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diff --git a/37846.txt b/37846.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..71cfd3c --- /dev/null +++ b/37846.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3195 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Raemaekers' Cartoon History of the War, +Volume 2, by Raemaekers + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Raemaekers' Cartoon History of the War, Volume 2 + The Second Twelve Months of War + +Author: Raemaekers + +Illustrator: Louis Raemaekers + +Release Date: October 25, 2011 [EBook #37846] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RAEMAEKERS' CARTOON HISTORY *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Martin Mayer and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive) + + + + + +Transcriber's note: +Italics are rendered with underscores, e.g. _italics_. +Small caps are rendered with ALL-CAPS. +The oe ligature is rendered [oe], e.g. man[oe]uvres. + + + + +RAEMAEKERS' +CARTOON +HISTORY OF THE WAR + +[Illustration: (signed) Louis Raemaekers] + + + + +RAEMAEKERS' + +CARTOON + +HISTORY OF THE WAR + +COMPILED BY + +J. MURRAY ALLISON + +Editor of _Raemaekers' Cartoons_, _Kultur in Cartoons_, _The +Century Edition de Luxe Raemaekers' Cartoons_, _etc._ + +VOLUME TWO + +THE SECOND TWELVE MONTHS OF WAR + +NEW YORK + +THE CENTURY CO. + +1919 + +Copyright, 1919, by +THE CENTURY CO. + + + + +FOREWORD + + +The second year of the war opened in the West with the enemy, although +superior in man power and munitionment, pinned down to a defensive line +from Belfort to the sea. The new armies of the British Empire were still +being raised and trained, and neither England nor France had reached +their zenith in the production of guns and munitions. The western front +was to remain for a time comparatively inactive. + +In the East the great Teutonic drive through Poland was still in +progress, although the Russian armies had everywhere escaped +envelopment, and their retreat was nearly at an end. Warsaw was occupied +by the Germans early in August. It was a moment chosen by Germany to +make an offer of separate peace to Russia. The enemy sought to gain by +bribery what his armies had failed to accomplish in the field. The offer +was rejected by Russia. + +By October Germany's greatest military effort so far had failed and the +Russian armies stood intact from the Bukovina to Riga. + +The next great development in the history of the war was the entry of +Bulgaria in October on the side of the Central Powers. Whilst great +German and Austro-Hungarian forces crossed the Danube in the north the +Bulgarians attacked Serbia on the flank. In a few weeks Serbia and +Montenegro suffered the fate of Belgium and Luxemburg, the British and +French troops not having arrived in time to render material aid to the +Serbians. Greece, failing to live up to her treaty with Serbia, +contributed to the defeat of that country and was for many months to +form a menace to the allied troops who were making the port of Salonika +their base in the Balkans. + +In the meantime the western allies had taken the offensive in September, +the French attacking in Champagne and the British in Flanders. The +attack was not driven home and no further offensive upon a large scale +was to take place until July in the following year. + +January saw Gallipoli evacuated by the Allies, releasing Turkish troops +for service in Mesopotamia which was doubtless to have its effect in the +fall of Kut and the capture of the garrison later on. + +Late in February the great German offensive began at Verdun, an +offensive which was to prove the most costly defeat of the German arms +during the war. The Battle of Verdun continued for months and may be +said to have been definitely lost by the Germans by the 1st of July. + +Meanwhile the Russian armies in the Caucasus and Armenia had beaten the +Turks in many engagements, taking amongst other towns the fortress of +Erzerum with great numbers of prisoners and military stores. The other +Russian armies in the north, reorganized and thoroughly equipped with +munitionment, began in June their magnificent advance all along their +line from Riga to the Carpathians. + +The last month of the second year of the war witnessed the beginning of +the "big push" in the west, the Russian advance in the east, the retreat +of the Austrians in the Trentino, and the beginning of the Italians' +successful thrust upon the Isonzo. + +It is with these major military operations of the year with which +Raemaekers' cartoons on the following pages deal. + +He did not neglect to record, however, many of the minor happenings. The +various and devious peace moves of the enemy did not escape his comment +nor did the cold blooded murders of Nurse Cavell and Captain Fryatt. He +has recorded also many examples of German Zeppelin Ruthlessness and +German Piracy on the sea. Notable amongst the latter is the _Sussex_ +crime and its subsequent diplomatic developments, which were to play +such an important part in America's entry into the war. + + J. M. A. + + + + +VOLUME TWO + + + + +_THE ANNIVERSARY, AUGUST, 1915_ + +_Bernhardi_: "_Have we not surpassed your most sanguine expectations?_" + + * * * * * + + +Total losses amongst all belligerents during first year of war: + + _Killed_ _Wounded_ _Missing and_ _Total_ + _Prisoners_ + + 3,026,713 5,768,994 2,673,188 11,528,895 + + + + _Nineteenth Century and After._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_KING ALBERT'S ANSWER TO THE POPE_ + +"_With him who broke his word, devastated my country, burned my +villages, destroyed my towns, desecrated my churches, and murdered my +people, I will not make peace before he is expelled from my country and +punished for his crimes._" + + * * * * * + + +Today, on the sad anniversary of the terrible conflict, our heart gives +forth the wish that the war will soon end. We raise again our voice to +utter a fatherly cry for peace. May this cry, dominating the frightful +noise of arms, reach the warring peoples and their chiefs and induce +kindly and more serene intentions. + + _From the Papal Peace Appeal, + August 1, 1916._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_A STABLE PEACE_ + +_The Kaiser_: "_And remember, if they do not accept it, I deny it +altogether_" + + * * * * * + + +That the Dardanelles and Galicia had been offered by Berlin to +Petrograd; that Egypt was asked for Turkey, and that the mediation of +the Pope was desired on the basis of the restitution of Belgium, were +some of the reports which gained currency between Aug. 5, the date of +the fall of Warsaw, and Aug. 12, when the Novoe Vremya of Petrograd +confirmed the rumors of German overtures for a separate peace with +Russia. + +Almost simultaneously from Petrograd and from Milan announcements that, +after the capture of Warsaw, Germany was seriously engaged in +preliminary negotiations for the establishment of a peace were +published. + +Besides Galicia and the Dardanelles, the Novoe Vremya said, Germany +would guarantee the integrity of the Russian frontiers, at the same time +stipulating for Egypt on the pretext of ceding that country to Turkey, +and for a free hand to deal with Russia's allies. The report declared +that these offers were rejected by the Czar's Government. + + "_Current History_," + _New York._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THROWN TO THE SWINE_ + + * * * * * + + +On August 5, 1915, Miss Cavell, an English woman, directress of a large +nursing home at Brussels, was quietly arrested by the German authorities +and confined in the prison of St. Gilles on the charge that she had +aided stragglers from the Allied Armies to escape across the frontier +from Belgium to Holland, furnishing them with money, clothing and +information concerning the route to be followed. + + * * * * * + +We reminded him (Baron Von der Lancken) of the burning of Louvain and +the sinking of the _Lusitania_, and told him that this murder would stir +all civilized countries with horror and disgust. Count Harrach broke in +at this with the rather irrelevant remark that he would rather see Miss +Cavell shot than have harm come to one of the humblest German soldiers, +and his only regret was that they had not "three or four English old +women to shoot." + + * * * * * + +The day brought forth another loathsome fact in connection with the +case. It seems the sentence of Miss Cavell was not pronounced in open +court. Her executioners, apparently in hope of concealing their +intentions from us, went into her cell and there behind locked doors +pronounced sentence upon her. It is all a piece with the other things +they have done. + + HUGH GIBSON, + + _First Secretary of the American + Legation at Brussels._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE MARTYRED NURSE_ + +_William_: "_Now you can bring me the American protest_" + + * * * * * + + +Even when I was ready to abandon all hope, Leval was unable to believe +that the German authorities would persist in their decision, and +appealed most touchingly and feelingly to the sense of pity for which we +looked in vain. + + HUGH GIBSON, + _First Secretary American + Legation at Brussels_. + + +To condemn any human being, even if he were the vilest criminal, at 5 +o'clock in the afternoon and execute him at 2 A. M. was an act of +barbarism for which no possible condemnation is adequate. + +Under these circumstances, it would be incredible, if the facts were not +beyond dispute, that the request of the United States for a little delay +was not only brutally refused, _but that our Legation was deliberately +misled and deceived until the death sentence had been inflicted_. + + JAMES M. BECK + _In_ "_New York Times_." + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE YELLOW BOOK_ + +"_Unmasked_" + + * * * * * + + +The publication of the French Government Yellow Book in August dealing +with the diplomatic events which led up to the war proved that whilst +Germany was assuring the nations of her peaceful intentions she was +secretly preparing for war. + +[Illustration] + + + + +_U'S_ + +_His Majesty_: "_Well, Tirpitz, you've sunk a great many?_" + +_Tirpitz_: "_Yes, sire, here is another U coming down._" + + * * * * * + + +On August 26, 1915, Squadron-Commander A. W. Bigsworth destroyed +single-handed, a German submarine by bombs from his aeroplane off Ostend +on the coast of Belgium. + +The British Admiralty said in reference to this episode: + +"It is not the practice of the Admiralty to publish statements regarding +the losses of German submarines, important though they have been, in +cases where the enemy have no other sources of information as to the +time and place at which these losses have occurred. In the case referred +to above, however, the brilliant feat of Squadron-Commander Bigsworth +was performed in the immediate neighbourhood of the coast in occupation +of the enemy, and the position of the sunken submarine has been located +by a German destroyer." + +[Illustration] + + + + +_Pallas Athene: "Has it come to this?"