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Price + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Civil War Centennial Handbook + +Author: William H. Price + +Release Date: October 13, 2011 [EBook #37740] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CIVIL WAR CENTENNIAL HANDBOOK *** + + + + +Produced by Mark C. Orton, Steve Klynsma and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 296px;"> +<img src="images/fcover.jpg" width="296" height="450" alt="Cover" title="" /> +</div> + + +<h1>THE +CIVIL WAR +CENTENNIAL HANDBOOK</h1> +<p class="center">FIRST EDITION</p> +<h3>by William H. Price</h3> + +<p class="center"> +A Civil War Research Associate Series +</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents"> + + +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">Page</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center"><b>THE CIVIL WAR</b></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center"><b>FACTS</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">The First Modern War</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Brother Against Brother</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">They Also Served</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">The Soldier, The Battle, The Losses</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">The Cost of War</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Numbers and Losses</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center"><b>PICTURES</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">The American soldier of the 1860's</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Camp life</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Passing time between campaigns</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Religion and the soldier</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Correspondents at the front</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ships of the line</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Transportation and supplies</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Tools of modern warfare</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Field fortifications and entrenchments</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Communications</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Aerial reconnaissance</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Spies and secret agents</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">The battle's overture</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Appalling aftermath</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Marks of total war</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">After four years—Appomattox</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Last review of the Union Army</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">A Nation re-united</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center"><b>UNIFORMS</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Union regulation uniforms</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Union regimental uniforms</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Confederate regimental uniforms</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Confederate regulation uniforms</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center"><b>DATES AND PLACES</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chronology of battles</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Map of the major battlefields</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center"><b>RECOMMENDED READING</b></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + +<h2>THE<br /> +CIVIL WAR<br /> +CENTENNIAL HANDBOOK<br /></h2> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> + +<h3>by William H. Price</h3> + + +<div class="center"> +1861-1865 1961-1965<br /> +<br /></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/illus-002.jpg" width="450" height="255" alt="Union and Confederate Soldier on either side of cannon" title="" /> +<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;"> +<img src="images/deco-002.jpg" width="100" height="22" alt="Decoration" title="" /> + +<br /><br /></div> + + + + +<div class="center"><br /><br /><br /><br /> +Published by<br /> +Prince Lithograph Co., Inc.<br /> +4019 5th Rd. N., Arlington, Virginia<br /> +Copyright 1961<br /> +<br /> +Printed in U. S. A.<br /> +</div> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="The_Civil_War" id="The_Civil_War"></a><span class="smcap">The Civil War</span></h2> + + +<p class="center"><i>Here brothers fought for their principles<br /> +Here heroes died to save their country<br /> +And a united people will forever cherish<br /> +the precious legacy of their noble manhood.</i></p> +<p class="right"> +—<i>PENNSYLVANIA MONUMENT AT VICKSBURG</i><br /> +</p> + + + +<p>The Civil War, which began in the 1830's as a cold +war and moved toward the inevitable conflict somewhere +between 1850 and 1860, was one of America's greatest +emotional experiences. When the war finally broke in +1861, beliefs and political ideals had become so firm that +they transcended family ties and bonds of friendship—brother +was cast against brother. The story of this +supreme test of our Nation, though one of tragedy, is +also one of triumph, for it united a nation that had been +divided for over a quarter century.</p> + +<p>Holding a place in history midway between the Revolutionary +War of the 18th century and the First World +War of the 20th, the American Civil War had far-reaching +effects: by the many innovations and developments it +stimulated, it became the forerunner of modern warfare; +by the demands it made on technology and production, +it hastened the industrial revolution in America. +This conflict also provided the ferment from which great +personalities arise. Qualities of true greatness were +revealed in men like William Tecumseh Sherman, the +most brilliant strategist of modern times; Nathan Bedford +Forrest, one of the greatest of natural born leaders; +Robert E. Lee, "one of the supremely gifted men produced +by our Nation"; and Abraham Lincoln, who, like +the other great men of that era, would be minor characters +in our history had they not been called upon in +this time of crisis. And emerging from such trying times +were seven future Presidents of the United States, all +officers of the Union Army.</p> + +<p>But the story of this sectional struggle is not only +one of great leaders and events. It is the story of 18,000<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> +men in Gen. Sedgwick's Corps who formed a marching +column that stretched over ten miles of road, and in that +hot month of July 1863, the story of how they marched +steadily for eighteen hours, stopping only once to rest, +until they reached Gettysburg where the crucial battle +was raging. It is the story of more than two hundred +young VMI Cadets, who without hesitation left their classrooms +to fight alongside hardened veterans at the battle +of New Market in 1864. Or it is the story of two brothers +who followed different flags and then met under such +tragic circumstances on the field of battle at Petersburg.</p> + +<p>It is also a story of the human toil and machinery +that produced more than four million small arms for the +Union Army and stamped from copper over one billion +percussion caps for these weapons during the four years +of war. Inside the Confederacy, it is the story of experiments +with new weapons—the submarine, iron-clad +rams, torpedoes, and landmines—in an attempt to overcome +the North's numerical superiority.</p> + +<p>It is the purpose of <i>The Civil War Centennial Handbook</i> to +present this unusual story of the Civil War, a mosaic +composed of fragments from the lesser-known and yet +colorful facts that have survived a century but have been +obscured by the voluminous battle narratives and campaign +studies.</p> + +<p>Much of this material, when originally drafted, was +selected by the National Civil War Centennial Commission +for their informative and interesting <i>Facts About +the Civil War</i>. This original material, revised and enlarged, +has grown into <i>The Civil War Centennial Handbook</i>.</p> + +<p>The handbook is divided into five basic parts. The +first is a presentation of little-known and unusual facts +about participants, battles and losses, and the cost of +war. The second is a graphic portrayal of both the men +and machines that made the war of the 1860's. The special +selection of photographs for this portion of the story +were made available through the courtesy of the National +Archives and the Library of Congress. Next are reproductions +in color of Union and Confederate uniforms from +the <i>Official Records Atlas</i> and the famous paintings by +H. A. Ogden. The fourth section is a reference table of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> +battles and losses listed in chronological order, accompanied +by a map showing the major engagements of the +war. And primarily for the growing number of new Civil +War buffs, there is a roster of Civil War Round Tables, +as well as a recommended list of outstanding books on +the Civil War.</p> + +<p>The material presented in The <i>Civil War Centennial +Handbook</i> has been selected from standard sources, the +most outstanding of which are: the <i>Official Records of +the Union and Confederate Armies and Navies</i>, Moore's +<i>Rebellion Record</i>, Cullum's <i>Biographical Register of +West Point Graduates</i>, Phisterer's <i>Statistical Record</i>, +Livermore's <i>Numbers and Losses in the Civil War</i>, +Fox's <i>Regimental Losses</i>, the <i>Dictionary of American +Biography</i>, Dyer's <i>Compendium of the War of the Rebellion</i>, +the <i>Annual Reports of the Secretary of War</i>, and +last but far from least, one of the richest sources of information +available, my fellow members of the District +of Columbia Civil War Round Table.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/illus-005.jpg" width="450" height="184" alt="" title="" /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><span class="smcap">The First Modern War</span></h2> + +<blockquote><p class="center"><i>In the arts of life, man invents nothing; but in the arts +of death he outdoes Nature herself, and produces by +chemistry and machinery all the slaughter of plague, +pestilence and famine.</i></p></blockquote> +<p class="right"> +—<i>GEORGE BERNARD SHAW</i><br /> +</p> + + +<p>The arts of tactics and strategy were revolutionized by the many +developments introduced during the 1860's. Thus the Civil War +ushered in a new era in warfare with the ...</p> + +<blockquote><p>FIRST practical machine gun.</p> + +<p>FIRST repeating rifle used in combat.</p> + +<p>FIRST use of the railroads as a major means of transporting troops and supplies.</p> + +<p>FIRST mobile siege artillery mounted on rail cars.</p> + +<p>FIRST extensive use of trenches and field fortifications.</p> + +<p>FIRST large-scale use of land mines, known as "subterranean shells".</p> + +<p>FIRST naval mines or "torpedoes".</p> + +<p>FIRST ironclad ships engaged in combat.</p> + +<p>FIRST multi-manned submarine.</p> + +<p>FIRST organized and systematic care of the wounded on the battlefield.</p> + +<p>FIRST widespread use of rails for hospital trains.</p> + +<p>FIRST organized military signal service.</p> + +<p>FIRST visual signaling by flag and torch during combat.</p> + +<p>FIRST use of portable telegraph units on the battlefield.</p> + +<p>FIRST military reconnaissance from a manned balloon.</p> + +<p>FIRST draft in the United States.</p> + +<p>FIRST organized use of Negro troops in combat.</p> + +<p>FIRST voting in the field for a national election by servicemen.</p> + +<p>FIRST income tax—levied to finance the war.</p> + +<p>FIRST photograph taken in combat.</p> + +<p>FIRST Medal of Honor awarded an American soldier.</p></blockquote> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><span class="smcap">Brother Against Brother</span></h2> + +<blockquote><p>"<i>And why should we not accord them equal honor, for +they were both Americans, imbued with those qualities +which have made this country great.</i>"</p></blockquote> + +<p class="right"> +<i>—BELL IRVIN WILEY</i><br /> +</p> + + +<p>PRESIDENT LINCOLN, the Commander-In-Chief of the Union +Army, had four brothers-in-law in the Confederate Army, and +three of his sisters-in-law were married to Confederate officers.</p> + +<p>JEFFERSON DAVIS, Commander-in-Chief of the Confederate +Army, served the U.S. Army as a colonel during the Mexican War +and held the post of Secretary of War in President Pierce's cabinet. +Previously, as a senior United States Senator, he had been +Chairman of the Senate Military Affairs Committee. Lincoln and +Davis were born in Kentucky, the only state that has ever had two +of its sons serve as President at the same time.</p> + +<p>JOHN TYLER, 10th President of the United States, was elected +to the Confederate States Congress in 1862, but died before it convened. +On March 4, 1861, Tyler's granddaughter unfurled the first +flag of the Confederacy when it was raised over the Confederate +Capitol at Montgomery, Alabama.</p> + +<p>The Battle of Lynchburg, Virginia, in June 1864 brought together +two future Presidents of the United States—General RUTHERFORD +B. HAYES and Major WILLIAM McKINLEY, U.S.A.—and +a former Vice-President—General JOHN C. BRECKINRIDGE, +C.S.A. Five other Union generals later rose to the Presidency: +ANDREW JOHNSON, U.S. GRANT, JAMES A. GARFIELD, +CHESTER A. ARTHUR, and BENJAMIN HARRISON.</p> + +<p>The four Secretaries of War during the eleven years prior to the +Civil War were all from the South. All four later held office in the +Confederate government.</p> + +<p>Fourteen of the 26 Confederate Senators had previously served in +the United States Congress. In the Confederate House of Representatives, +33 members were former U.S. Congressmen.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span></p> + +<p>Confederate Generals ROBERT E. LEE and P.G.T. BEAUREGARD +both ranked second in their graduating classes at West Point, and +both officers later returned to hold the position of Superintendent +of the Academy. Lee's appointment to the rank of full colonel in +the United States Army was signed by President Lincoln.</p> + +<p>In 1859 WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN was appointed the first +president of what is today the Louisiana State University. Although +his chief claim to fame was the destructive "March to the Sea", a +portrait of the Union general occupies a prominent place in the +Memorial Tower of this Southern university.</p> + +<p>Over one-fourth of the West Point graduates who fought during the +Civil War were in the Confederate Army. Half of the 304 who +served in Gray were on active duty in the United States Army when +war broke out. Of the total number of West Pointers who went +South, 148 were promoted to the rank of general officer. In all, +313 of the 1,098 officers in the United States Army joined the +Confederacy.</p> + +<p>One fourth of the officers in the United States Navy resigned to +cast their lot with the Confederate Navy. Of the 322 who resigned, +243 were line officers.</p> + +<p>When J.E.B. STUART raided Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, in +1862, he was pursued by Federal cavalry under the command of +his father-in-law, Brig. Gen. PHILIP ST. GEORGE COOKE, whose +name is frequently confused with that of Confederate General +PHILIP ST. GEORGE COCKE, both West Pointers. As if that +weren't bad enough, there was a Union general by the name of +JEFFERSON DAVIS.</p> + +<p>WILLIAM T. MAGRUDER (U.S.M.A. 1850) commanded a squadron +of the 1st United States Cavalry at First Manassas and during the +Peninsula Campaign. In August 1862 he was granted leave of +absence, and two months later he switched loyalties to join the +Confederate Army. On July 3, 1863, he fell during the famous +charge at Gettysburg.</p> + +<p>The Virginia Military Institute graduated WILLIAM H. GILLESPIE +in the special war class of 1862. While awaiting his appointment +as an officer on "Stonewall" Jackson's staff, he deserted to the +Union Army and became Adjutant of the 14th West Virginia +Cavalry.</p> + +<p>If Blue and Gray didn't meet again at Gettysburg during the annual +reunions, they at least met on the banks of the Nile. No less than<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> +50 former Union and Confederate officers held the rank of colonel +or above in the Army of the Khedive during the 1870's. Two ex-Confederate +generals and three former Union officers attained the +rank of general in the Egyptian Army, holding such positions as +Chief of Staff, Chief of Engineers, and Chief Ordnance Officer.