the
+blue-winged teal, but is a little larger with a longer and
+slimmer body; the chin is dusky and the throat is
+speckled; the breast also has a slight tinge of the cinnamon
+color of the male.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nests are built generally in long
+grass patches of the low grounds bordering the streams
+and lakes and even the salt marshes. The eggs which
+average about a dozen are of a peculiar light creamy
+color with a faint bluish tinge.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length, 16 inches; wing, 7 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>;
+bill, 1 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub>.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i064.png" width="600" height="366" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">BLUE-WINGED TEAL (Anas discors)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE BLUE-WINGED TEAL</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Anas discors)</div>
+
+<p>The blue-winged teal is only a straggler north of
+Lower California, Arizona and Mexico. In Mexico and
+Lower California I know them to be quite common, and
+reasonably plentiful in some parts of Arizona.</p>
+
+<p>The blue-winged teal is a plumper bird than either
+of the other species, and not near so handsomely
+marked. It is a rapid flyer and affords good shooting in
+those sections where it is plentiful.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Male&mdash;Head, a glossy purplish gray, darker on
+top; between the eye and the bill is a white crescent-shaped
+mark about one-fourth wider in its center than
+the eye; the wing-coverts are blue like those of the
+cinnamon teal; back, dark gray; under parts, gray,
+spotted with black; speculum, rich green; bill, black,
+and legs and feet, yellow.</p>
+
+<p>Female&mdash;The female resembles the female of the cinnamon
+teal; but unlike the cinnamon it has no dark
+markings under the chin, or any of the cinnamon color
+faintly seen on the cinnamon female. The bill also is
+much shorter, and the legs are of a yellowish tinge.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nests are much the same as the
+other members of the teal family. The eggs about a
+dozen in number are pale buff.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length, 15 inches; wing, about 7,
+and bill, 1 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i068.png" width="600" height="358" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">SHOVELLER OR SPOON-BILL (Spatula clypeata)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="caption2">THE SPOON-BILL OR SHOVELLER</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Spatula clypeata)</div>
+
+<p>The shoveler, or spoonbill, as they are commonly
+called, is also an early duck upon our ponds; they, too,
+breed throughout the mountains of our hunting grounds.
+When they first arrive on our ponds they are very fat
+and finely flavored, but they soon become poor of flesh
+and lose the flavor brought with them from their mountain
+homes. And then they are generally let pass undisturbed
+by the discriminating sportsman.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Male&mdash;Head and neck, green; breast, white,
+shading into rusty chestnut toward the abdomen; lesser
+wing-coverts, blue; speculum, green, with white border;
+legs, orange red.</p>
+
+<p>Female&mdash;The female is much smaller than the male
+and lacks all its high coloring. The general color is
+buff, mottled with brown; wing-coverts and speculum,
+same as the male.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest, which is a rude affair, generally
+contains from seven to ten eggs of a light buff
+color.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length of the male, about 20
+and the female, 18 inches; wing, 9 to 9 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>; bill, about
+2 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> to 2 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> inches, and very broad at the end.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i066.png" width="600" height="365" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">PIN-TAIL OR SPRIG (Dafila acuta)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE PIN-TAIL</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Dafila acuta)</div>
+
+<p>The pin-tail, or sprig is another very common duck
+of the Coast. Great numbers of this species breed on
+our mountain lakes and, maturing early, they are about
+the first to appear upon our shooting grounds, great
+flocks reaching as far south as San Diego county, the
+mouth of the Colorado river and the lakes and marshes
+of Lower California, Arizona and northern Mexico as
+early as the middle of August or the first of September.
+They come from the mountains plump and fat, and
+as soon as the shooting season is open prove quite acceptable
+to the epicure.</p>
+
+<p>The pin-tail ranges throughout the territory covered
+by this work and far to the north of it, and the fact that
+they breed around the mountain lakes for the whole distance
+accounts for their early appearance on the shooting
+grounds of the Coast.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p>
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Male&mdash;Head and neck, rich brown, with a
+white stripe running from the ociput down the sides of
+the neck to the breast; bill, lead color, with a black
+stripe along the top; back, gray; breast, white; central
+tail feathers, very long and pointed; speculum, light
+smoky brown, edged with white.</p>
+
+<p>Female&mdash;The female is much more of an ocher brown
+than the male, and without the stripe on the neck or
+the lead color of the bill. The top of the head and the
+sides of the neck are streaked with brown; breast,
+spotted with dark brown; under parts, white. While
+it somewhat resembles the female mallard, the much
+narrower bill and difference of the speculum should
+prevent any error in identification. Besides the tail is
+pointed and the axillars are white, barred with dark
+brown.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest is usually back a little distance
+from the water's edge and contains from eight to
+twelve bluish-white eggs.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length, male, 28 and female, 22
+inches; wing, 9 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>; bill, 2 inches.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i070.png" width="600" height="364" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">WOOD DUCK (Aix sponsa)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE WOOD DUCK</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Aix sponsa)</div>
+
+<p>The wood duck, the handsomest of all the American
+ducks, is not plentiful anywhere, and seems to be growing
+fewer in numbers. Ornithologists class them as resident
+ducks, breeding throughout their range. From my
+personal experience I believe that they are migratory,
+at least to a considerable extent, for while many flocks
+of from half a dozen to twenty birds can be seen along
+the timbered portions of the Sacramento river during
+the summer months and the early fall, as well as along
+other wooded streams of the Coast, few are to be seen
+during the shooting season. From this fact I can draw
+but one conclusion; they migrate south in the winter.
+A few are killed each winter but they can only be considered
+a rare duck whose beauty lends an occasional
+charm to the game bag.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Male&mdash;The male has a long crest falling down
+the back of the neck and showing a green and purple
+luster; the bill is red with a dark stripe on top; a
+broad stripe of white commences under the bill and
+passes down the neck, meeting another stripe of white
+that nearly encompasses the neck; sides and front of
+lower neck, brownish purple, dotted with white; back,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>
+a bronze green; speculum, bluish purple, bordered with
+black and white.</p>
+
+<p>Female&mdash;The general plan of the markings of the
+female is the same as that of the male, but the colors
+are not so bright, nor the crest so long. The crest is
+more of a brown, and the breast a pale brown, mottled
+with dark spots.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest is built in the hollow of a
+tree or stump, and occasionally a considerable distance
+above the ground. The eggs, which average about eight,
+are of a pale brownish white. The young are taken
+from the nest in the bill of the mother, and are often
+seen perched on her back while she is swimming around
+in search of food.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length of the male, about 18
+inches, with the female about an inch less; wing, 9 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> to
+9 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>; bill 1 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub> inches.</p>
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE FULVOUS TREE DUCK</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Dendrocygna fulva)</div>
+
+<p>The fulvous tree-duck, commonly called the Mexican
+tree-duck, and cavalier, as well as the black-bellied tree-duck
+(<b>Dendrosygna autumnalis</b>), according to the classification
+of the ornithologist, belong to the subfamily,
+<b>Anserin&aelig;</b>, the same family as the geese. The fact that
+they have a bill more like that of the goose than any
+other duck, a goose neck also, and that there is no difference
+in the sexes will show the reason for such classification.
+Their generic name, however, signifies tree-swan.
+The fulvous tree-duck ranges on our hunting
+grounds as far north as Sacramento, where occasionally
+one is killed. They come here only to breed and,
+therefore, late in the season. Quite a few are killed in
+southern California, and from Arizona and Lower California
+south they are very plentiful. The black-bellied
+tree-duck is only met with as a straggler north of Chihuahua,
+Mexico. Another species of the same genus
+(<b>Dendrosygna elegans</b>) is a still more southern bird,
+seldom seen north of the state of Guerrero.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Sides of head and neck and lower parts, buff;
+top of head, back of neck and back, dark brown; wings,
+dark brown; neck, long and slim; bill, resembles that
+of a goose very much. Both sexes alike.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nests are generally built in a
+hollow tree or stump. The eggs number from ten to
+fifteen and are of an ochreous white.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Wing, about 9 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>; bill, 1 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> inches.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="caption2">Order, ANSERES<br />
+Family, ANATIDAE Subfamily, ANATINAE<br />
+(Fresh water ducks)</div>
+<br />
+<table style="width:100%" class="smaller" summary="Ducks">
+<tr>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Genus</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Species</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Common Names</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Range and Breeding Grounds</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td rowspan="6">Anas</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" rowspan="6"><img src="images/brace_lf1.png" width="18" height="255" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>boschas</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="ws_nowrap">Mallard</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Throughout the scope of this work. Breeds wherever found.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>strepera</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Gadwall</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From Central California south. Breeds wherever found.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>americana</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Widgeon&nbsp;Baldpate</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From British America south. Breeds on the mountain lakes from California south.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>carolinensis</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="ws_nowrap">Green-winged teal</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From British America south. Breeds throughout its range.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>cyanoptera</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Cinnamon teal</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From Central California south. Breeds from Central California to Central Mexico.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>discors</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Blue-winged teal</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From Arizona south into Mexico. Breeds throughout lakes from Mexico north.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Spatula</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>clypeata</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Shoveller or<br />Spoon-bill</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From British America south. Breeds on the mountain lakes from Mexico north.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Dafila</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>acuta</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Pin-tail&nbsp;or&nbsp;Sprig</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From British America south. Breeds from Central California north.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Aix</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>sponsa</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Wood&nbsp;duck</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Along the wooded streams from Central California north. Breeds wherever found.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<a name="bay_and_sea_ducks"></a>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></p>
+<div class="caption2">THE BAY and SEA DUCKS</div>
+
+<p>As I have already stated the ducks are divided into
+two subfamilies, the one the <b>Anatin&aelig;</b>, commonly called
+fresh-water ducks, the other the <b>Fuligulin&aelig;</b>, commonly
+known as the salt-water ducks. A distinguishing feature
+of the salt-water ducks is the little flap or web on the
+hind toe, which is not seen in the fresh-water varieties.</p>
+
+<p>On our shooting grounds, however, whether the blind
+is on the salt-water marsh or the fresh-water pond, both
+kinds are sure to fall to the gun in almost equal numbers.
+Of the more common of the fresh-water varieties
+the gadwall and the mallard are seen the least on the
+salt marshes and the tide overflows, yet even these are
+quite often met with in these places. So it is with the
+salt-water species. All except the scoters are frequenters
+of the mountain lakes, fresh-water ponds and overflows.
+The red-head, both species of the scaups, the
+canvasback and the ruddy are commonly found on the
+fresh-waters. The ring-neck, and, in fact, the red-head
+are much more common on these waters than on the
+salt or brackish marshes.</p>
+
+<p>With the exception, therefore, that certain species
+always predominate at a given place at certain times
+of the season, the sportsman's aim brings down a well-assorted
+bag, let him shoot where he may, on marsh,
+pond or overflow, from Washington to Mexico.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i074.png" width="600" height="363" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">CANVASBACK (Aythya vallisnaria)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE CANVASBACK</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Aythya vallisneria)</div>
+
+<p>The canvasback, the duck par excellence of the Eastern
+states, is very plentiful in the more northern portions
+of the territorial scope of these articles, though I
+have seen them in good numbers on the lakes of Mexico.
+It is the general supposition that the canvasback breeds
+in the far north, but from the fact that they are found
+on the lakes of Mexico as early as October, they must
+also breed on the higher lakes of our mountains. On
+our lower marshes they are a late duck, but they appear
+on our mountain lakes quite early in the season. Canvasback
+shooting on our waters affords the finest of
+sport, as it does not partake so much of flock shooting
+as it does on the Chesapeake and the Delaware rivers.
+While I certainly prefer our shooting, by no means do
+I prefer our ducks. When killed on the mountain lakes,
+our canvasback possesses nearly if not quite as fine
+flavor as do those of the Eastern states, but when killed
+on the bays and salt marshes of California they are
+fishy and barely palatable. This is caused by the absence
+of the so-called wild celery, properly tape grass
+(<b>Vallisneria spiralis</b>), the common food of the Eastern
+canvasback. Our birds have the habit of feeding largely
+on the shallow waters of the tide lands and marshes and
+of consuming large quantities of crustaceans, such as
+clams, crabs, mussels and the like, and it takes but a
+few days' diet of this kind to make the canvasback about
+the poorest of ducks. I have killed these ducks on the
+high lakes and ponds of Mexico, when, on account of
+something they fed upon, they were really unfit to eat.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p>
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Male&mdash;Head and neck, nearly black; back,
+light gray; bill, black, and forming nearly a straight
+line from the tip to the crown of the head; belly and
+flanks, nearly white.</p>
+
+<p>Female&mdash;Head and neck, cinnamon brown, paler on
+the throat; back, dark gray.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest of the canvasback is generally
+found on some little knoll in the marsh, and is
+lined with dead grass and feathers, and often with considerable
+down. The eggs, which are about ten in number,
+are of a dark creamy white.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length, from 18 to 22 inches;
+the more northern birds within the territory here covered
+will always be found considerably larger than those
+of the more southern latitudes. Wing, 8 to 9 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches,
+and bill about 2 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i076.png" width="600" height="360" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">RED-HEAD (Aythya americana)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE RED-HEAD</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Aythya americana)</div>
+
+<p>The red-head is quite a common duck in the southern
+sections of the Coast hunting grounds. Though purely
+a bay or salt-water duck, that is, belonging to the subfamily
+<b>Fuligulin&aelig;</b>, it is not found to any great extent
+on the salt-water marshes, preferring the higher lakes,
+ponds and reservoirs of the mountain valleys and foothills.
+I found them one season in great numbers on
+the San Rafael marshes, high up in the mountains of
+Lower California, and all the shooting two friends and
+myself wished to do had no effect in driving them away,
+although the ponds of the marsh were few and small.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Male&mdash;Head and neck, reddish chestnut; lower
+neck and upper breast, sooty brown, a mixture of finely
+penciled lines of gray and brown; speculum, gray; back,
+gray; feathers on the top of the head almost form a
+crest; bill, lead color.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p>
+<p>Female&mdash;Head and neck, light cinnamon brown, very
+pale on the sides of the head near the bill, and throat
+nearly white; breast and shoulders, dirty light brown,
+and back a darker dirty brown.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest, like that of the canvasback,
+is generally built in the marsh or on the low banks of
+a lake, usually lined with down and contains about ten
+eggs of a brownish buff color.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length, about 20 inches; wing,
+8 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> to 8 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>; bill barely 2 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> inches.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i078.png" width="600" height="359" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">AMERICAN SCAUP DUCK OR BLUE-BILL (Aythya marila neartica)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE AMERICAN SCAUP, OR BLUE-BILL</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Aythya marila neartica)</div>
+
+<p>The American scaup, or blue-bill, the lesser scaup
+(<b>Aythya affinis</b>) and the ring-neck (<b>Aythya collaris</b>)
+are very plentiful from Washington to Mexico. These
+three species are generally grouped together by the
+sportsmen of the Coast under the name of black jacks,
+black ducks, black-heads or blue-bills; all three species
+being considered as belonging to the one variety, and
+the lesser scaup (<b>Aythya affinis</b>) as the younger birds.
+With the males, at least, there should be no excuse for
+this error, for they can be easily distinguished by the
+color of the speculum, or bright band on the wings, and
+by the color of the metallic sheen of the head and neck.
+The speculum of the American scaup, or larger blue-bill,
+is white, the head and neck showing a greenish
+sheen, quite pronounced in the sunlight. The lesser
+scaup, or little blue-bill (<b>Aythya affinis</b>) has a white
+speculum also, but the sheen of the head and neck is
+purple. The ring-neck (<b>Aythya collaris</b>), has a gray
+speculum, which, though quite light in color, can easily
+be distinguished from the pure white of the other two.
+The metallic sheen of the head of the ring-neck is a dark
+indigo blue. The bill of the ring-neck is quite different
+from that of the scaups, being much darker in color and
+more of a sooty tinge and with a faint bluish band
+across it about half an inch from the end. The females
+of all three species resemble each other very closely,
+but the difference in size will generally determine to
+which species they belong. The two blue-bills can be
+told from the female ring-neck by their white speculums.
+The female ring-neck has the gray of the male,
+but this does not distinguish it from the female red-head.
+The smaller size of the ring-neck and darker
+appearance of the head and neck will always indicate
+to which species the female belongs. The bill of the
+female red-head meets the skull in quite an abrupt manner,
+while hat of the ring-neck has more of the sloping
+character of the canvasback.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p>
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Male&mdash;Head and neck, black, showing a green
+luster in the sun; back, gray, finely lined with black;
+under parts, white; speculum, white.</p>
+
+<p>Female&mdash;Head, dead brown, with a light gray patch
+at the base of the bill blending into the brown of the
+head; breast and back, dirty brown; under parts, white;
+speculum, white; bill, bluish.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest is a crude affair near the
+water's edge, containing about ten pale olive-buff eggs.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length, about 18 inches; wing,
+8 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>, and bill, 1 <sup>7</sup>/<sub>8</sub> inches. The females are but a trifle smaller.</p>
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE LESSER SCAUP, OR LITTLE BLUE-BILL</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Aythya affinis)</div>
+
+<p>The little blue-bill, or lesser scaup, like its larger
+relative, is a cosmopolitan species, and commonly met
+with in flocks of the other, which has led to the common
+error of classing the two together, the one as the
+elder and the other as the younger birds.</p>
+
+<p>While in general color and markings they are very
+similar, there is so much difference in their size that
+they should be easily distinguished. With the males
+this is very easy for the head of the larger species has
+a green sheen, the head of the lesser has a purple sheen
+as shown in the sun. The bill of this species is more
+of a blue and much smaller, being not over 1 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches
+in length.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;The color and markings are the same as the
+American scaup, with the exception that the metallic
+sheen of the head, as already mentioned, is purple.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The same as the American scaup.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length, about 16 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches; wing,
+7 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>, and bill 1 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i080.png" width="600" height="359" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">RING-NECK (Aythya collaris)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE RING-NECK</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Aythya collaris)</div>
+
+<p>In the breeding season the ring-neck male has a dirty
+orange ring around the neck which disappears wholly,
+or nearly so, before the beginning of the hunting season.
+The ring-neck is generally more plentiful on the
+fresh waters. I have seen great numbers of them at
+the mouth of the Colorado river. In fact, both the ring-neck
+and the lesser scaup range much farther south
+than do the larger species, for while few of the larger
+scaup are seen in Mexico, great quantities of the little
+blue-bills are found throughout the republic, especially
+on the salt marshes of the two coasts. All of these
+three species breed along the mountain lakes from California
+north.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>
+<b>Color</b>&mdash;Male&mdash;Head and neck, black, with an indigo
+sheen when turned in the sun. This will always distinguish
+it from the larger blue-bill whose sheen is
+green and the lesser blue-bill whose sheen is purple.
+The speculum is gray; bill, bluish with a pale blue band
+across it about a half inch from the end.</p>
+
+<p>Female&mdash;The female of this species resembles the female
+of the red-head very closely. It is considerable
+darker, however, and the bill joins the head without
+the marked indentation seen in the red-head.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest and eggs are the same as
+the scaups.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length, 17 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches; wing, 8,
+and bill, 2 inches.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i082.png" width="600" height="361" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">RUDDY DUCK (Erismatura rubida)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE RUDDY DUCK, OR WIRE-TAIL</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Erismatura rubida)</div>
+
+<p>The ruddy duck is a very common duck on our shooting
+grounds, from one end to the other, though as a
+rule it is not much sought after by our sportsmen.
+When feeding on the salt marshes they are not very
+palatable, it is true, but when killed on fresh waters
+they are one of our finest flavored ducks, if properly
+cooked. After refusing many shots at these little ducks
+and even many times failing to carry home those I did
+kill, it remained for Mr. Babcock, then of the Coronado
+Hotel, of San Diego, California, to demonstrate to me
+the real value of the ruddy duck. I was one of the
+party shooting with him on his preserve at Otay dam.
+When we came into the house after our morning's shoot,
+a most enjoyable one, he asked each member of the
+party what kind of duck he wished for his dinner. Mallards,
+canvasbacks, sprigs and widgeons had been
+named, so when he came to me I answered that any
+kind would do me. To this he replied: "Then you shall
+have one of my favorites." When dinner was ready,
+before each plate was a beautifully roasted duck of the
+species chosen by the member of the party for whom
+that plate was laid, but the plates in front of Mr. Babcock
+and myself each contained two plump little birds
+that I did not recognize in their undress uniform. After
+I had tasted of one, Mr. Babcock asked: "How do you
+like my selection?" "Very much," I answered, "but
+what are they? I never ate anything better." "The
+much despised ruddy," was his reply, "the superior of
+the canvasback when properly handled." The best evidence
+that I fully endorsed all that he claimed for the
+ruddy duck is the fact that there was nothing left of
+my two birds but well-picked bones. The ruddy duck
+may well be called a resident species over the whole
+of the Pacific Coast shooting grounds, for they breed
+not only on the lakes and streams, but on the lower
+marshes as well, throughout the whole territory.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p>
+<p>The ruddy duck is known by a number of names such
+as "wire tail," "dipper," "bullet-head," "buffle-head," etc.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Male&mdash;Top of head, dark brown; sides of head
+below the eye, dirty white; upper parts, brown; no
+speculum on the wing; axillars, very light gray with
+light brown shafts; tail, broad and stiff with the feathers
+pointed; under parts, dirty white.</p>
+
+<p>Female&mdash;Much the color of the male, but more of a
+dirty brown. Side of the head and throat, dirty gray.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nests are usually built on little
+hillocks in the marshes, and contain from six to eight
+dirty white eggs.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;The ruddy is a small duck with a very
+rounded body. Total length, about 15 inches; wing, 6,
+and bill, 1 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches, strongly depressed in the center.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i084.png" width="600" height="362" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE (Glaucionetta clangula americana)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Glaucionetta clangula americana)</div>
+
+<p>The American golden-eye is a visitor from the far
+north to the northern portions of the territory covered
+by this work. An occasional straggler is killed as far
+south as San Francisco, but they are a cold country
+bird. They are more common in the interior of Washington
+and Oregon than along the coast.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Male&mdash;Head and upper half of neck, dark
+green with a metallic sheen; a nearly round patch of
+white between the eye and the base of the bill; lower
+part of neck, most of the back and the under parts,
+white; upper part of the back, rump and tail, black;
+wings, mostly white.</p>
+
+<p>Female&mdash;Head and upper neck, brown; gray spot at
+the base of the bill; breast and under parts, gray; back
+and most of the wings, brownish black.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest is usually built in a hollow
+tree or stump and contains about ten eggs of a bluish
+white color.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length, about 19 inches; wing,
+9, and bill, 1 <sup>7</sup>/<sub>8</sub>. Female about one-tenth smaller.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i090.png" width="600" height="359" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">BARROW'S GOLDEN-EYE (Glaucionetta ilandica)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></p>
+<div class="caption2">BARROW'S GOLDEN-EYE</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Glaucionetta ilandica)</div>
+
+<p>Barrow's golden-eye is another duck that is seen, but
+little within the Pacific Coast hunting grounds, and only
+then near the coast sections of the northern part. They
+are found more plentiful on the islands along the north
+Pacific coast.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;The male resembles the American golden-eye
+very closely, except that the head of the Barrow's is
+more of a purple, or greenish purple. The white at the
+base of the bill is also different, it being a crescent
+shape instead of round.</p>
+
+<p>The female differs in the head being more of a cinnamon
+brown, and the back more of a gray and slightly
+mottled with brown.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest, Eggs and Measurements</b>&mdash;The same as the
+American golden-eye.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i086.png" width="600" height="358" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">BUTTER-BALL (Charitonetta albeola)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE BUTTER-BALL</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Charitonetta albeola)</div>
+
+<p>The butter-ball, or buffle-head, is another common
+duck all over the country. But where we have so many
+larger and better ducks they are little sought for, and
+are generally considered poor shooting. Yet I recall
+one occasion when with a friend I was shooting on a
+couple of foothill ponds where many of these little ducks
+had congregated, they furnished us with fine sport. The
+larger ducks were soon scared away, but the little butter-balls
+would not leave. One of us was stationed at
+each pond and we soon had them all in the air.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Male&mdash;Head, greenish purple, with a strong
+metallic luster; white patch running from the eye to the
+back of the head; feathers of the head long, forming a
+crest; back, black; under parts white and a broad white
+patch on the wing.</p>
+
+<p>Female&mdash;The female is a very modestly colored bird
+to have so gaudy a mate. Head and upper parts, a
+dark, dead brown; under parts, white; speculum, white;
+a small, elongated white spot on the side of the head.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p>
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest is usually built on some
+elevation such as a stump or log; some times in a tree.
+The eggs, numbering eight to ten, are of a pale buff
+color.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length, 11 to 12 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches; wing,
+about 6, and bill, 1 inch.</p>
+<br />
+
+
+<div class="caption2">THE OLD SQUAW, OR LONG-TAILED DUCK</div>
+<div class="caption2">(Clangula hyemalis)</div>
+
+<p>The old squaw, or long-tailed duck, comes but little
+into California, though a few are killed each year in
+Washington and Oregon. I killed one several years ago
+as far south as Los Angeles county, California, the only
+one I have ever known to get that far away from his
+northern home.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Male&mdash;As the winter plumage is the only garb
+that one of this species will be seen in on these hunting
+grounds, I will only mention it. Head, white, with a
+patch of brownish black on the side of the head and
+side of the neck; breast, black, continuing over the
+back; belly, white; wings, white; a band of yellow
+across the bill; central tail feathers, black and very
+long.</p>
+
+<p>Female&mdash;Head, white, with a dark patch on the top
+and on the side; breast and back, smoky black; under
+parts, white; no long feathers in the tail.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i088.png" width="600" height="360" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">HARLEQUIN DUCK (Histrionicus histrionicus)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE HARLEQUIN DUCK</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Histrionicus histrionicus)</div>
+
+<p>The harlequin duck is a northern bird that comes but
+little into the United States on either coast. A few
+stragglers are met with in Oregon and Washington, and
+an occasional one is killed in California. These and the
+old squaw add a pleasing variety to our mounted collections,
+but nothing to our sport.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;The accompanying illustration is the best description
+of this duck that can be given, as the colors
+are white and a brownish black. It is about the size
+of the widgeon.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i091.png" width="600" height="360" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">WHITE-WINGED SCOTER (Oidemia deglandi)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE SCOTERS</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Oidemia deglandi&mdash;Oidemia americana)</div>
+
+<p>The scoters, or coots, as they are called on the Atlantic
+coast, are all found on this coast southward to
+Mexico. Of these the white-winged scoter (<b>Oidemia
+deglandi</b>) is the most common, being found in large
+numbers on all the bays and inlets of the coast as far
+south as the Magdalena bay, Lower California.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="caption2">
+Order, ANSERES<br />
+Family, ANATIDAE Subfamily, FULIGULINAE.<br />
+(Bay and sea ducks)</div>
+<br />
+<table style="width:100%" class="smaller" summary="Bay and Sea Ducks">
+<tr>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Genus</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Species</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Common Names</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Range and Breeding Grounds</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td rowspan="5">Aythya</td>
+  <td rowspan="5" style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf1.png" width="20" height="285" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>vallisneria</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Canvasback</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From Northern Mexico north. Breeds on the higher lakes from Eastern Oregon to the Arctic.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>americana</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Red-head</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From Central Mexico north. Breeds on the interior lakes from Eastern Oregon north.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>neartica</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>American&nbsp;scaup<br />Blue-bill<br />Black-jack</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From Central California north. Breeds on the interior lakes from Washington north.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>affinis</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Lesser&nbsp;scaup<br />Blue-bill<br />Black-jack</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From northern Mexico north. Breeds on the interior lakes from Washington north to the Arctic.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>collaris</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Ring-neck<br />Black-jack</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From Central California north. More common on fresh waters. Breeds on the interior lakes from Oregon to the Arctic.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td rowspan="2">Glaucionetta</td>
+  <td rowspan="2" style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf1.png" width="20" height="135" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>americana</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td style="width:9.5em;">American&nbsp;golden-eye</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Rare south of Oregon. Breeds from northern Washington north.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>islandica</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Barrows&nbsp;golden-eye</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Very rare south of Puget Sound. Found only along the coast. Breed on the Aleutian Islands and Alaska north.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Charitonetta</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>albeola</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Buffle-head<br /><br />Butter-ball</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From Central Mexican coast north. Breeds along the coast from Washington north.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Erismatura</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>rubida</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Ruddy duck<br /><br />Wire-tail</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From Central Mexico north. Breeds on the mountain lakes throughout its range.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td rowspan="2">Oidemia</td>
+  <td rowspan="2" style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf1.png" width="20" height="155" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>americana</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Americas scoter<br /><br />Black coot</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From the Lower California coast north. Breeds on the Aleutian Islands and the Alaska coast.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>deglandi</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>White-winged&nbsp;scoter<br /><br />White-winged coot</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From the Lower California coast north. Breeds on the Aleutian Islands and the Alaska coast.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<a name="THE_GEESE_OF_THE_PACIFIC_COAST"></a>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></p>
+<div class="caption2">THE GEESE OF THE PACIFIC COAST</div>
+
+<p>The hunting grounds of the Pacific Coast have a
+greater variety of geese than any other section of
+America. Here are to be found every species known
+to the Eastern states, except the barnacle brant of the
+Atlantic. But in return for the absence of this species
+of sea brant we have the black sea brant, the white-cheeked
+goose, the ross goose, the emperor goose (none
+of which are found east of the Rocky Mountains) and
+the hutchins goose, the lesser snow goose, the white-fronted
+goose and the little brown brant, which are only
+stragglers east of the Mississippi valley, and only sparingly
+seen that far east. Thus it will be seen that within
+the Pacific Coast hunting grounds there are four genera
+and nine species of the goose family. All of these
+are found in the northern parts of these hunting
+grounds, but only about one-half of them visit the southern
+parts. Increased areas of cultivation, the drainage
+of vast sections of marshy lands and the absence of
+laws for their protection have greatly reduced the once
+wonderful supply.</p>
+
+<p>Acres of geese sounds fabulous, yet miles of geese is
+the only expression which conveys an adequate idea of
+the wonderful numbers in which these birds were seen
+on the Coast half a century ago. The great majority
+of the geese of the Coast at that time were of the white
+varieties, and it is a veritable fact that in California,
+and especially in the Sacramento, San Joaquin and Los Angeles
+valleys, these geese congregated during the
+winter months in such numbers as to whiten the plains
+for miles. Many flocks of honkers were mixed with
+them, as well as some of the other darker varieties.
+These darker species of the family, however, were far
+more plentiful in the northern parts of the State than
+in the southern. That part of the Sacramento valley
+known as the Maine Prairies has always been a favorite
+feeding place for the Canada goose and its subspecies.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="Canada Goose and Brant image">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i094.png" width="600" height="360" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>
+    <table width="610" class="center" summary="names">
+<tr>
+  <td>CANADA GOOSE<br />(Branta canadensis)</td>
+  <td>BROWN BRANT<br />(Branta minima)</td>
+</tr>
+    </table>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p>
+<div class="caption2">THE CANADA GOOSE, OR HONKER</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Branta canadensis)</div>
+
+<p>The Canada goose, or honker as it is commonly called,
+was and is quite common on the Coast. This goose, the
+largest of the Americans, has a wide distribution, ranging
+from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the Arctic
+to Central America. They breed as far south as southern
+Oregon, at any rate, and possibly on the higher
+mountain lakes as far south as Mexico, for they seem
+to make their appearance on the Coast shooting grounds
+of Mexico nearly, if not quite, as early as they do here.</p>
+
+<p>The flesh of the Canada goose is the equal if not the
+superior of the tame goose. Its flight, except when migrating
+long distances, is generally low, and in such
+cases it can be called by the hunter to within shooting
+distance.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Head and neck, black, with a white stripe running
+from the chin back of the eye to near the top of
+the head; upper parts, dark brownish gray; breast,
+dull, light gray, grading into white at the abdomen;
+tail and wings, black. Both sexes alike.</p>
+
+<p><b>Eggs and Nest</b>&mdash;The nest is generally built of sticks
+and grass, lined with feathers, and either in the marshes
+or on the banks of a stream, and rarely if ever contain
+more than six or seven, and often not more than
+four, eggs of a very light brownish white.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Wing, about 19 inches; bill, about
+1 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> inches.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i096.png" width="600" height="360" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">WHITE-CHEEKED GOOSE (Branta canadensis occidentalis)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE WHITE-CHEEKED GOOSE</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Branta canadensis occidentalis)</div>
+
+<p>The white-cheeked goose, known also as Mexican
+goose, is found only on the Pacific Coast and never east
+of the Cascades in Washington and Oregon, or the
+Sierra Nevadas in California. In fact, they are generally
+confined to localities not far from the ocean.
+While both the honker and the Hutchins goose have a
+white cheek, the white of the honker meets under the
+chin or blends into a gray, but the white of the white-cheeked
+variety is separated either with a distinct black
+stripe under the chin or a mottled black and white one.
+Also the black of the neck of the white-cheeked goose
+and the brownish gray of the breast is very generally
+separated by a white collar, though sometimes this is
+so faint as to be almost indistinguishable.</p>
+
+<p>The white-cheeked goose is rarely seen south of
+Monterey Bay, California.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>
+<b>Color</b>&mdash;Same as the Canada goose, except that the
+white on the cheeks is either separated under the chin
+by a black stripe or by only a very few white feathers in
+the black. Between the neck and the dull gray of the
+breast is a narrow white stripe, or collar. This some
+times is very faint, and, in fact, some times, though
+very rarely, absent. This absence of the collar is quite
+likely caused by its inter-grading with the Hutchins
+goose.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The same as the Canada goose.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Wing, never more than 16 inches;
+bill, not more than 1 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> inches.</p>
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE HUTCHINS GOOSE</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Branta canadensis hutchinsii)</div>
+
+<p>We have on the Pacific Coast four varieties of the
+<b>Branta canadensis</b>, or that species to which belongs the
+Canada goose, all resembling each other closely except
+in size. Two of these species are generally considered
+honkers by most of our sportsmen, while others have
+two or three local names for them, among which are
+Mexican goose and Lower California goose. The fact
+is that while the Canada goose is quite common on the
+coasts of Mexico, neither the Hutchins goose nor the
+white-cheeked goose migrate that far south.</p>
+
+<p>The Hutchins goose so closely resembles the Canada
+goose, or honker as it is popularly called, that it is
+principally distinguished by its smaller size and a considerable
+difference in the call. The Hutchins goose
+ranges as far east as the Mississippi valley, and on
+the Pacific Coast south only to about Santa Barbara
+county, California. This is one of the two varieties that
+is given the local names of Mexican and Lower California
+goose.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Same as the Canada goose, from which it is
+only distinguished by its smaller size and a considerable
+difference in its call.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;Same as the Canada goose.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Wing, not more than 17 inches; bill,
+1 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches.</p>
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE CACKLING GOOSE, OR BROWN BRANT</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Branta canadensis minima)</div>
+
+<p>The cackling goose, known also as brown brant and
+gray brant, is the most common of the four varieties
+and much the smallest. (<a href="#Page_104">See illustration.</a>) Its markings
+are the same as the Canada goose, but its under
+parts are somewhat darker. While in total length it is
+fully half that of the honker, in weight it is not more
+than one-third. The cackling geese are commonly found
+in flocks of the white geese, both in their feeding and
+their migrations. This species ranges east as far as
+the Mississippi valley and south on the Coast as far as
+the mouth of the Colorado river and to some extent
+into Lower California. It is more numerous than any
+other of the dark colored geese of the Pacific Coast.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>
+<b>Color</b>&mdash;The same as the Canada goose, with the exception
+that it is a little darker on the under parts.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The same as the Canada goose, but
+the eggs number as high as ten.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Wing, 13 to 14 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches; bill, from
+one to one and one-eighth.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i098.png" width="600" height="366" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">
+    <table width="610" class="center" summary="names">
+<tr>
+  <td>LESSER SNOW GOOSE<br  />(Chen hyperborea)</td>
+  <td>ROSS GOOSE<br  />(Chen rossii)</td>
+</tr>
+    </table>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE SNOW GOOSE, OR WHITE GOOSE</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Chen hyperborea)</div>
+
+<p>The lesser snow geese, commonly called white geese,
+are the larger of the two species of white geese so
+numerous on the Coast. They not only feed, but migrate
+in great flocks, and these migrations often take
+place at night when their sharp cries will be heard high
+in the air. The lesser snow goose is found as far east
+as the Mississippi valley and south on the Pacific Coast
+to San Diego. Occasionally a few are seen at Ensenada
+and the valley of the Palms in Lower California. The
+meat is tough and poor in flavor and, therefore, they are
+hunted but little except by the market hunters, who,
+somehow, succeed in selling a good number of them
+to the uninitiated.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Pure white, with black bill and legs; the primaries,
+or long feathers of the wings, are black.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nests are made close to the
+water's edge and contain about ten dirty white eggs.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Wing, about 16 inches; bill, 2 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub>
+inches.</p>
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE ROSS GOOSE, OR LITTLE WHITE GOOSE</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Chen rossii)</div>
+
+<p>The Ross goose has been given the name of China
+goose by many who wanted some distinguishing nomenclature
+for them, when in fact the Ross goose is purely
+an American Pacific Coast bird. Like the snow goose
+it is pure white with black primary plumes. Young
+birds of both species are occasionally seen in the early
+part of the season more or less mottled on the breast
+with yellowish gray feathers. The Ross goose is only
+about half the size of the snow goose. Aside from this
+it can always be known by the warty appearance of the
+upper half of the bill. They are commonly seen, both
+in feeding and in their migrations, mixed in the flocks
+of the snow geese. Occasionally they are seen as far
+east as Utah and Montana, but only in small numbers.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>
+The Ross goose migrates as far south as Central
+Mexico, great numbers of them congregating on Lake
+Chapala, in the state of Jalisco.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Same as the snow goose.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Wing, about 14 inches; bill, 2 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub>, with
+warty excresences on the upper part.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i100.png" width="600" height="359" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE, OR SPECKLE-BREAST (Anser albifrons gambeli)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">WHITE FRONTED GOOSE</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Anser albifrons gambeli)</div>
+
+<p>The white-fronted goose, or speckle-breast as it is
+commonly called, is quite common on the Coast south to
+Mexico, where great numbers congregate on Lake Chapala,
+Jalisco. This is another western species, though
+ranging to some extent as far east as the Mississippi
+valley and an occasional flock wanders even to the Atlantic
+coast. The breasts of the old birds are commonly
+profusely speckled with black feathers. The
+white-fronted goose is a little more exclusive in its
+habits than any of the others named, being generally
+found in flocks by themselves. As a table bird the meat
+is quite palatable, and large numbers are sold in the
+markets.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Head, grayish brown, with a white spot at the
+junction of the bill, but this is absent from the young
+birds; neck, lighter, shading into white or dull white on
+the breast, mottled with black; back, ashy gray, edged
+with brown; shafts of the quills, white; bill and legs,
+light pink.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest is usually well made and
+lined with feathers and down. The eggs number about
+seven or eight, and are of a pale greenish white.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Wing, 16 inches; bill, 2 inches.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i102.png" width="600" height="362" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">EMPEROR GOOSE (Philacte canagica)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE EMPEROR GOOSE</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Philacte canagica)</div>
+
+<p>The Emperor goose is a north Pacific species, breeding
+principally on the islands of the Alaska coast. The
+great majority of these birds winter well to the north
+of us, though a number venture southward into California
+to Humboldt bay and even south of that. A small
+flock or two is seen almost every winter on the marshes
+near San Francisco. A close watch of the markets
+will reveal one or two offered for sale almost every
+winter.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>
+<b>Color</b>&mdash;Head and back of neck, white; throat, brownish
+gray, shading into light gray on the breast and
+abdomen; back, a little darker; the feathers being gray,
+tipped with lighter gray, with a sub-terminal band of
+brownish gray; legs, flesh color.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nests are usually found on the
+small islands of the salt marshes, and contain eight to
+ten eggs of a dull white color.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Wing, about 15 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches; bill, 1 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>
+inches.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i104.png" width="600" height="357" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">BLACK SEA BRANT (Branta nigricans)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE BLACK SEA BRANT</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Branta nigricans)</div>
+
+<p>The black sea brant is another purely Pacific Coast
+species, found nowhere else except as a straggler. They
+resemble the barnacle brant of the Atlantic (<b>Branta
+barnicla</b>) except in the shape of the head and bill. A
+differing characteristic, however, is that the white speckling
+on the sides of the neck of the barnacle brant extends
+all around the front of the neck in the case of the
+black sea brant. As their name implies, these are purely
+seabirds, rarely flying over the land even, and only
+found in such bays as produce the eel grass on which
+they feed almost exclusively. I only know of the following
+places within the Pacific Coast shooting grounds
+where the black sea brant is found. These are: Puget
+sound, Washington; Coos bay, Oregon; Humboldt, Tomales,
+Moro and San Diego bays, California, and Magdalena
+bay, Lower California. In most of these places
+they ate plentiful during the winter season. Of all
+birds that fall to the aim of the sportsman, the black
+sea brant is the most difficult to get within range of.
+This is only accomplished by great caution and a good
+deal of strategy, but when they are brought to bag the
+reward is a full compensation, for of all the waterfowl
+their flesh is the most delicious. The sea brant is rarely
+found away from the haunts mentioned, yet the bird
+from which the accompanying illustration was made
+was killed from a small flock that had strayed into
+the lower end of San Francisco bay, near Redwood City,
+and was mounted by that accomplished sportsman and
+taxidermist, Chase Littlejohn, of that place.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;General color, black; throat, with a white
+or speckled ring all around the neck, except a small
+portion of the back; flanks, mottled white and black;
+under tail feathers, white.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest is only a depression on the
+ground, but nicely lined with down. The eggs, numbering
+six to eight, are of a dull white.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Wing, 13 inches; bill, 1 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p>
+<div class="caption2">THE SWANS</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Olor columbianus) and (Olor buccinator)</div>
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption3">(Subfamily, CYGNINAE)</div>
+
+<p>Both the whistling swan (<b>Olor columbianus</b>) and the
+trumpeter swan (<b>Olor buccinator</b>) were once very plentiful
+on the Pacific Coast hunting grounds, as far south
+as central California, and especially so on the Columbia
+river and the lakes of Oregon and Washington. A
+few were met with also as far south as San Diego county,
+California.</p>
+
+<p>I shall never forget the first two swans I ever killed
+and my experience with them. It was the first winter
+after I came to California and I was living in Los Angeles,
+then a little Mexican village, and three of us
+were doing our own housekeeping. Whatever the reason&mdash;most
+likely from some hallucination of boyhood&mdash;I
+entertained the belief that swans must be exceedingly
+fine eating. As I prided myself then, just after crossing
+the plains, upon being a good cook, great preparations
+were made for an extra fine feast on what I fancied
+would be a delicious bird. We had a good stove and
+the first of the two swans was carefully "stuffed" with
+the choicest dressing, consisting of the combined suggestions
+of the three of us. It was placed in the oven,
+the fire carefully tended and the magnificent bird repeatedly
+"basted." When it was ready and placed on
+the table it fell to my lot to do the carving. Having
+drawn my knife across the hunger-producing carcass
+without making any perceptible impression, I decided
+that it must be the fault of a dull knife. Among our
+table furnishings we had no sharpening steel, a scythe
+stone doing service in its stead. I hunted this up and
+began on the knife with the "mower's challenge" stroke
+and soon had an edge that would have cut through anything
+less than an eighty-pound rail. With no little effort
+I amputated the legs and the wings, and cutting
+a generous piece from one side of the breast passed it
+to one of my companions, who at once began on it with
+his knife. A few attempts to sever it and he reached
+for the scythe stone. Then when he began chewing on
+the segregated piece he declared that it was not cooked
+enough. A dispute followed as to whether it is over-cooking
+or under-cooking that makes a bird tough. With
+this momentous question still unsettled we decided that
+some of the many ingredients that we had put into the
+"stuffing" must have given the meat its sole-leather
+consistency. We had a couple of hounds, whose teeth
+had been well tested in many a coyote kill, and we
+passed this first swan up to them.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></p>
+<p>The next day the other bird was worked into a fine
+stew and well cooked. When served the stew was fine.
+The dumplings were light and fairly melted in our
+mouths; the red peppers were hot; the aroma of onions
+was just of that degree to suggest the ambrosia of the
+gods; but the swan! Well, the hounds ate it through
+the compulsion of hunger.</p>
+
+<p>A half-grown swan, however, is very good eating.</p>
+
+<p>There is very little difference in the two varieties. The
+whistling swan being more of a northern bird, rarely
+migrating as far south as central California. About the
+only noticeable difference is that the whistling swan
+has a small yellow spot at the V-shaped point of the bill
+where it meets the eye.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<a name="THE_WADERS_AND_SHORE_BIRDS"></a>
+<div class="caption2">THE WADERS AND SHORE BIRDS</div>
+
+<p>The Pacific Coast is especially rich in waders and
+shore birds, there being upwards of forty species that
+are more or less common, with some ten or more that
+are occasional visitors. Of these few can be considered
+game birds, while others are so small that they are
+rarely shot by our sportsmen. Many of both the waders
+and the shore birds are constant residents. Others
+come from still farther south for breeding purposes,
+while still others breed north of us and migrate throughout
+the territorial scope of these articles to spend their
+winters.</p>
+
+<p>The shore birds, while very common, are hunted but
+little by the sportsmen of this region, and many of the
+smaller species that are considered quite a delicacy by
+our eastern brethren are passed by entirely by our lovers
+of the gun. The reasons for this will be obvious to
+all who have read the preceding pages and noted the
+abundance and great variety of larger and better game.
+By better game I mean birds that furnish better sport
+by requiring more skill in approaching them and better
+marksmanship in bringing them to bag. The little mountain
+plover, of the southern part of the Coast, while not
+surpassed even by the jack snipe as a table delicacy,
+are hunted but little, even where they are very abundant,
+because there is little sport to be had in shooting
+them. And the same is true, in a great measure, of
+several other species. Sportsmen, therefore, are little
+acquainted with these birds either as to their names,
+gastronomic merits or means of identification.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<a name="Page_107"></a>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i107.png" width="600" height="351" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">WHITE-FACED GLOSSY IBIS (Plegadis gaurauna)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="caption2">THE HERONS and IBISES</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Order, <span class="smcap">Herodiones</span>)</div>
+
+<p>While none of the order <b>Herodiones</b>, which includes
+the storks, herons, ibises and bitterns, can be considered
+game birds, they are so common about our waters,
+and some of them add such a charm to the scene by
+their beautiful plumage and graceful movement, that
+mention of some of them here will not be out of place.</p>
+
+<p>The great blue heron (<b>Ardea herodias</b>) is the most
+common of these waders. With his long, gracefully
+curved neck and slender legs he wades with stately
+mien along the shallow waters of the lakes, marshes
+and streams, both summer and winter, for he is to the
+manner born and has no desire to seek other lands or
+other climes. The herons are said to be destructive to
+fish. This can be to a limited extent only, for they
+subsist very largely on the enemies of the fish, destroying
+hundreds of snakes, water lizards and other
+fish destroyers.</p>
+
+<p>The snowy heron, or white crane as it is commonly
+called (<b>Ardea candidissima</b>), is another handsome wader
+that lends a charm to the lakes, ponds and streams
+from Oregon south through Mexico. Built on the same
+graceful lines as its blue relative, and with a plumage
+as white as the purest snow, it never fails to attract
+attention.</p>
+
+<p>Three representatives of the family <b>Ibidid&aelig;</b> are found
+here and present a pleasing and interesting group.</p>
+
+<p>The white-faced glossy ibis (<b>Plegadis guarauna</b>)
+ranges over the larger portion of the Coast, but
+from Lower California north only for breeding purposes.
+Its long curved bill, slim, gracefully bent neck, shapely
+body, tall legs and irridescent reflections of its plumage
+in the sunlight, place it among the most attractive of
+North American birds. Unlike the herons they are gregarious
+and are, therefore, seen in flocks of varying
+size. The glossy ibis is often called bronze curlew, but
+this is a bad misnomer, as they are in no way related
+to the curlew.</p>
+
+<p>Another of the family is the white ibis (<b>Guara alba</b>).
+These are quite common in Lower California and Mexico.
+They rarely migrate into California, though they
+venture much to the north of us in a northeastern direction,
+reaching the shores of the Great Salt Lake,
+during the breeding season. The scarlet ibis (<b>Guara
+rubra</b>), the other member of the family, is confined to
+Mexico, so far as these articles are concerned.</p>
+
+<p>The American egret (<b>Ardea egretta</b>) ranges from Oregon
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>
+south to South America. It was at one time quite
+plentiful in California, but its handsome plumes attracted
+the eye of the milliner, which in turn aroused
+the cupidity of the market hunter, and these beautiful
+birds are now rare north of Lower California and Mexico,
+and are rapidly decreasing even there. The reddish
+egret (<b>Ardea rufescens</b>) is an inhabitant of Lower
+California and Mexico, not coming north of these places.