_ + + * * * * * + + +When, on Sept. 21, after the Bulgarian mobilization had begun, M. +Venizelos, who was then Prime Minister of Greece, asked France and +ourselves for 150,000 men, it was on the express understanding that +Greece would mobilize also. Greece did, in fact, mobilize under his +direction on Sept. 24, but it was not until Oct. 2 that M. Venizelos +found himself able to agree to the landing of British and French troops +under the formal protest, a merely formal protest, which he had already +made to the French Government. On Oct. 4--I wish these dates to be borne +in mind--M. Venizelos announced what had happened to the Greek Chamber, +and at the same time declared that Greece must abide by her treaty with +Serbia. The next day the King repudiated the declaration and then M. +Venizelos resigned. The new Government which succeeded declined to +recognize that a casus foederis had arisen between Greece and Serbia, in +spite of our constant insistence that Greece should make common cause +with Serbia, and the new Greek Government, while declaring their desire +to remain on friendly terms with the Allies, declined to depart from +their attitude of neutrality. + + H. H. ASQUITH, _House of Commons_, + _November 2, 1915_. + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE NEXT TO BE KICKED OUT_ + +_Dumba's Master_ + + * * * * * + + +By reason of the admitted purpose and intent of Mr. Dumba to conspire to +cripple legitimate industries of the people of the United States and to +interrupt their legitimate trade and by reason of the flagrant violation +of diplomatic propriety in employing an American citizen protected by an +American passport as a secret bearer of official dispatches through the +lines of the enemy of Austria-Hungary, the President directs me to +inform your Excellency that Mr. Dumba is no longer acceptable to the +Government of the United States as the Ambassador of his Imperial +Majesty at Washington. + + _Official American Note Requesting the Recall of_ + MR. DUMBA, _the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador._ + + _September, 1916._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_SEPTEMBER, 1914, AND SEPTEMBER, 1915_ + +_The Crown Prince, 1914_: "_Now the war begins as we like it._" + +_The Crown Prince, 1915_: "_But this is not as I wished it to +continue._" + + * * * * * + + +Towards the end of September, 1916, the British and French Armies began +an attack upon the German forces at Loos and in the Champagne. During +five days' fighting, over 25,000 prisoners and 125 guns were captured by +the Allies. + +[Illustration] + + + + +_IDYLLIC NEUTRALITY_ + +_A daily smuggling scene on the Dutch frontier_ + + * * * * * + + +Neutral countries whose frontiers march with those of Germany have +rendered enormous aid to the Central Powers by the supply of materials +and food. The general practice of evasion has been to smuggle home +produce of all sorts for which high prices were forthcoming and use for +local consumption similar products imported from other countries over +seas. The imports of many lines of merchandise into Holland alone are +known to have increased from fifty to one hundred per cent. compared +with pre-war figures. + +[Illustration] + + + + +_WHAT SHOULD WE DO WITHOUT MICHAEL?_ + +_Michael_: "_For my 100 Marks I obtained a receipt. I gave this for +second 100 Marks and I received a second receipt. For the third loan I +gave the second receipt. Have I invested 300 Marks and has the +Government got 300, or have both of us got nothing?_" + + * * * * * + + +If we desire the possibility of shaping a peace in accordance with our +needs and our vital requirements, we must not forget the question of +cost. We must see to it that the whole future livelihood of our people +shall, so far as is in any way possible, be relieved of the burden. The +leaden weight of thousands of millions is due to the people who got up +this war. They, not we, shall drag it along with them. Of course, we +know that this is a matter of peculiar difficulty, but everything that +can be done in this direction shall be done. + +We are paying the money almost exclusively to ourselves, whilst the +enemy is paying its loans abroad, a guarantee that in the future we +shall maintain the advantage. + + DR. HELFFERICH, + _Reichstag, September, 1915._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_WE DON'T UNDERSTAND THIS LOAN GAME_ + +_(In Germany there is a game by which children passing a coin from one +to another are supposed to, but do not, get richer.)_ + + * * * * * + + +German statesmen and editors make a boast of the fact that so far they +have not raised any war funds by taxation. That is true, but they are +pursuing the far less commendable course of raising the money by loans +and by "hanky-panky" manipulations of currency paper. Dr. Helfferich, +the Imperial Minister of Finance, recently admitted that he dared not +impose further taxation, and it is a fair inference that he knew any +such proposals would be futile--that the burdens of the German taxpayers +are already as heavy as they can bear. + + _The Nineteenth Century and After._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE GERMAN LOAN_ + +"_Don't breathe on the bubble or the whole will collapse_" + + * * * * * + + +The German war loans have been subscribed mainly by the great companies +of Germany; by the Savings Banks, the Banks, the Life and Fire Insurance +and Accident Insurance Companies, etc. + +Furthermore, these loans have been pyramided; that is to say, a man who +subscribed and paid for one hundred thousand marks of loan number one +could, when loan number two was called for, take the bonds he had bought +of loan number one to his bank and on his agreement to spend the +proceeds in subscribing to loan number two, borrow from the bank eighty +thousand marks on the security of his first loan bonds, and so on. + + JAMES W. GERARD _in_ + "_My Four Years in Germany._" + +[Illustration] + + + + +"_Wounded First_" + + * * * * * + + +The Allan Liner _Hesperian_ was torpedoed by a German submarine in the +English Channel on the 4th September, 1915; on board were a number of +invalided Canadian troops. British admiralty patrol boats were quickly +on the spot and succeeded in saving all the passengers and crew with the +exception of eight souls. + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE MORNING PAPER_:--"_GREAT NEWS_" + + * * * * * + + +The Press Bureau of the War Office announces that a fleet of hostile +airships visited the eastern counties and a portion of the London area +last night and dropped bombs. + +The following military casualties, in addition to the one announced last +night, have been reported: Fourteen killed and thirteen wounded. + +The Home Office announces the following casualties other than the +military casualties reported above: Killed--Men, 27; women, 9; children, +5; total, 41. Injured--Men, 64; women, 30; children, 7; total, 101. + +Of these casualties 32 killed and 95 injured were in the London area, +and these figures include those announced last night. + + _London, October, 1915._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_VAN TROMP AND DE REUTER_ + +"_So long as you permit Zeppelins to cross our land you surely should +cease to boast of our deeds._ + +_(Whenever a Dutchman wishes to speak of the great past of his country +he calls to mind the names of these heroes.)_ + + * * * * * + + +Many of the Zeppelins that raided English towns and villages crossed +over Holland leaving and returning to their bases in Germany. This was +held to be a violation of the neutrality of Holland and "pro-Ally" +Dutchmen endeavored to make the question an international one. + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE MARSHES OF PINSK_ + +_The Kaiser_: "_When the leaves fall you'll have peace._"--_They have._ + + * * * * * + + +The last of the great Austro-German strokes had failed, and before the +beginning of October, 1915, the line of the enemy in the east was +established precisely where it was to be found unchanged until the great +offensive delivered upon its southern part by the Russians in the +beginning of June, 1916. Lord Kitchener put the matter simply and in +words the accuracy of which could be gauged by the exasperation they +caused at Berlin, when he said that the enemy had now in the East "shot +his bolt." It was a phrase exactly true. The expense in men, the +difficulty of bringing up munitionment; the entry into territories with +worse roads and less opportunities of supply; the fact that the line now +reached was cut by the great belt of marshes in the centre--all these +things between them brought the great adventure to a stand. + + HILAIRE BELLOC. + _in Land and Water._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +"_Cheer up, Austria, you have Germans and Bulgarians to help you this +time_" + + * * * * * + + +Until October, 1915, the Austro-Hungarian forces entrusted with the +invasion and subjection of Serbia had failed in their objectives. + +After an initial success the armies of the Dual Empire met with several +defeats and were finally driven across the Danube. At the beginning of +the year the Serbian campaign was abandoned and Field Marshal Pottionek +in command of the Austrian Armies was removed from his post. + +[Illustration] + + + + +_FERDINAND, THE CHAMELEON_ + +"_I was a Catholic, but needing Russian help, I became a Greek Orthodox. +Now I need the Austrians I again become Catholic. Should things turn out +badly I can again revert to Greek Orthodoxy._" + + * * * * * + + +Bulgaria must fight at the victor's side. The Germans and +Austro-Hungarians are victorious on all fronts. Russia soon will have +collapsed entirely. Then will come the turn of France, Italy, and +Serbia. Bulgaria would commit suicide if she did not fight on the side +of the central powers, which offer the only possibility of realizing her +desire for union of all Bulgarian peoples. + +In the beginning none could foresee how events would develop and which +side would be victorious. If the Government had resolved to participate +in the great war it might have committed the fault of joining the side +that would have been beaten, and thus jeopardize the existence of the +present Bulgarian Empire. + + _From Bulgarian Manifesto. + October, 1915._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_SERBIA. AUTUMN, 1915_ + +"_Now we can make an end of him_" + + * * * * * + + +The Balkan campaign is the easiest task ever intrusted to an army +leader. If the present plan is carried out it will be impossible for the +Allies to escape capture or disaster, and the only real military task is +to accomplish all this with the smallest possible loss to ourselves. + +Even with the greatest force the Anglo-French Governments can muster the +Germanic armies will outnumber them two to one, while the Austro-German +artillery is in the proportion of five to one. + + _The Azest, Budapest, + October, 1915._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_OCTOBER IN SERBIA_ + +_(October in Holland is called the "butcher's month," as the flocks are +then killed preparatory to the winter.)