</p> + +<p>Only three Confederates ever held the rank of general in the United +States Army following the Civil War—MATTHEW C. BUTLER, +FITZHUGH LEE, and JOE WHEELER. Lee and Wheeler, though +they served as generals in the Confederate Army as well as in the +United States Army during the Spanish American War, both graduated +at the bottom of their West Point classes. When Lee and +Wheeler were promoted to major general in 1901, their commissions +were signed by a former Yankee officer—President William +McKinley.</p> + +<p>General GEORGE PICKETT, a native Virginian, was appointed to +the United States Military Academy from the State of Illinois. +John Todd Stuart obtained the appointment at the request of his +law partner, Abraham Lincoln.</p> + +<p>The senior general in the Confederate Army, SAMUEL COOPER, +hailed from New York. Before the war, he had been Adjutant +General of the United States Army. From 1861 to 1865 he was +the Adjutant and Inspector General of the Confederate Army.</p> + +<p>Fort Sumter was surrendered in 1861 by a Kentucky-born Union +officer, Major ROBERT ANDERSON. Confederate General JOHN +C. PEMBERTON, a Pennsylvanian by birth, surrendered Vicksburg +in 1863. There was no collusion in either surrender; both +men were loyal supporters of their respective causes.</p> + +<p>The first Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy, +Commodore FRANKLIN BUCHANAN, commanded the C.S.S. +<i>Virginia</i> (<i>Merrimac</i>) in its first engagement. On the first ship to +surrender under the <i>Virginia's</i> guns was Buchanan's brother, an +officer of the U.S. Navy.</p> + +<p>Major CLIFTON PRENTISS of the 6th Maryland Infantry (Union) +and his younger brother WILLIAM, of the 2nd Maryland Infantry +(Confederate), were both mortally wounded when their regiments +clashed at Petersburg on April 2, 1865—just seven days before +hostilities ceased. Both were removed from the battlefield and +after a separation of four years, they were taken to the same +hospital in Washington. Each fought and each died for his cause. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><span class="smcap">They Also Served</span></h2> + +<blockquote><p><i>Fame is the echo of actions, resounding them to the +world, save that the echo repeats only the last part, +but fame relates all....</i></p></blockquote> + +<p class="right"> +—<i>FULLER</i> +</p> + + +<p>Poet SIDNEY LANIER fought as a private in the 2nd Georgia +Battalion during the Seven Days' Battles near Richmond. In +November 1862 he was captured on a Confederate blockade-runner +and imprisoned at Point Lookout, Maryland. Sixteen years after +the war he died from tuberculosis contracted while in prison.</p> + +<p>New England poet ALBERT PIKE commanded the Confederate Department +of Indian Territory. He wrote the stanzas of the popular +Southern version of <i>Dixie</i>, a tune which originated not in the South, +but in New York City during the 1850's.</p> + +<p>At the battle of the Monocacy in 1864 Union General LEW +WALLACE, author of <i>Ben-Hur</i>, commanded the force defending +Washington against General Jubal Early's attack. After the war +he served as Governor of New Mexico and Minister to Turkey.</p> + +<p>When the Marion Rangers organized in 1861, SAMUEL CLEMENS +(Mark Twain) joined as a lieutenant, but he left this Missouri +Company before it was mustered into Confederate service, having +fired only one hostile shot during the war.</p> + +<p>Confederate Private HENRY MORTON STANLEY, of "Doctor +Livingstone, I presume" fame, survived a bloody charge at Shiloh +only to be taken prisoner. Later he joined the Union ranks and +finished the war in Yankee blue.</p> + +<p>ANDREW CARNEGIE was a young man in his mid-twenties when +he left his position as superintendent of the Pittsburgh Division, +Pennsylvania Railroad to pitch in with workers rebuilding the rail +line from Annapolis to Washington. Later in 1861 he was given +the position of superintendent of military railways and government +telegraph.</p> + +<p>HENRY A. DUPONT, grandson of the DuPont industries founder, +was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for gallantry at +the battle of Cedar Creek in October 1864. Captain DuPont, who +had graduated from West Point at the head of his class in 1861, +went on to serve as United States Senator from Delaware. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p> + +<p>ELIAS HOWE presented each field and staff officer of the 5th +Massachusetts Regiment with a stallion fully equipped for service. +Later, he volunteered as a private, and when the State failed to +pay his unit, he met the regimental payroll with his own money.</p> + +<p>At the age of 15 GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE ran away from home +and joined the Union Army. Neither he nor Elias Howe rose to +officer rank, but both are today in the Hall of Fame for their +achievements—the air brake and the sewing machine.</p> + +<p>In 1861 CORNELIUS VANDERBILT presented a high-speed side-wheel +steamer to the United States Navy. At the time, there were +less than 50 ships in active naval service. The cruiser, named +the <i>Vanderbilt</i>, captured three blockade-runners during the war +and in 1865 participated in the bombardment and amphibious +assault on Fort Fisher. The Federal Navy at that time had grown +to a fleet of more than 550 steam-powered ships.</p> + +<p>Admiral GEORGE DEWEY, of Manila Bay fame, served as a young +lieutenant under Admiral Farragut during the attack on Port Hudson +in 1863. His ship was the only one lost in the engagement.</p> + +<p>Colonel CHRISTOPHER C. ("Kit") CARSON commanded the 1st +New Mexico Volunteers (Union), and campaigned against the +Comanche, Navajo, and Apache Indians during the Civil War. In +1866 he was promoted to brigadier general.</p> + +<p>In his mid-teens JESSE JAMES joined the Confederate raiders +led by William Quantrill. The famous "Dead or alive" reward for +Jesse in 1882 was issued by an ex-Confederate officer, Governor +Thomas T. Crittenden of Missouri.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/illus-011.jpg" width="450" height="156" alt="" title="" /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><span class="smcap">The Soldier, the Battle,<br /> +The Losses</span></h2> + +<blockquote><p><i>"There's many a boy here today who looks on war as +all glory, but, boys, it is all hell."</i></p></blockquote> + + +<p class="right"> +—<i>WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN</i><br /> +</p> + + +<p>Of the 2.3 million men enlisted in the Union Army, seventy per +cent were under 23 years of age. Approximately 100,000 were 16 +and an equal number 15. Three hundred lads were 13 or less, and +the records show that there were 25 no older than 10 years.</p> + +<p>The average infantry regiment of 10 companies consisted of 30 +line officers and 1300 men. However, by the time a new regiment +reached the battlefield, it would often have less than 800 men +available for combat duty. Sickness and details as cooks, teamsters, +servants, and clerks accounted for the greatly reduced +numbers. Actually, in many of the large battles the regimental +fighting strength averaged no more than 480 men.</p> + +<p>In 1864 the basic daily ration for a Union soldier was (in ounces): +20—beef, 18—flour, 2.56—dry beans, 1.6—green coffee, 2.4—sugar, +.64—salt, and smaller amounts of pepper, yeast powder, soap, +candles, and vinegar. While campaigning, soldiers seldom obtained +their full ration and many had to forage for subsistence.</p> + +<p>In the Army of Northern Virginia in 1863 the rations available for +every 100 Confederate soldiers over a 30-day period consisted of +1/4 lb. of bacon, 18 oz. of flour, 10 lbs. of rice, and a small amount +of peas and dried fruit—when they could be obtained. (It is little +wonder that Lee elected to carry the war into Pennsylvania—if +for no other reason than to obtain food for an undernourished army.)</p> + +<p>During the Shenandoah Valley campaign of 1862 "Stonewall" Jackson +marched his force of 16,000 men more than 600 miles in 35 days. +Five major battles were fought and four separate Union armies, +totaling 63,000, were defeated.</p> + +<p>In June 1864, the U.S.S. <i>Kearsarge</i> sank the C.S.S. <i>Alabama</i> in a +fierce engagement in the English Channel off Cherbourg, France. +Frenchmen gathered along the beach to witness the hour-long +duel, which inspired a young French artist, Edouard Manet, to +paint the battle scene that now hangs in the Philadelphia Museum +of Art.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p> + +<p>The Confederate cruiser <i>Shenandoah</i> sailed completely around the +world raiding Union commerce vessels and whalers. The ship and +crew surrendered to British authorities at Liverpool in November +1865, seven months after Lee's surrender at Appomattox.</p> + +<p>The greatest naval bombardment during the war was on Christmas +Eve, 1864, at Fort Fisher, North Carolina. Fifty-seven vessels, +with a total of 670 guns, were engaged—the largest fleet ever +assembled by the U.S. Navy up to that time. The Army, Navy, and +Marines combined in a joint operation to reduce and capture the +fort.</p> + +<p>In July, 1862 the first Negro troops of the Civil War were organized +by General David Hunter. Known as the 1st South Carolina Regiment, +they were later designated the 33rd Regiment United States +Colored Troops. Some 186,000 Negro soldiers served in the Union +Army, 4,300 of whom became battle casualties.</p> + +<p>At the battle of Fredericksburg in 1862, the line of Confederate +trenches extended a distance of seven miles. The troop density +in these defensive works was 11,000 per mile.</p> + +<p>Over 900 guns and mortars bristled from the 68 forts defending +the Nation's Capital during the war. The fortifications, constructed +by the Engineer Corps during the early part of the war, +circled the city on a 37-mile perimeter.</p> + +<p>During Sherman's campaign from Chattanooga to Atlanta, the +Union Army of the Tennessee, in a period of four months, constructed +over 300 miles of rifle pits, fired 149,670 artillery +rounds and 22,137,132 rounds of small-arms ammunition.</p> + +<p>To fire a Civil War musket, eleven separate motions had to be +made. The regulation in the 1860's specified that a soldier should +fire three aimed shots per minute, allowing 20 seconds per shot +and less than two seconds per motion.</p> + +<p>At the battle of Stone's River, Tennessee, in January, 1863, the +Federal infantry in three days exhausted over 2,000,000 rounds of +ammunition, and the artillery fired 20,307 rounds. The total +weight of the projectiles was in excess of 375,000 pounds.</p> + +<p>At the Battle of First Bull Run or Manassas, it has been estimated +that between 8,000 and 10,000 bullets were fired for every +man killed and wounded.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p> + +<p>The campaign against Petersburg, the longest sustained operation +of the war, began in the summer of 1864 and lasted for 10 months, +until the spring of '65. The fighting covered an area of more +than 170 square miles, with 35 miles of trenches and fortifications +stretching from Richmond to the southwest of Petersburg. During +September, 1864, nearly 175 field and siege guns poured forth a +daily average of 7.8 tons of iron on the Confederate works.</p> + +<p>The greatest cavalry battle in the history of the western hemisphere +was fought at Brandy Station, Virginia, on June 9, 1863. +Nearly 20,000 cavalrymen were engaged for more than 12 hours. +At the height of the battle, along Fleetwood Hill, charges and +countercharges were made continuously for almost three hours.</p> + +<p>The greatest regimental loss of the entire war was borne by the +1st Maine Heavy Artillery. The unit saw no action until 1864, but +in the short span of less than one year, over half of its 2,202 men +engaged in battle were hit. In the assault on Petersburg in June, +1864, the regiment lost 604 men killed and wounded in less than +20 minutes.</p> + +<p>The largest regimental loss in a single battle was suffered by the +26th North Carolina Infantry at Gettysburg. The regiment went +into battle with a little over 800 men, and by the end of the third +day, 708 were dead, wounded, or missing. In one company of 84, +every officer and man was hit.</p> + +<p>Of the 46 Confederate regiments that went into the famous charge +at Gettysburg on July 3, 1863, 15 were commanded by General +Pickett. Thirteen of his regiments were led by Virginia Military +Institute graduates; only two of them survived the charge.</p> + +<p>The heaviest numerical loss during any single battle was at +Gettysburg, where 40,322 Americans were killed or wounded. On +the Union side 21 per cent of those engaged were killed or wounded, +in the Confederate ranks 30 per cent—the largest percentage of +Confederates hit in any battle. The largest percentage of Union +soldiers hit in battle was at Port Hudson in May 1863, where 26.7 +per cent of those engaged were killed or wounded.</p> + +<p>During May and June 1864 the Armies of the Potomac and the +James lost 77,452 men—a greater number than Lee had in his +entire army.</p> + +<p>Union Army hospitals treated over 6 million cases during the +war. There were twice as many deaths from disease as from +hostile bullets. Diarrhea and dysentery alone took the lives of +44,558 Union soldiers.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></p> + +<p>From 1861-1865 the Quartermaster Corps of the Union Army +made 116,148 burials.</p> + +<p>In the 79 National Civil War cemeteries, 54 per cent of the graves +are those of unknown soldiers. The largest Civil War cemetery +is at Vicksburg, where 16,000 soldiers rest; only 3,896 are known. +At the Confederate prison site in Salisbury, North Carolina, where +12,126 Union soldiers are buried, 99 per cent are unknown.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/illus-015.jpg" width="450" height="257" alt="" title="" /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><span class="smcap">The Cost of War</span></h2> + + +<div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <span class="i0"><i>Nor deem the irrevocable Past</i></span><br /> + <span class="i2"><i>As wholly wasted, wholly vain,</i></span><br /> + <span class="i0"><i>If, rising on its wrecks, at last</i></span><br /> + <span class="i2"><i>To something nobler we attain.</i></span><br /> + </div> +<p class="center">—<i>HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW</i></p> +</div> + + +<p>From 1861-1865 it cost the United States Government approximately +2 million dollars a day to prosecute the war; the Second +World War cost more than 113 million dollars a day.</p> + +<p>In 1880 the Secretary of the Treasury reported that the Civil War +had cost the Federal Government 6.19 billion dollars. By 1910 +the cost of the war, including pensions and other veterans benefits, +had reached 11.5 billion dollars. World War II was three +months shorter than the Civil War, but from 1942-1945 approximately +156 billion dollars was spent on the military establishment.</p> + +<p>The total cost of the war to the South has been estimated at 4 +billion dollars.</p> + +<p>The public debt outstanding for an average population of 33 million +rose from $2.80 to $75 per capita between 1861 and 1865. In +mid-1958 the per capita debt stood at $1,493 for a population of +175.5 million.</p> + +<p>In 1958 the government was providing pensions for 3,042 widows +of Union veterans. In June of that year, as a result of special +legislation, 526 widows of Southern soldiers and the two surviving +Confederate veterans became eligible for Federal pensions. The +last Union veteran, Albert Woolson, had died in 1956, leaving the +two Confederates, John Salling and Walter Williams, to draw the +highest Civil War pensions paid by the United States Government. +The last Civil War veteran, Walter Williams, died in December +1959 at the age of 117. Since then, William's claim as a veteran +has been disputed in the newspapers, but sufficient evidence does +not exist to positively prove or disprove his military status.</p> + +<p>The pursuit and capture of Jefferson Davis at Irwinville, Georgia, +cost the Federal Government $97,031.62.<!-- Page 16 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></p> + +<p>From 1861-1865 it cost the Federal government, in millions of +dollars:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>$727—to clothe and feed the Army<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">18—to clothe and feed the Navy</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">339—for transportation of troops and supplies</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">127—for cavalry and artillery horses</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">76—for the purchase of arms</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">8—to maintain and provide for Confederate prisoners</span><br /> +</p></blockquote> + +<p>Soldiers and sailors of the United States received 1.34 billion +dollars in pay during the war.