+Though not as handsome as the white egret, it is also
+being exterminated for the same purposes.</p>
+
+<p>The birds that I have so far mentioned, while not
+game birds, are so constantly before the eyes of the
+sportsmen who engage in waterfowl shooting that they
+can not help but be interested in them. They add a
+variety and a beauty to the scene, and many an hour's
+wait, that otherwise would have been tedious, has
+passed away pleasantly in watching the graceful movements
+of some one or more of these stately waders.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<a name="THE_CRANES_RAILS_GALLINULGALLINULES"></a>
+<div class="caption2">THE CRANES, RAILS, GALLINULES</div>
+
+<p>To the order, <b>Paludicolae</b>, belong the cranes, rails, gallinules
+and coots, or mudhens, as they are commonly
+called. Of the members of this order we are concerned
+only with the cranes, rails and coots. The sandhill crane
+(<b>Grus canadensis</b>) is a common visitor to all parts of the
+Coast, but more plentiful in the interior valleys than
+near the seashore. They are generally hard to approach
+and for that reason they are but little hunted by
+our sportsmen. The whooping crane (<b>Grus americana</b>)
+once common throughout the middle states, is still met
+with to considerable extent in Mexico, but it is by no
+means a common visitor.</p>
+
+<p>The California clapper rail, known also as the San
+Mateo rail (<b>Rallus obsoletus</b>), is the largest as well as
+the most important of the rail family in this section.
+At one time the clapper rail was very plentiful in certain
+localities in California and furnished abundant
+sport, though rather of a tame nature, to those who
+hunted them. Being an easy bird to kill and unsuspicious,
+they have been rapidly reduced in numbers until
+now they are in danger of extinction unless laws
+are enacted giving them better protection. The clapper
+is only a straggler south of San Francisco bay.</p>
+
+<p>The Virginia rail (<b>Rallus virginianus</b>), a species not
+more than half the size of the clapper rail, is found
+sparingly over the Coast, but principally on the fresh
+water marshes.</p>
+
+<p>The little yellow rail (<b>Porzana noveboracensis</b>) is
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>
+found on the fresh waters from central California south,
+but it is nowhere abundant.</p>
+
+<p>The black rail (<b>Porzana jamaicensis</b>) is another of
+the smaller rails that are found on the fresh waters to
+a limited extent. Both this and the last preceding one
+are so small that they are seldom shot, though as an
+article of food they are very delicate.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<a name="THE_SHORE_BIRDS"></a>
+<div class="caption2">THE SHORE BIRDS</div>
+<div class="caption2">(Order, <span class="smcap">Limicolae</span>)</div>
+
+<p>The order <b>Limicolae</b>, which is composed of the shore
+birds proper, is abundantly represented. They are seen
+wading in the shallow waters, carefully watching for
+worms, insects and other species of food upon which
+they live, boring in the soft mud, scurrying in flocks
+from place to place, or running along the beach as the
+surf recedes, picking up the jetsam of the sea, then
+taking wing or running back like a playful child to the
+higher ground as the foaming crest of the next breaker
+rushes up the sandy shingle. Or, as is the case of the
+phalaropes and some others, they may be seen riding
+lightly upon the restless billows far out at sea. Modest
+in coloring and plain in plumage, the shore birds seem
+to belong to the plebeians of the avafauna, for they
+are constant workers, always busy, always plying their
+slender legs rapidly as they hurry from one spot to another,
+never idle, never resting for a moment.</p>
+
+<p>Of the shore birds there are six families and twenty
+genera represented on the Coast. Most of them are
+quite abundant from Washington to Mexico on their
+respective feeding grounds.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i111.png" width="600" height="351" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">
+    <table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td>WILSON SNIPE, OR JACK-SNIPE<br  />(Gallinago delicata)</td>
+  <td>DOWITCHER<br  />(Macrorhamphus scolopaceus)</td>
+</tr>
+    </table>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE WILSON, OR JACK SNIPE</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Gallinago delicata)</div>
+
+<p>Of all the shore birds the jack snipe, English snipe
+or Wilson snipe as it is variously called, is the most
+highly prized as a table delicacy and furnishes the best
+sport with the dog and gun. Usually lying well for
+the dog, erratic in its flight and quick on the wing, the
+Wilson snipe is one of the most difficult birds to bring
+to bag. It is not only erratic in its flight, but it is
+erratic in its nature as well. One day it will be found
+on a given feeding ground in abundance and on the
+next not one is to be seen, while possibly the day following
+they are there again in great numbers. To this
+uncertainty and the corkscrew flight, peculiar to it
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>
+alone, is due much of the charm that jack snipe shooting
+affords. While these birds are commonly called
+jack snipe or English snipe, their proper name is Wilson
+snipe, but like the rose, no matter what the name,
+they are just as gamy and just as delicious. The Wilson
+snipe migrates here to but little extent, and these
+migrations are altitudinal rather than latitudinal. They
+breed commonly in all the mountain valleys and even
+as low down as on the Sacramento marshes south of
+the city of the same name. I found a pair breeding a
+few years ago in the low hills of San Luis Obispo county
+not half a mile from the ocean beach.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Head, black, with a central stripe of brown;
+back, a mixture of dark brown, pale brown, yellow and
+dull white; greater wing-coverts, dark brown, tipped
+with white; throat, dull white, barred with brown; a
+dark stripe running from the base of the bill across the
+eye to the occiput; under parts of the wings, dull white,
+barred with black; tail feathers, dark brown, tipped
+with white, and with a sub-terminal bar of black. No
+web between the toes.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest is a very crude affair made
+on the ground and with but little lining of any kind. It
+contains from three to four grayish eggs, blotched
+with brown.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length, 11 inches; wing, 5 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>;
+bill, 3 inches.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE DOWITCHER, OR RED-BREASTED SNIPE</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Macrorhampus scolopaceus)</div>
+
+<p>Though not of the same genus, the closet relative to
+the Wilson snipe is the dowitcher or red-breasted snipe.
+By many who are not accustomed to the Wilson snipe
+and its many vagaries, the red-breasted snipe is often
+mistaken for the former. The red-breasted snipe may
+easily be distinguished by the small web between the
+outer and middle toes. This species of the dowitcher
+is a western bird, breeding well to the north and migrating
+south to Mexico.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Head and back, more of a gray than the Wilson
+snipe, with the feathers edged with a pale buff;
+light gray stripe running from the base of the bill over
+the eye to the occiput; chin, dull white; breast, gray,
+with a tinge of cinnamon red; tail, banded with dark
+brown; a small web between the outer and middle toes,
+extending about one-fourth down the outer toe.</p>
+
+<p><b>Eggs and Nest</b>&mdash;Nest made on the ground and containing
+from three to four dull white eggs.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span></p>
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length, 10 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches; wing, 5 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub>;
+bill, about 2 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches, and with a considerable swelling
+at the end.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i113.png" width="600" height="352" title="" alt="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">GREATER YELLOW-LEGS (Totanus melanoleucus)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE GREATER YELLOW-LEGS</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Totanus melanoleucus)</div>
+
+<p>The greater yellow-legs migrates throughout the entire
+region, being common on the beaches of Washington,
+Oregon and California during the fall and early
+winter as it works its way to Lower California and
+Mexico. It somewhat resembles the godwit in coloring,
+but it is more of a grayish tinge. Its shorter bill&mdash;not
+over two and a half inches in length&mdash;will always
+distinguish it from the godwit. So, also, will its sharp
+whistling note. It is nearly as delicate a table bird as
+the Wilson snipe.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Top of head and neck, brown, with whitish
+streaks; back, brown, with the feathers edged with
+white; chin, white; breast, white, lined with narrow
+streaks of brown; bill, black, and legs, yellow.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nests are built close to the water's
+edge, containing four light buff eggs, spotted with
+brown.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length, 14 inches; wing, 7 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub>;
+bill, 2 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub>, to 2 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i115.png" width="600" height="350" title="" alt="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">MARLIN OR GODWIT (Limosa fedoa)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE MARLIN, OR MARBLED GODWIT</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Limosa fedoa)</div>
+
+<p>The marbled godwit, or marlin as it is also called,
+is one of the largest birds of the <b>Scolopacid&aelig;</b> family.
+It ranges from Alaska to Central America. This species
+is seen in large numbers in the early fall along the sea
+beaches of California as they are working their way
+south. They spend the winter in great quantities in
+Lower California and Mexico. There should be no difficulty
+in distinguishing the godwit from any of the other
+shore birds, its long upward curved bill and brownish-barred
+back being features by which it may always be
+known.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Top of head and back of neck, brown, streaked
+with paler brown; feathers of the back, brown, with
+ochreous edges; throat and forehead, pale buff, with
+faint markings of brown; bill slightly turned upward.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;Nest a crude affair on the ground,
+containing four eggs of an ash color, mottled with a
+dead brown.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span></p>
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length, 19 inches; wing, 8 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub>;
+bill, about 4 inches.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE RED-BACKED SANDPIPER</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Tringa alpina pacifica)</div>
+
+<p>The red-backed sandpiper, or American dunlin, is
+one of the larger members of the genus and quite plentiful
+on the Coast marshes, but it is seldom seen in the
+interior valleys except during its migrations. In its
+winter plumage, in which our sportsmen see it, it is of
+a dull light gray color. A diagnostic feature of this
+species is the slightly downward curved bill.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Head and upper parts, light gray, with a white
+stripe over the eye; shafts of the feathers are dark
+brown, producing a streaky appearance. In its summer
+plumage the head and back are reddish brown, wings
+brownish and abdomen black.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;Nests on the ground without lining.
+Eggs, bluish white, with brown spots.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length, about 8 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches; wing,
+4 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub>; bill, 1 <sup>5</sup>/<sub>8</sub>.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE WILLET</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Symphemia Semipalmata inornata)</div>
+
+<p>The willet, or stone curlew as it is sometimes called,
+is a resident species, breeding from Washington to Mexico.
+It is a western bird, ranging eastward to the
+Mississippi valley, where it is but a straggler. In size
+it is nearly as large as the marlin. Its black wings,
+with broad, white patches, and feet webbed for about
+half the length of the toes, are distinguishing features,
+easily recognized. It is generally found on the salt
+marshes.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;The general color of the plumage is ashy
+white or light gray, usually with some light buff markings
+on the breast. When flying it shows a broad, white
+patch on the wings, caused by the upper part of the
+primaries and part of the secondaries being white. Its
+smoky black axillars will always distinguish it.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest is any place on the ground
+where it can deposit three or four pale buff eggs, spotted
+with dark brown.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length, 15 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches; wing, 8 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>;
+bill, 2 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> to 2 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> inches.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="caption2">Order, LIMICOLAE</div>
+<div class="caption2">Family SCOLOPACIDAE.</div>
+<br />
+<table style="width:100%" class="smaller" summary="Snipes and Sandpipers">
+<tr>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Genus</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Species</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Common Names</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Range and Breeding Grounds</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Gallinago</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>delicata</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Wilson snipe<br />Jack snipe</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Throughout the marshes of the coast.<br />Breeds in the mountain valleys.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Macrorhamphus</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>scolopaceus</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td class="ws_nowrap;">Dowitcher<br />Red-breasted&nbsp;snipe</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Along the fresh waters of the interior valleys.<br  />Breeds in British Columbia and Alaska.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Tringa</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>pacifica</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Red-backed sandpiper</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From the Central Mexican coast north.<br />Breeds from Washington north.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Limosa</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>fedoa</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Marble godwit<br />Marlin</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Early and late migrant along the coast<br  />from Mexico north. Breeds in the far north.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Totanus</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>melanoleucus</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Yellow-legs</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="64" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Early and late migrant along the coast,<br  />passing the winter in Southern California<br  />and Mexico. Breeds in the mountain<br  />valleys.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Symphemia</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>semipalmata<br  />inornata</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Western Willet</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From Mexico north. Breeds throughout<br  />its range.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td rowspan="2">Numenius</td>
+  <td rowspan="2"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="20" height="80" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>longirostris</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="20" height="36" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Jack curlew</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="20" height="36" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td><br  />Early and late migrant. Winters in<br  />Southern California and Mexico. Breeds<br  />throughout its range.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>hudsonicus</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="20" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Long-billed curlew<br  /><br  />Hudsonian curlew<br  /></td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="20" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Same habits as the long-billed and<br  />usually found with it. But breeds farther<br  />north.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i117.png" width="600" height="352" alt="" title="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">
+  <table summary="names">
+<tr>
+  <td>HUDSONIAN CURLEW<br  />(Numenius hudsonicus)</td>
+  <td>LONG-BILLED CURLEW<br  />(Numenius longirostris)</td>
+</tr>
+  </table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="caption2">THE LONG-BILLED CURLEW</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Numenius longirostris)</div>
+
+<p>The long-billed curlew, or sickle bill as it is often
+called, is a plentiful resident in all suitable localities.
+The young birds mature early and find their way to the
+marshes during August, when the season for their killing
+should begin. At this time and even during the
+month of September they are quite palatable, but later
+they become strong in flavor. In these months they
+feed largely upon the seeds and insects to be found
+on the plains, but later they confine themselves principally
+to the marshes. They breed near the mountain
+lakes and streams and even to considerable extent on
+the lower grounds. A glance at the accompanying illustration
+will be sufficient to enable the uninitiated to always
+know a curlew.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Head, back of neck and back, dark brown,
+mottled with buff; throat and under parts, pale buff,
+the feathers on the breast being streaked with brown;
+axillars, reddish brown.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest is usually made on the
+ground in tall grass and back some distance from the
+marsh. The eggs are about four and of an olive gray,
+spotted with brown.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length, without the bill, which
+varies very much, about 20 inches; wing, 9 to 11; bill,
+from four to eight inches, and bent downwards, with
+nearly as much curve as a sickle; in most specimens
+the bill will be about six inches in length.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE HUDSONIAN CURLEW</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Numenius hudsonicus)</div>
+
+<p>The Hudsonian curlew, or jack curlew, by which name
+it is also known, is also a common visitor to our hunting
+grounds. It is often seen mixed with flocks of the
+preceding species, which leads many to suppose that
+they are the younger birds of that species. Unlike the
+long-billed, the Hudsonian curlew is not a resident species,
+or, at least, not to so great an extent, although it
+makes its appearance on our marshes quite early in
+the season, even as far south as central California. In
+markings the two species are almost identical, with the
+exception that the Hudsonian is somewhat paler in
+shade. Any doubt arising as to which species a specimen
+may belong can easily be settled by an examination
+of the axillar plumes. If a long-bill, these feathers
+will be a solid reddish-brown, but if a Hudsonian, they
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>
+will be of a pale buff color barred with a dull-brown, the
+buff and brown being nearly of the same width. Both
+species become less common north of southern California
+during the late winter months.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Same as the long-billed curlew, except that it
+is a little paler on the under parts, and the mottling
+shows more distinctly on the back. The axillars are
+pale buff, distinctly barred with light brown.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The same as the long-billed curlew.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length, including bill, which
+varies but little in this species, about 17 inches; wing,
+9, and bill about 3 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i120.png" width="600" height="351" title="" alt="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER (Charadrius squatarola)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Charadrius squatarola)</div>
+
+<p>The largest of the family <b>Charadrid&aelig;</b> is the black-bellied
+plover. In its plumage, both summer and winter,
+it closely resembles the golden plover, as the black
+on the sides of the head, front of neck, breast and abdomen
+disappear from both species in their winter plumage.
+But, notwithstanding this, they can easily be distinguished
+by the small rudimentary hind toe of the
+black-bellied species, the other having but three toes.
+A few specimens of the golden plover have been taken
+on the Coast, but it is of rare occurrence. The black-bellied
+plover is reasonably common along the coast
+line, but it is not seen to any great extent in the interior
+valleys.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Upper plumage, dull brown, mottled with gray,
+the top of the head being somewhat darker; under
+parts, nearly white and the sides and breast streaked
+with brown. In the summer the throat and belly are
+black.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest is usually made on the uplands,
+where four eggs are deposited of a pale olive,
+spotted with brown.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length, 11 inches; wing, 7 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>,
+and bill, 1 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> inches.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i122.png" width="600" height="352" title="" alt="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">
+  <table class="center" style="width:100%" summary="names">
+<tr>
+  <td>SNOWY PLOVER<br />(AEgialitis nivosa)</td>
+  <td>MOUNTAIN PLOVER<br />(AEgialitis montana)</td>
+  <td>RING-NECK PLOVER<br />(AEgialitis semipalmata)</td>
+</tr>
+  </table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE MOUNTAIN PLOVER</div>
+<div class="caption3">(AEgialitis montana)</div>
+
+<p>The mountain plover is very plentiful on the plains
+of southern California during the winter months. This
+little bird as a table delicacy is not surpassed by any
+of the long list of shore birds. In fact it is preferred
+by many to the far-famed jack snipe. It is an upland
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>
+bird, feeding largely on insects, and rarely found near
+the marshes whether salt or fresh-water. In its winter
+plumage, as seen here, its underparts are white with
+the breast and upper parts of a brownish gray.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Throat, breast and under parts, white; the
+rest of the plumage, light buffish gray; sometimes the
+breast will show a slight tinge of buff; axillars, white;
+bill, black. Three toes without web.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nests are placed on the uplands
+and contain three grayish eggs, spotted with brown.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length, 8 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> inches; wing, 6, and
+bill, <sup>9</sup>/<sub>10</sub> of an inch.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE SNOWY PLOVER</div>
+<div class="caption3">(AEgialitis nivosa)</div>
+
+<p>The snowy plover is quite common from northern
+California to Mexico. It is a small bird and, while it is
+hunted but little, its flesh is quite delicate. In its winter
+plumage it is much lighter in color than any of the
+others named.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Top of head, back of neck and back, buffish
+gray; forehead and under parts, white; a patch of
+dull brown just above the white of the forehead, and
+another of the same color on each side of the throat.
+Three toes without web.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nests are found throughout its
+range; they are nothing more than a depression in the
+sand and contain four grayish buff eggs, spotted with
+black.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length, about 6 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> inches; wing,
+4 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub>, and bill <sup>5</sup>/<sub>8</sub> of an inch.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE RING-NECKED PLOVER</div>
+<div class="caption3">(AEgialitis semipalmata)</div>
+
+<p>The ring-neck plover is a fairly common visitor during
+the winter months. It is usually seen on the coast
+or on other sandy shores. It may be known by its
+partially webbed feet.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Forehead, chin and neck, white, with a faint
+streak of dull brown from the bill under the eye to the
+back of the neck; a band of dull, brownish gray on the
+breast; back and wings, ashy gray; under parts, white;
+bill, black with a spot of orange at the base. Three toes
+which are webbed for about half their length.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;Nests are made in the sand and contain
+from three to four dirty white eggs, spotted with
+brown.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></p>
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length, 6 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> inches; wing, 4 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub>,
+and bill, <sup>3</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inch.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">WILSON'S PLOVER</div>
+<div class="caption3">(AEgialitis wilsonia)</div>
+
+<p>While the Wilson plover is found to some extent on
+the southern Atlantic Coast, it may properly be said to
+be a Pacific species. Here it is seen on the beaches
+in large numbers, just beyond the reach of the surf,
+picking the insects and minute shellfish as they are
+washed on the sand, or flying in flocks just above the
+breakers.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Forehead and stripe over the eye, white; black
+stripe in front of crown; top of head and stripe from
+the eye to the bill, black; black band just below the
+throat; back, gray; under parts, white; bill black, and
+legs and feet, light pink.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest is a mere depression in
+the ground, with three to four eggs of a pale olive,
+spotted with dark brown.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length, 7 to 8 inches; wing, 4
+to 5; bill, about <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> of an inch. <a name="missing">Three toes with a small</a></p>
+<div class="center">
+[Note: Unfinished sentence above in <a href="images/pg_125_text.png">original printed version</a>.]
+</div>
+
+<p>There are a number of other plovers on the hunting
+grounds of the Pacific Coast, but they are either
+too small or the flesh too poor to interest the sportsman.
+Of these the killdeer plover is the most common
+and the best known. A description of these would
+be of no interest to the sportsman and therefore add
+nothing to the purposes of this work.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i124.png" width="600" height="350" title="" alt="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">AMERICAN AVOCET (Recurvirostra americana)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2"><a name="THE_AVOCET" id="THE_AVOCET"></a>THE AVOCET</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Recurvirostra americana)</div>
+
+<p>The family <b>Recurvirostrid&aelig;</b> has but two representatives
+on the Coast. The American avocet breeds from
+Washington southward and spends its winters from
+central California south. They are quite plentiful in
+southern California during the winter months, increasing
+in numbers in Lower California and Mexico. Its
+webbed feet and long upward turned bill are features
+by which it may always be known. It is generally
+found in flocks and frequents both fresh and salt-waters.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Head and neck, ashy gray; back and under
+parts, white; the primaries and upper half of the secondaries,
+black, making the wing about half black;
+<span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span>
+bill, very slender and curved upward; legs, very long
+and of a lead color; feet, webbed.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest contains three to four eggs
+of a pale olive, spotted with brown.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length, about 19 inches; wing,
+8, and bill, 3 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE BLACK-NECKED STILT</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Himantopus mexicanus)</div>
+
+<p>The black-necked stilt is the other representative of
+the family. The stilt breeds as far north as eastern
+Oregon, but is little seen north of southern California
+in the winter. From there south it is plentiful. It may
+be easily known by the back of its head and neck, its
+back being black and the rest of the plumage nearly
+pure white. Its legs are a dark pink.</p>
+
+<p><b>Color</b>&mdash;Wings, back, back of neck and top of head,
+black; balance of the plumage, white; legs, dark pink
+and very long. Toes, three and partly webbed.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>&mdash;The nest is rarely anything but bare
+ground on which is deposited three to four eggs of a
+pale brown, spotted with dark brown.</p>
+
+<p><b>Measurements</b>&mdash;Total length, about 15 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches; wing,
+9, and bill 2 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> inches.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="caption2">Order, LIMICOLAE</div>
+<br />
+<div class="caption2">Family CHARADRIDAE - Plovers</div>
+<br />
+<table style="width:100%" class="smaller" summary="Plovers">
+<tr>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Genus</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Species</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Common Names</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Range and Breeding Grounds</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td rowspan="2">Charadrius</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" rowspan="2"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="64" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>squatarola</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="ws_nowrap">Black-bellied&nbsp;plover</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From Mexico north. Breeds from Oregon north to Alaska.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>dominicus</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Golden plover</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Only an occasional migrant.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td rowspan="4">Aegialitis</td>
+  <td rowspan="4"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="175" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>semipalmata</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Ring-necked&nbsp;plover</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From Alaska south to Lower California. Breeds in its northern range.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>nivosa</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Snowy&nbsp;plover</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From Central California south to Lower California and Mexico. Breeds throughout its range.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>montana</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Mountain&nbsp;plover</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Interior plains of California and Arizona. Breeds in the mountain valleys.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>wilsonia</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Wilson's&nbsp;plover</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From Oregon south to Mexico. Breeds throughout its range.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE - Avocets and Stilts</div>
+<br />
+<table style="width:100%" class="smaller" summary="Avocets and Stilts">
+<tr>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Genus</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Species</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Common Names</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Range and Breeding Grounds</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Recurvirostra</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>americana</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Avocet</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From Mexico north to California. Breeds from Eastern Oregon south.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Himantopus</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>mexicanus</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Black-necked&nbsp;stilt</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From Mexico to Southern California. Breeds near the mountain lakes.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i128.png" width="600" height="299" title="Fish Anatomy" alt="Fish Anatomy" /></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="caption2">THE GAME FISHES OF THE PACIFIC COAST</div>
+
+<p>Like in that portion of this work devoted to the
+game birds, this also is written in popular language,
+avoiding, as far as possible, all technical words and
+phrases, with the intention of furnishing a plain description
+of the game fishes of the Coast which anyone,
+unlearned in the science of ichthyology, may understand,
+and by which be able to identify any of the
+fishes he may capture.</p>
+
+<p>With fishes, like with birds, there are certain parts
+that must be referred to in order to show wherein one
+species differs from another. Wherever these parts
+have a common English name, that name has been
+used. But as there are a few parts that can only be
+referred to by their scientific names, a diagram has
+been added showing the location of all parts referred
+to in the text.</p>
+
+<p>In scope it treats only of such varieties as rise to
+the fly or are caught by trolling with rod and reel,
+whether from the stream, lake, bay or ocean, and furnish
+sport to the angler who fishes for the exhilarating
+pleasure their capture affords.</p>
+
+<p>The Pacific Coast is rich in game fishes, not only in
+the varieties found in its lakes and streams, but as well
+in its bays and estuaries, while the broad ocean furnishes
+varieties whose size and fighting qualities are
+not surpassed, even if equaled, in any other part of
+the world. To place in the hands of the young angler,
+and others who may not have given the subject the
+necessary attention, a convenient handbook by the
+aid of which even the novice may readily recognize
+the species of fish he has landed, is the object of these
+pages.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 35%; color: #000;' />
+
+<p>All of the salmon, the trout, the chars, the white-fish
+and the lake herring have been classed by the
+naturalist in one family and given the name, <b>Salmonid&aelig;</b>;
+but it is only with three genera of the subfamily,
+<b>Salmonin&aelig;</b> that we are concerned. These are the
+Pacific salmon (<b>Oncorhynchus</b>), the true trout (<b>Salmo</b>)
+and the Eastern trout and the dolly varden trout
+(<b>Salvelinus</b>). The Atlantic salmon belong to the genus
+Salmo, the same as the true trout, and have but one
+species (<b>Salmo salar</b>), which partake more of the habits
+of the trout than do their Pacific cousins.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></p>
+<div class="caption2">THE PACIFIC SALMON</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Oncorhynchus)</div>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the fact that the salmon is one of
+the most valuable of all the food fishes, but little is
+known of its habits after it leaves the stream in which
+it is hatched until it returns to spawn, supposed to be
+from three to four years afterward. Whether they
+remain near the mouths of the streams, or whether
+they migrate to distant feeding grounds are questions
+that have never been solved. All of the five species
+are caught with seins in Puget Sound in greater or
+less numbers all the year round. From the action of
+those that spawn in the Sacramento river it would
+seem that they migrate southward and far out to sea,
+for on their return to spawn they enter Monterey Bay
+only on its southern side, and following around it at
+no great distance from the shore, leave it at the northern
+headlands and skirt the shore northward until they
+reach the entrance to San Francisco Bay on their way
+up the Sacramento river. Where the young fish make
+their habitat from the time they drift down the stream
+in which they were spawned until they return again to
+spawn has never been determined. They spawn but
+once and die soon afterward. As I know that this last
+statement will be disputed by some, for reasons best
+known to themselves, I will quote from that excellent
+work by Evermann and Jordan, "American Food and
+Game Fishes." "We have carefully," say these gentlemen,
+"examined the spawning habits of both forms of
+the red fish and chinook salmon in the head waters of
+Salmon river, Idaho, during two entire seasons, from
+the time the fish arrived in July until the end of September,
+by which time all the fish had disappeared.
+A number of important questions were settled by these
+investigations. In the first place it was found that all
+of the fish arrived upon the spawning grounds in perfect
+physical condition, so far as external appearances
+indicated; no sores, bruises or other mutilations showing
+on any of more than 4000 fish examined. During the
+spawning, however, the majority became more or less
+injured by rubbing against the gravel of the spawning-beds,
+or by fighting with one another. Soon after done
+spawning every one of them died, not only both forms
+of the red fish but the chinook salmon as well. The
+dying is not due to the injuries the fish received on
+the spawning-grounds; many were seen dying or dead
+which showed no external or other injuries whatever.
+The dying of the West Coast salmon is in no manner
+determined by distance from the sea. Observations
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span>
+made by us and others elsewhere show that the individuals
+of all species of the <b>Oncorhynchus</b> die after
+one spawning, whether the spawning-beds are remote
+from the sea or only a short distance from salt-water."</p>
+
+<p>The angler's concern, however, is not so much with
+the procreative habits of the salmon as it is with their
+behavior while feeding and after being hooked.</p>
+
+<p>Salmon are rarely caught by still fishing, but they
+will take the spoon or a sardine or other small fish
+impaled upon the hook. They take the bait generally
+with some hesitation, though at times they strike it
+with all the impetuosity of the trout. Then the singing
+reel calls for careful and immediate action on the part
+of the angler, for the ten to forty pound fish on his
+light tackle is going to put up a fight worthy of his
+skill. In his mad rush for liberty the gamy fish gradually
+rises to the surface, and when at last checked by
+the skill of the angler, he will often leap out of the
+water to a height of from four to eight feet, his beautiful
+sides scintillating in the rays of the sun, forming
+a picture to gladden the heart of the angler, for if he
+be a true sportsman he will fish with such tackle only
+as will give his adversary a fair chance in the fight
+and require the fullest exercise of his own knowledge
+and skill to bring his fish to gaff. The salmon is a
+strong fighter but his rushes do not last long for a fish
+of its size. For this reason much of the sport of salmon
+fishing is lost through the use of too heavy tackle. The
+writer landed one without difficulty weighing 33 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>
+pounds on a nine thread, Cuttyhunk line and a 5 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> foot
+steel rod weighing less than six ounces, and I believe
+that a fifty pound fish can be landed with the same
+tackle. Trolling with hand lines for salmon is practiced
+by some, but such is not angling. Hauling in an
+impaled fish hand over hand with a small cable is
+neither sport nor sportsmanlike.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i130.png" width="600" height="368" title="" alt="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">CHINOOK SALMON (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE CHINOOK, OR KING SALMON</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Oncorhynchus tschawytscha)</div>
+
+<p>This species has a multiplicity of names, being known
+in different localities as chinook, quinnat, king, Sacramento
+river and Columbia river salmon, besides half
+a dozen or more Indian names. Its distribution is the
+widest of any of the Pacific salmon, ranging on both
+sides of the ocean from the latitude of Monterey Bay
+to Behring Straits. The run begins on the Columbia
+river as early as the latter part of February, many of
+the fish going up its tributaries 1000 miles or more to
+spawn. Farther south the run becomes gradually later.
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>
+The spawning season also varies with the locality, and
+ranges from the latter part of July to the middle of
+November. The date of spawning seems to be determined
+by the temperature of the water, for it is said
+that the salmon will not spawn, even if on the spawning
+grounds, until the water has fallen to a temperature
+of 54 degrees Fahrenheit.</p>
+
+<p>The chinook salmon is the largest of the family,
+specimens having been taken in Alaska waters that
+have weighed 100 pounds, while 50 to 60 pound fish are
+common. Those taken in the Columbia river are said
+to average 22 pounds, while the average of the Sacramento
+river catch is 16.</p>
+
+<p>Head, rather pointed; eye, small and situated a little
+in front of the back of the mouth; body, rounded and
+full, the deepest part being about midway of its length;
+pectoral fins, short and situated low and just behind
+the gills; dorsal fin, nearly midway of the back; ventral
+fins, a little behind the center of the dorsal; anal
+fin about half way between the ventral and the tail;
+adipose fin, a little in front of the rear of the ventrals;
+caudal fin, or tail, slightly forked.</p>
+
+<p>The back, dorsal fin and tail are generally well covered
+with dark brownish black spots. There are few
+spots as a rule on the head, and those are of a slaty
+color.</p>
+
+<p>There is always some variation in color, but usually
+the back is quite dark, turning to bluish on the sides
+and light silver below. As the spawning season approaches,
+the jaws of the males become lengthened and
+badly distorted and the color changes to more of a pinkish
+hue and blotched in appearance. The gills are never
+alike on both sides, varying from 15 to 19 in number.
+(<a href="#Page_128">See plate</a> giving names of all parts mentioned.)</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">BLUEBACK, OR SOCK-EYE SALMON, REDFISH</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Oncorhynchus nerka)</div>
+
+<p>This species is next in commercial value to the
+chinook. It has been taken occasionally in the Sacramento
+river but it is not common south of the Columbia
+river. The run of this species begins about the first of
+April and the fish go as far as Salmon river, Idaho,
+fully 1000 miles from the sea to spawn. By a peculiar
+instinct this species only run up such rivers as have
+lakes at their heads, and spawn in the lakes or at the
+mouths of little streams emptying into them, in many
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>
+of the lakes of Oregon and Washington are found the
+young of the blue-back salmon which are commonly
+called redfish. These fish never leave these lakes and
+therefore never attain a size of more than five to seven
+pounds.</p>
+
+<p>Head, short and pointed and light olive in color; under
+jaw, white; body, long, slim and rather flattened;
+back, blue; sides, silver; belly, dull white; dorsal fin,
+dark; others flesh color; tail, rather narrow and well
+forked; gills, 13 to 15. As the spawning season approaches
+the whole fish takes on a decided reddish cast,
+which sometimes becomes as dark as a brick-red. The
+jaw becomes very much hooked, and a few spots appear.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE SILVER SALMON</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Oncorhynchus kisutch)</div>
+
+<p>In line of importance the silver salmon occupies the
+next place. It is also known by a number of names,
+among which are koho, skowitz and kisutch. It is a
+small fish, rarely exceeding 16 inches in length and
+never reaching more than ten pounds in weight. Its
+range is from Alaska south to Monterey Bay, where it
+has recently been planted and seems to flourish. It
+spawns in the smaller coast streams, never going far
+from the salt water. Its run begins about the first
+of September, spawning in October and November.</p>
+
+<p>Head, short with blunt snout; opercles or gill covers,
+very convex; body, shaped very much like the chinook;
+back, bluish green; sides, silver white. It has but few
+spots and these are confined pretty much to the head,
+upper fins and tail. Gills, 13 or 14.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE HUMP-BACK SALMON</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)</div>
+
+<p>This is another small species, rarely exceeding six
+pounds in weight but more commonly from three to
+four. Its range is from the Sacramento river, where it
+appears in limited numbers, north to Alaska.</p>
+
+<p>Body, slim, scales very small; back, blue and sides
+silvery white. Profusely spotted on the after part of
+the back, with large oval spots on the tail. Gills, 11
+to 13.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE DOG SALMON</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Oncorhynchus keta)</div>
+
+<p>The dog salmon rarely exceeds ten pounds in weight
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>
+Its range is from the Sacramento river north, and its
+spawning-grounds the small streams up which it never
+extends any great distance from the salt water.</p>
+
+<p>Head, quite pike-like in shape and therefore much
+longer and slimmer than the chinook. Back, dirty
+brown, with the sides of much the same color, but of
+a lighter tint; fins, very dark; very few distinct spots,
+with those showing very small; gills, 13 or 14.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tackle and Lure</b>&mdash;The Pacific salmon are only caught
+by trolling. They will take a spoon, or any live bait.
+The most successful lure, however, is a sardine, or
+other small fish of six to eight inches in length. Pass
+the hook through both eyes, take a half hitch around
+the head, insert the point of the hook in the gill and
+by bending the fish in the shape of the hook bring the
+point out about an inch and a half or two inches from
+the tail. This allows the fish to remain curved, and
+gives it a revolving motion while trolling, resembling
+a live, though disabled fish.</p>
+
+<p>A salmon rod should consist of a butt 14 to 16 inches
+in length, with a hand piece in front of the reel; tip,
+6 feet long and not to weigh more than 7 ounces; line
+not to exceed standard 12-thread. With fishes weighing
+from 40 pounds and upward, 300 feet of line can be used
+to advantage.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i135.png" width="600" height="369" title="" alt="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo irideus</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE RAINBOW TROUT</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Salmo irideus)</div>
+
+<p>There are at least four distinct species of trout; that
+is, trout proper and chars, now common to the coast.
+One of these, the Eastern brook trout, is the result of
+artificial hatching and distribution. These, as well as
+the rainbow, and to lesser extent the cutthroat, have
+been so widely distributed by the state fish commission
+and private hatcheries that to attempt to give the
+present habitat of the several species would be sure
+to result in many errors which might be confounding.
+The Eastern brook trout has taken kindly to our waters
+and seem to be doing well in all suitable streams.
+Several other foreign species of trout have been introduced
+into our waters as well as these, among which are
+the Loch Leven, the German brown trout and the Mackinaw,
+but the success of their acclimatization has yet
+to be fully determined, though the Loch Leven and
+German brown seem to be doing well in the higher
+streams.</p>
+
+<p>The Eastern brook trout and the native species,
+known as dolly varden, are chars and belong to the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span>
+genus <b>Salvelinus</b>, but the rainbow and the cutthroat
+are true trout belonging to the genus <b>Salmo</b>. The rainbow
+and the cutthroat present a variety of forms in different
+localities and these have been given separate
+specific names by the naturalist. With many of these
+species(?) the only difference seems to be too slight to
+entitle them to specific or even sub-specific separation;
+the variation being no more than that found in the
+color and markings of the same fishes in the same
+stream, caused by the depth of the water, the food, or
+other local conditions.</p>
+
+<p>The rainbow trout is now a resident, either through
+natural or artificial distribution, of nearly all the
+streams of the Coast from Washington to Lower California.
+They vary in size, color and number of scales
+in different localities and have been given distinct specific
+names in the various sections, those of the Coast
+streams of California being used as the typical form.
+These several varieties, even in their natural condition,
+showed very little, if any positive line of demarkation,
+but since the establishment of the many hatcheries
+on the Coast and the wide distribution of the fry
+hatched from the spawn of the rainbow of the Sacramento
+and its tributaries, of the steelhead of the Eel
+river, and of the typical form of the Coast streams,
+there seems but one course now left, and that is to
+group them all as one species under the original name
+of rainbow.</p>
+
+<p>The rainbow is a very handsome trout, varying in
+size from adults of but a few inches in the smaller
+Coast streams, to 25 and 30 inches long in the larger
+rivers and lakes. Its dark spotted back and silvery
+sides with the rich metallic colors of the rainbow streak
+gives it a coloration that is at once brilliant and pleasing.
+As a game fish it has no superior, if indeed an
+equal. It takes the fly with a rush, often leaping out
+of the water to seize it as it is descending. Then it
+fights with a determination, often breaking three or
+four feet into the air, shaking its head to free the hook
+like a terrier shakes a rat. It seldom sounds and never
+sulks. The rainbow trout goes to the sea at varying
+ages, the same as all other trout that can get there
+without passing through long stretches of warm and
+sluggish water. In the salt water it attains a greater
+size, changes its color in accordance with the length
+of time it has been there, but on returning again to
+the stream it soon assumes its original plan of coloring.</p>
+
+<p>Head, about one-fourth of the whole length from the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span>
+snout to the base of the caudal fin, varying much with
+age and size. Generally the greatest depth is about
+one fourth of the length of the fish, but this also varies
+very much with the character of the waters it inhabits.
+In rapid running streams the fish are always slimmer
+than in more sluggish ones. I have known them 20
+inches or more in length, when confined in large reservoirs,
+to become so heavy that they would weigh one
+pound to every two inches in length. The lateral line,
+or rainbow varies, in intensity of color, but always
+showing in varying shades of red, pink, and sometimes
+blue of a metallic luster. The vertical black blotches
+seen on the sides are the marks of immature fish.</p>
+
+<p>The snout of the rainbow is considerably more rounding
+than that of the salmon, and the head larger in
+proportion. The eye also is much larger and fuller.
+The shape and position of the fins are almost identical
+with those of the salmon, but a little larger in proportion
+to the size of the fish. The tail, however, varies
+considerably, being more rounded, and showing only a
+slight indentation in the center.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE GOLDEN TROUT</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Salmo irideus agua bonita)</div>
+
+<p>If there is any variety of the rainbow trout found on
+the Coast that is entitled to a sub-specific name it is
+the golden trout of Mt. Whitney. They were originally
+found in only a short portion of two little streams fed
+by the snows of Mt. Whitney, and vary but little from
+each other. In one stream they have been given the
+name of <b>Salmo irideus agua bonita</b>, and in the other
+that of <b>Salmo irideus rooseveltii</b>, after ex-president
+Roosevelt. They are of a beautiful color with scarlet
+markings at the base of the fins and with a lateral
+stripe of bright scarlet blending into a rich orange.
+One peculiarity of these fish is that the par marks or
+vertical blotches on the sides of other young fish still
+show on the adults of these. This form of the rainbow
+has changed its color through the process of natural
+selection, caused no doubt, by the color of the rocks in
+the shallow streams it inhabits. Below on these same
+streams where the rocks are of a darker color the fish
+assume the natural color of the rainbow.</p>
+
+<p>The writer is possibly the first white man to ever
+catch one of the golden trout. They were taken in
+1865 with a small piece of the flank of a deer skin
+slipped over the hook, with the hair clipped to about
+half an inch in length. No sooner was this improvised
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>
+fly cast upon the water than it was eagerly seized by
+one of these beautiful fish. When it was landed the
+color astonished me, and knowing that it was a trout, I
+thought it must be a diseased one and threw it back.
+Making another cast I secured another one as promptly
+as the first, and it being the same objectionable
+color and of the same size&mdash;about eight inches&mdash;I concluded
+that it was the same fish and this time threw it
+on the bank. As fast as my deer skin fly would strike
+the water it would be eagerly seized by one of these
+game little fellows and all of the same size and color.
+I was puzzled and called to my companion, who was
+cooking our supper but a few yards away, to "come and
+see what was the matter with these fish." Professing
+some scientific knowledge, he cut one of them open,
+examined the meat and the intestines and finally pronounced
+it in a healthy condition, finishing with:</p>
+
+<p>"The coffee is boiling and the bacon is fried; hurry
+up, and as soon as you get a mess I'll fry them and
+take all chances."</p>
+
+<p>I soon had a mess for supper and while he was frying
+them I caught enough for breakfast, for the game
+little fellows would race for the fly as fast as it struck
+the water. We ate them with a relish, for we had had
+nothing but bacon, venison and frying-pan bread for a
+month. As we found ourselves alive in the morning
+we increased the prescription to a good alapathic dose
+for breakfast.</p>
+
+<p>The golden trout are small, rarely reaching a length
+of more than fifteen inches. The back is olive, sides
+and belly light orange or golden yellow with a scarlet
+stripe along the center of the belly and at the base of
+the pectoral, ventral and anal fins, which are of themselves
+more or less of a golden color. Tail, olive, grading
+into orange on the lower part. Few spots in front
+of the dorsal fin but abundant behind it.</p>
+
+<p>While the rainbow trout of the Coast have been
+given several sub-specific names, such as <b>masoni</b> for
+the Coast streams of Oregon and Washington, <b>shasta</b>
+and <b>stonei</b> for those of the upper Sacramento basin, and
+<b>gilberti</b> for those of Kern river, there seems to be so
+very little reason for this distinction beyond the usual
+variations of color in all trout, spots and size with the
+changing conditions of water and feed, that I shall make
+no mention of the very slight variations upon which
+the ichthyologist has based the claim to a sub-specific nomenclature.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p>
+<div class="caption2">THE STEELHEAD TROUT</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Salmo rivularis)</div>
+
+<p>The history of the so-called steelhead trout and the
+efforts to class these sea-run fishes as a species separate
+from the rainbow and the cutthroat, is interesting,
+if not amusing. No one questioned that they were
+other than the sea-run of the rainbow or the cutthroat,
+according to the locality, until Dr. Richardson, mistaking
+a young blue-back salmon for a so-called steelhead
+gave it the scientific name of <b>Salmo gairdneri</b>, and the
+description of this young salmon was recognized as
+that of the steelhead for years, and under this name
+it appears in the statutes of California, with a separate
+season for its protection. In other words the <b>Salmo
+gairdneri</b> of the laws of California is a young blue-back
+salmon and not a sea-run trout of any kind. Recently
+Dr. Ayers to correct the mistake, examined a fish taken
+from the Sacramento river and said to be a steelhead,
+gave it the name of <b>Salmo rivularis</b>, and this now stands
+as the scientific name of the so-called steelhead. Dr.
+Jordan, in an article recently published in the Pacific
+Monthly, says: "There has been much discussion as
+to whether the steelhead is a species really distinct
+from the rainbow trout, and on this subject the writer
+(Jordan) has at different times held different opinions."</p>
+
+<p>If one authority bases his reasons for a belief in a
+specific difference between the rainbow and the steelhead
+on the fact that he did find a difference between
+a blue-back salmon and a rainbow, and another authority
+finds so little difference that he holds different
+opinions at different times, can there be any wonder
+that the practical angler, who catches these sea-run
+fish at the mouths of our rivers in every stage of transition,
+or gradation, if you please, from the typical rainbow
+to the Simon pure steelhead, refuses to believe
+that there is a specific difference?</p>
+
+<p>Then again, Messrs. Jordan and Evermann in bulletin
+47 of the United States National Museum, "The
+Fishes of North and Middle America," say: "In the
+lower course of the Columbia they (the steelhead) are
+entirely distinct from the cutthroat or clarki series,
+and no one would question the validity of the two
+species. In the lower Snake river and other waters
+east of the Cascade range, the two forms or species
+are indistinguishable, being either undifferentiated
+or else inextricably mixed."</p>
+
+<p>From this it would seem clear that the steelhead of
+the Columbia, where the cutthroat abounds, are cutthroats
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>
+that have gone to the sea, grown larger in the
+larger body of water&mdash;a natural condition of all fishes&mdash;and
+changed in color and appearance. That while
+they are yet in the lower Columbia and only recently
+from the salt water, they still maintain a sufficient difference
+to be easily distinguished from the cutthroat;
+but by the time that they have reached the "Snake river
+and other waters east of the Cascade range," their long
+residence in the fresh water has again restored them
+to their former appearance. The same changes are
+found with the rainbow and the steelhead of farther
+south. All trout are anadromous to greater or less
+extent, unless actually landlocked or living in streams
+so distant from the sea that they would be compelled
+to pass through long stretches of warm and sluggish
+water to reach it. The small trout of the coast streams
+are compelled to go to the ocean quite early in the
+season by the falling of the water to such an extent
+that in many cases the streams go dry before the beginning
+of the winter rains, and in the larger body of
+water they rapidly increase in size. The steelhead of
+the Columbia river always retains the cutthroat sing-manual,
+to greater or less extent, while the steelhead
+of the lower coast has no red on the jaw. The claim
+that the smaller head of the steelhead is a distinguishing
+mark, fails in effect, for it is an undisputable fact
+that the older and larger the trout the smaller becomes
+the relative size of the head. The other claim that the
+larger scales of the rainbow is a distinguishing feature
+from the steelhead is not founded on facts. For while
+the scales of the rainbow counted along the lateral line
+vary from as low as 120 in the coast streams, they
+run as high as 150 in the same streams, as high as 160
+in the McCloud and 185 in the Kern. The average being
+135 in the smaller coast streams, 150 in the Sacramento
+basin, and 170 in the Kern. The steelhead's scales run
+from 130 to 155. An average of 145; or exactly an average
+of those of the coast streams and the Sacramento.
+Were it possible for the Kern river trout to enter the
+ocean no doubt we would find steelhead running as high
+as 185 to the section.</p>
+
+<p>Whatever may be the origin of the large sea-running
+trout called steelheads, the fact remains that it is a
+grand fish both in size and fighting qualities. In the
+ocean it eagerly takes the spoon and fights with a
+vigor not even surpassed by the rainbow of the streams.
+After a short sojourn in the fresh waters it rises to a
+fly just as readily.</p>
+
+<p>Since the above was written Dr. Jordan has made the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span>
+statement publicly, that he is thoroughly convinced that
+the rainbow trout and the so-called steelhead are one
+and the same fish; the only difference being that the
+latter has grown larger and changed its color during
+its life in the salt water, this variation of color returning
+again after a short sojourn in the fresh water
+streams, giving it all the original appearance of the
+rainbow, or of the cutthroat, as the case may be.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE CUTTHROAT TROUT</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Salmo clarki)</div>
+
+<p>The cutthroat trout very largely take the place of
+the rainbow in the waters of northern California and in
+Washington and Oregon, and its various forms are
+more common to the lakes. Like the rainbow they have
+been artificially distributed to such an extent that they
+are now found in many of the streams of California
+and nearly all of Washington and Oregon. As a general
+rule they are not as keen fighters as the rainbow,
+but in the cold streams of Oregon and Washington they
+put up a fight worthy of the most gamy fish. In the
+lakes of Washington and Oregon, and such as Tahoe,
+Donner and other large bodies of water in California,
+they reach a large size; fishes of ten and twelve pounds
+being not uncommon. When not landlocked they go to
+the sea the same as the rainbow and return as the
+steelhead of the Columbia and other northern streams.
+Like the rainbow the cutthroat has been divided into
+several subspecies.</p>
+
+<p>General appearance like that of the rainbow. The
+color on the back is a lighter olive or dark steel color.
+The upper parts are generally thickly covered with
+dark spots, varying in color and shape, and the lower
+fins are also spotted with smaller spots. The inner
+edge of the lower jaw is strongly marked with deep
+red and it is from this red mark on the throat that
+the species takes its name. The sides are generally
+of a marked pinkish hue or coppery brown. The red
+mark of the throat will always prove a distinguishing
+feature.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">SILVER TROUT</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Salmo tahoensis)</div>
+
+<p>In Lake Tahoe there are two varieties of trout that
+have been given separate specific names. They both
+belong to the cutthroat series, but vary considerable
+from the typical form. The one commonly called silver
+trout is a resident of the deep waters of the lake and
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span>
+grows to a large size, specimens having been taken
+fully 30 inches long.</p>
+
+<p>Back, dark green; side and sides of head, coppery;
+lower jaw, yellow. The spots are so profuse that many
+of them run into each other and form long blotches in
+many instances. All of the fins are spotted, those on
+the dorsal and the tail being oblong in shape. The
+belly also is covered with many small spots.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">LAKE TAHOE TROUT</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Salmo henshawi)</div>
+
+<p>The other variety of trout found in Lake Tahoe, and
+the most common one, is a very handsome fish. Its
+native habitat is the lakes of Tahoe, Donner, Independence,
+Webber, Pyramid and others of the high mountains,
+and the Truckee, Carson and Humboldt rivers.