_ + + * * * * * + + +On October 7th, 1915, an army of 400,000 Austrians, Hungarians and +Germans forced the Danube and commenced the great drive on Serbia; by +the 10th the invaders had captured Belgrade. At the same moment the +Bulgarians in great force attacked the Serbians on their right flank and +by the 28th joined forces with the Teutonic troops. + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE KAISER COUNTS THE BAG_ + + * * * * * + + +On October 13, 1915, about 9:30 at night, fire opened from the skies on +the centre of London. That same evening parts of the Eastern Counties +were attacked. In London alone 32 were killed and 95 injured, and the +total casualties for the whole area of the raid that night were 56 +killed and 113 wounded. A number of houses were damaged, and several +fires started. Most of the victims were ordinary working folk, doing +their ordinary work. Motor omnibus conductors died in the street, a +messenger boy was killed when delivering a message, a potman died at his +work, a caterer was killed while returning from a Masonic lodge, a +carman's daughter was injured in the legs and lingered until the next +morning, a waitress was done to death while returning from a Young +Women's Guild, and so on. + + _Times History of the War._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +"_THE ENTRY INTO CONSTANTINOPLE_" + +_The Kaiser_: "_Who is this man?_" + + * * * * * + + +The German Emperor will spend Christmas in Constantinople at the head of +his victorious troops. + + _The Pesti-Napols, Budapest. + October, 1915._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_GO TO YOUR HEREDITARY ENEMY, BULGARIA_ + + * * * * * + + +It must not be forgotten that Greece is an independent nation that +disposes of its fate in full sovereignty. The Austro-German attack on +Serbia releases Greece at least from the obligation of armed +intervention, and independent of that attack it is materially impossible +for Serbia to give Greece the support of 150,000 men stipulated in the +treaty in case of war with Bulgaria, the Entente powers have not +furnished a contingent equivalent. + + _Grecian Note of October 26, 1915._ + + +I deplored the fact that Serbia is being left to be crushed by Bulgaria, +Greece's hereditary enemy, who will not scruple later to fall on Greece +herself. + + _From speech of_ VENIZELOS + _before dissolution of his Government._ + _November 3, 1915._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +"_THEY BOWED THE KNEE BEFORE HIM_" + +_The extermination of Armenian Christians, Autumn of 1915_ + + * * * * * + + +These atrocities had as their deliberate object the extermination of the +Armenian race, and it is not difficult to assess the guilt. The guilt +lay with the Young Turkish Government at Constantinople and with the +local officials who acted in collusion with them. But there was a +greater criminal even than the Young Turkish Government, for behind +Turkey stood the country that was Turkey's ally and the dominant partner +in the policy she pursued. There was a considerable variation in the +conduct of individual Germans in Turkey. The German missionaries seem to +have stood laudably by their principles, and the German Vice-Consul at +Erzerum is said to have sent the exiles relief. But in the Aleppo +province and Cilicia the German officials, both military and civil, +threw themselves actively into the Young Turks' scheme; at Moush and Van +German officers are believed to have participated directly in the +slaughter, and at Erzerum they are reported to have taken their share of +the Armenian girls. + + _Times History of the War._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_DRIVEN FROM THE TEMPLE OF HUMANITY_ + + * * * * * + + +If the Porte considers it necessary that Armenian insurrections can +either go on or should be crushed so as to exclude all possibility of +their repetition, then there is no murder and no atrocity, but simply +measures of a justifiable and a necessary kind. + + COUNT VON REVENTLOW. + + +I was asked last night to define German militarism, and there is the +definition (above) in the devilish spirit of such a judgment and excuse +for the cowardly massacre of 800,000 human beings, not all men, but +thousands of women and children. + + T. P. O'CONNOR, M.P. + _House of Commons, + London, November 16, 1915._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE OLD SERB_ + +"_Fighting with the Bulgarians against the Turk I lost my brothers, my +sons fell fighting with the Greeks against Bulgaria, but only when the +Germans came were my wife and children killed._" + + * * * * * + + +In the three districts of Polzerie, Matchva, and Yadar, the various +kinds of death and torture inflicted were apportioned as follows: + + _Males_ _Females_ + Victims shot 345 64 + Victims killed with knives 113 27 + Victims hanged 7 6 + Victims massacred and clubbed to death with sticks and 48 26 + butt-ends of rifles + Victims disemboweled 2 4 + Victims burned alive 35 96 + Victims pinioned and robbed 52 12 + Victims whose arms were cut off, torn off, or broken 5 1 + Victims whose legs were cut off or broken 3 0 + Victims whose noses were cut off 28 6 + Victims whose ears were cut off 31 7 + Victims whose eyes were put out 30 38 + Victims whose genital organs were mutilated 3 3 + Victims whose skin was cut in strips, or portions of 15 3 + their face detached + Victims stoned 12 1 + Victims whose breasts were cut off 0 2 + Victims cut in pieces 17 16 + Victims beheaded 1 0 + Little girl thrown to the pigs 0 1 + Victims killed without the manner of their deaths 240 5 + being specified + + _Serbian Government Report_, + PROFESSOR R. A. REISS, + _University of Lausanne, + Switzerland_. + +[Illustration] + + + + +_NEW PEACE OFFERS_ + +_Von Bethmann-Hollweg_: "_The worst of it is, I must always deny having +been there._" + + * * * * * + + +In reality none of our enemies has approached us with suggestions of +peace. Our enemies have rather considered it to their interest to +attribute to us falsely offers of peace. Both facts have the same +explanation--self-deception beyond compare, which we would only make +worse if we approached them with peace proposals, instead of waiting for +them to come to us. + + VON BETHMANN-HOLLWEG. + _Reichstag, December 5, 1915._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_FERDINAND S'EN VA T'EN GUERRE NE SAIT S'IL REVIENDRA_ + + * * * * * + + +In true comradeship the glorious triumphal march of your Majesty's +nation in arms began, which, under the guidance of its illustrious War +Lord, has added one sublime leaf of glory to another in the history of +Bulgaria. In order to give visible expression to my feelings for such +deeds, and to the feelings of all Germany, I have begged your Majesty to +accept the dignity of Prussian Field Marshal, and I am, with my army, +happy that you, by accepting it, also in this sense _have become one of +us_. + + _The_ GERMAN EMPEROR _to_ + KING FERDINAND _of Bulgaria + at Nish, Serbia, December, 1916._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE VOICE OF THE PEOPLE_ + +_The Kaiser_: "_Don't bother about your people, 'Tino. They must do what +we say._" + + * * * * * + + +The Venizelist "Patris" took another view of the situation on the same +date: + +Only those who are unable to foresee things, or who are panic-stricken, +would be unable to foretell the evolution of the events immediately +following the Austro-German attack on Serbia. The Central Empires, not +disposing enough troops for this campaign, needed the Bulgars, with whom +they associated; but they also needed the neutrality of Greece, because +without it Bulgaria would be unable to cooperate with them, as she would +have to defend herself against Greece. In order to secure Bulgar help, +the Austro-Germans used the method of compensation. The whole of Serbian +Macedonia, a part of Old Serbia, an exit on the Adriatic Sea, +concessions at the expense of Turkey--all this was a part of the +national problem of the Bulgarian lust of conquest. It was in this way +that the Bulgarians undertook the assassin's job of striking Serbia from +behind. In order to secure the neutrality of Greece, the Austro-Germans +resorted to the Prussian method of terrorism, inasmuch as no other +concessions and compensations were at hand. Both methods have been +equally successful. + + _The Athens "Patris" Current History. + Special Staff Correspondence. December, 1915._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_TRUTH_ + +_As painted by the German Chancellor_ + + * * * * * + + +It is well known that France granted loans to Russia only under the +condition that it develop its Polish fortresses and railroads against +us; also that England and France regarded Belgium as their route of +advance against us. We must protect ourselves politically and militarily +against this, and also insure our economic development. + +As I said on Aug. 19, we are not the ones who are threatening the small +nations. We are battling in this struggle, forced upon us, not to +subjugate foreign nations, but to protect our life and freedom. This war +remains for the German Government what it was in the beginning and what +has been maintained in every pronunciamento--a defensive war of the +German Nation for its future. + + VON BETHMANN-HOLLWEG. + _Reichstag, December 9, 1915._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE EVACUATION OF GALLIPOLI_ + +"_What are you firing at? The British left twenty-four hours ago!_" + +"_Sorry, Sir--and what a glorious victory._" + + * * * * * + + +The enemy were completely deceived. On the afternoon of December 20, +1915, a vigorous attack was begun in the Cape Helles area against some +trenches at the head of the Krithia ravine. With the help of fire from +warships, the trenches were taken with small loss, and held against +counter-attacks delivered that night. This operation helped to divert +the enemy's attention. At 3.30 A. M. on the morning of December 21 a +huge mine was exploded by the Anzacs near Russell's Top. The Turks +thought the Anzacs were about to attack, and for forty minutes they +blazed away furiously with their rifles at the empty trenches. The +Australians left many letters of farewell to the Turks, assuring them +that they were clean fighters and that the Australians hoped to meet +them again. + + _Times History of the War._ + + +The retirement from Gallipoli was one of the finest operations in +military or naval history. It will take an imperishable place in our +national history. + + H. H. ASQUITH, _Prime Minister, + House of Commons, January 10, 1916_. + +[Illustration] + + + + +_CHRISTMAS, 1916_ + +"_The holy war is at the door_" + +[Illustration] + + + + +_NEW YEAR'S FEAST OF KULTUR_ + + * * * * * + + +The British Liner _Persia_ was sunk by a German submarine on December +30, 1915, southeast of Crete, while on her way to the Orient. American +Consul McNeeley, on his way to his post at Arden, was among the 335 +persons who lost their lives, of which two or more were Americans. + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE POILU_ + + * * * * * + + +We are not going to grow weary. France has confidence because you are +there. How often have I heard your officers say: "Never, in any age, +have we had a finer army. Never have men been better trained, braver, +more heroic than ours!" Everywhere that I have seen you I have felt +myself tremble with admiration and hope. You will conquer. The year now +opening will bring you, my friends, the pride of finishing the defeat of +the enemy, the joy of returning to your homes, and the sweetness of +celebrating the victory there amid those you love. + + _The President of France + to French Troops, January, 1916._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE TRIALS OF A COURT PAINTER_ + +"_I commenced this as the entry into Paris, but I must finish it as the +entry into Nish_" + + * * * * * + + +Hail Emperor, Caesar and King! Thou art victor and glorious. In