</p> + +<p>In 1861 an infantry private was paid $13 per month—compared to +a private's pay of $83 today. A Civil War colonel drew $95 per +month and a brigadier general $124. Their counterparts today +are paid a monthly base rate of $592 and $800.</p> + +<p>During the 1860's the average cost of a musket was $13 as compared +to $105 for an M1 Garand in World War II.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/illus-017.jpg" width="450" height="226" alt="" title="" /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><span class="smcap">Numbers and Losses</span></h2> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><th></th><th>North</th><th>South<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></th></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Population</td><td>22,400,000</td><td>9,103,000<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Military Age Group (18-45)</span></td><td>4,600,000</td><td>985,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Trained Militia 1827-1861</td><td>2,470,000</td><td>692,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Regular Army January, 1861</td><td>16,400</td><td>0</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Military Potential 1861</span></td><td>2,486,400</td><td>692,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total Individuals in Service 1861-1865</td><td>2,213,400</td><td>1,003,600</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total Strength July, 1861</td><td>219,400</td><td>114,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total Strength January, 1863</td><td>962,300</td><td>450,200</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Peak Strength 1864-1865</td><td>1,044,660</td><td>484,800</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Army</span></td><td>980,100</td><td>481,200</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Navy</span></td><td>60,700</td><td>3,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Marines</span></td><td>3,860</td><td>600</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total Hit in Battle</td><td>385,100</td><td>320,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Total Battle Deaths</span></td><td>110,100</td><td>94,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Killed in Battle</span></td><td>67,100</td><td>54,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Died of Wounds</span></td><td>43,000</td><td>40,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Wounded (not mortally)<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></span></td><td>275,000</td><td>226,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Missing in Action</td><td>6,750</td><td>—-</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Captured<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></td><td>211,400</td><td>462,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Died in Prison</td><td>30,200</td><td>26,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Died of Disease</td><td>224,000</td><td>60,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Other Deaths</td><td>34,800</td><td>—-</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Desertions<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></td><td>199,000</td><td>83,400</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Discharged</td><td>426,500</td><td>57,800</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Surrendered 1865</td><td></td><td>174,223</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Confederate figures are based upon the best information and estimates available.</div> + +<div class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Includes 3,760,000 slaves in the seceded states.</div> + +<div class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> A number of these were returned to duty. In the Union Army, those who were not fit for combat +were placed in the Veteran Reserve Corps and performed administrative duties.</div> + +<div class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> An undetermined number were exchanged and returned to duty.</div> + +<div class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Many deserters returned to duty. In the Union Army, where $300 bounty was paid for a 3-year +enlistment, it was not uncommon to find a soldier picking up his bounty in one regiment and +then deserting to join another unit just for the additional bounty.</div> + + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><span class="smcap">Civil War Round Tables</span></h2> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></p> + + +<p> +CALIFORNIA (3)</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>La Jolla—Ezra J. Warner, P.O. Box 382.</p> + + +<p>Los Angeles—(Southern California +CWRT), Col. Paul "Reb" Benton, 466 +South Bedford Drive, Beverly Hills, +California.</p> + +<p>Torrance—Peter A. LaRosa, 4240 West +178th Street.</p></blockquote> + +<p>COLORADO (1)</p> + +<blockquote><p>Denver—(Colorado CWRT), Hubert +Kaub, 740 Steele Street, Zone 6.</p></blockquote> + +<p>CONNECTICUT (2)</p> + +<blockquote><p>Hartford—W. J. Lowry, Hartford National +Bank & Trust Company.</p> + +<p>Niantic—Norman B. Peck, Jr., Remagen +Road.</p></blockquote> + +<p>DELAWARE (1)</p> + +<blockquote><p>Wilmington—Dr. Richard H. Myers, 34 +Paschall Road, Zone 3.</p></blockquote> + +<p>DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA (1)</p> + +<blockquote><p>Washington—James M. Lazard, Box 38, +Army & Navy Club, Zone 5.</p></blockquote> + +<p>GEORGIA (1)</p> + +<blockquote><p>Atlanta—Col. Allen P. Julian, 1753 +Peachtree Street, N. E.</p></blockquote> + +<p>KENTUCKY (1)</p> + +<blockquote><p>Lexington—(Kentucky CWRT), Dr. +Hambleton Tapp, University of Kentucky.</p></blockquote> + +<p>ILLINOIS (8)</p> + +<blockquote><p>Chicago—Gilbert Twiss, 18 West Chestnut +Street.</p> + +<p>LaSalle—Dr. Russell C. Slater, 744 First +Street.</p> + +<p>Lyons—(<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Gary'">Gray</ins> and Blue CWRT), O. H. +Felton, Box 106.</p> + +<p>Park Forest—Malcolm Macht, 495 Talala.</p> + +<p>Peoria—(National Blues CWRT), H. R. +Sours, 2623 West Moss Avenue.</p> + +<p>Quad Cities—Mrs. Marilyn A. Hasselroth, +Box 508, Milan, Illinois.</p> + +<p>Rockford—Timothy Hughes, 2208 Ridge +Avenue.</p> + +<p>Springfield—George L. Cashman, Lincoln +Lodge, Oak Ridge.</p></blockquote> + +<p>INDIANA (6)</p> + +<blockquote><p>Evansville—Col. Robert M. Leich, P.O. +Box 869, Zone 1.</p> + +<p>Indianapolis—Donald Shaner, 3122 +North Richardt, Zone 26.</p> + +<p>Mishawaka—H. O. Soencer, Mishawaka +Public Library.</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>New Albany—Elsa Strassweg, 201 East +Spring Street.</p> + +<p>South Bend—Ben R. Violette, 2220 Berkley +Place, Zone 16.</p> + +<p>Terre Haute—(Vigo County CWRT), +Ira Campbell, 426 South 17th Street.</p></blockquote> + +<p>IOWA (1)</p> + +<blockquote><p>Cedar Rapids—Mrs. Robert A. Miller, +249 Blake Boulevard.</p></blockquote> + +<p>LOUISIANA (1)</p> + +<blockquote><p>New Orleans—David L. Markstein, 2232 +Wirth Place, Zone 15.</p></blockquote> + +<p>MARYLAND (2)</p> + +<blockquote><p>Baltimore—Leonard Sandler, Nelmar +Apartments 2-C, Zone 17.</p> + +<p>Hagerstown—Theron Rinehart, Box +1155.</p></blockquote> + +<p>MASSACHUSETTS (2)</p> + +<blockquote><p>Andover—Stanley E. Butcher, 4 Washington +Avenue.</p> + +<p>Boston—Richard H. Fitzpatrick, 15 +Hathway Road, Lexington, Zone 73.</p></blockquote> + +<p>MICHIGAN (5)</p> + +<blockquote><p>Battle Creek—Mrs. Pearl Foust, 150 Eldredge.</p> + +<p>Detroit—(Abraham Lincoln CWRT of +Michigan), Lloyd C. Nyman, 951 +South Oxford Road, Grosse Pointe +Woods, Zone 36.</p> + +<p>Flint—Philip C. Chinn, 2933 Wyoming +Street.</p> + +<p>Jackson—Edward J. Young, 2535 Kibby +Street.</p> + +<p>Kalamazoo—Mrs. Wesley R. Burrell, +Galesburg, Michigan.</p></blockquote> + +<p>MINNESOTA (1)</p> + +<blockquote><p>Twin Cities—William H. Rowe, 6040 +James Avenue South, Minneapolis 19, +Minnesota.</p></blockquote> + +<p>MISSISSIPPI (1)</p> + +<blockquote><p>Jackson—(Mississippi CWRT), Mrs. +Genevieve Wilde Barksdale, 3405 Old +Canton Road.</p></blockquote> + +<p>MISSOURI (2)</p> + +<blockquote><p>Kansas City—Charles W. Jones, 1016 +Baltimore Avenue.</p> + +<p>St. Louis—Gale Johnston, Jr., Projected +Planning Company, Room 200, 506 +Olive Street, Zone 1.</p></blockquote> + +<p>NEBRASKA (1)</p> + +<blockquote><p>Omaha—Frank E. Gibson, Public Library.</p></blockquote><p><!-- Page 19 --></p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span></p> + +<p>NEW JERSEY (2)</p> + +<blockquote><p>Hackensack—(Bergen County CWRT), +Miss Celeste Slauson, Johnson Free +Public Library.</p> + +<p>Monmouth County—Mrs. Jeanne Marie +Predham, 155 West Sylvania Avenue, +Neptune City, New Jersey.</p></blockquote> + +<p>NEW YORK (6)</p> + +<blockquote><p>Binghampton—Theodore E. Mulford, +Link Aviation Inc.</p> + +<p>Fayetteville—(Onondaga County +CWRT), E. H. Hobbs, 206 Washington +Building.</p> + +<p>Jamestown—E. J. Muzzy, 142 Prospect +Street.</p> + +<p>Mayville—Robert Laughlin, Portage +Street.</p> + +<p>New York City—Arnold Gates, 289 New +Hyde Park Road, Garden City, N. Y.</p> + +<p>Rochester—William J. Welch, 80 Elaine +Drive. Zone 23.</p></blockquote> + +<p>NORTH CAROLINA (1)</p> + +<blockquote><p>High Point—(North Carolina CWRT), +John R(ebel) Peacock, Box 791.</p></blockquote> + +<p>OHIO (8)</p> + +<blockquote><p>Chillicothe—(Gen. Joshua W. Sill Chapter), +Kent Castor, Box 273.</p> + +<p>Cincinnati—J. Louis Warm, 4165 Rose +Hill Avenue, Zone 5.</p> + +<p>Cleveland—Edward T. Downer, 1105 Euclid +Avenue, Zone 6.</p> + +<p>Dayton—Kathryn G. Crawford (Mrs. F. +M.), 3438 East 5th Street, Zone 3.</p> + +<p>East Cleveland—James C. Pettit, 13905 +Orinoco Avenue, Zone 12.</p> + +<p>Lancaster—(William T. Sherman Chapter), +Dr. Robert H. Eyman, Sr., 137 +West Mulberry Street.</p> + +<p>Toledo—Robert G. Morris, 2619 Powhatan +Parkway, Zone 6.</p> + +<p>Wooster—Dr. A. B. Huff, 230 North +Market Street.</p></blockquote> + +<p>OKLAHOMA (2)</p> + +<blockquote><p>Stillwater—(CWRT of Oklahoma State +University) LeRoy H. Fischer, History +Department.</p> + +<p>Tulsa—R. L. Summers, 1204 North Tacoma +Place.</p></blockquote> + +<p>PENNSYLVANIA (6)</p> + +<blockquote><p>Bucks-Montgomery County—Edgar F. +Hoskings, Jr., 31 East Park Avenue, +Sellersville, Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p>Gettysburg—Jacob M. Sneads, 115 North +Stratton Street.</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>Philadelphia—(Lincoln Civil War Society), +Arthur G. McDowell, 1500 +North Broad Street, Zone 21.</p> + +<p>Pittsburgh—Bernd P. Rose, Chamber of +Commerce Building.</p> + +<p>Susquehanna CWRT—W. N. Barto, 39 +South 2nd Street, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p>Washington—James R. Braden, 755 East +Main Street.</p></blockquote> + +<p>TENNESSEE (2)</p> + +<blockquote><p>LaFollette (Big Creek Gap CWRT), Guy +Easterly, 139 North Tennessee Ave.</p> + +<p>Murfreesboro—(Nathan Bedford Forrest +CWRT), Homer Pittard, Box 688, +Middle Tennessee State College.</p></blockquote> + +<p>TEXAS (2)</p> + +<blockquote><p>Houston—Richard Colquette, 5589 Cedar +Creek Drive, Zone 27.</p> + +<p>Waco—Lt. Col. H. G. Simpson, 2624 +Austin Avenue.</p></blockquote> + +<p>VIRGINIA (6)</p> + +<blockquote><p>Alexandria—William B. Hurd, 219 South +Royal Street.</p> + +<p>Franklin—S. W. Rawls, Jr., 503 North +Main Street.</p> + +<p>Lynchburg—James B. Noell, 303 Madison +Street.</p> + +<p>Harrisonburg—(<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Shenanhoah'">Shenandoah</ins> Valley +CWRT), Grimes Henenberger, 345 +South Main Street.</p> + +<p>Richmond—John C. Stinson, 7202 Brigham +Road.</p> + +<p>Winchester—Fred Y. Stotler, Sunnyside +Station.</p></blockquote> + +<p>WEST VIRGINIA (1)</p> + +<blockquote><p>Moundsville—Delf Norona, 315 Seventh +Street.</p></blockquote> + +<p>WISCONSIN (<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads '1'">2</ins>)</p> + +<blockquote><p>Madison—Russ Spindler, Box 377, Zone +1.</p> + +<p>Milwaukee—H. P. Spangenberg, 203A +South 77th Street.</p></blockquote> + +<p>CANADA (1)</p> + +<blockquote><p>Toronto—(Canadian Round Table), A. +P. Colesbury, 518 Dovecourt Road.</p></blockquote> + +<p>ENGLAND (1)</p> + +<blockquote><p>London—(Confederate Research Club), +Patrick C. Courtney, 34 Highclere +Avenue, Leigh Park, Havant, Hampshire, +England, United Kingdom.</p></blockquote> + +<p>GERMANY (1)</p> + +<blockquote><p>Wiesbaden—Lt. Col. Tom Nordan, +Hdqs., USAFE, APO 633, N. Y., N. Y.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> +</p></blockquote> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-024afs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-024a.jpg" width="450" height="294" alt="None too military in appearance, such ragged squads of men and boys developed +into an army that marched an average of 16 miles a day." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">None too military in appearance, such ragged squads of men and boys developed +into an army that marched an average of 16 miles a day.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-024bfs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-024b.jpg" width="450" height="285" alt="Smartly dressed amphibious soldiers. Some of the 3,000 U.S. Marines of the +Civil War made landings on Southern coasts, but the majority served as gun +crews aboard ship." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Smartly dressed amphibious soldiers. Some of the 3,000 U.S. Marines of the +Civil War made landings on Southern coasts, but the majority served as gun +crews aboard ship.</span> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-025fs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-025.jpg" width="450" height="254" alt="Jack-tars of the old Navy saw plenty of action in clearing the Mississippi and chasing down Confederate raiders of the high seas. +Because of the high bounties and pay, many foreign seafarers were attracted to both navies." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Jack-tars of the old Navy saw plenty of action in clearing the Mississippi and chasing down Confederate raiders of the high seas. +Because of the high bounties and pay, many foreign seafarers were attracted to both navies.</span> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-026afs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-026a.jpg" width="450" height="288" alt="Ill-clad and poorly equipped, Confederate volunteers at Pensacola, Florida, wait +their turn for the smell of black powder." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Ill-clad and poorly equipped, Confederate volunteers at Pensacola, Florida, wait +their turn for the smell of black powder.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-026bfs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-026b.jpg" width="450" height="288" alt="On the silent battlefield at Gettysburg, veterans of Lee's Army of Northern +Virginia who survived the baptism by fire await their fate as prisoners of war." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">On the silent battlefield at Gettysburg, veterans of Lee's Army of Northern +Virginia who survived the baptism by fire await their fate as prisoners of war.</span> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-027fs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-027.jpg" width="450" height="255" alt="Regimental camp sites created sanitary problems that went unsolved. Typhoid fever, diarrhea, and dysentery took the lives of +over 70,000 Union soldiers." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Regimental camp sites created sanitary problems that went unsolved. Typhoid fever, diarrhea, and dysentery took the lives of +over 70,000 Union soldiers.</span> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-028afs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-028a.jpg" width="450" height="293" alt="Private residences like the Wallach House at Culpeper, Virginia, provided +generals on both sides with comfortable quarters in the field. Staff officers +were usually tented on the lawns." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Private residences like the Wallach House at Culpeper, Virginia, provided +generals on both sides with comfortable quarters in the field. Staff officers +were usually tented on the lawns.</span> +</div> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-028bfs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-028b.jpg" width="450" height="289" alt="Log cabins often replaced tents during the winter months when campaigning +slackened and the armies settled down. In some camps it was not uncommon to +find visiting army wives." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Log cabins often replaced tents during the winter months when campaigning +slackened and the armies settled down. In some camps it was not uncommon to +find visiting army wives.