+Specimens of this trout have been taken that weighed
+fully six pounds.</p>
+
+<p>Back, green, varying in depth of color with the water;
+sides, light, with a strong coppery tinge. The spots on
+this variety are generally quite large above, but growing
+smaller below and reaching well onto the belly. Its
+coppery sides and larger spots should prove a distinguishing
+feature. Like all the cutthroats it has the
+red markings below the jaws.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">LAKE SOUTHERLAND TROUT</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Salmo jordani)</div>
+
+<p>Another peculiar variety of the cutthroat trout is
+found in Lake Southerland of Eastern Washington. Its
+distinguishing features are its orange-red fins and intensely
+black spots which are very profuse. It is a
+gamy fish and full of fight to the finish.</p>
+
+<p>In several of the lakes of Washington there are varieties
+of trout differing in coloration and location of their
+spots that have been given specific names by the naturalist,
+such as crescent trout, beardslee trout and
+bathaecetor trout, all residents of Crescent lake. But
+as they all belong to the cutthroats and vary each from
+the other but little, further mention is unnecessary.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">RIO GRANDE TROUT</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Salmo spilurus)</div>
+
+<p>The Rio Grande trout, which is also a cutthroat, has
+a very limited distribution within the territorial scope
+of this work. It is found in the streams of the eastern
+slope of the Sierra Madre Mountains of Chihuahua,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span>
+Mexico. Its head is shorter and more rounded than
+the other species of the cutthroat, with a mouth also
+very large. The spots are principally confined to the
+latter half of the body and most profuse on the tail.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">COLORADO RIVER TROUT</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Salmo pleuriticus)</div>
+
+<p>The Colorado river trout, also a cutthroat, is the common
+trout of Arizona, where it is found in nearly all
+the mountain streams of the territory which flow to
+the Colorado river. It differs only from the typical
+cutthroat by having its spots mostly on that part of the
+body behind the dorsal fin; and the lower fins strongly
+marked with red.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">DOLLY VARDEN TROUT</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Salvelinus parki)</div>
+
+<p>The dolly varden is the only char native to the Pacific
+Coast, and like the Eastern brook trout is not properly
+a trout. They both are chars and belong to the
+genus <b>Salvelinus</b>&mdash;not to the <b>Salmo</b>. The dolly varden
+often reaches a length of thirty to thirty-six inches, and
+a weight of twelve pounds. It is a more slender fish
+than the rainbow and not so rounded on the back. It
+is very largely a bottom feeder and, therefore, rather
+of a sluggish nature. It rises but little to the fly and
+makes a poor fight.</p>
+
+<p>Back, olive green but without the marble markings
+of the Eastern brook trout. Spots on the back and
+sides are red, not very close together and about the
+size of three-fourths of the diameter of the eye. The
+lower fins have a reddish tinge, of varying hue in different
+waters. It is a native of the McCloud river and
+has been little distributed.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i145.png" width="600" height="367" title="" alt="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">EASTERN BROOK TROUT (Salvalinus fontinalis)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">EASTERN BROOK TROUT</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Salvelinus fontinalis)</div>
+
+<p>The Eastern brook trout&mdash;properly a char&mdash;was introduced
+into the coast waters several years ago and
+found our waters so congenial that it must now be considered
+a resident species, for it is to be met with in
+many of our streams, and thrives well in any of the
+higher localities. The brook trout is a handsome fish
+with its brown and olive marbled back, scarlet spots
+and salmon-colored sides. Its beauty has challenged
+the cunning of the painter, and been immortalized by
+the genius of the poet. Its gamy qualities stood for
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>
+centuries as beyond comparison until the bended rod
+and singing reel announced the impalement of the native
+of the Golden West, with its mad rushes and terrier-like
+fights; then the rosy beauty of the East had
+to yield the palm to the rainbow-colored, fighting pirate
+of the Pacific.</p>
+
+<p>The brook trout may easily be distinguished from any
+of the other trout of the coast by its marbled back and
+red spotted sides. Besides this the whole fish is more
+of a pinkish color. It varies in size like the others of
+the family, according to the waters it inhabits, attaining
+about the same size as the rainbow in the same
+waters.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tackle and Lure</b>&mdash;On account of over fishing the
+streams, and the very bad habit of killing so many
+small fish, the majority of the trout caught on the Pacific
+Coast are small. If there were more sportsmen
+and less fishermen on our streams this condition would
+not exist. For the sportsman will throw back all the
+little babies that are not over six inches in length and
+allow them another year to grow. And in this connection
+I want to say to the young boys and girls: be true
+sportsmen and sportswomen and never fish for trout
+with anything but artificial flies. You may not catch
+as many fish while you are learning, but you will soon
+find that you are having ten times more sport. As to
+the rod and line, you will never get it too light. The
+longer you have been a flycaster, the lighter you will
+want them; and the lighter they are the more sport
+you will have.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="caption2">THE SALMON AND TROUT</div>
+<br />
+<div class="caption2">Order, ISOSPONDYLI</div>
+<br />
+<div class="caption2">Family, SALMONIDAE  Subfamily, SALMONINAE</div>
+<br />
+<table style="width:100%" class="smaller" summary="Salmon">
+<tr>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Genus</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Species</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Common Names</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Range and Breeding Grounds</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td rowspan="4">Oncorhynchus</td>
+  <td rowspan="4" style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf1.png" width="18" height="205" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>tschawytscha</td>
+  <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="24" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Quinant<br />Chinook</td>
+  <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="24" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From Monterey Bay north.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>nerka</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Blue-back<br />Redfish</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="24" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Sacramento river north.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>kisutch</td>
+  <td rowspan="2"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="96" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td class="ws_nowrap">Silver&nbsp;salmon</td>
+  <td rowspan="2"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="96" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From Monterey Bay north. Sacramento river north.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>keta<br /><br />gorbuscha</td>
+  <td class="ws2nowrap">Dog salmon<br /><br />Hump-back&nbsp;salmon</td>
+  <td>From Sacramento river north.<br /><br />From Sacramento river north.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td rowspan="11">Salmo</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" rowspan="11"><img src="images/brace_lf1.png" width="18" height="305" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>irideus</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Rainbow trout</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>From Lower California north.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>irideus auga<br />bonito</td>
+  <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="24" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Golden trout</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Western slope of Mt. Whitney.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>irideus roosevelti</td>
+  <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="24" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Golden trout</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Western slope of Mt. Whitney.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>rivularis</td>
+  <td rowspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Steel-head trout</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>From Ventura river north.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>clarki</td>
+  <td>Cutthroat trout</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Central California north.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>tahoensis</td>
+  <td>Silver trout</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Lake Tahoe.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>henshawi</td>
+  <td>Tahoe trout</td>
+  <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="18" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Lakes Tahoe, Donner, Independence, Webber; Truckee and Carson rivers.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>jordani</td>
+  <td>Lake Southerland</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Lake Southerland, Oregon.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>spilurus</td>
+  <td>Rio Grande trout</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Tributaries of the Rio Grande river.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>plueriticus</td>
+  <td>Colorado trout</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Tributaries of the Colorado river.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td rowspan="2">Salvelinus</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" rowspan="2"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="96" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>parki</td>
+  <td rowspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Dolly&nbsp;Varden&nbsp;trout</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>McCloud river north.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>fontinalis</td>
+  <td>Eastern&nbsp;brook&nbsp;trout</td>
+  <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="24" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Acclimatized in many streams of the coast.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></p>
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i149.png" width="600" height="368" title="" alt="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">SMALL-MOUTHED BLACK BASS (Micropterus dolomieu)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">SMALL-MOUTHED BLACK BASS</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Micropterus dolomieu)</div>
+
+<p>The black bass is not a native of the coast, but both
+species are now so well established in our waters that
+they must now be classed as permanent residents, for
+whether it is the crystal lake, the flowing stream, the
+little pond, the artesian-fed reservoir or the brackish
+slough, they thrive equally well and take any lure from
+the artificial fly to the plebeian angleworm.</p>
+
+<p>Black bass are prolific breeders and rapid growers.
+A case is on record where eight males and seven females
+were planted in a pond in May and during the
+November following over 37,000 young fish were taken
+from the same pond, each from three to four inches
+long.</p>
+
+<p>The black bass is a short, deep fish with a double
+dorsal fin; the front half being stiff and spiney and
+the latter half soft and rayed. The color is variable,
+but always dark and from a dirty green to a blackish
+brown on the back, shading to a dirty white on the
+belly. The gill covers are pointed at the back, with
+a darker spot on the point. In the small-mouthed variety
+the end of the upper bone of the mouth does not
+quite reach to the back edge of the eye, this with the
+scales on the cheek numbering from 16 to 18, can always
+be relied upon as a distinguishing diagnosis from
+the large-mouthed variety.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">LARGE-MOUTHED BLACK BASS</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Micropterus salmoides)</div>
+
+<p>There is but little difference in the habits of the
+large and small-mouthed black bass, and but little difference
+in their appearance, but the distinguishing features
+may easily be known. The end of the upper bone
+of the mouth of the large-mouthed variety extends behind
+the eye, and the rows of scales on the cheek number
+only 10 or 12.</p>
+
+<p>While both species seem to do well any place, the
+large-mouthed are better adapted to muddy bottomed
+ponds and sloughs and brackish waters. The average
+weight of the adults of either species is about three
+pounds, though individuals are often taken weighing
+from six to seven. It is reported that specimens have
+been taken in the state of California that have weighed
+eight and three-quarters and nine pounds.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tackle and Lure</b>&mdash;The black bass will take any lure
+from the artificial fly to the plebeian angleworm. In
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>
+trolling, a medium sized, Kewell spoon is to be preferred.
+I have always found, however, that the best
+sport is to be had by casting with a large trout fly&mdash;the
+color varying with the season&mdash;close to the edge of
+lily pads or tules. The tackle for fly-fishing should be
+the same as for trout. For trolling the rod should be
+shorter and stiffer.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">SACRAMENTO PIKE</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Ptychocheilus oregonensis)</div>
+
+<p>The Sacramento pike, known also by the names
+chappaul and squawfish, and as lake trout in the San
+Joaquin Valley, while but little sought after by the
+angler, can rightfully be classed as a game fish, for it
+rises to the fly as readily as a trout and often gets
+cursed for doing so. It is a very common fish in many
+of the lakes and streams from Washington south to the
+San Joaquin Valley. Like nearly all fish its size depends
+very much upon the waters in which it is found.
+In Washington it has been known to reach a length of
+four feet, but it is more commonly met with from eight
+to twenty inches. In shape it resembles a trout, but
+with a slimmer and more pointed head. The dorsal
+fin is large and located about midway between the
+snout and the end of the tail; ventral fins, slightly in
+front of the dorsal and not as large as the anal which
+is set about its length from the ventrals; tail, strongly
+forked.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i151.png" width="600" height="366" title="" alt="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">STRIPED BASS (Roccus lineatus)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">STRIPED BASS</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Roccus lineatus)</div>
+
+<p>The striped bass, like many people who have crossed
+the continent to California, readily appreciated the
+many advantages of a life on the Pacific Coast. From
+a couple of shipments brought from the East in 1879
+and 1882 they have grown to be one of the most important
+food fishes of the state, about 3,000,000 pounds
+being annually marketed. They were at first liberated
+in the Bay of San Francisco, but later some effort has
+been made to distribute them, with the result that they
+are now found in small quantities along the coast from
+Los Angeles to Humboldt.</p>
+
+<p>From their fine size&mdash;three to forty pounds&mdash;they
+stand well with the angler as a game fish and furnish
+good sport if the tackle is light enough. Their rushes
+are not equal to those of the steelhead or the salmon
+or the yellow-tail, nor do they fight with the same vigor
+or with the same persistency.</p>
+
+<p>The striped bass is unlike any other coast fish. Its
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span>
+back is light olive; sides, nearly white with seven or
+eight longitudinal stripes running the whole length of
+the body, the dorsal fin is double, but not joined like
+that of the black bass. The first half is spiny with the
+after division rayed and soft. It is a salt water fish,
+making its habitat in and near the mouths of rivers,
+and often running up them for 100 miles or more. Use
+the same rod and line as for salmon.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<a name="THE_GAME_FISH_OF_THE_SEA" id="THE_GAME_FISH_OF_THE_SEA"></a>
+<div class="caption2">THE GAME FISH OF THE SEA</div>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p>There certainly is no better sport to be had any place
+with the trout, salmon and bass than that furnished by
+the rivers, lakes and bays of the Pacific Coast. To this
+excellent sport must be added another of the most exciting
+character, and one distinctly Californian, and that
+is the capture with rod and reel of the large sea fishes
+found in the waters of the Santa Barbara Channel, and
+more especially of Catalina Island. The great variety,
+gamy qualities and massive size of these fishes furnish
+a sport at once exciting and exhilarating, and challenging
+the keenest exercise of the ability of the sportsman.</p>
+
+<p>The world-wide fame of these waters, and the grand
+sport they furnish have resulted in the establishment
+on Catalina Island of one of the finest, if not the most
+perfect and best equipped angler's resort in the world,
+from its launches and boatmen to its clubhouses and
+hotels, and made it the Mecca of the expert anglers of
+the civilized nations of the earth.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i153.png" width="600" height="370" title="" alt="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">LEAPING TUNA (Thunnus thynnus)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE TUNA</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Thunnus thynnus)</div>
+
+<p>The leaping tuna is the largest of the great game
+fishes of the Pacific. It ranges from Monterey Bay,
+where it is sparingly met with, south to Mexico. About
+Catalina Island they are found in great numbers and of
+great size. The excellent sport their capture with rod
+and reel furnishes, has drawn to the island the expert
+anglers of the world, and resulted in the formation of
+the now famous "Tuna Club of Catalina," with its members
+residing in all parts of the world; and of which
+no one can become a member until he has landed a
+tuna of 100 pounds or more with rod and reel and with
+a line not larger than a 24-thread Cuttyhunk.</p>
+
+<p>Professor Charles F. Holder, an expert angler with a
+national reputation, and who has angled for all fishes
+and in all waters, says, "The most sensational fish of
+these waters is the leaping tuna. It is the tiger of the
+California seas, a living meteor, which strikes like a
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>
+whirlwind, and played with a rod that is not a billiard
+cue or a club in stiffness, will give the average man
+the contest of his life."</p>
+
+<p>The record for the largest tuna caught with a rod
+and reel is held at this writing by Col. C. P. Morehouse
+of Pasadena, who brought to gaff a 251 pound
+tuna after a six-and-a-half-hours' fight, during which it
+had towed his boat over ten miles. But even a greater
+fight than this is recorded, but the fish was not landed.
+This fish fought for seventeen hours and thirty minutes
+before its wonderful endurance and splendid courage
+mastered the skill of the angler. Mr. C. B. Stockton
+has to his credit a fight which not only shows the
+great endurance of this angler but the remarkable vitality
+of these fish. This fight lasted for sixteen hours
+and fifty-five minutes before the fish was brought to
+gaff. It weighed 170 pounds and was taken on the
+regulation tackle.</p>
+
+<p>Body, round and sloping rapidly from the middle to
+the caudal fin, and very small and round at the base of
+the tail; tail divided into two long forks; two dorsal
+fins, the first beginning just behind the gill-covers with
+the pectoral and ventral fins a trifle farther back; second
+dorsal fin smaller than the first and located nearly
+half way between it and the caudal; anal fin midway
+between the ventral and the caudal; bony, saw-like projections
+from the second dorsal fin, and from the anal
+fin to the tail; color, blue on the back and silvery white
+on the sides.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tackle and Lure</b>&mdash;The flyingfish is about the only bait
+with which the tuna can be caught. The hook, which
+must be attached to about 3 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> or 4 inches or light
+chain and with a wire snell, is passed into the mouth
+and down the belly of the flyingfish, the barb projecting
+about midway of the fish. A small string is passed
+through the nose and under lip and tied through a link
+of the chain to keep the mouth shut. The speed of the
+boat should be from two to four miles an hour. In
+the middle of the day, when the tunas are feeding in
+schools, the sinker should be removed, and the lure
+skipped along the surface of the water. This effect can
+be helped by the motion of the rod.</p>
+
+<p>The Catalina Tuna Club has adopted the following
+tackle specifications:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>For Tuna and Swordfish&mdash;Rod to be of wood, consisting
+of a butt and tip, and to be not shorter than
+6 feet, 9 inches over all. Tip not less than 5 feet
+in length, and to weigh not more than 16 ounces.
+Line not to exceed standard 24-thread.</p></div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i155.png" width="600" height="364" title="" alt="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">ALBACORE (Germo alalunga)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="caption2">THE ALBACORE</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Germo alalunga)</div>
+
+<p>The albacore is another genus of the same family, and
+reaches a weight of 40 to 80 pounds; averaging 25
+pounds. It is seldom seen as far north as San Francisco,
+but is abundant from Santa Barbara south to
+Central America. Like all of the family it is a gamy
+fish, and affords good sport to the angler. In general
+shape and appearance it resembles the tuna, but will
+always be distinguished by its long, sword-like pectoral
+fins that start from near the gills, and a trifle lower
+than the eye, and reach beyond the second dorsal fin.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tackle and Lure</b>&mdash;The albacore will take almost any
+lure from a sardine to a white rag. The speed of the
+boat can also be varied very much. I have known them
+to be caught on a hand line trolled behind a coast
+steamer. About three miles an hour, however, will give
+the best results. The following light tackle specifications
+of the Tuna Club will be found quite satisfactory
+for the average albacore:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Rod to be of wood, consisting of a butt and tip,
+and to be not shorter than 6 feet, over all. Butt to
+be not over 14 inches in length. Tip not less than
+5 feet in length, and to weigh not more than 6
+ounces. Line not to exceed standard 9-thread.</p></div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE YELLOW-FIN ALBACORE</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Germo microptera)</div>
+
+<p>Another of the <b>Scrombrid&aelig;</b> family, and very closely
+allied to the albacore, is the yellow-fin albacore. This
+fish has erroneously been called "yellow-fin tuna." It
+does not belong to the genus <b>Thunnus</b> any more than
+does the albacore or the bonito. It is only a visitor to
+the California waters, and often does not make its appearance
+for one or two seasons at a time. They are
+common to the coasts of Japan and the Hawaiian Islands,
+and are supposed to migrate with the Japanese
+current. This species fights altogether on the surface,
+but lacks the sterling gamy qualities of the tuna.</p>
+
+<p>In shape it is built very much on the lines of the
+albacore, but with its pectoral fins only extending back
+to about half way between the anal and ventral, the
+other fins are placed the same as the albacore, and all
+except the pectoral strongly tinged with bright lemon;
+pectoral fin is more of a bright brown; eye, large and
+prominent.</p>
+
+<p>A few have been taken weighing as much as 40
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span>
+pounds and one even 65 pounds. The average, however,
+is about 30 pounds.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i157.png" width="600" height="366" title="" alt="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">BONITO (Sarda chilensis)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE BONITO, OR SKIPJACK</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Sarda chilensis)</div>
+
+<p>To the angler who is not looking for the largest of
+game, the bonito&mdash;known as skipjack to the Catalina
+anglers&mdash;is possibly the most interesting of the ocean
+game fishes. Its beautiful metallic colors, its rapid
+movements, and pleasing habit of always fighting on
+the surface, and rarely, if ever sulking, makes it a
+most attractive game to the discriminating angler.</p>
+
+<p>The bonito also belongs to the <b>Scrombid&aelig;</b> family, and
+ranges from Point Conception to Mexico and south
+through the tropics.</p>
+
+<p>Body, rounded, tapering rapidly to the tail, which is
+strongly forked, but not so much as the albacore;
+pectoral fins, short and placed opposite the eye; dorsal
+fin, double, with saw-like ridges from the second dorsal
+and the anal fins to the tail, the same as in all of this
+family. Color, dark blue on the back, with a metallic
+luster; sides, silvery white, with dark longitudinal lines.
+Weight, from six to twelve pounds.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tackle and Lure</b>&mdash;The light tackle specifications of
+the Tuna Club, given for albacore cannot be improved
+upon for these fish.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i159.png" width="600" height="368" title="" alt="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">SPANISH MACKEREL (Scomberomorus concolor)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">SPANISH MACKEREL</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Scomberomorus concolor)</div>
+
+<p>This is another of the <b>Scrombid&aelig;</b> family. It ranges
+north to Monterey Bay, where it makes its appearance
+in September, remaining until November, when it goes
+south to the Santa Barbara channel; remaining in these
+waters and about Catalina Island during most of the
+winter. This fish is called bonito by many of the
+Catalina anglers, which is a misnomer, as it is a much
+slimmer fish than the bonito.</p>
+
+<p>The pectoral fins are small and located a little above
+the center of the body and close to the gill covers;
+front dorsal starts just above the base of the pectorals
+and extend along the back for a distance a little more
+than the length of the head, and nearly meeting the
+second dorsal, which is about the same width as its
+heighth; ventral fins, a little in front of the pectorals
+and rather small; front of the anal fin under the back
+of the second dorsal. Back, steel blue; sides, silvery.
+Oblique lines, of the darker color of the back, running
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>
+forward and downward to a little below the lateral line.</p>
+
+<p>Weight, usually from nine to twelve pounds, though
+they occasionally attain a weight of eighteen pounds.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tackle and Lure</b>&mdash;The same as for the bonito.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i161.png" width="600" height="369" title="" alt="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">CHUB MACKEREL OR GREEN-BACK (Scomber japonicus)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+
+<div class="caption2">THE CHUB MACKEREL</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Scomber japonicus)</div>
+
+<p>The chub mackerel, the smallest of the <b>Scombrid&aelig;</b>
+family, approaches very closely the true mackerel of
+the East. It is hard to find a fish of any variety more
+delicious than a chub mackerel, caught from the yacht
+and placed on the broiler as soon as it quits flapping.
+They are occasionally found as far north as Monterey
+bay, but their real range is from the Santa Barbara
+channel south. With reasonably light trout tackle they
+put up a gamy and interesting fight.</p>
+
+<p>Back, bluish green, mottled with irregular darker
+streaks, some of which pass below the lateral line; first
+dorsal fin quite high, and about the distance of its
+height in front of the second dorsal; second dorsal and
+anal about the same size and nearly opposite each
+other; tail forked, but not so broadly as the bonito.
+Weight, from one-half to three pounds.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tackle and Lure</b>&mdash;Trout tackle and spoon will furnish
+interesting sport. But they will take any lure.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i163.png" width="600" height="367" title="" alt="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">YELLOW-TAIL (Seriola dorsalis)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE YELLOW-TAIL</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Seriola dorsalis)</div>
+
+<p>The yellow-tail belongs to the family <b>Carangid&aelig;</b>, the
+same to which belong the pompanos, and is one of the
+gamiest of sea fishes. In fact, it is generally said by
+experts who have fished for all varieties and in all
+waters, both salt and fresh, that the yellow-tail of Catalina
+is the gamiest fish, pound for pound, that swims.
+Whether this be true or not, it is certainly one of the
+hardest and most persistent fighters found anywhere
+and furnishes the angler with rod and reel from an
+hour to two hours of lively sport before he can bring it
+to gaff. One well-known writer on angling subjects
+says: "It never knows when it is dead." While the
+average catch will run from ten to thirty pounds, specimens
+have been taken weighing sixty-five pounds. It is
+occasionally met with in Monterey bay, but its range
+is from the Santa Barbara channel south, where it is
+caught the larger portion of the year.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="caption2">Order, ACANTHROPTERI.</div>
+<br />
+<div class="caption2">Family, SCROMBIDAE</div>
+<br />
+<table style="width:100%" class="smaller" summary="Tuna">
+<tr>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Genus</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Species</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Common Names</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Range</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Thunnus</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>thynnus</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Leaping&nbsp;tuna</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="24" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From Coronado Islands to Monterey Bay.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td rowspan="2">Germo</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" rowspan="2"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>microptera</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Yellow-fin albacore</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="24" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>Irregular visitors to the waters of Catalina Island and adjacent mainland.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>alalunga</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Albacore</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>From Point Conception south.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Sarda</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>chilensis</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Bonito</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>From Santa Barbara south.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Scomberomorus</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>concolor</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Spanish&nbsp;mackerel</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>From Monterey Bay south.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Scomber</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>japonicus</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Chub&nbsp;mackerel</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>From Point Conception south.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p>Grayish blue on the back; sides, a dull silver, with
+a yellowish buff stripe along the lateral line; fins, green,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>
+with a strong yellowish tinge; tail, yellowish buff.
+Scales small, with the head bare, except a small patch
+on the cheeks. Pectoral fin on a level with the eye and
+small; ventral under the center of the pectoral; caudal,
+slim and forked. The dorsal fin is double, the front
+being very small with spines and the second half more
+than twice as high; dorsal and anal fins continue in a
+low membrane to very near the tail. Body, elliptical
+and very small at the base of the caudal fin.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tackle and Lure</b>&mdash;Same as for salmon or albacore.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i165.png" width="600" height="369" title="" alt="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">CALIFORNIA SWORDFISH (Tetrapturus mitsukuri)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE CALIFORNIA SWORDFISH</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Tetrapturus mitsukuri)</div>
+
+<p>By many anglers for large and exciting game, the
+California swordfish is pronounced the king of all game
+fishes. Certainly they put up a very determined and
+exciting fight. In size they average about 180 pounds,
+though one has been taken at Catalina by W. C.
+Boschen that weighed 355 pounds. When a swordfish
+is hooked its rushes are desperate, even reckless, and
+at times dangerous to the angler. In its determined
+efforts to free itself from the impaling hook, it threshes
+the waters into foam, repeatedly leaping into the air,
+where the sunlight scintillating upon the purple of its
+back and silvery sides adds the charm of color to the
+excitement of the contest. It is safe to say that there
+is no fish, either in the salt or fresh waters, that is so
+constantly on the surface and in the air during its
+struggles for freedom as is the California swordfish.
+Thirty, forty and even fifty clean leaps into the sunlight
+by the one fish have been recorded in its desperate
+struggle to baffle the skill of the angler.</p>
+
+<p>The snout of the swordfish is continued into a long,
+sharp bone, which measured from the back of the
+mouth is about one-fourth of the length of the fish from
+the mouth to the base of the tail. The under jaw is
+also a sharp projecting bone about half the length of
+the sword. The dorsal fin rises sharply from the top of
+the head to a height nearly equaling the depth of the
+body, the latter part curving downward and continuing
+along the back to nearly the center of the body; tail
+divided into two long, slim forks; second dorsal and
+anal near the tail and nearly opposite each other; ventral
+fin below the terminal of the first dorsal; pectoral
+fins rather long and located close to the gill-covers;
+two long, slender feelers projecting from the center of
+the throat just below the base of the pectorals; eye
+very large and bright dark blue.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span></p>
+<p>Purplish green on the back, with blue perpendicular
+stripes fading into the silvery sides; fins, dark purple.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tackle and Lure</b>&mdash;Same as for tuna.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE BLACK SEA BASS, OR JEW-FISH</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Stereolepis gigas)</div>
+
+<p>This monster of the ocean, commonly called jew-fish,
+seems to be in all respects a gigantic black bass, closely
+resembling the small-mouthed of the fresh waters, and
+no further description will be necessary for anyone
+who may be fortunate enough to land one to know to
+what species it belongs. In fact, he will know just what
+he has hooked long before the monster shows himself on
+the top of the water. This huge black sea bass seems
+to have a very restricted range, for it is only known
+from the Coronado Islands to the Farallones. They
+are very plentiful around Catalina Island, where they
+are usually taken with hand lines. They can not be
+called a game fish, though they are now being taken
+with rod and reel at Catalina and furnish a kind of
+"heavy-weight" sport for those who like it. One weighing
+over 436 pounds has been taken on a tuna rod and
+twenty-one thread line. The writer saw one several
+years ago that was taken on a hand line that weighed
+720 pounds and was over seven feet in length. They are
+fish of great strength and will tow a boat with ease at a
+considerable speed.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tackle</b>&mdash;The same as for tuna, with fish bait.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE BARACUDA</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Sphyraena argentea)</div>
+
+<p>The baracuda is a common fish from San Francisco
+south to Mexico. In the Santa Barbara channel and
+about Catalina and San Diego it is largely taken by
+trolling with light tackle, when it affords really good
+sport. It is a long, slim fish, reaching three and even
+three and a half feet in length, the usual catch being
+from two to two and a half feet in length.</p>
+
+<p>Head long and slender; eye high up on the head and
+nearly half way between the snout and the back of the
+gill covers. Pectoral fin just below the lateral line;
+first dorsal spinous and nearly opposite the ventral;
+second dorsal about midway between the first and the
+tail; anal almost directly under the second dorsal.</p>
+
+<p>Bluish brown on the back, grading into white on the
+belly.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tackle and Lure</b>&mdash;Same as for bonito.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="caption2">WHITING and CROAKERS</div>
+
+<p>There are three other species of fish which inhabit
+the surf of the Pacific from Point Conception, south to
+Mexico, that, while they can not be properly termed
+game fishes, furnish the angler fine sport because of
+the gamy fight they make on light tackle. These are
+the whiting (<b>Menticirrhus undulatus</b>), the spot-fin croaker
+(<b>Roncador stearnsi</b>) and the yellow-fin croaker (<b>Umbrina
+roncador</b>). The first of these is known locally by
+the names of courbina and surf-fish, which are bad
+misnomers. The name, surf-fish, is given by the ichthyologist
+to a species of perch, and the courbina belongs
+to the genus <b>Pogonias</b> and is not found as far north as
+the California coast. These names should be abandoned
+by the anglers and the proper English name of whiting
+used. The word courbina is Italian and means croaker,
+from the Latin, corvus, crow.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i167.png" width="600" height="373" title="" alt="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">WHITE SEA BASS (Cygonoscion nobilis)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">THE WHITE SEA BASS</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Cygonoscion nobilis)</div>
+
+<p>The white sea bass is purely a California species,
+ranging from the Coronado Islands to about the latitude
+of San Francisco. They are caught trolling and make a
+gamy fight on rod and reel. Twenty to forty pound
+fish are common and they have been caught weighing
+seventy-five pounds.</p>
+
+<p>Light bluish on the back and white on the sides,
+with many small specks; dark spot at the base of the
+pectoral fins. Head, long, with pointed snout, and with
+the scales of the head running nearly to its end. Dorsal
+fin double, the first half having ten spines and the latter
+twenty-one or twenty-two soft rays. Anal with two
+spines and nine rays. Tail but little forked.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tackle</b>&mdash;The same as for salmon or yellow-tail.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i169.png" width="600" height="366" title="" alt="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">CALIFORNIA WHITING OR SAND SUCKER (Menticirrhus undulatus)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">CALIFORNIA WHITING OR SAND-SUCKER</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Menticirrhus undulatus)</div>
+
+<p>This species is common to the sand beaches of the
+Pacific, from Point Conception south to Guaymas, Mexico.
+It feeds during the larger part of the year in the
+surf, and is caught from the wharfs or by long casts
+with heavy sinkers from the beach. The whiting appears
+on the California coast in two varieties, the <b>undulatus</b>
+proper and a subspecies which I think has never
+been classified. At any rate, the difference seems sufficient
+to entitle it to a subspecies classification, for the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>
+mouth curves strongly downward, and, therefore, does not
+extend so far back as the undulatus proper. The tail also
+differs, in having both upper and lower lobes rounded,
+instead of the upper being square as in the <b>undulatus</b>.</p>
+
+<p>Head, about one-fifth of the entire length; snout,
+rather pointed, and projecting beyond the mouth; mouth
+reaching to the center of the eye; small barbel on the
+lower lip. Dorsal fin, double, the first with from seven
+to nine spines, the second soft and reaching from the
+first to within about the length of the head from the
+tail; pectoral fins near the gills and about the width
+of the eye below the center of the body; ventral fins,
+a little behind the pectoral; anal fin under the center
+of the second dorsal; dorsal fins dark; pectoral, ventral
+and anal fins, light with darker tips; tail of the
+<b>undulatus</b> proper, upper lobe square and lower lobe
+rounded. Back, bluish brown, shading to white on the
+belly; scales, small. Below the lateral line are a number
+of small spots forming irregular lines running backward
+and upward. Size, rarely exceeding eight pounds.</p>
+
+<p>The illustration is of the variety that I have referred
+to as a subspecies.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tackle and Lure</b>&mdash;The three-six tackle. Rod to be of
+wood, consisting of a butt and tip, and to be not shorter
+than six feet over all; weight of entire rod not to exceed
+six ounces; butt not to be over twelve inches in
+length. Line not to exceed standard 6-thread. Lure,
+sandflies, mussels or clams.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i171.png" width="600" height="367" title="" alt="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">YELLOW-FIN CROAKER (Umbrina roncador)</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2">YELLOW-FIN CROKER</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Umbrina roncador)</div>
+
+<p>The yellow-fin croaker is found in the surf or near
+it along the sandy beaches from some distance north of
+Point Conception south to Manzanillo, Mexico, where it
+is known by the name "corvina con aletas amarillas,"
+or "croaker with yellow fins."</p>
+
+<p>Head, about one-fifth the whole length; snout, very
+blunt, with a small barbel on the lower lip. Dorsal
+fin double, the first half with seven or eight spines, the
+longest about two-thirds the length of the head; second
+half rayed and about two-thirds the height of the first,
+and reaching to about half the length of the head from
+the tail; pectoral fins short, and placed close to the gills
+and a little below the center of the body; ventral fins
+just below the pectoral and a trifle longer; anal fin,
+below the center of the second dorsal; tail, nearly
+square. Back, greenish brown, with a metallic luster
+and giving a pinkish tinge in some lights; sides, shading
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>
+to white on the belly. A few irregular spots on
+the sides forming faint lines.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="caption2"><a name="SPOT-FIN_CROAKER" id="SPOT-FIN_CROAKER"></a>
+SPOT-FIN CROAKER</div>
+<div class="caption3">(Roncador stearnsi)</div>
+
+<p>The spot-fin croaker appears in and near the surf of
+the Pacific Coast from Point Conception south to Mexico.
+<b>Roncador</b> is Spanish and signifies snorer. This
+species resembles the yellow-fin very closely, but is
+usually lighter in color and more metallic in appearance.
+It can always be distinguished from the yellow-fin
+by the distinct black spots at the base of the pectoral
+fins.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tackle and Lure</b>&mdash;Same as for whiting.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<a name="THE_TUNA_CLUB_OF_CATALINA_ISLAND" id="THE_TUNA_CLUB_OF_CATALINA_ISLAND"></a>
+<div class="caption2">THE TUNA CLUB OF CATALINA ISLAND</div>
+
+<p>I cannot close these articles on fish and fishing without
+a few words of commendation of the Tuna Club of
+Catalina Island. From the very inception of this organization
+it has striven to encourage the use of light
+tackle by all anglers. To this end, it has adopted three
+classes of tackle specifications for the taking of the
+several kinds of fish found in the waters surrounding
+its island home, and provided a number of cups and buttons
+to be awarded each year to anglers who land fishes
+of certain weights, with such tackle as is prescribed
+therefore by its rules. This campaign, which it has so
+energetically urged in behalf of scientific angling, has
+worked wonders in its section of the Coast. The old
+methods of landing fish, even of the gamiest quality,
+by the employment of nothing more than brute force
+at the end of an unbreakable cable, has almost disappeared
+in its section, and scientific angling with the
+lightest possible tackle has taken its place. But the
+good work of the Tuna Club has not been confined to
+the boundaries of its own section. Anglers from other
+sections of the country visiting Catalina, and seeing the
+additional pleasure derived from the use of light tackle,
+have become enthusiastic advocates of this more scientific
+means, and returning to their homes have spread
+the propaganda there.</p>
+
+<p>To the stiff pole and chalk-line fishermen of confirmed
+habits I have nothing to say. But to the younger
+generation who have not yet grown grey in the practice
+of bad habits, I wish to urge upon them the use
+of the lightest tackle possible, as a means of developing
+greater skill and deriving greater pleasure from
+their favorite sport. And this is equally true whether
+it be a tuna or a trout.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="caption2">Order, ACANTHROPTERI.</div>
+<br />
+<div class="caption2">Family, SCIAENIDAE</div>
+<br />
+<table style="width:100%" class="smaller" summary="Croakers">
+<tr>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Genus</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Species</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Common Names</td>
+  <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt">Range</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Menticirrhus</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>undulatus</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="24" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>California whiting<br />or sand sucker</td>
+  <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="24" alt="left brace" /></td>
+  <td>From Point Conception south to Guaymas, Mexico.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Roncador</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>stearnsi</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Spot-fin&nbsp;croaker</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>From Point Conception south to Manzanillo, Mexico.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Umbrina</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>roncador</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Yellow-fin&nbsp;croaker</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>From Point Conception south to Manzanillo, Mexico.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="7">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Cygonoscion</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>nobilis</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>White sea bass</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>From San Francisco south to Coronado Islands.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p>
+<div class="caption2">ATTRACTIVE FISHING RESORTS</div>
+
+<p>It is possible that the day may come when man will
+be so engrossed with the pursuit of the dollar that the
+call of the wild will no longer quicken the pulsations
+of his heart. But until that time does come, the wild
+creatures of nature, whose pursuit affords the most
+healthful and exhilarating pastime, will continue to lure
+him to their haunts.</p>
+
+<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
+"To sit on rocks and gaze o'er flood and fell;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;To slowly trace the forest's shady scene,<br />
+Where things that own not man's dominion dwell,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And mortal feet hath ne'er, or rarely, been,"
+</div>
+<br />
+
+will long continue to present a charm to all who love
+the sublimity of the mountains, the beauty of the flower-decked
+fields, or the awe-inspiring grandeur of the
+ocean.<br /><br />
+
+<p>To draw a bead on the antlered buck; to stop the
+flight of the gamy quail; to land the denizen of the
+mountain stream, or troll the ocean's depth for the
+tuna, the salmon or the yellow-tail, furnishes a pastime
+whose recollection draws one back again and again to
+sit on nature's lap and listen to her teachings. The
+recollection of these pleasures are locked in the treasure
+vaults of the memory, where the wearings of time
+can never erase them; for when the once firm step that
+carried him proudly up the mountain's side shall falter
+and become a palsied wreck of time, and the eye,
+dimmed by the accumulated mists of years, shall see
+clearly, only in retrospect, he will sit by his fire-side
+in slippered feet, and, gazing down the long vistas of
+the past, live over and over again in his reveries the
+pleasures furnished by the forest, the field, the stream
+and the ocean.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing would please me better than to describe herein
+the many places where, during a residence on the
+Pacific Coast of more than half a century, I have enjoyed
+these sports in the fullest degree. But even the
+merest mention of the almost innumerable hunting
+grounds and trout streams, and the hundreds of mountain
+and sea-side resorts, from Washington to Mexico,
+would, of itself, make a volume of no mean size. I am,
+therefore, restricted to the mention of only a few of
+the more attractive places where good sea fishing can
+be found, coupled with such accommodations and surroundings
+as appeal to the discriminating pleasure
+seeker.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span></p>
+<div class="caption2">CATALINA ISLAND.</div>
+
+<p>Almost due south of Los Angeles, and about twenty
+miles from the mainland, is the far-famed island of
+Catalina.</p>
+
+<p>It is still a debatable question whether it was the
+leaping tuna that made Catalina famous, or whether it
+was its many attractions, its facilities for sea fishing and
+its splendid accommodations, that gave the sport of tuna
+fishing a world-wide reputation.</p>
+
+<p>This beautiful island, with its diversified amusements;
+its grand scenery; its wonderful drives; its
+surf less sea bathing; its marine views; its perfect
+equipment for sea fighting, and its splendidly appointed
+hotel, has made it the Mecca to which the enthusiastic
+anglers of the world make their regular pilgrimages,
+for it seems to be the favored habitat of all the game
+fishes of the ocean, except the salmon and the striped
+bass.</p>
+
+<p>Catalina is the home of the Tuna Club, the greatest
+fishing organization of the world, with its international
+membership pledged to the promotion of scientific
+angling. It is here where the world's records are made,
+and the greatest feats in landing the fighting monsters
+of the sea have been achieved.</p>
+
+<p>In its variety of game fishes I know of no place to
+equal it. The leaping tuna, the albacore, the Spanish
+mackerel, the bonito, the chub mackerel, the white sea
+bass, the yellow-tail, and the California swordfish, the
+sensational fighter of the ocean, are all here and ready
+to give the light tackle angler the most exciting contest
+of his life.</p>
+
+<p>When the angler waits for the tides, he wants some
+other divertisement to occupy his mind. At Catalina he
+finds a pastime suitable to every hour, to every fancy,
+to every mood. He can bathe in its crystal waters; he
+can stroll along its pebbly beaches or climb its hills
+in search of wild goats; he can ride through its charming
+valleys, over its lofty peaks and around the dizzy
+heights that overlook the ocean; he can increase the
+elasticity of his step on its tennis courts, or exercise
+his muscle on its golf links. He can view the ancient
+relics of a departed people, study the strange and curious
+forms of ocean life in the extensive aquariums, or
+comfortably seated in a glass-bottomed boat, marvel at
+the extravagant splendor of the marine gardens, hundreds
+of feet below the surface, where sirens sing and
+mermaids are said to dwell. And, when he has gone
+the rounds, and longs again for more exciting sport,
+well&mdash;then he can go fishing.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table style="width:100%" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td class="center"><img src="images/i176.png" width="387" height="600" title="" alt="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">HOTEL DEL MONTE</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="caption2">DEL MONTE</div>
+
+<p>Monterey Bay is pre-eminently the fishing ground
+for the Pacific salmon. As these gamy fish seek their
+spawning grounds, after their four-years' sojourn in
+unknown waters, they enter Monterey Bay at its southern
+headland and follow around it at varying distances
+from the shore. During this season the Hotel Del
+Monte, with its splendid appointments and scenic beauty,
+is the favored Mecca of the salmon anglers. Here
+boats with experienced boatmen, and a good supply of
+tackle and bait are always to be had. The contour of
+the peninsula, with its high mountain crest, forming
+the southern shore of the bay, is such that the strong
+winds of the open ocean is cut off from the Del Monte
+side, allowing the waters of this side of the bay to retain
+that smoothness that makes either boating or fishing
+a delight. This, too, may have something to do
+with the feeding habits of the salmon, thereby accounting
+for the usually large catches made by the guests
+of the hotel.</p>
+
+<p>While the Pacific Coast furnishes fine sport for the
+angler, both in its fresh and salt waters, with an infinite
+variety of gamy fishes, salmon fishing must be
+classed as one of the most satisfying. An angler likes
+to see his adversary and know with what he is contending.
+The salmon is a surface fighter, leaping high
+into the air when he finds himself impaled; and this
+sight of his beautiful sides, scintillating in the sunlight,
+quickens the pulsations of the heart of the angler and
+gives zest to the sport.</p>
+
+<p>Each section of the coast has its fish and fishing
+peculiar to itself; but I care not from what section the
+expert angler may come, he will enjoy the salmon
+fishing of Monterey Bay. He will do more; for the
+Hotel Del Monte is one of the delightful show places
+of the Pacific Coast. Space will not admit of an enumeration
+of the many interesting sights here to be seen.
+There are glimpses of California life a hundred years
+ago by the side of picturesque golf links and tennis
+courts. A modern hostelry hid away in the center of
+a primeval park. A seventeen-mile drive through shady
+mountain dells and along weirdly beautiful ocean coves
+and rocky crags. The marine gardens as seen at the
+bottom of the ocean through glass-bottomed boats.
+These, and many other interesting relics and inspiring
+scenes are the side attractions for the salmon angler
+who visits Del Monte.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td class="center"><img src="images/i178.png" width="600" height="384" title="" alt="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">FISHING PIER, DEL MAR</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p>
+<div class="caption2">DEL MAR.</div>
+
+<p>Del Mar is one of the few beach resorts where the
+pleasure-seeker can divide his time among the whole
+range of out-door amusements. The long pleasure wharf
+and the miles of just that character of beach where
+the whiting, the croaker, the chub mackerel and the
+young sea bass love to feed, offer the finest of still fishing.
+If he is ambitious for a contest with the big
+fighting fishes of the deeper waters, he can take a
+boat and soon be floating over the haunts of the yellow-tail,
+the albacore and the bonito. If he prefers the
+report of the gun to the music of the reel, a short walk
+back from the hotel brings him into the country of the
+game little quail.</p>
+
+<p>Again, he can, by a short ride to the ponds and lagoons,
+change from upland to waterfowl shooting.</p>
+
+<p>But the gamut is not yet run; for within easy reach
+are several mountain streams where he can cast his
+flies on their waters with good returns. And, if he
+seeks to pit his cunning and his skill against the watchful
+deer, a pleasant and interesting ride over a good
+motor road, takes him into the wilds of the Cuyamaca
+mountains.</p>
+
+<p>But the sportsman in his outings will always think
+of his comforts as well as his sports, and for those Del
+Mar has planned with a lavish hand.</p>
+
+<p>It is not all of the enjoyment of a good meal to have
+a choice selection of viands, admirably cooked by an
+experienced chef, and served in the most approved manner.
+It is not all of a good night's rest, after the fatigue
+of a day's sport, to have lain on a downy bed in
+a richly appointed room. Agreeable service; the affability
+of the management; the pervading air of welcome;
+the society of congenial companions; the beauty
+of the situation; the inspiring views; the charm of
+the many scenes that each day photographs upon the
+memory, adds a relish to the menu which no chef can
+compound, and a restfulness to one's slumber that the
+ingenuity of no upholsterer can supply. For a part of
+these delightful adjuncts to one's enjoyment, I am willing
+to give credit to the excellent taste of the founders
+of Del Mar. But the beauty of its surroundings,
+the possibility of its charming individuality, must be
+credited to those exclusive gifts which nature first bestowed
+upon it.</p>
+
+<p>Del Mar is twenty-two miles from San Diego and 111
+from Los Angeles, and can be reached from either of
+these cities by the Santa Fe railroad, or by a good
+motor road, distinguished for its many interesting views.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<table width="610" summary="picture frame">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i180.png" width="600" height="381" title="" alt="" /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3">AQUARIUM, VENICE</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></p>
+<div class="caption2">VENICE</div>
+
+<p>That there is but one Venice in America is the verdict
+of all who have visited this charming sea-side resort.
+Its oriental architecture, and its numerous canals,
+on whose surface floats in Italian ease, real Venetian
+gondolas, give it an atmosphere suggestive of the Mediterranean.
+But it is not of its Venetian aspect, nor its
+endless chain of amusements, from its surf and plunge
+bathing to its rollicking scenic railroad and hair-raising
+dash through its cavernous rapids, or its hundred or
+more interesting pastimes for the pleasure seeker, that
+the attention of the reader is herein directed.</p>
+
+<p>It is to those forms of sea life that contribute to his
+pleasure that his attention is called, for the waters of
+Venice furnish a wonderful variety of these, as will be
+seen by a visit to the large aquarium maintained on
+the pier by the University of Southern California. From
+the wharfs he can angle for smelt, mackerel and perch,
+as well as for halibut and other bottom fishes. From
+the beach, by bait-casting into the surf, he is rewarded
+with croaker, whiting (erroneously called corbina), and
+young sea bass, locally known as sea trout.</p>
+
+<p>By taking a launch and going out into the open water,
+his ambition to bring to gaff the larger species of the
+deeper sea can be gratified with strikes from the tuna,
+the albacore, the bonito, the mackerel and the yellow-tail
+that will give him a contest worthy of his metal.</p>
+
+<p>These launch trips upon the bosom of the open ocean,
+are among the chiefest pleasures of our beach resorts,
+for the angler not only finds keen sport in the landing
+of these larger fishes, but an exhilarating recreation,
+restful to the mind and healthful to the body.</p>
+
+<p>Then, when his day's sport is over, whether his outing
+is only for a day, or for the several weeks of his vacation,
+His comforts are to be considered. In these Venice
+offers as wide a range as it does in its amusements.