ancient +Nish all the peoples of the East salute thee, the redeemer, bringing to +the oppressed prosperity and salvation. + + KING FERDINAND OF BULGARIA + TO THE GERMAN EMPEROR + _On the occasion of the + triumphal entry of the two + Monarchs into Nish. January, 1916._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_VON DER GOLTZ GOES TO THE PROMISED LAND_ + + * * * * * + + +In January, 1916, Field Marshal Baron von der Goltz was appointed +commander in chief of the Turkish Armies in the Caucasus. The serious +nature of the Turkish situation in the Caucasus seems to have been +realised in Berlin but the veteran German general was unable to stem the +advance of the victorious Russians who were shortly afterwards to +capture the great fortress of Erzerum with its entire garrison, guns and +supplies. + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE BURIAL OF PRIVATE WALKER_ + + * * * * * + + +On September 9, 1914, Joseph Walker enlisted for the duration of the +war; on January 11, 1916, the sea bore his dead body to the dyke at West +Capelle. This afternoon, at 1 P.M., while the northwest wind whistled +over Walcheren, the English soldier was buried in the churchyard of West +Capelle. + +First the vice-consul in the name of England spread the British flag +over him who for England had sacrificed his young life. Four men of West +Capelle carried the coffin outside and placed it at the foot of the +tower, that old gray giant, which has witnessed so much world's woe, +here opposite the sea. It was a simple, but touching ceremony. + +"Man that is born of a woman hath but a short time to live.... He cometh +forth like a flower and is cut down." Thus spoke the voice of the +minister and the wind carried his words, and the wind played with the +flag of England, the flag that flies over all seas, in Flanders, in +France, in the Balkans, in Egypt, as the symbol of threatened +freedom--the flag whose folds here covered a fallen warrior. + +And in the roaring storm we went our way. There was he carried, the +soldier come to rest, and the flag fluttered in the wind and wrapped +itself round that son of England. Then the coffin sank into the ground +and the hearts of us, the departing witnesses, were sore. Earth fell on +it, and the preacher said: "Earth to earth, dust to dust." + + _From the Amsterdam Telegraaf, + January, 1916._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_"COME AND BE HAPPY AT POTSDAM"_ + + * * * * * + + +The little Kingdom of Montenegro was conquered by the Austrians in +January, 1916. Although the Austrians were present in overwhelming +force, a substantial part of the Montenegrin Army were able to escape +and join the Serbs who were in Albania. + +Upon the fall of Montenegro, the Kaiser invited the King to accept +German hospitality in Berlin. The King refused and escaped to France, +taking up his residence at Lyon. + +[Illustration] + + + + +_TOM THUMB AND THE GIANT_ + +"_Come and save me, you know I am fond of children_" + + * * * * * + + +On February 1, 1916, the small fishing trawler _King Stephen_ from +Grimsby found the German Zeppelin L 19 floating in the North Sea with +her crew clinging to her. The captain of the trawler refused to take the +crew of the Zeppelin on board his boat, fearing he would be overpowered +and captured. His action caused a great outcry in Germany, +notwithstanding the fact that the Zeppelin was doubtless responsible for +the death of many women and children in England and had actually dropped +a bomb on a steamer during the previous night and left the crew to +perish. + +[Illustration] + + + + +_ON THE WAY TO BAGDAD_ + +"_Halt_" + + * * * * * + + +The assault on the forts (Erzerum) and the principal position lasted +from February 11 till February 15 inclusive. After we had taken the +forts on the left flank of the principal Turkish line of defense, +extending about 27 miles, the fate of the forts in the centre and on the +right flank, and, after them, of the second line forts and the principal +defensive position, was decided on February 16 after short attacks. +These fortifications, which were full of Turkish dead, remained in our +possession. + +During the assault on the fortress several Turkish regiments were +annihilated or made prisoners with all their officers. On the line of +forts alone we took 197 pieces of artillery of various calibres in good +condition. In the defence works of the central fortress we took another +126 pieces of artillery. In the fortified region of Erzerum we took a +large number of depots of various kinds, which have already been +mentioned by the Headquarter Staff. The exact number of Turkish +prisoners is 235 officers and 12,753 men. + + _Russian Official Report on + the Capture of Erzerum._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE HOLY WAR_ + +_The Turk_: "_But he is so great._" + +_William_: "_No one is great save Allah and I am his Prophet._" + + * * * * * + + +About the time Turkey became involved in the war a telegram was +published as having been sent from Kaiser Wilhelm to the Crown Prince +announcing with evident satisfaction that the supreme Moslem authorities +at Constantinople had given their sanction to the declaration of a Holy +War against Russia, England, and France "as oppressors of the Moslems." +At one time it looked as though the aspirations implied by this message +might be carried out. There was a mutiny at Singapore in which Moslem +troops were implicated; there were outbreaks in the Italian Tripolitana +and among the Senoussi tribesmen on the western border of Egypt; there +was at least a threat against the Suez Canal, from the direction of +Beersheba, and there was, or seemed to be, the possibility of a +pro-German uprising in Persia. The advance of the Russians from the +Caspian has dissipated this last possibility; the Suez Canal is no +longer even threatened; the Senoussi have given their submission. +Finally, from India, from Sultan Mohammed Aga Khan, who is the spiritual +head of the many million Moslems in India, comes a declaration which +shows that the hopes of a holy war, as it seems to have been expected in +Germany, were never anything more than a myth. + + "_Current History_," _New York._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_The Kaiser_: "_Your ruthlessness has failed, Tirpitz; I must pin my +faith to Count Zeppelin._" + + * * * * * + + +The ruthless submarine policy introduced by von Tirpitz earlier in the +war and which was guaranteed to "bring proud Albion to her knees" had +completely failed in its object by Spring, 1916. After a bitter fight +between von Tirpitz and his opponents of whom the chief was the +Chancellor himself, the Admiral on March 16, 1916, resigned his office +of Secretary of State for the Imperial Navy. + +[Illustration] + + + + +_GOTT STRAFE ENGLAND_ + +_"Father says I must do the same with France"_ + + * * * * * + + +We have seen that corps were specially called back to the interior of +Germany for reposing, training and even feeding calculated towards the +end in view. Light railways were built upon every side. Heavy artillery +was concentrated to the number of over one thousand pieces--all that +could be spared--and slowly massed in the woods by Spincourt, and an +immense head of shell accumulated during the four winter months. The +unfit were thoroughly combed out and every possible man taken to swell +the German effectives. Class 1916 after some four months' training was +sent forward to the local depots behind the front with the object of +throwing it into the fighting the moment the losses should become +serious. Class 1917 began to be called out (in the month of December). +On the 19th of February, 1916, the first shots of the intensive +bombardment against the Verdun sector were fired, and on Monday the 21st +of February the great German offensive was launched. + + HILAIRE BELLOC. + _in Land and Water._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_William_: "_You lead new Regiments upon Verdun, whilst I weep over the +losses of the old ones._" + + * * * * * + + +Of the German Corps known to have been engaged the 3rd and 18th Corps +have been entirely used up, or "spent," as the military phrase goes. The +7th Reserve Corps has lost half, and the 15th Corps three-quarters, of +its available strengths. The German forces had by the evening of March 3 +"used up," in addition to those already mentioned, a part of the 113th +Division, the 5th Reserve Corps, and the Bavarian Ersatz Division, +without taking into account the losses of other reinforcements, whose +presence on the battlefield has not yet been definitely ascertained. + +None of the prisoners questioned estimated the losses suffered by their +companies at less than one-third of the total effectives. Taking into +account all available indications, it may safely be assumed that, during +the fighting of the last 13 days, the Germans have lost in killed, +wounded, and prisoners at least 100,000 men. + + LORD NORTHCLIFFE'S _Despatch + from Verdun, March 4, 1916_ + +[Illustration] + + + + +"_NOBODY SEES ME, SO I CAN ALWAYS DENY IT._" + + * * * * * + + +In March, 1916, a great neutral passenger ship, the Dutch Liner +_Tubantia_, was sunk in the North Sea. All the passengers and crew were +saved with one exception. The Dutch Government protested to the German +Government which disclaimed all responsibility, stating that the +explosion which sunk the vessel must have been due to a British mine. +During the Dutch Government's investigation members of the crew +testified to having seen the wake of a torpedo although no submarine was +observed. Evidence was produced which indicated that the _Tubantia_ was +the victim of a submarine attack. + +[Illustration] + + + + +_PAN GERMANICUS AS PEACE MAKER_ + +_The Dove_: "_They say they do not want peace as they have time +enough._" + +_The Eagle_: "_Alas! That is just what we haven't got._" + + * * * * * + + +Gentlemen, I have spoken candidly. I have been able to say openly that +we desire peace, because the German Nation is sufficiently strong, and +because it is resolved to continue the fight in defense of home and +country should its enemies not wish for peace. + +The Imperial Chancellor knows that the whole world is waiting in +breathless expectation his reply to our interpellation. I trust that he +will find the redeeming words, and that he will express his readiness to +enter into peace negotiations. + + PHILIP SCHEIDEMANN, + _Chairman German Socialist Party, + Reichstag, March, 1916._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +"_We have only come to see that the English don't threaten you._" + + * * * * * + + +The Germans left no stones unturned to influence the Dutch in their +favor. They deluged the newspaper offices with free propaganda, +telegraphed at great expense from Berlin, and supplied free copies of +the Berlin Journals. Everything possible was to spread distrust of the +English, who were constantly accused of having designs on the integrity +of Holland and of desiring to take possession of the Scheldt. This was +carried so far that a panic was created on March 31, 1916, by the report +of landing of the Entente forces in Zeeland. The report, which was +without any foundation, was circulated by the Germans and spread like +wild fire around the country. + + _The Times History of the War._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_HOHENZOLLERN MADNESS_ + +_The storming of Dead Man's Hill_ + + * * * * * + + +We figure that the attempt to rush this important position (their object +was to capture Le Mort Homme, in order to render untenable the key +sector of Pepper Hill and Douaumont) cost the Germans fully 30,000 men, +of whom an unusually high proportion were killed, owing to their +inability to succor and save the slightly wounded. + +Perhaps now the enemy will realize that he has reached a stalemate, for +the abrupt breakdown of yesterday's attempt against Vaux and Douaumont +proves once more it is impossible to advance there while we hold Le Mort +Homme, and the latter must seem to be impregnable. + + _French Official Eyewitness. + March 26, 1916._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_"MY SON LIES HERE, WHERE ARE YOURS?"