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+Project Gutenberg's The Civil War Centennial Handbook, by William H. Price
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Civil War Centennial Handbook
+
+Author: William H. Price
+
+Release Date: October 13, 2011 [EBook #37740]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CIVIL WAR CENTENNIAL HANDBOOK ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Mark C. Orton, Steve Klynsma and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+                        THE
+                     CIVIL WAR
+                CENTENNIAL HANDBOOK
+
+                   FIRST EDITION
+                 by William H. Price
+
+
+         A Civil War Research Associate Series
+
+
+
+
+
+                TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+
+
+                                                 Page
+
+  =THE CIVIL WAR=                                  2
+
+  =FACTS=
+
+  The First Modern War                             5
+  Brother Against Brother                          6
+  They Also Served                                 9
+  The Soldier, The Battle, The Losses             11
+  The Cost of War                                 15
+  Numbers and Losses                              17
+
+  =PICTURES=
+
+  The American soldier of the 1860's              20
+  Camp life                                       23
+  Passing time between campaigns                  25
+  Religion and the soldier                        27
+  Correspondents at the front                     28
+  Ships of the line                               30
+  Transportation and supplies                     41
+  Tools of modern warfare                         45
+  Field fortifications and entrenchments          49
+  Communications                                  51
+  Aerial reconnaissance                           52
+  Spies and secret agents                         53
+  The battle's overture                           54
+  Appalling aftermath                             56
+  Marks of total war                              62
+  After four years--Appomattox                    64
+  Last review of the Union Army                   65
+  A Nation re-united                              66
+
+  =UNIFORMS=
+
+  Union regulation uniforms                       33
+  Union regimental uniforms                       36
+  Confederate regimental uniforms                 37
+  Confederate regulation uniforms                 38
+
+  =DATES AND PLACES=
+
+  Chronology of battles                           67
+  Map of the major battlefields                   70
+
+  =RECOMMENDED READING=                           72
+
+
+
+
+    THE
+    CIVIL WAR
+    CENTENNIAL HANDBOOK
+    by William H. Price
+
+    1861-1865      1961-1965
+
+    [Illustration]
+
+    Published by
+    Prince Lithograph Co., Inc.
+    4019 5th Rd. N., Arlington, Virginia
+    Copyright 1961
+
+    Printed in U. S. A.
+
+
+
+
+THE CIVIL WAR
+
+    _Here brothers fought for their principles
+    Here heroes died to save their country
+    And a united people will forever cherish
+    the precious legacy of their noble manhood._
+
+         --_PENNSYLVANIA MONUMENT AT VICKSBURG_
+
+
+The Civil War, which began in the 1830's as a cold war and moved toward
+the inevitable conflict somewhere between 1850 and 1860, was one of
+America's greatest emotional experiences. When the war finally broke in
+1861, beliefs and political ideals had become so firm that they
+transcended family ties and bonds of friendship--brother was cast
+against brother. The story of this supreme test of our Nation, though
+one of tragedy, is also one of triumph, for it united a nation that had
+been divided for over a quarter century.
+
+Holding a place in history midway between the Revolutionary War of the
+18th century and the First World War of the 20th, the American Civil War
+had far-reaching effects: by the many innovations and developments it
+stimulated, it became the forerunner of modern warfare; by the demands
+it made on technology and production, it hastened the industrial
+revolution in America. This conflict also provided the ferment from
+which great personalities arise. Qualities of true greatness were
+revealed in men like William Tecumseh Sherman, the most brilliant
+strategist of modern times; Nathan Bedford Forrest, one of the greatest
+of natural born leaders; Robert E. Lee, "one of the supremely gifted men
+produced by our Nation"; and Abraham Lincoln, who, like the other great
+men of that era, would be minor characters in our history had they not
+been called upon in this time of crisis. And emerging from such trying
+times were seven future Presidents of the United States, all officers of
+the Union Army.
+
+But the story of this sectional struggle is not only one of great
+leaders and events. It is the story of 18,000 men in Gen. Sedgwick's
+Corps who formed a marching column that stretched over ten miles of
+road, and in that hot month of July 1863, the story of how they marched
+steadily for eighteen hours, stopping only once to rest, until they
+reached Gettysburg where the crucial battle was raging. It is the story
+of more than two hundred young VMI Cadets, who without hesitation left
+their classrooms to fight alongside hardened veterans at the battle of
+New Market in 1864. Or it is the story of two brothers who followed
+different flags and then met under such tragic circumstances on the
+field of battle at Petersburg.
+
+It is also a story of the human toil and machinery that produced more
+than four million small arms for the Union Army and stamped from copper
+over one billion percussion caps for these weapons during the four years
+of war. Inside the Confederacy, it is the story of experiments with new
+weapons--the submarine, iron-clad rams, torpedoes, and landmines--in an
+attempt to overcome the North's numerical superiority.
+
+It is the purpose of _The Civil War Centennial Handbook_ to present this
+unusual story of the Civil War, a mosaic composed of fragments from the
+lesser-known and yet colorful facts that have survived a century but
+have been obscured by the voluminous battle narratives and campaign
+studies.
+
+Much of this material, when originally drafted, was selected by the
+National Civil War Centennial Commission for their informative and
+interesting _Facts About the Civil War_. This original material, revised
+and enlarged, has grown into _The Civil War Centennial Handbook_.
+
+The handbook is divided into five basic parts. The first is a
+presentation of little-known and unusual facts about participants,
+battles and losses, and the cost of war. The second is a graphic
+portrayal of both the men and machines that made the war of the 1860's.
+The special selection of photographs for this portion of the story were
+made available through the courtesy of the National Archives and the
+Library of Congress. Next are reproductions in color of Union and
+Confederate uniforms from the _Official Records Atlas_ and the famous
+paintings by H. A. Ogden. The fourth section is a reference table of
+battles and losses listed in chronological order, accompanied by a map
+showing the major engagements of the war. And primarily for the growing
+number of new Civil War buffs, there is a roster of Civil War Round
+Tables, as well as a recommended list of outstanding books on the Civil
+War.
+
+The material presented in The _Civil War Centennial Handbook_ has been
+selected from standard sources, the most outstanding of which are: the
+_Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies and Navies_,
+Moore's _Rebellion Record_, Cullum's _Biographical Register of West
+Point Graduates_, Phisterer's _Statistical Record_, Livermore's _Numbers
+and Losses in the Civil War_, Fox's _Regimental Losses_, the _Dictionary
+of American Biography_, Dyer's _Compendium of the War of the Rebellion_,
+the _Annual Reports of the Secretary of War_, and last but far from
+least, one of the richest sources of information available, my fellow
+members of the District of Columbia Civil War Round Table.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE FIRST MODERN WAR
+
+     _In the arts of life, man invents nothing; but in the arts of
+     death he outdoes Nature herself, and produces by chemistry and
+     machinery all the slaughter of plague, pestilence and famine.
+
+                                           --_GEORGE BERNARD SHAW_
+
+
+The arts of tactics and strategy were revolutionized by the many
+developments introduced during the 1860's. Thus the Civil War ushered in
+a new era in warfare with the ...
+
+   FIRST practical machine gun.
+   FIRST repeating rifle used in combat.
+   FIRST use of the railroads as a major means of transporting
+         troops and supplies.
+   FIRST mobile siege artillery mounted on rail cars.
+   FIRST extensive use of trenches and field fortifications.
+   FIRST large-scale use of land mines, known as "subterranean
+         shells".
+   FIRST naval mines or "torpedoes".
+   FIRST ironclad ships engaged in combat.
+   FIRST multi-manned submarine.
+   FIRST organized and systematic care of the wounded on the
+         battlefield.
+   FIRST widespread use of rails for hospital trains.
+   FIRST organized military signal service.
+   FIRST visual signaling by flag and torch during combat.
+   FIRST use of portable telegraph units on the battlefield.
+   FIRST military reconnaissance from a manned balloon.
+   FIRST draft in the United States.
+   FIRST organized use of Negro troops in combat.
+   FIRST voting in the field for a national election by servicemen.
+   FIRST income tax--levied to finance the war.
+   FIRST photograph taken in combat.
+   FIRST Medal of Honor awarded an American soldier.
+
+
+
+
+BROTHER AGAINST BROTHER
+
+     "_And why should we not accord them equal honor, for they were
+     both Americans, imbued with those qualities which have made
+     this country great._"
+
+                                             _--BELL IRVIN WILEY_
+
+
+PRESIDENT LINCOLN, the Commander-In-Chief of the Union Army, had four
+brothers-in-law in the Confederate Army, and three of his sisters-in-law
+were married to Confederate officers.
+
+JEFFERSON DAVIS, Commander-in-Chief of the Confederate Army, served the
+U.S. Army as a colonel during the Mexican War and held the post of
+Secretary of War in President Pierce's cabinet. Previously, as a senior
+United States Senator, he had been Chairman of the Senate Military
+Affairs Committee. Lincoln and Davis were born in Kentucky, the only
+state that has ever had two of its sons serve as President at the same
+time.
+
+JOHN TYLER, 10th President of the United States, was elected to the
+Confederate States Congress in 1862, but died before it convened. On
+March 4, 1861, Tyler's granddaughter unfurled the first flag of the
+Confederacy when it was raised over the Confederate Capitol at
+Montgomery, Alabama.
+
+The Battle of Lynchburg, Virginia, in June 1864 brought together two
+future Presidents of the United States--General RUTHERFORD B. HAYES and
+Major WILLIAM McKINLEY, U.S.A.--and a former Vice-President--General
+JOHN C. BRECKINRIDGE, C.S.A. Five other Union generals later rose to the
+Presidency: ANDREW JOHNSON, U.S. GRANT, JAMES A. GARFIELD, CHESTER A.
+ARTHUR, and BENJAMIN HARRISON.
+
+The four Secretaries of War during the eleven years prior to the Civil
+War were all from the South. All four later held office in the
+Confederate government.
+
+Fourteen of the 26 Confederate Senators had previously served in the
+United States Congress. In the Confederate House of Representatives, 33
+members were former U.S. Congressmen.
+
+Confederate Generals ROBERT E. LEE and P.G.T. BEAUREGARD both ranked
+second in their graduating classes at West Point, and both officers
+later returned to hold the position of Superintendent of the Academy.
+Lee's appointment to the rank of full colonel in the United States Army
+was signed by President Lincoln.
+
+In 1859 WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN was appointed the first president of
+what is today the Louisiana State University. Although his chief claim
+to fame was the destructive "March to the Sea", a portrait of the Union
+general occupies a prominent place in the Memorial Tower of this
+Southern university.
+
+Over one-fourth of the West Point graduates who fought during the Civil
+War were in the Confederate Army. Half of the 304 who served in Gray
+were on active duty in the United States Army when war broke out. Of the
+total number of West Pointers who went South, 148 were promoted to the
+rank of general officer. In all, 313 of the 1,098 officers in the United
+States Army joined the Confederacy.
+
+One fourth of the officers in the United States Navy resigned to cast
+their lot with the Confederate Navy. Of the 322 who resigned, 243 were
+line officers.
+
+When J.E.B. STUART raided Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, in 1862, he was
+pursued by Federal cavalry under the command of his father-in-law, Brig.
+Gen. PHILIP ST. GEORGE COOKE, whose name is frequently confused with
+that of Confederate General PHILIP ST. GEORGE COCKE, both West Pointers.
+As if that weren't bad enough, there was a Union general by the name of
+JEFFERSON DAVIS.
+
+WILLIAM T. MAGRUDER (U.S.M.A. 1850) commanded a squadron of the 1st
+United States Cavalry at First Manassas and during the Peninsula
+Campaign. In August 1862 he was granted leave of absence, and two months
+later he switched loyalties to join the Confederate Army. On July 3,
+1863, he fell during the famous charge at Gettysburg.
+
+The Virginia Military Institute graduated WILLIAM H. GILLESPIE in the
+special war class of 1862. While awaiting his appointment as an officer
+on "Stonewall" Jackson's staff, he deserted to the Union Army and became
+Adjutant of the 14th West Virginia Cavalry.
+
+If Blue and Gray didn't meet again at Gettysburg during the annual
+reunions, they at least met on the banks of the Nile. No less than 50
+former Union and Confederate officers held the rank of colonel or above
+in the Army of the Khedive during the 1870's. Two ex-Confederate
+generals and three former Union officers attained the rank of general in
+the Egyptian Army, holding such positions as Chief of Staff, Chief of
+Engineers, and Chief Ordnance Officer.
+
+Only three Confederates ever held the rank of general in the United
+States Army following the Civil War--MATTHEW C. BUTLER, FITZHUGH LEE,
+and JOE WHEELER. Lee and Wheeler, though they served as generals in the
+Confederate Army as well as in the United States Army during the Spanish
+American War, both graduated at the bottom of their West Point classes.
+When Lee and Wheeler were promoted to major general in 1901, their
+commissions were signed by a former Yankee officer--President William
+McKinley.
+
+General GEORGE PICKETT, a native Virginian, was appointed to the United
+States Military Academy from the State of Illinois. John Todd Stuart
+obtained the appointment at the request of his law partner, Abraham
+Lincoln.
+
+The senior general in the Confederate Army, SAMUEL COOPER, hailed from
+New York. Before the war, he had been Adjutant General of the United
+States Army. From 1861 to 1865 he was the Adjutant and Inspector General
+of the Confederate Army.
+
+Fort Sumter was surrendered in 1861 by a Kentucky-born Union officer,
+Major ROBERT ANDERSON. Confederate General JOHN C. PEMBERTON, a
+Pennsylvanian by birth, surrendered Vicksburg in 1863. There was no
+collusion in either surrender; both men were loyal supporters of their
+respective causes.
+
+The first Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy, Commodore
+FRANKLIN BUCHANAN, commanded the C.S.S. _Virginia_ (_Merrimac_) in its
+first engagement. On the first ship to surrender under the _Virginia's_
+guns was Buchanan's brother, an officer of the U.S. Navy.
+
+Major CLIFTON PRENTISS of the 6th Maryland Infantry (Union) and his
+younger brother WILLIAM, of the 2nd Maryland Infantry (Confederate),
+were both mortally wounded when their regiments clashed at Petersburg on
+April 2, 1865--just seven days before hostilities ceased. Both were
+removed from the battlefield and after a separation of four years, they
+were taken to the same hospital in Washington. Each fought and each died
+for his cause.
+
+
+
+
+                     THEY ALSO SERVED
+
+     _Fame is the echo of actions, resounding them to the world,
+     save that the echo repeats only the last part, but fame relates
+     all...._
+
+                                                        --_FULLER_
+
+
+Poet SIDNEY LANIER fought as a private in the 2nd Georgia Battalion
+during the Seven Days' Battles near Richmond. In November 1862 he was
+captured on a Confederate blockade-runner and imprisoned at Point
+Lookout, Maryland. Sixteen years after the war he died from tuberculosis
+contracted while in prison.
+
+New England poet ALBERT PIKE commanded the Confederate Department of
+Indian Territory. He wrote the stanzas of the popular Southern version
+of _Dixie_, a tune which originated not in the South, but in New York
+City during the 1850's.
+
+At the battle of the Monocacy in 1864 Union General LEW WALLACE, author
+of _Ben-Hur_, commanded the force defending Washington against General
+Jubal Early's attack. After the war he served as Governor of New Mexico
+and Minister to Turkey.
+
+When the Marion Rangers organized in 1861, SAMUEL CLEMENS (Mark Twain)
+joined as a lieutenant, but he left this Missouri Company before it was
+mustered into Confederate service, having fired only one hostile shot
+during the war.
+
+Confederate Private HENRY MORTON STANLEY, of "Doctor Livingstone, I
+presume" fame, survived a bloody charge at Shiloh only to be taken
+prisoner. Later he joined the Union ranks and finished the war in Yankee
+blue.
+
+ANDREW CARNEGIE was a young man in his mid-twenties when he left his
+position as superintendent of the Pittsburgh Division, Pennsylvania
+Railroad to pitch in with workers rebuilding the rail line from
+Annapolis to Washington. Later in 1861 he was given the position of
+superintendent of military railways and government telegraph.
+
+HENRY A. DUPONT, grandson of the DuPont industries founder, was awarded
+the Congressional Medal of Honor for gallantry at the battle of Cedar
+Creek in October 1864. Captain DuPont, who had graduated from West Point
+at the head of his class in 1861, went on to serve as United States
+Senator from Delaware.
+
+ELIAS HOWE presented each field and staff officer of the 5th
+Massachusetts Regiment with a stallion fully equipped for service.
+Later, he volunteered as a private, and when the State failed to pay his
+unit, he met the regimental payroll with his own money.
+
+At the age of 15 GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE ran away from home and joined the
+Union Army. Neither he nor Elias Howe rose to officer rank, but both are
+today in the Hall of Fame for their achievements--the air brake and the
+sewing machine.
+
+In 1861 CORNELIUS VANDERBILT presented a high-speed side-wheel steamer
+to the United States Navy. At the time, there were less than 50 ships in
+active naval service. The cruiser, named the _Vanderbilt_, captured
+three blockade-runners during the war and in 1865 participated in the
+bombardment and amphibious assault on Fort Fisher. The Federal Navy at
+that time had grown to a fleet of more than 550 steam-powered ships.
+
+Admiral GEORGE DEWEY, of Manila Bay fame, served as a young lieutenant
+under Admiral Farragut during the attack on Port Hudson in 1863. His
+ship was the only one lost in the engagement.
+
+Colonel CHRISTOPHER C. ("Kit") CARSON commanded the 1st New Mexico
+Volunteers (Union), and campaigned against the Comanche, Navajo, and
+Apache Indians during the Civil War. In 1866 he was promoted to
+brigadier general.
+
+In his mid-teens JESSE JAMES joined the Confederate raiders led by
+William Quantrill. The famous "Dead or alive" reward for Jesse in 1882
+was issued by an ex-Confederate officer, Governor Thomas T. Crittenden
+of Missouri.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE SOLDIER, THE BATTLE, THE LOSSES
+
+     _"There's many a boy here today who looks on war as all glory,
+     but, boys, it is all hell."_
+
+
+                                        --_WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN_
+
+
+Of the 2.3 million men enlisted in the Union Army, seventy per cent were
+under 23 years of age. Approximately 100,000 were 16 and an equal number
+15. Three hundred lads were 13 or less, and the records show that there
+were 25 no older than 10 years.
+
+The average infantry regiment of 10 companies consisted of 30 line
+officers and 1300 men. However, by the time a new regiment reached the
+battlefield, it would often have less than 800 men available for combat
+duty. Sickness and details as cooks, teamsters, servants, and clerks
+accounted for the greatly reduced numbers. Actually, in many of the
+large battles the regimental fighting strength averaged no more than 480
+men.
+
+In 1864 the basic daily ration for a Union soldier was (in ounces):
+20--beef, 18--flour, 2.56--dry beans, 1.6--green coffee, 2.4--sugar,
+.64--salt, and smaller amounts of pepper, yeast powder, soap, candles,
+and vinegar. While campaigning, soldiers seldom obtained their full
+ration and many had to forage for subsistence.
+
+In the Army of Northern Virginia in 1863 the rations available for every
+100 Confederate soldiers over a 30-day period consisted of 1/4 lb. of
+bacon, 18 oz. of flour, 10 lbs. of rice, and a small amount of peas and
+dried fruit--when they could be obtained. (It is little wonder that Lee
+elected to carry the war into Pennsylvania--if for no other reason than
+to obtain food for an undernourished army.)
+
+During the Shenandoah Valley campaign of 1862 "Stonewall" Jackson
+marched his force of 16,000 men more than 600 miles in 35 days. Five
+major battles were fought and four separate Union armies, totaling
+63,000, were defeated.
+
+In June 1864, the U.S.S. _Kearsarge_ sank the C.S.S. _Alabama_ in a
+fierce engagement in the English Channel off Cherbourg, France.
+Frenchmen gathered along the beach to witness the hour-long duel, which
+inspired a young French artist, Edouard Manet, to paint the battle scene
+that now hangs in the Philadelphia Museum of Art.
+
+The Confederate cruiser _Shenandoah_ sailed completely around the world
+raiding Union commerce vessels and whalers. The ship and crew
+surrendered to British authorities at Liverpool in November 1865, seven
+months after Lee's surrender at Appomattox.
+
+The greatest naval bombardment during the war was on Christmas Eve,
+1864, at Fort Fisher, North Carolina. Fifty-seven vessels, with a total
+of 670 guns, were engaged--the largest fleet ever assembled by the U.S.
+Navy up to that time. The Army, Navy, and Marines combined in a joint
+operation to reduce and capture the fort.
+
+In July, 1862 the first Negro troops of the Civil War were organized by
+General David Hunter. Known as the 1st South Carolina Regiment, they
+were later designated the 33rd Regiment United States Colored Troops.
+Some 186,000 Negro soldiers served in the Union Army, 4,300 of whom
+became battle casualties.