+At the splendidly appointed Hotel St. Marks he can find
+the most luxurious accommodations; he can dine at one
+of its deservedly popular cafes; or, if he wants to spend
+his vacation in restful quietude with his family, he can
+take a furnished villa on the bank of one of the canals,
+hidden away in a wealth of flowers and forest trees,
+with the sea breeze tempered to a balmy zephyr. To
+this sequestered home he can bring his fish, fresh from
+the sea, and broiling them to his particular taste, enjoy
+the last delight of the angler's day of sport.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span></p>
+<div class="caption2">INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS</div>
+<br />
+<table class="index" summary="Index to Illustrations">
+<tr>
+  <td class="text_lf" colspan="2">DOVES&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mourning Dove,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;White-winged Dove,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="text_lf" colspan="2">DUCKS&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;American Golden-eye,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;American Scaup,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Barrow's Golden-eye,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Blue-bill,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Butter-ball,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Canvasback,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gadwall,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Harlequin,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mallard,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pin-tail,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Red-head,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ring-neck,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ruddy,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Scoter, White-winged,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shoveler,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Spoon-bill,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sprig,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Teal, Blue-winged,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Teal, Cinnamon,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Teal, Green-winged,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Widgeon,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wire-tail,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wood Duck,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="text_lf" colspan="2">FISHES&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Albacore,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bass, Small-mouthed, Black,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bass, Striped,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bass, White Sea,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bonito,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Croaker, Yellow-fin,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mackerel, Chub,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mackerel, Spanish,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Salmon, Chinook,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sand-sucker,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Skip-jack,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Swordfish,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Trout, Eastern Brook,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Trout, Rainbow,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tuna, Leaping,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Whiting, California,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yellow-tail,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="text_lf" colspan="2">GEESE&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Black Brant,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Brown Brant,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cackling Goose,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Canada Goose,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Emperor Goose,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Honker,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Little White Goose,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ross Goose,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Speckle-breast,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Snow Goose,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;White-cheeked Goose,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;White-fronted Goose,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2"><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="text_lf" colspan="2">GROUSE&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oregon Ruffed,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sage Hen,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sharp-tail,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sooty,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="text_lf">PHEASANT, Mongolian,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="text_lf">PIGEON, Band-tailed,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="text_lf" colspan="2">QUAIL&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Arizona,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bobwhite, Virginia,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;California Valley,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Elegant,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gambel,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Massena,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Montezuma,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mountain,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Plumed,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Scaled,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="text_lf" colspan="2">SHORE BIRDS&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Avocet,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Curlew, Sickle-bill,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Curlew, Hudsonian,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Dowitcher,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Godwit,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ibis, White-fronted, Glossy,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Marlin,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Plover, Black-bellied,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Plover, Mountain,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Plover, Ring-neck,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Plover, Snowy,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Snipe, Jack or Wilson,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Snipe, Red-Breasted,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yellow-legs,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="text_lf">TURKEY, Mexican Wild,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span></p>
+<div class="caption2">INDEX</div>
+<br />
+
+<table class="index" summary="Index">
+<tr>
+  <td>ANATIDAE, family,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>ANATINAE, subfamily,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>ANSERENAE, subfamily,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>ANSERES, order,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>BAY AND SEA DUCKS,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>CHARADRIDAE, family,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>COLUMBIDAE, family,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>CYGNINAE, subfamily,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>DOVES&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mourning Dove,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;White-winged Dove,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>DUCKS&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;American Golden-eye,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;American Scaup,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Barrow's Golden-eye,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Blue-bill,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Butter-ball,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Canvasback,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Fulvous Tree Duck,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gadwall,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Harlequin Duck,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lesser Scaup Duck,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Little Blue-bill,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Long-tailed Duck,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mallard,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Old Squaw,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pin-tail,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Red-head,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ring-neck,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ruddy Duck,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Scoters,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shoveler,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Spoon-bill,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sprig,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Subfamily, genus &amp; species, fresh-water ducks,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Subfamily, genus &amp; species, salt-water ducks,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Teal&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Blue-wing,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Cinnamon,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Green-wing,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Widgeon,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wire-tail,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wood Duck,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>FISHES&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Albacore,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Yellow-fin,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bass&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Black, Large-mouth,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Black, Small-mouth,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Striped,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>White Sea,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_168">168</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Baracuda,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bonito,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Croaker&mdash;family, genus and species,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Spot-fin,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Yellow-fin,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Jewfish,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2"><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mackerel&mdash;family, genus and species,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Chub,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Green-back,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Spanish,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sacramento Pike,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Salmon,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Salmon&mdash;family, genus and species,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Blue-back,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Chinook,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Dog,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Hump-back,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>King,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Redfish,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Silver,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Sock-eye,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sand-sucker,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_168">168</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Skip-jack,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Swordfish,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Trout&mdash;family, genus and species,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Colorado River,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Cutthroat,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Dolly Varden,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Eastern Brook,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Golden,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Lake Tahoe,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Lake Southerland,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Rainbow,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Rio Grande,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Silver,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Steel-head,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tuna,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Whiting, California,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_168">168</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yellow-tail,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>FISHING RESORTS,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Catalina Island,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Del Mar,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Del Monte,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Venice,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>GAME BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC COAST,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>GAME FISHES OF THE PACIFIC COAST,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>GAME FISHES OF THE SEA,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>GEESE OF THE PACIFIC COAST,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>GEESE, FAMILY, GENUS AND SPECIES,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Black Sea Brant,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Brown Brant,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cackling Goose,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Canada Goose,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Emperor Goose,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Honker,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hutchins Goose,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Little White Goose,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ross Goose,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Speckle-breast,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Snow Goose,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;White Goose,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;White-cheeked Goose,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;White-fronted Goose,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>GROUSE&mdash;Family, genus and species,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Canadian Ruffed,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oregon Ruffed,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sage Hen,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sharp-tail,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sooty,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Spruce,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2"><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>PHEASANT, Mongolian,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>PIGEON, Wild,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>PIGEONS AND DOVES,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>QUAIL&mdash;Family, genus and species,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>,&nbsp;<a href="#Page_30">30</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Arizona,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bobwhite,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bobwhite, Masked,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;California Valley,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Elegant,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gambel,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Massena,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Montezuma,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mountain,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Lower California,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Plumed,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;San Pedro Mountain,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Scaled,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Chestnut-bellied,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>SHORE BIRDS&mdash;Family, genus and species,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_110">110</a>,&nbsp;<a href="#Page_118">118</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Avocet,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cranes, Rails and Gallinules,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Curlew, Sickle-bill,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Hudsonian,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Dowitcher,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Godwit,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Herons and Ibises,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Marlin,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Plover, family, genus and species,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Black-bellied,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Mountain,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Ring-neck,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Snowy,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Wilson,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Rails,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sandpiper, Red-backed,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Snipe, family, genus and species,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Jacksnipe,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Red-breasted,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td><span style="width:2.5em">&nbsp;</span>Wilson,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stilt, Black-necked,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Willet,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yellow-legs,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>SWANS,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>TUNA CLUB,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>TURKEYS, Wild,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mexican, Wild,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>WATERFOWL,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>WADERS AND SHORE BIRDS,</td>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></p>
+<div class="center">
+<img src="images/i187a.png" width="338" height="274"
+ title="FISHING TACKLE, Chas. H. Kewell Co., 436-438 Market St.,
+ San Francisco, Cal." alt="FISHING TACKLE" />
+<br />
+<br />
+<div class="caption2">Manufacturers and Patentees</div>
+<br />
+<div class="caption1">Trout Flies-Dry &amp; Wet</div>
+<br />
+<table style="width:100%" summary="image frame">
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption2">KEWELL-<br />STEWART<br />SPOON</td>
+<td class="center"><img src="images/i187b.png" width="109" height="48"
+ title="Kewart Reg. U. S. Patent Office" alt="Kewart Reg. U. S. Patent Office" /></td>
+<td class="caption2">KEWELL-<br />LAFORGE<br />SPINNER</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br />
+<div class="caption3">Write for Catalogue P</div>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p>
+<table style="width:100%" class="center" summary="page frame">
+<tr>
+  <td class="bbox6">
+<div style="float: right">
+<img src="images/i188a.png" width="221" height="169" title="fishing" alt="fishing" />
+</div>
+<br />
+<div style="clear: both">
+<div class="caption2">Tufts-Lyon Arms Co.</div>
+<br />
+<div class="caption1 gesperrt">Sporting Goods</div>
+<br />
+<div class="caption3">GOOD SHOOTING GOODS</div>
+<br />
+<div class="caption2">Special Tuna <span style="position:relative; top:4px">
+ <img src="images/i188b.png" width="11" height="36" title="and" alt="and" /></span>
+ Swordfish Tackle</div>
+<br />
+<div class="caption3">Los Angeles, California</div>
+<br />
+<div style="float: left">
+<img src="images/i188c.png" width="221" height="176" title="fishing" alt="fishing" />
+</div>
+</div>
+<br />
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p>
+
+<table style="width:100%" class="center" summary="page frame">
+<tr>
+  <td class="bbox6">
+<table style="width:100%" class="center" summary="page frame">
+<tr>
+  <td class="bbox6">
+<div class="caption2">A FULL LINE OF</div>
+
+<div class="caption1">Sporting Goods</div>
+<br />
+
+<table style="width:65%" class="center" summary="frame">
+<tr>
+  <td>
+    <table class="bold ind2em" style="width:95%" summary="firearms">
+    <tr>
+      <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;SHOTGUNS</td>
+      <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;RIFLES</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Parker, Ithaca,</td>
+      <td>Hopkins &amp; Allen</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Remington, Stevens,</td>
+      <td>Winchester</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Winchester, Marlin,</td>
+      <td>Remington</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Hopkins &amp; Allen,</td>
+      <td>Stevens</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Ainsley H. Fox,</td>
+      <td>Savage</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>L. C. Smith,</td>
+      <td>Marlin</td>
+    </tr>
+    </table>
+    <br />
+    Marble's Game-Getter Gun<br />
+    <br />
+
+    <table class="bold ind2em" style="width:95%" summary="handguns">
+    <tr>
+      <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;REVOLVERS</td>
+      <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;AUTOMATIC PISTOLS</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Harrington &amp; Richardson</td>
+      <td>Smith &amp; Wesson</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Hopkins &amp; Allen</td>
+      <td>Savage</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Smith &amp; Wesson</td>
+      <td>Mouser</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Iver-Johnson</td>
+      <td>Loger</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Colts</td>
+      <td>Colts</td>
+    </tr>
+    </table>
+    <br />
+    Stevens Target Pistols<br />
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br />
+
+<div class="bold">AMMUNITION</div>
+<br />
+U. M. C., Winchester, Selby&mdash;Field and Trap Shells<br />
+Dupont, Ballistite, New E. C., Schultz Powders<br />
+<br />
+<div class="bold">Blue Rock Traps and Pigeons</div>
+<br />
+<div class="bold">HUNTING CLOTHING</div>
+
+Our Own Make of Khaki, Canvas, Corduroy Suits<br />
+Hats and Leggins.<br />
+<br />
+Shaw-duck Ulsters, Coltskin Reafers, Duluth Mackinaws,<br />
+Knit Jackets, Webber-stitch Coats, Roughneck<br />
+Sweaters, Flannel Shirts, Knit Caps,<br />
+Woolen Socks.<br />
+<br />
+Laced Boots and Hunting Shoes.<br />
+Oiled Clothing, Rubber Suits and Boots. Sleeping<br />
+Bags, Oregon Blankets, Comforts, Bedding Rolls,<br />
+Carryall Bags, Ponchos and Knapsacks, Packsaddles,<br />
+Kyaks, Water Bottles and Canteens.<br />
+<br />
+
+<hr style="height:2px; color:#000;" />
+<hr style="height:2px; color:#000;" />
+
+<table style="width:90%" summary="address">
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption1" colspan="2">The Wm. H. Hoegee, Inc.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="center" colspan="2">138-40.42 South Park</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption3nc text_lf">LOS ANGELES,</td>
+  <td class="caption3nc text_rt">CAL.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span></p>
+
+<table style="width:100%" class="bbox6 center" summary="taxidermist advertisement">
+<tr>
+  <td><img src="images/i190a.png" width="145" height="183"
+   title="Deer Antlers" alt="Deer Antlers" /></td>
+  <td><span class="caption3">I Mounted The</span><br /><br />
+   <span class="caption2">African Collection</span><br /><br />
+   <span class="caption3">OF</span><br /><br />
+   <span class="caption2">Stewart Edward White</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="caption3 brd_tp">If You want high grade taxidermy send<br />
+   me your trophies.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="caption1">Albert E. Colburn</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="caption3">806 South Broadway</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2" class="caption2">LOS ANGELES, CALIF.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br />
+<table style="width:100%" class="bbox6 center" summary="photography supply advert">
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption1">A KODAK</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>is as necessary to your hunting outfit as your<br />
+gun, and a shot with it often far more<br />
+satisfactory because it is</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption2">A LASTING PLEASURE</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>Everything you need in the Kodak Line will<br />
+be found at the</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption1">Earl V. Lewis Company</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>
+  <table summary="detail">
+<tr>
+  <td><span class="undrscr">Two Stores</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>226 West Fourth St.<br />306 West Seventh St.</td>
+</tr>
+  </table>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="caption2">Bring your films for developing and<br />printing</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="trans_notes">
+<div class="caption2">Transcriber's Notes</div>
+
+  <p>The text presented here is that contained in the original printed
+  version. Other than the typographical corrections listed below and
+  a number of minor corrections, the following changes were introduced:</p>
+
+<table summary="changes made">
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">1) Paragraphs split by illustrations or tables were rejoined.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">2) The illustrations were placed above the section
+     describing the species illustrated.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">3) The following errata notes displayed on the bottom of pages 112,
+     114 and 116 in the original publication have been applied:</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="text_lf">"In the make-up of a few pages on the shore birds, the
+    scientific names have become transposed.<br />They should read:<br />
+    &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Page_112">Page 112</a>: Dowitcher (Macrohampus scolopaceus).<br />
+    &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Page_114">Page 114</a>: Yellow-legs (Totanus melanoleucus).<br />
+    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;" : Marlin (Limosa fedora).<br />
+    &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Page_116">Page 116</a>: Red-backed sandpiper (Tringa alpina pacifica).<br />
+    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;" : Willet (Symphemia Semipalmata inornata)."<br /></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">4) There appears to be text missing under the description of
+     "WILSON'S PLOVER" in the "Measurements" section on <a href="#missing">page 125</a>.<br />
+     &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A note was inserted to that effect</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="2">5) The &AElig; ligature which was used in the caption of the
+    image on <a href="#Page_122">page 122</a> has been changed to the letters "AE" for consistancy
+    with the way those names are displayed elsewhere in the book.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br />
+
+<a name="typos"></a>
+<div class="caption2">Typographical Corrections</div>
+<br />
+<div class="center">
+<table summary="typo listing">
+<tr>
+  <td class="brd_bt2">Page</td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="brd_bt2">Correction</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Banapart &#8658; Bonapart</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>"Male" added for consistancy</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Spatula acuta &#8658; Dafila acuta</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Aythya amaricana &#8658; Aythya americana</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Chen rossi &#8658; Chen rossii</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Plegadis gaurauna &#8658; Plegadis guarauna</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Gaura alba &#8658; Guara alba</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Grus mericana &#8658; Grus canadensis</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>GALLINUL &#8658; GALLINULES</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Grus mericana &#8658; Grus americana</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Charadrous squaterola &#8658; Charadrius squatarola</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>AVOSET => AVOCET</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Loch Loven &#8658; Loch Leven</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>Cygnocian nobilis &#8658; Cygonoscion nobilis</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td>
+  <td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td>SPOT-FIN CRAOKER &#8658; SPOT-FIN CROAKER</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+<br />
+<br />
+</div><!-- End Book -->
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Game Birds and Game Fishes of the
+Pacific Coast, by Harry Thom Payne
+
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+</body>
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@@ -0,0 +1,6245 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Game Birds and Game Fishes of the Pacific
+Coast, by Harry Thom Payne
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Game Birds and Game Fishes of the Pacific Coast
+
+Author: Harry Thom Payne
+
+Release Date: November 16, 2011 [EBook #38032]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GAME BIRDS AND GAME FISHES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas, Joseph Cooper and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                 GAME BIRDS
+
+                    AND
+
+                 GAME FISHES
+
+                   OF THE
+
+                PACIFIC COAST
+
+
+                    _BY_
+
+                 H. T. PAYNE
+
+
+             [Illustration: shell]
+
+
+  Illustrated with Half-tones from Photographs of
+          Live and Carefully Mounted
+               Birds and Fishes.
+
+     With Ready Reference Diagrams of Each Family,
+       Giving the Scientific and Common Names
+          of Each Genus and Species, Their
+           Relationship, Breeding Grounds
+                and General Range.
+
+           NEWS PUBLISHING CO., Los Angeles.
+
+
+
+
+        Copyrighted 1913, Under Act of Congress,
+                      By H. T. Payne
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+Laws recently enacted by most of the states for the better protection
+of the game, imposing a nominal license for the privilege of hunting
+it, have enabled us to take a census, as it were, of that vast number
+of the American people who enjoy the health-giving sports of the
+field. This census reveals the fact, that, of the whole population of
+the Pacific Coast, nearly twenty per cent of all those over fifteen
+years of age are licensed sportsmen. Add to these the large number of
+anglers, not counted in this enumeration, and the rapidly increasing
+number of young ladies who are learning to enjoy the exhilarating
+sports of the field and stream, and this percentage will be
+appreciably increased. It is, therefore, obvious that a study of the
+game birds and game fishes must be one of interest to a very large
+portion of our people, and especially to the younger generation whose
+knowledge of the game they bring to bag is still in the formative
+state.
+
+Unlike all other works treating of the birds and fishes, this one is
+written from the standpoint of the practical sportsman and angler,
+rather than for the student of ornithology or ichthyology. I have,
+therefore avoided the use of technical names as much as possible, and
+employed in the description of the various species the plainest
+language consistent with a clear understanding of their distinguishing
+features. I have, however, for the benefit of those who wish to learn
+their scientific names and genetic relationship, added after the
+description of the members of each family, a tabulated form, giving
+the Order, Family, Subfamily and Genus to which the several species
+belong; together with their common names, general range and breeding
+grounds. A new and convenient feature of ready reference.
+
+The numerous illustrations, which are from photographs of the actual
+birds, is a new feature of great importance to the student, as they
+give the perfect markings of every feather, and the true gradation of
+color as appearing in nature.
+
+That, by placing within the reach of the younger generation of
+sportsmen, such knowledge of the game birds and game fishes as I have
+gained through more than half a century spent in their pursuit, may,
+in a measure, liquidate the deep debt I owe for the many happy hours
+and excellent health drawn from the exhilarating sports of the field
+and stream, is the earnest wish of
+
+                                                  THE AUTHOR.
+
+
+
+
+  [Illustration: Taxonomy of Birds]
+
+
+
+
+THE GAME BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC COAST
+
+
+In describing the game birds of the Pacific Coast, I have included all
+those found in any considerable numbers from the British Columbia
+line, south to and including the state of Arizona, the Mexican states
+of Sonora and Chihuahua and the peninsula of Lower California, for in
+some of these less frequented places, game birds are found in great
+numbers and great variety. This is especially true in these southern
+sections with the quail, for here its voice is heard in all the notes
+of the gamut, from the soft, turkey-like call of the mountain species,
+the soul-stirring whistle of the bobwhite, or the sharp, decisive
+"can't see me" of the valley quail, through all the varied changes of
+the blue quail family, to the low plaintive note of the massena quail
+of Mexico.
+
+While it is not the purpose of this work to give a scientific
+classification of the game birds of which it treats, a brief statement
+of the manner in which they are grouped and classified by the
+ornithologist will materially assist the reader in the study of those
+species herein mentioned.
+
+The ornithologist groups all the birds of North America into seventeen
+"Orders"; each of these including all birds of a similar nature. Some
+of these orders are divided into two or more suborders, where, while
+clearly belonging to the order, there is yet a sufficient difference
+in certain groups of families to justify this further separation. The
+next division is the "family," which is again divided into "genera,"
+and each "genus" into "species."
+
+Of the seventeen orders of American birds, the scope of this work
+includes only six; for all of the birds, commonly called game birds,
+belong to one or the other of the following orders:
+
+The =Gallinae=--All gallinaceous, or chicken-like birds. Of this order
+we only have to consider two families: The =Tetraonidae=, composed of
+the quail and grouse, and the =Phasianidae=, composed of the turkeys
+and pheasants.
+
+The =Anseres=--Lamellirostral, or soft-billed swimmers, such as the
+ducks, geese, swans and mergansers, comprising the one family,
+=Anatidae=, which is divided into five subfamilies, with four of which
+we are concerned, viz.: The =Anatinae=, the fresh-water ducks; the
+=Fuligulinae=, the salt-water ducks; the =Anserinae=, the geese and
+brant; and the =Cygninae=, the swans.
+
+The =Columbae=--This order has but one family, the =Columbidae=,
+composed of the pigeons and doves.
+
+The =Limicolae=--This order has seven families, only three of which I
+have mentioned as being of sufficient interest to the sportsmen of the
+Pacific Coast to justify a description of them. These are the
+=Recurvirostridae=, composed of the stilts and avocets; the
+=Scolopacidae=, the snipes, curlews, yellow-legs, willits, marlins,
+sandpipers, etc.; and the =Charadridae=, the plovers.
+
+The other two orders, the =Herodiones= and the =Paludicolae=, the first
+composed largely of the herons, storks, ibises, and egrets, and the
+latter of the cranes, rails gallinules and coots, afford more pleasure
+to the sportsman through their stately appearance on his hunting
+grounds than as game birds. The coots, however, are not considered
+game by our sportsmen.
+
+It is well to state here also, that ornithologists do not always agree
+in the classification and nomenclature of birds. One claiming that a
+certain species or genus should be separated, while others insist that
+there is no reason for such separation. With the one exception of the
+California valley quail, I have followed the plan of the American
+Ornithologists' Union. In this exception I have followed such good
+authorities as Bonapart, Elliott, Ridgeway and Gambel, and given the
+California valley quail the generic name of =Lophortyx=, instead of
+classing them with the Callipepla, to which belong the scaled quail, a
+species with no distinction between the sexes.
+
+
+THE QUAIL
+
+While the eastern half of the continent has but one genus of quail,
+the Pacific Coast, including Mexico, is well supplied with five genera
+and eighteen species, to which may be added four subspecies. Nine
+species of the genus, =Colinus=, however, and two of the genus,
+=Callipepla=, do not come into the United States.
+
+Properly speaking we have no quail in America, all of our so-called
+quail being partridges, but the use of the word "quail" has become so
+common that these birds will, in all probability, be known as quail
+for all time. But whatever the name, they are resourceful beyond
+comparison, and gamy to the fullest degree; affording with dog and
+gun the most enjoyable of all out-door sport.
+
+
+  [Illustration: MOUNTAIN QUAIL      PLUMED QUAIL
+                 (Oreortyx pictus)   (Oreortyx pictus plumiferus)]
+
+
+THE MOUNTAIN QUAIL
+
+(Oreortyx pictus)
+
+The mountain quails are the largest and most beautiful of all the
+American quails, though the least hunted and the least gamy. There is
+but one genus, with one species and two subspecies. Two of these
+inhabit the mountains of California and Oregon, and the third, the
+high ranges of the peninsula of Lower California. While most of the
+sportsmen of the Pacific Coast are conversant with the general
+character and coloration of the mountain quail, I believe but few of
+them have ever seen the more beautiful species that inhabit the San
+Pedro Martir mountains of Lower California.
+
+The present species, given the English name of mountain partridge, by
+the ornithologists, and which he has taken for his type, is a small
+race found only on the Coast Range from the Bay of San Francisco north
+into Oregon, and, therefore, never reaches the high altitudes reached
+by its near relatives, the =Oreortyx pictus plumiferus=, to which the
+English name, plumed partridge, has been given. In fact, both of these
+varieties are plumed, though that of the latter is a trifle the
+longer. The fact that the plumed quail ascends the mountains each
+spring to heights of from five to eight thousand feet for nesting
+purposes, gives it a better claim to the name, mountain, than has the
+other variety.
+
+The present species, the mountain quail, is generally found in the
+canyons and on the damp hill-sides where ferns are abundant. They have
+very little of the migratory habits of the other species, except when
+driven down in the winter by the snows. Their habits and general plan
+of coloration are so much like those of the other two species that I
+shall describe them all together, with the proper mention of wherein
+they differ.
+
+
+THE PLUMED QUAIL
+
+(Oreortyx pictus plumiferus)
+
+The range of the plumed partridge is throughout the entire length of the
+Sierra Nevadas and of the coast range south of San Francisco bay into
+Lower California, where it intergrades with the San Pedro partridge,
+but it does not cross the Colorado river and enter Arizona or the
+mainland of Mexico. This species begins its migrations early in the
+spring, keeping close to the snow line until they reach altitudes as
+high as 7000 to 8000 feet, where they nest and rear their young. In the
+fall, just before the winter rains begin, they commence their migrations
+down again to the foothills, where they remain until the following
+spring. Unless driven by unusually heavy snows, they rarely descend
+lower than 2000 to 3000 feet above sea level.
+
+
+SAN PEDRO MARTIR MOUNTAIN QUAIL
+
+(Oreortyx pictus confinis)
+
+The San Pedro partridge, so named by the ornithologist, is a resident
+of the San Pedro Martir mountains of Lower California, and ascends to
+a height of ten thousand feet, and is rarely seen lower than five
+thousand feet above the sea.
+
+I want to say here that no work on ornithology that I have seen,
+describes the San Pedro partridge properly. Most likely this is the
+result of an examination of the intergrades only, for they do
+intergrade with the California species to the northward. The two
+species first mentioned have the plume from one and a half to two and
+a half inches long and nearly round in form. The plume of the San
+Pedro partridge is flat, about three-sixteenths of an inch wide and
+from three and a half to four and a half inches long. The plume of the
+other varieties is erectile, but that of the San Pedro denizen is soft
+and falls down the side. In all species both sexes are alike, with the
+exception that the plume of the female is generally a trifle the
+shorter; but this can not always be relied upon to distinguish the
+sex.
+
+Generally speaking there is not much sport in hunting the mountain
+quail, but I have at times had a bevy scattered in ferns, and in such
+cases had very good sport with them with a dog, and found them to lie
+very well. They are about a half larger than the valley quail, and as
+a table bird much more succulent.
+
+=Color=--Top of head, back of neck and breast, an ashy blue, darker on
+the back of the neck than the breast; back and wings, inclining to
+olive brown, in the Coast species with a slight reddish tinge; abdomen
+and flanks, rich chestnut barred with black and white; under tail
+feathers, black; entire throat, reaching well down onto the breast,
+rich chestnut, bordered with white; chin, white; bill, black. The two
+California species have two round, black plumes falling gracefully
+over the back of the neck, but erectile when excited. These plumes
+will vary from one and a half to two and a half inches in length. The
+Lower California species have two flat, black plumes about
+three-sixteenths of an inch in width and from three and a half to five
+inches long. Both sexes are alike in all species.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest, like that of all gallinaceous birds, is a
+depression on the ground, hidden among a bunch of bushes or under a
+log, surrounded by a few dry leaves. The number of eggs will average
+about a dozen, rather oval in shape and of a light ochreous color.
+
+=Measurements=--Length (see diagram), will average about 10 inches;
+wing 5-1/2, bill about 5/8 of an inch.
+
+
+  [Illustration: CALIFORNIA VALLEY QUAIL
+                 (Lophortyx californicus vallicola)]
+
+
+THE CALIFORNIA VALLEY QUAIL
+
+(Lophortyx californicus vallicola)
+
+There are two varieties of the California valley quail. They are
+distinguished not so much by the slight difference in color as in the
+very marked difference in their habits.
+
+As with the mountain quail the ornithologist has taken the wrong bird
+for the type, making the larger race the subspecies. To the species
+(=Lophortyx californicus=) inhabiting the foothills of the Coast range
+north of the bay of San Francisco and into western Oregon, the
+ornithologist has given the English name California partridge. This
+species is a lover of damp places and rank growths of underbrush and
+ferns. The subspecies (=Lophortyx californicus vallicola=), to which
+has been given the name valley partridge, ranges from central Oregon
+throughout the great valleys of California, the foothills of the
+western slope of the Sierras, both sides of the Coast range south from
+San Francisco bay and throughout the peninsula of Lower California.
+Like the mountain quail it does not cross the Colorado desert into
+Arizona or the mainland of Mexico. Nevertheless it has a wider range
+than any other one species of game bird.
+
+Of all the game birds of America the California valley quail is the
+most resourceful and characterized by the greatest cunning. Having
+hunted these birds for upward of fifty years and practically
+throughout their entire range, I freely give them credit for knowing
+more tricks and being able to concoct more schemes of deception than
+all the rest of the =tetraonidae= combined, and this resourcefulness
+has led to most of the false statements regarding their behavior and
+gameness. It has been said by writers, who should know better, that a
+dog is no use in hunting them because of their disposition to run. Any
+bird with more game than a fool-hen will either flush or run where
+there is no undercover in which to hide, and the valley quail being so
+often found in dry, open places or chaparral devoid of undercover,
+will either flush or run until it finds suitable hiding grounds.
+
+But give the valley quail cover in which to hide and it can and will
+out-hide any game bird except the Montezuma quail of Mexico. In fact it
+is this remarkable faculty of hugging the ground until it is almost
+stepped upon that has led, more than anything else, to its false
+reputation as a runner. The man who hunts the valley quail without a
+dog--and most of its detractors do--can walk through a patch of good
+cover with a hundred birds scattered in it for an hour or more and not
+get up a half dozen. Unlike the bobwhite or the Montezuma quail of
+Mexico, the valley quail bunches in the fall. These bunches will
+contain anywhere from two or three broods to two or three hundred
+individuals, and sometimes even thousands, and they seem to understand
+that the larger the bunch the greater the necessity for avoiding
+pursuit. They are fond of the open places and the bare hill-tops and
+when driven from these, being a brush bird, they very naturally seek
+the brush. If there is no grass or suitable undercover in which to
+hide they will continue to work their way through it or double back on
+their pursuers until hiding places are found, when they will hug the
+ground so closely that even a good dog must pass reasonably near to
+them before he will detect their scent. The man who hunts without a
+dog generally passes through the cover into which his bevy has
+settled, continues his walk for a mile or more, then sits down,
+filling the air with a sulphurous streak of strong sounding words as
+he curses the game little birds for running, while the resourceful
+little fellows, closely hid, laugh over the security a false
+reputation has given them.
+
+There has been a great deal written about the ability of quail to
+withhold their scent, and many theories have been advanced. That all
+game birds do lose their scent temporarily while passing rapidly
+through the air I believe to be true, and the valley quail has this
+faculty strongly added to its other resources. This too often deceives
+the inexperienced man even when hunting with a dog. Where birds have
+been flushed into good cover and can not be raised, sit down and take
+a smoke, if you like, for twenty minutes or half an hour, then cast in
+your dog and you will be rewarded with point after point, where before
+your dog failed to detect the slightest scent. After years of
+experience with all of the upland birds of the United States and half
+of Mexico, I do not hesitate to pronounce the California quail the
+chief of them all in gameness, in resourcefulness, and in its general
+adaptability to furnish the highest form of upland shooting. But
+California quail can not be hunted successfully without a good dog.
+
+The food of the adult California quail, according to an investigation
+made by the United States Agricultural Department, through the
+examination of the stomachs of 619 birds, taken during every month of
+the year, except May, consists of 97 per cent vegetable and 3 per cent
+animal matter, the vegetable varying according to the seasons. During
+the rainy season, when green vegetation is abundant, grasses and
+foliage of various kinds form fully 80 per cent of the entire food,
+while in the dry season it forms barely one per cent. In the dry
+season weed seeds form as high as 85 per cent of the food; one stomach
+examined containing 2144 seeds of various kinds. During the harvesting
+season when there is a good deal of grain on the ground, and during
+the sowing season, grains form about 6 per cent of the diet. During
+the season when wild blackberries, elder and other wild berries are
+ripe, these, with a few grapes and a little of some other fruits, form
+23 per cent of the food.
+
+During the first week of the life of the young birds, insects of
+various kinds make up 75 per cent of their food, but by the time they
+are a month old their animal food is no greater than that of the old
+birds.
+
+=Color=--Male--Forehead, gray; top and back of head, sooty black,
+bordered with white running around from one eye to the other, and this
+again has a faint edging of black; throat, black, margined with white;
+plume, narrow at the base and wide at the top, consisting of six
+black, V-shaped feathers, each folded within the other and curved
+forward; back and sides of the neck to the shoulders, deep ashy blue
+with the feathers margined with black. Back and wings, bluish brown;
+primaries, or longest wing feathers, dark brown; breast, deep ashy
+blue, shading into a dirty buff at the lower part of the abdomen;
+flanks, dirty brown with white markings.
+
+The northern coast species are darker with more of an olive tinge.
+But all the markings are the same.
+
+Female--The female resembles the male in general color, but without
+the black head and throat. The plume is dirty brown, about half the
+length of the male's and nearly straight.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest consists of a depression in the ground
+carefully hid away in some bunch of grass or brush, and usually
+contains from fifteen to twenty very light buff or white eggs, often
+faintly speckled.
+
+=Measurements=--Length, eight to nine inches; wing, 4-1/2; tail, 4;
+bill, 1/2.
+
+
+  [Illustration: GAMBEL QUAIL OR ARIZONA QUAIL (Lophortyx gambeli)]
+
+
+THE GAMBEL QUAIL
+
+(Lophortyx gambeli)
+
+The gambel partridge occupies a unique position in its common
+nomenclature. In California it is known as the Arizona quail, while
+the sportsmen of Arizona refer to it as the California quail. In this,
+too, they both have good reasons for the names used, for these birds
+are found on both sides of the Colorado river, that is in both Arizona
+and California. Commencing in the Mexican state of Sonora, where they
+are found from the western slope of the Sierra Madre mountains to the
+Gulf of California, the range of the species extends northward and
+eastward through western Arizona, and, crossing the Colorado river
+onto the desert of the same name, passes through southeastern
+California into southern and central Nevada and Utah. The gambel quail
+belongs to the same genus as the two species of the California valley
+quail and in general appearance resembles them.
+
+The gambel quail is emphatically a desert bird, able to live through
+the long, dry seasons without water. If there are any trees in its
+neighborhood it will seek them for roosting purposes, but it is found
+distributed over vast sections where even the smallest brush is very
+scattering and under cover nearly quite if not entirely absent, yet in
+such places this member of the resourceful blue quail family protects
+itself from hawks and predatory animals with an astonishing success.
+The gambel quail is a true runner and can develop an astonishing speed
+for so small a bird. A very large part of the unwarranted reputation
+of the California valley quail as a runner is derived from confounding
+it with the gambel and the habit of the Arizona sportsmen of calling
+the gambel the California quail, but even as great runners as the
+gambel quail are, I have found them to lie well to the dog in the
+heavy bunch-grass sections of southeastern California and southern
+Nevada. I have also had fine sport with them along the bottoms of the
+Colorado river, where they are to be found in abundance.
+
+The food is practically the same as the California valley quail.
+
+=Color=--The general color of the upper parts and the breast is
+lighter and more of an ashy blue than the valley quail, but in its
+markings the gambel is the more conspicuous and more brilliant. The
+black throat, bordered with white, the gray forehead and the forward
+turned plume are common to both, but the top of the head of the gambel
+is a bright cinnamon red, while that of the valley quail is a sooty
+brown. The flanks of the gambel are conspicuously marked with bright
+chestnut brown with each feather with a narrow central stripe of
+white.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--Are the same in this species as in the valley quail.
+
+=Measurements=--Same as the valley quail.
+
+
+  [Illustration: SCALED QUAIL (Callipepla squamata)]
+
+
+THE SCALED QUAIL
+
+(Callipepla squamata)
+
+Next in geographical order is the scaled quail of Arizona and northern
+Mexico generally. This, too, is a desert bird which I have seen in
+great numbers at least twenty-five miles from the nearest water. It is
+the only member of the quail family where there is no difference in
+the markings of the sexes, except the mountain quail. In the open
+country it, too, is a runner, though it can not begin to develop the
+speed of the gambel nor will it continue to run for such long
+distances.
+
+During a residence of a year in the state of Chihuahua, Mexico, where
+I was developing some mining property, I found the scaled quail in
+great numbers all around me. Very few of the Mexican people are wing
+shots and few hunt except for the resulting meat. Little attention,
+therefore, is paid to the quail, and in the section where I was
+located I do not believe that even the "oldest inhabitant" of the
+quail settlement had ever heard the report of a shotgun. I had with me
+a brace of English setters, and these birds, though found among chino
+grama grass and low maguey plant, which offered splendid opportunities
+for hiding, not only tried my patience to the limit, but that of my
+dogs as well, by deliberately walking about twenty-five to thirty
+paces in front of me without the least thought of either hiding or
+taking to wing. By firing a couple of shots over them each morning I
+soon educated them to flush at the sight of me. In a couple of weeks
+they behaved very well and furnished me with good sport, hiding
+readily and lying good for the dogs.
+
+Most of the game birds need more or less educating before they fully
+meet the requirements of the sportsmen. Most, too, of the complaints
+that sportsmen make regarding the bad behavior of certain species of
+game or birds of certain sections should be charged to the lack on the
+part of the hunter of a knowledge of their habits rather than to the
+ill manners of the birds. One will often hear it said that certain men
+are lucky hunters and can not help staggering onto their game. Such
+men are lucky because they make a close study of the ways of the birds
+of each separate character of country. Knowing the places in which
+they will most likely be found feeding, they approach them from such
+directions as will have a tendency to drive them into the desired
+cover. A great deal of the annoyance of running birds, I have found,
+can be avoided by a careful study of their habits and proper
+management in handling them, and this is especially true of the scaled
+quail.
+
+=Color=--The back, the wings and tail coverts are a
+light, ashy blue, but the feathers of the shoulders, breast and
+abdomen are margined with dark brown, with a yellowish arrow-shaped
+central spot which gives them the appearance of scales. Its throat is
+a very faint buff, and instead of the plume of the genus Lophortyx it
+has a broad erectile crest with the feathers tipped with white. Both
+sexes are alike.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nesting habits are the same as those of the other
+species of the blue quail family, but the eggs are more of a buff and
+generally more speckled with brown.
+
+=Measurements=--About the same as the valley quail.
+
+
+THE CHESTNUT-BELLIED SCALE QUAIL
+
+(Callipepla squamata castaneigastra)
+
+The chestnut-bellied scaled quail is a subspecies of the scaled quail
+just described. They are not numerous and hardly enter the territory
+covered by this work. Intergrades of the two species are occasionally
+found in northern Mexico and possibly in southeastern Arizona. In
+general appearance they resemble the former species, being, however, a
+little darker and with a strong chestnut blotch on the belly.
+
+
+  [Illustration: ELEGANT QUAIL (Callipepla elegans)]
+
+
+THE ELEGANT QUAIL
+
+(Callipepla elegans)
+
+Along the western slope of the Sierra Madre range in the state of
+Sonora, Mexico, is to be found another member of the blue quail family
+whose habits appeal strongly to the sportsman. This species, known as
+the elegant quail, is one of the most handsomely marked of the group.
+From the blending of the white throat of the bobwhite with the black
+one of the gambel, and the brown of the back of the one with the blue
+of the other, together with a marked resemblance in its call to that
+of the bobwhite, suggests the possibility of its origin having
+resulted from a cross of the two genera. I may add that both the
+gambel and a species of the =Collinus=, bobwhite, are found in this
+same section.
+
+The elegant quail is generally found in and around the cultivated
+fields which they seem to prefer to the open country. While the
+elegant quail will walk leisurely in front of their pursuer until too
+closely approached, they can in no sense be termed runners. When
+flushed they take to cover and lie closely. Like all the quail of
+Mexico they have been hunted but little and need to be well scared
+before they become properly educated to the gun. After a few days'
+hunting I found them a very satisfactory game bird. Being found around
+the fields, the grounds and cover were all that could be desired for
+excellent sport.
+
+=Color=--Male--Plume straight, upright feathers about an inch and a
+quarter to an inch and a half in length, varying in color--possibly on
+account of age--from a light lemon to a dark reddish orange. The
+throat is finely mottled with small black and white dots, giving it a
+dark gray appearance. The general color of the back and the wing and
+tail coverts is a dark blue with about half of the exposed portion of
+each feather tipped with a bright, rich brown. The breast and abdomen
+is a light, ashy blue, profusely flecked with large, circular white
+spots.
+
+Female--The plume is about two-thirds the length of that of the male,
+brown in color and barred with black. The breast and abdomen are
+spotted like the male but the back is much the color of the English
+snipe.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The same as the other species of the blue quail.
+
+=Measurements=--Same as the valley quail.
+
+
+  [Illustration: MASSENA QUAIL (Cyrtonyx montezuma)]
+
+
+THE MASSENA OR MONTEZUMA QUAIL
+
+(Cyrtonyx Montezuma)
+
+The Massena, or Montezuma quail, is a distinct genus from the blue
+quail family. In many respects it resembles the bobwhite in color,
+though far more fancifully marked. It is also nearly one-half larger,
+though in some parts of Arizona and in New Mexico there is a smaller
+species of the same genus known as fool quail. The Mexican bird is far
+from a fool, and although it roosts on the ground like the bobwhite,
+it is resourceful enough to take care of itself in a country where
+vermin of all kinds are very plentiful. Its range is from near the
+northern boundary south through the larger portion of Mexico.
+
+The Montezuma quail is emphatically a grass bird and inhabits the
+grassy foothills and the cultivated fields, where it affords fine
+sport with a dog. It is very cosmopolitan as to climate, for it is
+found at altitudes of from five to six thousand feet, where
+considerable snow falls, as well as in the foothills of the hot,
+tropical valleys of the lowlands, and thrives equally well in all
+sections. It is a bird of peculiar habits. When startled by the
+approach of an enemy the bevy at once huddles together, where the
+birds remain motionless until they are approached to within from one
+to four feet, according to the cover they are in. If they think that
+they have not been seen or that the object of their alarm is going to
+pass by, there is not the slightest motion made by any one of them,
+but when they decide to take wing for safety every bird in perfect
+unison springs into the air to a height of about six feet and darts
+rapidly away. They are quick on the wing and seem able to carry away a
+good deal of shot. The flight generally is not more than one hundred
+yards, and when they alight they scatter well and will then out-hide
+any bird that lives. I have both ridden and walked, without a dog, for
+hours through a country where they were plentiful without seeing a
+bird, except where I chanced to nearly step upon them, yet with a dog
+I have found on the same grounds probably an average of fifteen bevies
+to the square mile. For work with a dog I prefer them to any bird I
+have ever hunted. They give out a strong scent, for points on bevies
+of from six to fifteen birds, made thirty to forty yards away are no
+uncommon occurrence. Then when you walk in front of your dog they
+never flush until you have almost stepped upon them. A scattered bevy
+will lie securely hid until each individual is flushed. Unlike the
+blue quail they never gather in large flocks, but always remain in
+single broods until broken up in the spring for nesting purposes.
+
+=Color=--Male--The head of these birds have a very bizarre appearance
+whose strange black and white markings seem to have no more purpose or
+design than the black and white chalk marks on a clown's face. The
+head of the male is crested with semi-erectile feathers in the shape
+of a broad hood of dark yellowish brown color, falling about half way
+down the neck; groundwork of the back and of the wing and tail coverts
+is a dark ocher barred with a deep rich brown; breast and flanks are
+nearly black, dotted with large white spots, and from the throat to
+the vent is a stripe about five-eighths of an inch wide of a dark rich
+chestnut.
+
+=Female=--The female, with the exception of the white dots on the
+breast and flanks is much the color of the female bobwhite.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is like that of the quail generally, simply
+a depression in the ground, carefully hidden away in some thick matted
+grass or bunch of brush, and generally higher up the hill-sides than
+they are found at other times. Eggs, white, and of a china appearance,
+and from ten to fifteen in number.
+
+=Measurements=--While these birds are fully one-half larger than the
+blue quail, the very short tail makes their total length not over 8 to
+9 inches; wing, 5 inches, and bill, 5/8.
+
+
+  [Illustration: BOBWHITE (Colinus virginianus)]
+
+
+THE BOBWHITE
+
+(Colinus virginianus)
+
+I have said that the voice of the bobwhite is heard in the land. This
+is true, for the clear notes of his little throat awaken the morning
+echoes from eastern Oregon to the islands of Puget Sound. This great
+little game bird, whose praise has been recounted in volumes of prose
+and sung in the rhythmic measures of countless lines of verse, is not
+a native of the coast, but he knew a good thing when he saw it. When
+he was turned loose in the Pacific Northwest he cast his bright little
+eyes about him and remarked to himself:
+
+    "This looks good to me. Bobwhite, get busy at once in raising big
+    families and settle up your new domain."
+
+And he has done it, for now the sportsmen of the Pacific Northwest
+have better bobwhite shooting than is to be found in any part of the
+eastern states.
+
+The bobwhite roosts on the ground and always remains in single broods.
+When startled they huddle together and flush in a bunch. They are good
+hiders and lie well to the dog. They are seldom found far from water
+and rarely in heavy brush. They are fond of stubble or corn fields and
+the grassy nooks along the fences. Many efforts have been made to
+acclimatize this species farther south in California but they have all
+proved failures on account of the dryer climate and the lack of
+insects during the rearing season of their young. They must have a
+damp climate where the vegetation remains green, thus furnishing an
+abundance of insects during the early summer on which to feed their
+young. For until a bobwhite is nearly grown it lives almost entirely
+upon insects.
+
+=Color=--Male--General color of the upper parts, light buff, marked
+with triangular blotches of brown; head and back of the neck, dark
+chestnut; forehead, gray; light stripe from above the eye passing down
+the side of the neck; throat, white or very light buff, faintly
+bordered with dark brown or black; breast, light buff with the
+feathers tipped with brown; flanks chestnut mixed with black and
+white.
+
+Female--Generally lighter, and without the white throat and light
+breast.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nests are rude depressions on the ground beneath
+a fence rail or fallen limb, or in a bunch of thick grass or brush.
+The eggs number anywhere from fifteen to twenty and of a pure white
+color.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length about nine inches; wing, 4-1/2 inches;
+bill, 5/8.
+
+
+THE MASKED BOBWHITE
+
+(Colinus ridgewayi)
+
+A smaller species of the bobwhite, known as the masked bobwhite, were
+reasonably plentiful along the border of southern Arizona and south
+through the state of Sonora, Mexico. Like the typical bobwhite they
+were strictly a field and grass bird. But through the heavy pasturing
+of that section, together with a series of dry seasons denuding the
+whole country of such cover as would be necessary for their protection
+from hawks and vermin, they have become nearly if not quite extinct.
+They differed from the eastern bobwhite in that the male had a black
+throat instead of a white one and a bright cinnamon breast. The
+female differed also in having a light buff throat, and generally of a
+lighter color.
+
+
+
+
+  Order, GALLINAE
+
+  Family, TETRAONIDAE
+
+  Subfamily, PERDICINAE
+
+
+  Genus        Species           Common Names       Range
+  ---------- ------------------ ----------------- ---------------------
+                                                  {Coast Range of
+             {pictus             Mountain quail   {California from
+             {                                    {Monterey Bay north
+             {                                    {into Western Oregon.
+             {
+             {                                    {Both sides of the
+  Oreortyx   {pictus plumiferus  Mountain quail   {Sierra Nevadas from
+             {                                    {Central Oregon south.
+             {                                    {Coast range of
+             {                                    {California from
+             {                                    {Monterey Bay south.
+             {
+             {                                    {Peninsula of Lower
+             {                                    {California,
+             {pictus confinis   {Lower California {inter-grading in the
+                                {mountain quail   {northern part with the
+                                                  {pictus plumiferus.
+
+                                                  {Coast Range valleys
+             {californicus       Valley quail     {of California from
+             {                                    {San Francisco Bay
+             {                                    {north into Oregon.
+             {
+             {                                    {Both sides of the
+             {                                    {Sierra Nevadas from
+  Lophortyx  {californicus       Valley quail     {Central Oregon south.
+             {vallicola                           {Coast range valleys
+             {                                    {south from San
+             {                                    {Francisco Bay into
+             {                                    {Lower California.
+             {
+             {                  {Gambel quail     {Southern Nevada,
+             {gambeli           {                 {Southeastern
+                                {                 {California, Western
+                                {Arizona quail    {Arizona and Northern
+                                                  {Mexico.
+
+             {squamata           Scaled quail     {Southern Arizona
+             {                                    {and Northern Mexico.
+  Callipepla {
+             {elegans            Elegant quail    {Southern Sonora,
+                                                  {Mexico.
+
+                                {Montezuma quail  {Southwestern Arizona
+  Cyrtonyx   {montezuma         {                 {and south into
+                                {Messena quail    {Mexico.
+
+             {ridgewayi          Masked Bobwhite  {Northwestern Sonora,
+             {                                    {Mexico.
+             {
+  Colinus    {                                    {Introduced and
+             {                                    {acclimated in
+             {virginianus        Bobwhite         {Washington and Oregon
+                                                  {and the islands
+                                                  {of Puget Sound.
+
+
+
+
+THE WILD TURKEY
+
+
+If there is any member of the feathered tribe entitled
+to the designation of royal game bird, it is the wild turkey. This
+magnificent bird, whose size and cunning challenges at once the
+admiration and the skill of the sportsman, is a native of North and
+Central America, and found in its wild state in no other part of the
+globe. The ocellated turkey, the Central American species, is even
+more gaudy in plumage than the peacock, but as it is not found within
+the territorial scope of these articles, I shall leave its resplendent
+colors to scintillate in its own tropic sun, undescribed.
+
+Of the North American turkeys the scientist recognizes four varieties.
+The =Meleagris sylvestris= of the eastern states, except Florida, the
+=Meleagris sylvestris osceola= of Florida, the =Meleagris sylvestris
+elliotti= of the Rio Grande district of southern Texas and
+northeastern Mexico, and the =Meleagris gallopavo= of Arizona, New
+Mexico, part of Colorado, and west and south through the larger
+portion of old Mexico. It is of this last species that I shall write.
+
+
+  [Illustration: WILD TURKEY (Meleagris gallopavo)]
+
+
+THE MEXICAN WILD TURKEY
+
+(Meleagris gallopavo)
+
+Outside of the progenitors of our common barnyard fowl, there is no
+wild bird that mankind has domesticated whose distribution in its
+domestic state has become so wide as that of the wild turkey, and none
+have been so highly prized as an article of food. It is from the
+Mexican wild turkey, =Meleagris gallopavo=, that all of our domestic
+turkeys have descended. First captured in Mexico by the early settlers
+of that country, they were taken to the West Indies and there
+domesticated as early as 1527, for Oviedo, in his "Natural History of
+the Indias," speaks of the wild turkey having been taken from Mexico
+to the islands and there being bred in a domestic state. From the West
+Indies they were taken to Spain, France and England, and again brought
+back to America as domestic fowls. In 1541 they must have been scarce
+yet in England, for in an edict promulgated by Cranmer in that year,
+the "turkey cocke" was named as one of "the greater fowles," and which
+"an ecclesiastic was to have but one in a dishe." By 1573, however,
+they must have become quite plentiful, for in that year Tusser
+mentions them as the most approved "Christmas husbandlie fare."