</span> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-029afs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-029a.jpg" width="450" height="292" alt="Soldiers turned to a variety of activities to break the long days and weeks of +monotonous camplife. Even officers were not immune to the horseplay." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Soldiers turned to a variety of activities to break the long days and weeks of +monotonous camplife. Even officers were not immune to the horseplay.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-029bfs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-029b.jpg" width="450" height="289" alt="When two or more Yanks or Rebs gathered together, a deck of cards often made +its appearance. Fearful of an angry God, soldiers usually discarded such instruments +of sin before entering battle." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">When two or more Yanks or Rebs gathered together, a deck of cards often made +its appearance. Fearful of an angry God, soldiers usually discarded such instruments +of sin before entering battle.</span> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-030afs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-030a.jpg" width="450" height="291" alt="Chess, a favorite pastime in camp, finds Colonel Martin McMahon, General +Sedgwick's adjutant, engaged in the contest that was a favorite of Napoleon and +many other military leaders." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Chess, a favorite pastime in camp, finds Colonel Martin McMahon, General +Sedgwick's adjutant, engaged in the contest that was a favorite of Napoleon and +many other military leaders.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-030bfs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-030b.jpg" width="450" height="286" alt="A much disliked chore even in fair weather—a lone Union soldier walks his +post in the bitter cold at Nashville." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">A much disliked chore even in fair weather—a lone Union soldier walks his +post in the bitter cold at Nashville.</span> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-031afs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-031a.jpg" width="450" height="291" alt="A forerunner of Father Francis Patrick Duffy, heroic Chaplain of the famous +69th New York Regiment in World War I, says Mass for the Shamrock Regiment of +the 1860's. Most Civil War regiments had a chaplain." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">A forerunner of Father Francis Patrick Duffy, heroic Chaplain of the famous +69th New York Regiment in World War I, says Mass for the Shamrock Regiment of +the <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads '1960'">1860</ins>'s. Most Civil War regiments had a chaplain.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-031bfs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-031b.jpg" width="450" height="288" alt="A contribution to camp religious life, the 50th New York Engineers constructed +this church for their comrades at Petersburg." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">A contribution to camp religious life, the 50th New York Engineers constructed +this church for their comrades at Petersburg.</span> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-032fs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-032.jpg" width="450" height="261" alt="Newspaper correspondents like these from the New York Herald kept the public well informed, though they often revealed valuable +military information to the Confederacy. The New York paper usually reached the Confederate War Department on the day following +publication." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Newspaper correspondents like these from the New York Herald kept the public well informed, though they often revealed valuable +military information to the Confederacy. The New York paper usually reached the Confederate War Department on the day following +publication.</span> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span></p> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-033afs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-033a.jpg" width="450" height="284" alt="With the technique of photo-engraving yet to be developed, war scenes for newspapers +and magazines had to be drawn and reproduced from woodcuts. Artists +such as A. R. Waud, shown here at Gettysburg, vividly depicted the events for +Harper's Weekly." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">With the technique of photo-engraving yet to be developed, war scenes for newspapers +and magazines had to be drawn and reproduced from woodcuts. Artists +such as A. R. Waud, shown here at Gettysburg, vividly depicted the events for +Harper's Weekly.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-033bfs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-033b.jpg" width="450" height="281" alt="The Civil War as it appeared back home. It was almost 40 years before the +public saw the thousands of photographs taken by Mathew Brady and his contemporaries." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">The Civil War as it appeared back home. It was almost 40 years before the +public saw the thousands of photographs taken by Mathew Brady and his contemporaries.</span> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-034afs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-034a.jpg" width="450" height="287" alt="In a desperate attempt to raise the Federal blockade of Southern ports, the Confederate +Navy built the first ironclad. More than a dozen of these rams, all +similar to the Albemarle (pictured above), were constructed." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">In a desperate attempt to raise the Federal blockade of Southern ports, the Confederate +Navy built the first ironclad. More than a dozen of these rams, all +similar to the Albemarle (pictured above), were constructed.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-034bfs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-034b.jpg" width="450" height="281" alt="At first, ironclads were scoffed at by Federal naval authorities, but the monitors, +styled "iron coffins", proved their worth in battle with the river navies. +By 1865 fifty-eight of the turreted vessels had been built, some of which became +seagoing." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">At first, ironclads were scoffed at by Federal naval authorities, but the monitors, +styled "iron coffins", proved their worth in battle with the river navies. +By 1865 fifty-eight of the turreted vessels had been built, some of which became +seagoing.</span> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-035afs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-035a.jpg" width="450" height="288" alt="With untiring vigilance, steam-powered gunboats like the Mendota plied the +Southern coastline to enforce the blockade against Confederate trade with +England and France." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">With untiring vigilance, steam-powered gunboats like the Mendota plied the +Southern coastline to enforce the blockade against Confederate trade with +England and France.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-035bfs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-035b.jpg" width="450" height="285" alt="The C.S.S. Hunley, a completely submersible craft, was hand-propelled by a crew +of eight. The 25-foot submarine sank off Charleston along with her first and +only victim, the U.S.S. Housatonic." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">The C.S.S. Hunley, a completely submersible craft, was hand-propelled by a crew +of eight. The 25-foot submarine sank off Charleston along with her first and +only victim, the U.S.S. Housatonic.</span> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-036fs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-036.jpg" width="450" height="255" alt="Steam-powered torpedo boats of the Confederate Navy were capable of partially submerging with only their stacks showing. These +tiny "Davids", named after the Biblical warrior, could be either manned or remotely controlled from shore." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Steam-powered torpedo boats of the Confederate Navy were capable of partially submerging with only their stacks showing. These +tiny "Davids", named after the Biblical <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'warior'">warrior</ins>, could be either manned or remotely controlled from shore.</span> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-037fs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-037.jpg" width="450" height="258" alt="U.S. Army Uniforms (LIEUT. GENERAL; BRIG. GENERAL; COLONEL OF INFANTRY; CAPTAIN OF ARTILLERY)" title="" /> +</a> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center">LIEUT. GENERAL U.S. ARMY.<br />UNDRESS</td><td align="center">BRIG. GENERAL U.S. ARMY.<br />FULL DRESS</td><td align="center">COLONEL OF INFANTRY U.S. ARMY.<br />FULL DRESS</td><td align="center">CAPTAIN OF ARTILLERY U.S. ARMY.<br />FULL DRESS</td></tr> +</table></div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-038fs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-038.jpg" width="450" height="258" alt="U.S. Army Uniforms" title="" /> +</a><div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center">MAJOR OF CAVALRY, U.S. ARMY.<br />FULL DRESS</td><td align="center">LIEUT. COLONEL, SURG., U.S. ARMY.<br />OFFICERS OVERCOAT AND STAFF TROWSERS</td><td align="center">SERGEANT MAJOR, ARTILLERY, U.S. ARMY.<br />FULL DRESS</td><td align="center">SERGEANT, INFANTRY, U.S. ARMY.<br />FULL DRESS</td></tr> +</table></div> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-039fs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-039.jpg" width="450" height="265" alt="U.S. Army Uniforms (Private, U.S. INFANTRY; CORPORAL, CAVALRY; PRIVATE, LIGHT ARTILLERY; GREAT COAT FOR ALL MOUNTED MEN)" title="" /> +</a><div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center">PRIVATE, U.S. INFANTRY.<br />FATIGUE MARCHING ORDER</td><td align="center">CORPORAL, CAVALRY, U.S. ARMY.<br />FULL DRESS</td><td align="center">PRIVATE, LIGHT ARTILLERY, U.S. ARMY.<br />FULL DRESS</td><td align="center">GREAT COAT FOR ALL MOUNTED MEN</td></tr> +</table></div> +</div><p><!-- Page 36 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-040fs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-040.jpg" width="450" height="329" alt="UNITED STATES UNIFORMS IN THE CIVIL WAR" title="" /> +</a><div class="center">UNITED STATES UNIFORMS IN THE CIVIL WAR +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center">REG. CAVALRY PRIVATE.</td><td align="center">GEN. GRANT'S UNIFORM.</td><td align="center">ARTILLERY LINE OFFICER.</td><td align="center">DURYEA'S ZOUAVE.</td><td align="center">HAWKIN'S ZOUAVE.</td><td align="center">REG. INFANTRY PRIVATE.</td><td align="center">DURYEA'S ZOUAVE LINE OFFICER.</td><td align="center">CAMPAIGN UNIFORM INFANTRY.</td><td align="center">REG. ARTILLERY PRIVATE.</td><td align="center">INFANTRY OVERCOAT.</td></tr> +</table></div> +</div> + + +<p><br /><br /><!-- Page 37 --></p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-041fs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-041.jpg" width="450" height="325" alt="CONFEDERATE UNIFORMS" title="" /> +</a><div class="center">CONFEDERATE UNIFORMS +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center">NORTH CAROLINA MILITIA.</td><td align="center">REG. INFANTRY PRIVATE.</td><td align="center">WASHINGTON ARTILLERY.</td><td align="center">MONTGOMERY TRUE BLUE.</td><td align="center">FIELD OFFICER OF INFANTRY.</td><td align="center">GEN. LEE'S UNIFORM.</td><td align="center">REG. CAVALRY PRIVATE.</td><td align="center">LOUISIANA TIGER.</td><td align="center">LOUISIANA ZOUAVE.</td><td align="center">REG. ARTILLERY PRIVATE.</td></tr> +</table></div> +</div> + + +<p><br /><br /><!-- Page 38 --></p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-042fs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-042.jpg" width="450" height="260" alt="C.S. Army Uniforms (GENERAL; COLONEL, INFANTRY; COLONEL, ENGINEERS; MAJOR, CAVALRY)" title="" /> +</a><div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center">GENERAL,<br />C.S. ARMY.</td><td align="center">COLONEL, INFANTRY,<br />C.S. ARMY.</td><td align="center">COLONEL, ENGINEERS,<br />C.S. ARMY.</td><td align="center">MAJOR, CAVALRY,<br />C.S. ARMY.</td></tr> +</table></div> +</div> + + +<p><br /><br /><!-- Page 39 --></p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-043fs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-043.jpg" width="450" height="260" alt="C.S. Army Uniforms (SURGEON, MAJOR MED. DEPT.; CAPTAIN, ARTILLERY; FIRST LIEUTENANT, INFANTRY; SERGEANT, CAVALRY)" title="" /> +</a><div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center">SURGEON, MAJOR MED. DEPT.,<br />C.S. ARMY.</td><td align="center">CAPTAIN, ARTILLERY,<br />C.S. ARMY.</td><td align="center">FIRST LIEUTENANT, INFANTRY,<br />C.S. ARMY.</td><td align="center">SERGEANT, CAVALRY,<br />C.S. ARMY.</td></tr> +</table></div> +</div> + + +<p><br /><br /><!-- Page 40 --></p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-044fs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-044.jpg" width="450" height="258" alt="C.S. Army Uniforms (CORPORAL, ARTILLERY; PRIVATE, INFANTRY; INFANTRY OVERCOAT; CAVALRY OVERCOAT)" title="" /> +</a><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center">CORPORAL, ARTILLERY,<br />C.S. ARMY.</td><td align="center">PRIVATE, INFANTRY,<br />C.S. ARMY.</td><td align="center">INFANTRY C.S. ARMY.<br />OVERCOAT</td><td align="center">CAVALRY C.S. ARMY.<br />OVERCOAT</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><!-- Page 41 --></p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-045afs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-045a.jpg" width="450" height="282" alt="In 1864 nearly 4,000 wagons traveled with Meade's Army of the Potomac, each +capable of carrying 2,500 pounds of supplies. During one year the Federal Army +purchased 14,500 wagons and captured an additional 2,000." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">In 1864 nearly 4,000 wagons traveled with Meade's Army of the Potomac, each +capable of carrying 2,500 pounds of supplies. During one year the Federal Army +purchased 14,500 wagons and captured an additional 2,000.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-045bfs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-045b.jpg" width="450" height="285" alt=""The muscles of his brawny arms are strong as ironbands...." Union Army blacksmiths +had to shoe nearly 500 new horses and mules daily." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">"The muscles of his brawny arms are strong as ironbands...." Union Army blacksmiths +had to shoe nearly 500 new horses and mules daily.</span> +</div><p><!-- Page 42 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-046afs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-046a.jpg" width="450" height="282" alt="An old timer that traveled many miles of Virginia road with a busy and tireless +man—General U. S. Grant." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">An old timer that traveled many miles of Virginia road with a busy and tireless +man—General U. S. Grant.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-046bfs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-046b.jpg" width="450" height="288" alt="General Lee had hoped that Virginia's numerous streams and rivers would delay +Grant's advance, but Federal engineers with portable pontoon bridges kept the +army at Lee's heels." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">General Lee had hoped that Virginia's numerous streams and rivers would delay +Grant's advance, but Federal engineers with portable pontoon bridges kept the +army at Lee's heels.</span> +</div><p><!-- Page 43 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-047afs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-047a.jpg" width="450" height="280" alt="This "cornstalk" bridge over Potomac Creek near Fredericksburg was built by +the Military Railroad construction corps from 204,000 feet of standing timber in +nine days." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">This "cornstalk" bridge over Potomac Creek near Fredericksburg was built by +the Military Railroad construction corps from 204,000 feet of standing timber in +nine days.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-047bfs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-047b.jpg" width="450" height="287" alt="In one year (1864-1865) the Federal Military Railroad, with 365 engines and 4,203 +cars, delivered over 5 million tons of supplies to the armies in the field." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">In one year (1864-1865) the Federal Military Railroad, with 365 engines and 4,203 +cars, delivered over 5 million tons of supplies to the armies in the field.