_ + +[Illustration] + + + + +THE OLD POILU + + * * * * * + + +Soldiers of the Army of Verdun! For three weeks you have been exposed to +the most formidable assaults yet attempted against us by the enemy. +Germany counted upon the success of this effort, which she believed to +be irresistible, and to which she has devoted her best troops and her +most powerful artillery. She hoped that the capture of Verdun would +revive the courage of her allies and would convince neutral countries of +German superiority. She had reckoned without you. Night and day, despite +a bombardment without precedent, you have resisted all attacks and +maintained our positions. The struggle is not yet at an end, for the +Germans require a victory. You will succeed in wresting it from them. We +have munitions and reserves in abundance; but, above all, you have +indomitable courage and faith in the destinies of the Republic. The eyes +of the country are upon you. You will be among those of whom it will be +said: they barred the road to Verdun to the Germans. + + GENERAL JOFFRE _to + the French Army at Verdun, + March, 1916._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_"GERMAN CHIVALRY ON THE SEA"_ + + * * * * * + + +The British Submarine _E13_ ran aground on the Danish Island of Saltholm +within the three mile limit. Whilst in this helpless position, unable to +attack or to defend herself she was shelled by a large German destroyer. +Of her crew of thirty, fifteen were killed. + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE ETERNAL BARRAGE_ + + * * * * * + + +The British Official Press Bureau reports the German casualties during +February, 1916, at 35,198, of whom 10,211 were killed or died either of +wounds or sickness; 2,017 missing, 5,217 severely wounded, 1,340 +prisoners, 11,865 slightly wounded. The German casualties during March, +including the slaughter at Verdun and the sanguinary struggles in the +eastern theatre, are estimated at 175,000. This estimate, added to the +previous reports, swell the German losses since the beginning of the +war--including all German nationalities: Prussians, Bavarians, Saxons, +and Wuerttembergers, but excluding naval and colonial casualties--to the +grand total of 2,842,372, of which number about 660,000 were killed and +died of wounds, 40,000 died of sickness, 120,000 are prisoners, 220,000 +are missing, 365,000 are severely wounded, 265,000 wounded, about +1,050,000 slightly wounded, 140,000 wounded remaining with units. The +number killed in action, estimating one-half the missing as killed, is +over 25 per cent. of the total. + +[Illustration] + + + + +_VON BETHMANN-HOLLWEG'S PEACE SONG_ + + * * * * * + + +This new Europe in many respects cannot resemble the past. The blood +which has been shed will never be repaid, and the wealth which has been +destroyed can only slowly be replaced. But, whatever else this Europe +may be, it must be for the nations that inhabit it a land of peaceful +labor. The peace which shall end this war shall be a lasting peace. It +must not bear the germ of new wars, but must provide for a peaceful +arrangement of European questions. + + VON BETHMANN-HOLLWEG. + _Reichstag, April 5, 1916._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +"_WHY, I HAVE KILLED YOU TWICE AND YOU DARE TO COME BACK AGAIN!_" + + * * * * * + + +The capture of Trebizond, the most important Turkish city on the Black +Sea, marks another important step in Russia's historic campaign in Asia +Minor. After a sanguinary battle at Kara Dera on April 14 the Grand +Duke's troops broke through the fierce resistance of the Turks and, with +the cooperation of the Russian Black Sea Fleet, fought their way three +days later into the fortified city of Trebizond. With this strongest +point on the Anatolian coast in Russian hands, the menace to the back +door of Constantinople becomes imminent. + +_Current History, New York._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +"_Mais quand la voix de Dieu l'appela il se voyait seul sur la terre au +milieu de fantomes tristes et sans nombre._" + + * * * * * + + +The latest estimate of German losses at Verdun is 200,000! Does the +Kaiser, at safe distance, still "look on"? What blessing has this +monarch of a great and productive realm brought upon his people? +Mourning, desolation, and irremediable misery! No triumph, no victory +can atone for such a deluge of blood and tears! That capricious +Personage "somewhere in Heaven," whom Wilhelm calls "Unser Gott," may +possibly resent the deliberate casting away of golden opportunities on +the part of his crowned earthly "familiar," to whom a peaceful world was +offered, only to be kicked aside for a battered helmet and broken sword! + +"Thrust in thy sickle and reap!" O Emperor of a brief and bitter day! +The harvest of death, not life!--the harvest of curses, not blessings! +The thousands of dead men--dead in the very strength of +manhood--sacrificed in a holocaust on the flaming altar of the wickedest +war the world has ever seen, may have their own story to tell to "Unser +Gott"; so may the bereaved and wretched women whose husbands and sons +have been torn from their arms forever. + + MARIE CORELLI _in + The Sunday Times, London, + April, 1916._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE DEPORTATIONS FROM LILLE_ + + * * * * * + + +The attitude of England renders it increasingly difficult to feed the +population. + +To lessen misery, the German authority has recently asked volunteers to +work in the country. This offer has not had the success which was +expected. Consequently the inhabitants will be removed by compulsion and +transported to the country. Those removed will be sent in the interior +of French occupied territory far behind the front, where they will be +employed in agriculture and in no way in military work. + + _German Proclamation. + Lille, April, 1916._ + + +Upon the order of General von Graevenitz and with the assistance of +Infantry Regiment 64, sent by the German General Headquarters, about +25,000 French, young girls from 16 to 20 years old, young women and men +up to the age of 55 years, without distinction of social condition, were +torn from their homes at Roubaix, Tourcoing, and Lille, pitilessly +separated from their families, and forced to do agricultural work in the +Departments of the Aisne and Ardennes. + + _French Official Report._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE LAST THROW_ + + * * * * * + + +These are not, as our enemies are pretending to believe, the last +exertions of an exhausted nation, but the hammer blows of a strong, +invincible people which commands sufficient reserves in men and all +other means for the continuation of the hammer blows. + + _The Prussian War Minister_, + GENERAL WILD VON HOHENBORN, + _the Reichstag, April 11, 1916._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_RUSSIA TO FRANCE_ + + * * * * * + + +On the 20th of April, 1916, a number of transports arrived at Marseilles +carrying a large number of Russian troops for the support of France. The +troops had come by water through the East. Russian troops continued to +arrive in France for some time afterwards. + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE DEATH'S HEAD HUSSAR AT VERDUN_ + + * * * * * + + +In short, with ever-ebbing vigor, the German Army is smashing its head +against the walls of Verdun. The weight and vigor of the blows decrease, +but the suicidal mania continues. Two months have passed since the early +success of the German attack ended with the capture of Vaux village. +Each resumption of the attempt to take Verdun since that time has been a +cause for increasing wonder. What is there about this enterprise that +has turned it into a fatal obsession, from which the German high command +cannot escape, however great the cost of continuance? + + _From the Paris Figaro. + April, 1915._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_SIR JUDAS CASEMENT_ + + * * * * * + + +On April 24 Sir Roger Casement, a former Consul General, was captured in +the act of trying to land German arms on the west coast of Ireland. He +had been conveyed thither in a German submarine, with two Irish soldiers +from German prisons. A German auxiliary cruiser loaded with 20,000 +rifles and ammunition was taken and sunk at the same time. The vessel +was sunk by its own men, and the twenty-two German bluejackets on board +were made prisoners.... + +Casement had last been heard of in Germany, where he had attempted to +induce Irish prisoners of war to join an anti-British expedition to +Ireland. Testimony at his preliminary trial in London subsequently +showed that on Good Friday he had landed near Tralee from the German +submarine U-19 with a soldier named Bailey and another named Monteith. +In "McKinna's Fort" he was seen to drop a paper containing a code and +the words: "Await further instructions. Have decided to stay. Further +ammunition and rifles are needed. Send another ship." The small +collapsible boat in which he and his companions had landed also helped +to betray them, and Casement and Bailey were arrested before they could +get away in the automobile which was waiting for them. + + _Current History, New York._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND_ + + * * * * * + + +The manifesto of the Provisional Government of the Irish Republic did +not secure the support or signature of a single elected representative +of any section of the Irish people, or of any man who had won influence +by public services for Ireland. Its signatories were a convicted +dynamiter, a handful of minor poets, journalists and schoolmasters, a +junior corporation official, and a Syndicalist leader. The movement, +wrote Mr. Redmond, was insane and anti-patriotic: "Germany plotted it, +Germany organized it, Germany paid for it. So far as Germany's share in +it is concerned, it is a German invasion of Ireland, as brutal, as +selfish, as cynical as Germany's invasion of Belgium." + + _The Times History of the War._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE GRAVES OF ALL HIS HOPES_ + +[Illustration] + + + + +"_THE SUSSEX_" + +"_You need cooling, my friend_" + + * * * * * + + +I have deemed it my duty, therefore, to say to the Imperial German +Government that if it is still its purpose to prosecute relentless and +indiscriminate warfare against vessels of commerce by the use of +submarines, notwithstanding the now demonstrated impossibility of +conducting that warfare in accordance with what the Government of the +United States must consider the sacred and undisputable rules of +International Law and the universally recognized dictates of humanity, +the Government of the United States is at last forced to the conclusion +that there is but one course it can pursue and that unless the German +Imperial Government should now declare and effect the abandonment of its +present methods of warfare against passenger and freight-carrying +vessels, this Government can have no choice but to sever diplomatic +relations with the Government of the German Empire altogether. + + PRESIDENT WILSON'S + _Address to Congress, + April 19, 1916._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +"_I THOUGHT YOU SAID YOU WERE TOO PROUD TO FIGHT!