+
+At the battle of Fredericksburg in 1862, the line of Confederate
+trenches extended a distance of seven miles. The troop density in these
+defensive works was 11,000 per mile.
+
+Over 900 guns and mortars bristled from the 68 forts defending the
+Nation's Capital during the war. The fortifications, constructed by the
+Engineer Corps during the early part of the war, circled the city on a
+37-mile perimeter.
+
+During Sherman's campaign from Chattanooga to Atlanta, the Union Army of
+the Tennessee, in a period of four months, constructed over 300 miles of
+rifle pits, fired 149,670 artillery rounds and 22,137,132 rounds of
+small-arms ammunition.
+
+To fire a Civil War musket, eleven separate motions had to be made. The
+regulation in the 1860's specified that a soldier should fire three
+aimed shots per minute, allowing 20 seconds per shot and less than two
+seconds per motion.
+
+At the battle of Stone's River, Tennessee, in January, 1863, the Federal
+infantry in three days exhausted over 2,000,000 rounds of ammunition,
+and the artillery fired 20,307 rounds. The total weight of the
+projectiles was in excess of 375,000 pounds.
+
+At the Battle of First Bull Run or Manassas, it has been estimated that
+between 8,000 and 10,000 bullets were fired for every man killed and
+wounded.
+
+The campaign against Petersburg, the longest sustained operation of the
+war, began in the summer of 1864 and lasted for 10 months, until the
+spring of '65. The fighting covered an area of more than 170 square
+miles, with 35 miles of trenches and fortifications stretching from
+Richmond to the southwest of Petersburg. During September, 1864, nearly
+175 field and siege guns poured forth a daily average of 7.8 tons of
+iron on the Confederate works.
+
+The greatest cavalry battle in the history of the western hemisphere was
+fought at Brandy Station, Virginia, on June 9, 1863. Nearly 20,000
+cavalrymen were engaged for more than 12 hours. At the height of the
+battle, along Fleetwood Hill, charges and countercharges were made
+continuously for almost three hours.
+
+The greatest regimental loss of the entire war was borne by the 1st
+Maine Heavy Artillery. The unit saw no action until 1864, but in the
+short span of less than one year, over half of its 2,202 men engaged in
+battle were hit. In the assault on Petersburg in June, 1864, the
+regiment lost 604 men killed and wounded in less than 20 minutes.
+
+The largest regimental loss in a single battle was suffered by the 26th
+North Carolina Infantry at Gettysburg. The regiment went into battle
+with a little over 800 men, and by the end of the third day, 708 were
+dead, wounded, or missing. In one company of 84, every officer and man
+was hit.
+
+Of the 46 Confederate regiments that went into the famous charge at
+Gettysburg on July 3, 1863, 15 were commanded by General Pickett.
+Thirteen of his regiments were led by Virginia Military Institute
+graduates; only two of them survived the charge.
+
+The heaviest numerical loss during any single battle was at Gettysburg,
+where 40,322 Americans were killed or wounded. On the Union side 21 per
+cent of those engaged were killed or wounded, in the Confederate ranks
+30 per cent--the largest percentage of Confederates hit in any battle.
+The largest percentage of Union soldiers hit in battle was at Port
+Hudson in May 1863, where 26.7 per cent of those engaged were killed or
+wounded.
+
+During May and June 1864 the Armies of the Potomac and the James lost
+77,452 men--a greater number than Lee had in his entire army.
+
+Union Army hospitals treated over 6 million cases during the war. There
+were twice as many deaths from disease as from hostile bullets. Diarrhea
+and dysentery alone took the lives of 44,558 Union soldiers.
+
+From 1861-1865 the Quartermaster Corps of the Union Army made 116,148
+burials.
+
+In the 79 National Civil War cemeteries, 54 per cent of the graves are
+those of unknown soldiers. The largest Civil War cemetery is at
+Vicksburg, where 16,000 soldiers rest; only 3,896 are known. At the
+Confederate prison site in Salisbury, North Carolina, where 12,126 Union
+soldiers are buried, 99 per cent are unknown.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE COST OF WAR
+
+               _Nor deem the irrevocable Past
+                As wholly wasted, wholly vain,
+              If, rising on its wrecks, at last
+                To something nobler we attain._
+
+               --_HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW_
+
+
+From 1861-1865 it cost the United States Government approximately 2
+million dollars a day to prosecute the war; the Second World War cost
+more than 113 million dollars a day.
+
+In 1880 the Secretary of the Treasury reported that the Civil War had
+cost the Federal Government 6.19 billion dollars. By 1910 the cost of
+the war, including pensions and other veterans benefits, had reached
+11.5 billion dollars. World War II was three months shorter than the
+Civil War, but from 1942-1945 approximately 156 billion dollars was
+spent on the military establishment.
+
+The total cost of the war to the South has been estimated at 4 billion
+dollars.
+
+The public debt outstanding for an average population of 33 million rose
+from $2.80 to $75 per capita between 1861 and 1865. In mid-1958 the per
+capita debt stood at $1,493 for a population of 175.5 million.
+
+In 1958 the government was providing pensions for 3,042 widows of Union
+veterans. In June of that year, as a result of special legislation, 526
+widows of Southern soldiers and the two surviving Confederate veterans
+became eligible for Federal pensions. The last Union veteran, Albert
+Woolson, had died in 1956, leaving the two Confederates, John Salling
+and Walter Williams, to draw the highest Civil War pensions paid by the
+United States Government. The last Civil War veteran, Walter Williams,
+died in December 1959 at the age of 117. Since then, William's claim as
+a veteran has been disputed in the newspapers, but sufficient evidence
+does not exist to positively prove or disprove his military status.
+
+The pursuit and capture of Jefferson Davis at Irwinville, Georgia, cost
+the Federal Government $97,031.62.
+
+From 1861-1865 it cost the Federal government, in millions of dollars:
+
+    $727--to clothe and feed the Army
+      18--to clothe and feed the Navy
+     339--for transportation of troops and supplies
+     127--for cavalry and artillery horses
+      76--for the purchase of arms
+       8--to maintain and provide for Confederate prisoners
+
+Soldiers and sailors of the United States received 1.34 billion dollars
+in pay during the war.
+
+In 1861 an infantry private was paid $13 per month--compared to a
+private's pay of $83 today. A Civil War colonel drew $95 per month and a
+brigadier general $124. Their counterparts today are paid a monthly base
+rate of $592 and $800.
+
+During the 1860's the average cost of a musket was $13 as compared to
+$105 for an M1 Garand in World War II.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+NUMBERS AND LOSSES
+
+                                                North      South[1]
+    Population                               22,400,000  9,103,000[2]
+        Military Age Group (18-45)            4,600,000    985,000
+    Trained Militia 1827-1861                 2,470,000    692,000
+    Regular Army January, 1861                   16,400          0
+        Military Potential 1861               2,486,400    692,000
+    Total Individuals in Service 1861-1865    2,213,400  1,003,600
+
+    Total Strength July, 1861                   219,400    114,000
+    Total Strength January, 1863                962,300    450,200
+    Peak Strength 1864-1865                   1,044,660    484,800
+        Army                                    980,100    481,200
+        Navy                                     60,700      3,000
+        Marines                                   3,860        600
+
+    Total Hit in Battle                         385,100    320,000
+        Total Battle Deaths                     110,100     94,000
+            Killed in Battle                     67,100     54,000
+            Died of Wounds                       43,000     40,000
+        Wounded (not mortally)[3]               275,000    226,000
+    Missing in Action                             6,750        ---
+    Captured[4]                                 211,400    462,000
+    Died in Prison                               30,200     26,000
+    Died of Disease                             224,000     60,000
+    Other Deaths                                 34,800        ---
+    Desertions[5]                               199,000     83,400
+    Discharged                                  426,500     57,800
+    Surrendered 1865                                       174,223
+
+[Footnote 1: Confederate figures are based upon the best information and
+estimates available.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Includes 3,760,000 slaves in the seceded states.]
+
+[Footnote 3: A number of these were returned to duty. In the Union Army,
+those who were not fit for combat were placed in the Veteran Reserve
+Corps and performed administrative duties.]
+
+[Footnote 4: An undetermined number were exchanged and returned to
+duty.]
+
+[Footnote 5: Many deserters returned to duty. In the Union Army, where
+$300 bounty was paid for a 3-year enlistment, it was not uncommon to
+find a soldier picking up his bounty in one regiment and then deserting
+to join another unit just for the additional bounty.]
+
+
+
+
+CIVIL WAR ROUND TABLES
+
+
+CALIFORNIA (3)
+
+     La Jolla--Ezra J. Warner, P.O. Box 382.
+
+     Los Angeles--(Southern California CWRT), Col. Paul "Reb"
+     Benton, 466 South Bedford Drive, Beverly Hills, California.
+
+     Torrance--Peter A. LaRosa, 4240 West 178th Street.
+
+COLORADO (1)
+
+     Denver--(Colorado CWRT), Hubert Kaub, 740 Steele Street, Zone
+     6.
+
+CONNECTICUT (2)
+
+     Hartford--W. J. Lowry, Hartford National Bank & Trust Company.
+
+     Niantic--Norman B. Peck, Jr., Remagen Road.
+
+DELAWARE (1)
+
+     Wilmington--Dr. Richard H. Myers, 34 Paschall Road, Zone 3.
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA (1)
+
+     Washington--James M. Lazard, Box 38, Army & Navy Club, Zone 5.
+
+GEORGIA (1)
+
+     Atlanta--Col. Allen P. Julian, 1753 Peachtree Street, N. E.
+
+KENTUCKY (1)
+
+     Lexington--(Kentucky CWRT), Dr. Hambleton Tapp, University of
+     Kentucky.
+
+ILLINOIS (8)
+
+     Chicago--Gilbert Twiss, 18 West Chestnut Street.
+
+     LaSalle--Dr. Russell C. Slater, 744 First Street.
+
+     Lyons--(Gray and Blue CWRT), O. H. Felton, Box 106.
+
+     Park Forest--Malcolm Macht, 495 Talala.
+
+     Peoria--(National Blues CWRT), H. R. Sours, 2623 West Moss
+     Avenue.
+
+     Quad Cities--Mrs. Marilyn A. Hasselroth, Box 508, Milan,
+     Illinois.
+
+     Rockford--Timothy Hughes, 2208 Ridge Avenue.
+
+     Springfield--George L. Cashman, Lincoln Lodge, Oak Ridge.
+
+INDIANA (6)
+
+     Evansville--Col. Robert M. Leich, P.O. Box 869, Zone 1.
+
+     Indianapolis--Donald Shaner, 3122 North Richardt, Zone 26.
+
+     Mishawaka--H. O. Soencer, Mishawaka Public Library.
+
+     New Albany--Elsa Strassweg, 201 East Spring Street.
+
+     South Bend--Ben R. Violette, 2220 Berkley Place, Zone 16.
+
+     Terre Haute--(Vigo County CWRT), Ira Campbell, 426 South 17th
+     Street.
+
+IOWA (1)
+
+     Cedar Rapids--Mrs. Robert A. Miller, 249 Blake Boulevard.
+
+LOUISIANA (1)
+
+     New Orleans--David L. Markstein, 2232 Wirth Place, Zone 15.
+
+MARYLAND (2)
+
+     Baltimore--Leonard Sandler, Nelmar Apartments 2-C, Zone 17.
+
+     Hagerstown--Theron Rinehart, Box 1155.
+
+MASSACHUSETTS (2)
+
+     Andover--Stanley E. Butcher, 4 Washington Avenue.
+
+     Boston--Richard H. Fitzpatrick, 15 Hathway Road, Lexington,
+     Zone 73.
+
+MICHIGAN (5)
+
+     Battle Creek--Mrs. Pearl Foust, 150 Eldredge.
+
+     Detroit--(Abraham Lincoln CWRT of Michigan), Lloyd C. Nyman,
+     951 South Oxford Road, Grosse Pointe Woods, Zone 36.
+
+     Flint--Philip C. Chinn, 2933 Wyoming Street.
+
+     Jackson--Edward J. Young, 2535 Kibby Street.
+
+     Kalamazoo--Mrs. Wesley R. Burrell, Galesburg, Michigan.
+
+MINNESOTA (1)
+
+     Twin Cities--William H. Rowe, 6040 James Avenue South,
+     Minneapolis 19, Minnesota.
+
+MISSISSIPPI (1)
+
+     Jackson--(Mississippi CWRT), Mrs. Genevieve Wilde Barksdale,
+     3405 Old Canton Road.
+
+MISSOURI (2)
+
+     Kansas City--Charles W. Jones, 1016 Baltimore Avenue.
+
+     St. Louis--Gale Johnston, Jr., Projected Planning Company, Room
+     200, 506 Olive Street, Zone 1.
+
+NEBRASKA (1)
+
+     Omaha--Frank E. Gibson, Public Library.
+
+NEW JERSEY (2)
+
+     Hackensack--(Bergen County CWRT), Miss Celeste Slauson, Johnson
+     Free Public Library.
+
+     Monmouth County--Mrs. Jeanne Marie Predham, 155 West Sylvania
+     Avenue, Neptune City, New Jersey.
+
+NEW YORK (6)
+
+     Binghampton--Theodore E. Mulford, Link Aviation Inc.
+
+     Fayetteville--(Onondaga County CWRT), E. H. Hobbs, 206
+     Washington Building.
+
+     Jamestown--E. J. Muzzy, 142 Prospect Street.
+
+     Mayville--Robert Laughlin, Portage Street.
+
+     New York City--Arnold Gates, 289 New Hyde Park Road, Garden
+     City, N. Y.
+
+     Rochester--William J. Welch, 80 Elaine Drive. Zone 23.
+
+NORTH CAROLINA (1)
+
+     High Point--(North Carolina CWRT), John R(ebel) Peacock, Box
+     791.
+
+OHIO (8)
+
+     Chillicothe--(Gen. Joshua W. Sill Chapter), Kent Castor, Box
+     273.
+
+     Cincinnati--J. Louis Warm, 4165 Rose Hill Avenue, Zone 5.
+
+     Cleveland--Edward T. Downer, 1105 Euclid Avenue, Zone 6.
+
+     Dayton--Kathryn G. Crawford (Mrs. F. M.), 3438 East 5th Street,
+     Zone 3.
+
+     East Cleveland--James C. Pettit, 13905 Orinoco Avenue, Zone 12.
+
+     Lancaster--(William T. Sherman Chapter), Dr. Robert H. Eyman,
+     Sr., 137 West Mulberry Street.
+
+     Toledo--Robert G. Morris, 2619 Powhatan Parkway, Zone 6.
+
+     Wooster--Dr. A. B. Huff, 230 North Market Street.
+
+OKLAHOMA (2)
+
+     Stillwater--(CWRT of Oklahoma State University) LeRoy H.
+     Fischer, History Department.
+
+     Tulsa--R. L. Summers, 1204 North Tacoma Place.
+
+PENNSYLVANIA (6)
+
+     Bucks-Montgomery County--Edgar F. Hoskings, Jr., 31 East Park
+     Avenue, Sellersville, Pennsylvania.
+
+     Gettysburg--Jacob M. Sneads, 115 North Stratton Street.
+
+     Philadelphia--(Lincoln Civil War Society), Arthur G. McDowell,
+     1500 North Broad Street, Zone 21.
+
+     Pittsburgh--Bernd P. Rose, Chamber of Commerce Building.
+
+     Susquehanna CWRT--W. N. Barto, 39 South 2nd Street, Lewisburg,
+     Pennsylvania.
+
+     Washington--James R. Braden, 755 East Main Street.
+
+TENNESSEE (2)
+
+     LaFollette (Big Creek Gap CWRT), Guy Easterly, 139 North
+     Tennessee Ave.
+
+     Murfreesboro--(Nathan Bedford Forrest CWRT), Homer Pittard, Box
+     688, Middle Tennessee State College.
+
+TEXAS (2)
+
+     Houston--Richard Colquette, 5589 Cedar Creek Drive, Zone 27.
+
+     Waco--Lt. Col. H. G. Simpson, 2624 Austin Avenue.
+
+VIRGINIA (6)
+
+     Alexandria--William B. Hurd, 219 South Royal Street.
+
+     Franklin--S. W. Rawls, Jr., 503 North Main Street.
+
+     Lynchburg--James B. Noell, 303 Madison Street.
+
+     Harrisonburg--(Shenandoah Valley CWRT), Grimes Henenberger, 345
+     South Main Street.
+
+     Richmond--John C. Stinson, 7202 Brigham Road.
+
+     Winchester--Fred Y. Stotler, Sunnyside Station.
+
+WEST VIRGINIA (1)
+
+     Moundsville--Delf Norona, 315 Seventh Street.
+
+WISCONSIN (2)
+
+     Madison--Russ Spindler, Box 377, Zone 1.
+
+     Milwaukee--H. P. Spangenberg, 203A South 77th Street.
+
+CANADA (1)
+
+     Toronto--(Canadian Round Table), A. P. Colesbury, 518 Dovecourt
+     Road.
+
+ENGLAND (1)
+
+     London--(Confederate Research Club), Patrick C. Courtney, 34
+     Highclere Avenue, Leigh Park, Havant, Hampshire, England,
+     United Kingdom.
+
+GERMANY (1)
+
+     Wiesbaden--Lt. Col. Tom Nordan, Hdqs., USAFE, APO 633, N. Y.,
+     N. Y.
+
+[Illustration: _None too military in appearance, such ragged squads of
+men and boys developed into an army that marched an average of 16 miles
+a day._]
+
+[Illustration: _Smartly dressed amphibious soldiers. Some of the 3,000
+U.S. Marines of the Civil War made landings on Southern coasts, but the
+majority served as gun crews aboard ship._]
+
+[Illustration: _Jack-tars of the old Navy saw plenty of action in
+clearing the Mississippi and chasing down Confederate raiders of the
+high seas. Because of the high bounties and pay, many foreign seafarers
+were attracted to both navies._]
+
+[Illustration: _Ill-clad and poorly equipped, Confederate volunteers at
+Pensacola, Florida, wait their turn for the smell of black powder._]
+
+[Illustration: _On the silent battlefield at Gettysburg, veterans of
+Lee's Army of Northern Virginia who survived the baptism by fire await
+their fate as prisoners of war._]
+
+[Illustration: _Regimental camp sites created sanitary problems that
+went unsolved. Typhoid fever, diarrhea, and dysentery took the lives of
+over 70,000 Union soldiers._]
+
+[Illustration: _Private residences like the Wallach House at Culpeper,
+Virginia, provided generals on both sides with comfortable quarters in
+the field. Staff officers were usually tented on the lawns._]
+
+[Illustration: _Log cabins often replaced tents during the winter months
+when campaigning slackened and the armies settled down. In some camps it
+was not uncommon to find visiting army wives._]
+
+[Illustration: _Soldiers turned to a variety of activities to break the
+long days and weeks of monotonous camplife. Even officers were not
+immune to the horseplay._]
+
+[Illustration: _When two or more Yanks or Rebs gathered together, a deck
+of cards often made its appearance. Fearful of an angry God, soldiers
+usually discarded such instruments of sin before entering battle._]
+
+[Illustration: _Chess, a favorite pastime in camp, finds Colonel Martin
+McMahon, General Sedgwick's adjutant, engaged in the contest that was a
+favorite of Napoleon and many other military leaders._]
+
+[Illustration: _A much disliked chore even in fair weather--a lone Union
+soldier walks his post in the bitter cold at Nashville._]
+
+[Illustration: _A forerunner of Father Francis Patrick Duffy, heroic
+Chaplain of the famous 69th New York Regiment in World War I, says Mass
+for the Shamrock Regiment of the 1860's. Most Civil War regiments had a
+chaplain._]
+
+[Illustration: _A contribution to camp religious life, the 50th New York
+Engineers constructed this church for their comrades at Petersburg._]
+
+[Illustration: _Newspaper correspondents like these from the_ New York
+Herald _kept the public well informed, though they often revealed
+valuable military information to the Confederacy. The New York paper
+usually reached the Confederate War Department on the day following
+publication._]
+
+[Illustration: _With the technique of photo-engraving yet to be
+developed, war scenes for newspapers and magazines had to be drawn and
+reproduced from woodcuts. Artists such as A. R. Waud, shown here at
+Gettysburg, vividly depicted the events for_ Harper's Weekly.]
+
+[Illustration: _The Civil War as it appeared back home. It was almost 40
+years before the public saw the thousands of photographs taken by Mathew
+Brady and his contemporaries._]
+
+[Illustration: _In a desperate attempt to raise the Federal blockade of
+Southern ports, the Confederate Navy built the first ironclad. More than
+a dozen of these rams, all similar to the_ Albemarle _(pictured above),
+were constructed._]
+
+[Illustration: _At first, ironclads were scoffed at by Federal naval
+authorities, but the monitors, styled "iron coffins", proved their worth
+in battle with the river navies. By 1865 fifty-eight of the turreted
+vessels had been built, some of which became seagoing._]
+
+[Illustration: _With untiring vigilance, steam-powered gunboats like
+the_ Mendota _plied the Southern coastline to enforce the blockade
+against Confederate trade with England and France._]
+
+[Illustration: _The C.S.S._ Hunley_, a completely submersible craft, was
+hand-propelled by a crew of eight. The 25-foot submarine sank off
+Charleston along with her first and only victim, the U.S.S._
+Housatonic.]