</span> +</div><p><!-- Page 44 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-048afs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-048a.jpg" width="450" height="281" alt="Schooners piled high with cartridge boxes lie in the placid waters off Hampton +Roads. In 1865 hundreds of Union troops and supplies were moved by ocean +transports, chartered at a daily cost of $92,000." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Schooners piled high with cartridge boxes lie in the placid waters off Hampton +Roads. In 1865 hundreds of Union troops and supplies were moved by ocean +transports, chartered at a daily cost of $92,000.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-048bfs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-048b.jpg" width="450" height="289" alt="Federal ships crowd the magazine wharf at City Point with equipment and supplies +for army wagons from Petersburg. Twenty per cent of the total supply tonnage +was transported by water." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Federal ships crowd the magazine wharf at City Point with equipment and supplies +for army wagons from Petersburg. Twenty per cent of the total supply tonnage +was transported by water.</span> +</div><p><!-- Page 45 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span></p> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-049fs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-049.jpg" width="450" height="288" alt="Civil War Small Arms" title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Civil War Small Arms</span> +<p><!-- Page 46 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span></p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 365px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-050fs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-050.jpg" width="365" height="433" alt="Civil War Artillery" title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Civil War Artillery</span> +</div> + + +<div class="center"><br /><br /> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4" summary=""> +<tr><th colspan="2"><i>MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RANGE IN YARDS</i></th></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>12-Pounder Howitzer</i></td><td><i>1,070</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>6 & 12-Pounder Field Guns</i></td><td><i>1,200</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>13-Inch Siege Mortar</i></td><td><i>3,520</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>10-Pounder Parrott Rifle</i></td><td><i>5,000</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>10-Inch Columbiad Siege Gun</i></td><td><i>5,650</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>30-Pounder Parrott Rifle</i></td><td><i>8,450</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>12-Pounder Whitworth Rifle</i></td><td><i>8,800</i></td></tr> +</table><br /><br /></div> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="20" summary=""> +<tr><th colspan="8"><i>TYPICAL GUNNER'S TABLE</i></th></tr> +<tr><td align="center" colspan="4"><i>12-Pounder Field Gun</i></td><td align="center" colspan="4"><i>Powder Charge 2.5 lbs.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Range (yards)</i></td><td align="center"><i>600</i></td><td align="center"><i>700</i></td><td align="center"><i>800</i></td><td align="center"><i>900</i></td><td align="center"><i>1,000</i></td><td align="center"><i>1,100</i></td><td align="center"><i>1,200</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Muzzle Elevation</i></td><td align="center"><i>1°</i></td><td align="center"><i>1°45'</i></td><td align="center"><i>2°</i></td><td align="center"><i>2°15'</i></td><td align="center"><i>2°30'</i></td><td align="center"><i>3°</i></td><td align="center"><i>3°30'</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Fuse Setting (sec.)</i></td><td align="center"><i>1.75</i></td><td align="center"><i>2.50</i></td><td align="center"><i>2.75</i></td><td align="center"><i>3.00</i></td><td align="center"><i>3.25</i></td><td align="center"><i>4.00</i></td><td align="center"><i>4.50</i></td></tr> +</table><!-- Page 47 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-051afs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-051a.jpg" width="450" height="279" alt="A 15-inch Rodman smoothbore, one of the largest guns mounted during the war, +stands as a silent sentry guarding the Potomac at Alexandria, Virginia." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">A 15-inch Rodman smoothbore, one of the largest guns mounted during the war, +stands as a silent sentry guarding the Potomac at Alexandria, Virginia.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-051bfs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-051b.jpg" width="450" height="279" alt="The Parrott Rifle, recognizable by the wrought iron jacket reinforcing its breech, +was one of the first rifled field guns used by the U.S. Army." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">The Parrott Rifle, recognizable by the wrought iron jacket reinforcing its breech, +was one of the first rifled field guns used by the U.S. Army.</span> +</div><p><!-- Page 48 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-052afs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-052a.jpg" width="450" height="283" alt="Moved by special rail to the Petersburg front, the 13-inch mortar "Dictator" hurled +200-pound exploding shells at the Confederate earthworks over two miles away." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Moved by special rail to the Petersburg front, the 13-inch mortar "Dictator" hurled +200-pound exploding shells at the Confederate earthworks over two miles away.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-052bfs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-052b.jpg" width="450" height="285" alt="Curious Federal soldiers inspect a Confederate armored gun, the earliest rail +artillery on record. This "land ram", designed by Lt. John M. Brooke of the Confederate +Navy, was first used at Savage Station, Virginia, in 1862." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Curious Federal soldiers inspect a Confederate armored gun, the earliest rail +artillery on record. This "land ram", designed by Lt. John M. Brooke of the Confederate +Navy, was first used at Savage Station, Virginia, in 1862.</span> +</div><p><!-- Page 49 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span></p> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-053afs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-053a.jpg" width="450" height="287" alt="Gabions, open-end baskets filled with earth, proved as effective as masonary in +defensive works. Thousands of these baskets were patiently made by hand for +use in field and seacoast fortifications." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Gabions, open-end baskets filled with earth, proved as effective as masonary in +defensive works. Thousands of these baskets were patiently made by hand for +use in field and seacoast fortifications.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-053bfs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-053b.jpg" width="450" height="288" alt="Confederate sappers constructed a number of artillery emplacements covering the +avenues of approach to Atlanta. The guns in this fortification overlook famous +Peachtree Street." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Confederate sappers constructed a number of artillery emplacements covering the +avenues of approach to Atlanta. The guns in this fortification overlook famous +Peachtree Street.</span> +</div><p><!-- Page 50 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-054fs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-054.jpg" width="450" height="259" alt="Chevaux-de-frise, made of logs pierced by sharp stakes, line the Georgia countryside. Confederate defensive measures such as +this were effective in stopping cavalry and preventing surprise frontal attacks by infantry." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Chevaux-de-frise, made of logs pierced by sharp stakes, line the Georgia countryside. Confederate defensive measures such as +this were effective in stopping cavalry and preventing surprise frontal attacks by infantry.</span> +</div><p><!-- Page 51 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-055afs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-055a.jpg" width="450" height="286" alt="The Union military telegraph corps strung more than 15,000 miles of wire during +the war. In one year, the Northern armies kept the wires alive with nearly 1.8 +million messages. Galvanic batteries transported by wagon furnished the electricity." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">The Union military telegraph corps strung more than 15,000 miles of wire during +the war. In one year, the Northern armies kept the wires alive with nearly 1.8 +million messages. Galvanic batteries transported by wagon furnished the electricity.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-055bfs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-055b.jpg" width="450" height="283" alt="Flag signals from natural elevations and signal towers could be seen as far as +20 miles on a clear day. Military information was often obtained by signalmen on +both sides who copied each others flag messages and tapped telegraph lines." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Flag signals from natural elevations and signal towers could be seen as far as +20 miles on a clear day. Military information was often obtained by signalmen on +both sides who copied each others flag messages and tapped telegraph lines.</span> +</div><p><!-- Page 52 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-056afs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-056a.jpg" width="450" height="293" alt="Balloon observation on the battlefield was made possible by the portable gas generator. +Here Professor T.S.C. Lowe's balloon is inflated by mobile generators in +front of Richmond in 1862." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Balloon observation on the battlefield was made possible by the portable gas generator. +Here Professor T.S.C. Lowe's balloon is inflated by mobile generators in +front of Richmond in 1862.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-056bfs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-056b.jpg" width="450" height="285" alt="Dodging Confederate shells which whizzed dangerously close to the Intrepid, +Professor Lowe telegraphed information on emplacements directly from his balloon +and made sketches of the approach routes to Richmond." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Dodging Confederate shells which whizzed dangerously close to the Intrepid, +Professor Lowe telegraphed information on emplacements directly from his balloon +and made sketches of the approach routes to Richmond.</span> +</div><p><!-- Page 53 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-057afs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-057a.jpg" width="450" height="287" alt="Faulty intelligence furnished by detective Allan Pinkerton (seated in rear) and +his agents misled General George McClellan during the Peninsula Campaign. +The Pinkerton organization was later replaced by a more efficient military intelligence +bureau." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Faulty intelligence furnished by detective Allan Pinkerton (seated in rear) and +his agents misled General George McClellan during the Peninsula Campaign. +The Pinkerton organization was later replaced by a more efficient military intelligence +bureau.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-057bfs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-057b.jpg" width="450" height="279" alt="A. D. Lytle, a Baton Rouge photographer, provided valuable intelligence to Confederate +commanders. His photographs, like this one posed by the 1st Indiana +Heavy Artillery, revealed the strength and condition of Union organizations." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">A. D. Lytle, a Baton Rouge photographer, provided valuable intelligence to Confederate +commanders. His photographs, like this one posed by the 1st Indiana +Heavy Artillery, revealed the strength and condition of Union organizations.</span> +</div><p><!-- Page 54 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-058fs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-058.jpg" width="450" height="257" alt="Artillerymen soften an objective for the infantry. Although field artillery was used extensively, it fcenterened and demoralized more +men than it wounded. Only 20 per cent of the battle casualties can be attributed to the artillery." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Artillerymen soften an objective for the infantry. Although field artillery was used extensively, it frightened and demoralized more +men than it wounded. Only 20 per cent of the battle casualties can be attributed to the artillery.</span> +</div><p><!-- Page 55 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-059fs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-059.jpg" width="450" height="260" alt="Assaults on fortified positions were costly, but here at Petersburg war-weary infantrymen await their turn for another charge +against the Confederate works. Fourteen out of every hundred would fall." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Assaults on fortified positions were costly, but here at Petersburg war-weary infantrymen await their turn for another charge +against the Confederate works. Fourteen out of every hundred would fall.</span> +</div><p><!-- Page 56 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-060afs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-060a.jpg" width="450" height="291" alt="One of an estimated 584,000 Union and Confederate soldiers wounded during the +war. Of this number, over 80,000 died." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">One of an estimated 584,000 Union and Confederate soldiers wounded during the +war. Of this number, over 80,000 died.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-060bfs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-060b.jpg" width="450" height="284" alt="The Union ambulance corps provided one ambulance for every 150 men during the +Wilderness Campaign. In one convoy of 813 ambulances, over 7,000 sick and +wounded were transported to the hospital in Fredericksburg." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">The Union ambulance corps provided one ambulance for every 150 men during the +Wilderness Campaign. In one convoy of 813 ambulances, over 7,000 sick and +wounded were transported to the hospital in Fredericksburg.</span> +</div><p><!-- Page 57 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-061fs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-061.jpg" width="450" height="279" alt="Amputees, like these Union soldiers who survived the surgeon's scalpel, would never forget the traumatic ordeal. Most wounded +went through surgery while fully conscious with but a little morphine, when available, to deaden the pain." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Amputees, like these Union soldiers who survived the surgeon's scalpel, would never forget the traumatic ordeal. Most wounded +went through surgery while fully conscious with but a little morphine, when available, to deaden the pain.</span> +</div><p><!-- Page 58 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-062afs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-062a.jpg" width="450" height="286" alt="A floating palace with bathrooms and laundry, the hospital ship Red Rover gave +many sick and wounded a better chance for life than they would have had in the +crowded field hospitals." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">A floating palace with bathrooms and laundry, the hospital ship Red Rover gave +many sick and wounded a better chance for life than they would have had in the +crowded field hospitals.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-062bfs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-062b.jpg" width="450" height="288" alt="Carver Hospital, where thousands of stricken soldiers recovered. Walt Whitman +and Louisa May Alcott nursed many sick and wounded in similar Washington +hospitals." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Carver Hospital, where thousands of stricken soldiers recovered. Walt Whitman +and Louisa May Alcott nursed many sick and wounded in similar Washington +hospitals.</span> +</div><p><!-- Page 59 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-063fs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-063.jpg" width="450" height="255" alt="The much-publicized Andersonville prison. The declaration by Union authorities that medicine was a contraband of war and their +unwillingness to exchange prisoners contributed to the deplorable prison deaths. Prisoners didn't fare better in the North. Camp +Douglas, Illinois, had the highest death rate of all Civil war prisons—10 per cent of its prisoners died in one month." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">The much-publicized Andersonville prison. The declaration by Union authorities that medicine was a contraband of war and their +unwillingness to exchange prisoners contributed to the deplorable prison deaths. Prisoners didn't fare better in the North. Camp +Douglas, Illinois, had the highest death rate of all Civil war prisons—10 per cent of its prisoners died in one month.</span> +</div><p><!-- Page 60 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-064afs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-064a.jpg" width="450" height="289" alt="Unknown warriors at Cold Harbor awaited a soldier's burial that never came. Two +years later the armies returned to the same field of battle to find those who were +forgotten—still waiting." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Unknown warriors at Cold Harbor awaited a soldier's burial that never came. Two +years later the armies returned to the same field of battle to find those who were +forgotten—still waiting.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-064bfs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-064b.jpg" width="450" height="280" alt="Boys volunteered for a man's job. This Confederate lad gave his last full measure." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Boys volunteered for a man's job. This Confederate lad gave his last full measure.</span> +</div><p><!-- Page 61 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span></p> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-065fs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-065.jpg" width="450" height="258" alt="Extract from the poem "Bivouac of the Dead" by THEODORE O'HARA" title="" /> +</a><div class="left"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="10" summary=""> +<tr><td><div class="poem_caption"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0"><i>The muffled drum's sad roll has beat</i></span> +<span class="i2"><i>The soldier's last tattoo;</i></span> +<span class="i0"><i>No more on Life's parade shall meet</i></span> +<span class="i2"><i>The brave and fallen few.</i></span> +</div></div></td> +<td></td> +<td><div class="poem_caption"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0"><i>On Fame's eternal camping-ground</i></span> +<span class="i2"><i>Their silent tents are spread</i></span> +<span class="i0"><i>And Glory guards, with solemn round,</i></span> +<span class="i2"><i>The bivouac of the dead.</i></span> +</div></div></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td></td><td>—<i>THEODORE O'HARA</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + +</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-066afs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-066a.jpg" width="450" height="288" alt="Richmond 1865—Gaunt remains cast their shadow over the former Confederate +capital. The rampaging fire, started during the evacuation, leveled the waterfront +and the business district." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Richmond 1865—Gaunt remains cast their shadow over the former Confederate +capital. The rampaging fire, started during the evacuation, leveled the waterfront +and the business district.</span></div> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<a href="images/illus-066bfs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-066b.jpg" width="450" height="278" alt="Richmond 1865—Gaunt remains cast their shadow over the former Confederate +capital. The rampaging fire, started during the evacuation, leveled the waterfront +and the business district." title="" /> +</a></div> + + +<p><!-- Page 63 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-067afs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-067a.jpg" width="450" height="289" alt="Charleston, South Carolina, shows the scars of modern warfare. The concept of +total war introduced during the 1860's carried destruction beyond the battlefield." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Charleston, South Carolina, shows the scars of modern warfare. The concept of +total war introduced during the 1860's carried destruction beyond the battlefield.</span></div> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<a href="images/illus-067bfs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-067b.jpg" width="450" height="279" alt="Charleston, South Carolina, shows the scars of modern warfare. The concept of +total war introduced during the 1860's carried destruction beyond the battlefield." title="" /> +</a></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-068afs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-068a.jpg" width="450" height="288" alt="The home of Wilmer McLean at Appomattox. Here the tragic drama closed at +3:45 on Palm Sunday afternoon, April 9, 1865." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">The home of Wilmer McLean at Appomattox. Here the tragic drama closed at +3:45 on Palm Sunday afternoon, April 9, 1865.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-068b_fs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-068b.jpg" width="500" height="318" alt="THE SURRENDER AT APPOMATTOX; BASED UPON THE LITHOGRAPH CALLED "THE DAWN OF PEACE." BY PERMISSION OF W. H. STELLE." title="" /></a> +<span class="caption">THE SURRENDER AT APPOMATTOX; BASED UPON THE LITHOGRAPH CALLED "THE DAWN OF PEACE." BY PERMISSION OF W. H. STELLE.</span> +</div> + +<p><!-- Page 65 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-069fs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-069.jpg" width="400" height="564" alt="Pennsylvania Avenue—host to the Armies of Grant and Sherman during the +Grand Review." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">Pennsylvania Avenue—host to the Armies of Grant and Sherman during the +Grand Review.</span> +</div><p><!-- Page 66 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span></p> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-070fs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-070.jpg" width="450" height="249" alt="The last reunion of Blue and Gray at Gettysburg. The victories and the defeats ... they have become a common property and a +common responsibility of the American people." title="" /> +</a><span class="caption">The last reunion of Blue and Gray at Gettysburg. The victories and the defeats ... they have become a common property and a +common responsibility of the American people.</span> +</div><p><!-- Page 67 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>Losses in Killed, Wounded, and Missing in Engagements, Etc.,</h2> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Where the Total was Five Hundred or more on the side of the Union Troops. +Confederate Losses given are generally based on Estimates.</span></h3> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><th colspan="3"></th><th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Union Loss.</span></th><th><span class="smcap">Confederate Loss.</span></th></tr> +<tr><th align="center"><span class="smcap">No.</span></th><th align="center"><span class="smcap">Date.</span></th><th align="center"><span class="smcap">Name.</span></th><th align="center">Killed</th><th align="center">Wounded</th><th align="center">Missing</th><th align="center"> Total.</th><th align="center">Total.</th></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="center"><b>1861.</b></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td>1</td><td align="left"> July 21</td><td align="left">Bull Run, Va.</td><td> 481</td><td> 1,011</td><td> 1,460</td><td> 2,952</td><td> 1,752</td></tr> +<tr><td>2</td><td align="left"> August 10</td><td align="left">Wilson's Creek, Mo.</td><td> 223</td><td> 721</td><td> 291</td><td> 1,235</td><td> 1,095</td></tr> +<tr><td>3</td><td align="left"> September 12 to 20</td><td align="left">Lexington, Mo.</td><td> 42</td><td> 108</td><td> 1,624</td><td> 1,774</td><td> 100</td></tr> +<tr><td>4</td><td align="left"> October 21</td><td align="left">Ball's Bluff, Va.</td><td> 223</td><td> 226</td><td> 445</td><td> 894</td><td> 302</td></tr> +<tr><td>5</td><td align="left"> November 7</td><td align="left">Belmont, Mo.</td><td> 90</td><td> 173</td><td> 235</td><td> 498</td><td> 966</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="center"><b>1862.</b></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td>6</td><td align="left"> February 14 to 16</td><td align="left">Fort Donelson, Tenn.</td><td> 446</td><td> 1,735</td><td> 150</td><td> 2,331</td><td> 15,067</td></tr> +<tr><td>7</td><td align="left"> March 6 to 8</td><td align="left">Pea Ridge, Ark.</td><td> 203</td><td> 972</td><td> 174</td><td> 1,349</td><td> 5,200</td></tr> +<tr><td>8</td><td align="left"> March 14</td><td align="left">New-Berne, N. C.</td><td> 91</td><td> 466</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 557</td><td> 583</td></tr> +<tr><td>9</td><td align="left"> March 23</td><td align="left">Winchester, Va.</td><td> 103</td><td> 440</td><td> 24</td><td> 567</td><td> 691</td></tr> +<tr><td>10</td><td align="left"> April 6 and 7</td><td align="left">Shiloh, Tenn.</td><td> 1,735</td><td> 7,882</td><td> 3,956</td><td> 13,573</td><td> 10,699</td></tr> +<tr><td>11</td><td align="left"> May 5</td><td align="left">Williamsburg, Va.</td><td> 456</td><td> 1,400</td><td> 372</td><td> 2,228</td><td> 1,000</td></tr> +<tr><td>12</td><td align="left"> May 23</td><td align="left">Front Royal, Va.</td><td> 32</td><td> 122</td><td> 750</td><td> 904</td><td align="center">—</td></tr> +<tr><td>13</td><td align="left"> May 25</td><td align="left">Winchester, Va.</td><td> 38</td><td> 155</td><td> 711</td><td> 904</td><td align="center">—</td></tr> +<tr><td>14</td><td align="left"> May 31 to June 1</td><td align="left">Seven Pines and Fair Oaks, Va.</td><td> 890</td><td> 3,627</td><td> 1,222</td><td> 5,739</td><td> 7,997</td></tr> +<tr><td>15</td><td align="left"> June 8</td><td align="left">Cross Keys, Va.</td><td> 125</td><td> 500</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 625</td><td> 287</td></tr> +<tr><td>16</td><td align="left"> June 9</td><td align="left">Fort Republic, Va.</td><td> 67</td><td> 361</td><td> 574</td><td> 1,002</td><td> 657</td></tr> +<tr><td>17</td><td align="left"> June 16</td><td align="left">Secessionville, James Island, S. C.</td><td> 85</td><td> 472</td><td> 128</td><td> 685</td><td> 204</td></tr> +<tr><td>18</td><td align="left"> June 25</td><td align="left">Oak Grove, Va.</td><td> 51</td><td> 401</td><td> 64</td><td> 516</td><td> 541</td></tr> +<tr><td>19</td><td align="left"> June 26 to July 1</td><td align="left">Seven days' retreat; includes Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mills, Chickahominy, Peach Orchard, Savage Station, Charles City Cross Roads, and Malvern Hill</td><td> 1,582</td><td> 7,709</td><td> 5,958</td><td> 15,249</td><td>17,583</td></tr> +<tr><td>20</td><td align="left"> July 13</td><td align="left">Murfreesboro', Tenn.</td><td> 33</td><td> 62</td><td> 800</td><td> 895</td><td> 150</td></tr> +<tr><td>21</td><td align="left"> August 8</td><td align="left">Cedar Mountain, Va.</td><td> 450</td><td> 660</td><td> 290</td><td> 1,400</td><td> 1,307</td></tr> +<tr><td>22</td><td align="left"> July 20 to September 20</td><td align="left">Guerrilla campaign in Missouri; includes Porter's and Poindexter's Guerrillas</td><td> 77</td><td> 156</td><td> 347</td><td> 580</td><td> 2,866</td></tr> +<tr><td>23</td><td align="left"> August 28 and 29</td><td align="left">Groveton and Gainesville, Va.</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 7,000</td><td> 7,000</td></tr> +<tr><td>24</td><td align="left"> August 30</td><td align="left">Bull Run, Va. (2d)</td><td> 800</td><td> 4,000</td><td> 3,000</td><td> 7,800</td><td> 3,700</td></tr> +<tr><td>25</td><td align="left"> August 30</td><td align="left">Richmond Ky.</td><td> 200</td><td> 700</td><td> 4,000</td><td> 4,900</td><td> 750</td></tr> +<tr><td>26</td><td align="left"> September 1</td><td align="left">Chantilly, Va.</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 1,300</td><td> 800</td></tr> +<tr><td>27</td><td align="left"> September 12 to 15</td><td align="left">Harper's Ferry, Va.</td><td> 80</td><td> 120</td><td> 11,583</td><td> 11,783</td><td> 500</td></tr> +<tr><td>28</td><td align="left"> September 14</td><td align="left">Turner's and Crampton's Gaps, South Mountain, Md.</td><td> 443</td><td> 1,806</td><td> 76</td><td> 2,325</td><td> 4,343</td></tr> +<tr><td>29</td><td align="left"> September 14 to 16</td><td align="left">Munfordsville Ky.</td><td> 50</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 3,566</td><td> 3,616</td><td> 714</td></tr> +<tr><td>30</td><td align="left"> September 17</td><td align="left">Antietam, Md.</td><td> 2,010</td><td> 9,416</td><td> 1,043</td><td> 12,469</td><td> 25,899</td></tr> +<tr><td>31</td><td align="left"> September 19 to 20</td><td align="left">Iuka, Miss.</td><td> 144</td><td> 598</td><td> 40</td><td> 782</td><td> 1,516</td></tr> +<tr><td>32</td><td align="left"> October 3 and 4</td><td align="left">Corinth, Miss.</td><td> 315</td><td> 1,812</td><td> 232</td><td> 2,359</td><td> 14,221</td></tr> +<tr><td>33</td><td align="left"> October 5</td><td align="left">Big Hatchie River, Miss.</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 500</td><td> 400</td></tr> +<tr><td>34</td><td align="left"> October 8</td><td align="left">Perryville, Ky.</td><td> 916</td><td> 2,943</td><td> 489</td><td> 4,348</td><td> 7,000</td></tr> +<tr><td>35</td><td align="left"> December 7</td><td align="left">Prairie Grove, Ark.</td><td> 167</td><td> 798</td><td> 183</td><td> 1,148</td><td> 1,500</td></tr> +<tr><td>36</td><td align="left"> December 7</td><td align="left">Hartsville, Tenn.</td><td> 55</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 1,800</td><td> 1,855</td><td> 149</td></tr> +<tr><td>37</td><td align="left"> December 12 to 18</td><td align="left">Foster's expedition to Goldsboro', N.C.</td><td> 90</td><td> 478</td><td> 9</td><td> 577</td><td> 739</td></tr> +<tr><td>38</td><td align="left"> December 13</td><td align="left">Fredericksburg, Va.</td><td> 1,180</td><td> 9,028</td><td> 2,145</td><td> 12,353</td><td> 4,576</td></tr> +<tr><td>39</td><td align="left"> December 20</td><td align="left">Holly Springs, Miss.</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 1,000</td><td> 1,000</td><td align="center">—</td></tr> +<tr><td>40</td><td align="left"> December 27</td><td align="left">Elizabethtown, Ky.</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 500</td><td> 500</td><td align="center">—</td></tr> +<tr><td>41</td><td align="left"> December 28 and 29</td><td align="left">Chickasaw Bayou, Vicksburg, Miss.</td><td> 191</td><td> 982</td><td> 756</td><td> 1,929</td><td> 207</td></tr> +<tr><td>42</td><td align="left"> Dec. 31, 1862, to Jan. 2, 1863</td><td align="left">Stone's River, Tenn.</td><td> 1,533</td><td> 7,245</td><td> 2,800</td><td> 11,578</td><td> 25,560</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="center"><b>1863.</b></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td>43</td><td align="left"> January 1</td><td align="left">Galveston, Texas</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 600</td><td> 600</td><td> 50</td></tr> +<tr><td>44</td><td align="left"> January 11</td><td align="left">Fort Hindman, Arkansas Post, Ark.</td><td> 129</td><td> 831</td><td> 17</td><td> 977</td><td> 5,500</td></tr> +<tr><td>45</td><td align="left"> March 4 and 5</td><td align="left">Thompson's Station, Tenn.</td><td> 100</td><td> 300</td><td> 1,306</td><td> 1,706</td><td> 600</td></tr> +<tr><td>46</td><td align="left"> April 27 to May 3</td><td align="left">Streight's raid from Tuscumbia, Ala., to Rome, Ga.</td><td> 12</td><td> 69</td><td> 1,466</td><td> 1,547</td><td align="center">—</td></tr> +<tr><td>47</td><td align="left"> May 1</td><td align="left">Port Gibson, Miss.</td><td> 130</td><td> 718</td><td> 5</td><td> 853</td><td> 1,650</td></tr> +<tr><td>48</td><td align="left"> May 1 to 4</td><td align="left">Chancellorsville, Va.</td><td> 1,512</td><td> 9,518</td><td> 5,000</td><td> 16,030</td><td> 12,281</td></tr> +<tr><td>49</td><td align="left"> May 16</td><td align="left">Champion Mills, Miss.</td><td> 426</td><td> 1,842</td><td> 189</td><td> 2,457</td><td> 4,300</td></tr> +<tr><td>50</td><td align="left"> May 18 to July 4</td><td align="left">Siege of Vicksburg, Miss.</td><td> 545</td><td> 3,688</td><td> 303</td><td> 4,536</td><td> 31,277</td></tr> +<tr><td>51</td><td align="left"> May 27 to July 9</td><td align="left">Siege of Port Hudson, La.</td><td> 500</td><td> 2,500</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 3,000</td><td> 7,208</td></tr> +<tr><td>52</td><td align="left"> June 6 to 8</td><td align="left">Milliken's Bend, La.