_" + + * * * * * + + +This decision I have arrived at, to break off diplomatic relations with +Germany unless her methods of submarine warfare were abandoned, with the +keenest regret; the possibility of the action contemplated I am sure all +thoughtful Americans will look forward to with unaffected reluctance. +But we cannot forget that we are in some sort and by the force of +circumstances the responsible spokesmen of the rights of humanity, and +that we cannot remain silent while those rights seem in process of being +swept utterly away in the maelstrom of this terrible war. We owe it to a +due regard for our own rights as a nation, to our sense of duty as a +representative of the rights of neutrals the world over, and to a just +conception of the rights of mankind to take this stand now with the +utmost solemnity and firmness. + + PRESIDENT WILSON'S + _Address to Congress. + April 19th, 1916._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +"_Indeed, I am the most humane fellow in the world._" + + * * * * * + + +The German Government attaches no less importance to the sacred +principles of humanity than the Government of the United States. It +again fully takes into account that both Governments for many years +cooperated in developing international law in conformity with these +principles, the ultimate object of which has always been to confine +warfare on sea and land to armed forces of belligerents and safeguard as +far as possible noncombatants against the horrors of war. + + _German Gov't. reply to + U. S. Government in Sussex Case. + May, 1916._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_Von Tirpitz_: "_Well, my dears, I'm afraid you will have to improve +your manners--for a while at least._" + + * * * * * + + +The German Government notifies the Government of the United States that +German naval forces have received the following order: + +In accordance with the general principles of visit and search and the +destruction of merchant vessels, recognized by international law, such +vessels, both within and without the area declared a naval war zone, +shall not be sunk without warning and without saving human lives unless +the ship attempt to escape or offer resistance. + + _Imperial German Government + to United States Government. + May 4, 1916._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +"_WELL, MR. PRESIDENT, IF YOU INSIST, WE SHALL TRY TO BEHAVE LIKE +GENTLEMEN._" + + * * * * * + + +In view of the circumstances the German Government frankly admits that +the assurance given to the American Government, in accordance with which +passenger vessels were not to be attacked without warning, has not been +adhered to in the present case. As was intimated by the undersigned in +the note of the 4th instant, the German Government does not hesitate to +draw from this resultant consequences. It therefore expresses to the +American Government its sincere regret regarding the deplorable incident +and declares its readiness to pay an adequate indemnity to the injured +American citizens. It also disapproved of the conduct of the commander, +who has been appropriately punished. + + VON JAGOW, + _German Foreign Secretary + to United States Government, + 8th May, 1916._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_GOTT STRAFE VERDUN_ + +"_I wish I knew whether it is wiser to retreat or to advance_" + +VERDUN + + * * * * * + + +For more than two months the battle of Verdun has raged almost +ceaselessly day and night. It is conceded that Germany has concentrated +picked troops and heavy guns in quantities never before seen in war. +Yet, apart from the first withdrawal of General Petain's army from +outlying positions to definite lines of defense, the two months fighting +has not given the attacking forces a gain of two miles. + + _Current History, New York._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_GERMAN MILITARISM ON THE ALLIES' OPERATING TABLE_ + +"_For the sake of the world's future we must first use the knife_" + + * * * * * + + +The Germans have come with floating mines in the open seas, threatening +belligerents and neutrals equally. They have come with the +undiscriminating and murderous Zeppelin, which does military damage only +by accident. They have come with the submarine, which destroys neutral +and belligerent ships and crews, in scorn alike of law and mercy. They +have come upon blameless nations with invasion, incendiarism, and +confiscation. They have come with poisonous gases and liquid fire. All +their scientific genius has been dedicated to wiping out human life. +They have forced these things into general use in the war. + +The Prussian authorities apparently have but one idea of peace--an iron +peace imposed on other nations by German supremacy. They do not +understand that free men and free nations will rather die than submit to +that ambition, and that there can be no end to the war till that aim is +defeated and renounced. + + _From an interview with_ + SIR EDWARD GREY, + _in the Chicago News, + May, 1916._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_EMPIRE DAY, 1916_ + + * * * * * + + +When Germany challenged us nearly two years ago to uphold with our lives +the ideals by which we professed to live, we accepted the challenge, not +out of madness, nor for glory or for gain, but to make good those +professions. Since then the Allies and our empire have fought that they +may be free and all earth may be free from the intolerable domination of +German ideals. We did not foresee the size of the task when it opened. +We do not flinch from it now that the long months have schooled us to +full knowledge and have tempered us nationally and individually to meet +it. The nations within the empire have created, maintained, and +reinforced from their best the great armies they devote without question +to this issue. They have emerged, one by one, as powers clothed with +power through discipline and sacrifice, strong for good by their bitter +knowledge of the evil they are meeting, and wise in the unpurchasable +wisdom of actual achievement. Knowing as nations what it is we fight +for, realizing as men and women the resolve that has been added to us by +what each has endured, we go forward now under the proud banner of our +griefs and losses to greater effort, greater endurance, and, if need be, +heavier sacrifice, equal sponsors for the deliverance of mankind. + + RUDYARD KIPLING, + _on Empire Day, May 24, 1916._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE SPRING SONG_ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE GERMAN_: + +"_If you will let me keep what I have I will let you go_" + + * * * * * + + +I have twice publicly stated that Germany has been and is prepared to +discuss the termination of the war upon a basis that offers guarantee +against further attack from a coalition of her enemies and insures peace +to Europe. You have read President Poincare's answer to that. + +One thing I do know--only when statesmen of the warring nations come +down to a basis of real facts, when they take the war situation as every +war map shows it to be, when, with honest and sincere will they are +prepared to terminate this terrible bloodshed and are ready to discuss +the war and peace problems with one another in a practical manner, only +then will we be nearing peace. + +Whoever is not prepared to do that has the responsibility for it if +Europe continues to bleed and tear itself to pieces. I cast that +responsibility far from myself. + + VON BETHMANN-HOLLWEG _to + Berlin Correspondent of + New York World. + May 22, 1916._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE WANDERING JEW_ + +"_Once I turned the Christ from my door; now I must wander from the +Northern to the Southern seas--from Eastern to the Western shores ... +asking for Peace, but never finding it._" + +[Illustration] + + + + +_GRATITUDE OF THE WOMEN OF FRANCE TO THE KING OF SPAIN FOR THE TRACING +OF THE MISSING_ + + * * * * * + + +The soul of the royal work for the discovery of the missing is Don +Emilio-Maria de Torres, Minister Plenipotentiary and private secretary +to his Majesty. It is in the offices of his Secretariat, in the Palacio +Real, that this work is installed; it was soon so crowded there that it +became necessary to give up to it four halls, and then eight, in order +that the collaborators, becoming more and more numerous, might work +comfortably. In May, 1916, the work of the King, already a year old, +occupied at Madrid twenty-eight persons, who began their day at eight in +the morning and sometimes worked far into the night. + + MME. GABRIELLE REVAL + _in La Revue des Deux Mondes._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE BILL_ + + * * * * * + + +It is proved that from May 20 to May 25 (1916) seven different divisions +were flung into the battle on both sides of the Meuse. Four of these +were brought from other points of the Western front--two from Flanders, +two from the Somme. + +On the left bank alone four divisions were employed in the last week-end +fighting. Without a thought of the enormous losses caused by our curtain +fire and machine guns, the German Command threw them one after the other +into the boiling pot east and west of Mort Homme. On May 22 alone, +before the capture of Cumieres village, which has now been retaken, the +enemy made no fewer than 16 attacks upon the front from the Avocourt +Wood to the Meuse. Over 50,000 men sought that day to climb the slopes +of Mort Homme and the plateau of Hill 304. The great charnel heap had +15,000 fresh corpses flung upon it without the French lines having +yielded. + + _Official Despatch from Verdun front._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE LAST RIDE_ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_CAGED_ + + * * * * * + + +During an enterprise directed to the northward our high sea fleet on May +31 encountered the main part of the English fighting fleet, which was +considerably superior to our forces. + +During the afternoon, between Skagerrak and Horn Reef, a heavy +engagement developed, which was successful to us, and which continued +during the whole night.... + +_The High Sea Fleet returned today (Thursday) into our port._ + + _German Admiralty Report. + Berlin, June 1, 1916._ + + +On the afternoon of Wednesday, the 31st of May, a naval engagement took +place off the coast of Jutland. + +The British ships on which the brunt of the fighting fell were the +battle cruiser fleet and some cruisers and light cruisers, supported by +four fast battleships. Among these the losses were heavy. + +The German battle fleet, aided by low visibility, avoided a prolonged +action with our main forces. As soon as these appeared on the scene _the +enemy returned to