+
+Inasmuch as there were no settlements of either English, French or
+Spanish in America north of Mexico until 1584, or in that section of
+the country inhabited by the eastern species of wild turkey until
+sixty years after the turkey is known to have been introduced into
+England, the common belief that the eastern species (=Meleagris
+sylvestris=) was the foundation of the domestic turkey is clearly an
+error; but the ornithologist does not find it necessary to consult
+history to determine the origin of the domestic turkey. That
+distinguishing feature of the Mexican wild turkey (=Meleagris
+gallopavo=), the broad, light sub-terminal of the rump feathers, is so
+strong that even after three and a half centuries of domestication,
+changes in color through selection in breeding, and possibly crossing
+to some extent with the eastern and Florida species, those markings,
+peculiar to it alone, are unmistakably present even in the
+lightest-colored varieties.
+
+As a game bird the turkey has but few equals. Like most of game birds
+they are comparatively tame and unsuspicious until after they have
+been hunted, and learned that of all animals man is their greatest foe
+and most to be dreaded, for whenever he is within sight he is within
+the range of his instruments of destruction. I have seen the Mexican
+wild turkey constantly running or flushing in front of us from morning
+till night as we traveled through their country for days. They showed
+but little fear, for while we killed all we could eat, we were
+constantly traveling, so that those that had been introduced to the
+white man's methods of destroying were left behind us, and those in
+front of us had yet the lesson to learn; but when the wild turkey has
+been hunted a little it becomes about as wary, cunning and resourceful
+as any bird that flies.
+
+The Mexican wild turkey is the largest of the race, and has been, and is
+yet, the most plentiful. They are strictly mountain dwellers, not often
+found in altitudes of less than twenty-five hundred to three thousand
+feet, and more frequently from four to six thousand, and even up to
+eight thousand feet or more. They are strictly timber dwellers, usually,
+if not always, living in the pine forests, for I can not call to mind a
+single instance where I have found them except where pines of some
+variety were the principal trees. In size, individuals vary a good deal.
+So, also, will the general average be found to vary as much as ten
+pounds in different localities. Generally the higher their habitat the
+larger the birds, some of the old gobblers reaching forty pounds if not
+more. I remember killing one in the Sierra Madres of northern Mexico
+that I carried about three miles into camp over a very rough country. By
+the time I got him there I was willing to bet my last "silver 'dobe"
+that he weighed a ton. I have also killed some very large ones in the
+San Francisco mountains of Arizona.
+
+The wild turkey, like the mountain quail, has an up and down mountain
+migration. In the early spring the hens begin to work up the mountains
+and seek the densest jungles, and of course the gobblers follow them.
+The gobblers are polygamous, and have but little respect for their
+families. They will not only destroy the nests, but even the young
+birds. For this reason the hens are very secretive in nesting, taking
+as much care in hiding them away from the gobblers as from their other
+enemies. As soon as the hens begin setting the gobblers gather in
+flocks and remain by themselves until joined in the early fall by the
+hens and their half-grown broods. After this the flocks soon begin
+their migration to the lower hills and mountain openings, and
+congregate into immense roosts. Places were once to be seen where they
+had filled the trees for acres in such numbers as to break the limbs
+in many instances. In those times and localities they were too tame
+and too plentiful to afford much amusement to the man who hunted them
+for sport, but with the exception of some places in Mexico that day
+has passed, and the sportsman who hunts these grand game birds now
+will find a quarry worthy of his skill and affording him sufficient
+exertion to whet his appetite for the delicious feast they furnish
+him.
+
+Both the habits and the habitat of the wild turkey make the sport of
+hunting them especially enjoyable. As soon as the gobblers are
+deserted by the hens they become more wary, and the crack of a twig or
+the sight of a man, be he ever so far away, and they at once seek
+cover. Then the keen eye and the noiseless tread of the still hunter
+is called upon for his best and most careful efforts, for the eyes of
+these gobblers are quick to catch the slightest move and their ears
+acute to the faintest sound. The curiosity of a deer often makes him
+hesitate long enough for the opportunity of a shot, but the gobbler,
+after the hens have left him, is no longer lured by curiosity. His
+business is to keep out of sight, and he can do it, after he has once
+learned the destructiveness of man, just a little more successfully
+than any other bird or animal that I have ever hunted.
+
+There are no wild turkeys west of the Colorado river, nor on the
+peninsula of Lower California; but there can be no reason to doubt
+that, had the mountains of Arizona connected with the pines of the
+Coast range in San Bernardino county or with the Sierras of Inyo or
+Kern, the mountains of California would have been as well supplied
+with turkey as are its valleys with quail.
+
+=Color=--The color of the wild turkey varies very much except in those
+that are found in the higher mountains and far away from civilization.
+Domestication of over three hundred and fifty years has not yet robbed
+the turkey of its love for the wild and they are often seen long
+distances away from the farms feeding contentedly. In countries where
+the wild turkey still existed these tame varieties of various colors
+have mixed with them, often to such an extent as to change the color
+very materially. I have seen flocks in Mexico ranging close to ranch
+houses with turkeys among them so light-colored that they were no
+doubt tame birds that had wandered away with their wild progenitors.
+
+The wild turkey of Mexico, Arizona, New Mexico and Colorado is a dark
+bronze bird with a light-colored rump, caused by the upper tail
+coverts being tipped with a broad subterminal band of white, narrowly
+tipped with black. The tail feathers are dark brown, spotted with
+black and tipped with white.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest of the wild turkey is generally in a
+depression in the ground, high up on the mountains, and carefully
+hidden away in some dense thicket. I cannot call to mind ever seeing
+but two nests. One of these had but seven eggs while the other had
+seventeen. The markings are the same as those of the tame turkey.
+
+=Measurements=--The total length varies from three to four and a half
+feet; wing 18 to 24 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration: MONGOLIAN PHEASANT (Phasianus torquatus)]
+
+
+THE MONGOLIAN PHEASANT
+
+(Phasianus torquatus)
+
+While the wild turkey is the only representative of the =Phasianidae=
+found native to the American continent, the Mongolian pheasant has
+been so successfully acclimatized in Oregon and Washington that it
+must now be recognized as an established resident species.
+
+After it became an established fact that these pheasants were proving
+a success in Oregon, there became a demand for their introduction into
+California, and thousands of dollars were spent for a number of years
+in an unsuccessful effort to acclimatize them. The pheasant, like the
+grouse, is a cold country bird, and the mild and dry climate of
+California does not appeal to their peculiar tastes or the
+requirements of their physical being. Oregon, however, possesses the
+climatic, floral and entomic conditions for which nature has fitted
+them. Green vegetation lasts during the whole season in which they
+rear their young, thus furnishing them with that abundance of insects
+necessary to the health and nourishment of the young chicks. They are
+endowed with certain physical attributes for which the cold of winter
+is necessary to preserve a continued healthful condition, and this,
+too, they find in Oregon. In fact this constitutional demand for the
+cold of winter has been by nature so strongly implanted within them
+that the rearing of thirty generations in the comparatively mild
+climate of Oregon has not effaced it, and obeying this primal instinct
+they have migrated through Washington and into the better-loved and
+colder winters of British Columbia.
+
+Therefore, while California undoubtedly may have an abundance of wild
+turkeys, quail in unlimited numbers and of two or three more species
+than we have at present, the timber and the plain tinamus of South
+America, and possibly the sand grouse of southern Europe, she will
+never have pheasants unless they be of the extreme southern varieties,
+and never have more than a limited supply of grouse.
+
+North of the mountains of southern Oregon and through Washington into
+British Columbia pheasants are plentiful and furnish the principal
+sport of the lovers of upland shooting of that section of the Pacific
+Coast. The Mongolian pheasant as a game bird has his merits and
+demerits. As a large, beautiful plumaged bird to grace the game bag
+the pheasant stands without a rival. As a table bird the pheasant is
+only surpassed in delicacy of flavor by the wild turkey. As an
+aggravating runner from the dog the pheasant is in a class by itself,
+and as an evader of all pursuit when wounded, "the Chinaman," as they
+are generally called in Oregon, can give odds to the gambel quail.
+Though the pheasant is a large bird and able to carry off a good deal
+of shot, it starts so slow to one accustomed to the rapid flight of
+the California quail that a reasonably fair shot will find no
+difficulty in getting the limit with a sixteen gauge.
+
+They are slow starters, caused by their habit of rising at an angle of
+forty-five to fifty degrees until they reach a height of about ten
+feet before their rapid flight begins, but when once on the wing they
+are quite swift flyers.
+
+While I have said that the pheasants are aggravating runners, this is
+principally so in the latter part of the season. In the earlier parts
+they are commonly found in the stubble fields, potato and other
+vegetable patches, and usually in single broods. At such times I have
+found them to lie quite well to the dog, not flushing until closely
+approached, and running but little except when winged. They are then
+easy shooting, but the fine size of the bird and the beautiful plumage
+of the cocks give a zest to the sport and a pleasant distinctiveness
+which every sportsman will be pleased to add to the list of upland
+shooting he has engaged in.
+
+To those who wish to spend a season on these handsome birds, Oregon,
+especially, offers an attraction which goes far beyond its good supply
+of pheasants. During the open pheasant season the climate of Oregon is
+as near perfect as one can ask. That season of the eastern states that
+has been idealized in verse, and is known as Indian summer, finds its
+superlative in the early fall of Oregon. The sun shines brightly, but
+with its rays softened by its sub-equinoctial position; the air is
+mild, clear and invigorating, and the golden hues of the stubble
+field, the yet bright green of the grassy pastures, the rich tints of
+the dying autumn leaves, all framed in the blue-green fringe of the
+near-by pines and firs, produce a picture strikingly beautiful and
+always enjoyed. It is in this delightful season with such a picture on
+every side, heightened by an occasional glimpse of some towering
+mountain peak with its crown of eternal snows, that the sportsman of
+Oregon lays aside the cares of life and lives in an elysium during his
+pheasant-shooting days. The setting of the stage is as much to the
+play as the acting. So with our days after game. The invigorating air
+we breathe, the beauty of the landscape, the stateliness of the
+forest, the rugged grandeur of the mountains, the soul-inspiring
+picture of our dogs on point and back, lends more to the real
+enjoyment of the day than does the size of the bag we carry home.
+
+=Color=--Male--The male of the Mongolian pheasant can not be
+confounded with any other game bird in America. Its very long tail
+feathers--from fifteen to twenty inches--will always prove a
+distinguishing mark. Its rich metallic colors of black, cinnamon,
+chestnut and ocher give it a combination of hues surpassing that of
+any other of our game birds.
+
+Female--Nor should the female ever be mistaken for any other bird. It
+partakes much of the general colors of the male, but much subdued and
+more of a general ochreous hue, the plumage being buff mottled with
+brown. The tail, however, is not more than one-fourth the length of
+that of the male.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is generally a depression on the ground, but
+often in the hollow of some log. The eggs number from 12 to 18 and are
+of a dark ochre in color.
+
+=Measurements=--The measurements of a Mongolian pheasant are
+practically useless on account of the larger portion of it being the
+tail, which greatly varies in length.
+
+
+
+
+THE PIGEONS AND DOVES
+
+
+The family =Columbidae= is represented on the Pacific Coast by three
+genera which are considered, to more or less extent, legitimate game,
+though they can not be termed game birds in the generally accepted use
+of the term. Still as they are hunted to a very considerable extent by
+the sportsmen of the Coast, they rightfully belong in a work of this
+kind. I shall, therefore, give them a place, and briefly treat each
+species that is pursued as game within the territory under
+consideration.
+
+
+  [Illustration:
+    MOURNING DOVE         BANDED PIGEON      WHITE-WINGED DOVE
+    (Zenaidura macroura)  (Columba faciata)  (Melopelia leucoptera)]
+
+
+THE WILD PIGEON
+
+(Columba faciata)
+
+The wild, or banded pigeon, is a mountain dweller, found principally
+in the southern half of the territory covered by this work. They visit
+the valleys in the fall and winter months to feed on the oak mast, and
+at such times they are seen in large flocks in the Sacramento, San
+Joaquin and coast valleys of California. They are found in good
+numbers in parts of Arizona, and are common along both sides of the
+Sierra Madres of Mexico. When visiting the valleys they afford good
+sport, as they are swift flyers and capable of carrying off a good
+deal of shot. They have no migrations like the passenger pigeon once
+so plentiful in the eastern states, nor do they congregate in such
+immense flocks.
+
+=Color=--About the same as the darker colored tame pigeon; the tail is
+a trifle longer than the tame bird and a little lighter than the rest
+of the plumage with a dark band across the middle of it; a small patch
+of white feathers at the back of the head. Both sexes are alike.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is built in the trees of small twigs and
+grass. Two eggs are layed at a time, and a pair of young birds are
+produced about every six weeks from April to August.
+
+=Measurements=--A trifle more than the tame pigeon.
+
+
+THE MOURNING DOVE
+
+(Zenaidura macroura)
+
+The mourning dove is a cosmopolitan species found in greater or less
+numbers in all sections. They have a slight migratory movement from
+the higher to the lower altitudes, but they cannot be called a
+migratory bird. A large number of these birds begin their nesting
+season in the mountains at altitudes of from 2000 to 4000 feet,
+raising one brood at that height, then moving down and nesting again,
+and moving again until they reach the lower valleys, where they remain
+all winter, congregating in certain places in flocks of hundreds.
+Many, however, remain in the valleys all the year and nest around the
+fields and along the streams.
+
+The mourning dove is so well known in every country that a description
+of it is unnecessary.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is generally built in the small trees and
+lined with any soft article that they can find. The eggs number two
+and a pair of the young birds are hatched about every six weeks from
+May to September.
+
+
+THE WHITE-WINGED DOVE
+
+(Melopelia leucoptera)
+
+The white-winged dove is nearly one-half larger than the common
+mourning dove. They range from Mexico through southern Arizona to the
+Colorado desert in southeastern California. In some parts of Arizona
+and in Mexico they are found in large numbers, and afford good
+shooting. Their habits are the same as the common dove, both as to
+food and nesting, though in parts of Mexico it nests in the pitahaya
+plants--a species of cactus--of whose fruit it is very fond.
+
+This species can easily be distinguished from any other member of the
+dove family by the broad patch of white on the wings.
+
+
+
+
+  Order, GALLINAE
+
+  Family, TETRAONIDAE
+
+  Subfamily, TETRAONINAE. (Grouse)
+
+
+    Genus      Species         Common Names    Range
+  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+              {umbellus sabini Oregon ruffed {Western Oregon and Washington
+              {                 grouse       {and Northwestern California.
+              {
+  Bonasa      {                              {Eastern sides of Cascade
+              {umbellus togata Canada ruffed {Mountains in Oregon and
+              {                 grouse       {Washington, thence East.
+
+                                             {Northeastern California,
+  Centrocercus urophasianus    Sage hen      {Nevada and the sage lands
+                                             {of Oregon and Washington.
+
+                                             {Western slope of the
+              {franklini       Spruce grouse {Cascade Mountains.
+              {
+              {                              {Northeastern Arizona and
+  Dendragapus {obscurus        Dusky grouse  {Eastern Nevada.
+              {
+              {                              {Coast Range and Sierras from
+              {obscurus        Sooty grouse  {Southern California to
+              { fuliginosus                  {British Columbia.
+
+                                             {Eastern Oregon and Washington
+  Pediocaetes  phasianellus    Sharp-tail    {and a few in Northeastern
+                columbianus     grouse       {California.
+
+
+
+
+THE GROUSE
+
+
+Within the territorial scope of this work there are seven species of
+the grouse family, though only four of these are in any way common. As
+the wild turkey is confined to the southern extremity of the Pacific
+Coast hunting grounds, so are the grouse principally found in the
+northern sections. I have met with a few dusky grouse (=Dendragapus
+obscurus=) in the mountains of Arizona, but they are by no means
+plentiful. There were a few and possibly is yet an occasional sooty
+grouse (=Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus=) in the mountains of
+southern California, but grouse in sufficient numbers to furnish any
+kind of sport are not found much south of Yosemite valley in the
+Sierras, or south of Humboldt county in the Coast range. An occasional
+pair or small flock, however, may be met with considerable south of
+the points named.
+
+The grouse is a northern bird, extending into far colder regions than
+any other subfamily of the gallinaceous group. The ptarmigan, of
+course, are grouse.
+
+
+  [Illustration: SOOTY GROUSE (Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus)]
+
+
+THE SOOTY GROUSE
+
+(Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus)
+
+The sooty grouse, commonly called blue grouse by the sportsmen of
+California, are reasonably plentiful in the Sierras from the Yosemite
+north into Oregon, where they are quite plentiful, and from there
+through Washington into Alaska. It is a mountain dweller, being found
+at altitudes fully 9000 feet above the sea. In the winter it descends
+to lower latitudes, but seldom below 3000 feet. It is naturally a
+confiding bird where it has not been hunted much, and for this reason
+has been given the name, "fool hen," in many localities. But like
+most of the feathered tribe, it soon learns the destructiveness of
+man, and after gaining this knowledge it is quite able to take care of
+itself. When flushed it flies with a cackling sound, generally taking
+refuge in the tall pines, where it is an expert hider. In the nesting
+season it produces a drumming sound and struts like a turkey. This
+drumming is produced by inflating an air sack on each side of the
+neck. Later in the season these sacks dry up and nearly disappear.
+It's only migrations are ascending and descending the mountains with
+the seasons.
+
+According to a published statement of the Section of Biological Survey
+of the United States Department of Agriculture, the food of the sooty
+grouse consists of buds, seeds, leaves and insects, of which 68 per cent
+is leaves, buds and the tender ends of young twigs; 6.73 per cent
+insects and the balance seeds, berries and the like. The flesh is
+generally of a fine flavor, though at times it will be found to be
+tainted a little strongly with the flavor of the pine.
+
+=Color=--Male--Back of head, back of neck and all upper parts, a sooty
+brown; light streak over the eye and a light throat; breast, a dead or
+sooty black; the rest of the under parts a slaty gray; tail tipped
+with gray.
+
+Female--Generally lighter in color but otherwise resembling the male.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is usually nothing more than a depression in
+the ground among dried leaves or grass, well concealed from view. The
+eggs, which average about a dozen, are of a cream color, spotted with
+brown.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, from 18 to 22 inches; wing, 9 to 9-1/2. The
+weight will vary from 2-1/2 to 4 pounds.
+
+
+  [Illustration: OREGON RUFFED GROUSE (Bonasa umbellus sabini)]
+
+
+THE OREGON RUFFED GROUSE
+
+(Bonasa umbellus sabini)
+
+The Oregon ruffed grouse is the handsomest species of the ruffed
+grouse genus, and is truly a beautiful bird with its deep, rich
+browns, orange and black. The eastern species of this genus is wrongly
+known in the north Atlantic states by the name of partridge, and as
+wrongly called pheasant in Virginia and some other of the southern
+states. The Pacific Coast species ranges from northern California
+along the Coast range through Oregon, Washington and far into British
+Columbia. It is a wary bird, full of cunning and gamy qualities. The
+male of this genus is, I believe, the only member of the grouse family
+that drums all the year; all others confining their drumming to the
+nesting season. This drumming is made with the wings and not by the
+inflation of an air sack as with other species. The sound, also, is
+much different, having more of a rolling reverberation. In the spring
+they will take their position on some rock or dead log and strut back
+and forth with their heads thrown back and their tails spread out to
+show the beautiful hues of the feathers and drum for hours to attract
+the hens or challenge the other males to an almost life and death
+combat, in which they fight in the same manner as the game cock. They
+live among the pines, usually near some little opening where they are
+fond of feeding. When startled they take at once to the timber and are
+quickly lost to view. For this reason dogs are almost useless in
+hunting them. They are never found in numbers greater than a single
+brood, even though the brood may be decimated by the gun of the
+sportsman or the cunning of the vermin to no more than two or three.
+
+The flesh of the ruffed grouse is white and generally tender and of
+fine flavor, although in the late fall or winter when its food
+consists almost wholly of fir buds it tastes quite strong of
+turpentine. Its food generally is about the same as the sooty grouse
+and in about the same percentages.
+
+=Color=--Head, light chestnut, the feathers on the top being long and
+capable of erection when excited; a tuft of long, rich brown feathers
+will be found on each side of the neck; back, reddish chestnut mottled
+with black; rump and tail-coverts, more of a cinnamon color blotched
+with dark brown; flanks, lighter and barred with black; tail, rusty
+brown barred with deep brown and tipped with two bands of gray,
+separated by a streak of black; under tail-coverts, orange, barred
+with black and tipped with white; wing feathers, brown with a central
+stripe of light yellow.
+
+The female is marked the same but somewhat lighter in coloring.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest, like that of all the gallinaceous birds, is
+made on the ground and hidden away in some thick cluster of brush or
+beneath some log. The eggs are of a buff color spotted with dark
+brown, and number from ten to fifteen.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length from 16 to 19 inches; wing about 7 or 8
+inches. Weight about 2 pounds.
+
+
+THE CANADIAN RUFFED GROUSE
+
+(Bonasa umbellus togata)
+
+The Canadian ruffed grouse ranges through the eastern side of the
+Cascade mountains of Oregon and Washington, but does not pass over to
+the Pacific side. It resembles the Oregon ruffed grouse very closely
+except that it is much lighter in color, and the female either lacks
+the tufts of feathers on the neck entirely, or where present, they are
+very small. Like the Oregon species it is a dweller in the heavy
+timber, and follow the same habits in most all respects. It is of a
+more confiding nature, however, often sitting unconcerned upon a tree
+while several of its companions are being shot, making no effort to
+get away or save itself from the same fate.
+
+=Color=--The color of this species is more of a grayish brown than the
+Oregon species, and lacking that rich chestnut that adds so much to
+the beauty of the latter. The brown markings, however, are possibly a
+little more conspicuous. The upper tail feathers are more of a blue,
+mottled and barred with a blackish brown. A large tuft of feathers on
+each side of the neck of a smoky brown, edged with metallic green.
+Unlike the Oregon species these feathers are entirely absent or very
+small on the female.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest and eggs are the same as the Oregon grouse.
+
+=Measurements=--In size the two species do not vary to any
+considerable extent.
+
+
+THE SPRUCE GROUSE
+
+(Dendragapus franklini)
+
+The spruce or Franklin grouse of Oregon and Washington is a species of
+the Canadian spruce grouse, and ranges diagonally through the
+mountains of eastern Oregon and Washington, and thence to the coast of
+British Columbia. It confines its habitat to the higher mountains,
+being seldom found below an elevation of four to five thousand feet.
+This is another of the grouse family that has been given the name of
+"fool hen," on account of its naturally tame nature. When sitting on
+the limb of a tree, but a few feet above the ground, it considers
+itself safe from all harm and makes little effort to escape, and may
+often be killed with a stick. There is little sport in shooting this
+variety. The food of this species, like all other mountain dwelling
+grouse, is buds, tender shoots and seeds, berries and insects when
+obtainable.
+
+=Color=--Male--Upper parts gray, the central back and the wings having
+a brownish hue; the tail-coverts, which are tipped with broad
+splashes of white is a distinguishing feature of this species;
+feathers, on the flanks tipped broadly with white, throat, black,
+imperfectly edged with white; tail, nearly square at the end and of a
+brownish color.
+
+Female--Considerably more of an ochreous cast. It has the same
+characteristic broad white tips on the feathers of the flanks; tail,
+dirty ochre, mottled with black and narrowly tipped with white.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is a depression in the ground in some
+secluded place and lined with leaves or grass. The eggs, averaging
+about a dozen, are of a reddish buff mottled with brown.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length about 15 inches; wing about 7 inches.
+Weight from one and a half to two pounds.
+
+
+  [Illustration: SAGE COCK (Centrocercus europhasianus)]
+
+
+THE SAGE HEN
+
+(Centrocercus urophasianus)
+
+The sage grouse, or sage hen is the largest of the grouse of America,
+some of the males weighing as much as seven pounds. Its range, so far
+as the geographical scope of this work is concerned, is northeastern
+California, Nevada, and eastern Oregon and Washington, but it extends
+much farther east. It is only found in the sage brush districts of the
+high altitudes. They usually remain in single broods, though they are
+sometimes found in much larger flocks. They often travel for
+considerable distances, "following the leader" in single file. They
+strut in the nesting season, but in a peculiar way, pushing their
+breasts on the ground until the feathers are worn off and even the
+skin abraded.
+
+A peculiarity of the sage grouse is that it has no gizzard, but
+instead it has a stomach more like that of an animal. The young birds
+lie quite well to a dog and furnish very good sport, and until they
+are about half grown the flesh is quite good, but the older birds are
+very unsavory and in fact almost unpalatable. This is caused by their
+feeding almost entirely upon the leaves of the sage.
+
+=Color=--Male--Upper parts, gray, barred with brown; tail, very long,
+the longer feathers being quite narrow and stiff and barred also with
+brown; a dark line over the eye and a light one from the eye down the
+side of the neck; throat and cheeks, nearly white, mottled with black;
+a few long hairy like feathers grow from the side of the neck of the
+male birds.
+
+Female--The female is colored and marked like the male but
+considerably darker, is much smaller, with shorter tail and without
+the hairy feathers on the side of the neck.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is nothing more than a hollow in the midst
+of some bunch of brush, possibly lined with a few leaves. The eggs are
+from twelve to eighteen in number and of a greenish shade, mottled
+with bright brown, but these spots are easily rubbed off.
+
+=Measurements=--Male--Total length from 24 to 28 inches; wing,
+12 to 14. Weight, from four to seven pounds.
+
+Female--Total length, from 20 to 22 inches; wing, 10 to 12. Weight,
+from three to five pounds.
+
+
+  [Illustration: SHARP-TAIL GROUSE
+                 (Pediocaetes phasianellus columbianus)]
+
+
+COLUMBIAN SHARP-TAILED GROUSE
+
+(Pediocaetes phasianellus columbianus)
+
+The Columbian sharp-tailed grouse is the "prairie chicken" of eastern
+Washington. It is far different from the pinated grouse
+(=Tympanuchus=) of the middle states, commonly called prairie chicken.
+Its habitat is much the same, however, being the open plains and
+untimbered foothills east of the Cascade mountains in Washington and
+through eastern Oregon into northern Nevada, and the extreme
+northeastern corner of California. The sharp-tail grouse has the same
+habit of strutting in large groups like the prairie chicken at the
+beginning of the nesting season. They do not drum, however, like the
+eastern bird, but make a noise more like an attempt to crow. They also
+take refuge in the timber for protection from the storms of winter.
+
+During the hunting season they lie well to a dog and afford fine
+shooting. The food of the sharp-tailed grouse consists of about ten
+per cent insects, the balance being made up of seeds, grains and
+berries, with a good percentage of "brouse" in the winter.
+
+=Color=--Male--Side of head and throat, pale buff with mottlings of
+brown on the cheeks; back and wings, gray, mottled with black;
+breast, light buff. Under parts, white with lines of dark brown;
+central tail feathers long and pointed; no long feathers on the neck.
+
+Female--Resembles the male with the exception that the tail feathers
+are not so long.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is a rude affair on the ground, lined with a
+little dead grass and generally contains from ten to fifteen eggs of a
+greenish buff speckled with fine dots of brown.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length from 14 to 16 inches, with the wing about
+eight; the central tail feathers are about five inches in length. The
+average bird will weigh about two pounds.
+
+
+
+
+  Order ANSERES
+
+  Family, ANATIDAE
+
+
+                                                         Range. (All
+   Genus        Species            Common Names         breed far north.)
+  ------------ ------------------ ------------------- -------------------
+
+  Subfamily, ANSERENAE
+
+               {hyperborea        {White goose       {From Southern
+  Chen         {                  {(large)           {California north.
+               {
+               {rossi             {Ross' goose       {From Mexico
+                                  {Small white goose {north.
+
+  Anser         albifrons gambeli {White-fronted     {From Mexico
+                                  {goose             {north.
+                                  {Gray goose        {
+
+                                  {Fulvous tree duck {From Central
+  Dendrocygna   fulva             {Mexican tree duck {California south
+                                  {Cavalier          {through Mexico.
+                                                     {Breeds from Central
+                                                     {California to
+                                                     {Central Mexico.
+
+               {canadensis        {Canada goose      {From central
+               {                  {Honker            {Mexico north.
+               {
+               {canadensis         Hutchins' goose    From Southern
+               {hutchinsii                            California north.
+               {
+               {canadensis         White-cheeked     {Inland plains from
+  Branta       {occidentalis       goose             {Central California
+               {                                     {north.
+               {
+               {canadensis        {Black brant       {From Southern
+               {minima            {Cackling goose    {California north.
+               {
+               {nigricans          Black sea brant   {On certain bays
+                                                     {from Magdalena,
+                                                     {Lower California
+                                                     {north.
+
+  Philacte      canagica           Emperor goose     {A rare visitor
+                                                     {south of Humboldt
+                                                     {Bay, California
+
+  Subfamily, CYGNINAE
+
+               {columbianus        Whistling swan    {From Oregon north.
+  Olor         {                                     {Rarely as far
+               {                                     {south as Central
+               {                                     {California.
+               {
+               {buccinator         Trumpeter swan     From Southern
+               {                                      California north.
+
+
+
+
+THE WATERFOWL
+
+
+The great variety of the waterfowl of the Pacific Coast, the wonderful
+numbers in which they are found and the excellent shooting they
+afford, forms a subject, which, to do it justice, would require the
+space of an ordinary volume.
+
+With the exception of the Gulf tier of the Southern states, waterfowl
+on the Atlantic Coast are but birds of passage, tarrying for a time on
+their way to milder winter quarters; tourists loitering for a day or
+two at attractive by-stations as they wing their way south in the fall
+and again on their return north in the spring. They are leaving the
+isolation of the far north or the mountain lakes and marshes where
+they spent the summer rearing their young and they are seeking more
+favorable feeding grounds in the milder climate of the South, where
+animal and vegetable life is not in the state of hibernation which
+prevents it from furnishing them with an abundance of food during
+their southern sojourn.
+
+Over the larger portion of our hunting grounds what is the beginning
+of the calendar year is in fact the beginning of our spring. When the
+frost king lays his hand upon all vegetable and insect life in the
+East, spreading his white shroud over field and pasture and breaking
+with his icy sleet from the vine and the brush their clinging leaves;
+when from the trees have fallen the last vestige of their autumnal
+crowns of gold and crimson; when the last flower has shed its petals;
+when the last hum of insect is heard and the last song of bird has
+died away on the southern horizon--'tis then the early rains of the
+Coast start the new sown grain in the fields, give life again to the
+grasses of the plains, carpet the foothills and the valleys with the
+gold and purple and crimson of innumerable flowers, and our veritable
+spring commences.
+
+With us, therefore, waterfowl are not passing pilgrims, tarrying for a
+few days only as they rest and feed on their way to the open waters
+and green pastures in which they intend to pass those months marked
+winter on the calendar of the year. They are not mere hurrying flocks
+alighting now and again as they wing their way back to their breeding
+grounds in the spring But ours is the Mecca to which they journey;
+ours the feeding grounds on which they assemble from the lakes and
+marshes of the Arctic; from the whole chain of the Aleutian Islands;
+from the inland seas of British Columbia and from the mountain lakes
+of our own Sierras from Washington to Mexico. Here on the bays,
+estuaries and marshes of the coast and the lakes and ponds of the
+valleys, throughout the whole length of these hunting grounds,
+countless millions of these birds have found their winter feeding
+grounds for unnumbered ages. No cold, no ice, no snow, no howling
+blizzards to stop them in their search for food or disturb their
+midday rest upon our quiet waters. In warmth they feed upon the tender
+shoots of the young grasses that fringe their watery haunts or bask in
+sunshine on the sandy shores.
+
+It is the popular impression that all ducks breed in the far north and
+migrate from there south. One has only to shoot on the lakes of Mexico
+to learn how erroneous this impression is, for one will meet varieties
+quite common there that rarely if ever reach the southern boundaries
+of the United States.
+
+The masked duck (=Nomonyx dominicus=) is a purely southern species
+reaching Mexico only in its breeding season. The three species of the
+Mexican tree duck, quite common in that country, come but little into
+the United States. One of these, the black-bellied tree duck
+(=Dendrocygna autumnalis=) migrates to some little extent into Texas
+and to less extent into New Mexico and Arizona. The fulvous tree duck
+(=Dendrocygna fulva=) extends its migrations still farther north,
+breeding to considerable extent in Arizona and southern California,
+but rarely seen as far north as the center of the state. The other
+species of the genus (=Dendrocygna elegans=), for which I know no
+English name, is even rare as far south as southern Jalisco. The
+cinnamon teal is a southern duck, breeding in Arizona, Texas and
+southern California but so rarely seen north of San Francisco that a
+gentleman who had killed a straggler near Marysville, when showing it
+to me, said that he couldn't find a man in the town who could tell him
+what it was. Yet the cinnamon teal is very common in Mexico and
+Arizona and quite plentiful in southern California in the spring,
+before the flocks break up and the birds seek their nesting places.
+
+Northern bred ducks and purely northern species visit us in great
+numbers during the winter months, and to these must be added the vast
+number of these birds that breed in the mountains throughout our
+hunting grounds.
+
+The ornithologist divides the ducks into two subfamilies; the
+fresh-water ducks forming the subfamily, =Anatinae=, and the salt-water
+ducks the subfamily, =Fullgilinae=. These two families can easily be
+distinguished by their feet. If a salt-water duck, the hind toe will
+be found to have a small web or flap on the under side, but if the
+bird belongs to the fresh-water group, the toe will be as clean as any
+land bird.
+
+
+  [Illustration: MALLARD (Anas boschas)]
+
+
+THE MALLARD
+
+(Anas boschas)
+
+The mallard is possibly the best known duck in America, it being found
+in greater or less numbers everywhere from the Arctic to Central
+America. It is a resident species throughout the Pacific Coast,
+breeding on the mountain lakes and streams from Mexico to Alaska, and
+even to a considerable extent on the lower marshes of California,
+Oregon and Washington. On the fresh water ponds and overflows they
+congregate in great numbers during the winter months and a bag limit
+of twenty is no uncommon thing. Like all of the fresh-water ducks of
+this Coast, they, too, are often found in considerable numbers on the
+tide lands and salt marshes.
+
+The mallard of the Pacific Coast can hardly be said to be a migratory
+duck, for it breeds from Mexico north. Its migrations consisting more
+of altitudinal movements than of longitudinal. While it breeds on the
+mountain lakes of Mexico, it is rarely seen in the higher altitudes
+during the winter months.
+
+Hybrids between the mallard and the pin-tail and the mallard and the
+widgeon have been occasionally met with on the marshes of the Coast.
+This is most likely caused by the mating of cripples that had not the
+strength to make the flight to their usual breeding grounds.
+
+=Color=--Male--Head and neck, dark green with a metallic luster;
+white ring around the neck at the bottom of the green; back, gray;
+breast, chestnut brown; under parts dirty white; tail, black with two
+feathers curled upwards; speculum, (see diagram) purple, bordered with
+black and white.
+
+Female--Head, dark buff; breast, lighter buff with brown mottlings;
+legs, orange colored; speculum same as the male; bill, yellow,
+blotched with brown.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is placed on the ground and lined with
+grass, feathers and down. The eggs number eight to a dozen and are of
+a greenish tinge.
+
+=Measurements=--Male--Total length, from 20 to 25 inches; wing, 10 to
+12 inches; bill, 2-1/2 inches.
+
+Female--Total length, from 18 to 20 inches; wing, 9 to 10 inches;
+bill, 2 to 2-1/4 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration: GADWALL (Anas strepera)]
+
+
+THE GADWALL
+
+(Anas strepera)
+
+The gadwall was at one time quite plentiful on the shooting grounds of
+California, south of San Francisco; but, on account of our season
+opening later and closing earlier than in years past, few are killed
+now. The gadwall is really a southern duck, coming into the United
+States to breed. When the California season opened on the first of
+September and closed the first of April, there were plenty of gadwall
+found on its ponds in the early fall and late in the spring. Now, but
+few are killed except in the southern part of the state. Such as are
+killed are generally found on the mountain lakes and ponds of the
+higher valleys. On the waters of Mexico and Lower California, however,
+they are met with in good numbers.
+
+The gadwall, however, migrates as far north as British Columbia for
+breeding purposes as well as breeding on the mountain lakes of all the
+territory through which it ranges.
+
+=Color=--Male--Head, light brown, finely mottled with dark brown and
+black; neck and breast, finely streaked with wavy black and white;
+under parts, grayish white; rump and tail, black; speculum, black and
+white, with the lesser wing-coverts chestnut; feet, orange, and bill
+nearly white.
+
+Female--Closely resembling the male but with very little chestnut on
+the wings.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest which is usually made a little way back
+from the water is lined with dead grass, and contains from ten to
+twelve eggs of a light buff color.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, about 19 inches; wing, 10, and bill,
+1.60.
+
+
+[Illustration: WIDGEON (Anas americana)]
+
+
+THE WIDGEON
+
+(Anas Americana)
+
+The widgeon is one of the most common ducks of the Coast, both north
+and south. As well as being one of the most plentiful of the interior
+lakes and ponds, they are found in great numbers on the salt marshes
+and tide overflows, and even form great dark patches on the ocean as
+they take their midday rest on its bosom a mile or so beyond the surf.
+They breed on the mountain lakes and streams all along the Coast from
+Mexico north.
+
+The widgeon begins its migrations early in the fall and great numbers
+find their way as far south as the Coast marshes and lower lakes of
+Mexico. They feed largely on the plains and frequent the fields in
+search of grain. In migrating or flying from pond to pond they usually
+go in quite large flocks.
+
+=Color=--Male--Head, pinkish white on top, with a greenish streak from
+the eye back to the ociput; below this the head and neck are speckled
+with black and white; back and wing-coverts, gray with fine markings
+of black; breast, a light brick red with a purplish cast; speculum,
+black and green. Axillars, white with dark shafts.
+
+Female--The female resembles the male in all but the green on the head
+and the reddish color of the breast.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is generally built in some tuft of grass or
+thick weeds near some water's edge. The eggs average about a dozen and
+are of very light brownish white.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, 18 inches; wing 9-1/2, and bill, 1-1/2.
+
+
+  [Illustration: GREEN-WINGED TEAL (Anas carolinensis)]
+
+
+GREEN-WINGED TEAL
+
+(Anas carolinensis)
+
+The green-winged teal is another variety that is very plentiful on the
+Coast, breeding in great numbers on our mountain lakes and along the
+streams from Mexico to Alaska, and even to considerable extent on the
+lower marshes, especially from central California north. While many of
+these are killed on the salt marshes and tide lands, they are more
+generally frequenters of the inland ponds and overflows. Nesting late
+and maturing early, they are both a late and early duck on our
+shooting grounds, and remain constantly with us during the whole
+winter. Shooting on a pass over which the teal are flying from one
+pond to another furnishes about the finest sport of the duck shooter's
+life. In such cases they come in small flocks, and single birds must
+be selected; being a small mark and very rapid flyers they require a
+good lead and quick work. In fact, a brace of green-winged teal with a
+pressing engagement at the next pond makes about as pretty a target as
+the sportsman often fires at.
+
+The green-winged teal, like the widgeon, feeds a great deal on the
+plains and in the fields.
+
+=Color=--Male--Top of head and neck, brown of a chestnut tinge, the
+feathers forming almost a crest; a broad stripe of green runs back
+from the eye to the neck; back and sides, mottled gray; breast, buff,
+shaded to white on the abdomen and spotted with black; speculum,
+green.
+
+Female--The top of the head of the female is a rusty brown, and with a
+very faint stripe on the sides; upper parts, gray, spotted with black;
+speculum, green.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest of the green-winged teal is generally a
+little more carefully made than most of the ground nesting ducks. The
+eggs average about ten and are of a light brownish buff.
+
+=Measurements=--The green-winged teal is the smallest of the
+fresh-water ducks. Total length, about 14 inches; wing, 7-1/4; bill,
+1-1/4 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration: CINNAMON TEAL (Anas cyanoptera)]
+
+
+THE CINNAMON TEAL
+
+(Anas cyanoptera)
+
+The cinnamon teal, very commonly called the blue-winged teal by the
+sportsmen of the Coast, is only a late fall and early spring bird on
+our shooting grounds north of Lower California and Mexico. While the
+cinnamon teal has a blue wing there is no resemblance between the
+male cinnamon and the male blue-winged. The females of the two
+species, however, have a marked resemblance in color but a wide
+difference in shape of body. The female cinnamon teal is much darker
+on the throat than the blue-winged female, and generally shows a
+considerable of the cinnamon color of the male. The male of the
+blue-winged teal partakes more of the grayish color of the
+green-winged variety and has a white crescent in front of the eye. The
+northern limit of the cinnamon teal is about the latitude of San
+Francisco so far as their appearance on our shooting grounds is
+concerned. A few, however, go farther north for breeding purposes.
+They are quite common in the southern part of California, where they
+come to breed. They winter in Mexico, Lower California and Arizona in
+great numbers. They nest on the mountain lakes and along the mountain
+streams of California and even as far north as Oregon. In southern
+California they nest along the salt-water marshes, especially those of
+Los Angeles, Orange and San Diego counties.
+
+=Color=--Male--The male bird cannot well be mistaken for that of any
+other species. The general color being a dark cinnamon, or in fact
+much nearer a chestnut in color; the head being somewhat darker than
+the rest of the bird; the upper wing-coverts being blue, form a large
+patch of blue at the shoulders when the wing is at rest; the speculum,
+like that of all the teal is green.
+
+Female--The female resembles the female of the blue-winged teal, but
+is a little larger with a longer and slimmer body; the chin is dusky
+and the throat is speckled; the breast also has a slight tinge of the
+cinnamon color of the male.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nests are built generally in long grass patches
+of the low grounds bordering the streams and lakes and even the salt
+marshes. The eggs which average about a dozen are of a peculiar light
+creamy color with a faint bluish tinge.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, 16 inches; wing, 7-1/2; bill, 1-3/4.
+
+
+  [Illustration: BLUE-WINGED TEAL (Anas discors)]
+
+
+THE BLUE-WINGED TEAL
+
+(Anas discors)
+
+The blue-winged teal is only a straggler north of Lower California,
+Arizona and Mexico. In Mexico and Lower California I know them to be
+quite common, and reasonably plentiful in some parts of Arizona.
+
+The blue-winged teal is a plumper bird than either of the other
+species, and not near so handsomely marked. It is a rapid flyer and
+affords good shooting in those sections where it is plentiful.
+
+=Color=--Male--Head, a glossy purplish gray, darker on top; between
+the eye and the bill is a white crescent-shaped mark about one-fourth
+wider in its center than the eye; the wing-coverts are blue like those
+of the cinnamon teal; back, dark gray; under parts, gray, spotted with
+black; speculum, rich green; bill, black, and legs and feet, yellow.
+
+Female--The female resembles the female of the cinnamon teal; but
+unlike the cinnamon it has no dark markings under the chin, or any of
+the cinnamon color faintly seen on the cinnamon female. The bill also
+is much shorter, and the legs are of a yellowish tinge.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nests are much the same as the other members of
+the teal family. The eggs about a dozen in number are pale buff.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, 15 inches; wing, about 7, and bill,
+1-1/2 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration: SHOVELLER OR SPOON-BILL
+                 (Spatula clypeata)]
+
+
+THE SPOON-BILL OR SHOVELLER
+
+(Spatula clypeata)
+
+The shoveler, or spoonbill, as they are commonly called, is also an
+early duck upon our ponds; they, too, breed throughout the mountains
+of our hunting grounds. When they first arrive on our ponds they are
+very fat and finely flavored, but they soon become poor of flesh and
+lose the flavor brought with them from their mountain homes. And then
+they are generally let pass undisturbed by the discriminating
+sportsman.
+
+=Color=--Male--Head and neck, green; breast, white, shading into rusty
+chestnut toward the abdomen; lesser wing-coverts, blue; speculum,
+green, with white border; legs, orange red.
+
+Female--The female is much smaller than the male and lacks all its
+high coloring. The general color is buff, mottled with brown;
+wing-coverts and speculum, same as the male.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest, which is a rude affair, generally contains
+from seven to ten eggs of a light buff color.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length of the male, about 20 and the female, 18
+inches; wing, 9 to 9-1/2; bill, about 2-1/2 to 2-3/4 inches, and very
+broad at the end.
+
+
+  [Illustration: PIN-TAIL OR SPRIG (Spatula acuta)]
+
+
+THE PIN-TAIL
+
+(Dafila acuta)
+
+The pin-tail, or sprig is another very common duck of the Coast. Great
+numbers of this species breed on our mountain lakes and, maturing
+early, they are about the first to appear upon our shooting grounds,
+great flocks reaching as far south as San Diego county, the mouth of
+the Colorado river and the lakes and marshes of Lower California,
+Arizona and northern Mexico as early as the middle of August or the
+first of September. They come from the mountains plump and fat, and as
+soon as the shooting season is open prove quite acceptable to the
+epicure.
+
+The pin-tail ranges throughout the territory covered by this work and
+far to the north of it, and the fact that they breed around the
+mountain lakes for the whole distance accounts for their early
+appearance on the shooting grounds of the Coast.
+
+=Color=--Male--Head and neck, rich brown, with a white stripe running
+from the ociput down the sides of the neck to the breast; bill, lead
+color, with a black stripe along the top; back, gray; breast, white;
+central tail feathers, very long and pointed; speculum, light smoky
+brown, edged with white.
+
+Female--The female is much more of an ocher brown than the male, and
+without the stripe on the neck or the lead color of the bill. The top
+of the head and the sides of the neck are streaked with brown; breast,
+spotted with dark brown; under parts, white. While it somewhat
+resembles the female mallard, the much narrower bill and difference of
+the speculum should prevent any error in identification. Besides the
+tail is pointed and the axillars are white, barred with dark brown.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is usually back a little distance from the
+water's edge and contains from eight to twelve bluish-white eggs.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, male, 28 and female, 22 inches;
+wing, 9-1/2; bill, 2 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration: WOOD DUCK (Aix sponsa)]
+
+
+THE WOOD DUCK
+
+(Aix sponsa)
+
+The wood duck, the handsomest of all the American ducks, is not
+plentiful anywhere, and seems to be growing fewer in numbers.
+Ornithologists class them as resident ducks, breeding throughout their
+range. From my personal experience I believe that they are migratory,
+at least to a considerable extent, for while many flocks of from half
+a dozen to twenty birds can be seen along the timbered portions of the
+Sacramento river during the summer months and the early fall, as well
+as along other wooded streams of the Coast, few are to be seen during
+the shooting season. From this fact I can draw but one conclusion;
+they migrate south in the winter. A few are killed each winter but
+they can only be considered a rare duck whose beauty lends an
+occasional charm to the game bag.
+
+=Color=--Male--The male has a long crest falling down the back of the
+neck and showing a green and purple luster; the bill is red with a
+dark stripe on top; a broad stripe of white commences under the bill
+and passes down the neck, meeting another stripe of white that nearly
+encompasses the neck; sides and front of lower neck, brownish purple,
+dotted with white; back, a bronze green; speculum, bluish purple,
+bordered with black and white.
+
+Female--The general plan of the markings of the female is the same as
+that of the male, but the colors are not so bright, nor the crest so
+long. The crest is more of a brown, and the breast a pale brown,
+mottled with dark spots.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is built in the hollow of a tree or stump,
+and occasionally a considerable distance above the ground. The eggs,
+which average about eight, are of a pale brownish white. The young are
+taken from the nest in the bill of the mother, and are often seen
+perched on her back while she is swimming around in search of food.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length of the male, about 18 inches, with the
+female about an inch less; wing, 9-1/4 to 9-1/2; bill 1 3/8 inches.
+
+
+THE FULVOUS TREE DUCK
+
+(Dendrocygna fulva)
+
+The fulvous tree-duck, commonly called the Mexican tree-duck, and
+cavalier, as well as the black-bellied tree-duck (=Dendrocygna
+autumnalis=), according to the classification of the ornithologist,
+belong to the subfamily, =Anserinae=, the same family as the geese. The
+fact that they have a bill more like that of the goose than any other
+duck, a goose neck also, and that there is no difference in the sexes
+will show the reason for such classification. Their generic name,
+however, signifies tree-swan. The fulvous tree-duck ranges on our
+hunting grounds as far north as Sacramento, where occasionally one is
+killed. They come here only to breed and, therefore, late in the
+season. Quite a few are killed in southern California, and from
+Arizona and Lower California south they are very plentiful. The
+black-bellied tree-duck is only met with as a straggler north of
+Chihuahua, Mexico. Another species of the same genus (=Dendrocygna
+elegans=) is a still more southern bird, seldom seen north of the
+state of Guerrero.
+
+=Color=--Sides of head and neck and lower parts, buff; top of head,
+back of neck and back, dark brown; wings, dark brown; neck, long and
+slim; bill, resembles that of a goose very much. Both sexes alike.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nests are generally built in a hollow tree or
+stump. The eggs number from ten to fifteen and are of an ochreous
+white.
+
+=Measurements=--Wing, about 9-1/2; bill, 1-3/4 inches.