</td><td> 154</td><td> 223</td><td> 115</td><td> 492</td><td> 725</td></tr> +<tr><td>53</td><td align="left"> June 9</td><td align="left">Beverly Ford and Brandy Station, Va.</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 500</td><td> 700</td></tr> +<tr><td>54</td><td align="left"> June 13 to 15</td><td align="left">Winchester, Va.</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 3,000</td><td> 3,000</td><td> 850</td></tr> +<tr><td>55</td><td align="left"> June 23 to 30</td><td align="left">Rosecrans' campaign from Murfreesboro' to Tullahoma, Tenn.</td><td> 85</td><td> 462</td><td> 13</td><td> 560</td><td> 1,634</td></tr> +<tr><td>56</td><td align="left"> July 1 to 3</td><td align="left">Gettysburg, Pa.</td><td> 2,834</td><td> 13,709</td><td> 6,643</td><td> 23,186</td><td> 31,621</td></tr> +<tr><td>57</td><td align="left"> July 9 to 16</td><td align="left">Jackson, Miss.</td><td> 100</td><td> 800</td><td> 100</td><td> 1,000</td><td> 1,339</td></tr> +<tr><td>58</td><td align="left"> July 18</td><td align="left">Second assault on Fort Wagner, S. C</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 1,500</td><td> 174<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td>59</td><td align="left"> September 19 to 20</td><td align="left">Chickamauga, Ga.</td><td> 1,644</td><td> 9,262</td><td> 4,945</td><td> 15,851</td><td> 17,804</td></tr> +<tr><td>60</td><td align="left"> November 3</td><td align="left">Grand Coteau, La.</td><td> 26</td><td> 124</td><td> 576</td><td> 726</td><td> 445</td></tr> +<tr><td>61</td><td align="left"> November 6</td><td align="left">Rogersville, Tenn.</td><td> 5</td><td> 12</td><td> 650</td><td> 667</td><td> 30</td></tr> +<tr><td>62</td><td align="left"> November 23 to 25</td><td align="left">Chattanooga, Tenn.; includes Orchard Knob, Lookout Mountain, and Missionary Ridge.</td><td> 757</td><td> 4,529</td><td> 330</td><td> 5,616</td><td> 8,684</td></tr> +<tr><td>63</td><td align="left"> November 26 to 28</td><td align="left">Operations at Mine Run, Va.</td><td> 100</td><td> 400</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 500</td><td> 500</td></tr> +<tr><td>64</td><td align="left"> December 14</td><td align="left">Bean's Station, Tenn.</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 700</td><td> 900</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="center"><b>1864.</b></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td>65</td><td align="left"> February 20</td><td align="left">Olustee, Fla.</td><td> 193</td><td> 1,175</td><td> 460</td><td> 1,828</td><td> 500</td></tr> +<tr><td>66</td><td align="left"> April 8</td><td align="left">Sabine Cross Roads, La.</td><td> 200</td><td> 900</td><td> 1,800</td><td> 2,900</td><td> 1,500</td></tr> +<tr><td>67</td><td align="left"> April 9</td><td align="left">Pleasant Hills, La.</td><td> 100</td><td> 700</td><td> 300</td><td> 1,100</td><td> 2,000</td></tr> +<tr><td>68</td><td align="left"> April 12</td><td align="left">Fort Pillow, Tenn.</td><td> 350</td><td> 60</td><td> 164</td><td> 574</td><td> 80</td></tr> +<tr><td>69</td><td align="left"> April 17 to 20</td><td align="left">Plymouth, N. C.</td><td> 20</td><td> 80</td><td> 1,500</td><td> 1,600</td><td> 500</td></tr> +<tr><td>70</td><td align="left"> April 30</td><td align="left">Jenkins' Ferry, Saline River, Ark.</td><td> 200</td><td> 955</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 1,155</td><td> 1,100</td></tr> +<tr><td>71</td><td align="left"> May 5 to 7</td><td align="left">Wilderness, Va.</td><td> 5,597</td><td> 21,463</td><td> 10,677</td><td> 37,737</td><td> 11,400</td></tr> +<tr><td>72</td><td align="left"> May 5 to 9</td><td align="left">Rocky Face Ridge, Ga.; includes Tunnel Hill, Mill Creek Gap, Buzzard Roost, Snake Creek Gap, and near Dalton</td><td> 200</td><td> 637</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 837</td><td> 600</td></tr> +<tr><td>73</td><td align="left"> May 8 to 18</td><td align="left">Spottsylvania Court House, Va.; includes engagements on the Fredericksburg Road, Laurel Hill, and Nye River</td><td> 4,177</td><td> 19,687</td><td> 2,577</td><td> 26,461</td><td> 9,000</td></tr> +<tr><td>74</td><td align="left"> May 9 to 10</td><td align="left">Swift Creek, Va.</td><td> 90</td><td> 400</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 490</td><td> 500</td></tr> +<tr><td>75</td><td align="left"> May 9 to 10</td><td align="left">Cloyd's Mountain and New River Bridge, Va.</td><td> 126</td><td> 585</td><td> 34</td><td> 745</td><td> 900</td></tr> +<tr><td>76</td><td align="left"> May 12 to 16</td><td align="left">Fort Darling, Drewry's Bluff, Va.</td><td> 422</td><td> 2,380</td><td> 210</td><td> 3,012</td><td> 2,500</td></tr> +<tr><td>77</td><td align="left"> May 13 to 16</td><td align="left">Resaca, Ga.</td><td> 600</td><td> 2,147</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 2,747</td><td> 2,800</td></tr> +<tr><td>78</td><td align="left"> May 15</td><td align="left">New Market, Va.</td><td> 120</td><td> 560</td><td> 240</td><td> 920</td><td> 405</td></tr> +<tr><td>79</td><td align="left"> May 16 to 30</td><td align="left">Bermuda Hundred, Va.</td><td> 200</td><td> 1,000</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 1,200</td><td> 3,000</td></tr> +<tr><td>80</td><td align="left"> May 23 to 27</td><td align="left">North Anna River, Va.</td><td> 223</td><td> 1,460</td><td> 290</td><td> 1,973</td><td> 2,000</td></tr> +<tr><td>81</td><td align="left"> May 25 to June 4</td><td align="left">Dallas, Ga.</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 2,400</td><td> 3,000</td></tr> +<tr><td>82</td><td align="left"> June 1 to 12</td><td align="left">Cold Harbor, Va.</td><td> 1,905</td><td> 10,570</td><td> 2,456</td><td> 14,931</td><td> 1,700</td></tr> +<tr><td>83</td><td align="left"> June 5</td><td align="left">Piedmont, Va.</td><td> 130</td><td> 650</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 780</td><td> 2,970</td></tr> +<tr><td>84</td><td align="left"> June 9 to 30</td><td align="left">Kenesaw Mountain, Ga.; includes Pine Mountain, Pine Knob, Golgotha, Culp's House, general assault, June 27th: McAfee's Cross Roads, Lattemore's Mills and Powder Springs</td><td> 1,370</td><td> 6,500</td><td> 800</td><td> 8,670</td><td> 4,600</td></tr> +<tr><td>85</td><td align="left"> June 10</td><td align="left">Brice's Cross Roads, near Guntown, Miss.</td><td> 223</td><td> 394</td><td> 1,623</td><td> 2,240</td><td> 606</td></tr> +<tr><td>86</td><td align="left"> June 10</td><td align="left">Kellar's Bridge, Licking River, Ky.</td><td align="left"> 13</td><td> 54</td><td> 700</td><td> 767</td><td align="center">—</td></tr> +<tr><td>87</td><td align="left"> June 11 and 12</td><td align="left">Trevellian Station, Central Railroad, Va.</td><td> 85</td><td> 490</td><td> 160</td><td> 735</td><td> 370</td></tr> +<tr><td>88</td><td align="left"> June 15 to 19</td><td align="left">Petersburg, Va.; includes Baylor's Farm, Walthal, and Weir Bottom Church</td><td> 1,298</td><td> 7,474</td><td> 1,814</td><td> 10,586</td><td align="center">—</td></tr> +<tr><td>89</td><td align="left"> June 17 and 18</td><td align="left">Lynchburg, Va.</td><td> 100</td><td> 500</td><td> 400</td><td> 700</td><td> 200</td></tr> +<tr><td>90</td><td align="left"> June 20 to 30</td><td align="left">Trenches in front of Petersburg, Va.</td><td> 112</td><td> 506</td><td> 800</td><td> 1,418</td><td align="center">—</td></tr> +<tr><td>91</td><td align="left"> June 22 to 30</td><td align="left">Wilson's raid on the Weldon Railroad, Va.</td><td> 76</td><td> 265</td><td> 700</td><td> 1,041</td><td> 300</td></tr> +<tr><td>92</td><td align="left"> June 22 and 23</td><td align="left">Weldon Railroad, Va.</td><td> 604</td><td> 2,494</td><td> 2,217</td><td> 5,315</td><td> 500</td></tr> +<tr><td>93</td><td align="left"> June 27</td><td align="left">Kenesaw Mountain, general assault. See No. 2,345</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 3,000</td><td> 608</td></tr> +<tr><td>94</td><td align="left"> July 1 to 31</td><td align="left">Front of Petersburg, Va.; losses at the Crater and Deep Bottom not included</td><td> 419</td><td> 2,076</td><td> 1,200</td><td> 3,695</td><td align="center">—</td></tr> +<tr><td>95</td><td align="left"> July 6 to 10</td><td align="left">Chattahoochee River, Ga.</td><td> 80</td><td> 450</td><td> 200</td><td> 730</td><td> 600</td></tr> +<tr><td>96</td><td align="left"> July 9</td><td align="left">Monocacy, Md.</td><td> 90</td><td> 579</td><td> 1,290</td><td> 1,959</td><td> 400</td></tr> +<tr><td>97</td><td align="left"> July 13 to 15</td><td align="left">Tupelo, Miss.; includes Harrisburg and Old Town Creek</td><td> 85</td><td>563</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 648</td><td> 700</td></tr> +<tr><td>98</td><td align="left"> July 20</td><td align="left">Peach Tree Creek, Ga.</td><td> 300</td><td> 1,410</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 1,710</td><td> 4,796</td></tr> +<tr><td>99</td><td align="left"> July 22</td><td align="left">Atlanta, Ga.; Hood's first sortie</td><td> 500</td><td> 2,141</td><td> 1,000</td><td> 3,641</td><td> 8,499</td></tr> +<tr><td>100</td><td align="left"> July 24</td><td align="left">Winchester, Va.</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 1,200</td><td> 600</td></tr> +<tr><td>101</td><td align="left"> July 26 to 31</td><td align="left">Stoneman's raid to Macon, Ga.</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 100</td><td> 900</td><td> 1,000</td><td align="center">—</td></tr> +<tr><td>102</td><td align="left"> July 26 to 31</td><td align="left">McCook's raid to Lovejoy Station, Ga.</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 100</td><td> 500</td><td> 600</td><td align="center">—</td></tr> +<tr><td>103</td><td align="left"> July 28</td><td align="left">Ezra Chapel, Atlanta, Ga.; second sortie.</td><td> 100</td><td> 600</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 700</td><td> 4,642</td></tr> +<tr><td>104</td><td align="left"> July 30</td><td align="left">Mine explosion at Petersburg, Va.</td><td> 419</td><td> 1,679</td><td> 1,910</td><td> 4,008</td><td> 1,200</td></tr> +<tr><td>105</td><td align="left"> August 1 to 31</td><td align="left">Trenches before Petersburg, Va.</td><td> 87</td><td> 484</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 571</td><td align="center">—</td></tr> +<tr><td>106</td><td align="left"> August 14 to 18</td><td align="left">Strawberry Plains, Deep Bottom Run, Va.</td><td> 400</td><td> 1,755</td><td> 1,400</td><td> 3,555</td><td> 1,100</td></tr> +<tr><td>107</td><td align="left"> August 18, 19 & 21</td><td align="left">Six Mile House, Weldon Railroad, Va.</td><td> 212</td><td> 1,155</td><td> 3,176</td><td> 4,543</td><td> 4,000</td></tr> +<tr><td>108</td><td align="left"> August 21</td><td align="left">Summit Point, Va.</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 600</td><td> 400</td></tr> +<tr><td>109</td><td align="left"> August 25</td><td align="left">Ream's Station, Va.</td><td> 127</td><td> 546</td><td> 1,769</td><td> 2,442</td><td> 1,500</td></tr> +<tr><td>110</td><td align="left"> August 31 to September 1</td><td align="left">Jonesboro', Ga.</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 1,149</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 1,149</td><td> 2,000</td></tr> +<tr><td>111</td><td align="left"> May 5 to September 8</td><td align="left">Campaign in Northern Georgia, from Chattanooga, Tenn., to Atlanta, Ga.</td><td> 5,284</td><td> 26,129</td><td> 5,786</td><td> 37,199</td><td align="center">—</td></tr> +<tr><td>112</td><td align="left"> September 1 to October 30</td><td align="left">Trenches before Petersburg, Va.</td><td> 170</td><td> 822</td><td> 812</td><td> 1,804</td><td> 1,000</td></tr> +<tr><td>113</td><td align="left"> September 19</td><td align="left">Opequan, Winchester, Va.</td><td> 653</td><td> 3,719</td><td> 618</td><td> 4,990</td><td> 5,500</td></tr> +<tr><td>114</td><td align="left"> September 23</td><td align="left">Athens, Ala.</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 950</td><td> 950</td><td> 30</td></tr> +<tr><td>115</td><td align="left"> September 24 to October 28</td><td align="left">Price's invasion of Missouri; includes a number of engagements</td><td> 170</td><td> 336</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 506</td><td align="center">—</td></tr> +<tr><td>116</td><td align="left"> September 28 to 30</td><td align="left">New Market Heights, Va.</td><td> 400</td><td> 2,029</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 2,429</td><td> 2,000</td></tr> +<tr><td>117</td><td align="left"> September 30 to October 1</td><td align="left">Preble's Farm, Poplar Springs Church, Va.</td><td> 141</td><td> 788</td><td> 1,756</td><td> 2,685</td><td> 900</td></tr> +<tr><td>118</td><td align="left"> October 5</td><td align="left">Allatoona, Ga.</td><td> 142</td><td> 352</td><td> 212</td><td> 706</td><td> 1,142<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td>119</td><td align="left"> October 19</td><td align="left">Cedar Creek, Va.</td><td> 588</td><td> 3,516</td><td> 1,891</td><td> 5,995</td><td> 4,200</td></tr> +<tr><td>120</td><td align="left"> October 27</td><td align="left">Hatcher's Run, South Side Railroad, Va.</td><td> 156</td><td> 1,047</td><td> 699</td><td> 1,902</td><td> 1,000</td></tr> +<tr><td>121</td><td align="left"> October 27 and 28</td><td align="left">Fair Oaks, near Richmond, Va.</td><td> 120</td><td> 783</td><td> 400</td><td> 1,303</td><td> 451</td></tr> +<tr><td>122</td><td align="left"> November 28</td><td align="left">Fort Kelly, New Creek, West Va.</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 700</td><td> 700</td><td> 5</td></tr> +<tr><td>123</td><td align="left"> November 30</td><td align="left">Franklin, Tenn.</td><td> 189</td><td> 1,033</td><td> 1,104</td><td> 2,326</td><td> 6,252</td></tr> +<tr><td>124</td><td align="left"> November 30</td><td align="left">Honey Hill, Broad River, S. C.</td><td> 66</td><td> 645</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 711</td><td align="center">—</td></tr> +<tr><td>125</td><td align="left"> December 6 to 9</td><td align="left">Deveaux's Neck, S. C.</td><td> 39</td><td> 390</td><td> 200</td><td> 629</td><td> 400</td></tr> +<tr><td>126</td><td align="left"> December 15 & 16</td><td align="left">Nashville, Tenn.</td><td> 400</td><td> 1,740</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 2,140</td><td> 15,000</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="center"><b>1865.</b></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td>127</td><td align="left"> January 11</td><td align="left">Beverly, West Va.</td><td> 5</td><td> 20</td><td> 583</td><td> 608</td><td align="center">—</td></tr> +<tr><td>128</td><td align="left"> January 13 to 15</td><td align="left">Fort Fisher, N. C.</td><td> 184</td><td> 749</td><td> 22</td><td> 955</td><td> 2,483</td></tr> +<tr><td>129</td><td align="left"> February 5 to 7</td><td align="left">Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, Va.</td><td> 232</td><td> 1,062</td><td> 186</td><td> 1,480</td><td> 1,200</td></tr> +<tr><td>130</td><td align="left"> March 8 to 10</td><td align="left">Wilcox's Bridge, Wise's Fork, N. C.</td><td> 80</td><td> 421</td><td> 600</td><td> 1,101</td><td> 1,500</td></tr> +<tr><td>131</td><td align="left"> March 16</td><td align="left">Averysboro', N. C.</td><td> 77</td><td> 477</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 554</td><td> 865</td></tr> +<tr><td>132</td><td align="left"> March 19 to 21</td><td align="left">Bentonville, N. C.</td><td> 191</td><td> 1,168</td><td> 287</td><td> 1,646</td><td> 2,825</td></tr> +<tr><td>133</td><td align="left"> March 25</td><td align="left">Fort Steedman, in front of Petersburg, VA.</td><td> 68</td><td> 337</td><td> 506</td><td> 911</td><td> 2,681</td></tr> +<tr><td>134</td><td align="left"> March 25</td><td align="left">Petersburg, Va.</td><td> 103</td><td> 864</td><td> 209</td><td> 1,176</td><td> 834</td></tr> +<tr><td>135</td><td align="left"> March 26 to April 8</td><td align="left">Spanish Fort, Ala.</td><td> 100</td><td> 695</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 795</td><td> 552</td></tr> +<tr><td>136</td><td align="left"> March 22 to April 24</td><td align="left">Wilson's raid from Chickasaw, Ala., to Macon, Ga.; includes a number of engagements</td><td> 99</td><td> 598</td><td> 28</td><td> 725</td><td> 8,020</td></tr> +<tr><td>137</td><td align="left"> March 31</td><td align="left">Boydton and White Oak Roads, Va.</td><td> 177</td><td> 1,134</td><td> 556</td><td> 1,867</td><td> 1,235</td></tr> +<tr><td>138</td><td align="left"> April 1</td><td align="left">Five Forks, Va.</td><td> 124</td><td> 706</td><td> 54</td><td> 884</td><td> 8,500</td></tr> +<tr><td>139</td><td align="left"> April 2</td><td align="left">Fall of Petersburg, Va.</td><td> 296</td><td> 2,565</td><td> 500</td><td> 3,361</td><td> 3,000</td></tr> +<tr><td>140</td><td align="left"> April 6</td><td align="left">Sailor's Creek, Va.