+
+[Illustration: _Steam-powered torpedo boats of the Confederate Navy were
+capable of partially submerging with only their stacks showing. These
+tiny "Davids", named after the Biblical warrior, could be either manned
+or remotely controlled from shore._]
+
+[Illustration: U.S. Army Uniforms (LIEUT. GENERAL U.S. ARMY. UNDRESS;
+BRIG. GENERAL U.S. ARMY. FULL DRESS; COLONEL OF INFANTRY U.S. ARMY. FULL
+DRESS; CAPTAIN OF ARTILLERY U.S. ARMY. FULL DRESS)]
+
+[Illustration: U.S. Army Uniforms (MAJOR OF CAVALRY, U.S. ARMY. FULL
+DRESS; LIEUT. COLONEL, SURG., U.S. ARMY. OFFICERS OVERCOAT AND STAFF
+TROWSERS; SERGEANT MAJOR, ARTILLERY, U.S. ARMY. FULL DRESS; SERGEANT,
+INFANTRY, U.S. ARMY. FULL DRESS)]
+
+[Illustration: U.S. Army Uniforms (PRIVATE, U.S. INFANTRY. FATIGUE
+MARCHING ORDER; CORPORAL, CAVALRY, U.S. ARMY. FULL DRESS; PRIVATE, LIGHT
+ARTILLERY, U.S. ARMY. FULL DRESS; GREAT COAT FOR ALL MOUNTED MEN CAVALRY)]
+
+[Illustration: UNITED STATES UNIFORMS IN THE CIVIL WAR (REG. CAVALRY
+PRIVATE. GEN. GRANT'S UNIFORM. ARTILLERY LINE OFFICER. DURYEA'S
+ZOUAVE. HAWKIN'S ZOUAVE. REG. INFANTRY PRIVATE. DURYEA'S ZOUAVE LINE
+OFFICER. CAMPAIGN UNIFORM INFANTRY. REG. ARTILLERY PRIVATE. INFANTRY
+OVERCOAT.)]
+
+[Illustration: CONFEDERATE UNIFORMS (NORTH CAROLINA MILITIA. REG.
+INFANTRY PRIVATE. WASHINGTON ARTILLERY. MONTGOMERY TRUE BLUE. FIELD
+OFFICER OF INFANTRY. GEN. LEE'S UNIFORM. REG. CAVALRY PRIVATE. LOUISIANA
+TIGER. LOUISIANA ZOUAVE. REG. ARTILLERY PRIVATE.)]
+
+[Illustration: C.S. Army Uniforms (GENERAL, C.S. ARMY. COLONEL,
+INFANTRY, C.S. ARMY. COLONEL, ENGINEERS, C.S. ARMY. MAJOR, CAVALRY, C.S.
+ARMY.)]
+
+[Illustration: C.S. Army Uniforms (SURGEON, MAJOR MED. DEPT., C.S. ARMY.
+CAPTAIN, ARTILLERY, C.S. ARMY. FIRST LIEUTENANT INFANTRY, C.S. ARMY.
+SERGEANT, CAVALRY, C.S. ARMY.)]
+
+[Illustration: C.S. Army Uniforms (CORPORAL, ARTILLERY, C.S. ARMY.
+PRIVATE, INFANTRY, C.S. ARMY. INFANTRY, C.S. ARMY. OVERCOAT; CAVALRY,
+C.S. ARMY. OVERCOAT)]
+
+[Illustration: _In 1864 nearly 4,000 wagons traveled with Meade's Army
+of the Potomac, each capable of carrying 2,500 pounds of supplies.
+During one year the Federal Army purchased 14,500 wagons and captured an
+additional 2,000._]
+
+[Illustration: _"The muscles of his brawny arms are strong as
+ironbands...." Union Army blacksmiths had to shoe nearly 500 new horses
+and mules daily._]
+
+[Illustration: _An old timer that traveled many miles of Virginia road
+with a busy and tireless man--General U. S. Grant._]
+
+[Illustration: _General Lee had hoped that Virginia's numerous streams
+and rivers would delay Grant's advance, but Federal engineers with
+portable pontoon bridges kept the army at Lee's heels._]
+
+[Illustration: _This "cornstalk" bridge over Potomac Creek near
+Fredericksburg was built by the Military Railroad construction corps
+from 204,000 feet of standing timber in nine days._]
+
+[Illustration: _In one year (1864-1865) the Federal Military Railroad,
+with 365 engines and 4,203 cars, delivered over 5 million tons of
+supplies to the armies in the field._]
+
+[Illustration: _Schooners piled high with cartridge boxes lie in the
+placid waters off Hampton Roads. In 1865 hundreds of Union troops and
+supplies were moved by ocean transports, chartered at a daily cost of
+$92,000._]
+
+[Illustration: _Federal ships crowd the magazine wharf at City Point
+with equipment and supplies for army wagons from Petersburg. Twenty per
+cent of the total supply tonnage was transported by water._]
+
+[Illustration: CIVIL WAR SMALL ARMS]
+
+[Illustration: CIVIL WAR ARTILLERY]
+
+  _MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RANGE IN YARDS_
+
+    _12-Pounder Howitzer              1,070_
+    _6 & 12-Pounder Field Guns        1,200_
+    _13-Inch Siege Mortar             3,520_
+    _10-Pounder Parrott Rifle         5,000_
+    _10-Inch Columbiad Siege Gun      5,650_
+    _30-Pounder Parrott Rifle         8,450_
+    _12-Pounder Whitworth Rifle       8,800_
+
+
+                               _TYPICAL GUNNER'S TABLE_
+
+               _12-Pounder Field Gun_          _Powder Charge 2.5 lbs._
+
+   _Range (yards)_         _600_  _700_  _800_  _900_ _1,000_ _1,100_ _1,200_
+   _Muzzle Elevation_       _1�_ _1�45'_  _2�_ _2�15'_ _2�30'_  _3�_  _3�30'_
+   _Fuse Setting (sec.)_  _1.75_ _2.50_ _2.75_ _3.00_  _3.25_ _4.00_  _4.50_
+
+[Illustration: _A 15-inch Rodman smoothbore, one of the largest guns
+mounted during the war, stands as a silent sentry guarding the Potomac
+at Alexandria, Virginia._]
+
+[Illustration: _The Parrott Rifle, recognizable by the wrought iron
+jacket reinforcing its breech, was one of the first rifled field guns
+used by the U.S. Army._]
+
+[Illustration: _Moved by special rail to the Petersburg front, the
+13-inch mortar "Dictator" hurled 200-pound exploding shells at the
+Confederate earthworks over two miles away._]
+
+[Illustration: _Curious Federal soldiers inspect a Confederate armored
+gun, the earliest rail artillery on record. This "land ram", designed by
+Lt. John M. Brooke of the Confederate Navy, was first used at Savage
+Station, Virginia, in 1862._]
+
+[Illustration: _Gabions, open-end baskets filled with earth, proved as
+effective as masonary in defensive works. Thousands of these baskets
+were patiently made by hand for use in field and seacoast
+fortifications._]
+
+[Illustration: _Confederate sappers constructed a number of artillery
+emplacements covering the avenues of approach to Atlanta. The guns in
+this fortification overlook famous Peachtree Street._]
+
+[Illustration: _Chevaux-de-frise, made of logs pierced by sharp stakes,
+line the Georgia countryside. Confederate defensive measures such as
+this were effective in stopping cavalry and preventing surprise frontal
+attacks by infantry._]
+
+[Illustration: _The Union military telegraph corps strung more than
+15,000 miles of wire during the war. In one year, the Northern armies
+kept the wires alive with nearly 1.8 million messages. Galvanic
+batteries transported by wagon furnished the electricity._]
+
+[Illustration: _Flag signals from natural elevations and signal towers
+could be seen as far as 20 miles on a clear day. Military information
+was often obtained by signalmen on both sides who copied each others
+flag messages and tapped telegraph lines._]
+
+[Illustration: _Balloon observation on the battlefield was made possible
+by the portable gas generator. Here Professor T.S.C. Lowe's balloon is
+inflated by mobile generators in front of Richmond in 1862._]
+
+[Illustration: _Dodging Confederate shells which whizzed dangerously
+close to the Intrepid, Professor Lowe telegraphed information on
+emplacements directly from his balloon and made sketches of the approach
+routes to Richmond._]
+
+[Illustration: _Faulty intelligence furnished by detective Allan
+Pinkerton (seated in rear) and his agents misled General George
+McClellan during the Peninsula Campaign. The Pinkerton organization was
+later replaced by a more efficient military intelligence bureau._]
+
+[Illustration: _A. D. Lytle, a Baton Rouge photographer, provided
+valuable intelligence to Confederate commanders. His photographs, like
+this one posed by the 1st Indiana Heavy Artillery, revealed the strength
+and condition of Union organizations._]
+
+[Illustration: _Artillerymen soften an objective for the infantry.
+Although field artillery was used extensively, it frightened and
+demoralized more men than it wounded. Only 20 per cent of the battle
+casualties can be attributed to the artillery._]
+
+[Illustration: _Assaults on fortified positions were costly, but here at
+Petersburg war-weary infantrymen await their turn for another charge
+against the Confederate works. Fourteen out of every hundred would
+fall._]
+
+[Illustration: _One of an estimated 584,000 Union and Confederate
+soldiers wounded during the war. Of this number, over 80,000 died._]
+
+[Illustration: _The Union ambulance corps provided one ambulance for
+every 150 men during the Wilderness Campaign. In one convoy of 813
+ambulances, over 7,000 sick and wounded were transported to the hospital
+in Fredericksburg._]
+
+[Illustration: _Amputees, like these Union soldiers who survived the
+surgeon's scalpel, would never forget the traumatic ordeal. Most wounded
+went through surgery while fully conscious with but a little morphine,
+when available, to deaden the pain._]
+
+[Illustration: _A floating palace with bathrooms and laundry, the
+hospital ship_ Red Rover _gave many sick and wounded a better chance for
+life than they would have had in the crowded field hospitals._]
+
+[Illustration: _Carver Hospital, where thousands of stricken soldiers
+recovered. Walt Whitman and Louisa May Alcott nursed many sick and
+wounded in similar Washington hospitals._]
+
+[Illustration: _The much-publicized Andersonville prison. The
+declaration by Union authorities that medicine was a contraband of war
+and their unwillingness to exchange prisoners contributed to the
+deplorable prison deaths. Prisoners didn't fare better in the North.
+Camp Douglas, Illinois, had the highest death rate of all Civil war
+prisons--10 per cent of its prisoners died in one month._]
+
+[Illustration: _Unknown warriors at Cold Harbor awaited a soldier's
+burial that never came. Two years later the armies returned to the same
+field of battle to find those who were forgotten--still waiting._]
+
+[Illustration: _Boys volunteered for a man's job. This Confederate lad
+gave his last full measure._]
+
+[Illustration: _The muffled drum's sad roll has beat
+  The soldier's last tattoo;
+No more on Life's parade shall meet
+  The brave and fallen few.
+
+On Fame's eternal camping-ground
+  Their silent tents are spread
+And Glory guards, with solemn round,
+  The bivouac of the dead._"
+            --_THEODORE O'HARA_]
+
+[Illustration: _Richmond 1865--Gaunt remains cast their shadow over the
+former Confederate capital. The rampaging fire, started during the
+evacuation, leveled the waterfront and the business district._]
+
+[Illustration: _Charleston, South Carolina, shows the scars of modern
+warfare. The concept of total war introduced during the 1860's carried
+destruction beyond the battlefield._]
+
+[Illustration: _The home of Wilmer McLean at Appomattox. Here the
+tragic drama closed at 3:45 on Palm Sunday afternoon, April 9, 1865._]
+
+[Illustration: THE SURRENDER AT APPOMATTOX; BASED UPON THE LITHOGRAPH
+CALLED "THE DAWN OF PEACE." BY PERMISSION OF W. H. STELLE.]
+
+[Illustration: _Pennsylvania Avenue--host to the Armies of Grant and
+Sherman during the Grand Review._]
+
+[Illustration: _The last reunion of Blue and Gray at Gettysburg. The
+victories and the defeats ... they have become a common property and a
+common responsibility of the American people._]
+
+
+Losses in Killed, Wounded, and Missing in Engagements, Etc.,
+
+WHERE THE TOTAL WAS FIVE HUNDRED OR MORE ON THE SIDE OF THE UNION
+TROOPS. CONFEDERATE LOSSES GIVEN ARE GENERALLY BASED ON ESTIMATES.
+
+   ---+---------+-----------------------+-----------------------------+-------
+      |         |                       |                             |CONFED-
+      |         |                       |          UNION LOSS.        | ERATE
+      |         |                       |                             | LOSS.
+      |         |                       +------+-------+-------+------+-------
+   NO.|DATE.    |         NAME.         |Killed|Wounded|Missing| Total| Total
+   ---+---------+-----------------------+------+-------+-------+------+-------
+      | 1861.   |                       |      |       |       |      |
+     1|July 21  |Bull Run, Va.          |   481|  1,011|  1,460| 2,952|  1,752
+     2|Aug 10   |Wilson's Creek, Mo.    |   223|    721|    291| 1,235|  1,095
+     3|Sep 12-20|Lexington, Mo.         |    42|    108|  1,624| 1,774|    100
+     4|Oct 21   |Ball's Bluff, Va.      |   223|    226|    445|   894|    302
+     5|Nov 7    |Belmont, Mo.           |    90|    173|    235|   498|    966
+      |         |                       |      |       |       |      |
+      | 1862.   |                       |      |       |       |      |
+     6|Feb 14-16|Fort Donelson, Tenn.   |   446|  1,735|    150| 2,331| 15,067
+     7|Mar 6-8  |Pea Ridge, Ark.        |   203|    972|    174| 1,349|  5,200
+     8|Mar 14   |New-Berne, N. C.       |    91|    466|    ---|   557|    583
+     9|Mar 23   |Winchester, Va.        |   103|    440|     24|   567|    691
+    10|Apr 6&7  |Shiloh, Tenn.          | 1,735|  7,882|  3,956|13,573| 10,699
+    11|May 5    |Williamsburg, Va.      |   456|  1,400|    372| 2,228|  1,000
+    12|May 23   |Front Royal, Va.       |    32|    122|    750|   904|    ---
+    13|May 25   |Winchester, Va.        |    38|    155|    711|   904|    ---
+    14|May 31-  |Seven Pines and Fair   |      |       |       |      |
+         Jun 1  |  Oaks, Va.            |   890|  3,627|  1,222| 5,739|  7,997
+    15|Jun 8    |Cross Keys, Va.        |   125|    500|    ---|   625|    287
+    16|Jun 9    |Fort Republic, Va.     |    67|    361|    574| 1,002|    657
+    17|Jun 16   |Secessionville, James  |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Island, S. C.        |    85|    472|    128|   685|    204
+    18|Jun 25   |Oak Grove, Va.         |    51|    401|     64|   516|    541
+    19|Jun 26-  |Seven days' retreat;   |      |       |       |      |
+      |  Jul 1 |  includes Mechanics-   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  ville, Gaines' Mills,|      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Chickahominy, Peach  |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Orchard, Savage      |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Station, Charles City|      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Cross Roads, and     |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Malvern Hill         | 1,582|  7,709|  5,958|15,249| 17,583
+    20|Jul 13   |Murfreesboro', Tenn.   |    33|     62|    800|   895|    150
+    21|Aug 8    |Cedar Mountain, Va.    |   450|    660|    290| 1,400|  1,307
+    22|Jul 20-  |Guerrilla campaign in  |      |       |       |      |
+      |  Sep 20 |  Missouri; includes   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Porter's and Poindex-|      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  ter's Guerrillas     |    77|    156|    347|   580|  2,866
+    23|Aug 28&29|Groveton and           |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Gainesville, Va.     |   ---|    ---|    ---| 7,000|  7,000
+    24|Aug 30   |Bull Run, Va. (2d)     |   800|  4,000|  3,000| 7,800|  3,700
+    25|Aug 30   |Richmond Ky.           |   200|    700|  4,000| 4,900|    750
+    26|Sep 1    |Chantilly, Va.         |   ---|    ---|    ---| 1,300|    800
+    27|Sep 12-15|Harper's Ferry, Va.    |    80|    120| 11,583|11,783|    500
+    28|Sep 14   |Turner's and Crampton's|      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Gaps, South Mountain,|      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Md.                  |   443|  1,806|     76| 2,325|  4,343
+    29|Sep 14-16|Munfordsville Ky.      |    50|    ---|  3,566| 3,616|    714
+    30|Sep 17   |Antietam, Md.          | 2,010|  9,416|  1,043|12,469| 25,899
+    31|Sep 19-20|Iuka, Miss.            |   144|    598|     40|   782|  1,516
+    32|Oct 3&4  |Corinth, Miss.         |   315|  1,812|    232| 2,359| 14,221
+    33|Oct 5    |Big Hatchie River,     |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Miss.                |   ---|    ---|    ---|   500|    400
+    34|Oct 8    |Perryville, Ky.        |   916|  2,943|    489| 4,348|  7,000
+    35|Dec 7    |Prairie Grove, Ark.    |   167|    798|    183| 1,148|  1,500
+    36|Dec 7    |Hartsville, Tenn.      |    55|    ---|  1,800| 1,855|    149
+    37|Dec 12-18|Foster's expedition to |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Goldsboro', N.C.     |    90|    478|      9|   577|    739
+    38|Dec 13   |Fredericksburg, Va.    | 1,180|  9,028|  2,145|12,353|  4,576
+    39|Dec 20   |Holly Springs, Miss.   |   ---|    ---|  1,000| 1,000|    ---
+    40|Dec 27   |Elizabethtown, Ky.     |   ---|    ---|    500|   500|    ---
+    41|Dec 28&29|Chickasaw Bayou,       |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Vicksburg, Miss.     |   191|    982|    756| 1,929|    207
+    42|Dec 31-  |Stone's River, Tenn.   |      |       |       |      |
+      |  Jan 2  |                       | 1,533|  7,245|  2,800|11,578| 25,560
+      |         |                       |      |       |       |      |
+      |  1863.  |                       |      |       |       |      |
+    43|Jan 1    |Galveston, Texas       |   ---|    ---|    600|   600|     50
+    44|Jan 11   |Fort Hindman, Arkansas |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Post, Ark.           |   129|    831|     17|   977|  5,500
+    45|Mar 4&5  |Thompson's Station,    |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Tenn.                |   100|    300|  1,306| 1,706|    600
+    46|Apr 27-  |Streight's raid from   |      |       |       |      |
+      |  May 3  |  Tuscumbia, Ala., to  |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Rome, Ga.            |    12|     69|  1,466| 1,547|    ---
+    47|May 1    |Port Gibson, Miss.     |   130|    718|      5|   853|  1,650
+    48|May 1-4  |Chancellorsville, Va.  | 1,512|  9,518|  5,000|16,030| 12,281
+    49|May 16   |Champion Mills, Miss.  |   426|  1,842|    189| 2,457|  4,300
+    50|May 18-  |Siege of Vicksburg,    |      |       |       |      |
+      |  Jul 4  |  Miss.                |   545|  3,688|    303| 4,536| 31,277
+    51|May 27-  |Siege of Port Hudson,  |      |       |       |      |
+      |  Jul 9  |  La.                  |   500|  2,500|    ---| 3,000|  7,208
+    52|Jun 6-8  |Milliken's Bend, La.   |   154|    223|    115|   492|    725
+    53|Jun 9    |Beverly Ford and Brandy|      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Station, Va.         |   ---|    ---|    ---|   500|    700
+    54|Jun 13-15|Winchester, Va.        |   ---|    ---|  3,000| 3,000|    850
+    55|Jun 23-30|Rosecrans' campaign    |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  from Murfreesboro'   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  to Tullahoma, Tenn.  |    85|    462|     13|   560|  1,634
+    56|July 1-3 |Gettysburg, Pa.        | 2,834| 13,709|  6,643|23,186| 31,621
+    57|July 9-16|Jackson, Miss.         |   100|    800|    100| 1,000|  1,339
+
+   ---+---------+-----------------------+-----------------------------+-------
+      |         |                       |                             |CONFED-
+      |         |                       |          UNION LOSS.        | ERATE
+      |         |                       |                             | LOSS.