+
+
+
+
+  Order, ANSERES
+
+  Family, ANATIDAE Subfamily, ANATINAE
+
+  (Fresh water ducks)
+
+  Genus      Species       Common Names      Breeding Grounds and Range.
+  --------- ------------- ----------------- ------------------------------
+
+            {boschas       Mallard           {Throughout the scope of
+            {                                {this work. Breeds wherever
+            {                                {found.
+            {
+            {strepera      Gadwall           {From Central California
+            {                                {south. Breeds wherever
+            {                                {found.
+            {
+            {                                {From British America south.
+            {                                {Breeds on the mountain
+            {americana     Widgeon Baldpate  {lakes from California
+  Anas      {                                {south.
+            {
+            {                                {From British America south.
+            {carolinensis  Green-winged teal {Breeds throughout its range.
+            {
+            {                                {From Central California
+            {cyanoptera    Cinnamon teal     {south. Breeds from Central
+            {                                {California to Central Mexico.
+            {
+            {
+            {discors       Blue-winged teal  {From Arizona south into
+            {                                {Mexico. Breeds throughout
+            {                                {its range.
+
+  Spatula    clypeata     {Shoveller or      {From British America south.
+                          {Spoon-bill        {Breeds on the mountain
+                                             {lakes from Mexico north.
+
+  Dafila     acuta        {Pin-tail or       {From British America south.
+                          {Sprig             {Breeds from Central
+                                             {California north.
+
+                                             {Along the wooded streams
+                                             {from Central California
+  Aix        sponsa        Wood duck         {north. Breeds wherever
+                                             {found.
+
+
+
+
+THE BAY and SEA DUCKS
+
+
+As I have already stated the ducks are divided into two subfamilies,
+the one the =Anatinae=, commonly called fresh-water ducks, the other
+the =Fuligulinae=, commonly known as the salt-water ducks. A
+distinguishing feature of the salt-water ducks is the little flap or
+web on the hind toe, which is not seen in the fresh-water varieties.
+
+On our shooting grounds, however, whether the blind is on the
+salt-water marsh or the fresh-water pond, both kinds are sure to fall
+to the gun in almost equal numbers. Of the more common of the
+fresh-water varieties the gadwall and the mallard are seen the least
+on the salt marshes and the tide overflows, yet even these are quite
+often met with in these places. So it is with the salt-water species.
+All except the scoters are frequenters of the mountain lakes,
+fresh-water ponds and overflows. The red-head, both species of the
+scaups, the canvasback and the ruddy are commonly found on the
+fresh-waters. The ring-neck, and, in fact, the red-head are much more
+common on these waters than on the salt or brackish marshes.
+
+With the exception, therefore, that certain species always predominate
+at a given place at certain times of the season, the sportsman's aim
+brings down a well-assorted bag, let him shoot where he may, on marsh,
+pond or overflow, from Washington to Mexico.
+
+
+  [Illustration: CANVASBACK (Aythya vallisnaria)]
+
+
+THE CANVASBACK
+
+(Aythya vallisneria)
+
+The canvasback, the duck par excellence of the Eastern states, is very
+plentiful in the more northern portions of the territorial scope of
+these articles, though I have seen them in good numbers on the lakes
+of Mexico. It is the general supposition that the canvasback breeds in
+the far north, but from the fact that they are found on the lakes of
+Mexico as early as October, they must also breed on the higher lakes
+of our mountains. On our lower marshes they are a late duck, but they
+appear on our mountain lakes quite early in the season. Canvasback
+shooting on our waters affords the finest of sport, as it does not
+partake so much of flock shooting as it does on the Chesapeake and the
+Delaware rivers. While I certainly prefer our shooting, by no means do
+I prefer our ducks. When killed on the mountain lakes, our canvasback
+possesses nearly if not quite as fine flavor as do those of the
+Eastern states, but when killed on the bays and salt marshes of
+California they are fishy and barely palatable. This is caused by the
+absence of the so-called wild celery, properly tape grass
+(=Vallisneria spiralis=), the common food of the Eastern canvasback.
+Our birds have the habit of feeding largely on the shallow waters of
+the tide lands and marshes and of consuming large quantities of
+crustaceans, such as clams, crabs, mussels and the like, and it takes
+but a few days' diet of this kind to make the canvasback about the
+poorest of ducks. I have killed these ducks on the high lakes and
+ponds of Mexico, when, on account of something they fed upon, they
+were really unfit to eat.
+
+=Color=--Male--Head and neck, nearly black; back, light gray; bill,
+black, and forming nearly a straight line from the tip to the crown of
+the head; belly and flanks, nearly white.
+
+Female--Head and neck, cinnamon brown, paler on the throat; back, dark
+gray.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest of the canvasback is generally found on some
+little knoll in the marsh, and is lined with dead grass and feathers,
+and often with considerable down. The eggs, which are about ten in
+number, are of a dark creamy white.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, from 18 to 22 inches; the more northern
+birds within the territory here covered will always be found
+considerably larger than those of the more southern latitudes. Wing, 8
+to 9-1/2 inches, and bill about 2-1/2 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration: RED-HEAD (Aythya americana)]
+
+
+THE RED-HEAD
+
+(Aythya americana)
+
+The red-head is quite a common duck in the southern sections of the
+Coast hunting grounds. Though purely a bay or salt-water duck, that
+is, belonging to the subfamily =Fuligulinae=, it is not found to any
+great extent on the salt-water marshes, preferring the higher lakes,
+ponds and reservoirs of the mountain valleys and foothills. I found
+them one season in great numbers on the San Rafael marshes, high up in
+the mountains of Lower California, and all the shooting two friends
+and myself wished to do had no effect in driving them away, although
+the ponds of the marsh were few and small.
+
+=Color=--Male--Head and neck, reddish chestnut; lower neck and upper
+breast, sooty brown, a mixture of finely penciled lines of gray and
+brown; speculum, gray; back, gray; feathers on the top of the head
+almost form a crest; bill, lead color.
+
+Female--Head and neck, light cinnamon brown, very pale on the sides of
+the head near the bill, and throat nearly white; breast and shoulders,
+dirty light brown, and back a darker dirty brown.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest, like that of the canvasback, is generally
+built in the marsh or on the low banks of a lake, usually lined with
+down and contains about ten eggs of a brownish buff color.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, about 20 inches; wing, 8-1/4 to 8-1/2; bill
+barely 2-1/4 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration: AMERICAN SCAUP DUCK OR BLUE-BILL
+                 (Aythya marila neartica)]
+
+
+THE AMERICAN SCAUP, OR BLUE-BILL
+
+(Aythya marila neartica)
+
+The American scaup, or blue-bill, the lesser scaup (=Aythya affinis=)
+and the ring-neck (=Aythya collaris=) are very plentiful from
+Washington to Mexico. These three species are generally grouped
+together by the sportsmen of the Coast under the name of black jacks,
+black ducks, black-heads or blue-bills; all three species being
+considered as belonging to the one variety, and the lesser scaup
+(=Aythya affinis=) as the younger birds. With the males, at least,
+there should be no excuse for this error, for they can be easily
+distinguished by the color of the speculum, or bright band on the
+wings, and by the color of the metallic sheen of the head and neck.
+The speculum of the American scaup, or larger blue-bill, is white, the
+head and neck showing a greenish sheen, quite pronounced in the
+sunlight. The lesser scaup, or little blue-bill (=Aythya affinis=) has
+a white speculum also, but the sheen of the head and neck is purple.
+The ring-neck (=Aythya collaris=), has a gray speculum, which, though
+quite light in color, can easily be distinguished from the pure white
+of the other two. The metallic sheen of the head of the ring-neck is a
+dark indigo blue. The bill of the ring-neck is quite different from
+that of the scaups, being much darker in color and more of a sooty
+tinge and with a faint bluish band across it about half an inch from
+the end. The females of all three species resemble each other very
+closely, but the difference in size will generally determine to which
+species they belong. The two blue-bills can be told from the female
+ring-neck by their white speculums. The female ring-neck has the gray
+of the male, but this does not distinguish it from the female
+red-head. The smaller size of the ring-neck and darker appearance of
+the head and neck will always indicate to which species the female
+belongs. The bill of the female red-head meets the skull in quite an
+abrupt manner, while hat of the ring-neck has more of the sloping
+character of the canvasback.
+
+=Color=--Male--Head and neck, black, showing a green luster in the
+sun; back, gray, finely lined with black; under parts, white;
+speculum, white.
+
+Female--Head, dead brown, with a light gray patch at the base of the
+bill blending into the brown of the head; breast and back, dirty
+brown; under parts, white; speculum, white; bill, bluish.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is a crude affair near the water's edge,
+containing about ten pale olive-buff eggs.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, about 18 inches; wing, 8-1/2, and
+bill, 1 7/8 inches. The females are but a trifle smaller.
+
+
+THE LESSER SCAUP, OR LITTLE BLUE-BILL
+
+(Aythya affinis)
+
+The little blue-bill, or lesser scaup, like its larger relative, is a
+cosmopolitan species, and commonly met with in flocks of the other,
+which has led to the common error of classing the two together, the
+one as the elder and the other as the younger birds.
+
+While in general color and markings they are very similar, there is
+so much difference in their size that they should be easily
+distinguished. With the males this is very easy for the head of the
+larger species has a green sheen, the head of the lesser has a purple
+sheen as shown in the sun. The bill of this species is more of a blue
+and much smaller, being not over 1-1/2 inches in length.
+
+=Color=--The color and markings are the same as the American scaup,
+with the exception that the metallic sheen of the head, as already
+mentioned, is purple.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The same as the American scaup.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, about 16-1/2 inches; wing, 7-1/2,
+and bill 1-1/2 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration: RING-NECK (Aythya collaris)]
+
+
+THE RING-NECK
+
+(Aythya collaris)
+
+In the breeding season the ring-neck male has a dirty orange ring
+around the neck which disappears wholly, or nearly so, before the
+beginning of the hunting season. The ring-neck is generally more
+plentiful on the fresh waters. I have seen great numbers of them at
+the mouth of the Colorado river. In fact, both the ring-neck and the
+lesser scaup range much farther south than do the larger species, for
+while few of the larger scaup are seen in Mexico, great quantities of
+the little blue-bills are found throughout the republic, especially on
+the salt marshes of the two coasts. All of these three species breed
+along the mountain lakes from California north.
+
+=Color=--Male--Head and neck, black, with an indigo sheen when turned
+in the sun. This will always distinguish it from the larger blue-bill
+whose sheen is green and the lesser blue-bill whose sheen is purple.
+The speculum is gray; bill, bluish with a pale blue band across it
+about a half inch from the end.
+
+Female--The female of this species resembles the female of the
+red-head very closely. It is considerable darker, however, and the
+bill joins the head without the marked indentation seen in the
+red-head.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest and eggs are the same as the scaups.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, 17-1/2 inches; wing, 8, and bill, 2 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration: RUDDY DUCK (Erismatura rubida)]
+
+
+THE RUDDY DUCK, OR WIRE-TAIL
+
+(Erismatura rubida)
+
+The ruddy duck is a very common duck on our shooting grounds, from one
+end to the other, though as a rule it is not much sought after by our
+sportsmen. When feeding on the salt marshes they are not very
+palatable, it is true, but when killed on fresh waters they are one of
+our finest flavored ducks, if properly cooked. After refusing many
+shots at these little ducks and even many times failing to carry home
+those I did kill, it remained for Mr. Babcock, then of the Coronado
+Hotel, of San Diego, California, to demonstrate to me the real value
+of the ruddy duck. I was one of the party shooting with him on his
+preserve at Otay dam. When we came into the house after our morning's
+shoot, a most enjoyable one, he asked each member of the party what
+kind of duck he wished for his dinner. Mallards, canvasbacks, sprigs
+and widgeons had been named, so when he came to me I answered that any
+kind would do me. To this he replied: "Then you shall have one of my
+favorites." When dinner was ready, before each plate was a beautifully
+roasted duck of the species chosen by the member of the party for whom
+that plate was laid, but the plates in front of Mr. Babcock and myself
+each contained two plump little birds that I did not recognize in
+their undress uniform. After I had tasted of one, Mr. Babcock asked:
+"How do you like my selection?" "Very much," I answered, "but what are
+they? I never ate anything better." "The much despised ruddy," was his
+reply, "the superior of the canvasback when properly handled." The
+best evidence that I fully endorsed all that he claimed for the ruddy
+duck is the fact that there was nothing left of my two birds but
+well-picked bones. The ruddy duck may well be called a resident
+species over the whole of the Pacific Coast shooting grounds, for they
+breed not only on the lakes and streams, but on the lower marshes as
+well, throughout the whole territory.
+
+The ruddy duck is known by a number of names such as "wire tail,"
+"dipper," "bullet-head," "buffle-head," etc.
+
+=Color=--Male--Top of head, dark brown; sides of head below the eye,
+dirty white; upper parts, brown; no speculum on the wing; axillars,
+very light gray with light brown shafts; tail, broad and stiff with
+the feathers pointed; under parts, dirty white.
+
+Female--Much the color of the male, but more of a dirty brown. Side of
+the head and throat, dirty gray.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nests are usually built on little hillocks in the
+marshes, and contain from six to eight dirty white eggs.
+
+=Measurements=--The ruddy is a small duck with a very rounded body.
+Total length, about 15 inches; wing, 6, and bill, 1-1/2 inches, strongly
+depressed in the center.
+
+
+  [Illustration: AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE (Glaucionetta clangula americana)]
+
+
+THE AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE
+
+(Glaucionetta clangula americana)
+
+The American golden-eye is a visitor from the far north to the
+northern portions of the territory covered by this work. An occasional
+straggler is killed as far south as San Francisco, but they are a cold
+country bird. They are more common in the interior of Washington and
+Oregon than along the coast.
+
+=Color=--Male--Head and upper half of neck, dark green with a metallic
+sheen; a nearly round patch of white between the eye and the base of
+the bill; lower part of neck, most of the back and the under parts,
+white; upper part of the back, rump and tail, black; wings, mostly
+white.
+
+Female--Head and upper neck, brown; gray spot at the base of the bill;
+breast and under parts, gray; back and most of the wings, brownish
+black.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is usually built in a hollow tree or stump
+and contains about ten eggs of a bluish white color.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, about 19 inches; wing, 9, and
+bill, 1 7/8. Female about one-tenth smaller.
+
+
+  [Illustration: BARROW'S GOLDEN-EYE (Glaucionetta ilandica)]
+
+
+BARROW'S GOLDEN-EYE
+
+(Glaucionetta ilandica)
+
+Barrow's golden-eye is another duck that is seen, but little within
+the Pacific Coast hunting grounds, and only then near the coast
+sections of the northern part. They are found more plentiful on the
+islands along the north Pacific coast.
+
+=Color=--The male resembles the American golden-eye very closely,
+except that the head of the Barrow's is more of a purple, or greenish
+purple. The white at the base of the bill is also different, it being
+a crescent shape instead of round.
+
+The female differs in the head being more of a cinnamon brown, and the
+back more of a gray and slightly mottled with brown.
+
+=Nest, Eggs and Measurements=--The same as the American golden-eye.
+
+
+  [Illustration: BUTTER-BALL (Charitonetta albeola)]
+
+
+THE BUTTER-BALL
+
+(Charitonetta albeola)
+
+The butter-ball, or buffle-head, is another common duck all over the
+country. But where we have so many larger and better ducks they are
+little sought for, and are generally considered poor shooting. Yet I
+recall one occasion when with a friend I was shooting on a couple of
+foothill ponds where many of these little ducks had congregated, they
+furnished us with fine sport. The larger ducks were soon scared away,
+but the little butter-balls would not leave. One of us was stationed
+at each pond and we soon had them all in the air.
+
+=Color=--Male--Head, greenish purple, with a strong metallic luster;
+white patch running from the eye to the back of the head; feathers of
+the head long, forming a crest; back, black; under parts white and a
+broad white patch on the wing.
+
+Female--The female is a very modestly colored bird to have so gaudy a
+mate. Head and upper parts, a dark, dead brown; under parts, white;
+speculum, white; a small, elongated white spot on the side of the
+head.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is usually built on some elevation such as a
+stump or log; some times in a tree. The eggs, numbering eight to ten,
+are of a pale buff color.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, 11 to 12-1/2 inches; wing, about 6, and
+bill, 1 inch.
+
+
+THE OLD SQUAW, OR LONG-TAILED DUCK
+
+(Clangula hyemalis)
+
+The old squaw, or long-tailed duck, comes but little into California,
+though a few are killed each year in Washington and Oregon. I killed
+one several years ago as far south as Los Angeles county, California,
+the only one I have ever known to get that far away from his northern
+home.
+
+=Color=--Male--As the winter plumage is the only garb that one of this
+species will be seen in on these hunting grounds, I will only mention
+it. Head, white, with a patch of brownish black on the side of the
+head and side of the neck; breast, black, continuing over the back;
+belly, white; wings, white; a band of yellow across the bill; central
+tail feathers, black and very long.
+
+Female--Head, white, with a dark patch on the top and on the side;
+breast and back, smoky black; under parts, white; no long feathers in
+the tail.
+
+
+  [Illustration: HARLEQUIN DUCK (Histrionicus histrionicus)]
+
+
+THE HARLEQUIN DUCK
+
+(Histrionicus histrionicus)
+
+The harlequin duck is a northern bird that comes but little into the
+United States on either coast. A few stragglers are met with in Oregon
+and Washington, and an occasional one is killed in California. These
+and the old squaw add a pleasing variety to our mounted collections,
+but nothing to our sport.
+
+=Color=--The accompanying illustration is the best description of this
+duck that can be given, as the colors are white and a brownish black.
+It is about the size of the widgeon.
+
+
+  [Illustration: WHITE-WINGED SCOTER (Oidemia deglandi)]
+
+
+THE SCOTERS
+
+(Oidemia deglandi--Oidemia americana)
+
+The scoters, or coots, as they are called on the Atlantic coast, are
+all found on this coast southward to Mexico. Of these the white-winged
+scoter (=Oidemia deglandi=) is the most common, being found in large
+numbers on all the bays and inlets of the coast as far south as the
+Magdalena bay, Lower California.
+
+
+
+
+  Order, ANSERES
+
+  Family, ANATIDAE Subfamily, FULIGULINAE.
+
+  (Bay and sea ducks)
+
+  Genus        Species      Common Names     Range and Breeding Grounds
+  ------------ ------------ ---------------- ----------------------------
+
+                                            {From Northern Mexico north.
+               {vallisneria Canvasback      {Breeds on the higher lakes
+               {                            {from Eastern Oregon to the
+               {                            {Arctic.
+               {
+               {                            {From Central Mexico north.
+               {americana   Red-head        {Breeds on the interior lakes
+               {                            {from Eastern Oregon north.
+               {
+               {           {American scaup  {From Central California
+               {neartica   {Blue-bill       {north. Breeds on the
+  Aythya       {           {Black-jack      {interior lakes from
+               {                            {Washington north.
+               {
+               {           {Lesser scaup    {From northern Mexico north.
+               {affinis    {Blue-bill       {Breeds on the interior lakes
+               {           {Black-jack      {from Washington north to the
+               {                            {Arctic.
+               {
+               {                            {From Central California north.
+               {collaris   {Ring-neck       {More common on fresh waters.
+               {           {Black-jack      {Breeds on the interior lakes
+               {                            {from Oregon to the Arctic.
+
+               {americana   American        {Rare south of Oregon. Breeds
+               {            golden-eye      {from northern Washington
+               {                            {north.
+               {
+  Glaucionetta {                            {Very rare south of Puget
+               {islandica   Barrows         {Sound. Found only along the
+                            golden-eye      {coast. Breed on the
+                                            {Aleutian Islands and Alaska
+                                            {coast.
+
+                                            {From Central Mexican coast
+  Charitonetta albeola     {Buffle-head     {north. Breeds along the
+                           {Butter-ball     {coast from Washington north.
+
+                                            {From Central Mexico north.
+  Erismatura rubida        {Ruddy duck      {Breeds on the mountain lakes
+                           {Wire-tail       {throughout its range.
+
+                                            {From the Lower California
+               {americana  {Americas scoter {coast north. Breeds on the
+               {           {Black coot      {Aleutian Islands and the
+               {                             {Alaska coast.
+  Oidemia      {
+               {deglandi   {White-winged    {From the Lower California
+                           {scoter          {coast north. Breeds on the
+                           {White-winged    {Aleutian Islands and the
+                           {coot            {Alaska coast.
+
+
+
+
+THE GEESE OF THE PACIFIC COAST
+
+
+The hunting grounds of the Pacific Coast have a greater variety of
+geese than any other section of America. Here are to be found every
+species known to the Eastern states, except the barnacle brant of the
+Atlantic. But in return for the absence of this species of sea brant
+we have the black sea brant, the white-cheeked goose, the ross goose,
+the emperor goose (none of which are found east of the Rocky
+Mountains) and the hutchins goose, the lesser snow goose, the
+white-fronted goose and the little brown brant, which are only
+stragglers east of the Mississippi valley, and only sparingly seen
+that far east. Thus it will be seen that within the Pacific Coast
+hunting grounds there are four genera and nine species of the goose
+family. All of these are found in the northern parts of these hunting
+grounds, but only about one-half of them visit the southern parts.
+Increased areas of cultivation, the drainage of vast sections of
+marshy lands and the absence of laws for their protection have greatly
+reduced the once wonderful supply.
+
+Acres of geese sounds fabulous, yet miles of geese is the only
+expression which conveys an adequate idea of the wonderful numbers in
+which these birds were seen on the Coast half a century ago. The great
+majority of the geese of the Coast at that time were of the white
+varieties, and it is a veritable fact that in California, and
+especially in the Sacramento, San Joaquin and Los Angeles valleys,
+these geese congregated during the winter months in such numbers as to
+whiten the plains for miles. Many flocks of honkers were mixed with
+them, as well as some of the other darker varieties. These darker
+species of the family, however, were far more plentiful in the
+northern parts of the State than in the southern. That part of the
+Sacramento valley known as the Maine Prairies has always been a
+favorite feeding place for the Canada goose and its subspecies.
+
+
+  [Illustration: CANADA GOOSE             BROWN BRANT
+                 (Branta canadensis)      (Branta minima)]
+
+
+THE CANADA GOOSE, OR HONKER
+
+(Branta canadensis)
+
+The Canada goose, or honker as it is commonly called, was and is quite
+common on the Coast. This goose, the largest of the Americans, has a
+wide distribution, ranging from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from
+the Arctic to Central America. They breed as far south as southern ern
+Oregon, at any rate, and possibly on the higher mountain lakes as far
+south as Mexico, for they seem to make their appearance on the Coast
+shooting grounds of Mexico nearly, if not quite, as early as they do
+here.
+
+The flesh of the Canada goose is the equal if not the superior of the
+tame goose. Its flight, except when migrating long distances, is
+generally low, and in such cases it can be called by the hunter to
+within shooting distance.
+
+=Color=--Head and neck, black, with a white stripe running from the
+chin back of the eye to near the top of the head; upper parts, dark
+brownish gray; breast, dull, light gray, grading into white at the
+abdomen; tail and wings, black. Both sexes alike.
+
+=Eggs and Nest=--The nest is generally built of sticks and grass,
+lined with feathers, and either in the marshes or on the banks of a
+stream, and rarely if ever contain more than six or seven, and often
+not more than four, eggs of a very light brownish white.
+
+=Measurements=--Wing, about 19 inches; bill, about 1-3/4 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration: WHITE-CHEEKED GOOSE (Branta canadensis occidentalis)]
+
+
+THE WHITE-CHEEKED GOOSE
+
+(Branta canadensis occidentalis)
+
+The white-cheeked goose, known also as Mexican goose, is found only on
+the Pacific Coast and never east of the Cascades in Washington and
+Oregon, or the Sierra Nevadas in California. In fact, they are
+generally confined to localities not far from the ocean. While both
+the honker and the Hutchins goose have a white cheek, the white of the
+honker meets under the chin or blends into a gray, but the white of
+the white-cheeked variety is separated either with a distinct black
+stripe under the chin or a mottled black and white one. Also the black
+of the neck of the white-cheeked goose and the brownish gray of the
+breast is very generally separated by a white collar, though sometimes
+this is so faint as to be almost indistinguishable.
+
+The white-cheeked goose is rarely seen south of Monterey Bay,
+California.
+
+=Color=--Same as the Canada goose, except that the white on the cheeks
+is either separated under the chin by a black stripe or by only a very
+few white feathers in the black. Between the neck and the dull gray of
+the breast is a narrow white stripe, or collar. This some times is
+very faint, and, in fact, some times, though very rarely, absent. This
+absence of the collar is quite likely caused by its inter-grading with
+the Hutchins goose.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The same as the Canada goose.
+
+=Measurements=--Wing, never more than 16 inches; bill, not more
+than 1-1/4 inches.
+
+
+THE HUTCHINS GOOSE
+
+(Branta canadensis hutchinsii)
+
+We have on the Pacific Coast four varieties of the =Branta
+canadensis=, or that species to which belongs the Canada goose, all
+resembling each other closely except in size. Two of these species are
+generally considered honkers by most of our sportsmen, while others
+have two or three local names for them, among which are Mexican goose
+and Lower California goose. The fact is that while the Canada goose is
+quite common on the coasts of Mexico, neither the Hutchins goose nor
+the white-cheeked goose migrate that far south.
+
+The Hutchins goose so closely resembles the Canada goose, or honker as
+it is popularly called, that it is principally distinguished by its
+smaller size and a considerable difference in the call. The Hutchins
+goose ranges as far east as the Mississippi valley, and on the Pacific
+Coast south only to about Santa Barbara county, California. This is
+one of the two varieties that is given the local names of Mexican and
+Lower California goose.
+
+=Color=--Same as the Canada goose, from which it is only distinguished
+by its smaller size and a considerable difference in its call.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--Same as the Canada goose.
+
+=Measurements=--Wing, not more than 17 inches; bill, 1-1/2 inches.
+
+
+THE CACKLING GOOSE, OR BROWN BRANT
+
+(Branta canadensis minima)
+
+The cackling goose, known also as brown brant and gray brant, is the
+most common of the four varieties and much the smallest. (See
+illustration.) Its markings are the same as the Canada goose, but its
+under parts are somewhat darker. While in total length it is fully
+half that of the honker, in weight it is not more than one-third. The
+cackling geese are commonly found in flocks of the white geese, both
+in their feeding and their migrations. This species ranges east as far
+as the Mississippi valley and south on the Coast as far as the mouth
+of the Colorado river and to some extent into Lower California. It is
+more numerous than any other of the dark colored geese of the Pacific
+Coast.
+
+=Color=--The same as the Canada goose, with the exception that it is a
+little darker on the under parts.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The same as the Canada goose, but the eggs number as
+high as ten.
+
+=Measurements=--Wing, 13 to 14-1/2 inches; bill, from one to one and
+one-eighth.
+
+
+  [Illustration: LESSER SNOW GOOSE     ROSS GOOSE
+                 (Chen hyperborea)     (Chen rossi)]
+
+
+THE SNOW GOOSE, OR WHITE GOOSE
+
+(Chen hyperborea)
+
+The lesser snow geese, commonly called white geese, are the larger of
+the two species of white geese so numerous on the Coast. They not only
+feed, but migrate in great flocks, and these migrations often take
+place at night when their sharp cries will be heard high in the air.
+The lesser snow goose is found as far east as the Mississippi valley
+and south on the Pacific Coast to San Diego. Occasionally a few are
+seen at Ensenada and the valley of the Palms in Lower California. The
+meat is tough and poor in flavor and, therefore, they are hunted but
+little except by the market hunters, who, somehow, succeed in selling
+a good number of them to the uninitiated.
+
+=Color=--Pure white, with black bill and legs; the primaries, or long
+feathers of the wings, are black.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nests are made close to the water's edge and
+contain about ten dirty white eggs.
+
+=Measurements=--Wing, about 16 inches; bill, 2-1/4 inches.
+
+
+THE ROSS GOOSE LITTLE WHITE GOOSE
+
+(Chen rossii)
+
+The Ross goose has been given the name of China goose by many who
+wanted some distinguishing nomenclature for them, when in fact the
+Ross goose is purely an American Pacific Coast bird. Like the snow
+goose it is pure white with black primary plumes. Young birds of both
+species are occasionally seen in the early part of the season more or
+less mottled on the breast with yellowish gray feathers. The Ross
+goose is only about half the size of the snow goose. Aside from this
+it can always be known by the warty appearance of the upper half of
+the bill. They are commonly seen, both in feeding and in their
+migrations, mixed in the flocks of the snow geese. Occasionally they
+are seen as far east as Utah and Montana, but only in small numbers.
+The Ross goose migrates as far south as Central Mexico, great numbers
+of them congregating on Lake Chapala, in the state of Jalisco.
+
+=Color=--Same as the snow goose.
+
+=Measurements=--Wing, about 14 inches; bill, 2-1/4, with warty
+excresences on the upper part.
+
+
+  [Illustration: WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE, OR SPECKLE-BREAST
+                (Anser albifrons gambeli)]
+
+
+WHITE FRONTED GOOSE
+
+(Anser albifrons gambeli)
+
+The white-fronted goose, or speckle-breast as it is commonly called,
+is quite common on the Coast south to Mexico, where great numbers
+congregate on Lake Chapala, Jalisco. This is another western species,
+though ranging to some extent as far east as the Mississippi valley
+and an occasional flock wanders even to the Atlantic coast. The
+breasts of the old birds are commonly profusely speckled with black
+feathers. The white-fronted goose is a little more exclusive in its
+habits than any of the others named, being generally found in flocks
+by themselves. As a table bird the meat is quite palatable, and large
+numbers are sold in the markets.
+
+=Color=--Head, grayish brown, with a white spot at the junction of the
+bill, but this is absent from the young birds; neck, lighter, shading
+into white or dull white on the breast, mottled with black; back, ashy
+gray, edged with brown; shafts of the quills, white; bill and legs,
+light pink.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is usually well made and lined with feathers
+and down. The eggs number about seven or eight, and are of a pale
+greenish white.
+
+=Measurements=--Wing, 16 inches; bill, 2 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration: EMPEROR GOOSE (Philacte canagica)]
+
+
+THE EMPEROR GOOSE
+
+(Philacte canagica)
+
+The Emperor goose is a north Pacific species, breeding principally on
+the islands of the Alaska coast. The great majority of these birds
+winter well to the north of us, though a number venture southward into
+California to Humboldt bay and even south of that. A small flock or
+two is seen almost every winter on the marshes near San Francisco. A
+close watch of the markets will reveal one or two offered for sale
+almost every winter.
+
+=Color=--Head and back of neck, white; throat, brownish gray, shading
+into light gray on the breast and abdomen; back, a little darker; the
+feathers being gray, tipped with lighter gray, with a subterminal band
+of brownish gray; legs, flesh color.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nests are usually found on the small islands of
+the salt marshes, and contain eight to ten eggs of a dull white color.
+
+=Measurements=--Wing, about 15-1/2 inches; bill, 1-1/2 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration: BLACK SEA BRANT (Branta nigricans)]
+
+
+THE BLACK SEA BRANT
+
+(Branta nigricans)
+
+The black sea brant is another purely Pacific Coast species, found
+nowhere else except as a straggler. They resemble the barnacle brant
+of the Atlantic (=Branta barnicla=) except in the shape of the head
+and bill. A differing characteristic, however, is that the white
+speckling on the sides of the neck of the barnacle brant extends all
+around the front of the neck in the case of the black sea brant. As
+their name implies, these are purely seabirds, rarely flying over the
+land even, and only found in such bays as produce the eel grass on
+which they feed almost exclusively. I only know of the following
+places within the Pacific Coast shooting grounds where the black sea
+brant is found. These are: Puget sound, Washington; Coos bay, Oregon;
+Humboldt, Tomales, Moro and San Diego bays, California, and Magdalena
+bay, Lower California. In most of these places they ate plentiful
+during the winter season. Of all birds that fall to the aim of the
+sportsman, the black sea brant is the most difficult to get within
+range of. This is only accomplished by great caution and a good deal
+of strategy, but when they are brought to bag the reward is a full
+compensation, for of all the waterfowl their flesh is the most
+delicious. The sea brant is rarely found away from the haunts
+mentioned, yet the bird from which the accompanying illustration was
+made was killed from a small flock that had strayed into the lower end
+of San Francisco bay, near Redwood City, and was mounted by that
+accomplished sportsman and taxidermist, Chase Littlejohn, of that
+place.
+
+=Color=--General color, black; throat, with a white or speckled ring
+all around the neck, except a small portion of the back; flanks,
+mottled white and black; under tail feathers, white.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is only a depression on the ground, but
+nicely lined with down. The eggs, numbering six to eight, are of a
+dull white.
+
+=Measurements=--Wing, 13 inches; bill, 1-1/2 inches.
+
+
+THE SWANS
+
+(Olor columbianus) and (Olor buccinator)
+
+(Subfamily, CYGNINAE)
+
+Both the whistling swan (=Olor columbianus=) and the trumpeter swan
+(=Olor buccinator=) were once very plentiful on the Pacific Coast
+hunting grounds, as far south as central California, and especially so
+on the Columbia river and the lakes of Oregon and Washington. A few
+were met with also as far south as San Diego county, California.
+
+I shall never forget the first two swans I ever killed and my
+experience with them. It was the first winter after I came to
+California and I was living in Los Angeles, then a little Mexican
+village, and three of us were doing our own housekeeping. Whatever the
+reason--most likely from some hallucination of boyhood--I entertained
+the belief that swans must be exceedingly fine eating. As I prided
+myself then, just after crossing the plains, upon being a good cook,
+great preparations were made for an extra fine feast on what I fancied
+would be a delicious bird. We had a good stove and the first of the
+two swans was carefully "stuffed" with the choicest dressing,
+consisting of the combined suggestions of the three of us. It was
+placed in the oven, the fire carefully tended and the magnificent bird
+repeatedly "basted." When it was ready and placed on the table it fell
+to my lot to do the carving. Having drawn my knife across the
+hunger-producing carcass without making any perceptible impression, I
+decided that it must be the fault of a dull knife. Among our table
+furnishings we had no sharpening steel, a scythe stone doing service
+in its stead. I hunted this up and began on the knife with the
+"mower's challenge" stroke and soon had an edge that would have cut
+through anything less than an eighty-pound rail. With no little effort
+I amputated the legs and the wings, and cutting a generous piece from
+one side of the breast passed it to one of my companions, who at once
+began on it with his knife. A few attempts to sever it and he reached
+for the scythe stone. Then when he began chewing on the segregated
+piece he declared that it was not cooked enough. A dispute followed as
+to whether it is over-cooking or under-cooking that makes a bird
+tough. With this momentous question still unsettled we decided that
+some of the many ingredients that we had put into the "stuffing" must
+have given the meat its sole-leather consistency. We had a couple of
+hounds, whose teeth had been well tested in many a coyote kill, and we
+passed this first swan up to them.
+
+The next day the other bird was worked into a fine stew and well
+cooked. When served the stew was fine. The dumplings were light and
+fairly melted in our mouths; the red peppers were hot; the aroma of
+onions was just of that degree to suggest the ambrosia of the gods;
+but the swan! Well, the hounds ate it through the compulsion of
+hunger.
+
+A half-grown swan, however, is very good eating.
+
+There is very little difference in the two varieties. The whistling
+swan being more of a northern bird, rarely migrating as far south as
+central California. About the only noticeable difference is that the
+whistling swan has a small yellow spot at the V-shaped point of the
+bill where it meets the eye.
+
+
+
+
+THE WADERS AND SHORE BIRDS
+
+
+The Pacific Coast is especially rich in waders and shore birds, there
+being upwards of forty species that are more or less common, with some
+ten or more that are occasional visitors. Of these few can be
+considered game birds, while others are so small that they are rarely
+shot by our sportsmen. Many of both the waders and the shore birds are
+constant residents. Others come from still farther south for breeding
+purposes, while still others breed north of us and migrate throughout
+the territorial scope of these articles to spend their winters.
+
+The shore birds, while very common, are hunted but little by the
+sportsmen of this region, and many of the smaller species that are
+considered quite a delicacy by our eastern brethren are passed by
+entirely by our lovers of the gun. The reasons for this will be
+obvious to all who have read the preceding pages and noted the
+abundance and great variety of larger and better game. By better game
+I mean birds that furnish better sport by requiring more skill in
+approaching them and better marksmanship in bringing them to bag. The
+little mountain plover, of the southern part of the Coast, while not
+surpassed even by the jack snipe as a table delicacy, are hunted but
+little, even where they are very abundant, because there is little
+sport to be had in shooting them. And the same is true, in a great
+measure, of several other species. Sportsmen, therefore, are little
+acquainted with these birds either as to their names, gastronomic
+merits or means of identification.
+
+
+  [Illustration: WHITE-FACED GLOSSY IBIS (Plegadis gaurauna)]
+
+
+THE HERONS and IBISES
+
+(Order, HERODIONES)
+
+
+While none of the order =Herodiones=, which includes the storks,
+herons, ibises and bitterns, can be considered game birds, they are so
+common about our waters, and some of them add such a charm to the
+scene by their beautiful plumage and graceful movement, that mention
+of some of them here will not be out of place.
+
+The great blue heron (=Ardea herodias=) is the most common of these
+waders. With his long, gracefully curved neck and slender legs he
+wades with stately mien along the shallow waters of the lakes,
+marshes and streams, both summer and winter, for he is to the manner
+born and has no desire to seek other lands or other climes. The herons
+are said to be destructive to fish. This can be to a limited extent
+only, for they subsist very largely on the enemies of the fish,
+destroying hundreds of snakes, water lizards and other fish
+destroyers.
+
+The snowy heron, or white crane as it is commonly called (=Ardea
+candidissima=), is another handsome wader that lends a charm to the
+lakes, ponds and streams from Oregon south through Mexico. Built on
+the same graceful lines as its blue relative, and with a plumage as
+white as the purest snow, it never fails to attract attention.
+
+Three representatives of the family =Ibididae= are found here and
+present a pleasing and interesting group.
+
+The white-faced glossy ibis (=Plegadis guarauna=) ranges over the
+larger portion of the Coast, but from Lower California north only for
+breeding purposes. Its long curved bill, slim, gracefully bent neck,
+shapely body, tall legs and irridescent reflections of its plumage in
+the sunlight, place it among the most attractive of North American
+birds. Unlike the herons they are gregarious and are, therefore, seen
+in flocks of varying size. The glossy ibis is often called bronze
+curlew, but this is a bad misnomer, as they are in no way related to
+the curlew.
+
+Another of the family is the white ibis (=Guara alba=). These are
+quite common in Lower California and Mexico. They rarely migrate into
+California, though they venture much to the north of us in a
+northeastern direction, reaching the shores of the Great Salt Lake,
+during the breeding season. The scarlet ibis (=Guara rubra=), the
+other member of the family, is confined to Mexico, so far as these
+articles are concerned.
+
+The American egret (=Ardea egretta=) ranges from Oregon south to South
+America. It was at one time quite plentiful in California, but its
+handsome plumes attracted the eye of the milliner, which in turn
+aroused the cupidity of the market hunter, and these beautiful birds
+are now rare north of Lower California and Mexico, and are rapidly
+decreasing even there. The reddish egret (=Ardea rufescens=) is an
+inhabitant of Lower California and Mexico, not coming north of these
+places. Though not as handsome as the white egret, it is also being
+exterminated for the same purposes.
+
+The birds that I have so far mentioned, while not game birds, are so
+constantly before the eyes of the sportsmen who engage in waterfowl
+shooting that they can not help but be interested in them. They add a
+variety and a beauty to the scene, and many an hour's wait, that
+otherwise would have been tedious, has passed away pleasantly in
+watching the graceful movements of some one or more of these stately
+waders.
+
+
+
+
+THE CRANES, RAILS, GALLINULES
+
+
+To the order, =Paludicolae=, belong the cranes, rails, gallinules and
+coots, or mudhens, as they are commonly called. Of the members of this
+order we are concerned only with the cranes, rails and coots. The
+sandhill crane (=Grus canadensis) is a common visitor to all parts of
+the Coast, but more plentiful in the interior valleys than near the
+seashore. They are generally hard to approach and for that reason they
+are but little hunted by our sportsmen. The whooping crane (=Grus
+americana) once common throughout the middle states, is still met with
+to considerable extent in Mexico, but it is by no means a common
+visitor.
+
+The California clapper rail, known also as the San Mateo rail (=Rallus
+obsoletus=), is the largest as well as the most important of the rail
+family in this section. At one time the clapper rail was very
+plentiful in certain localities in California and furnished abundant
+sport, though rather of a tame nature, to those who hunted them. Being
+an easy bird to kill and unsuspicious, they have been rapidly reduced
+in numbers until now they are in danger of extinction unless laws are
+enacted giving them better protection. The clapper is only a straggler
+south of San Francisco bay.
+
+The Virginia rail (=Rallus virginianus=), a species not more than half
+the size of the clapper rail, is found sparingly over the Coast, but
+principally on the fresh water marshes.
+
+The little yellow rail (=Porzana noveboracensis=) is found on the
+fresh waters from central California south, but it is nowhere
+abundant.
+
+The black rail (=Porzana jamaicensis=) is another of the smaller rails
+that are found on the fresh waters to a limited extent. Both this and
+the last preceding one are so small that they are seldom shot, though
+as an article of food they are very delicate.
+
+
+
+
+THE SHORE BIRDS
+
+(Order, LIMICOLAE)
+
+
+The order =Limicolae=, which is composed of the shore birds proper,
+is abundantly represented. They are seen wading in the shallow waters,
+carefully watching for worms, insects and other species of food upon
+which they live, boring in the soft mud, scurrying in flocks from
+place to place, or running along the beach as the surf recedes,
+picking up the jetsam of the sea, then taking wing or running back
+like a playful child to the higher ground as the foaming crest of the
+next breaker rushes up the sandy shingle. Or, as is the case of the
+phalaropes and some others, they may be seen riding lightly upon the
+restless billows far out at sea. Modest in coloring and plain in
+plumage, the shore birds seem to belong to the plebeians of the
+avafauna, for they are constant workers, always busy, always plying
+their slender legs rapidly as they hurry from one spot to another,
+never idle, never resting for a moment.
+
+Of the shore birds there are six families and twenty genera
+represented on the Coast. Most of them are quite abundant from
+Washington to Mexico on their respective feeding grounds.
+
+
+  [Illustration:
+       WILSON SNIPE, OR JACK-SNIPE     DOWITCHER
+       (Gallinago delicata)            (Macrorhamphus scolopaceus)]
+
+
+THE WILSON, OR JACK SNIPE
+
+(Gallinago delicata)
+
+Of all the shore birds the jack snipe, English snipe or Wilson snipe
+as it is variously called, is the most highly prized as a table
+delicacy and furnishes the best sport with the dog and gun. Usually
+lying well for the dog, erratic in its flight and quick on the wing,
+the Wilson snipe is one of the most difficult birds to bring to bag.
+It is not only erratic in its flight, but it is erratic in its nature
+as well. One day it will be found on a given feeding ground in
+abundance and on the next not one is to be seen, while possibly the
+day following they are there again in great numbers. To this
+uncertainty and the corkscrew flight, peculiar to it alone, is due
+much of the charm that jack snipe shooting affords. While these birds
+are commonly called jack snipe or English snipe, their proper name is
+Wilson snipe, but like the rose, no matter what the name, they are
+just as gamy and just as delicious. The Wilson snipe migrates here to
+but little extent, and these migrations are altitudinal rather than
+latitudinal. They breed commonly in all the mountain valleys and even
+as low down as on the Sacramento marshes south of the city of the same
+name. I found a pair breeding a few years ago in the low hills of San
+Luis Obispo county not half a mile from the ocean beach.
+
+=Color=--Head, black, with a central stripe of brown; back, a mixture
+of dark brown, pale brown, yellow and dull white; greater
+wing-coverts, dark brown, tipped with white; throat, dull white,
+barred with brown; a dark stripe running from the base of the bill
+across the eye to the occiput; under parts of the wings, dull white,
+barred with black; tail feathers, dark brown, tipped with white, and
+with a sub-terminal bar of black. No web between the toes.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is a very crude affair made on the ground
+and with but little lining of any kind. It contains from three to four
+grayish eggs, blotched with brown.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, 11 inches; wing, 5-1/2; bill, 3 inches.
+
+
+THE DOWITCHER, OR RED-BREASTED SNIPE
+
+(Macrorhampus scolopaceus)
+
+Though not of the same genus, the closet relative to the Wilson snipe
+is the dowitcher or red-breasted snipe. By many who are not accustomed
+to the Wilson snipe and its many vagaries, the red-breasted snipe is
+often mistaken for the former. The red-breasted snipe may easily be
+distinguished by the small web between the outer and middle toes. This
+species of the dowitcher is a western bird, breeding well to the north
+and migrating south to Mexico.
+
+=Color=--Head and back, more of a gray than the Wilson snipe, with the
+feathers edged with a pale buff; light gray stripe running from the
+base of the bill over the eye to the occiput; chin, dull white;
+breast, gray, with a tinge of cinnamon red; tail, banded with dark
+brown; a small web between the outer and middle toes, extending about
+one-fourth down the outer toe.
+
+=Eggs and Nest=--Nest made on the ground and containing from three to
+four dull white eggs.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, 10-1/2 inches; wing, 5-3/4; bill, about 2-1/2
+inches, and with a considerable swelling at the end.
+
+
+  [Illustration: GREATER YELLOW-LEGS (Totanus melanoleucus)]
+
+
+THE GREATER YELLOW-LEGS
+
+(Totanus melanoleucus)
+
+The greater yellow-legs migrates throughout the entire region, being
+common on the beaches of Washington, Oregon and California during the
+fall and early winter as it works its way to Lower California and
+Mexico. It somewhat resembles the godwit in coloring, but it is more
+of a grayish tinge. Its shorter bill--not over two and a half inches
+in length--will always distinguish it from the godwit. So, also, will
+its sharp whistling note. It is nearly as delicate a table bird as the
+Wilson snipe.
+
+=Color=--Top of head and neck, brown, with whitish streaks; back,
+brown, with the feathers edged with white; chin, white; breast, white,
+lined with narrow streaks of brown; bill, black, and legs, yellow.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nests are built close to the water's edge,
+containing four light buff eggs, spotted with brown.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, 14 inches; wing, 7-3/4; bill, 2-1/4, to
+2-1/2 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration: MARLIN OR GODWIT (Limosa fedoa)]
+
+
+THE MARLIN, OR MARBLED GODWIT
+
+(Limosa fedoa)
+
+The marbled godwit, or marlin as it is also called, is one of the
+largest birds of the =Scolopacidae= family. It ranges from Alaska to
+Central America. This species is seen in large numbers in the early
+fall along the sea beaches of California as they are working their way
+south. They spend the winter in great quantities in Lower California
+and Mexico. There should be no difficulty in distinguishing the godwit
+from any of the other shore birds, its long upward curved bill and
+brownish-barred back being features by which it may always be known.
+
+=Color=--Top of head and back of neck, brown, streaked with paler
+brown; feathers of the back, brown, with ochreous edges; throat and
+forehead, pale buff, with faint markings of brown; bill slightly
+turned upward.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--Nest a crude affair on the ground, containing four
+eggs of an ash color, mottled with a dead brown.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, 19 inches; wing, 8-3/4; bill, about 4
+inches.
+
+
+THE RED-BACKED SANDPIPER
+
+(Tringa alpina pacifica)
+
+The red-backed sandpiper, or American dunlin, is one of the larger
+members of the genus and quite plentiful on the Coast marshes, but it
+is seldom seen in the interior valleys except during its migrations.
+In its winter plumage, in which our sportsmen see it, it is of a dull
+light gray color. A diagnostic feature of this species is the slightly
+downward curved bill.
+
+=Color=--Head and upper parts, light gray, with a white stripe over
+the eye; shafts of the feathers are dark brown, producing a streaky
+appearance. In its summer plumage the head and back are reddish brown,
+wings brownish and abdomen black.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--Nests on the ground without lining. Eggs, bluish
+white, with brown spots.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, about 8-1/2 inches; wing, 4-3/4; bill, 1 5/8.
+
+
+THE WILLET
+
+(Symphemia Semipalmata inornata)
+
+The willet, or stone curlew as it is sometimes called, is a resident
+species, breeding from Washington to Mexico. It is a western bird,
+ranging eastward to the Mississippi valley, where it is but a
+straggler. In size it is nearly as large as the marlin. Its black
+wings, with broad, white patches, and feet webbed for about half the
+length of the toes, are distinguishing features, easily recognized. It
+is generally found on the salt marshes.
+
+=Color=--The general color of the plumage is ashy white or light gray,
+usually with some light buff markings on the breast. When flying it
+shows a broad, white patch on the wings, caused by the upper part of
+the primaries and part of the secondaries being white. Its smoky black
+axillars will always distinguish it.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is any place on the ground where it can
+deposit three or four pale buff eggs, spotted with dark brown.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, 15-1/2 inches; wing, 8-1/2; bill, 2-1/2
+to 2-3/4 inches.
+
+
+
+
+  Order, LIMICOLAE
+
+  Family SCOLOPACIDAE.
+
+   Genus         Species        Common Names        Range and Breeding
+                                                     Grounds
+   ------------- --------------- ----------------- -------------------
+
+                                 {Wilson snipe     {Throughout the
+                                 {                 {marshes of the coast.