</td><td> 166</td><td> 1,014</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 1,180</td><td> 7,000</td></tr> +<tr><td>141</td><td align="left"> April 6</td><td align="left">High Bridge, Appomattox River, Va.</td><td> 10</td><td> 31</td><td> 1,000</td><td> 1,041</td><td align="center">—</td></tr> +<tr><td>142</td><td align="left"> April 7</td><td align="left">Farmville, Va.</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 655</td><td align="center">—</td></tr> +<tr><td>143</td><td align="left"> April 9</td><td align="left">Fort Blakely, Ala.</td><td> 113</td><td> 516</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 629</td><td> 2,900</td></tr> +<tr><td>144</td><td align="left"> April 9</td><td align="left">Surrender of Lee</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 26,000</td></tr> +<tr><td>145</td><td align="left"> April 26</td><td align="left">Johnston surrendered</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 29,924</td></tr> +<tr><td>146</td><td align="left"> May 4</td><td align="left">Taylor surrendered</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 10,000</td></tr> +<tr><td>147</td><td align="left"> May 10</td><td align="left">Sam Jones surrendered</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 8,000</td></tr> +<tr><td>148</td><td align="left"> May 11</td><td align="left">Jeff Thompson surrendered</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 7,454</td></tr> +<tr><td>149</td><td align="left"> May 26</td><td align="left">Kirby Smith surrendered</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td> 20,000</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h2>Statement of the Number of Engagements</h2> + +<h3><span class="smcap">In the several States and Territories during each Year of the War.</span></h3> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><th><span class="smcap">States and Territories</span></th><th>1861</th><th>1862</th><th>1863</th><th>1864</th><th>1865</th><th>Total</th></tr> +<tr><td align="left">New York</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Pennsylvania</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 8</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Maryland</td><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="right"> 9</td><td align="right"> 10</td><td align="right"> 8</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dist. of Columbia</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">West Virginia</td><td align="right"> 29</td><td align="right"> 114</td><td align="right"> 17</td><td align="right"> 19</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="right"> 80</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Virginia</td><td align="right"> 30</td><td align="right"> 40</td><td align="right"> 116</td><td align="right"> 205</td><td align="right"> 28</td><td align="right"> 519</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">North Carolina</td><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="right"> 27</td><td align="right"> 18</td><td align="right"> 10</td><td align="right"> 28</td><td align="right"> 85</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">South Carolina</td><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="right"> 10</td><td align="right"> 17</td><td align="right"> 9</td><td align="right"> 22</td><td align="right"> 60</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Georgia</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="right"> 8</td><td align="right"> 92</td><td align="right"> 6</td><td align="right"> 108</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Florida</td><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="right"> 4</td><td align="right"> 17</td><td align="right"> 5</td><td align="right"> 32</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Alabama</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 10</td><td align="right"> 12</td><td align="right"> 32</td><td align="right"> 24</td><td align="right"> 78</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Mississippi</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 42</td><td align="right"> 76</td><td align="right"> 67</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="right"> 186</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Louisiana</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="right"> 11</td><td align="right"> 54</td><td align="right"> 50</td><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="right"> 118</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Texas</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="right"> 8</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="right"> 14</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Arkansas</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="right"> 42</td><td align="right"> 40</td><td align="right"> 78</td><td align="right"> 6</td><td align="right"> 167</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Tennessee</td><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="right"> 82</td><td align="right"> 124</td><td align="right"> 89</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="right"> 298</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Kentucky</td><td align="right"> 14</td><td align="right"> 59</td><td align="right"> 30</td><td align="right"> 31</td><td align="right"> 4</td><td align="right"> 138</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ohio</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Indiana</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 4</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Illinois</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Missouri</td><td align="right"> 65</td><td align="right"> 95</td><td align="right"> 43</td><td align="right"> 41</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 244</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Minnesota</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 5</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">California</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="right"> 4</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Kansas</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="right"> 5</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Oregon</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="right"> 4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nevada</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Washington Ter.</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Utah</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">New Mexico</td><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="right"> 5</td><td align="right"> 7</td><td align="right"> 4</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 19</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nebraska</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Colorado</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 4</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Indian Territory</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="right"> 9</td><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="right"> 17</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dakota</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="right"> 5</td><td align="right"> 4</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 11</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Arizona</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="right"> 4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Idaho</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="right"> 1</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="right"> 156</td><td align="right"> 564</td><td align="right"> 627</td><td align="right"> 779</td><td align="right"> 135</td><td align="right"> 2,261</td></tr> +</table><!-- Page 70 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br /> +<a href="images/illus-074_fs.jpg" > +<img src="images/illus-074.jpg" width="450" height="355" alt="BATTLE FIELDS OF THE GREAT CIVIL WAR" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption">BATTLE FIELDS OF THE GREAT CIVIL WAR<br /> +Battles are indicated by stars *</span> +</div> +<p><!-- Page 71 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span></p> + + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><span class="smcap">Recommended Reading</span></h2> + + +<p> +Civil War in the Making: 1815-1860—<i>Avery O. Craven</i><br /> +The Coming of the Civil War—<i>Avery O. Craven</i><br /> +The <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Irrepressable'">Irrepressible</ins> Conflict—<i>Arthur C. Cole</i><br /> +<br /> +West Point Atlas of American Wars, 2 vols.—<i>Vincent J. Esposito</i><br /> +The Story of the Confederacy—<i>Robert Selph Henry</i><br /> +Storm Over the Land: A Profile of the Civil War—<i>Carl Sandburg</i><br /> +The Confederate States of America—<i>E. Merton Coulter</i><br /> +The Compact History of the Civil War—<i>R. Ernest and Trevor N. Dupuy</i><br /> +The Civil War and Reconstruction—<i>James G. Randall</i><br /> +<br /> +The Blue and the Gray—<i>Henry Steele Commager</i><br /> +The Common Soldier in the Civil War—<i>Bell Irvin Wiley</i><br /> +They Fought for the Union—<i>Francis A. Lord</i><br /> +Spies for the Blue and Gray—<i>Harnett Kane</i><br /> +<br /> +Battles and Leaders, 4 vols.—<i>Robert Johnson and Clarence Buel, ed.</i><br /> +The Civil War at Sea—<i>Virgil Carrington Jones</i><br /> +Lee's Lieutenants, 3 vols.—<i>Douglas Southall Freeman</i><br /> +R.E. Lee, 4 vols.—<i>Douglas Southall Freeman</i><br /> +Mr. Lincoln's Army—<i>Bruce Catton</i><br /> +Glory Road—<i>Bruce Catton</i><br /> +Stillness at Appomattox—<i>Bruce Catton</i><br /> +This Hallowed Ground—<i>Bruce Catton</i><br /> +The Generalship of U.S. Grant—<i>J.F.C. Fuller</i><br /> +Sherman—Soldier, Realist, American—<i>B.H. Lidell Hart</i><br /> +Stonewall Jackson: A Study in Command—<i>G.F.R. Henderson</i><br /> +The Civil War: A Soldier's View—<i>Jay Luvaas, ed.</i><br /> +As They Saw Forrest—<i>Robert Selph Henry, ed.</i><br /> +The Army of the Tennessee—<i>Stanley Horne</i><br /> +Lincoln's Plan for Reconstruction—<i>William B. Hesseltine</i><br /> +Lincoln's War Cabinet—<i>Burton J. Hendrick</i><br /> +Organization and Administration of the Union Army, 2 vols.—<i>Frederick A. Shannon</i><br /> +War Department 1861—<i>Alfred H. Meneely</i><br /> +Rebel Brass: The Confederate Command System—<i>Frank E. Vandiver</i><br /> +Jefferson Davis—<i>Hudson Strode</i><br /> +<br /> +Photographic History of the Civil War, 10 vols.—<i>Francis T. Miller and Robert Lanier, ed.</i><br /> +American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War—<i>Bruce Catton, ed.</i><br /> +Divided We Fought—<i>Hirst Milhollen, Milton Kaplan, Hulen Stuart</i><br /> +<br /> +Notes on U.S. Ordnance, 2 vols.—<i>James E. Hicks</i><br /> +U.S. Muskets, Rifles, and Carbines—<i>Arcadi Gluckman</i><br /> +Firearms of the Confederacy—<i>Claud Fuller and Richard Stuart</i><br /><!-- Page 72 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CIVIL WAR CENTENNIAL PROCLAMATION<br /> +No. 3882</h2> + +<h3>BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA<br /> +A PROCLAMATION</h3> + + +<p>The years 1961-1965 will mark the one hundredth anniversary of the American +Civil War.</p> + +<p>That war was America's most tragic experience. But like all truly great tragedies, +it carries with it an enduring lesson and a profound inspiration. It was a demonstration of +heroism and sacrifice by men and women of both sides, who valued principle above life itself +and whose devotion to duty is a proud part of our national inheritance.</p> + +<p>Both sections of our magnificently reunited country sent into their armies men who +became soldiers as good as any who ever fought under any flag. Military history records +nothing finer than the courage and spirit displayed at such battles as Chickamauga, Antietam, +Kenesaw Mountain and Gettysburg. That America could produce men so valiant and +so enduring is a matter for deep and abiding pride.</p> + +<p>The same spirit on the part of the people back home supported those soldiers through +four years of great trial. That a Nation which contained hardly more than 30 million people, +North and South together, could sustain 600,000 deaths without faltering is a lasting testimonial +to something unconquerable in the American spirit. And that a transcending sense +of unity and larger common purpose could, in the end, cause the men and women who had +suffered so greatly to close ranks once the contest ended and to go on together to build a +greater, freer and happier America must be a source of inspiration as long as our country +may last.</p> + +<p>By a joint resolution approved on September 7, 1957, the Congress established the +Civil War Centennial Commission to coordinate the nationwide observances of the one hundredth +anniversary of the Civil War. This resolution authorized and requested the President +to issue proclamations inviting the people of the United States to participate in those observances.</p> + +<p>NOW THEREFORE, I, DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, President of the United States +of America, do hereby invite all of the people of our country to take a direct and active part +in the Centennial of the Civil War.</p> + +<p>I request all units and agencies of government, Federal, State and local, and their +officials, to encourage, foster and participate in Centennial observances. And I especially +urge our Nation's schools and colleges, its libraries and museums, its churches and religious +bodies, its civic, service and patriotic organizations, its learned and professional +societies, its arts, sciences and industries, and its informational media, to plan and carry +out their own appropriate Centennial observances during the years 1961 to 1965; all to +the end of enriching our knowledge and appreciation of this great chapter in our Nation's +history and of making this memorable period truly a Centennial for all Americans.</p> + +<p>IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Seal of the +United States of America to be affixed.</p> + +<blockquote><p>DONE at the City of Washington this 6th day of December +in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and sixty, and of the Independence +of the United States of America the one hundred and eighty-fourth.</p></blockquote> + + +<div class="quotsig"> +By the President:<br /> +Dwight D. Eisenhower +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p>ABOUT THE AUTHOR</p> + +<p>William H. Price is a pursuer of the lesser-known, but important, facts about the Civil War; an interest +that is reflected throughout this unique handbook. Living in Northern Virginia, he has been over many square +miles of the battlefields on foot and, often with a surveyor's transit, has plotted key sites and troop positions +left obscure in the records of the armies. He specializes in the smaller, yet significant battles fought +in Virginia—First Manassas, Cedar Mountain, Brandy Station—and in the operations of the signals services +and topographical engineers. Modern data-processing techniques were applied to the Civil War for the first +time when he devised a new method of cataloguing the war's battles, skirmishes, and engagements; this compilation, +prepared by International Business Machines Corporation, is being used by the National and State +Commissions in planning the numerous Civil War Centennial events.</p> + +<p>Virgil Carrington Jones, biographer of Ranger Mosby and author of "The Civil War at Sea", has best and +most accurately described Mr. Price as "a walking encyclopedia of Civil War lore".</p> + +<p>A native of North Carolina, he has served on the staff of the American Military Institute and is a member +of the Civil War Centennial Commission of the District of Columbia.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 296px;"><br /><br /> +<img src="images/bcover.jpg" width="296" height="450" alt="Back Cover" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class='tnote'><h3>Transcriber's Notes:</h3> + +<p>Research indicates that the copyright was not renewed.</p> + +<p>Obvious punctuation errors repaired.</p> + +<p>This text uses both ironclad and iron-clad. Remaining corrections made are indicated by dotted lines under the corrections. Scroll the mouse over the word and the original text will <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'apprear'">appear</ins>.</p></div> + + + + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Civil War Centennial Handbook, by +William H. Price + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CIVIL WAR CENTENNIAL HANDBOOK *** + +***** This file should be named 37740-h.htm or 37740-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/7/7/4/37740/ + +Produced by Mark C. 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