+      |         |                       +------+-------+-------+------+-------
+   NO.|DATE.    |         NAME.         |Killed|Wounded|Missing| Total| Total
+   ---+---------+-----------------------+------+-------+-------+------+-------
+    58|Jul 18   |Second assault on Fort |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Wagner, S. C         |   ---|    ---|    ---| 1,500|    174
+    59|Sep 19-20|Chickamauga, Ga.       | 1,644|  9,262|  4,945|15,851| 17,804
+    60|Nov 3    |Grand Coteau, La.      |    26|    124|    576|   726|    445
+    61|Nov 6    |Rogersville, Tenn.     |     5|     12|    650|   667|     30
+    62|Nov 23-25|Chattanooga, Tenn.;    |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  includes Orchard     |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Knob, Lookout        |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Mountain, and        |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Missionary Ridge.    |   757|  4,529|    330| 5,616|  8,684
+    63|Nov 26-28|Operations at Mine Run,|      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Va.                  |   100|    400|    ---|   500|    500
+    64|Dec 14   |Bean's Station, Tenn.  |   ---|    ---|    ---|   700|    900
+      |         |                       |      |       |       |      |
+      | 1864.   |                       |      |       |       |      |
+    65|Feb 20   |Olustee, Fla.          |   193|  1,175|    460| 1,828|    500
+    66|Apr 8    |Sabine Cross Roads, La.|   200|    900|  1,800| 2,900|  1,500
+    67|Apr 9    |Pleasant Hills, La.    |   100|    700|    300| 1,100|  2,000
+    68|Apr 12   |Fort Pillow, Tenn.     |   350|     60|    164|   574|     80
+    69|Apr 17-20|Plymouth, N. C.        |    20|     80|  1,500| 1,600|    500
+    70|Apr 30   |Jenkins' Ferry, Saline |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  River, Ark.          |   200|    955|    ---| 1,155|  1,100
+    71|May 5-7  |Wilderness, Va.        | 5,597| 21,463| 10,677|37,737| 11,400
+    72|May 5-9  |Rocky Face Ridge, Ga.; |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  includes Tunnel Hill,|      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Mill Creek Gap,      |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Buzzard Roost, Snake |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Creek Gap, and near  |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Dalton               |   200|    637|   --- |   837|    600
+    73|May 8-18 |Spottsylvania Court    |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  House, Va.; includes |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  engagements on the   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Fredericksburg Road, |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Laurel Hill, and Nye |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  River                | 4,177| 19,687|  2,577|26,461|  9,000
+    74|May 9-10 |Swift Creek, Va.       |    90|    400|    ---|   490|    500
+    75|May 9-10 |Cloyd's Mountain and   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |New River Bridge, Va.  |   126|    585|     34|   745|    900
+    76|May 12-16|Fort Darling, Drewry's |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Bluff, Va.           |   422|  2,380|    210| 3,012|  2,500
+    77|May 13-16|Resaca, Ga.            |   600|  2,147|    ---| 2,747|  2,800
+    78|May 15   |New Market, Va.        |   120|    560|    240|   920|    405
+    79|May 16-30|Bermuda Hundred, Va.   |   200|  1,000|    ---| 1,200|  3,000
+    80|May 23-27|North Anna River, Va.  |   223|  1,460|    290| 1,973|  2,000
+    81|May 25-  |Dallas, Ga.            |      |       |       |      |
+      |  Jun 4  |                       |   ---|    ---|    ---| 2,400|  3,000
+    82|Jun 1-12 |Cold Harbor, Va.       | 1,905| 10,570|  2,456|14,931|  1,700
+    83|Jun 5    |Piedmont, Va.          |   130|    650|    ---|   780|  2,970
+    84|Jun 9-30 |Kenesaw Mountain, Ga.; |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  includes Pine        |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Mountain, Pine Knob, |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Golgotha, Culp's     |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  House, general       |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  assault, Jun 27th:   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  McAfee's Cross Roads,|      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Lattemore's Mills    |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  and Powder Springs   | 1,370|  6,500|    800| 8,670|  4,600
+    85|Jun 10   |Brice's Cross Roads,   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  near Guntown, Miss.  |   223|    394|  1,623| 2,240|    606
+    86|Jun 10   |Kellar's Bridge,       |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Licking River, Ky.   |    13|     54|    700|   767|    ---
+    87|Jun 11-12|Trevellian Station,    |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Central Railroad, Va.|    85|    490|    160|   735|    370
+    88|Jun 15-19|Petersburg, Va.;       |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  includes Baylor's    |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Farm, Walthal, and   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Weir Bottom Church   | 1,298|  7,474|  1,814|10,586|    ---
+    89|Jun 17&18|Lynchburg, Va.         |   100|    500|    400|   700|    200
+    90|Jun 20-30|Trenches in front of   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Petersburg, Va.      |   112|    506|    800| 1,418|    ---
+    91|Jun 22-30|Wilson's raid on the   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Weldon Railroad, Va. |    76|    265|    700| 1,041|    300
+    92|Jun 22-23|Weldon Railroad, Va.   |   604|  2,494|  2,217| 5,315|    500
+    93|Jun 27   |Kenesaw Mountain,      |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  general assault.     |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  See No. 2,345        |   ---|    ---|    ---| 3,000|    608
+    94|Jul 1-31 |Front of Petersburg,   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         | Va.; losses at the    |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Crater and Deep      |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Bottom not included  |   419|  2,076|  1,200| 3,695|    ---
+    95|Jul 6-10 |Chattahoochee River,   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Ga.                  |    80|    450|    200|   730|    600
+    96|Jul 9    |Monocacy, Md.          |    90|    579|  1,290| 1,959|    400
+    97|Jul 13-15|Tupelo, Miss.; includes|      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Harrisburg and Old   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Town Creek           |    85|    563|    ---|   648|    700
+    98|Jul 20   |Peach Tree Creek, Ga.  |   300|  1,410|    ---| 1,710|  4,796
+    99|Jul 22   |Atlanta, Ga.; Hood's   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  first sortie         |   500|  2,141|  1,000| 3,641|  8,499
+   100|Jul 24   |Winchester, Va.        |   ---|    ---|    ---| 1,200|    600
+   101|Jul 26-31|Stoneman's raid to     |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Macon, Ga.           |   ---|    100|    900| 1,000|    ---
+   102|Jul 26-31|McCook's raid to       |      |       |       |      |
+      |         | Lovejoy Station, Ga.  |   ---|    100|    500|   600|    ---
+   103|Jul 28   |Ezra Chapel, Atlanta,  |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Ga.; second sortie.  |   100|    600|    ---|   700|  4,642
+   104|Jul 30   |Mine explosion at      |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Petersburg, Va.      |   419|  1,679|  1,910| 4,008|  1,200
+   105|Aug 1-31 |Trenches before        |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Petersburg, Va.      |    87|    484|    ---|   571|    ---
+   106|Aug 14-18|Strawberry Plains, Deep|      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Bottom Run, Va.      |   400|  1,755|  1,400| 3,555|  1,100
+   107|Aug 18,  |Six Mile House, Weldon |      |       |       |      |
+      |  19&21  |  Railroad, Va.        |   212|  1,155|  3,176| 4,543|  4,000
+   108|Aug 21   |Summit Point, Va.      |   ---|    ---|    ---|   600|    400
+   109|Aug 25   |Ream's Station, Va.    |   127|    546|  1,769| 2,442|  1,500
+   110|Aug 31-  |Jonesboro', Ga.        |      |       |       |      |
+      |  Sep 1  |                       |   ---|  1,149|    ---| 1,149|  2,000
+   111|May 5-   |Campaign in Northern   |      |       |       |      |
+      |  Sep 8  |  Georgia, from        |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Chattanooga, Tenn.,  |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  to Atlanta, Ga.      | 5,284| 26,129|  5,786|37,199|    ---
+   112|Sep 1-   |Trenches before        |      |       |       |      |
+      |  Oct 30 |  Petersburg, Va.      |   170|    822|    812| 1,804|  1,000
+   113|Sep 19   |Opequan, Winchester,   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Va.                  |   653|  3,719|    618| 4,990|  5,500
+   114|Sep 23   |Athens, Ala.           |   ---|    ---|    950|   950|     30
+   115|Sep 24-  |Price's invasion of    |      |       |       |      |
+      |  Oct 28 |  Missouri; includes a |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  number of engagements|   170|    336|    ---|   506|    ---
+   116|Sep 28-30|New Market Heights, Va.|   400|  2,029|    ---| 2,429|  2,000
+   117|Sep 30-  |Preble's Farm, Poplar  |      |       |       |      |
+      |  Oct 1  |Springs Church, Va.    |   141|    788|  1,756| 2,685|    900
+   ---+---------+-----------------------+-----------------------------+-------
+      |         |                       |                             |CONFED-
+      |         |                       |          UNION LOSS.        | ERATE
+      |         |                       |                             | LOSS.
+      |         |                       +------+-------+-------+------+-------
+   NO.|DATE.    |         NAME.         |Killed|Wounded|Missing| Total| Total
+   ---+---------+-----------------------+------+-------+-------+------+-------
+   118|Oct 5    |Allatoona, Ga.         |   142|    352|    212|   706|  1,142
+   119|Oct 19   |Cedar Creek, Va.       |   588|  3,516|  1,891| 5,995|  4,200
+   120|Oct 27   |Hatcher's Run, South   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Side Railroad, Va.   |   156|  1,047|    699| 1,902|  1,000
+   121|Oct 27&28|Fair Oaks, near        |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Richmond, Va.        |   120|    783|    400| 1,303|    451
+   122|Nov 28   |Fort Kelly, New Creek, |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  West Va.             |   ---|    ---|    700|   700|      5
+   123|Nov 30   |Franklin, Tenn.        |   189|  1,033|  1,104| 2,326|  6,252
+   124|Nov 30   |Honey Hill, Broad      |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  River, S. C.         |    66|    645|    ---|   711|    ---
+   125|Dec 6-9  |Deveaux's Neck, S. C.  |    39|    390|    200|   629|    400
+   126|Dec 15&16|Nashville, Tenn.       |   400|  1,740|    ---| 2,140| 15,000
+      |         |                       |      |       |       |      |
+      | 1865.   |                       |      |       |       |      |
+   127|Jan 11   |Beverly, West Va.      |     5|     20|    583|   608|    ---
+   128|Jan 13-15|Fort Fisher, N. C.     |   184|    749|     22|   955|  2,483
+   129|Feb 5-7  |Dabney's Mills,        |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Hatcher's Run, Va.   |   232|  1,062|    186| 1,480|  1,200
+   130|Mar 8-10 |Wilcox's Bridge, Wise's|      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Fork, N. C.          |    80|    421|    600| 1,101|  1,500
+   131|Mar 16   |Averysboro', N. C.     |    77|    477|    ---|   554|    865
+   132|Mar 19-21|Bentonville, N. C.     |   191|  1,168|    287| 1,646|  2,825
+   133|Mar 25   |Fort Steedman, in front|      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  of Petersburg, Va.   |    68|    337|    506|   911|  2,681
+   134|Mar 25   |Petersburg, Va.        |   103|    864|    209| 1,176|    834
+   135|Mar 26-  |Spanish Fort, Ala.     |      |       |       |      |
+      |  Apr 8  |                       |   100|    695|    ---|   795|    552
+   136|Mar 22-  |Wilson's raid from     |    99|    598|     28|   725|  8,020
+      |  Apr 24 |  Chickasaw, Ala., to  |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Macon, Ga.; includes |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  a number of          |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  engagements          |      |       |       |      |
+   137|Mar 31   |Boydton and White Oak  |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Roads, Va.           |   177|  1,134|    556| 1,867|  1,235
+   138|Apr 1    |Five Forks, Va.        |   124|    706|     54|   884|  8,500
+   139|Apr 2    |Fall of Petersburg, Va.|   296|  2,565|    500| 3,361|  3,000
+   140|Apr 6    |Sailor's Creek, Va.    |   166|  1,014|    ---| 1,180|  7,000
+   141|Apr 6    |High Bridge, Appomattox|      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  River, Va.           |    10|     31|  1,000| 1,041|    ---
+   142|Apr 7    |Farmville, Va.         |   ---|    ---|    ---|   655|    ---
+   143|Apr 9    |Fort Blakely, Ala.     |   113|    516|    ---|   629|  2,900
+   144|Apr 9    |Surrender of Lee       |   ---|    ---|    ---|   ---| 26,000
+   145|Apr 26   |Johnston surrendered   |   ---|    ---|    ---|   ---| 29,924
+   146|May 4    |Taylor surrendered     |   ---|    ---|    ---|   ---| 10,000
+   147|May 10   |Sam Jones surrendered  |   ---|    ---|    ---|   ---|  8,000
+   148|May 11   |Jeff Thompson          |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  surrendered          |   ---|    ---|    ---|   ---|  7,454
+   149|May 26   |Kirby Smith surrendered|   ---|    ---|    ---|   ---| 20,000
+   ---+---------+-----------------------+------+-------+-------+------+-------
+
+
+          Statement of the Number of Engagements
+
+IN THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES DURING EACH YEAR OF THE WAR.
+
+    ------------------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+        STATES AND    |      |      |      |      |      |
+       TERRITORIES.   |=1861=|=1862=|=1863=|=1864=|=1865=| Total
+    ------------------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+    New York          |   ---|   ---|     1|   ---|   ---|     1
+    Pennsylvania      |   ---|   ---|     8|     1|   ---|     9
+    Maryland          |     3|     9|    10|     8|   ---|    30
+    Dist. of Columbia |   ---|   ---|   ---|     1|   ---|     1
+    West Virginia     |    29|   114|    17|    19|     1|    80
+    Virginia          |    30|    40|   116|   205|    28|   519
+    North Carolina    |     2|    27|    18|    10|    28|    85
+    South Carolina    |     2|    10|    17|     9|    22|    60
+    Georgia           |   ---|     2|     8|    92|     6|   108
+    Florida           |     3|     3|     4|    17|     5|    32
+    Alabama           |   ---|    10|    12|    32|    24|    78
+    Mississippi       |   ---|    42|    76|    67|     1|   186
+    Louisiana         |     1|    11|    54|    50|     2|   118
+    Texas             |     1|     2|     8|     1|     2|    14
+    Arkansas          |     1|    42|    40|    78|     6|   167
+    Tennessee         |     2|    82|   124|    89|     1|   298
+    Kentucky          |    14|    59|    30|    31|     4|   138
+    Ohio              |   ---|   ---|     3|   ---|   ---|     3
+    Indiana           |   ---|   ---|     4|   ---|   ---|     4
+    Illinois          |   ---|   ---|   ---|     1|   ---|     1
+    Missouri          |    65|    95|    43|    41|   ---|   244
+    Minnesota         |   ---|     5|     1|   ---|   ---|     6
+    California        |   ---|     1|     4|     1|   ---|     6
+    Kansas            |   ---|   ---|     2|     5|   ---|     7
+    Oregon            |   ---|   ---|   ---|     3|     1|     4
+    Nevada            |   ---|   ---|   ---|     2|   ---|     2
+    Washington Ter.   |   ---|   ---|     1|   ---|   ---|     1
+    Utah              |   ---|   ---|     1|   ---|   ---|     1
+    New Mexico        |     3|     5|     7|     4|   ---|    19
+    Nebraska          |   ---|   ---|     2|   ---|   ---|     2
+    Colorado          |   ---|   ---|   ---|     4|   ---|     4
+    Indian Territory  |   ---|     2|     9|     3|     3|    17
+    Dakota            |   ---|     2|     5|     4|   ---|    11
+    Arizona           |   ---|     1|     1|     1|     1|     4
+    Idaho             |   ---|   ---|     1|   ---|   ---|     1
+                      +------+------+------+------+------+------
+                      |   156|   564|   627|   779|   135| 2,261
+    ------------------+------+------+---- -+------+------+------
+
+[Illustration: BATTLE FIELDS OF THE GREAT CIVIL WAR]
+
+
+
+
+
+   RECOMMENDED READING
+
+
+   Civil War in the Making: 1815-1860--_Avery O. Craven_
+   The Coming of the Civil War--_Avery O. Craven_
+   The Irrepressible Conflict--_Arthur C. Cole_
+
+
+   West Point Atlas of American Wars, 2 vols.--_Vincent J.
+         Esposito_
+   The Story of the Confederacy--_Robert Selph Henry_
+   Storm Over the Land: A Profile of the Civil War--_Carl Sandburg_
+   The Confederate States of America--_E. Merton Coulter_
+   The Compact History of the Civil War--_R. Ernest and Trevor N.
+         Dupuy_
+   The Civil War and Reconstruction--_James G. Randall_
+
+   The Blue and the Gray--_Henry Steele Commager_
+   The Common Soldier in the Civil War--_Bell Irvin Wiley_
+   They Fought for the Union--_Francis A. Lord_
+   Spies for the Blue and Gray--_Harnett Kane_
+
+   Battles and Leaders, 4 vols.--_Robert Johnson and Clarence Buel,
+         ed._
+   The Civil War at Sea--_Virgil Carrington Jones_
+   Lee's Lieutenants, 3 vols.--_Douglas Southall Freeman_
+   R.E. Lee, 4 vols.--_Douglas Southall Freeman_
+   Mr. Lincoln's Army--_Bruce Catton_
+   Glory Road--_Bruce Catton_
+   Stillness at Appomattox--_Bruce Catton_
+   This Hallowed Ground--_Bruce Catton_
+   The Generalship of U.S. Grant--_J.F.C. Fuller_
+   Sherman--Soldier, Realist, American--_B.H. Lidell Hart_
+   Stonewall Jackson: A Study in Command--_G.F.R. Henderson_
+   The Civil War: A Soldier's View--_Jay Luvaas, ed._
+   As They Saw Forrest--_Robert Selph Henry, ed._
+   The Army of the Tennessee--_Stanley Horne_
+   Lincoln's Plan for Reconstruction--_William B. Hesseltine_
+   Lincoln's War Cabinet--_Burton J. Hendrick_
+   Organization and Administration of the Union Army, 2
+         vols.--_Frederick A. Shannon_
+   War Department 1861--_Alfred H. Meneely_
+   Rebel Brass: The Confederate Command System--_Frank E. Vandiver_
+   Jefferson Davis--_Hudson Strode_
+
+
+   Photographic History of the Civil War, 10 vols.--_Francis T.
+         Miller and Robert Lanier, ed._
+   American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War--_Bruce
+         Catton, ed._
+   Divided We Fought--_Hirst Milhollen, Milton Kaplan, Hulen
+         Stuart_
+
+   Notes on U.S. Ordnance, 2 vols.--_James E. Hicks_
+   U.S. Muskets, Rifles, and Carbines--_Arcadi Gluckman_
+   Firearms of the Confederacy--_Claud Fuller and Richard Stuart_
+
+
+
+
+            CIVIL WAR CENTENNIAL PROCLAMATION
+                     No. 3882
+
+     BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
+                  A PROCLAMATION
+
+
+The years 1961-1965 will mark the one hundredth anniversary of the
+American Civil War.
+
+That war was America's most tragic experience. But like all truly great
+tragedies, it carries with it an enduring lesson and a profound
+inspiration. It was a demonstration of heroism and sacrifice by men and
+women of both sides, who valued principle above life itself and whose
+devotion to duty is a proud part of our national inheritance.
+
+Both sections of our magnificently reunited country sent into their
+armies men who became soldiers as good as any who ever fought under any
+flag. Military history records nothing finer than the courage and spirit
+displayed at such battles as Chickamauga, Antietam, Kenesaw Mountain and
+Gettysburg. That America could produce men so valiant and so enduring is
+a matter for deep and abiding pride.
+
+The same spirit on the part of the people back home supported those
+soldiers through four years of great trial. That a Nation which
+contained hardly more than 30 million people, North and South together,
+could sustain 600,000 deaths without faltering is a lasting testimonial
+to something unconquerable in the American spirit. And that a
+transcending sense of unity and larger common purpose could, in the end,
+cause the men and women who had suffered so greatly to close ranks once
+the contest ended and to go on together to build a greater, freer and
+happier America must be a source of inspiration as long as our country
+may last.
+
+By a joint resolution approved on September 7, 1957, the Congress
+established the Civil War Centennial Commission to coordinate the
+nationwide observances of the one hundredth anniversary of the Civil
+War. This resolution authorized and requested the President to issue
+proclamations inviting the people of the United States to participate in
+those observances.
+
+NOW THEREFORE, I, DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, President of the United States
+of America, do hereby invite all of the people of our country to take a
+direct and active part in the Centennial of the Civil War.
+
+I request all units and agencies of government, Federal, State and
+local, and their officials, to encourage, foster and participate in
+Centennial observances. And I especially urge our Nation's schools and
+colleges, its libraries and museums, its churches and religious bodies,
+its civic, service and patriotic organizations, its learned and
+professional societies, its arts, sciences and industries, and its
+informational media, to plan and carry out their own appropriate
+Centennial observances during the years 1961 to 1965; all to the end of
+enriching our knowledge and appreciation of this great chapter in our
+Nation's history and of making this memorable period truly a Centennial
+for all Americans.