+   Gallinago       delicata      {Jack snipe       {Breeds in the
+                                 {                 {mountain valleys.
+
+                                 {Dowitcher        {Along the fresh waters
+                                 {                 {of the interior
+   Macrorhamphus   scolopaceus   {Red-breasted     {valleys. Breeds in
+                                 { snipe           {British Columbia
+                                 {                 {and Alaska.
+
+                                 {                 {From the Central
+                                 {Red-backed       {Mexican coast north.
+   Tringa          pacifica      {sandpiper        {Breeds from
+                                 {                 {Washington north.
+
+                                 {Marble godwit    {Early and late
+                                 {                 {migrant along the
+   Limosa          fedoa         {Marlin           {coast from Mexico
+                                                   {north. Breeds in
+                                                   {the far north.
+
+                                                   {Early and late
+                                                   {migrant along the
+                                                   {coast, passing the
+   Totanus         melanoleucus   Yellow-legs      {winter in Southern
+                                                   {California and Mexico.
+                                                   {Breeds in the mountain
+                                                   {valleys.
+
+                  {semipalmata                     {From Mexico north.
+   Symphemia      {inornata      {Western Willet   {Breeds throughout
+                                                   {its range.
+
+                                                   {Early and late migrant.
+                  {longirostris  {Jack curlew      {Winters in Southern
+                  {                                {California and Mexico.
+                  {                                {Breeds throughout its
+                  {                                {range.
+                  {
+   Numenius       {              {Long-billed      {Same habits as the
+                  {              { curlew          {long-billed and
+                  {              {                 {usually found with it.
+                  {hudsonicus    {                 {But breeds farther
+                                 {Hudsonian curlew {north.
+
+
+  [Illustration: HUDSONIAN CURLEW         LONG-BILLED CURLEW
+                 (Numenius hudsonicus)    (Numenius longirostris)]
+
+
+THE LONG-BILLED CURLEW
+
+(Numenius longirostris)
+
+The long-billed curlew, or sickle bill as it is often called, is a
+plentiful resident in all suitable localities. The young birds mature
+early and find their way to the marshes during August, when the season
+for their killing should begin. At this time and even during the month
+of September they are quite palatable, but later they become strong in
+flavor. In these months they feed largely upon the seeds and insects
+to be found on the plains, but later they confine themselves
+principally to the marshes. They breed near the mountain lakes and
+streams and even to considerable extent on the lower grounds. A glance
+at the accompanying illustration will be sufficient to enable the
+uninitiated to always know a curlew.
+
+=Color=--Head, back of neck and back, dark brown, mottled with buff;
+throat and under parts, pale buff, the feathers on the breast being
+streaked with brown; axillars, reddish brown.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is usually made on the ground in tall grass
+and back some distance from the marsh. The eggs are about four and of
+an olive gray, spotted with brown.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, without the bill, which varies very
+much, about 20 inches; wing, 9 to 11; bill, from four to eight inches,
+and bent downwards, with nearly as much curve as a sickle; in most
+specimens the bill will be about six inches in length.
+
+
+THE HUDSONIAN CURLEW
+
+(Numenius hudsonicus)
+
+The Hudsonian curlew, or jack curlew, by which name it is also known,
+is also a common visitor to our hunting grounds. It is often seen
+mixed with flocks of the preceding species, which leads many to
+suppose that they are the younger birds of that species. Unlike the
+long-billed, the Hudsonian curlew is not a resident species, or, at
+least, not to so great an extent, although it makes its appearance on
+our marshes quite early in the season, even as far south as central
+California. In markings the two species are almost identical, with the
+exception that the Hudsonian is somewhat paler in shade. Any doubt
+arising as to which species a specimen may belong can easily be
+settled by an examination of the axillar plumes. If a long-bill, these
+feathers will be a solid reddish-brown, but if a Hudsonian, they will
+be of a pale buff color barred with a dull-brown, the buff and brown
+being nearly of the same width. Both species become less common north
+of southern California during the late winter months.
+
+=Color=--Same as the long-billed curlew, except that it is a little
+paler on the under parts, and the mottling shows more distinctly on
+the back. The axillars are pale buff, distinctly barred with light
+brown.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The same as the long-billed curlew.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, including bill, which varies but little
+in this species, about 17 inches; wing, 9, and bill about 3-1/2 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration: BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER (Charadrius squatarola)]
+
+
+BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER
+
+(Charadrous squaterola)
+
+The largest of the family =Charadridae= is the black-bellied plover. In
+its plumage, both summer and winter, it closely resembles the golden
+plover, as the black on the sides of the head, front of neck, breast
+and abdomen disappear from both species in their winter plumage. But,
+notwithstanding this, they can easily be distinguished by the small
+rudimentary hind toe of the black-bellied species, the other having
+but three toes. A few specimens of the golden plover have been taken
+on the Coast, but it is of rare occurrence. The black-bellied plover
+is reasonably common along the coast line, but it is not seen to any
+great extent in the interior valleys.
+
+=Color=--Upper plumage, dull brown, mottled with gray, the top of the
+head being somewhat darker; under parts, nearly white and the sides
+and breast streaked with brown. In the summer the throat and belly are
+black.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is usually made on the uplands, where four
+eggs are deposited of a pale olive, spotted with brown.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, 11 inches; wing, 7-1/2, and bill,
+1-1/4 inches.
+
+
+  [Illustration:
+      SNOWY PLOVER       MOUNTAIN PLOVER      RING-NECK PLOVER
+     (AEgialitis nivosa)  (AEgialitis montana)  (AEgialitis semipalmata)]
+
+
+THE MOUNTAIN PLOVER
+
+(AEgialitis montana)
+
+The mountain plover is very plentiful on the plains of southern
+California during the winter months. This little bird as a table
+delicacy is not surpassed by any of the long list of shore birds. In
+fact it is preferred by many to the far-famed jack snipe. It is an
+upland bird, feeding largely on insects, and rarely found near the
+marshes whether salt or fresh-water. In its winter plumage, as seen
+here, its underparts are white with the breast and upper parts of a
+brownish gray.
+
+=Color=--Throat, breast and under parts, white; the rest of the
+plumage, light buffish gray; sometimes the breast will show a slight
+tinge of buff; axillars, white; bill, black. Three toes without web.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nests are placed on the uplands and contain three
+grayish eggs, spotted with brown.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, 8-3/4 inches; wing, 6, and
+bill, 9/10 of an inch.
+
+
+THE SNOWY PLOVER
+
+(AEgialitis nivosa)
+
+The snowy plover is quite common from northern California to Mexico.
+It is a small bird and, while it is hunted but little, its flesh is
+quite delicate. In its winter plumage it is much lighter in color
+than any of the others named.
+
+=Color=--Top of head, back of neck and back, buffish gray; forehead
+and under parts, white; a patch of dull brown just above the white of
+the forehead, and another of the same color on each side of the
+throat. Three toes without web.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nests are found throughout its range; they are
+nothing more than a depression in the sand and contain four grayish
+buff eggs, spotted with black.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, about 6-3/4 inches; wing, 4-1/4, and bill
+5/8 of an inch.
+
+
+THE RING-NECKED PLOVER
+
+(AEgialitis semipalmata)
+
+The ring-neck plover is a fairly common visitor during the winter
+months. It is usually seen on the coast or on other sandy shores. It
+may be known by its partially webbed feet.
+
+=Color=--Forehead, chin and neck, white, with a faint streak of dull
+brown from the bill under the eye to the back of the neck; a band of
+dull, brownish gray on the breast; back and wings, ashy gray; under
+parts, white; bill, black with a spot of orange at the base. Three
+toes which are webbed for about half their length.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--Nests are made in the sand and contain from three to
+four dirty white eggs, spotted with brown. =Measurements=--Total
+length, 6-3/4 inches; wing, 4-3/4, and bill, 1/2 inch.
+
+
+WILSON'S PLOVER
+
+(AEgialitis wilsonia)
+
+While the Wilson plover is found to some extent on the southern
+Atlantic Coast, it may properly be said to be a Pacific species. Here
+it is seen on the beaches in large numbers, just beyond the reach of
+the surf, picking the insects and minute shellfish as they are washed
+on the sand, or flying in flocks just above the breakers.
+
+=Color=--Forehead and stripe over the eye, white; black stripe in
+front of crown; top of head and stripe from the eye to the bill,
+black; black band just below the throat; back, gray; under parts,
+white; bill black, and legs and feet, light pink.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is a mere depression in the ground, with
+three to four eggs of a pale olive, spotted with dark brown.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, 7 to 8 inches; wing, 4 to 5; bill, about
+3/4 of an inch. Three toes with a small
+
+[Note: Unfinished sentence in original printed version.]
+
+There are a number of other plovers on the hunting grounds of the
+Pacific Coast, but they are either too small or the flesh too poor to
+interest the sportsman. Of these the killdeer plover is the most
+common and the best known. A description of these would be of no
+interest to the sportsman and therefore add nothing to the purposes of
+this work.
+
+
+  [Illustration: AMERICAN AVOCET (Recurvirostra americana)]
+
+
+THE AVOCET
+
+(Recurvirostra americana)
+
+The family =Recurvirostridae= has but two representatives on the Coast.
+The American avocet breeds from Washington southward and spends its
+winters from central California south. They are quite plentiful in
+southern California during the winter months, increasing in numbers in
+Lower California and Mexico. Its webbed feet and long upward turned
+bill are features by which it may always be known. It is generally
+found in flocks and frequents both fresh and salt-waters.
+
+=Color=--Head and neck, ashy gray; back and under parts, white; the
+primaries and upper half of the secondaries, black, making the wing
+about half black; bill, very slender and curved upward; legs, very
+long and of a lead color; feet, webbed.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest contains three to four eggs of a pale olive,
+spotted with brown.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, about 19 inches; wing, 8, and bill,
+3-1/2 inches.
+
+
+THE BLACK-NECKED STILT
+
+(Himantopus mexicanus)
+
+The black-necked stilt is the other representative of the family. The
+stilt breeds as far north as eastern Oregon, but is little seen north
+of southern California in the winter. From there south it is
+plentiful. It may be easily known by the back of its head and neck,
+its back being black and the rest of the plumage nearly pure white.
+Its legs are a dark pink.
+
+=Color=--Wings, back, back of neck and top of head, black; balance of
+the plumage, white; legs, dark pink and very long. Toes, three and
+partly webbed.
+
+=Nest and Eggs=--The nest is rarely anything but bare ground on which
+is deposited three to four eggs of a pale brown, spotted with dark
+brown.
+
+=Measurements=--Total length, about 15-1/2 inches; wing, 9, and
+bill 2-3/4 inches.
+
+
+
+
+  Order, LIMICOLAE
+
+  Family, CHARADRIDAE  -  Plovers
+
+  Genus            Species       Common Names    Range and Breeding Grounds
+  -------------- -------------- ---------------- --------------------------
+
+                 {squatarola    Black-bellied   {From Mexico north.
+                 {               plover         {Breeds from Oregon
+                 {              .               {north to Alaska.
+  Charadrius     {
+                 {dominicus     Golden plover    Only an occasional
+                                                 migrant.
+
+                                                {From Alaska south to
+                 {semipalmata   Ring-necked     {Lower California. Breeds
+                 {              plover          {in its northern range.
+                 {
+                 {                              {From Central California
+                 {nivosa        Snowy plover    {south to Lower California
+  AEgialitis     {                              {and Mexico. Breeds
+                 {                              {throughout its range.
+                 {
+                 {montana       Mountain plover {Interior plains of
+                 {                              {California and Arizona.
+                 {                              {Breeds in the mountain
+                 {                              {valleys.
+                 {
+                 {wilsonia      Wilson's plover {From Oregon south to
+                                                {Mexico. Breeds
+                                                {throughout its range.
+
+
+  Order, LIMICOLAE
+
+  Family, RECURVIROSTRIDAE  -  Avocets and Stilts
+
+  Genus            Species       Common Names    Range and Breeding Grounds
+  -------------- -------------- ---------------- --------------------------
+
+  Recurvirostra    americana     Avocet          { From Mexico north to
+                                                 { California. Breeds from
+                                                 { Eastern Oregon south.
+
+  Himantopus       Mexicanus     Black-necked    { From Mexico to Southern
+                                  stilt          { California. Breeds near
+                                                 { the mountain lakes.
+
+
+
+
+  [Illustration: Morphology of Fishes]
+
+
+
+
+THE GAME FISHES OF THE PACIFIC COAST
+
+
+Like in that portion of this work devoted to the game birds, this also
+is written in popular language, avoiding, as far as possible, all
+technical words and phrases, with the intention of furnishing a plain
+description of the game fishes of the Coast which anyone, unlearned in
+the science of ichthyology, may understand, and by which be able to
+identify any of the fishes he may capture.
+
+With fishes, like with birds, there are certain parts that must be
+referred to in order to show wherein one species differs from
+another. Wherever these parts have a common English name, that name
+has been used. But as there are a few parts that can only be referred
+to by their scientific names, a diagram has been added showing the
+location of all parts referred to in the text.
+
+In scope it treats only of such varieties as rise to the fly or are
+caught by trolling with rod and reel, whether from the stream, lake,
+bay or ocean, and furnish sport to the angler who fishes for the
+exhilarating pleasure their capture affords.
+
+The Pacific Coast is rich in game fishes, not only in the varieties
+found in its lakes and streams, but as well in its bays and estuaries,
+while the broad ocean furnishes varieties whose size and fighting
+qualities are not surpassed, even if equaled, in any other part of the
+world. To place in the hands of the young angler, and others who may
+not have given the subject the necessary attention, a convenient
+handbook by the aid of which even the novice may readily recognize the
+species of fish he has landed, is the object of these pages.
+
+     *     *     *     *     *     *     *
+
+All of the salmon, the trout, the chars, the white-fish and the lake
+herring have been classed by the naturalist in one family and given
+the name, =Salmonidae=; but it is only with three genera of the
+subfamily, =Salmoninae= that we are concerned. These are the Pacific
+salmon (=Oncorhynchus=), the true trout (=Salmo=) and the Eastern
+trout and the dolly varden trout (=Salvelinus=). The Atlantic salmon
+belong to the genus Salmo, the same as the true trout, and have but
+one species (=Salmo salar=), which partake more of the habits of the
+trout than do their Pacific cousins.
+
+
+THE PACIFIC SALMON
+
+(Oncorhynchus)
+
+Notwithstanding the fact that the salmon is one of the most valuable
+of all the food fishes, but little is known of its habits after it
+leaves the stream in which it is hatched until it returns to spawn,
+supposed to be from three to four years afterward. Whether they remain
+near the mouths of the streams, or whether they migrate to distant
+feeding grounds are questions that have never been solved. All of the
+five species are caught with seins in Puget Sound in greater or less
+numbers all the year round. From the action of those that spawn in the
+Sacramento river it would seem that they migrate southward and far out
+to sea, for on their return to spawn they enter Monterey Bay only on
+its southern side, and following around it at no great distance from
+the shore, leave it at the northern headlands and skirt the shore
+northward until they reach the entrance to San Francisco Bay on their
+way up the Sacramento river. Where the young fish make their habitat
+from the time they drift down the stream in which they were spawned
+until they return again to spawn has never been determined. They spawn
+but once and die soon afterward. As I know that this last statement
+will be disputed by some, for reasons best known to themselves, I will
+quote from that excellent work by Evermann and Jordan, "American Food
+and Game Fishes." "We have carefully," say these gentlemen, "examined
+the spawning habits of both forms of the red fish and chinook salmon
+in the head waters of Salmon river, Idaho, during two entire seasons,
+from the time the fish arrived in July until the end of September, by
+which time all the fish had disappeared. A number of important
+questions were settled by these investigations. In the first place it
+was found that all of the fish arrived upon the spawning grounds in
+perfect physical condition, so far as external appearances indicated;
+no sores, bruises or other mutilations showing on any of more than
+4000 fish examined. During the spawning, however, the majority became
+more or less injured by rubbing against the gravel of the
+spawning-beds, or by fighting with one another. Soon after done
+spawning every one of them died, not only both forms of the red fish
+but the chinook salmon as well. The dying is not due to the injuries
+the fish received on the spawning-grounds; many were seen dying or
+dead which showed no external or other injuries whatever. The dying of
+the West Coast salmon is in no manner determined by distance from the
+sea. Observations made by us and others elsewhere show that the
+individuals of all species of the =Oncorhynchus= die after one
+spawning, whether the spawning-beds are remote from the sea or only a
+short distance from salt-water."
+
+The angler's concern, however, is not so much with the procreative
+habits of the salmon as it is with their behavior while feeding and
+after being hooked.
+
+Salmon are rarely caught by still fishing, but they will take the
+spoon or a sardine or other small fish impaled upon the hook. They
+take the bait generally with some hesitation, though at times they
+strike it with all the impetuosity of the trout. Then the singing reel
+calls for careful and immediate action on the part of the angler, for
+the ten to forty pound fish on his light tackle is going to put up a
+fight worthy of his skill. In his mad rush for liberty the gamy fish
+gradually rises to the surface, and when at last checked by the skill
+of the angler, he will often leap out of the water to a height of from
+four to eight feet, his beautiful sides scintillating in the rays of
+the sun, forming a picture to gladden the heart of the angler, for if
+he be a true sportsman he will fish with such tackle only as will give
+his adversary a fair chance in the fight and require the fullest
+exercise of his own knowledge and skill to bring his fish to gaff. The
+salmon is a strong fighter but his rushes do not last long for a fish
+of its size. For this reason much of the sport of salmon fishing is
+lost through the use of too heavy tackle. The writer landed one
+without difficulty weighing 33-1/2 pounds on a nine thread, Cuttyhunk
+line and a 5-1/2 foot steel rod weighing less than six ounces, and I
+believe that a fifty pound fish can be landed with the same tackle.
+Trolling with hand lines for salmon is practiced by some, but such is
+not angling. Hauling in an impaled fish hand over hand with a small
+cable is neither sport nor sportsmanlike.
+
+
+  [Illustration: CHINOOK SALMON (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha)]
+
+
+THE CHINOOK, OR KING SALMON
+
+(Oncorhynchus tschawytscha)
+
+This species has a multiplicity of names, being known in different
+localities as chinook, quinnat, king, Sacramento river and Columbia
+river salmon, besides half a dozen or more Indian names. Its
+distribution is the widest of any of the Pacific salmon, ranging on
+both sides of the ocean from the latitude of Monterey Bay to Behring
+Straits. The run begins on the Columbia river as early as the latter
+part of February, many of the fish going up its tributaries 1000 miles
+or more to spawn. Farther south the run becomes gradually later.
+
+The spawning season also varies with the locality, and ranges from the
+latter part of July to the middle of November. The date of spawning
+seems to be determined by the temperature of the water, for it is said
+that the salmon will not spawn, even if on the spawning grounds, until
+the water has fallen to a temperature of 54 degrees Fahrenheit.
+
+The chinook salmon is the largest of the family, specimens having been
+taken in Alaska waters that have weighed 100 pounds, while 50 to 60
+pound fish are common. Those taken in the Columbia river are said to
+average 22 pounds, while the average of the Sacramento river catch is
+16.
+
+Head, rather pointed; eye, small and situated a little in front of the
+back of the mouth; body, rounded and full, the deepest part being
+about midway of its length; pectoral fins, short and situated low and
+just behind the gills; dorsal fin, nearly midway of the back; ventral
+fins, a little behind the center of the dorsal; anal fin about half
+way between the ventral and the tail; adipose fin, a little in front
+of the rear of the ventrals; caudal fin, or tail, slightly forked.
+
+The back, dorsal fin and tail are generally well covered with dark
+brownish black spots. There are few spots as a rule on the head, and
+those are of a slaty color.
+
+There is always some variation in color, but usually the back is quite
+dark, turning to bluish on the sides and light silver below. As the
+spawning season approaches, the jaws of the males become lengthened
+and badly distorted and the color changes to more of a pinkish hue and
+blotched in appearance. The gills are never alike on both sides,
+varying from 15 to 19 in number. (See plate giving names of all parts
+mentioned.)
+
+
+BLUEBACK, OR SOCK-EYE SALMON, REDFISH
+
+(Oncorhynchus nerka)
+
+This species is next in commercial value to the chinook. It has been
+taken occasionally in the Sacramento river but it is not common south
+of the Columbia river. The run of this species begins about the first
+of April and the fish go as far as Salmon river, Idaho, fully 1000
+miles from the sea to spawn. By a peculiar instinct this species only
+run up such rivers as have lakes at their heads, and spawn in the
+lakes or at the mouths of little streams emptying into them, in many
+of the lakes of Oregon and Washington are found the young of the
+blue-back salmon which are commonly called redfish. These fish never
+leave these lakes and therefore never attain a size of more than five
+to seven pounds.
+
+Head, short and pointed and light olive in color; under jaw, white;
+body, long, slim and rather flattened; back, blue; sides, silver;
+belly, dull white; dorsal fin, dark; others flesh color; tail, rather
+narrow and well forked; gills, 13 to 15. As the spawning season
+approaches the whole fish takes on a decided reddish cast, which
+sometimes becomes as dark as a brick-red. The jaw becomes very much
+hooked, and a few spots appear.
+
+
+THE SILVER SALMON
+
+(Oncorhynchus kisutch)
+
+In line of importance the silver salmon occupies the next place. It is
+also known by a number of names, among which are koho, skowitz and
+kisutch. It is a small fish, rarely exceeding 16 inches in length and
+never reaching more than ten pounds in weight. Its range is from
+Alaska south to Monterey Bay, where it has recently been planted and
+seems to flourish. It spawns in the smaller coast streams, never going
+far from the salt water. Its run begins about the first of September,
+spawning in October and November.
+
+Head, short with blunt snout; opercles or gill covers, very convex;
+body, shaped very much like the chinook; back, bluish green; sides,
+silver white. It has but few spots and these are confined pretty much
+to the head, upper fins and tail. Gills, 13 or 14.
+
+
+THE HUMP-BACK SALMON
+
+(Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)
+
+This is another small species, rarely exceeding six pounds in weight
+but more commonly from three to four. Its range is from the Sacramento
+river, where it appears in limited numbers, north to Alaska.
+
+Body, slim, scales very small; back, blue and sides silvery white.
+Profusely spotted on the after part of the back, with large oval spots
+on the tail. Gills, 11 to 13.
+
+
+THE DOG SALMON
+
+(Oncorhynchus keta)
+
+The dog salmon rarely exceeds ten pounds in weight. Its range is from
+the Sacramento river north, and its spawning-grounds the small streams
+up which it never extends any great distance from the salt water.
+
+Head, quite pike-like in shape and therefore much longer and slimmer
+than the chinook. Back, dirty brown, with the sides of much the same
+color, but of a lighter tint; fins, very dark; very few distinct
+spots, with those showing very small; gills, 13 or 14.
+
+=Tackle and Lure=--The Pacific salmon are only caught by trolling.
+They will take a spoon, or any live bait. The most successful lure,
+however, is a sardine, or other small fish of six to eight inches in
+length. Pass the hook through both eyes, take a half hitch around the
+head, insert the point of the hook in the gill and by bending the fish
+in the shape of the hook bring the point out about an inch and a half
+or two inches from the tail. This allows the fish to remain curved,
+and gives it a revolving motion while trolling, resembling a live,
+though disabled fish.
+
+A salmon rod should consist of a butt 14 to 16 inches in length, with
+a hand piece in front of the reel; tip, 6 feet long and not to weigh
+more than 7 ounces; line not to exceed standard 12-thread. With fishes
+weighing from 40 pounds and upward, 300 feet of line can be used to
+advantage.
+
+
+  [Illustration: RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo irideus)]
+
+
+THE RAINBOW TROUT
+
+(Salmo irideus)
+
+There are at least four distinct species of trout; that is, trout
+proper and chars, now common to the coast. One of these, the Eastern
+brook trout, is the result of artificial hatching and distribution.
+These, as well as the rainbow, and to lesser extent the cutthroat,
+have been so widely distributed by the state fish commission and
+private hatcheries that to attempt to give the present habitat of the
+several species would be sure to result in many errors which might be
+confounding. The Eastern brook trout has taken kindly to our waters
+and seem to be doing well in all suitable streams. Several other
+foreign species of trout have been introduced into our waters as well
+as these, among which are the Loch Leven, the German brown trout and
+the Mackinaw, but the success of their acclimatization has yet to be
+fully determined, though the Loch Leven and German brown seem to be
+doing well in the higher streams.
+
+The Eastern brook trout and the native species, known as dolly varden,
+are chars and belong to the genus =Salvelinus=, but the rainbow and
+the cutthroat are true trout belonging to the genus =Salmo=. The
+rainbow and the cutthroat present a variety of forms in different
+localities and these have been given separate specific names by the
+naturalist. With many of these species(?) the only difference seems to
+be too slight to entitle them to specific or even sub-specific
+separation; the variation being no more than that found in the color
+and markings of the same fishes in the same stream, caused by the
+depth of the water, the food, or other local conditions.
+
+The rainbow trout is now a resident, either through natural or
+artificial distribution, of nearly all the streams of the Coast from
+Washington to Lower California. They vary in size, color and number of
+scales in different localities and have been given distinct specific
+names in the various sections, those of the Coast streams of
+California being used as the typical form. These several varieties,
+even in their natural condition, showed very little, if any positive
+line of demarkation, but since the establishment of the many
+hatcheries on the Coast and the wide distribution of the fry hatched
+from the spawn of the rainbow of the Sacramento and its tributaries,
+of the steelhead of the Eel river, and of the typical form of the
+Coast streams, there seems but one course now left, and that is to
+group them all as one species under the original name of rainbow.
+
+The rainbow is a very handsome trout, varying in size from adults of
+but a few inches in the smaller Coast streams, to 25 and 30 inches
+long in the larger rivers and lakes. Its dark spotted back and silvery
+sides with the rich metallic colors of the rainbow streak gives it a
+coloration that is at once brilliant and pleasing. As a game fish it
+has no superior, if indeed an equal. It takes the fly with a rush,
+often leaping out of the water to seize it as it is descending. Then
+it fights with a determination, often breaking three or four feet into
+the air, shaking its head to free the hook like a terrier shakes a
+rat. It seldom sounds and never sulks. The rainbow trout goes to the
+sea at varying ages, the same as all other trout that can get there
+without passing through long stretches of warm and sluggish water. In
+the salt water it attains a greater size, changes its color in
+accordance with the length of time it has been there, but on returning
+again to the stream it soon assumes its original plan of coloring.
+
+Head, about one-fourth of the whole length from the snout to the base
+of the caudal fin, varying much with age and size. Generally the
+greatest depth is about one fourth of the length of the fish, but this
+also varies very much with the character of the waters it inhabits. In
+rapid running streams the fish are always slimmer than in more
+sluggish ones. I have known them 20 inches or more in length, when
+confined in large reservoirs, to become so heavy that they would weigh
+one pound to every two inches in length. The lateral line, or rainbow
+varies, in intensity of color, but always showing in varying shades of
+red, pink, and sometimes blue of a metallic luster. The vertical black
+blotches seen on the sides are the marks of immature fish.
+
+The snout of the rainbow is considerably more rounding than that of
+the salmon, and the head larger in proportion. The eye also is much
+larger and fuller. The shape and position of the fins are almost
+identical with those of the salmon, but a little larger in proportion
+to the size of the fish. The tail, however, varies considerably, being
+more rounded, and showing only a slight indentation in the center.
+
+
+THE GOLDEN TROUT
+
+(Salmo irideus agua bonita)
+
+If there is any variety of the rainbow trout found on the Coast that
+is entitled to a sub-specific name it is the golden trout of Mt.
+Whitney. They were originally found in only a short portion of two
+little streams fed by the snows of Mt. Whitney, and vary but little
+from each other. In one stream they have been given the name of =Salmo
+irideus agua bonita=, and in the other that of =Salmo irideus
+rooseveltii=, after ex-president Roosevelt. They are of a beautiful
+color with scarlet markings at the base of the fins and with a lateral
+stripe of bright scarlet blending into a rich orange. One peculiarity
+of these fish is that the par marks or vertical blotches on the sides
+of other young fish still show on the adults of these. This form of
+the rainbow has changed its color through the process of natural
+selection, caused no doubt, by the color of the rocks in the shallow
+streams it inhabits. Below on these same streams where the rocks are
+of a darker color the fish assume the natural color of the rainbow.
+
+The writer is possibly the first white man to ever catch one of the
+golden trout. They were taken in 1865 with a small piece of the flank of
+a deer skin slipped over the hook, with the hair clipped to about half
+an inch in length. No sooner was this improvised fly cast upon the water
+than it was eagerly seized by one of these beautiful fish. When it was
+landed the color astonished me, and knowing that it was a trout, I
+thought it must be a diseased one and threw it back. Making another cast
+I secured another one as promptly as the first, and it being the same
+objectionable color and of the same size--about eight inches--I
+concluded that it was the same fish and this time threw it on the bank.
+As fast as my deer skin fly would strike the water it would be eagerly
+seized by one of these game little fellows and all of the same size and
+color. I was puzzled and called to my companion, who was cooking our
+supper but a few yards away, to "come and see what was the matter with
+these fish." Professing some scientific knowledge, he cut one of them
+open, examined the meat and the intestines and finally pronounced it in
+a healthy condition, finishing with:
+
+"The coffee is boiling and the bacon is fried; hurry up, and as soon
+as you get a mess I'll fry them and take all chances."
+
+I soon had a mess for supper and while he was frying them I caught
+enough for breakfast, for the game little fellows would race for the
+fly as fast as it struck the water. We ate them with a relish, for we
+had had nothing but bacon, venison and frying-pan bread for a month.
+As we found ourselves alive in the morning we increased the
+prescription to a good alapathic dose for breakfast.
+
+The golden trout are small, rarely reaching a length of more than
+fifteen inches. The back is olive, sides and belly light orange or
+golden yellow with a scarlet stripe along the center of the belly and
+at the base of the pectoral, ventral and anal fins, which are of
+themselves more or less of a golden color. Tail, olive, grading into
+orange on the lower part. Few spots in front of the dorsal fin but
+abundant behind it.
+
+While the rainbow trout of the Coast have been given several
+sub-specific names, such as =masoni= for the Coast streams of Oregon
+and Washington, =shasta= and =stonei= for those of the upper
+Sacramento basin, and =gilberti= for those of Kern river, there seems
+to be so very little reason for this distinction beyond the usual
+variations of color in all trout, spots and size with the changing
+conditions of water and feed, that I shall make no mention of the very
+slight variations upon which the ichthyologist has based the claim to
+a sub-specific nomenclature.
+
+
+THE STEELHEAD TROUT
+
+(Salmo rivularis)
+
+The history of the so-called steelhead trout and the efforts to class
+these sea-run fishes as a species separate from the rainbow and the
+cutthroat, is interesting, if not amusing. No one questioned that they
+were other than the sea-run of the rainbow or the cutthroat, according
+to the locality, until Dr. Richardson, mistaking a young blue-back
+salmon for a so-called steelhead gave it the scientific name of =Salmo
+gairdneri=, and the description of this young salmon was recognized as
+that of the steelhead for years, and under this name it appears in
+the statutes of California, with a separate season for its protection.
+In other words the =Salmo gairdneri= of the laws of California is a
+young blue-back salmon and not a sea-run trout of any kind. Recently
+Dr. Ayers to correct the mistake, examined a fish taken from the
+Sacramento river and said to be a steelhead, gave it the name of
+=Salmo rivularis=, and this now stands as the scientific name of the
+so-called steelhead. Dr. Jordan, in an article recently published in
+the Pacific Monthly, says: "There has been much discussion as to
+whether the steelhead is a species really distinct from the rainbow
+trout, and on this subject the writer (Jordan) has at different times
+held different opinions."
+
+If one authority bases his reasons for a belief in a specific
+difference between the rainbow and the steelhead on the fact that he
+did find a difference between a blue-back salmon and a rainbow, and
+another authority finds so little difference that he holds different
+opinions at different times, can there be any wonder that the
+practical angler, who catches these sea-run fish at the mouths of our
+rivers in every stage of transition, or gradation, if you please, from
+the typical rainbow to the Simon pure steelhead, refuses to believe
+that there is a specific difference?
+
+Then again, Messrs. Jordan and Evermann in bulletin 47 of the United
+States National Museum, "The Fishes of North and Middle America," say:
+"In the lower course of the Columbia they (the steelhead) are entirely
+distinct from the cutthroat or clarki series, and no one would
+question the validity of the two species. In the lower Snake river and
+other waters east of the Cascade range, the two forms or species are
+indistinguishable, being either undifferentiated or else inextricably
+mixed."
+
+From this it would seem clear that the steelhead of the Columbia,
+where the cutthroat abounds, are cutthroats that have gone to the sea,
+grown larger in the larger body of water--a natural condition of all
+fishes--and changed in color and appearance. That while they are yet
+in the lower Columbia and only recently from the salt water, they
+still maintain a sufficient difference to be easily distinguished from
+the cutthroat; but by the time that they have reached the "Snake river
+and other waters east of the Cascade range," their long residence in
+the fresh water has again restored them to their former appearance.
+The same changes are found with the rainbow and the steelhead of
+farther south. All trout are anadromous to greater or less extent,
+unless actually landlocked or living in streams so distant from the
+sea that they would be compelled to pass through long stretches of
+warm and sluggish water to reach it. The small trout of the coast
+streams are compelled to go to the ocean quite early in the season by
+the falling of the water to such an extent that in many cases the
+streams go dry before the beginning of the winter rains, and in the
+larger body of water they rapidly increase in size. The steelhead of
+the Columbia river always retains the cutthroat sing-manual, to
+greater or less extent, while the steelhead of the lower coast has no
+red on the jaw. The claim that the smaller head of the steelhead is a
+distinguishing mark, fails in effect, for it is an undisputable fact
+that the older and larger the trout the smaller becomes the relative
+size of the head. The other claim that the larger scales of the
+rainbow is a distinguishing feature from the steelhead is not founded
+on facts. For while the scales of the rainbow counted along the
+lateral line vary from as low as 120 in the coast streams, they run as
+high as 150 in the same streams, as high as 160 in the McCloud and 185
+in the Kern. The average being 135 in the smaller coast streams, 150
+in the Sacramento basin, and 170 in the Kern. The steelhead's scales
+run from 130 to 155. An average of 145; or exactly an average of those
+of the coast streams and the Sacramento. Were it possible for the Kern
+river trout to enter the ocean no doubt we would find steelhead
+running as high as 185 to the section.
+
+Whatever may be the origin of the large sea-running trout called
+steelheads, the fact remains that it is a grand fish both in size and
+fighting qualities. In the ocean it eagerly takes the spoon and fights
+with a vigor not even surpassed by the rainbow of the streams. After a
+short sojourn in the fresh waters it rises to a fly just as readily.
+
+Since the above was written Dr. Jordan has made the statement
+publicly, that he is thoroughly convinced that the rainbow trout and
+the so-called steelhead are one and the same fish; the only difference
+being that the latter has grown larger and changed its color during
+its life in the salt water, this variation of color returning again
+after a short sojourn in the fresh water streams, giving it all the
+original appearance of the rainbow, or of the cutthroat, as the case
+may be.
+
+
+THE CUTTHROAT TROUT
+
+(Salmo clarki)
+
+The cutthroat trout very largely take the place of the rainbow in the
+waters of northern California and in Washington and Oregon, and its
+various forms are more common to the lakes. Like the rainbow they
+have been artificially distributed to such an extent that they are
+now found in many of the streams of California and nearly all of
+Washington and Oregon. As a general rule they are not as keen fighters
+as the rainbow, but in the cold streams of Oregon and Washington they
+put up a fight worthy of the most gamy fish. In the lakes of
+Washington and Oregon, and such as Tahoe, Donner and other large
+bodies of water in California, they reach a large size; fishes of ten
+and twelve pounds being not uncommon. When not landlocked they go to
+the sea the same as the rainbow and return as the steelhead of the
+Columbia and other northern streams. Like the rainbow the cutthroat
+has been divided into several subspecies.
+
+General appearance like that of the rainbow. The color on the back is
+a lighter olive or dark steel color. The upper parts are generally
+thickly covered with dark spots, varying in color and shape, and the
+lower fins are also spotted with smaller spots. The inner edge of the
+lower jaw is strongly marked with deep red and it is from this red
+mark on the throat that the species takes its name. The sides are
+generally of a marked pinkish hue or coppery brown. The red mark of
+the throat will always prove a distinguishing feature.
+
+
+SILVER TROUT
+
+(Salmo tahoensis)
+
+In Lake Tahoe there are two varieties of trout that have been given
+separate specific names. They both belong to the cutthroat series, but
+vary considerable from the typical form. The one commonly called silver
+trout is a resident of the deep waters of the lake and grows to a large
+size, specimens having been taken fully 30 inches long.
+
+Back, dark green; side and sides of head, coppery; lower jaw, yellow.
+The spots are so profuse that many of them run into each other and
+form long blotches in many instances. All of the fins are spotted,
+those on the dorsal and the tail being oblong in shape. The belly also
+is covered with many small spots.
+
+
+LAKE TAHOE TROUT
+
+(Salmo henshawi)
+
+The other variety of trout found in Lake Tahoe, and the most common
+one, is a very handsome fish. Its native habitat is the lakes of
+Tahoe, Donner, Independence, Webber, Pyramid and others of the high
+mountains, and the Truckee, Carson and Humboldt rivers. Specimens of
+this trout have been taken that weighed fully six pounds.
+
+Back, green, varying in depth of color with the water; sides, light,
+with a strong coppery tinge. The spots on this variety are generally
+quite large above, but growing smaller below and reaching well onto
+the belly. Its coppery sides and larger spots should prove a
+distinguishing feature. Like all the cutthroats it has the red
+markings below the jaws.
+
+
+LAKE SOUTHERLAND TROUT
+
+(Salmo jordani)
+
+Another peculiar variety of the cutthroat trout is found in Lake
+Southerland of Eastern Washington. Its distinguishing features are its
+orange-red fins and intensely black spots which are very profuse. It
+is a gamy fish and full of fight to the finish.
+
+In several of the lakes of Washington there are varieties of trout
+differing in coloration and location of their spots that have been
+given specific names by the naturalist, such as crescent trout,
+beardslee trout and bathaecetor trout, all residents of Crescent lake.
+But as they all belong to the cutthroats and vary each from the other
+but little, further mention is unnecessary.
+
+
+RIO GRANDE TROUT
+
+(Salmo spilurus)
+
+The Rio Grande trout, which is also a cutthroat, has a very limited
+distribution within the territorial scope of this work. It is found in
+the streams of the eastern slope of the Sierra Madre Mountains of
+Chihuahua, Mexico. Its head is shorter and more rounded than the other
+species of the cutthroat, with a mouth also very large. The spots are
+principally confined to the latter half of the body and most profuse on
+the tail.
+
+
+COLORADO RIVER TROUT
+
+(Salmo pleuriticus)
+
+The Colorado river trout, also a cutthroat, is the common trout of
+Arizona, where it is found in nearly all the mountain streams of the
+territory which flow to the Colorado river. It differs only from the
+typical cutthroat by having its spots mostly on that part of the body
+behind the dorsal fin; and the lower fins strongly marked with red.
+
+
+DOLLY VARDEN TROUT
+
+(Salvelinus parki)
+
+The dolly varden is the only char native to the Pacific Coast, and
+like the Eastern brook trout is not properly a trout. They both are
+chars and belong to the genus =Salvelinus=--not to the =Salmo=. The
+dolly varden often reaches a length of thirty to thirty-six inches,
+and a weight of twelve pounds. It is a more slender fish than the
+rainbow and not so rounded on the back. It is very largely a bottom
+feeder and, therefore, rather of a sluggish nature. It rises but
+little to the fly and makes a poor fight.
+
+Back, olive green but without the marble markings of the Eastern brook
+trout. Spots on the back and sides are red, not very close together
+and about the size of three-fourths of the diameter of the eye. The
+lower fins have a reddish tinge, of varying hue in different waters.
+It is a native of the McCloud river and has been little distributed.
+
+
+  [Illustration: EASTERN BROOK TROUT (Salvalinus fontinalis)]
+
+
+EASTERN BROOK TROUT
+
+(Salvelinus fontinalis)
+
+The Eastern brook trout--properly a char--was introduced into the
+coast waters several years ago and found our waters so congenial that
+it must now be considered a resident species, for it is to be met with
+in many of our streams, and thrives well in any of the higher
+localities. The brook trout is a handsome fish with its brown and
+olive marbled back, scarlet spots and salmon-colored sides. Its beauty
+has challenged the cunning of the painter, and been immortalized by
+the genius of the poet. Its gamy qualities stood for centuries as
+beyond comparison until the bended rod and singing reel announced the
+impalement of the native of the Golden West, with its mad rushes and
+terrier-like fights; then the rosy beauty of the East had to yield the
+palm to the rainbow-colored, fighting pirate of the Pacific.
+
+The brook trout may easily be distinguished from any of the other
+trout of the coast by its marbled back and red spotted sides. Besides
+this the whole fish is more of a pinkish color. It varies in size like
+the others of the family, according to the waters it inhabits,
+attaining about the same size as the rainbow in the same waters.
+
+=Tackle and Lure=--On account of over fishing the streams, and the
+very bad habit of killing so many small fish, the majority of the
+trout caught on the Pacific Coast are small. If there were more
+sportsmen and less fishermen on our streams this condition would not
+exist. For the sportsman will throw back all the little babies that
+are not over six inches in length and allow them another year to grow.
+And in this connection I want to say to the young boys and girls: be
+true sportsmen and sportswomen and never fish for trout with anything
+but artificial flies. You may not catch as many fish while you are
+learning, but you will soon find that you are having ten times more
+sport. As to the rod and line, you will never get it too light. The
+longer you have been a flycaster, the lighter you will want them; and
+the lighter they are the more sport you will have.
+
+
+
+
+  THE SALMON AND TROUT
+
+  Order, ISOSPONDYLI
+
+  Family, SALMONIDAE  Subfamily, SALMONINAE
+
+  Genus          Species       Common Names      Range and Breeding Grounds
+  ------------- ------------- ----------------- ---------------------------
+                              {Quinant
+                {tschawytscha {Chinook          {From Monterey Bay north.
+                {
+                {             {Blue-back
+  Oncorhynchus  {nerka        {Redfish          {Sacramento river north.
+                {
+                {kisutch      {Silver salmon     From Monterey Bay north.
+                {keta         {Dog salmon        From Sacramento river
+                {             {                  north.
+                {gorbuscha    {Hump-back salmon  From Sacramento river
+                {             {                  north.
+
+                {irideus      {Rainbow trout     From Lower California
+                {             {                  north.
+                {
+                {irideus auga  Golden trout      Western slope of
+                {bonito                          Mt. Whitney.
+                {
+                {irideus       Golden trout      Western slope of
+                {rooseveltii                     Mt. Whitney.
+                {
+                {rivularis     Steel-head trout  From Ventura river
+                {                                north.
+                {
+  Salmo         {clarki        Cutthroat trout   Central California
+                {                                north.
+                {
+                {tahoensis     Silver trout      Lake Tahoe.
+                {
+                {henshawi      Tahoe trout      {Lakes Tahoe, Donner,
+                {                               {Independence, Webber;
+                {                               {Truckee and Carson
+                {                               {rivers.
+                {
+                {jordani       Lake Southerland  Lake Southerland,
+                {                                Oregon.
+                {
+                {spilurus      Rio Grande trout  Tributaries of the
+                {                                Rio Grande river.
+                {
+                {plueriticus   Colorado trout    Tributaries of the
+                {                                Colorado river.
+
+                {parki         Dolly Varden      McCloud river north.
+  Salvelinus    {              trout
+                {
+                {fontinalis    Eastern brook    {Acclimatized in
+                {              trout            {many streams of
+                {                               {the coast.
+
+
+  [Illustration: SMALL-MOUTHED BLACK BASS (Micropterus dolomieu)]
+
+
+SMALL-MOUTHED BLACK BASS
+
+(Micropterus dolomieu)
+
+The black bass is not a native of the coast, but both species are now
+so well established in our waters that they must now be classed as
+permanent residents, for whether it is the crystal lake, the flowing
+stream, the little pond, the artesian-fed reservoir or the brackish
+slough, they thrive equally well and take any lure from the artificial
+fly to the plebeian angleworm.
+
+Black bass are prolific breeders and rapid growers. A case is on
+record where eight males and seven females were planted in a pond in
+May and during the November following over 37,000 young fish were
+taken from the same pond, each from three to four inches long.
+
+The black bass is a short, deep fish with a double dorsal fin; the
+front half being stiff and spiney and the latter half soft and rayed.
+The color is variable, but always dark and from a dirty green to a
+blackish brown on the back, shading to a dirty white on the belly. The
+gill covers are pointed at the back, with a darker spot on the point.
+In the small-mouthed variety the end of the upper bone of the mouth
+does not quite reach to the back edge of the eye, this with the scales
+on the cheek numbering from 16 to 18, can always be relied upon as a
+distinguishing diagnosis from the large-mouthed variety.
+
+
+LARGE-MOUTHED BLACK BASS
+
+(Micropterus salmoides)
+
+There is but little difference in the habits of the large and
+small-mouthed black bass, and but little difference in their
+appearance, but the distinguishing features may easily be known. The
+end of the upper bone of the mouth of the large-mouthed variety
+extends behind the eye, and the rows of scales on the cheek number
+only 10 or 12.
+
+While both species seem to do well any place, the large-mouthed are
+better adapted to muddy bottomed ponds and sloughs and brackish
+waters. The average weight of the adults of either species is about
+three pounds, though individuals are often taken weighing from six to
+seven. It is reported that specimens have been taken in the state of
+California that have weighed eight and three-quarters and nine pounds.
+
+=Tackle and Lure=--The black bass will take any lure from the
+artificial fly to the plebeian angleworm. In trolling, a medium sized,
+Kewell spoon is to be preferred. I have always found, however, that
+the best sport is to be had by casting with a large trout fly--the
+color varying with the season--close to the edge of lily pads or
+tules. The tackle for fly-fishing should be the same as for trout.
+For trolling the rod should be shorter and stiffer.
+
+
+SACRAMENTO PIKE
+
+(Ptychocheilus oregonensis)
+
+The Sacramento pike, known also by the names chappaul and squawfish,
+and as lake trout in the San Joaquin Valley, while but little sought
+after by the angler, can rightfully be classed as a game fish, for it
+rises to the fly as readily as a trout and often gets cursed for doing
+so. It is a very common fish in many of the lakes and streams from
+Washington south to the San Joaquin Valley. Like nearly all fish its
+size depends very much upon the waters in which it is found. In
+Washington it has been known to reach a length of four feet, but it is
+more commonly met with from eight to twenty inches. In shape it
+resembles a trout, but with a slimmer and more pointed head. The
+dorsal fin is large and located about midway between the snout and the
+end of the tail; ventral fins, slightly in front of the dorsal and not
+as large as the anal which is set about its length from the ventrals;
+tail, strongly forked.
+
+
+  [Illustration: STRIPED BASS (Roccus lineatus)]
+
+
+STRIPED BASS
+
+(Roccus lineatus)
+
+The striped bass, like many people who have crossed the continent to
+California, readily appreciated the many advantages of a life on the
+Pacific Coast. From a couple of shipments brought from the East in
+1879 and 1882 they have grown to be one of the most important food
+fishes of the state, about 3,000,000 pounds being annually marketed.
+They were at first liberated in the Bay of San Francisco, but later
+some effort has been made to distribute them, with the result that
+they are now found in small quantities along the coast from Los
+Angeles to Humboldt.
+
+From their fine size--three to forty pounds--they stand well with the
+angler as a game fish and furnish good sport if the tackle is light
+enough. Their rushes are not equal to those of the steelhead or the
+salmon or the yellow-tail, nor do they fight with the same vigor or
+with the same persistency.
+
+The striped bass is unlike any other coast fish. Its back is light
+olive; sides, nearly white with seven or eight longitudinal stripes
+running the whole length of the body, the dorsal fin is double, but
+not joined like that of the black bass. The first half is spiny with
+the after division rayed and soft. It is a salt water fish, making its
+habitat in and near the mouths of rivers, and often running up them
+for 100 miles or more. Use the same rod and line as for salmon.
+
+
+
+
+THE GAME FISH OF THE SEA
+
+
+There certainly is no better sport to be had any place with the trout,
+salmon and bass than that furnished by the rivers, lakes and bays of
+the Pacific Coast. To this excellent sport must be added another of
+the most exciting character, and one distinctly Californian, and that
+is the capture with rod and reel of the large sea fishes found in the
+waters of the Santa Barbara Channel, and more especially of Catalina
+Island. The great variety, gamy qualities and massive size of these
+fishes furnish a sport at once exciting and exhilarating, and
+challenging the keenest exercise of the ability of the sportsman.
+
+The world-wide fame of these waters, and the grand sport they furnish
+have resulted in the establishment on Catalina Island of one of the
+finest, if not the most perfect and best equipped angler's resort in
+the world, from its launches and boatmen to its clubhouses and hotels,
+and made it the Mecca of the expert anglers of the civilized nations
+of the earth.
+
+
+  [Illustration: LEAPING TUNA (Thunnus thynnus)]
+
+
+THE TUNA
+
+(Thunnus thynnus)
+
+The leaping tuna is the largest of the great game fishes of the
+Pacific. It ranges from Monterey Bay, where it is sparingly met with,
+south to Mexico. About Catalina Island they are found in great numbers
+and of great size. The excellent sport their capture with rod and reel
+furnishes, has drawn to the island the expert anglers of the world,
+and resulted in the formation of the now famous "Tuna Club of
+Catalina," with its members residing in all parts of the world; and of
+which no one can become a member until he has landed a tuna of 100
+pounds or more with rod and reel and with a line not larger than a
+24-thread Cuttyhunk.