port_, though not before receiving severe damage from +our battleships. + + _British Admiralty Report. + London, June 2, 1916._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE BATTLE OF JUTLAND_ + +_William Falstaff_: "_I know not what you call all, but if I fought not +with the whole British fleet, then I am a bunch of radish._" + + * * * * * + + +Our High Sea Fleet on May 31 encountered _the main part of the English +fleet_. + +On our side the small cruiser _Wiesbaden_, by hostile gunfire during the +day engagement, and his Majesty's ship _Pommern_, during the night, as +the result of a torpedo, were sunk. + +The fate of his Majesty's ship _Frauenlob_, which is missing, and of +some torpedo boats, which have not returned yet, is unknown. + + _German Admiralty Report. June 1, 1916._ + + * * * * * + + +In order to prevent fabulous reports, it is again stated that in the +battle off Skagerrak on May 31 the German high sea forces were in battle +with _the entire modern English fleet_. + +We were obliged to blow up the small cruiser _Elbing_, which, on the +night of May 31-June 1, owing to a collision with other German war +vessels, was heavily damaged. + + _German Admiralty Report. June 3, 1916._ + + +We state that the total loss of the German high sea forces during the +battle of May 31-June 1 and the following time are: One battle cruiser, +one ship of the line of older construction, four small cruisers, and +five torpedo boats. Of these losses, the _Pommern_, launched in 1905; +the _Wiesbaden_, _Elbing_, _Frauenlob_, and five torpedo boats already +have been reported in official statements. For military reasons, we +refrained until now from making public the losses of the vessels +_Luetzow_ and _Rostock_. + + _German Admiralty Report. June 8, 1916._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +"_AT LAST, TIRPITZ, I MAY TENDER MY IMPERIAL THANKS PUBLICLY._" + + * * * * * + + +After visiting my fleet, which returned victoriously from a heavy +battle, I feel I must again declare to you my imperial thanks for what +you have performed in my service in the technical domain and the domain +of organization. Our ships and weapons upheld themselves brilliantly in +the battle in the North Sea. It is also for you a day of glory. + + THE GERMAN EMPEROR _to_ + GRAND ADMIRAL VON TIRPITZ. + _June, 1916._ + +Before the Battle of Jutland Von Tirpitz retired from his post as +Minister of the Navy on the ground of ill health. He is credited with +being responsible for the submarine policy of ruthlessness which the +German Government were forced to moderate on account of President +Wilson's firm attitude in the Sussex episode. + +[Illustration] + + + + +"_We Had Almost Beaten the Boy When His Father Arrived and Then We Had +to Run for Our Lives._" + + * * * * * + + +The Germans were driven back into their ports without so much as making +an effort to grapple with the main body of our Grand Fleet, and had the +temerity to claim what really was a rout as a complete victory. A couple +more such victories and there will be nothing left of the German Navy +worth speaking about. The truth is slowly leaking out, and its full +extent is not yet realized or appreciated. Our command of the seas, so +far from being impaired, has been more firmly and unshakably +established. + + H. H. ASQUITH, + _British Prime Minister._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_DER TAG_ + +_Thank God, "the Day" is over_ + + * * * * * + + +First--It was admitted that "the small cruiser _Wiesbaden_ was sunk" and +that the _Pommern_--the character of that ship not being mentioned--had +also been destroyed; the light cruiser _Frauenlob_ was "missing," with +"some torpedo boats." The rest of the High Seas Fleet, it was declared, +"had returned to our harbors." + +Second--It had to be confessed that the light cruiser _Elbing_ had been +sunk. + +Third--A statement was issued to the effect that "one battle cruiser, +(the _Luetzow_,) one ship of the line of older construction, (the +_Pommern_,) four smaller cruisers," (the _Wiesbaden_, _Elbing_, +_Frauenlob_, and _Rostock_,) and "five torpedo boats" (really +destroyers) represented "the total loss." + +Fourth--It is now known that the battle cruiser _Seydlitz_ was run +ashore to save her from sinking. It is asserted by travelers who have +returned to Amsterdam that the battle cruiser _Derfflinger_ sank "on +being towed into Wilhelmshaven," and it is reported from Copenhagen that +the _Pommern_ was not the battleship which was torpedoed in the Baltic +by a British submarine in July last, but a new battle cruiser which was +named after the German State, thus perpetuating its association with the +navy. The story of the sinking of the dreadnought battleship +_Ostfriesland_ awaits confirmation. + + ARCHIBALD HURD + _in the London Daily Telegraph._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_German Admiral_: _How quiet it must be in those English harbors +blockaded by our Fleet._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE DEATH OF KITCHENER_ + + * * * * * + + +Field Marshal Lord Horatio Herbert Kitchener, the British Secretary of +State for War, perished with his staff off the West Orkney Islands on +June 5 by the sinking of the British cruiser _Hampshire_, which struck a +mine and went down fifteen minutes later. "O death, where is thy sting? +O grave, where is thy victory?" Formerly they had sounded in our ears as +chords of solemn music, breathing consolation; now that we see them +clearly to be triumphant verities, living and everlasting truths, they +ring out like a trumpet call, summoning and inspiring the living to +stronger action. The work continues though the hand that moulded it +perishes; the body dies, but the soul lives on. There is no sting in the +grave when on either side men press forward to one immortal goal and +when living and dead battle together for incorruptible principles. +Whether individually we live or die signifies nothing, if that high +cause for which we fight wins. Lord Kitchener's death will not interfere +with the work he had undertaken, nor shall his passing delay, but rather +shall it hasten the victory to which he looked forward. + + _Land and Water, London, June 8, 1916._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_Crown Prince_: "_We must have a higher pile to see Verdun, Father._" + + * * * * * + + +The Crown Prince, after the gigantic effort of his armies, was +confronted with problems more vast, with a resistance more confident and +more efficient, than those which he had had to face in the opening days +of the Verdun offensive. In three days the French had been driven off +their first positions along a large portion of the Verdun front; over a +month later they were still defending with increasing vigour their +second line. Behind that line lay yet another, and the prospect of the +fall of Verdun was but faint upon the German horizon. The French could +already count upon victory, the price of Verdun having already been +exacted in the enemy's blood, without the position having been captured. +That price, it was said, had been fixed by the Imperial General Staff at +200,000 casualties. + + _The Times History of the War._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THIS WILL MAKE WILLIAM JEALOUS; IT BEATS HIS NURSE CAVELL._ + + * * * * * + + +Signor Baltisti, before the war, was Deputy for Trent in the Austrian +Parliament, and in that position was a strong advocate of irredentist +claims in the Trentino. When war broke out he joined a Trentino regiment +under the Italian flag. + +He was captured by the Austrians in June, 1916, and executed, although +he wore an Italian uniform. His corpse was publicly hanged on a gibbet +in the city of Trent. + +[Illustration] + + + + +_SUMMER TIME, 1916--FIVE ON A BENCH_ + + * * * * * + + +The Summer of 1916 saw the Germans defeated at Verdun on the Somme and +at Riga. The Austrians were defeated in the Trentino and the Bukovina. +The Turks continued their retreat in Asia Minor and the Caucasus, while +the Entente Allies advanced upon the Bulgarians from Saloniki. + +[Illustration] + + + + +_CIVILISATION_: "_WHAT IS THE VERDICT._" + + * * * * * + + +The Government has carried on the war in accordance with methods which +are even incompatible with everything which has been done hitherto--the +violation of Belgium and Luxemburg; the use of poison gases, which were +subsequently used by the other belligerents; there were Zeppelin bombs +which killed both combatants and noncombatants, a submarine war on +commerce, the torpedoing of the _Lusitania_, etc.; pillage and extortion +of tribute, beginning with Belgium; the internment and imprisonment of +the population of the eastern provinces; various devices for forcing +prisoners to work against their own country, by spying for the Central +Powers, thereby committing an act of high treason; contracts arranged +between Zimmermann and Sir Roger Casement in December, 1915, for the +formation of armed units of English prisoners of war, for the purpose of +forming the Irish brigade. Besides these, other attempts must be +mentioned, which were made among the foreigners in concentration camps +in Germany, threatening them with internment unless they betrayed their +own countries and placed themselves at Germany's disposal. + + KARL LIEBKNECHT. + _June, 1916_. + +[Illustration] + + + + +_TO THE END_ + +_War and Hunger_: "_Now you must accompany us to the end._" + +_The Kaiser_: "_Yes, to my end._" + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE CONFEDERATES_ + +"_Did they believe that peace story in the Reichstag, Bethmann?_" + +"_Yes, but the Allies didn't._" + + * * * * * + + +Germany, using in turn force when she believes herself strongest and +craft when she feels herself growing feebler, is today resorting to +craft. She is spreading abroad the illusive word "peace." Where does +this word come from? To whom has it been spoken? And on what conditions? +And to what end? By her ambiguous man[oe]uvres Germany reckons on +dividing the allied countries. No one among us will fall into such a +trap. I have said, and I repeat, that when blood flows in streams, when +our troops with so much self-sacrifice are giving up their lives, the +word "peace" is a sacrilege if it means that the aggressor will not be +punished and if tomorrow Europe runs the risk of again being delivered +up to the despotism, fantasy, and caprice of a military caste athirst +for pride and domination. It would be the dishonor of the Allies! What +should our reply be if tomorrow, after having concluded such a peace, +our countries were dragged anew into the frenzy of armaments? What would +future generations say if we committed such an act of folly and if we +missed the opportunity which is offered us of establishing on solid +foundations a lasting peace? + + ARISTIDE BRIAND, + _Premier of France. + June, 1916._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +"_BUNKERED_" + + * * * * * + + +It is one of the greatest sources of pride for the Verdun Army to have +earned the testimony of the great assembly which incarnates and +immortalizes the genius of the French tongue and the French race. The +Army of Verdun has had the good fortune to answer to the appeal +addressed to it by the country. Thanks to its heroic tenacity the +offensive of the Allies has already made brilliant progress ... and the +Germans are not at