+
+IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Seal of
+the United States of America to be affixed.
+
+     DONE at the City of Washington this 6th day of December in the
+     year of our Lord nineteen hundred and sixty, and of the
+     Independence of the United States of America the one hundred
+     and eighty-fourth.
+
+             By the President:
+
+                                 Dwight D. Eisenhower
+
+
+ABOUT THE AUTHOR
+
+William H. Price is a pursuer of the lesser-known, but important, facts
+about the Civil War; an interest that is reflected throughout this
+unique handbook. Living in Northern Virginia, he has been over many
+square miles of the battlefields on foot and, often with a surveyor's
+transit, has plotted key sites and troop positions left obscure in the
+records of the armies. He specializes in the smaller, yet significant
+battles fought in Virginia--First Manassas, Cedar Mountain, Brandy
+Station--and in the operations of the signals services and topographical
+engineers. Modern data-processing techniques were applied to the Civil
+War for the first time when he devised a new method of cataloguing the
+war's battles, skirmishes, and engagements; this compilation, prepared
+by International Business Machines Corporation, is being used by the
+National and State Commissions in planning the numerous Civil War
+Centennial events.
+
+Virgil Carrington Jones, biographer of Ranger Mosby and author of "The
+Civil War at Sea", has best and most accurately described Mr. Price as
+"a walking encyclopedia of Civil War lore".
+
+A native of North Carolina, he has served on the staff of the American
+Military Institute and is a member of the Civil War Centennial
+Commission of the District of Columbia.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Research indicates that the copyright was not renewed.
+
+Page 18: Corrected Gary to Gray "Gray and Blue CWRT"
+
+Page 19: Changed WISCONSIN (1) to WISCONSIN (2)
+
+Page 20: Changed Shenanhoah to Shenandoah
+
+Page 27: Changed 1960s to 1860s "for the Shamrock Regiment of the
+1860's"
+
+Page 32: Corrected spelling of "wariors" to "warriors"
+
+Page 67: Abbreviated dates to narrow the table
+
+Page 71: Corrected spelling of "Irrepressable" to "Irrepressible
+Conflict"
+
+Text uses both ironclad and iron-clad
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Civil War Centennial Handbook, by 
+William H. Price
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CIVIL WAR CENTENNIAL HANDBOOK ***
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+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's The Civil War Centennial Handbook, by William H. Price
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Civil War Centennial Handbook
+
+Author: William H. Price
+
+Release Date: October 13, 2011 [EBook #37740]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CIVIL WAR CENTENNIAL HANDBOOK ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Mark C. Orton, Steve Klynsma and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 296px;">
+<img src="images/fcover.jpg" width="296" height="450" alt="Cover" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<h1>THE
+CIVIL WAR
+CENTENNIAL HANDBOOK</h1>
+<p class="center">FIRST EDITION</p>
+<h3>by William H. Price</h3>
+
+<p class="center">
+A Civil War Research Associate Series
+</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents">
+
+
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">Page</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><b>THE CIVIL WAR</b></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><b>FACTS</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The First Modern War</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Brother Against Brother</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">They Also Served</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The Soldier, The Battle, The Losses</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The Cost of War</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Numbers and Losses</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><b>PICTURES</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The American soldier of the 1860's</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Camp life</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Passing time between campaigns</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Religion and the soldier</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Correspondents at the front</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ships of the line</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Transportation and supplies</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Tools of modern warfare</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Field fortifications and entrenchments</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Communications</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Aerial reconnaissance</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Spies and secret agents</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The battle's overture</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Appalling aftermath</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Marks of total war</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">After four years&mdash;Appomattox</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Last review of the Union Army</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">A Nation re-united</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><b>UNIFORMS</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Union regulation uniforms</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Union regimental uniforms</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Confederate regimental uniforms</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Confederate regulation uniforms</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><b>DATES AND PLACES</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Chronology of battles</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Map of the major battlefields</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><b>RECOMMENDED READING</b></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+<h2>THE<br />
+CIVIL WAR<br />
+CENTENNIAL HANDBOOK<br /></h2>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>by William H. Price</h3>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+1861-1865&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1961-1965<br />
+<br /></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/illus-002.jpg" width="450" height="255" alt="Union and Confederate Soldier on either side of cannon" title="" />
+<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;">
+<img src="images/deco-002.jpg" width="100" height="22" alt="Decoration" title="" />
+
+<br /><br /></div>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br /><br /><br />
+Published by<br />
+Prince Lithograph Co., Inc.<br />
+4019 5th Rd. N., Arlington, Virginia<br />
+Copyright 1961<br />
+<br />
+Printed in U. S. A.<br />
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="The_Civil_War" id="The_Civil_War"></a><span class="smcap">The Civil War</span></h2>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Here brothers fought for their principles<br />
+Here heroes died to save their country<br />
+And a united people will forever cherish<br />
+the precious legacy of their noble manhood.</i></p>
+<p class="right">
+&mdash;<i>PENNSYLVANIA MONUMENT AT VICKSBURG</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<p>The Civil War, which began in the 1830's as a cold
+war and moved toward the inevitable conflict somewhere
+between 1850 and 1860, was one of America's greatest
+emotional experiences. When the war finally broke in
+1861, beliefs and political ideals had become so firm that
+they transcended family ties and bonds of friendship&mdash;brother
+was cast against brother. The story of this
+supreme test of our Nation, though one of tragedy, is
+also one of triumph, for it united a nation that had been
+divided for over a quarter century.</p>
+
+<p>Holding a place in history midway between the Revolutionary
+War of the 18th century and the First World
+War of the 20th, the American Civil War had far-reaching
+effects: by the many innovations and developments it
+stimulated, it became the forerunner of modern warfare;
+by the demands it made on technology and production,
+it hastened the industrial revolution in America.
+This conflict also provided the ferment from which great
+personalities arise. Qualities of true greatness were
+revealed in men like William Tecumseh Sherman, the
+most brilliant strategist of modern times; Nathan Bedford
+Forrest, one of the greatest of natural born leaders;
+Robert E. Lee, "one of the supremely gifted men produced
+by our Nation"; and Abraham Lincoln, who, like
+the other great men of that era, would be minor characters
+in our history had they not been called upon in
+this time of crisis. And emerging from such trying times
+were seven future Presidents of the United States, all
+officers of the Union Army.</p>
+
+<p>But the story of this sectional struggle is not only
+one of great leaders and events. It is the story of 18,000<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span>
+men in Gen. Sedgwick's Corps who formed a marching
+column that stretched over ten miles of road, and in that
+hot month of July 1863, the story of how they marched
+steadily for eighteen hours, stopping only once to rest,
+until they reached Gettysburg where the crucial battle
+was raging. It is the story of more than two hundred
+young VMI Cadets, who without hesitation left their classrooms
+to fight alongside hardened veterans at the battle
+of New Market in 1864. Or it is the story of two brothers
+who followed different flags and then met under such
+tragic circumstances on the field of battle at Petersburg.</p>
+
+<p>It is also a story of the human toil and machinery
+that produced more than four million small arms for the
+Union Army and stamped from copper over one billion
+percussion caps for these weapons during the four years
+of war. Inside the Confederacy, it is the story of experiments
+with new weapons&mdash;the submarine, iron-clad
+rams, torpedoes, and landmines&mdash;in an attempt to overcome
+the North's numerical superiority.</p>
+
+<p>It is the purpose of <i>The Civil War Centennial Handbook</i> to
+present this unusual story of the Civil War, a mosaic
+composed of fragments from the lesser-known and yet
+colorful facts that have survived a century but have been
+obscured by the voluminous battle narratives and campaign
+studies.</p>
+
+<p>Much of this material, when originally drafted, was
+selected by the National Civil War Centennial Commission
+for their informative and interesting <i>Facts About
+the Civil War</i>. This original material, revised and enlarged,
+has grown into <i>The Civil War Centennial Handbook</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The handbook is divided into five basic parts. The
+first is a presentation of little-known and unusual facts
+about participants, battles and losses, and the cost of
+war. The second is a graphic portrayal of both the men
+and machines that made the war of the 1860's. The special
+selection of photographs for this portion of the story
+were made available through the courtesy of the National
+Archives and the Library of Congress. Next are reproductions
+in color of Union and Confederate uniforms from
+the <i>Official Records Atlas</i> and the famous paintings by
+H. A. Ogden. The fourth section is a reference table of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>
+battles and losses listed in chronological order, accompanied
+by a map showing the major engagements of the
+war. And primarily for the growing number of new Civil
+War buffs, there is a roster of Civil War Round Tables,
+as well as a recommended list of outstanding books on
+the Civil War.</p>
+
+<p>The material presented in The <i>Civil War Centennial
+Handbook</i> has been selected from standard sources, the
+most outstanding of which are: the <i>Official Records of
+the Union and Confederate Armies and Navies</i>, Moore's
+<i>Rebellion Record</i>, Cullum's <i>Biographical Register of
+West Point Graduates</i>, Phisterer's <i>Statistical Record</i>,
+Livermore's <i>Numbers and Losses in the Civil War</i>,
+Fox's <i>Regimental Losses</i>, the <i>Dictionary of American
+Biography</i>, Dyer's <i>Compendium of the War of the Rebellion</i>,
+the <i>Annual Reports of the Secretary of War</i>, and
+last but far from least, one of the richest sources of information
+available, my fellow members of the District
+of Columbia Civil War Round Table.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/illus-005.jpg" width="450" height="184" alt="" title="" />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">The First Modern War</span></h2>
+
+<blockquote><p class="center"><i>In the arts of life, man invents nothing; but in the arts
+of death he outdoes Nature herself, and produces by
+chemistry and machinery all the slaughter of plague,
+pestilence and famine.</i></p></blockquote>
+<p class="right">
+&mdash;<i>GEORGE BERNARD SHAW</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p>The arts of tactics and strategy were revolutionized by the many
+developments introduced during the 1860's. Thus the Civil War
+ushered in a new era in warfare with the ...</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>FIRST practical machine gun.</p>
+
+<p>FIRST repeating rifle used in combat.</p>
+
+<p>FIRST use of the railroads as a major means of transporting troops and supplies.</p>
+
+<p>FIRST mobile siege artillery mounted on rail cars.</p>
+
+<p>FIRST extensive use of trenches and field fortifications.</p>
+
+<p>FIRST large-scale use of land mines, known as "subterranean shells".</p>
+
+<p>FIRST naval mines or "torpedoes".</p>
+
+<p>FIRST ironclad ships engaged in combat.</p>
+
+<p>FIRST multi-manned submarine.</p>
+
+<p>FIRST organized and systematic care of the wounded on the battlefield.</p>
+
+<p>FIRST widespread use of rails for hospital trains.</p>
+
+<p>FIRST organized military signal service.</p>
+
+<p>FIRST visual signaling by flag and torch during combat.</p>
+
+<p>FIRST use of portable telegraph units on the battlefield.</p>
+
+<p>FIRST military reconnaissance from a manned balloon.</p>
+
+<p>FIRST draft in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>FIRST organized use of Negro troops in combat.</p>
+
+<p>FIRST voting in the field for a national election by servicemen.</p>
+
+<p>FIRST income tax&mdash;levied to finance the war.</p>
+
+<p>FIRST photograph taken in combat.</p>
+
+<p>FIRST Medal of Honor awarded an American soldier.</p></blockquote>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">Brother Against Brother</span></h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>"<i>And why should we not accord them equal honor, for
+they were both Americans, imbued with those qualities
+which have made this country great.</i>"</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="right">
+<i>&mdash;BELL IRVIN WILEY</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p>PRESIDENT LINCOLN, the Commander-In-Chief of the Union
+Army, had four brothers-in-law in the Confederate Army, and
+three of his sisters-in-law were married to Confederate officers.</p>
+
+<p>JEFFERSON DAVIS, Commander-in-Chief of the Confederate
+Army, served the U.S. Army as a colonel during the Mexican War
+and held the post of Secretary of War in President Pierce's cabinet.
+Previously, as a senior United States Senator, he had been
+Chairman of the Senate Military Affairs Committee. Lincoln and
+Davis were born in Kentucky, the only state that has ever had two
+of its sons serve as President at the same time.</p>
+
+<p>JOHN TYLER, 10th President of the United States, was elected
+to the Confederate States Congress in 1862, but died before it convened.
+On March 4, 1861, Tyler's granddaughter unfurled the first
+flag of the Confederacy when it was raised over the Confederate
+Capitol at Montgomery, Alabama.</p>
+
+<p>The Battle of Lynchburg, Virginia, in June 1864 brought together
+two future Presidents of the United States&mdash;General RUTHERFORD
+B. HAYES and Major WILLIAM McKINLEY, U.S.A.&mdash;and
+a former Vice-President&mdash;General JOHN C. BRECKINRIDGE,
+C.S.A. Five other Union generals later rose to the Presidency:
+ANDREW JOHNSON, U.S. GRANT, JAMES A. GARFIELD,
+CHESTER A. ARTHUR, and BENJAMIN HARRISON.</p>
+
+<p>The four Secretaries of War during the eleven years prior to the
+Civil War were all from the South. All four later held office in the
+Confederate government.</p>
+
+<p>Fourteen of the 26 Confederate Senators had previously served in
+the United States Congress. In the Confederate House of Representatives,
+33 members were former U.S. Congressmen.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Confederate Generals ROBERT E. LEE and P.G.T. BEAUREGARD
+both ranked second in their graduating classes at West Point, and
+both officers later returned to hold the position of Superintendent
+of the Academy. Lee's appointment to the rank of full colonel in
+the United States Army was signed by President Lincoln.</p>
+
+<p>In 1859 WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN was appointed the first
+president of what is today the Louisiana State University. Although
+his chief claim to fame was the destructive "March to the Sea", a
+portrait of the Union general occupies a prominent place in the
+Memorial Tower of this Southern university.</p>
+
+<p>Over one-fourth of the West Point graduates who fought during the
+Civil War were in the Confederate Army. Half of the 304 who
+served in Gray were on active duty in the United States Army when
+war broke out. Of the total number of West Pointers who went
+South, 148 were promoted to the rank of general officer. In all,
+313 of the 1,098 officers in the United States Army joined the
+Confederacy.</p>
+
+<p>One fourth of the officers in the United States Navy resigned to
+cast their lot with the Confederate Navy. Of the 322 who resigned,
+243 were line officers.</p>
+
+<p>When J.E.B. STUART raided Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, in
+1862, he was pursued by Federal cavalry under the command of
+his father-in-law, Brig. Gen. PHILIP ST. GEORGE COOKE, whose
+name is frequently confused with that of Confederate General
+PHILIP ST. GEORGE COCKE, both West Pointers. As if that
+weren't bad enough, there was a Union general by the name of
+JEFFERSON DAVIS.</p>
+
+<p>WILLIAM T. MAGRUDER (U.S.M.A. 1850) commanded a squadron
+of the 1st United States Cavalry at First Manassas and during the
+Peninsula Campaign. In August 1862 he was granted leave of
+absence, and two months later he switched loyalties to join the
+Confederate Army. On July 3, 1863, he fell during the famous
+charge at Gettysburg.</p>
+
+<p>The Virginia Military Institute graduated WILLIAM H. GILLESPIE
+in the special war class of 1862. While awaiting his appointment
+as an officer on "Stonewall" Jackson's staff, he deserted to the
+Union Army and became Adjutant of the 14th West Virginia
+Cavalry.</p>
+
+<p>If Blue and Gray didn't meet again at Gettysburg during the annual
+reunions, they at least met on the banks of the Nile. No less than<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>
+50 former Union and Confederate officers held the rank of colonel
+or above in the Army of the Khedive during the 1870's. Two ex-Confederate
+generals and three former Union officers attained the
+rank of general in the Egyptian Army, holding such positions as
+Chief of Staff, Chief of Engineers, and Chief Ordnance Officer.</p>
+
+<p>Only three Confederates ever held the rank of general in the United
+States Army following the Civil War&mdash;MATTHEW C. BUTLER,
+FITZHUGH LEE, and JOE WHEELER. Lee and Wheeler, though
+they served as generals in the Confederate Army as well as in the
+United States Army during the Spanish American War, both graduated
+at the bottom of their West Point classes. When Lee and
+Wheeler were promoted to major general in 1901, their commissions
+were signed by a former Yankee officer&mdash;President William
+McKinley.</p>
+
+<p>General GEORGE PICKETT, a native Virginian, was appointed to
+the United States Military Academy from the State of Illinois.
+John Todd Stuart obtained the appointment at the request of his
+law partner, Abraham Lincoln.</p>
+
+<p>The senior general in the Confederate Army, SAMUEL COOPER,
+hailed from New York. Before the war, he had been Adjutant
+General of the United States Army. From 1861 to 1865 he was
+the Adjutant and Inspector General of the Confederate Army.</p>
+
+<p>Fort Sumter was surrendered in 1861 by a Kentucky-born Union
+officer, Major ROBERT ANDERSON. Confederate General JOHN
+C. PEMBERTON, a Pennsylvanian by birth, surrendered Vicksburg
+in 1863. There was no collusion in either surrender; both
+men were loyal supporters of their respective causes.</p>
+
+<p>The first Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy,
+Commodore FRANKLIN BUCHANAN, commanded the C.S.S.
+<i>Virginia</i> (<i>Merrimac</i>) in its first engagement. On the first ship to
+surrender under the <i>Virginia's</i> guns was Buchanan's brother, an
+officer of the U.S. Navy.</p>
+
+<p>Major CLIFTON PRENTISS of the 6th Maryland Infantry (Union)
+and his younger brother WILLIAM, of the 2nd Maryland Infantry
+(Confederate), were both mortally wounded when their regiments
+clashed at Petersburg on April 2, 1865&mdash;just seven days before
+hostilities ceased. Both were removed from the battlefield and
+after a separation of four years, they were taken to the same
+hospital in Washington. Each fought and each died for his cause.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">They Also Served</span></h2>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Fame is the echo of actions, resounding them to the
+world, save that the echo repeats only the last part,
+but fame relates all....</i></p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="right">
+&mdash;<i>FULLER</i>
+</p>
+
+
+<p>Poet SIDNEY LANIER fought as a private in the 2nd Georgia
+Battalion during the Seven Days' Battles near Richmond. In
+November 1862 he was captured on a Confederate blockade-runner
+and imprisoned at Point Lookout, Maryland. Sixteen years after
+the war he died from tuberculosis contracted while in prison.</p>
+
+<p>New England poet ALBERT PIKE commanded the Confederate Department
+of Indian Territory. He wrote the stanzas of the popular
+Southern version of <i>Dixie</i>, a tune which originated not in the South,
+but in New York City during the 1850's.</p>
+
+<p>At the battle of the Monocacy in 1864 Union General LEW
+WALLACE, author of <i>Ben-Hur</i>, commanded the force defending
+Washington against General Jubal Early's attack. After the war
+he served as Governor of New Mexico and Minister to Turkey.</p>
+
+<p>When the Marion Rangers organized in 1861, SAMUEL CLEMENS
+(Mark Twain) joined as a lieutenant, but he left this Missouri
+Company before it was mustered into Confederate service, having
+fired only one hostile shot during the war.</p>
+
+<p>Confederate Private HENRY MORTON STANLEY, of "Doctor
+Livingstone, I presume" fame, survived a bloody charge at Shiloh
+only to be taken prisoner. Later he joined the Union ranks and
+finished the war in Yankee blue.</p>
+
+<p>ANDREW CARNEGIE was a young man in his mid-twenties when
+he left his position as superintendent of the Pittsburgh Division,
+Pennsylvania Railroad to pitch in with workers rebuilding the rail
+line from Annapolis to Washington. Later in 1861 he was given
+the position of superintendent of military railways and government
+telegraph.</p>
+
+<p>HENRY A. DUPONT, grandson of the DuPont industries founder,
+was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for gallantry at
+the battle of Cedar Creek in October 1864. Captain DuPont, who
+had graduated from West Point at the head of his class in 1861,
+went on to serve as United States Senator from Delaware.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>ELIAS HOWE presented each field and staff officer of the 5th
+Massachusetts Regiment with a stallion fully equipped for service.