+
+Professor Charles F. Holder, an expert angler with a national
+reputation, and who has angled for all fishes and in all waters, says,
+"The most sensational fish of these waters is the leaping tuna. It is
+the tiger of the California seas, a living meteor, which strikes like
+a whirlwind, and played with a rod that is not a billiard cue or a
+club in stiffness, will give the average man the contest of his life."
+
+The record for the largest tuna caught with a rod and reel is held at
+this writing by Col. C. P. Morehouse of Pasadena, who brought to gaff
+a 251 pound tuna after a six-and-a-half-hours' fight, during which it
+had towed his boat over ten miles. But even a greater fight than this
+is recorded, but the fish was not landed. This fish fought for
+seventeen hours and thirty minutes before its wonderful endurance and
+splendid courage mastered the skill of the angler. Mr. C. B. Stockton
+has to his credit a fight which not only shows the great endurance of
+this angler but the remarkable vitality of these fish. This fight
+lasted for sixteen hours and fifty-five minutes before the fish was
+brought to gaff. It weighed 170 pounds and was taken on the regulation
+tackle.
+
+Body, round and sloping rapidly from the middle to the caudal fin, and
+very small and round at the base of the tail; tail divided into two
+long forks; two dorsal fins, the first beginning just behind the
+gill-covers with the pectoral and ventral fins a trifle farther back;
+second dorsal fin smaller than the first and located nearly half way
+between it and the caudal; anal fin midway between the ventral and the
+caudal; bony, saw-like projections from the second dorsal fin, and
+from the anal fin to the tail; color, blue on the back and silvery
+white on the sides.
+
+=Tackle and Lure=--The flyingfish is about the only bait with which
+the tuna can be caught. The hook, which must be attached to about 3-1/2
+or 4 inches or light chain and with a wire snell, is passed into the
+mouth and down the belly of the flyingfish, the barb projecting about
+midway of the fish. A small string is passed through the nose and
+under lip and tied through a link of the chain to keep the mouth shut.
+The speed of the boat should be from two to four miles an hour. In the
+middle of the day, when the tunas are feeding in schools, the sinker
+should be removed, and the lure skipped along the surface of the
+water. This effect can be helped by the motion of the rod.
+
+The Catalina Tuna Club has adopted the following tackle
+specifications:
+
+    For Tuna and Swordfish--Rod to be of wood, consisting of a
+    butt and tip, and to be not shorter than 6 feet, 9 inches
+    over all. Tip not less than 5 feet in length, and to weigh
+    not more than 16 ounces. Line not to exceed standard
+    24-thread.
+
+
+  [Illustration: ALBACORE (Germo alalunga)]
+
+
+THE ALBACORE
+
+(Germo alalunga)
+
+The albacore is another genus of the same family, and reaches a weight
+of 40 to 80 pounds; averaging 25 pounds. It is seldom seen as far
+north as San Francisco, but is abundant from Santa Barbara south to
+Central America. Like all of the family it is a gamy fish, and affords
+good sport to the angler. In general shape and appearance it resembles
+the tuna, but will always be distinguished by its long, sword-like
+pectoral fins that start from near the gills, and a trifle lower than
+the eye, and reach beyond the second dorsal fin.
+
+=Tackle and Lure=--The albacore will take almost any lure from a
+sardine to a white rag. The speed of the boat can also be varied very
+much. I have known them to be caught on a hand line trolled behind a
+coast steamer. About three miles an hour, however, will give the best
+results. The following light tackle specifications of the Tuna Club
+will be found quite satisfactory for the average albacore:
+
+    Rod to be of wood, consisting of a butt and tip, and to be
+    not shorter than 6 feet, over all. Butt to be not over 14
+    inches in length. Tip not less than 5 feet in length, and to
+    weigh not more than 6 ounces. Line not to exceed standard
+    9-thread.
+
+
+THE YELLOW-FIN ALBACORE
+
+(Germo microptera)
+
+Another of the =Scrombridae= family, and very closely allied to the
+albacore, is the yellow-fin albacore. This fish has erroneously been
+called "yellow-fin tuna." It does not belong to the genus =Thunnus=
+any more than does the albacore or the bonito. It is only a visitor to
+the California waters, and often does not make its appearance for one
+or two seasons at a time. They are common to the coasts of Japan and
+the Hawaiian Islands, and are supposed to migrate with the Japanese
+current. This species fights altogether on the surface, but lacks the
+sterling gamy qualities of the tuna.
+
+In shape it is built very much on the lines of the albacore, but with
+its pectoral fins only extending back to about half way between the
+anal and ventral, the other fins are placed the same as the albacore,
+and all except the pectoral strongly tinged with bright lemon;
+pectoral fin is more of a bright brown; eye, large and prominent.
+
+A few have been taken weighing as much as 40 pounds and one even 65
+pounds. The average, however, is about 30 pounds.
+
+
+  [Illustration: BONITO (Sarda chilensis)]
+
+
+THE BONITO, OR SKIPJACK
+
+(Sarda chilensis)
+
+To the angler who is not looking for the largest of game, the
+bonito--known as skipjack to the Catalina anglers--is possibly the
+most interesting of the ocean game fishes. Its beautiful metallic
+colors, its rapid movements, and pleasing habit of always fighting on
+the surface, and rarely, if ever sulking, makes it a most attractive
+game to the discriminating angler.
+
+The bonito also belongs to the =Scrombidae= family, and ranges from
+Point Conception to Mexico and south through the tropics.
+
+Body, rounded, tapering rapidly to the tail, which is strongly forked,
+but not so much as the albacore; pectoral fins, short and placed
+opposite the eye; dorsal fin, double, with saw-like ridges from the
+second dorsal and the anal fins to the tail, the same as in all of
+this family. Color, dark blue on the back, with a metallic luster;
+sides, silvery white, with dark longitudinal lines. Weight, from six
+to twelve pounds.
+
+=Tackle and Lure=--The light tackle specifications of the Tuna Club,
+given for albacore cannot be improved upon for these fish.
+
+
+  [Illustration: SPANISH MACKEREL (Scomberomorus concolor)]
+
+
+SPANISH MACKEREL
+
+(Scomberomorus concolor)
+
+This is another of the =Scrombidae= family. It ranges north to Monterey
+Bay, where it makes its appearance in September, remaining until
+November, when it goes south to the Santa Barbara channel; remaining
+in these waters and about Catalina Island during most of the winter.
+This fish is called bonito by many of the Catalina anglers, which is a
+misnomer, as it is a much slimmer fish than the bonito.
+
+The pectoral fins are small and located a little above the center of
+the body and close to the gill covers; front dorsal starts just above
+the base of the pectorals and extend along the back for a distance a
+little more than the length of the head, and nearly meeting the second
+dorsal, which is about the same width as its heighth; ventral fins, a
+little in front of the pectorals and rather small; front of the anal
+fin under the back of the second dorsal. Back, steel blue; sides,
+silvery. Oblique lines, of the darker color of the back, running
+forward and downward to a little below the lateral line.
+
+Weight, usually from nine to twelve pounds, though they occasionally
+attain a weight of eighteen pounds.
+
+=Tackle and Lure=--The same as for the bonito.
+
+
+  [Illustration: CHUB MACKEREL OR GREEN-BACK (Scomber japonicus)]
+
+
+THE CHUB MACKEREL
+
+(Scomber japonicus)
+
+The chub mackerel, the smallest of the =Scombridae= family, approaches
+very closely the true mackerel of the East. It is hard to find a fish
+of any variety more delicious than a chub mackerel, caught from the
+yacht and placed on the broiler as soon as it quits flapping. They are
+occasionally found as far north as Monterey bay, but their real range
+is from the Santa Barbara channel south. With reasonably light trout
+tackle they put up a gamy and interesting fight.
+
+Back, bluish green, mottled with irregular darker streaks, some of
+which pass below the lateral line; first dorsal fin quite high, and
+about the distance of its height in front of the second dorsal; second
+dorsal and anal about the same size and nearly opposite each other;
+tail forked, but not so broadly as the bonito. Weight, from one-half
+to three pounds.
+
+=Tackle and Lure=--Trout tackle and spoon will furnish interesting
+sport. But they will take any lure.
+
+
+  [Illustration: YELLOW-TAIL (Seriola dorsalis)]
+
+
+THE YELLOW-TAIL
+
+(Seriola dorsalis)
+
+The yellow-tail belongs to the family =Carangidae=, the same to which
+belong the pompanos, and is one of the gamiest of sea fishes. In fact,
+it is generally said by experts who have fished for all varieties and
+in all waters, both salt and fresh, that the yellow-tail of Catalina
+is the gamiest fish, pound for pound, that swims. Whether this be true
+or not, it is certainly one of the hardest and most persistent
+fighters found anywhere and furnishes the angler with rod and reel
+from an hour to two hours of lively sport before he can bring it to
+gaff. One well-known writer on angling subjects says: "It never knows
+when it is dead." While the average catch will run from ten to thirty
+pounds, specimens have been taken weighing sixty-five pounds. It is
+occasionally met with in Monterey bay, but its range is from the Santa
+Barbara channel south, where it is caught the larger portion of the
+year.
+
+Grayish blue on the back; sides, a dull silver, with a yellowish buff
+stripe along the lateral line; fins, green, with a strong yellowish
+tinge; tail, yellowish buff. Scales small, with the head bare, except
+a small patch on the cheeks. Pectoral fin on a level with the eye and
+small; ventral under the center of the pectoral; caudal, slim and
+forked. The dorsal fin is double, the front being very small with
+spines and the second half more than twice as high; dorsal and anal
+fins continue in a low membrane to very near the tail. Body,
+elliptical and very small at the base of the caudal fin.
+
+=Tackle and Lure=--Same as for salmon or albacore.
+
+
+
+
+  Order, ACANTHROPTERI.
+
+  Family, SCROMBIDAE
+
+   Genus         Species       Common Names      Range
+  ------------- ------------- ----------------- --------------------------
+
+  Thunnus        thynnus       Leaping tuna     {From Coronado Islands
+                                                {to Monterey Bay.
+
+                {microptera    Yellow-fin       {Irregular visitors to the
+                {               albacore        {waters of Catalina Island
+  Germo         {                               {and adjacent mainland.
+                {
+                {alalunga      Albacore          From Point Conception
+                                                 south.
+
+  Sarda          chilensis     Bonito            From Santa Barbara south.
+
+  Scomberomorus  concolor      Spanish mackerel  From Monterey Bay south.
+
+  Scomber        japonicus     Chub mackerel     From Point Conception
+                                                 south.
+
+
+  [Illustration: CALIFORNIA SWORDFISH (Tetrapturus mitsukuri)]
+
+
+THE CALIFORNIA SWORDFISH
+
+(Tetrapturus mitsukuri)
+
+By many anglers for large and exciting game, the California swordfish
+is pronounced the king of all game fishes. Certainly they put up a
+very determined and exciting fight. In size they average about 180
+pounds, though one has been taken at Catalina by W. C. Boschen that
+weighed 355 pounds. When a swordfish is hooked its rushes are
+desperate, even reckless, and at times dangerous to the angler. In its
+determined efforts to free itself from the impaling hook, it threshes
+the waters into foam, repeatedly leaping into the air, where the
+sunlight scintillating upon the purple of its back and silvery sides
+adds the charm of color to the excitement of the contest. It is safe
+to say that there is no fish, either in the salt or fresh waters, that
+is so constantly on the surface and in the air during its struggles
+for freedom as is the California swordfish. Thirty, forty and even
+fifty clean leaps into the sunlight by the one fish have been recorded
+in its desperate struggle to baffle the skill of the angler.
+
+The snout of the swordfish is continued into a long, sharp bone, which
+measured from the back of the mouth is about one-fourth of the length
+of the fish from the mouth to the base of the tail. The under jaw is
+also a sharp projecting bone about half the length of the sword. The
+dorsal fin rises sharply from the top of the head to a height nearly
+equaling the depth of the body, the latter part curving downward and
+continuing along the back to nearly the center of the body; tail
+divided into two long, slim forks; second dorsal and anal near the
+tail and nearly opposite each other; ventral fin below the terminal of
+the first dorsal; pectoral fins rather long and located close to the
+gill-covers; two long, slender feelers projecting from the center of
+the throat just below the base of the pectorals; eye very large and
+bright dark blue.
+
+Purplish green on the back, with blue perpendicular stripes fading
+into the silvery sides; fins, dark purple.
+
+=Tackle and Lure=--Same as for tuna.
+
+
+THE BLACK SEA BASS, OR JEW-FISH
+
+(Stereolepis gigas)
+
+This monster of the ocean, commonly called jew-fish, seems to be in
+all respects a gigantic black bass, closely resembling the
+small-mouthed of the fresh waters, and no further description will be
+necessary for anyone who may be fortunate enough to land one to know
+to what species it belongs. In fact, he will know just what he has
+hooked long before the monster shows himself on the top of the water.
+This huge black sea bass seems to have a very restricted range, for it
+is only known from the Coronado Islands to the Farallones. They are
+very plentiful around Catalina Island, where they are usually taken
+with hand lines. They can not be called a game fish, though they are
+now being taken with rod and reel at Catalina and furnish a kind of
+"heavy-weight" sport for those who like it. One weighing over 436
+pounds has been taken on a tuna rod and twenty-one thread line. The
+writer saw one several years ago that was taken on a hand line that
+weighed 720 pounds and was over seven feet in length. They are fish of
+great strength and will tow a boat with ease at a considerable speed.
+
+=Tackle=--The same as for tuna, with fish bait.
+
+
+THE BARACUDA
+
+(Sphyraena argentea)
+
+The baracuda is a common fish from San Francisco south to Mexico. In
+the Santa Barbara channel and about Catalina and San Diego it is
+largely taken by trolling with light tackle, when it affords really
+good sport. It is a long, slim fish, reaching three and even three and
+a half feet in length, the usual catch being from two to two and a
+half feet in length.
+
+Head long and slender; eye high up on the head and nearly half way
+between the snout and the back of the gill covers. Pectoral fin just
+below the lateral line; first dorsal spinous and nearly opposite the
+ventral; second dorsal about midway between the first and the tail;
+anal almost directly under the second dorsal.
+
+Bluish brown on the back, grading into white on the belly.
+
+=Tackle and Lure=--Same as for bonito.
+
+
+
+
+WHITING and CROAKERS
+
+
+There are three other species of fish which inhabit the surf of the
+Pacific from Point Conception, south to Mexico, that, while they can
+not be properly termed game fishes, furnish the angler fine sport
+because of the gamy fight they make on light tackle. These are the
+whiting (=Menticirrhus undulatus=), the spot-fin croaker (=Roncador
+stearnsi=) and the yellow-fin croaker (=Umbrina roncador=). The first
+of these is known locally by the names of corbina and surf-fish,
+which are bad misnomers. The name, surf-fish, is given by the
+ichthyologist to a species of perch, and the courbina belongs to the
+genus =Pogonias= and is not found as far north as the California
+coast. These names should be abandoned by the anglers and the proper
+English name of whiting used. The word courbina is Italian and means
+croaker, from the Latin, corvus, crow.
+
+
+  [Illustration: WHITE SEA BASS (Cygonoscion nobilis)]
+
+
+THE WHITE SEA BASS
+
+(Cygonoscion nobilis)
+
+The white sea bass is purely a California species, ranging from the
+Coronado Islands to about the latitude of San Francisco. They are
+caught trolling and make a gamy fight on rod and reel. Twenty to forty
+pound fish are common and they have been caught weighing seventy-five
+pounds.
+
+Light bluish on the back and white on the sides, with many small
+specks; dark spot at the base of the pectoral fins. Head, long, with
+pointed snout, and with the scales of the head running nearly to its
+end. Dorsal fin double, the first half having ten spines and the
+latter twenty-one or twenty-two soft rays. Anal with two spines and
+nine rays. Tail but little forked.
+
+=Tackle=--The same as for salmon or yellow-tail.
+
+
+  [Illustration: CALIFORNIA WHITING OR SAND SUCKER
+                 (Menticirrhus undulatus)]
+
+
+CALIFORNIA WHITING OR SAND-SUCKER
+
+(Menticirrhus undulatus)
+
+This species is common to the sand beaches of the Pacific, from Point
+Conception south to Guaymas, Mexico. It feeds during the larger part
+of the year in the surf, and is caught from the wharfs or by long
+casts with heavy sinkers from the beach. The whiting appears on the
+California coast in two varieties, the =undulatus= proper and a
+subspecies which I think has never been classified. At any rate, the
+difference seems sufficient to entitle it to a subspecifies
+classification, for the mouth curves strongly downward, and,
+therefore, does not extend so far back as the undulatus proper. The
+tail also differs, in having both upper and lower lobes rounded,
+instead of the upper being square as in the =undulatus=.
+
+Head, about one-fifth of the entire length; snout, rather pointed, and
+projecting beyond the mouth; mouth reaching to the center of the eye;
+small barbel on the lower lip. Dorsal fin, double, the first with from
+seven to nine spines, the second soft and reaching from the first to
+within about the length of the head from the tail; pectoral fins near
+the gills and about the width of the eye below the center of the body;
+ventral fins, a little behind the pectoral; anal fin under the center
+of the second dorsal; dorsal fins dark; pectoral, ventral and anal
+fins, light with darker tips; tail of the =undulatus= proper, upper
+lobe square and lower lobe rounded. Back, bluish brown, shading to
+white on the belly; scales, small. Below the lateral line are a number
+of small spots forming irregular lines running backward and upward.
+Size, rarely exceeding eight pounds.
+
+The illustration is of the variety that I have referred to as a
+subspecies.
+
+=Tackle and Lure=--The three-six tackle. Rod to be of wood, consisting
+of a butt and tip, and to be not shorter than six feet over all;
+weight of entire rod not to exceed six ounces; butt not to be over
+twelve inches in length. Line not to exceed standard 6-thread. Lure,
+sandflies, mussels or clams.
+
+
+  [Illustration: YELLOW-FIN CROAKER (Umbrina roncador)]
+
+
+YELLOW-FIN CROKER
+
+(Umbrina roncador)
+
+The yellow-fin croaker is found in the surf or near it along the sandy
+beaches from some distance north of Point Conception south to
+Manzanillo, Mexico, where it is known by the name "corvina con aletas
+amarillas," or "croaker with yellow fins."
+
+Head, about one-fifth the whole length; snout, very blunt, with a
+small barbel on the lower lip. Dorsal fin double, the first half with
+seven or eight spines, the longest about two-thirds the length of the
+head; second half rayed and about two-thirds the height of the first,
+and reaching to about half the length of the head from the tail;
+pectoral fins short, and placed close to the gills and a little below
+the center of the body; ventral fins just below the pectoral and a
+trifle longer; anal fin, below the center of the second dorsal; tail,
+nearly square. Back, greenish brown, with a metallic luster and giving
+a pinkish tinge in some lights; sides, shading to white on the belly.
+A few irregular spots on the sides forming faint lines.
+
+
+SPOT-FIN CROAKER
+
+(Roncador stearnsi)
+
+The spot-fin croaker appears in and near the surf of the Pacific Coast
+from Point Conception south to Mexico. =Roncador= is Spanish and
+signifies snorer. This species resembles the yellow-fin very closely,
+but is usually lighter in color and more metallic in appearance. It
+can always be distinguished from the yellow-fin by the distinct black
+spots at the base of the pectoral fins.
+
+=Tackle and Lure=--Same as for whiting.
+
+
+
+
+THE TUNA CLUB OF CATALINA ISLAND
+
+
+I cannot close these articles on fish and fishing without a few words
+of commendation of the Tuna Club of Catalina Island. From the very
+inception of this organization it has striven to encourage the use of
+light tackle by all anglers. To this end, it has adopted three classes
+of tackle specifications for the taking of the several kinds of fish
+found in the waters surrounding its island home, and provided a number
+of cups and buttons to be awarded each year to anglers who land fishes
+of certain weights, with such tackle as is prescribed therefore by its
+rules. This campaign, which it has so energetically urged in behalf of
+scientific angling, has worked wonders in its section of the Coast.
+The old methods of landing fish, even of the gamiest quality, by the
+employment of nothing more than brute force at the end of an
+unbreakable cable, has almost disappeared in its section, and
+scientific angling with the lightest possible tackle has taken its
+place. But the good work of the Tuna Club has not been confined to the
+boundaries of its own section. Anglers from other sections of the
+country visiting Catalina, and seeing the additional pleasure derived
+from the use of light tackle, have become enthusiastic advocates of
+this more scientific means, and returning to their homes have spread
+the propaganda there.
+
+To the stiff pole and chalk-line fishermen of confirmed habits I have
+nothing to say. But to the younger generation who have not yet grown
+grey in the practice of bad habits, I wish to urge upon them the use
+of the lightest tackle possible, as a means of developing greater
+skill and deriving greater pleasure from their favorite sport. And
+this is equally true whether it be a tuna or a trout.
+
+
+
+
+  Order, ACANTHROPTERI
+
+  Family, SCIAENIDAE
+
+   Genus        Species    Common Names        Range
+  ------------ ---------- ------------------- --------------------------
+                          {California whiting {From Point Conception
+  Menticirrhus  undulatus {or sand sucker     {south to Guaymas, Mexico.
+
+                                              {From Point Conception
+  Roncador      stearnsi   Spot-fin croaker   {south to Manzanillo,
+                                              {Mexico.
+
+                                              {From Point Conception
+  Umbrina       roncador   Yellow-fin croaker {south to Manzanillo,
+                                              {Mexico.
+
+                                              {From San Francisco south
+  Cygonoscion   nobilis    White sea bass     {to Coronado Islands.
+
+
+
+
+ATTRACTIVE FISHING RESORTS
+
+
+It is possible that the day may come when man will be so engrossed
+with the pursuit of the dollar that the call of the wild will no
+longer quicken the pulsations of his heart. But until that time does
+come, the wild creatures of nature, whose pursuit affords the most
+healthful and exhilarating pastime, will continue to lure him to their
+haunts.
+
+    "To sit on rocks and gaze o'er flood and fell;
+      To slowly trace the forest's shady scene,
+    Where things that own not man's dominion dwell,
+      And mortal feet hath ne'er, or rarely, been,"
+
+will long continue to present a charm to all who love the sublimity of
+the mountains, the beauty of the flower-decked fields, or the
+awe-inspiring grandeur of the ocean.
+
+To draw a bead on the antlered buck; to stop the flight of the gamy
+quail; to land the denizen of the mountain stream, or troll the
+ocean's depth for the tuna, the salmon or the yellow-tail, furnishes a
+pastime whose recollection draws one back again and again to sit on
+nature's lap and listen to her teachings. The recollection of these
+pleasures are locked in the treasure vaults of the memory, where the
+wearings of time can never erase them; for when the once firm step
+that carried him proudly up the mountain's side shall falter and
+become a palsied wreck of time, and the eye, dimmed by the accumulated
+mists of years, shall see clearly, only in retrospect, he will sit by
+his fire-side in slippered feet, and, gazing down the long vistas of
+the past, live over and over again in his reveries the pleasures
+furnished by the forest, the field, the stream and the ocean.
+
+Nothing would please me better than to describe herein the many places
+where, during a residence on the Pacific Coast of more than half a
+century, I have enjoyed these sports in the fullest degree. But even
+the merest mention of the almost innumerable hunting grounds and
+trout streams, and the hundreds of mountain and sea-side resorts, from
+Washington to Mexico, would, of itself, make a volume of no mean size.
+I am, therefore, restricted to the mention of only a few of the more
+attractive places where good sea fishing can be found, coupled with
+such accommodations and surroundings as appeal to the discriminating
+pleasure seeker.
+
+
+CATALINA ISLAND.
+
+Almost due south of Los Angeles, and about twenty miles from the
+mainland, is the far-famed island of Catalina.
+
+It is still a debatable question whether it was the leaping tuna that
+made Catalina famous, or whether it was its many attractions, its
+facilities for sea fishing and its splendid accommodations, that gave
+the sport of tuna fishing a world-wide reputation.
+
+This beautiful island, with its diversified amusements; its grand
+scenery; its wonderful drives; its surf less sea bathing; its marine
+views; its perfect equipment for sea fighting, and its splendidly
+appointed hotel, has made it the Mecca to which the enthusiastic
+anglers of the world make their regular pilgrimages, for it seems to
+be the favored habitat of all the game fishes of the ocean, except the
+salmon and the striped bass.
+
+Catalina is the home of the Tuna Club, the greatest fishing
+organization of the world, with its international membership pledged
+to the promotion of scientific angling. It is here where the world's
+records are made, and the greatest feats in landing the fighting
+monsters of the sea have been achieved.
+
+In its variety of game fishes I know of no place to equal it. The
+leaping tuna, the albacore, the Spanish mackerel, the bonito, the chub
+mackerel, the white sea bass, the yellow-tail, and the California
+swordfish, the sensational fighter of the ocean, are all here and
+ready to give the light tackle angler the most exciting contest of his
+life.
+
+When the angler waits for the tides, he wants some other divertisement
+to occupy his mind. At Catalina he finds a pastime suitable to every
+hour, to every fancy, to every mood. He can bathe in its crystal
+waters; he can stroll along its pebbly beaches or climb its hills in
+search of wild goats; he can ride through its charming valleys, over
+its lofty peaks and around the dizzy heights that overlook the ocean;
+he can increase the elasticity of his step on its tennis courts, or
+exercise his muscle on its golf links. He can view the ancient relics
+of a departed people, study the strange and curious forms of ocean
+life in the extensive aquariums, or comfortably seated in a
+glass-bottomed boat, marvel at the extravagant splendor of the marine
+gardens, hundreds of feet below the surface, where sirens sing and
+mermaids are said to dwell. And, when he has gone the rounds, and
+longs again for more exciting sport, well--then he can go fishing.
+
+
+  [Illustration: HOTEL DEL MONTE]
+
+
+DEL MONTE
+
+Monterey Bay is pre-eminently the fishing ground for the Pacific
+salmon. As these gamy fish seek their spawning grounds, after their
+four-years' sojourn in unknown waters, they enter Monterey Bay at its
+southern headland and follow around it at varying distances from the
+shore. During this season the Hotel Del Monte, with its splendid
+appointments and scenic beauty, is the favored Mecca of the salmon
+anglers. Here boats with experienced boatmen, and a good supply of
+tackle and bait are always to be had. The contour of the peninsula,
+with its high mountain crest, forming the southern shore of the bay,
+is such that the strong winds of the open ocean is cut off from the
+Del Monte side, allowing the waters of this side of the bay to retain
+that smoothness that makes either boating or fishing a delight. This,
+too, may have something to do with the feeding habits of the salmon,
+thereby accounting for the usually large catches made by the guests of
+the hotel.
+
+While the Pacific Coast furnishes fine sport for the angler, both in
+its fresh and salt waters, with an infinite variety of gamy fishes,
+salmon fishing must be classed as one of the most satisfying. An
+angler likes to see his adversary and know with what he is contending.
+The salmon is a surface fighter, leaping high into the air when he
+finds himself impaled; and this sight of his beautiful sides,
+scintillating in the sunlight, quickens the pulsations of the heart of
+the angler and gives zest to the sport.
+
+Each section of the coast has its fish and fishing peculiar to itself;
+but I care not from what section the expert angler may come, he will
+enjoy the salmon fishing of Monterey Bay. He will do more; for the
+Hotel Del Monte is one of the delightful show places of the Pacific
+Coast. Space will not admit of an enumeration of the many interesting
+sights here to be seen. There are glimpses of California life a
+hundred years ago by the side of picturesque golf links and tennis
+courts. A modern hostelry hid away in the center of a primeval park. A
+seventeen-mile drive through shady mountain dells and along weirdly
+beautiful ocean coves and rocky crags. The marine gardens as seen at
+the bottom of the ocean through glass-bottomed boats. These, and many
+other interesting relics and inspiring scenes are the side attractions
+for the salmon angler who visits Del Monte.
+
+
+  [Illustration: FISHING PIER, DEL MAR]
+
+
+DEL MAR.
+
+Del Mar is one of the few beach resorts where the pleasure-seeker can
+divide his time among the whole range of out-door amusements. The long
+pleasure wharf and the miles of just that character of beach where the
+whiting, the croaker, the chub mackerel and the young sea bass love to
+feed, offer the finest of still fishing. If he is ambitious for a
+contest with the big fighting fishes of the deeper waters, he can take
+a boat and soon be floating over the haunts of the yellow-tail, the
+albacore and the bonito. If he prefers the report of the gun to the
+music of the reel, a short walk back from the hotel brings him into
+the country of the game little quail.
+
+Again, he can, by a short ride to the ponds and lagoons, change from
+upland to waterfowl shooting.
+
+But the gamut is not yet run; for within easy reach are several
+mountain streams where he can cast his flies on their waters with good
+returns. And, if he seeks to pit his cunning and his skill against the
+watchful deer, a pleasant and interesting ride over a good motor road,
+takes him into the wilds of the Cuyamaca mountains.
+
+But the sportsman in his outings will always think of his comforts as
+well as his sports, and for those Del Mar has planned with a lavish
+hand.
+
+It is not all of the enjoyment of a good meal to have a choice
+selection of viands, admirably cooked by an experienced chef, and
+served in the most approved manner. It is not all of a good night's
+rest, after the fatigue of a day's sport, to have lain on a downy bed
+in a richly appointed room. Agreeable service; the affability of the
+management; the pervading air of welcome; the society of congenial
+companions; the beauty of the situation; the inspiring views; the
+charm of the many scenes that each day photographs upon the memory,
+adds a relish to the menu which no chef can compound, and a
+restfulness to one's slumber that the ingenuity of no upholsterer can
+supply. For a part of these delightful adjuncts to one's enjoyment, I
+am willing to give credit to the excellent taste of the founders of
+Del Mar. But the beauty of its surroundings, the possibility of its
+charming individuality, must be credited to those exclusive gifts
+which nature first bestowed upon it.
+
+Del Mar is twenty-two miles from San Diego and 111 from Los Angeles,
+and can be reached from either of these cities by the Santa Fe
+railroad, or by a good motor road, distinguished for its many
+interesting views.
+
+
+  [Illustration: AQUARIUM, VENICE]
+
+
+VENICE
+
+That there is but one Venice in America is the verdict of all who have
+visited this charming sea-side resort. Its oriental architecture, and
+its numerous canals, on whose surface floats in Italian ease, real
+Venetian gondolas, give it an atmosphere suggestive of the
+Mediterranean. But it is not of its Venetian aspect, nor its endless
+chain of amusements, from its surf and plunge bathing to its
+rollicking scenic railroad and hair-raising dash through its cavernous
+rapids, or its hundred or more interesting pastimes for the pleasure
+seeker, that the attention of the reader is herein directed.
+
+It is to those forms of sea life that contribute to his pleasure that
+his attention is called, for the waters of Venice furnish a wonderful
+variety of these, as will be seen by a visit to the large aquarium
+maintained on the pier by the University of Southern California. From
+the wharfs he can angle for smelt, mackerel and perch, as well as for
+halibut and other bottom fishes. From the beach, by bait-casting into
+the surf, he is rewarded with croaker, whiting (erroneously called
+corbina), and young sea bass, locally known as sea trout.
+
+By taking a launch and going out into the open water, his ambition to
+bring to gaff the larger species of the deeper sea can be gratified
+with strikes from the tuna, the albacore, the bonito, the mackerel and
+the yellow-tail that will give him a contest worthy of his metal.
+
+These launch trips upon the bosom of the open ocean, are among the
+chiefest pleasures of our beach resorts, for the angler not only finds
+keen sport in the landing of these larger fishes, but an exhilarating
+recreation, restful to the mind and healthful to the body.
+
+Then, when his day's sport is over, whether his outing is only for a
+day, or for the several weeks of his vacation, His comforts are to be
+considered. In these Venice offers as wide a range as it does in its
+amusements. At the splendidly appointed Hotel St. Marks he can find
+the most luxurious accommodations; he can dine at one of its
+deservedly popular cafes; or, if he wants to spend his vacation in
+restful quietude with his family, he can take a furnished villa on the
+bank of one of the canals, hidden away in a wealth of flowers and
+forest trees, with the sea breeze tempered to a balmy zephyr. To this
+sequestered home he can bring his fish, fresh from the sea, and
+broiling them to his particular taste, enjoy the last delight of the
+angler's day of sport.
+
+
+
+
+  INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+  DOVES--
+    Mourning Dove,                                  40
+    White-winged Dove,                              40
+
+  DUCKS--
+    American Golden-eye,                            84
+    American Scaup,                                 78
+    Barrow's Golden-eye,                            90
+    Blue-bill,                                      78
+    Butter-ball,                                    86
+    Canvasback,                                     74
+    Gadwall,                                        56
+    Harlequin,                                      86
+    Mallard,                                        54
+    Pin-tail,                                       66
+    Red-head,                                       76
+    Ring-neck,                                      80
+    Ruddy,                                          82
+    Scoter, White-winged,                           91
+    Shoveler,                                       68
+    Spoon-bill,                                     68
+    Sprig,                                          66
+    Teal, Blue-winged,                              64
+    Teal, Cinnamon,                                 62
+    Teal, Green-winged,                             60
+    Widgeon,                                        58
+    Wire-tail,                                      82
+    Wood Duck,                                      70
+
+  FISHES--
+    Albacore,                                      155
+    Bass, Small-mouthed, Black,                    149
+    Bass, Striped,                                 151
+    Bass, White Sea,                               167
+    Bonito,                                        157
+    Croaker, Yellow-fin,                           171
+    Mackerel, Chub,                                161
+    Mackerel, Spanish,                             159
+    Salmon, Chinook,                               130
+    Sand-sucker,                                   169
+    Skip-jack,                                     157
+    Swordfish,                                     165
+    Trout, Eastern Brook,                          145
+    Trout, Rainbow,                                135
+    Tuna, Leaping,                                 153
+    Whiting, California,                           169
+    Yellow-tail,                                   163
+
+  GEESE--
+    Black Brant,                                   104
+    Brown Brant,                                    94
+    Cackling Goose,                                 94
+    Canada Goose,                                   94
+    Emperor Goose,                                 102
+    Honker,                                         94
+    Little White Goose,                             98
+    Ross Goose,                                     98
+    Speckle-breast,                                100
+    Snow Goose,                                     98
+    White-cheeked Goose,                            96
+    White-fronted Goose,                           100
+
+  GROUSE--
+    Oregon Ruffed,                                  46
+    Sage Hen,                                       48
+    Sharp-tail,                                     50
+    Sooty,                                          42
+
+  PHEASANT, Mongolian,                              36
+
+  PIGEON, Band-tailed,                              40
+
+  QUAIL--
+    Arizona,                                        18
+    Bobwhite, Virginia,                             28
+    California Valley,                              14
+    Elegant,                                        22
+    Gambel,                                         18
+    Massena,                                        26
+    Montezuma,                                      26
+    Mountain,                                       10
+    Plumed,                                         10
+    Scaled,                                         20
+
+  SHORE BIRDS--
+    Avocet,                                        124
+    Curlew, Sickle-bill,                           117
+    Curlew, Hudsonian,                             117
+    Dowitcher,                                     111
+    Godwit,                                        115
+    Ibis, White-fronted, Glossy,                   107
+    Marlin,                                        115
+    Plover, Black-bellied,                         120
+    Plover, Mountain,                              122
+    Plover, Ring-neck,                             122
+    Plover, Snowy,                                 122
+    Snipe, Jack or Wilson,                         111
+    Snipe, Red-Breasted,                           111
+    Yellow-legs,                                   113
+
+  TURKEY, Mexican Wild,                             32
+
+
+
+
+  INDEX
+
+
+  ANATIDAE, family,                                  9
+
+  ANATINAE, subfamily,                              73
+
+  ANSERENAE, subfamily,                             53
+
+  ANSERES, order,                                    9
+
+
+  BAY AND SEA DUCKS,                                75
+
+
+  CHARADRIDAE, family,                              11
+
+  COLUMBIDAE, family,                               11
+
+  CYGNINAE, subfamily,                              11
+
+
+  DOVES--
+    Mourning Dove,                                  41
+    White-winged Dove,                              41
+
+  DUCKS--
+    American Golden-eye,                            85
+    American Scaup,                                 79
+    Barrow's Golden-eye,                            87
+    Blue-bill,                                      79
+    Butter-ball,                                    87
+    Canvasback,                                     75
+    FulvOus Tree Duck,                              72
+    Gadwall,                                        61
+    Harlequin Duck,                                 89
+    Lesser Scaup Duck,                              81
+    Little Blue-bill,                               81
+    Long-tailed Duck,                               59
+    Mallard,                                        59
+    Old Squaw,                                      89
+    Pin-tail,                                       69
+    Red-head,                                       77
+    Ring-neck,                                      81
+    Ruddy Duck,                                     83
+    Scoters,                                        89
+    Shoveler,                                       69
+    Spoon-bill,                                     69
+    Sprig,                                          69
+    Subfamily, genus & species, fresh-water ducks,  73
+    Subfamily, genus & species, salt-water ducks,   92
+    Teal--
+      Blue-wing,                                    67
+      Cinnamon,                                     65
+      Green-wing,                                   63
+    Widgeon,                                        61
+    Wire-tail,                                      83
+    Wood Duck,                                      71
+
+  FISHES--
+    Albacore,                                      156
+      Yellow-fin,                                  156
+    Bass--
+      Black, Large-mouth,                          148
+      Black, Small-mouth,                          148
+      Striped,                                     150
+      White Sea,                                   168
+    Baracuda,                                      166
+    Bonito,                                        158
+    Croaker--family, genus and species,            173
+      Spot-fin,                                    172
+      Yellow-fin,                                  170
+    Jewfish,                                       166
+    Mackerel--family, genus and species,           162
+      Chub,                                        160
+      Green-back,                                  160
+      Spanish,                                     158
+    Sacramento Pike,                               150
+    Salmon,                                        131
+    Salmon--family, genus and species,             162
+      Blue-back,                                   133
+      Chinook,                                     132
+      Dog,                                         134
+      Hump-back,                                   134
+      King,                                        132
+      Redfish,                                     133
+      Silver,                                      134
+      Sock-eye,                                    133
+    Sand-sucker,                                   168
+    Skip-jack,                                     158
+    Swordfish,                                     164
+    Trout--family, genus and species,              147
+      Colorado River,                              144
+      Cutthroat,                                   142
+      Dolly Varden,                                144
+      Eastern Brook,                               144
+      Golden,                                      138
+      Lake Tahoe,                                  143
+      Lake Southerland,                            143
+      Rainbow,                                     136
+      Rio Grande,                                  143
+      Silver,                                      142
+      Steel-head,                                  140
+    Tuna,                                          152
+    Whiting, California,                           168
+    Yellow-tail,                                   160
+
+  FISHING RESORTS,                                 174
+    Catalina Island,                               175
+    Del Mar,                                       179
+    Del Monte,                                     177
+    Venice,                                        181
+
+
+  GAME BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC COAST,                   9
+
+  GAME FISHES OF THE PACIFIC COAST,                129
+
+  GAME FISHES OF THE SEA,                          152
+
+  GEESE OF THE PACIFIC COAST,                       93
+
+  GEESE, FAMILY, GENUS AND SPECIES,                 53
+    Black Sea Brant,                               103
+    Brown Brant,                                    97
+    Cackling Goose,                                 97
+    Canada Goose,                                   93
+    Emperor Goose,                                 101
+    Honker,                                         93
+    Hutchins Goose,                                 97
+    Little White Goose,                             99
+    Ross Goose,                                     99
+    Speckle-breast,                                101
+    Snow Goose,                                     99
+    White Goose,                                    99
+    White-cheeked Goose,                            95
+    White-fronted Goose,                           101
+
+  GROUSE--Family, genus and species,                43
+    Canadian Ruffed,                                47
+    Oregon Ruffed,                                  45
+    Sage Hen,                                       51
+    Sharp-tail,                                     52
+    Sooty,                                          44
+    Spruce,                                         49
+
+
+  PHEASANT, Mongolian,                              35
+
+  PIGEON, Wild,                                     39
+
+  PIGEONS AND DOVES,                                39
+
+
+  QUAIL--Family, genus and species,             11, 30
+    Arizona,                                        19
+    Bobwhite,                                       27
+    Bobwhite, Masked,                               29
+    California Valley,                              15
+    Elegant,                                        24
+    Gambel,                                         19
+    Massena,                                        25
+    Montezuma,                                      25
+    Mountain,                                       12
+      Lower California,                             13
+      Plumed,                                       12
+    San Pedro Mountain,                             13
+    Scaled,                                         21
+      Chestnut-bellied,                             23
+
+
+  SHORE BIRDS--Family, genus and species,     110, 118
+    Avocet,                                        125
+    Cranes, Rails and Gallinules,                  109
+    Curlew, Sickle-bill,                           119
+      Hudsonian,                                   119
+    Dowitcher,                                     112
+    Godwit,                                        114
+    Herons and Ibises,                             108
+    Marlin,                                        114
+    Plover, family, genus and species,             126
+      Black-bellied,                               121
+      Mountain,                                    121
+      Ring-neck,                                   123
+      Snowy,                                       123
+      Wilson,                                      125
+    Rails,                                         109
+    Sandpiper, Red-backed,                         116
+    Snipe, family, genus and species,              118
+      Jacksnipe,                                   110
+      Red-breasted,                                112
+      Wilson,                                      110
+    Stilt, Black-necked,                           127
+    Willet,                                        116
+    Yellow-legs,                                   114
+
+  SWANS,                                           105
+
+
+  TUNA CLUB,                                       172
+
+  TURKEYS, Wild,                                    31
+    Mexican, Wild,                                  31
+
+
+  WATERFOWL,                                        55
+
+  WADERS AND SHORE BIRDS,                          106
+
+
+
+   +------------------------------------------------------------+
+   |                                                            |
+   |                      FISHING TACKLE                        |
+   |                                                            |
+   |                    Chas. H. Kewell Co.                     |
+   |                     436-438 Market St.                     |
+   |                    San Francisco, Cal.                     |
+   |                                                            |
+   |               Manufacturers and Patentees                  |
+   |                                                            |
+   |                  Trout Flies-Dry & Wet                     |
+   |                                                            |
+   |               KEWELL-STEWART SPOON Kewart                  |
+   |                 Reg. U. S. Patent Office                   |
+   |                  KEWELL-LAFORGE SPINNER                    |
+   |                                                            |
+   |                  Write for Catalogue P                     |
+   |                                                            |
+   +------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+   +------------------------------------------------------------+
+   |                                                            |
+   |                         [Illustration: Man in boat fishing]|
+   |                                                            |
+   |                                                            |
+   |                   Tufts-Lyon Arms Co.                      |
+   |                                                            |
+   |                     Sporting Goods                         |
+   |                   GOOD SHOOTING GOODS                      |
+   |             Special Tuna and Swordfish Tackle              |
+   |                                                            |
+   |                 Los Angeles, California                    |
+   |                                                            |
+   |                                                            |
+   |[Illustration: Men in rowboat fishing]                      |
+   |                                                            |
+   +------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+    ++==========================================================++
+    ||                     A FULL LINE OF                       ||
+    ||                                                          ||
+    ||                     Sporting Goods                       ||
+    ||                                                          ||
+    ||        SHOTGUNS                  RIFLES                  ||
+    ||    =Parker, Ithaca=,           =Hopkins & Allen=         ||
+    ||    =Remington, Stevens=,       =Winchester=              ||
+    ||    =Winchester, Marlin=,       =Remington=               ||
+    ||    =Hopkins & Allen=,          =Stevens=                 ||
+    ||    =Ainsley H. Fox=,           =Savage=                  ||
+    ||    =L. C. Smith=               =Marlin=                  ||
+    ||                  Marble's Game-Getter Gun                ||
+    ||                                                          ||
+    ||        REVOLVERS               AUTOMATIC PISTOLS         ||
+    ||    =Harrington & Richardson=    =Smith & Wesson=         ||
+    ||    =Hopkins & Allen=            =Savage=                 ||
+    ||    =Smith & Wesson=             =Mouser=                 ||
+    ||    =Iver-Johnson=               =Loger=                  ||
+    ||    =Colts=                      =Colts=                  ||
+    ||                  Stevens Target Pistols                  ||
+    ||                                                          ||
+    ||                     AMMUNITION                           ||
+    ||                                                          ||
+    ||    U. M. C., Winchester, Selby--Field and Trap Shells    ||
+    ||      Dupont, Ballistite, New E. C., Schultz Powders      ||
+    ||                                                          ||
+    ||              =Blue Rock Traps and Pigeons=               ||
+    ||                                                          ||
+    ||                     HUNTING CLOTHING                     ||
+    ||      Our Own Make of Khaki, Canvas, Corduroy Suits       ||
+    ||                      Hats and Leggins.                   ||
+    ||                                                          ||
+    ||  Shaw-duck Ulsters, Coltskin Reafers, Duluth Mackinaws,  ||
+    ||       Knit Jackets, Webber-stitch Coats, Roughneck       ||
+    ||           Sweaters, Flannel Shirts, Knit Caps,           ||
+    ||                       Woolen Socks.                      ||
+    ||                                                          ||
+    ||                Laced Boots and Hunting Shoes.            ||
+    ||    Oiled Clothing, Rubber Suits and Boots. Sleeping      ||
+    ||     Bags, Oregon Blankets, Comforts, Bedding Rolls,      ||
+    ||    Carryall Bags, Ponchos and Knapsacks, Packsaddles,    ||
+    ||             Kyaks, Water Bottles and Canteens.           ||
+    ||                                                          ||
+    ||  ======================================================  ||
+    ||                 The Wm. H. Hoegee, Inc.                  ||
+    ||                                                          ||
+    ||                  138-40.42 South Park                    ||
+    ||  LOS ANGELES,                                       CAL. ||
+    ++==========================================================++=
+
+
+
+
+         +--------------------------------------------------+
+         |                            I Mounted The         |
+         |     [Illustration]       African Collection      |
+         |                                  OF              |
+         |                         Stewart Edward White     |
+         |                                                  |
+         |    ------------------------------------------    |
+         |      If You want high grade taxidermy send       |
+         |                me your trophies                  |
+         |                                                  |
+         |                 Albert E. Colburn                |
+         |                806 South Broadway                |
+         |                LOS ANGELES, CALIF.               |
+         +--------------------------------------------------+
+
+         +--------------------------------------------------+
+         |                     A KODAK                      |
+         |                                                  |
+         |  is as necessary to your hunting outfit as your  |
+         |      gun, and a shot with it often far more      |
+         |          satisfactory because it is              |
+         |                                                  |
+         |              A LASTING PLEASURE                  |
+         |                                                  |
+         |    Everything you need in the Kodak Line will    |
+         |                 be found at the                  |
+         |                                                  |
+         |               Earl V. Lewis Company              |
+         |                                                  |
+         |         Two Stores 226 West Fourth St.           |
+         |                    306 West Seventh St.          |
+         |                                                  |
+         |   Bring your films for developing and printing   |
+         +--------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+  Transcriber's Notes
+
+  The text presented here is that contained in the original printed
+  version. Other than the typographical corrections listed below and
+  a number of minor corrections, the following changes were introduced:
+
+  1) Paragraphs split by illustrations or tables were rejoined.
+
+  2) The illustration captions were placed above the section describing
+       the species illustrated.
+
+  3) The following errata notes displayed on the bottom of pages 112,
+       114 and 116 have been applied:
+
+       "In the make-up of a few pages on the shore birds, the
+       scientific names have become transposed. They should read:
+         Page 112: Dowitcher (Macrohampus scolopaceus).
+         Page 114: Yellow-legs (Totanus melanoleucus).
+           "   " : Marlin (Limosa fedora).
+         Page 116: Red-backed sandpiper (Tringa alpina pacifica).
+           "   " : Willet (Symphemia Semipalmata inornata)."
+
+  4) There appears to be text missing under the description of
+       "WILSON'S PLOVER" in the "Measurements" section on page 125.
+       A note was inserted to that effect
+
+  5) The AE ligature which was used in the caption of the image on
+       page 122 has been changed to the letters "AE" for consistancy
+       with the way those names are displayed elsewhere in the book.
+
+
+  Typographical Corrections
+
+  Page  Correction
+  ====  ====================
+    11  Banapart => Bonapart
+    61  "Male" added for consistancy
+    66  Spatula acuta => Dafila acuta
+    77  Aythya amaricana => Aythya americana
+    98  Chen rossi => Chen rossii
+   108  Plegadis gaurauna => Plegadis guarauna
+   108  Gaura alba => Guara alba
+   109  Grus mericana => Grus canadensis
+   109  GALLINUL => GALLINULES
+   109  Grus mericana => Grus americana
+   121  Charadrous squaterola => Charadrius squatarola
+   125  AVOSET => AVOCET
+   136  Loch Loven => Loch Leven
+   167  Cygnocian nobilis => Cygonoscion nobilis
+   172  SPOT-FIN CRAOKER => SPOT-FIN CROAKER
+
+
+  Emphasis Notation
+
+  _Text_  - Italics
+
+  =Text=  - Bold
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Game Birds and Game Fishes of the
+Pacific Coast, by Harry Thom Payne
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GAME BIRDS AND GAME FISHES ***
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