Verdun. + + GENERAL NIVELLE + _to the French Army + at Verdun, June, 1916._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +"_WE HAVE FINISHED OFF THE RUSSIANS._" + +"_Wait a moment_" + + * * * * * + +RUSSIAN OFFENSIVE, JUNE, 1916 + + +The blow which the Russians have delivered to the Teutons has been one +of the hardest given to any belligerent during the entire war. Not even +the great German drive of last year has had the effect of the Russian +offense of the past six weeks. In this case it is much more than a loss +of territory; it is almost the destruction of an army. Russia had vast +reserves on which to fall back. + +Austria apparently has none. Austria alone of all the belligerents is +practically exhausted. Only a week ago the Austrian Department of War +endeavored to get the consent of the Government to call into the +military service all men between the ages of 56 and 60. Nothing could +show more eloquently the very dire straits into which the Austrian Army +has fallen. + + J. B. W. GARDINER. + _Current History._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE COSSACKS' SONG OF VICTORY_ + + * * * * * + + +The Petrograd official _communique_ of June 27, 1916, stated that the +prisoners and trophies captured by the armies of General Brusiloff +between June 4-23 amounted to 4,031 officers, 194,041 men, 219 guns, +besides 644 machine-guns, 196 bomb mortars, 146 artillery ammunition +wagons and 38 searchlights. + +The enormous importance of the Russian victories of June, 1916, as a +step in the attrition of the enemy forces was patent; the losses +suffered by the enemy on the Eastern front during those three weeks were +about equal to those he had suffered at Verdun in 130 days of fighting. + + _Times History of the War._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_CAPTAIN FRYATT_ + + * * * * * + + +Captain Charles Fryatt, master of the Great Eastern Railway's steamer +_Brussels_, which was captured by German warships on June 23, 1916, and +taken to Zeebrugge, was tried by German courtmartial at Bruges, July 27, +condemned to death by shooting, and executed immediately. The charge +against him was that of attempting to ram the German submarine U-33. + +His Majesty's Government find it difficult to believe that a master of a +merchant vessel who, after German submarines adopted the practice of +sinking merchant vessels without warning and without regard for the +lives of passengers or crew, took a step which appeared to afford the +only chance of saving not only his vessel, but the lives of all on +board, can have been deliberately shot in cold blood for this action. + + _British Foreign Office._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_BEFORE THE SOMME_ + +_William_: "_Why are you so heavily bombarding the remains of that +'contemptible little British army?_" + +_Prince of Bavaria_: "_I am afraid the remains are bombarding us._" + + * * * * * + + +The German view of the situation at the end of June was well shown in a +typical article by the military correspondent of the "Berliner +Tageblatt," Major Moraht, actually published on July 1. + +The writer began by declaring that "all the belligerent armies were now +at a critical stage." The Allies had undoubtedly increased the energy +and the uniformity of their conduct of war, and their great resources in +money and men and their command of the sea would enable them to do +everything possible "to hamper Germany's final victory." + +The British offensive was about to begin, and "without a serious +settlement of accounts with England on the battlefields in the west the +Germans would not come a step nearer to peace." Major Moraht and the +other German writers betrayed no sense of the immensity of the coming +events, and it was clear that the Germans had not begun to dream of the +defeats that were about to be inflicted upon them. + + _The Times History of the War._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE GERMAN TANGO_ + +"_From East to West, and West to East, I dance with thee_" + +[Illustration] + + + + +_The Wolf_: "_Is it not time to stop all further bloodshed?_" + + * * * * * + + +During the early days of July, 1916, a general offensive on the part of +the Allies began. + +The French and British armies attacked on the Somme, taking many towns +and villages and thousands of prisoners. + +The Russians continued their victorious advance in the Bukowina and +began a tremendous offensive far north on the Riga front. + +The Italian troops attacked in the Trentino and captured important +fortified Austrian positions. + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE DEUTSCHLAND DISPATCH_ + +"_Never mind, Mr. Wilson; it is only a little Lusitania blood on the +envelope_" + + * * * * * + + +On July 9th the German Merchant Submarine _Deutschland_ arrived at +Baltimore carrying a cargo of 1,000 tons of merchandise, principally dye +stuffs. According to a statement by Captain Koenig, commander of the +_Deutschland_, she was the first of a number of similar vessels which +were being built for the purpose of breaking the British blockade of +Germany. + +It was stated at the time that the captain of the submarine brought a +personal letter from the German Emperor to President Wilson. + +[Illustration] + + + + +_BALAAM AND HIS ASS_ + + * * * * * + + +What, German people, is your duty in this hour? The army wants no +exhortations. It has fought superhumanly. It will fight until final +victory. But the people at home--this is their duty: To suffer in +silence, to bear their renunciations with dignity. + + THE KAISER, _July, 1916_. + +[Illustration] + + + + +_TEAM WORK_ + + * * * * * + + +The great armies recruited and trained by Lord Kitchener, with the +mountains of munitions piled up by Lloyd George, have become a +tremendous weapon in the skilled hands of General Sir Douglas Haig; and +they are supported on the right by a French army under General Foch that +has shown itself more than able to keep pace with them. It must not be +forgotten that the battle of the Somme is a joint enterprise of close +teamwork under the supreme direction of General Joffre. + +Thus far we have heard less of the French than of the English wing, but +its achievement has been equally brilliant. The Germans caught between +these Frenchmen and Peronne, like those caught between the British and +Bapaume, have resisted to the limit of human endurance, but nothing +human could survive the awful blasting of high explosives to which their +first and second trench lines were subjected; and the Allies now have +the shells and the men to keep up the pressure indefinitely. + + _Current History, New York, July, 1916._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +"_I Hope, My Dear Friends and Allies, That I Have Been Able to Make You +Feel Happy and Confident Again._" + + * * * * * + + +The battle is raging, huge beyond all previous imagination. Rejuvenated, +perfectly equipped with all they want, Russia's armies again have broken +against our bulwarks in the east. France has experienced a regeneration +in this war of which she hardly believed herself capable. She has +dragged her dilatory English Ally into joining the offensive on the +Somme, and whatever inward worth the British army has it now has an +abundance of artillery. + + THE KAISER, _July, 1916_. + +[Illustration] + + + + +_ANOTHER NAIL IN HINDENBURG_ + +(_In 1915 a gigantic statue of wood was erected in Berlin to +Hindenburg_) + + * * * * * + + +The problem implied in the second phase of the great Russian offensive +of 1916 had been solved completely in favour of our Allies. The enemy +had abandoned his entire front south of the Marshes, having lost in ten +weeks' fighting (May, June, July) in prisoners alone well over 300,000 +men. The total casualties suffered by him in that campaign almost +equalled the original strength of his armies between the Pripet Marshes +and the Carpathian Mountains. + + _The Times History of the War._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +"_SEEMS TO BE NEUTRAL: SINK HIM!_" + + * * * * * + + +The freedom of the sea means to Germany that the German Navy is to +behave at sea as the German Army behaves on land. It means that neither +enemy civilians nor neutrals may possess rights against militant +Germany; that those who do not resist will be drowned, and those who do +will be shot. + +Already 244 neutral merchantmen have been sunk in defiance of law and +humanity, and the number daily grows. Mankind, with the experience of +two years of war behind it, has made up its mind about German culture. +It is not, I think, without material for forming a judgment about German +freedom. + + A. J. BALFOUR, + _First Lord of the Admiralty. + July, 1916._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +_NOW ALSO THE AXE IS LAID UNTO THE ROOT OF THE TREE_ + + * * * * * + + +As the second year of the war drew to its close important gains were +made by the Allied Armies on all fronts. On the Somme the British +occupied Mameton Wood, Trones Wood, and the villages of +Ovillers-la-Boiselle, Longueval, Podieres. The French advanced on a +front of 10-1/2 miles and captured the German positions from Estrees to +Vermando-Villers. On the Eastern Front, the Russians crossed the +Carpathians in the south and pierced Hindenburg's Riga line at several +points. + +On the Isonzo the Italians began a great drive towards Gorizia. + +[Illustration] + + + + +_THE SPIRIT OF FRANCE_ + +"_France is dying._"--_Hindenburg_ + + * * * * * + + +This year has been so full of a glory so pure that it will forever +illumine the human race. It has been a year in which France, the France +of Joan of Arc and Valmy, has risen, if possible, to even greater +heights. + +Be the war of short or long duration, France accepts it. The country is +summoning its genius and changing its methods. Each French soldier +before the enemy repeats the words of Joan of Arc, "You can enchain me, +but you cannot enchain the fortunes of France." + + PAUL DESCHANEL, _President of French + Chamber of Deputies._ + +[Illustration] + + + + +"_BEFORE THE FALL_" + +[Illustration] + + + + +_Europe_: "_Am I not yet sufficiently civilised?_" + + * * * * * + + +_Direct Losses of Human Life During Two Years of War_ + Dead Wounded Dead and Invalids + Wounded + Austria-H'gry 718,000 1,777,000 2,495,000 533,000 + Belgium 50,000 110,000 160,000 33,000 + Bulgaria 25,000 60,000 85,000 18,000 + England 205,000 512,000 717,000 154,300 + France 885,000 2,115,000 3,000,000 634,000 + Germany 885,500 2,116,300 3,001,800 634,900 + Italy 105,000 245,000 350,000 73,500 + Russia 1,498,000 3,820,000 5,318,000 1,146,000 + Serbia 110,000 140,000 250,000 42,000 + Turkey 150,000 350,000 500,000 105,000 + --------- ---------- ---------- --------- + Total 4,631,500 11,245,300 15,876,800 3,373,700 + _From a Danish Estimate + published by the War Study Society + of Copenhagen._ + +[Illustration] + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Raemaekers' Cartoon History of the +War, Volume 2, by Raemaekers + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RAEMAEKERS' CARTOON HISTORY *** + +***** This file should be named 37846.txt or 37846.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/7/8/4/37846/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Martin Mayer and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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