+Later, he volunteered as a private, and when the State failed to
+pay his unit, he met the regimental payroll with his own money.</p>
+
+<p>At the age of 15 GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE ran away from home
+and joined the Union Army. Neither he nor Elias Howe rose to
+officer rank, but both are today in the Hall of Fame for their
+achievements&mdash;the air brake and the sewing machine.</p>
+
+<p>In 1861 CORNELIUS VANDERBILT presented a high-speed side-wheel
+steamer to the United States Navy. At the time, there were
+less than 50 ships in active naval service. The cruiser, named
+the <i>Vanderbilt</i>, captured three blockade-runners during the war
+and in 1865 participated in the bombardment and amphibious
+assault on Fort Fisher. The Federal Navy at that time had grown
+to a fleet of more than 550 steam-powered ships.</p>
+
+<p>Admiral GEORGE DEWEY, of Manila Bay fame, served as a young
+lieutenant under Admiral Farragut during the attack on Port Hudson
+in 1863. His ship was the only one lost in the engagement.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel CHRISTOPHER C. ("Kit") CARSON commanded the 1st
+New Mexico Volunteers (Union), and campaigned against the
+Comanche, Navajo, and Apache Indians during the Civil War. In
+1866 he was promoted to brigadier general.</p>
+
+<p>In his mid-teens JESSE JAMES joined the Confederate raiders
+led by William Quantrill. The famous "Dead or alive" reward for
+Jesse in 1882 was issued by an ex-Confederate officer, Governor
+Thomas T. Crittenden of Missouri.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/illus-011.jpg" width="450" height="156" alt="" title="" />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Soldier, the Battle,<br />
+The Losses</span></h2>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>"There's many a boy here today who looks on war as
+all glory, but, boys, it is all hell."</i></p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p class="right">
+&mdash;<i>WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p>Of the 2.3 million men enlisted in the Union Army, seventy per
+cent were under 23 years of age. Approximately 100,000 were 16
+and an equal number 15. Three hundred lads were 13 or less, and
+the records show that there were 25 no older than 10 years.</p>
+
+<p>The average infantry regiment of 10 companies consisted of 30
+line officers and 1300 men. However, by the time a new regiment
+reached the battlefield, it would often have less than 800 men
+available for combat duty. Sickness and details as cooks, teamsters,
+servants, and clerks accounted for the greatly reduced
+numbers. Actually, in many of the large battles the regimental
+fighting strength averaged no more than 480 men.</p>
+
+<p>In 1864 the basic daily ration for a Union soldier was (in ounces):
+20&mdash;beef, 18&mdash;flour, 2.56&mdash;dry beans, 1.6&mdash;green coffee, 2.4&mdash;sugar,
+.64&mdash;salt, and smaller amounts of pepper, yeast powder, soap,
+candles, and vinegar. While campaigning, soldiers seldom obtained
+their full ration and many had to forage for subsistence.</p>
+
+<p>In the Army of Northern Virginia in 1863 the rations available for
+every 100 Confederate soldiers over a 30-day period consisted of
+1/4 lb. of bacon, 18 oz. of flour, 10 lbs. of rice, and a small amount
+of peas and dried fruit&mdash;when they could be obtained. (It is little
+wonder that Lee elected to carry the war into Pennsylvania&mdash;if
+for no other reason than to obtain food for an undernourished army.)</p>
+
+<p>During the Shenandoah Valley campaign of 1862 "Stonewall" Jackson
+marched his force of 16,000 men more than 600 miles in 35 days.
+Five major battles were fought and four separate Union armies,
+totaling 63,000, were defeated.</p>
+
+<p>In June 1864, the U.S.S. <i>Kearsarge</i> sank the C.S.S. <i>Alabama</i> in a
+fierce engagement in the English Channel off Cherbourg, France.
+Frenchmen gathered along the beach to witness the hour-long
+duel, which inspired a young French artist, Edouard Manet, to
+paint the battle scene that now hangs in the Philadelphia Museum
+of Art.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Confederate cruiser <i>Shenandoah</i> sailed completely around the
+world raiding Union commerce vessels and whalers. The ship and
+crew surrendered to British authorities at Liverpool in November
+1865, seven months after Lee's surrender at Appomattox.</p>
+
+<p>The greatest naval bombardment during the war was on Christmas
+Eve, 1864, at Fort Fisher, North Carolina. Fifty-seven vessels,
+with a total of 670 guns, were engaged&mdash;the largest fleet ever
+assembled by the U.S. Navy up to that time. The Army, Navy, and
+Marines combined in a joint operation to reduce and capture the
+fort.</p>
+
+<p>In July, 1862 the first Negro troops of the Civil War were organized
+by General David Hunter. Known as the 1st South Carolina Regiment,
+they were later designated the 33rd Regiment United States
+Colored Troops. Some 186,000 Negro soldiers served in the Union
+Army, 4,300 of whom became battle casualties.</p>
+
+<p>At the battle of Fredericksburg in 1862, the line of Confederate
+trenches extended a distance of seven miles. The troop density
+in these defensive works was 11,000 per mile.</p>
+
+<p>Over 900 guns and mortars bristled from the 68 forts defending
+the Nation's Capital during the war. The fortifications, constructed
+by the Engineer Corps during the early part of the war,
+circled the city on a 37-mile perimeter.</p>
+
+<p>During Sherman's campaign from Chattanooga to Atlanta, the
+Union Army of the Tennessee, in a period of four months, constructed
+over 300 miles of rifle pits, fired 149,670 artillery
+rounds and 22,137,132 rounds of small-arms ammunition.</p>
+
+<p>To fire a Civil War musket, eleven separate motions had to be
+made. The regulation in the 1860's specified that a soldier should
+fire three aimed shots per minute, allowing 20 seconds per shot
+and less than two seconds per motion.</p>
+
+<p>At the battle of Stone's River, Tennessee, in January, 1863, the
+Federal infantry in three days exhausted over 2,000,000 rounds of
+ammunition, and the artillery fired 20,307 rounds. The total
+weight of the projectiles was in excess of 375,000 pounds.</p>
+
+<p>At the Battle of First Bull Run or Manassas, it has been estimated
+that between 8,000 and 10,000 bullets were fired for every
+man killed and wounded.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The campaign against Petersburg, the longest sustained operation
+of the war, began in the summer of 1864 and lasted for 10 months,
+until the spring of '65. The fighting covered an area of more
+than 170 square miles, with 35 miles of trenches and fortifications
+stretching from Richmond to the southwest of Petersburg. During
+September, 1864, nearly 175 field and siege guns poured forth a
+daily average of 7.8 tons of iron on the Confederate works.</p>
+
+<p>The greatest cavalry battle in the history of the western hemisphere
+was fought at Brandy Station, Virginia, on June 9, 1863.
+Nearly 20,000 cavalrymen were engaged for more than 12 hours.
+At the height of the battle, along Fleetwood Hill, charges and
+countercharges were made continuously for almost three hours.</p>
+
+<p>The greatest regimental loss of the entire war was borne by the
+1st Maine Heavy Artillery. The unit saw no action until 1864, but
+in the short span of less than one year, over half of its 2,202 men
+engaged in battle were hit. In the assault on Petersburg in June,
+1864, the regiment lost 604 men killed and wounded in less than
+20 minutes.</p>
+
+<p>The largest regimental loss in a single battle was suffered by the
+26th North Carolina Infantry at Gettysburg. The regiment went
+into battle with a little over 800 men, and by the end of the third
+day, 708 were dead, wounded, or missing. In one company of 84,
+every officer and man was hit.</p>
+
+<p>Of the 46 Confederate regiments that went into the famous charge
+at Gettysburg on July 3, 1863, 15 were commanded by General
+Pickett. Thirteen of his regiments were led by Virginia Military
+Institute graduates; only two of them survived the charge.</p>
+
+<p>The heaviest numerical loss during any single battle was at
+Gettysburg, where 40,322 Americans were killed or wounded. On
+the Union side 21 per cent of those engaged were killed or wounded,
+in the Confederate ranks 30 per cent&mdash;the largest percentage of
+Confederates hit in any battle. The largest percentage of Union
+soldiers hit in battle was at Port Hudson in May 1863, where 26.7
+per cent of those engaged were killed or wounded.</p>
+
+<p>During May and June 1864 the Armies of the Potomac and the
+James lost 77,452 men&mdash;a greater number than Lee had in his
+entire army.</p>
+
+<p>Union Army hospitals treated over 6 million cases during the
+war. There were twice as many deaths from disease as from
+hostile bullets. Diarrhea and dysentery alone took the lives of
+44,558 Union soldiers.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>From 1861-1865 the Quartermaster Corps of the Union Army
+made 116,148 burials.</p>
+
+<p>In the 79 National Civil War cemeteries, 54 per cent of the graves
+are those of unknown soldiers. The largest Civil War cemetery
+is at Vicksburg, where 16,000 soldiers rest; only 3,896 are known.
+At the Confederate prison site in Salisbury, North Carolina, where
+12,126 Union soldiers are buried, 99 per cent are unknown.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/illus-015.jpg" width="450" height="257" alt="" title="" />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">The Cost of War</span></h2>
+
+
+<div class="poem">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <span class="i0"><i>Nor deem the irrevocable Past</i></span><br />
+    <span class="i2"><i>As wholly wasted, wholly vain,</i></span><br />
+    <span class="i0"><i>If, rising on its wrecks, at last</i></span><br />
+    <span class="i2"><i>To something nobler we attain.</i></span><br />
+  </div>
+<p class="center">&mdash;<i>HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>From 1861-1865 it cost the United States Government approximately
+2 million dollars a day to prosecute the war; the Second
+World War cost more than 113 million dollars a day.</p>
+
+<p>In 1880 the Secretary of the Treasury reported that the Civil War
+had cost the Federal Government 6.19 billion dollars. By 1910
+the cost of the war, including pensions and other veterans benefits,
+had reached 11.5 billion dollars. World War II was three
+months shorter than the Civil War, but from 1942-1945 approximately
+156 billion dollars was spent on the military establishment.</p>
+
+<p>The total cost of the war to the South has been estimated at 4
+billion dollars.</p>
+
+<p>The public debt outstanding for an average population of 33 million
+rose from $2.80 to $75 per capita between 1861 and 1865. In
+mid-1958 the per capita debt stood at $1,493 for a population of
+175.5 million.</p>
+
+<p>In 1958 the government was providing pensions for 3,042 widows
+of Union veterans. In June of that year, as a result of special
+legislation, 526 widows of Southern soldiers and the two surviving
+Confederate veterans became eligible for Federal pensions. The
+last Union veteran, Albert Woolson, had died in 1956, leaving the
+two Confederates, John Salling and Walter Williams, to draw the
+highest Civil War pensions paid by the United States Government.
+The last Civil War veteran, Walter Williams, died in December
+1959 at the age of 117. Since then, William's claim as a veteran
+has been disputed in the newspapers, but sufficient evidence does
+not exist to positively prove or disprove his military status.</p>
+
+<p>The pursuit and capture of Jefferson Davis at Irwinville, Georgia,
+cost the Federal Government $97,031.62.<!-- Page 16 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>From 1861-1865 it cost the Federal government, in millions of
+dollars:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>$727&mdash;to clothe and feed the Army<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">18&mdash;to clothe and feed the Navy</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">339&mdash;for transportation of troops and supplies</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">127&mdash;for cavalry and artillery horses</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">76&mdash;for the purchase of arms</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">8&mdash;to maintain and provide for Confederate prisoners</span><br />
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Soldiers and sailors of the United States received 1.34 billion
+dollars in pay during the war.</p>
+
+<p>In 1861 an infantry private was paid $13 per month&mdash;compared to
+a private's pay of $83 today. A Civil War colonel drew $95 per
+month and a brigadier general $124. Their counterparts today
+are paid a monthly base rate of $592 and $800.</p>
+
+<p>During the 1860's the average cost of a musket was $13 as compared
+to $105 for an M1 Garand in World War II.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/illus-017.jpg" width="450" height="226" alt="" title="" />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">Numbers and Losses</span></h2>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><th></th><th>North</th><th>South<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Population</td><td>22,400,000</td><td>9,103,000<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Military Age Group (18-45)</span></td><td>4,600,000</td><td>985,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Trained Militia 1827-1861</td><td>2,470,000</td><td>692,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Regular Army January, 1861</td><td>16,400</td><td>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Military Potential 1861</span></td><td>2,486,400</td><td>692,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total Individuals in Service 1861-1865</td><td>2,213,400</td><td>1,003,600</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total Strength July, 1861</td><td>219,400</td><td>114,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total Strength January, 1863</td><td>962,300</td><td>450,200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Peak Strength 1864-1865</td><td>1,044,660</td><td>484,800</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Army</span></td><td>980,100</td><td>481,200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Navy</span></td><td>60,700</td><td>3,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Marines</span></td><td>3,860</td><td>600</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total Hit in Battle</td><td>385,100</td><td>320,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Total Battle Deaths</span></td><td>110,100</td><td>94,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Killed in Battle</span></td><td>67,100</td><td>54,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Died of Wounds</span></td><td>43,000</td><td>40,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Wounded (not mortally)<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></span></td><td>275,000</td><td>226,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Missing in Action</td><td>6,750</td><td>&mdash;-</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Captured<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></td><td>211,400</td><td>462,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Died in Prison</td><td>30,200</td><td>26,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Died of Disease</td><td>224,000</td><td>60,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Other Deaths</td><td>34,800</td><td>&mdash;-</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Desertions<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></td><td>199,000</td><td>83,400</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Discharged</td><td>426,500</td><td>57,800</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Surrendered 1865</td><td></td><td>174,223</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Confederate figures are based upon the best information and estimates available.</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Includes 3,760,000 slaves in the seceded states.</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> A number of these were returned to duty. In the Union Army, those who were not fit for combat
+were placed in the Veteran Reserve Corps and performed administrative duties.</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> An undetermined number were exchanged and returned to duty.</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Many deserters returned to duty. In the Union Army, where $300 bounty was paid for a 3-year
+enlistment, it was not uncommon to find a soldier picking up his bounty in one regiment and
+then deserting to join another unit just for the additional bounty.</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">Civil War Round Tables</span></h2>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>
+CALIFORNIA (3)</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>La Jolla&mdash;Ezra J. Warner, P.O. Box 382.</p>
+
+
+<p>Los Angeles&mdash;(Southern California
+CWRT), Col. Paul "Reb" Benton, 466
+South Bedford Drive, Beverly Hills,
+California.</p>
+
+<p>Torrance&mdash;Peter A. LaRosa, 4240 West
+178th Street.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>COLORADO (1)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Denver&mdash;(Colorado CWRT), Hubert
+Kaub, 740 Steele Street, Zone 6.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>CONNECTICUT (2)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Hartford&mdash;W. J. Lowry, Hartford National
+Bank &amp; Trust Company.</p>
+
+<p>Niantic&mdash;Norman B. Peck, Jr., Remagen
+Road.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>DELAWARE (1)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Wilmington&mdash;Dr. Richard H. Myers, 34
+Paschall Road, Zone 3.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA (1)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Washington&mdash;James M. Lazard, Box 38,
+Army &amp; Navy Club, Zone 5.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>GEORGIA (1)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Atlanta&mdash;Col. Allen P. Julian, 1753
+Peachtree Street, N. E.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>KENTUCKY (1)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Lexington&mdash;(Kentucky CWRT), Dr.
+Hambleton Tapp, University of Kentucky.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>ILLINOIS (8)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Chicago&mdash;Gilbert Twiss, 18 West Chestnut
+Street.</p>
+
+<p>LaSalle&mdash;Dr. Russell C. Slater, 744 First
+Street.</p>
+
+<p>Lyons&mdash;(<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Gary'">Gray</ins> and Blue CWRT), O. H.
+Felton, Box 106.</p>
+
+<p>Park Forest&mdash;Malcolm Macht, 495 Talala.</p>
+
+<p>Peoria&mdash;(National Blues CWRT), H. R.
+Sours, 2623 West Moss Avenue.</p>
+
+<p>Quad Cities&mdash;Mrs. Marilyn A. Hasselroth,
+Box 508, Milan, Illinois.</p>
+
+<p>Rockford&mdash;Timothy Hughes, 2208 Ridge
+Avenue.</p>
+
+<p>Springfield&mdash;George L. Cashman, Lincoln
+Lodge, Oak Ridge.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>INDIANA (6)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Evansville&mdash;Col. Robert M. Leich, P.O.
+Box 869, Zone 1.</p>
+
+<p>Indianapolis&mdash;Donald Shaner, 3122
+North Richardt, Zone 26.</p>
+
+<p>Mishawaka&mdash;H. O. Soencer, Mishawaka
+Public Library.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote><p>New Albany&mdash;Elsa Strassweg, 201 East
+Spring Street.</p>
+
+<p>South Bend&mdash;Ben R. Violette, 2220 Berkley
+Place, Zone 16.</p>
+
+<p>Terre Haute&mdash;(Vigo County CWRT),
+Ira Campbell, 426 South 17th Street.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>IOWA (1)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Cedar Rapids&mdash;Mrs. Robert A. Miller,
+249 Blake Boulevard.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>LOUISIANA (1)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>New Orleans&mdash;David L. Markstein, 2232
+Wirth Place, Zone 15.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>MARYLAND (2)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Baltimore&mdash;Leonard Sandler, Nelmar
+Apartments 2-C, Zone 17.</p>
+
+<p>Hagerstown&mdash;Theron Rinehart, Box
+1155.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>MASSACHUSETTS (2)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Andover&mdash;Stanley E. Butcher, 4 Washington
+Avenue.</p>
+
+<p>Boston&mdash;Richard H. Fitzpatrick, 15
+Hathway Road, Lexington, Zone 73.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>MICHIGAN (5)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Battle Creek&mdash;Mrs. Pearl Foust, 150 Eldredge.</p>
+
+<p>Detroit&mdash;(Abraham Lincoln CWRT of
+Michigan), Lloyd C. Nyman, 951
+South Oxford Road, Grosse Pointe
+Woods, Zone 36.</p>
+
+<p>Flint&mdash;Philip C. Chinn, 2933 Wyoming
+Street.</p>
+
+<p>Jackson&mdash;Edward J. Young, 2535 Kibby
+Street.</p>
+
+<p>Kalamazoo&mdash;Mrs. Wesley R. Burrell,
+Galesburg, Michigan.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>MINNESOTA (1)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Twin Cities&mdash;William H. Rowe, 6040
+James Avenue South, Minneapolis 19,
+Minnesota.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>MISSISSIPPI (1)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Jackson&mdash;(Mississippi CWRT), Mrs.
+Genevieve Wilde Barksdale, 3405 Old
+Canton Road.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>MISSOURI (2)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Kansas City&mdash;Charles W. Jones, 1016
+Baltimore Avenue.</p>
+
+<p>St. Louis&mdash;Gale Johnston, Jr., Projected
+Planning Company, Room 200, 506
+Olive Street, Zone 1.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>NEBRASKA (1)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Omaha&mdash;Frank E. Gibson, Public Library.</p></blockquote><p><!-- Page 19 --></p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>NEW JERSEY (2)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Hackensack&mdash;(Bergen County CWRT),
+Miss Celeste Slauson, Johnson Free
+Public Library.</p>
+
+<p>Monmouth County&mdash;Mrs. Jeanne Marie
+Predham, 155 West Sylvania Avenue,
+Neptune City, New Jersey.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>NEW YORK (6)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Binghampton&mdash;Theodore E. Mulford,
+Link Aviation Inc.</p>
+
+<p>Fayetteville&mdash;(Onondaga County
+CWRT), E. H. Hobbs, 206 Washington
+Building.</p>
+
+<p>Jamestown&mdash;E. J. Muzzy, 142 Prospect
+Street.</p>
+
+<p>Mayville&mdash;Robert Laughlin, Portage
+Street.</p>
+
+<p>New York City&mdash;Arnold Gates, 289 New
+Hyde Park Road, Garden City, N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>Rochester&mdash;William J. Welch, 80 Elaine
+Drive. Zone 23.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>NORTH CAROLINA (1)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>High Point&mdash;(North Carolina CWRT),
+John R(ebel) Peacock, Box 791.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>OHIO (8)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Chillicothe&mdash;(Gen. Joshua W. Sill Chapter),
+Kent Castor, Box 273.</p>
+
+<p>Cincinnati&mdash;J. Louis Warm, 4165 Rose
+Hill Avenue, Zone 5.</p>
+
+<p>Cleveland&mdash;Edward T. Downer, 1105 Euclid
+Avenue, Zone 6.</p>
+
+<p>Dayton&mdash;Kathryn G. Crawford (Mrs. F.
+M.), 3438 East 5th Street, Zone 3.</p>
+
+<p>East Cleveland&mdash;James C. Pettit, 13905
+Orinoco Avenue, Zone 12.</p>
+
+<p>Lancaster&mdash;(William T. Sherman Chapter),
+Dr. Robert H. Eyman, Sr., 137
+West Mulberry Street.</p>
+
+<p>Toledo&mdash;Robert G. Morris, 2619 Powhatan
+Parkway, Zone 6.</p>
+
+<p>Wooster&mdash;Dr. A. B. Huff, 230 North
+Market Street.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>OKLAHOMA (2)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Stillwater&mdash;(CWRT of Oklahoma State
+University) LeRoy H. Fischer, History
+Department.</p>
+
+<p>Tulsa&mdash;R. L. Summers, 1204 North Tacoma
+Place.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>PENNSYLVANIA (6)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Bucks-Montgomery County&mdash;Edgar F.
+Hoskings, Jr., 31 East Park Avenue,
+Sellersville, Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>Gettysburg&mdash;Jacob M. Sneads, 115 North
+Stratton Street.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote><p>Philadelphia&mdash;(Lincoln Civil War Society),
+Arthur G. McDowell, 1500
+North Broad Street, Zone 21.</p>
+
+<p>Pittsburgh&mdash;Bernd P. Rose, Chamber of
+Commerce Building.</p>
+
+<p>Susquehanna CWRT&mdash;W. N. Barto, 39
+South 2nd Street, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>Washington&mdash;James R. Braden, 755 East
+Main Street.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>TENNESSEE (2)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>LaFollette (Big Creek Gap CWRT), Guy
+Easterly, 139 North Tennessee Ave.</p>
+
+<p>Murfreesboro&mdash;(Nathan Bedford Forrest
+CWRT), Homer Pittard, Box 688,
+Middle Tennessee State College.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>TEXAS (2)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Houston&mdash;Richard Colquette, 5589 Cedar
+Creek Drive, Zone 27.</p>
+
+<p>Waco&mdash;Lt. Col. H. G. Simpson, 2624
+Austin Avenue.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>VIRGINIA (6)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Alexandria&mdash;William B. Hurd, 219 South
+Royal Street.</p>
+
+<p>Franklin&mdash;S. W. Rawls, Jr., 503 North
+Main Street.</p>
+
+<p>Lynchburg&mdash;James B. Noell, 303 Madison
+Street.</p>
+
+<p>Harrisonburg&mdash;(<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Shenanhoah'">Shenandoah</ins> Valley
+CWRT), Grimes Henenberger, 345
+South Main Street.</p>
+
+<p>Richmond&mdash;John C. Stinson, 7202 Brigham
+Road.</p>
+
+<p>Winchester&mdash;Fred Y. Stotler, Sunnyside
+Station.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>WEST VIRGINIA (1)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Moundsville&mdash;Delf Norona, 315 Seventh
+Street.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>WISCONSIN (<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads '1'">2</ins>)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Madison&mdash;Russ Spindler, Box 377, Zone
+1.</p>
+
+<p>Milwaukee&mdash;H. P. Spangenberg, 203A
+South 77th Street.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>CANADA (1)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Toronto&mdash;(Canadian Round Table), A.
+P. Colesbury, 518 Dovecourt Road.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>ENGLAND (1)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>London&mdash;(Confederate Research Club),
+Patrick C. Courtney, 34 Highclere
+Avenue, Leigh Park, Havant, Hampshire,
+England, United Kingdom.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>GERMANY (1)</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Wiesbaden&mdash;Lt. Col. Tom Nordan,
+Hdqs., USAFE, APO 633, N. Y., N. Y.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-024afs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-024a.jpg" width="450" height="294" alt="None too military in appearance, such ragged squads of men and boys developed
+into an army that marched an average of 16 miles a day." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">None too military in appearance, such ragged squads of men and boys developed
+into an army that marched an average of 16 miles a day.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-024bfs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-024b.jpg" width="450" height="285" alt="Smartly dressed amphibious soldiers. Some of the 3,000 U.S. Marines of the
+Civil War made landings on Southern coasts, but the majority served as gun
+crews aboard ship." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Smartly dressed amphibious soldiers. Some of the 3,000 U.S. Marines of the
+Civil War made landings on Southern coasts, but the majority served as gun
+crews aboard ship.</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-025fs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-025.jpg" width="450" height="254" alt="Jack-tars of the old Navy saw plenty of action in clearing the Mississippi and chasing down Confederate raiders of the high seas.
+Because of the high bounties and pay, many foreign seafarers were attracted to both navies." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Jack-tars of the old Navy saw plenty of action in clearing the Mississippi and chasing down Confederate raiders of the high seas.
+Because of the high bounties and pay, many foreign seafarers were attracted to both navies.</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-026afs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-026a.jpg" width="450" height="288" alt="Ill-clad and poorly equipped, Confederate volunteers at Pensacola, Florida, wait
+their turn for the smell of black powder." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Ill-clad and poorly equipped, Confederate volunteers at Pensacola, Florida, wait
+their turn for the smell of black powder.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-026bfs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-026b.jpg" width="450" height="288" alt="On the silent battlefield at Gettysburg, veterans of Lee&#39;s Army of Northern
+Virginia who survived the baptism by fire await their fate as prisoners of war." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">On the silent battlefield at Gettysburg, veterans of Lee&#39;s Army of Northern
+Virginia who survived the baptism by fire await their fate as prisoners of war.</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-027fs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-027.jpg" width="450" height="255" alt="Regimental camp sites created sanitary problems that went unsolved. Typhoid fever, diarrhea, and dysentery took the lives of
+over 70,000 Union soldiers." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Regimental camp sites created sanitary problems that went unsolved. Typhoid fever, diarrhea, and dysentery took the lives of
+over 70,000 Union soldiers.</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-028afs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-028a.jpg" width="450" height="293" alt="Private residences like the Wallach House at Culpeper, Virginia, provided
+generals on both sides with comfortable quarters in the field. Staff officers
+were usually tented on the lawns." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Private residences like the Wallach House at Culpeper, Virginia, provided
+generals on both sides with comfortable quarters in the field. Staff officers
+were usually tented on the lawns.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-028bfs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-028b.jpg" width="450" height="289" alt="Log cabins often replaced tents during the winter months when campaigning
+slackened and the armies settled down. In some camps it was not uncommon to
+find visiting army wives." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Log cabins often replaced tents during the winter months when campaigning
+slackened and the armies settled down. In some camps it was not uncommon to
+find visiting army wives.</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-029afs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-029a.jpg" width="450" height="292" alt="Soldiers turned to a variety of activities to break the long days and weeks of
+monotonous camplife. Even officers were not immune to the horseplay." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Soldiers turned to a variety of activities to break the long days and weeks of
+monotonous camplife. Even officers were not immune to the horseplay.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-029bfs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-029b.jpg" width="450" height="289" alt="When two or more Yanks or Rebs gathered together, a deck of cards often made
+its appearance. Fearful of an angry God, soldiers usually discarded such instruments
+of sin before entering battle." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">When two or more Yanks or Rebs gathered together, a deck of cards often made
+its appearance. Fearful of an angry God, soldiers usually discarded such instruments
+of sin before entering battle.</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-030afs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-030a.jpg" width="450" height="291" alt="Chess, a favorite pastime in camp, finds Colonel Martin McMahon, General
+Sedgwick&#39;s adjutant, engaged in the contest that was a favorite of Napoleon and
+many other military leaders." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Chess, a favorite pastime in camp, finds Colonel Martin McMahon, General
+Sedgwick&#39;s adjutant, engaged in the contest that was a favorite of Napoleon and
+many other military leaders.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-030bfs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-030b.jpg" width="450" height="286" alt="A much disliked chore even in fair weather&mdash;a lone Union soldier walks his
+post in the bitter cold at Nashville." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">A much disliked chore even in fair weather&mdash;a lone Union soldier walks his
+post in the bitter cold at Nashville.</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-031afs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-031a.jpg" width="450" height="291" alt="A forerunner of Father Francis Patrick Duffy, heroic Chaplain of the famous
+69th New York Regiment in World War I, says Mass for the Shamrock Regiment of
+the 1860&#39;s. Most Civil War regiments had a chaplain." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">A forerunner of Father Francis Patrick Duffy, heroic Chaplain of the famous
+69th New York Regiment in World War I, says Mass for the Shamrock Regiment of
+the <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads '1960'">1860</ins>&#39;s. Most Civil War regiments had a chaplain.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-031bfs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-031b.jpg" width="450" height="288" alt="A contribution to camp religious life, the 50th New York Engineers constructed
+this church for their comrades at Petersburg." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">A contribution to camp religious life, the 50th New York Engineers constructed
+this church for their comrades at Petersburg.</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-032fs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-032.jpg" width="450" height="261" alt="Newspaper correspondents like these from the New York Herald kept the public well informed, though they often revealed valuable
+military information to the Confederacy. The New York paper usually reached the Confederate War Department on the day following
+publication." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Newspaper correspondents like these from the New York Herald kept the public well informed, though they often revealed valuable
+military information to the Confederacy. The New York paper usually reached the Confederate War Department on the day following
+publication.</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-033afs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-033a.jpg" width="450" height="284" alt="With the technique of photo-engraving yet to be developed, war scenes for newspapers
+and magazines had to be drawn and reproduced from woodcuts. Artists
+such as A. R. Waud, shown here at Gettysburg, vividly depicted the events for
+Harper&#39;s Weekly." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">With the technique of photo-engraving yet to be developed, war scenes for newspapers
+and magazines had to be drawn and reproduced from woodcuts. Artists
+such as A. R. Waud, shown here at Gettysburg, vividly depicted the events for
+Harper&#39;s Weekly.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-033bfs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-033b.jpg" width="450" height="281" alt="The Civil War as it appeared back home. It was almost 40 years before the
+public saw the thousands of photographs taken by Mathew Brady and his contemporaries." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">The Civil War as it appeared back home. It was almost 40 years before the
+public saw the thousands of photographs taken by Mathew Brady and his contemporaries.</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-034afs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-034a.jpg" width="450" height="287" alt="In a desperate attempt to raise the Federal blockade of Southern ports, the Confederate
+Navy built the first ironclad. More than a dozen of these rams, all
+similar to the Albemarle (pictured above), were constructed." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">In a desperate attempt to raise the Federal blockade of Southern ports, the Confederate
+Navy built the first ironclad. More than a dozen of these rams, all
+similar to the Albemarle (pictured above), were constructed.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-034bfs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-034b.jpg" width="450" height="281" alt="At first, ironclads were scoffed at by Federal naval authorities, but the monitors,
+styled &quot;iron coffins&quot;, proved their worth in battle with the river navies.
+By 1865 fifty-eight of the turreted vessels had been built, some of which became
+seagoing." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">At first, ironclads were scoffed at by Federal naval authorities, but the monitors,
+styled &quot;iron coffins&quot;, proved their worth in battle with the river navies.
+By 1865 fifty-eight of the turreted vessels had been built, some of which became
+seagoing.</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-035afs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-035a.jpg" width="450" height="288" alt="With untiring vigilance, steam-powered gunboats like the Mendota plied the
+Southern coastline to enforce the blockade against Confederate trade with
+England and France." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">With untiring vigilance, steam-powered gunboats like the Mendota plied the
+Southern coastline to enforce the blockade against Confederate trade with
+England and France.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-035bfs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-035b.jpg" width="450" height="285" alt="The C.S.S. Hunley, a completely submersible craft, was hand-propelled by a crew
+of eight. The 25-foot submarine sank off Charleston along with her first and
+only victim, the U.S.S. Housatonic." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">The C.S.S. Hunley, a completely submersible craft, was hand-propelled by a crew
+of eight. The 25-foot submarine sank off Charleston along with her first and
+only victim, the U.S.S. Housatonic.</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-036fs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-036.jpg" width="450" height="255" alt="Steam-powered torpedo boats of the Confederate Navy were capable of partially submerging with only their stacks showing. These
+tiny &quot;Davids&quot;, named after the Biblical warrior, could be either manned or remotely controlled from shore." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Steam-powered torpedo boats of the Confederate Navy were capable of partially submerging with only their stacks showing. These
+tiny &quot;Davids&quot;, named after the Biblical <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'warior'">warrior</ins>, could be either manned or remotely controlled from shore.</span>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-037fs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-037.jpg" width="450" height="258" alt="U.S. Army Uniforms (LIEUT. GENERAL; BRIG. GENERAL; COLONEL OF INFANTRY; CAPTAIN OF ARTILLERY)" title="" />
+</a>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center">LIEUT. GENERAL U.S. ARMY.<br />UNDRESS</td><td align="center">BRIG. GENERAL U.S. ARMY.<br />FULL DRESS</td><td align="center">COLONEL OF INFANTRY U.S. ARMY.<br />FULL DRESS</td><td align="center">CAPTAIN OF ARTILLERY U.S. ARMY.<br />FULL DRESS</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-038fs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-038.jpg" width="450" height="258" alt="U.S. Army Uniforms" title="" />
+</a><div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center">MAJOR OF CAVALRY, U.S. ARMY.<br />FULL DRESS</td><td align="center">LIEUT. COLONEL, SURG., U.S. ARMY.<br />OFFICERS OVERCOAT AND STAFF TROWSERS</td><td align="center">SERGEANT MAJOR, ARTILLERY, U.S. ARMY.<br />FULL DRESS</td><td align="center">SERGEANT, INFANTRY, U.S. ARMY.<br />FULL DRESS</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-039fs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-039.jpg" width="450" height="265" alt="U.S. Army Uniforms (Private, U.S. INFANTRY; CORPORAL, CAVALRY; PRIVATE, LIGHT ARTILLERY; GREAT COAT FOR ALL MOUNTED MEN)" title="" />
+</a><div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center">PRIVATE, U.S. INFANTRY.<br />FATIGUE MARCHING ORDER</td><td align="center">CORPORAL, CAVALRY, U.S. ARMY.<br />FULL DRESS</td><td align="center">PRIVATE, LIGHT ARTILLERY, U.S. ARMY.<br />FULL DRESS</td><td align="center">GREAT COAT FOR ALL MOUNTED MEN</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+</div><p><!-- Page 36 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-040fs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-040.jpg" width="450" height="329" alt="UNITED STATES UNIFORMS IN THE CIVIL WAR" title="" />
+</a><div class="center">UNITED STATES UNIFORMS IN THE CIVIL WAR
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center">REG. CAVALRY PRIVATE.</td><td align="center">GEN. GRANT'S UNIFORM.</td><td align="center">ARTILLERY LINE OFFICER.</td><td align="center">DURYEA'S ZOUAVE.</td><td align="center">HAWKIN'S ZOUAVE.</td><td align="center">REG. INFANTRY PRIVATE.</td><td align="center">DURYEA'S ZOUAVE LINE OFFICER.</td><td align="center">CAMPAIGN UNIFORM INFANTRY.</td><td align="center">REG. ARTILLERY PRIVATE.</td><td align="center">INFANTRY OVERCOAT.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><!-- Page 37 --></p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-041fs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-041.jpg" width="450" height="325" alt="CONFEDERATE UNIFORMS" title="" />
+</a><div class="center">CONFEDERATE UNIFORMS
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center">NORTH CAROLINA MILITIA.</td><td align="center">REG. INFANTRY PRIVATE.</td><td align="center">WASHINGTON ARTILLERY.</td><td align="center">MONTGOMERY TRUE BLUE.</td><td align="center">FIELD OFFICER OF INFANTRY.</td><td align="center">GEN. LEE'S UNIFORM.</td><td align="center">REG. CAVALRY PRIVATE.</td><td align="center">LOUISIANA TIGER.</td><td align="center">LOUISIANA ZOUAVE.</td><td align="center">REG. ARTILLERY PRIVATE.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><!-- Page 38 --></p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-042fs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-042.jpg" width="450" height="260" alt="C.S. Army Uniforms (GENERAL; COLONEL, INFANTRY; COLONEL, ENGINEERS; MAJOR, CAVALRY)" title="" />
+</a><div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center">GENERAL,<br />C.S. ARMY.</td><td align="center">COLONEL, INFANTRY,<br />C.S. ARMY.</td><td align="center">COLONEL, ENGINEERS,<br />C.S. ARMY.</td><td align="center">MAJOR, CAVALRY,<br />C.S. ARMY.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><!-- Page 39 --></p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-043fs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-043.jpg" width="450" height="260" alt="C.S. Army Uniforms (SURGEON, MAJOR MED. DEPT.; CAPTAIN, ARTILLERY; FIRST LIEUTENANT, INFANTRY; SERGEANT, CAVALRY)" title="" />
+</a><div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center">SURGEON, MAJOR MED. DEPT.,<br />C.S. ARMY.</td><td align="center">CAPTAIN, ARTILLERY,<br />C.S. ARMY.</td><td align="center">FIRST LIEUTENANT, INFANTRY,<br />C.S. ARMY.</td><td align="center">SERGEANT, CAVALRY,<br />C.S. ARMY.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><!-- Page 40 --></p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-044fs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-044.jpg" width="450" height="258" alt="C.S. Army Uniforms (CORPORAL, ARTILLERY; PRIVATE, INFANTRY; INFANTRY OVERCOAT; CAVALRY OVERCOAT)" title="" />
+</a><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center">CORPORAL, ARTILLERY,<br />C.S. ARMY.</td><td align="center">PRIVATE, INFANTRY,<br />C.S. ARMY.</td><td align="center">INFANTRY C.S. ARMY.<br />OVERCOAT</td><td align="center">CAVALRY C.S. ARMY.<br />OVERCOAT</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 41 --></p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-045afs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-045a.jpg" width="450" height="282" alt="In 1864 nearly 4,000 wagons traveled with Meade&#39;s Army of the Potomac, each
+capable of carrying 2,500 pounds of supplies. During one year the Federal Army
+purchased 14,500 wagons and captured an additional 2,000." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">In 1864 nearly 4,000 wagons traveled with Meade&#39;s Army of the Potomac, each
+capable of carrying 2,500 pounds of supplies. During one year the Federal Army
+purchased 14,500 wagons and captured an additional 2,000.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-045bfs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-045b.jpg" width="450" height="285" alt="&quot;The muscles of his brawny arms are strong as ironbands....&quot; Union Army blacksmiths
+had to shoe nearly 500 new horses and mules daily." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">&quot;The muscles of his brawny arms are strong as ironbands....&quot; Union Army blacksmiths
+had to shoe nearly 500 new horses and mules daily.</span>
+</div><p><!-- Page 42 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-046afs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-046a.jpg" width="450" height="282" alt="An old timer that traveled many miles of Virginia road with a busy and tireless
+man&mdash;General U. S. Grant." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">An old timer that traveled many miles of Virginia road with a busy and tireless
+man&mdash;General U. S. Grant.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-046bfs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-046b.jpg" width="450" height="288" alt="General Lee had hoped that Virginia&#39;s numerous streams and rivers would delay
+Grant&#39;s advance, but Federal engineers with portable pontoon bridges kept the
+army at Lee&#39;s heels." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">General Lee had hoped that Virginia&#39;s numerous streams and rivers would delay
+Grant&#39;s advance, but Federal engineers with portable pontoon bridges kept the
+army at Lee&#39;s heels.</span>
+</div><p><!-- Page 43 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-047afs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-047a.jpg" width="450" height="280" alt="This &quot;cornstalk&quot; bridge over Potomac Creek near Fredericksburg was built by
+the Military Railroad construction corps from 204,000 feet of standing timber in
+nine days." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">This &quot;cornstalk&quot; bridge over Potomac Creek near Fredericksburg was built by
+the Military Railroad construction corps from 204,000 feet of standing timber in
+nine days.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-047bfs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-047b.jpg" width="450" height="287" alt="In one year (1864-1865) the Federal Military Railroad, with 365 engines and 4,203
+cars, delivered over 5 million tons of supplies to the armies in the field." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">In one year (1864-1865) the Federal Military Railroad, with 365 engines and 4,203
+cars, delivered over 5 million tons of supplies to the armies in the field.</span>
+</div><p><!-- Page 44 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-048afs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-048a.jpg" width="450" height="281" alt="Schooners piled high with cartridge boxes lie in the placid waters off Hampton
+Roads. In 1865 hundreds of Union troops and supplies were moved by ocean
+transports, chartered at a daily cost of $92,000." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Schooners piled high with cartridge boxes lie in the placid waters off Hampton
+Roads. In 1865 hundreds of Union troops and supplies were moved by ocean
+transports, chartered at a daily cost of $92,000.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-048bfs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-048b.jpg" width="450" height="289" alt="Federal ships crowd the magazine wharf at City Point with equipment and supplies
+for army wagons from Petersburg. Twenty per cent of the total supply tonnage
+was transported by water." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Federal ships crowd the magazine wharf at City Point with equipment and supplies
+for army wagons from Petersburg. Twenty per cent of the total supply tonnage
+was transported by water.</span>
+</div><p><!-- Page 45 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-049fs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-049.jpg" width="450" height="288" alt="Civil War Small Arms" title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Civil War Small Arms</span>
+<p><!-- Page 46 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span></p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 365px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-050fs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-050.jpg" width="365" height="433" alt="Civil War Artillery" title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Civil War Artillery</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="center"><br /><br />
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4" summary="">
+<tr><th colspan="2"><i>MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RANGE IN YARDS</i></th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>12-Pounder Howitzer</i></td><td><i>1,070</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>6 &amp; 12-Pounder Field Guns</i></td><td><i>1,200</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>13-Inch Siege Mortar</i></td><td><i>3,520</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>10-Pounder Parrott Rifle</i></td><td><i>5,000</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>10-Inch Columbiad Siege Gun</i></td><td><i>5,650</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>30-Pounder Parrott Rifle</i></td><td><i>8,450</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>12-Pounder Whitworth Rifle</i></td><td><i>8,800</i></td></tr>
+</table><br /><br /></div>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="20" summary="">
+<tr><th colspan="8"><i>TYPICAL GUNNER'S TABLE</i></th></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="4"><i>12-Pounder Field Gun</i></td><td align="center" colspan="4"><i>Powder Charge 2.5 lbs.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Range (yards)</i></td><td align="center"><i>600</i></td><td align="center"><i>700</i></td><td align="center"><i>800</i></td><td align="center"><i>900</i></td><td align="center"><i>1,000</i></td><td align="center"><i>1,100</i></td><td align="center"><i>1,200</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Muzzle Elevation</i></td><td align="center"><i>1�</i></td><td align="center"><i>1�45'</i></td><td align="center"><i>2�</i></td><td align="center"><i>2�15'</i></td><td align="center"><i>2�30'</i></td><td align="center"><i>3�</i></td><td align="center"><i>3�30'</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Fuse Setting (sec.)</i></td><td align="center"><i>1.75</i></td><td align="center"><i>2.50</i></td><td align="center"><i>2.75</i></td><td align="center"><i>3.00</i></td><td align="center"><i>3.25</i></td><td align="center"><i>4.00</i></td><td align="center"><i>4.50</i></td></tr>
+</table><!-- Page 47 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-051afs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-051a.jpg" width="450" height="279" alt="A 15-inch Rodman smoothbore, one of the largest guns mounted during the war,
+stands as a silent sentry guarding the Potomac at Alexandria, Virginia." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">A 15-inch Rodman smoothbore, one of the largest guns mounted during the war,
+stands as a silent sentry guarding the Potomac at Alexandria, Virginia.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-051bfs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-051b.jpg" width="450" height="279" alt="The Parrott Rifle, recognizable by the wrought iron jacket reinforcing its breech,
+was one of the first rifled field guns used by the U.S. Army." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">The Parrott Rifle, recognizable by the wrought iron jacket reinforcing its breech,
+was one of the first rifled field guns used by the U.S. Army.</span>
+</div><p><!-- Page 48 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-052afs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-052a.jpg" width="450" height="283" alt="Moved by special rail to the Petersburg front, the 13-inch mortar &quot;Dictator&quot; hurled
+200-pound exploding shells at the Confederate earthworks over two miles away." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Moved by special rail to the Petersburg front, the 13-inch mortar &quot;Dictator&quot; hurled
+200-pound exploding shells at the Confederate earthworks over two miles away.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-052bfs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-052b.jpg" width="450" height="285" alt="Curious Federal soldiers inspect a Confederate armored gun, the earliest rail
+artillery on record. This &quot;land ram&quot;, designed by Lt. John M. Brooke of the Confederate
+Navy, was first used at Savage Station, Virginia, in 1862." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Curious Federal soldiers inspect a Confederate armored gun, the earliest rail
+artillery on record. This &quot;land ram&quot;, designed by Lt. John M. Brooke of the Confederate
+Navy, was first used at Savage Station, Virginia, in 1862.</span>
+</div><p><!-- Page 49 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-053afs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-053a.jpg" width="450" height="287" alt="Gabions, open-end baskets filled with earth, proved as effective as masonary in
+defensive works. Thousands of these baskets were patiently made by hand for
+use in field and seacoast fortifications." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Gabions, open-end baskets filled with earth, proved as effective as masonary in
+defensive works. Thousands of these baskets were patiently made by hand for
+use in field and seacoast fortifications.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-053bfs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-053b.jpg" width="450" height="288" alt="Confederate sappers constructed a number of artillery emplacements covering the
+avenues of approach to Atlanta. The guns in this fortification overlook famous
+Peachtree Street." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Confederate sappers constructed a number of artillery emplacements covering the
+avenues of approach to Atlanta. The guns in this fortification overlook famous
+Peachtree Street.</span>
+</div><p><!-- Page 50 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-054fs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-054.jpg" width="450" height="259" alt="Chevaux-de-frise, made of logs pierced by sharp stakes, line the Georgia countryside. Confederate defensive measures such as
+this were effective in stopping cavalry and preventing surprise frontal attacks by infantry." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Chevaux-de-frise, made of logs pierced by sharp stakes, line the Georgia countryside. Confederate defensive measures such as
+this were effective in stopping cavalry and preventing surprise frontal attacks by infantry.</span>
+</div><p><!-- Page 51 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-055afs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-055a.jpg" width="450" height="286" alt="The Union military telegraph corps strung more than 15,000 miles of wire during
+the war. In one year, the Northern armies kept the wires alive with nearly 1.8
+million messages. Galvanic batteries transported by wagon furnished the electricity." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">The Union military telegraph corps strung more than 15,000 miles of wire during
+the war. In one year, the Northern armies kept the wires alive with nearly 1.8
+million messages. Galvanic batteries transported by wagon furnished the electricity.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-055bfs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-055b.jpg" width="450" height="283" alt="Flag signals from natural elevations and signal towers could be seen as far as
+20 miles on a clear day. Military information was often obtained by signalmen on
+both sides who copied each others flag messages and tapped telegraph lines." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Flag signals from natural elevations and signal towers could be seen as far as
+20 miles on a clear day. Military information was often obtained by signalmen on
+both sides who copied each others flag messages and tapped telegraph lines.</span>
+</div><p><!-- Page 52 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-056afs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-056a.jpg" width="450" height="293" alt="Balloon observation on the battlefield was made possible by the portable gas generator.
+Here Professor T.S.C. Lowe&#39;s balloon is inflated by mobile generators in
+front of Richmond in 1862." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Balloon observation on the battlefield was made possible by the portable gas generator.
+Here Professor T.S.C. Lowe&#39;s balloon is inflated by mobile generators in
+front of Richmond in 1862.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-056bfs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-056b.jpg" width="450" height="285" alt="Dodging Confederate shells which whizzed dangerously close to the Intrepid,
+Professor Lowe telegraphed information on emplacements directly from his balloon
+and made sketches of the approach routes to Richmond." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Dodging Confederate shells which whizzed dangerously close to the Intrepid,
+Professor Lowe telegraphed information on emplacements directly from his balloon
+and made sketches of the approach routes to Richmond.</span>
+</div><p><!-- Page 53 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-057afs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-057a.jpg" width="450" height="287" alt="Faulty intelligence furnished by detective Allan Pinkerton (seated in rear) and
+his agents misled General George McClellan during the Peninsula Campaign.
+The Pinkerton organization was later replaced by a more efficient military intelligence
+bureau." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Faulty intelligence furnished by detective Allan Pinkerton (seated in rear) and
+his agents misled General George McClellan during the Peninsula Campaign.
+The Pinkerton organization was later replaced by a more efficient military intelligence
+bureau.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-057bfs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-057b.jpg" width="450" height="279" alt="A. D. Lytle, a Baton Rouge photographer, provided valuable intelligence to Confederate
+commanders. His photographs, like this one posed by the 1st Indiana
+Heavy Artillery, revealed the strength and condition of Union organizations." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">A. D. Lytle, a Baton Rouge photographer, provided valuable intelligence to Confederate
+commanders. His photographs, like this one posed by the 1st Indiana
+Heavy Artillery, revealed the strength and condition of Union organizations.</span>
+</div><p><!-- Page 54 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-058fs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-058.jpg" width="450" height="257" alt="Artillerymen soften an objective for the infantry. Although field artillery was used extensively, it fcenterened and demoralized more
+men than it wounded. Only 20 per cent of the battle casualties can be attributed to the artillery." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Artillerymen soften an objective for the infantry. Although field artillery was used extensively, it frightened and demoralized more
+men than it wounded. Only 20 per cent of the battle casualties can be attributed to the artillery.</span>
+</div><p><!-- Page 55 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-059fs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-059.jpg" width="450" height="260" alt="Assaults on fortified positions were costly, but here at Petersburg war-weary infantrymen await their turn for another charge
+against the Confederate works. Fourteen out of every hundred would fall." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Assaults on fortified positions were costly, but here at Petersburg war-weary infantrymen await their turn for another charge
+against the Confederate works. Fourteen out of every hundred would fall.</span>
+</div><p><!-- Page 56 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-060afs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-060a.jpg" width="450" height="291" alt="One of an estimated 584,000 Union and Confederate soldiers wounded during the
+war. Of this number, over 80,000 died." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">One of an estimated 584,000 Union and Confederate soldiers wounded during the
+war. Of this number, over 80,000 died.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-060bfs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-060b.jpg" width="450" height="284" alt="The Union ambulance corps provided one ambulance for every 150 men during the
+Wilderness Campaign. In one convoy of 813 ambulances, over 7,000 sick and
+wounded were transported to the hospital in Fredericksburg." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">The Union ambulance corps provided one ambulance for every 150 men during the
+Wilderness Campaign. In one convoy of 813 ambulances, over 7,000 sick and
+wounded were transported to the hospital in Fredericksburg.</span>
+</div><p><!-- Page 57 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-061fs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-061.jpg" width="450" height="279" alt="Amputees, like these Union soldiers who survived the surgeon&#39;s scalpel, would never forget the traumatic ordeal. Most wounded
+went through surgery while fully conscious with but a little morphine, when available, to deaden the pain." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Amputees, like these Union soldiers who survived the surgeon&#39;s scalpel, would never forget the traumatic ordeal. Most wounded
+went through surgery while fully conscious with but a little morphine, when available, to deaden the pain.</span>
+</div><p><!-- Page 58 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-062afs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-062a.jpg" width="450" height="286" alt="A floating palace with bathrooms and laundry, the hospital ship Red Rover gave
+many sick and wounded a better chance for life than they would have had in the
+crowded field hospitals." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">A floating palace with bathrooms and laundry, the hospital ship Red Rover gave
+many sick and wounded a better chance for life than they would have had in the
+crowded field hospitals.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-062bfs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-062b.jpg" width="450" height="288" alt="Carver Hospital, where thousands of stricken soldiers recovered. Walt Whitman
+and Louisa May Alcott nursed many sick and wounded in similar Washington
+hospitals." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Carver Hospital, where thousands of stricken soldiers recovered. Walt Whitman
+and Louisa May Alcott nursed many sick and wounded in similar Washington
+hospitals.</span>
+</div><p><!-- Page 59 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-063fs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-063.jpg" width="450" height="255" alt="The much-publicized Andersonville prison. The declaration by Union authorities that medicine was a contraband of war and their
+unwillingness to exchange prisoners contributed to the deplorable prison deaths. Prisoners didn&#39;t fare better in the North. Camp
+Douglas, Illinois, had the highest death rate of all Civil war prisons&mdash;10 per cent of its prisoners died in one month." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">The much-publicized Andersonville prison. The declaration by Union authorities that medicine was a contraband of war and their
+unwillingness to exchange prisoners contributed to the deplorable prison deaths. Prisoners didn&#39;t fare better in the North. Camp
+Douglas, Illinois, had the highest death rate of all Civil war prisons&mdash;10 per cent of its prisoners died in one month.</span>
+</div><p><!-- Page 60 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-064afs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-064a.jpg" width="450" height="289" alt="Unknown warriors at Cold Harbor awaited a soldier&#39;s burial that never came. Two
+years later the armies returned to the same field of battle to find those who were
+forgotten&mdash;still waiting." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Unknown warriors at Cold Harbor awaited a soldier&#39;s burial that never came. Two
+years later the armies returned to the same field of battle to find those who were
+forgotten&mdash;still waiting.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-064bfs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-064b.jpg" width="450" height="280" alt="Boys volunteered for a man&#39;s job. This Confederate lad gave his last full measure." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Boys volunteered for a man&#39;s job. This Confederate lad gave his last full measure.</span>
+</div><p><!-- Page 61 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-065fs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-065.jpg" width="450" height="258" alt="Extract from the poem &quot;Bivouac of the Dead&quot; by THEODORE O&#39;HARA" title="" />
+</a><div class="left">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="10" summary="">
+<tr><td><div class="poem_caption">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>The muffled drum's sad roll has beat</i></span>
+<span class="i2"><i>The soldier's last tattoo;</i></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>No more on Life's parade shall meet</i></span>
+<span class="i2"><i>The brave and fallen few.</i></span>
+</div></div></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><div class="poem_caption">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0"><i>On Fame's eternal camping-ground</i></span>
+<span class="i2"><i>Their silent tents are spread</i></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>And Glory guards, with solemn round,</i></span>
+<span class="i2"><i>The bivouac of the dead.</i></span>
+</div></div></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td></td><td>&mdash;<i>THEODORE O'HARA</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-066afs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-066a.jpg" width="450" height="288" alt="Richmond 1865&mdash;Gaunt remains cast their shadow over the former Confederate
+capital. The rampaging fire, started during the evacuation, leveled the waterfront
+and the business district." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Richmond 1865&mdash;Gaunt remains cast their shadow over the former Confederate
+capital. The rampaging fire, started during the evacuation, leveled the waterfront
+and the business district.</span></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<a href="images/illus-066bfs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-066b.jpg" width="450" height="278" alt="Richmond 1865&mdash;Gaunt remains cast their shadow over the former Confederate
+capital. The rampaging fire, started during the evacuation, leveled the waterfront
+and the business district." title="" />
+</a></div>
+
+
+<p><!-- Page 63 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-067afs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-067a.jpg" width="450" height="289" alt="Charleston, South Carolina, shows the scars of modern warfare. The concept of
+total war introduced during the 1860&#39;s carried destruction beyond the battlefield." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Charleston, South Carolina, shows the scars of modern warfare. The concept of
+total war introduced during the 1860&#39;s carried destruction beyond the battlefield.</span></div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<a href="images/illus-067bfs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-067b.jpg" width="450" height="279" alt="Charleston, South Carolina, shows the scars of modern warfare. The concept of
+total war introduced during the 1860&#39;s carried destruction beyond the battlefield." title="" />
+</a></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-068afs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-068a.jpg" width="450" height="288" alt="The home of Wilmer McLean at Appomattox. Here the tragic drama closed at
+3:45 on Palm Sunday afternoon, April 9, 1865." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">The home of Wilmer McLean at Appomattox. Here the tragic drama closed at
+3:45 on Palm Sunday afternoon, April 9, 1865.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-068b_fs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-068b.jpg" width="500" height="318" alt="THE SURRENDER AT APPOMATTOX; BASED UPON THE LITHOGRAPH CALLED &quot;THE DAWN OF PEACE.&quot; BY PERMISSION OF W. H. STELLE." title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">THE SURRENDER AT APPOMATTOX; BASED UPON THE LITHOGRAPH CALLED &quot;THE DAWN OF PEACE.&quot; BY PERMISSION OF W. H. STELLE.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 65 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-069fs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-069.jpg" width="400" height="564" alt="Pennsylvania Avenue&mdash;host to the Armies of Grant and Sherman during the
+Grand Review." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">Pennsylvania Avenue&mdash;host to the Armies of Grant and Sherman during the
+Grand Review.</span>
+</div><p><!-- Page 66 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-070fs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-070.jpg" width="450" height="249" alt="The last reunion of Blue and Gray at Gettysburg. The victories and the defeats ... they have become a common property and a
+common responsibility of the American people." title="" />
+</a><span class="caption">The last reunion of Blue and Gray at Gettysburg. The victories and the defeats ... they have become a common property and a
+common responsibility of the American people.</span>
+</div><p><!-- Page 67 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>Losses in Killed, Wounded, and Missing in Engagements, Etc.,</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Where the Total was Five Hundred or more on the side of the Union Troops.
+Confederate Losses given are generally based on Estimates.</span></h3>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><th colspan="3"></th><th colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Union Loss.</span></th><th><span class="smcap">Confederate Loss.</span></th></tr>
+<tr><th align="center"><span class="smcap">No.</span></th><th align="center"><span class="smcap">Date.</span></th><th align="center"><span class="smcap">Name.</span></th><th align="center">Killed</th><th align="center">Wounded</th><th align="center">Missing</th><th align="center"> Total.</th><th align="center">Total.</th></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="center"><b>1861.</b></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>1</td><td align="left"> July 21</td><td align="left">Bull Run, Va.</td><td> 481</td><td> 1,011</td><td> 1,460</td><td> 2,952</td><td> 1,752</td></tr>
+<tr><td>2</td><td align="left"> August 10</td><td align="left">Wilson's Creek, Mo.</td><td> 223</td><td> 721</td><td> 291</td><td> 1,235</td><td> 1,095</td></tr>
+<tr><td>3</td><td align="left"> September 12 to 20</td><td align="left">Lexington, Mo.</td><td> 42</td><td> 108</td><td> 1,624</td><td> 1,774</td><td> 100</td></tr>
+<tr><td>4</td><td align="left"> October 21</td><td align="left">Ball's Bluff, Va.</td><td> 223</td><td> 226</td><td> 445</td><td> 894</td><td> 302</td></tr>
+<tr><td>5</td><td align="left"> November 7</td><td align="left">Belmont, Mo.</td><td> 90</td><td> 173</td><td> 235</td><td> 498</td><td> 966</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="center"><b>1862.</b></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>6</td><td align="left"> February 14 to 16</td><td align="left">Fort Donelson, Tenn.</td><td> 446</td><td> 1,735</td><td> 150</td><td> 2,331</td><td> 15,067</td></tr>
+<tr><td>7</td><td align="left"> March 6 to 8</td><td align="left">Pea Ridge, Ark.</td><td> 203</td><td> 972</td><td> 174</td><td> 1,349</td><td> 5,200</td></tr>
+<tr><td>8</td><td align="left"> March 14</td><td align="left">New-Berne, N. C.</td><td> 91</td><td> 466</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 557</td><td> 583</td></tr>
+<tr><td>9</td><td align="left"> March 23</td><td align="left">Winchester, Va.</td><td> 103</td><td> 440</td><td> 24</td><td> 567</td><td> 691</td></tr>
+<tr><td>10</td><td align="left"> April 6 and 7</td><td align="left">Shiloh, Tenn.</td><td> 1,735</td><td> 7,882</td><td> 3,956</td><td> 13,573</td><td> 10,699</td></tr>
+<tr><td>11</td><td align="left"> May 5</td><td align="left">Williamsburg, Va.</td><td> 456</td><td> 1,400</td><td> 372</td><td> 2,228</td><td> 1,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>12</td><td align="left"> May 23</td><td align="left">Front Royal, Va.</td><td> 32</td><td> 122</td><td> 750</td><td> 904</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>13</td><td align="left"> May 25</td><td align="left">Winchester, Va.</td><td> 38</td><td> 155</td><td> 711</td><td> 904</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>14</td><td align="left"> May 31 to June 1</td><td align="left">Seven Pines and Fair Oaks, Va.</td><td> 890</td><td> 3,627</td><td> 1,222</td><td> 5,739</td><td> 7,997</td></tr>
+<tr><td>15</td><td align="left"> June 8</td><td align="left">Cross Keys, Va.</td><td> 125</td><td> 500</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 625</td><td> 287</td></tr>
+<tr><td>16</td><td align="left"> June 9</td><td align="left">Fort Republic, Va.</td><td> 67</td><td> 361</td><td> 574</td><td> 1,002</td><td> 657</td></tr>
+<tr><td>17</td><td align="left"> June 16</td><td align="left">Secessionville, James Island, S. C.</td><td> 85</td><td> 472</td><td> 128</td><td> 685</td><td> 204</td></tr>
+<tr><td>18</td><td align="left"> June 25</td><td align="left">Oak Grove, Va.</td><td> 51</td><td> 401</td><td> 64</td><td> 516</td><td> 541</td></tr>
+<tr><td>19</td><td align="left"> June 26 to July 1</td><td align="left">Seven days' retreat; includes Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mills, Chickahominy, Peach Orchard, Savage Station, Charles City Cross Roads, and Malvern Hill</td><td> 1,582</td><td> 7,709</td><td> 5,958</td><td> 15,249</td><td>17,583</td></tr>
+<tr><td>20</td><td align="left"> July 13</td><td align="left">Murfreesboro', Tenn.</td><td> 33</td><td> 62</td><td> 800</td><td> 895</td><td> 150</td></tr>
+<tr><td>21</td><td align="left"> August 8</td><td align="left">Cedar Mountain, Va.</td><td> 450</td><td> 660</td><td> 290</td><td> 1,400</td><td> 1,307</td></tr>
+<tr><td>22</td><td align="left"> July 20 to September 20</td><td align="left">Guerrilla campaign in Missouri; includes Porter's and Poindexter's Guerrillas</td><td> 77</td><td> 156</td><td> 347</td><td> 580</td><td> 2,866</td></tr>
+<tr><td>23</td><td align="left"> August 28 and 29</td><td align="left">Groveton and Gainesville, Va.</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 7,000</td><td> 7,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>24</td><td align="left"> August 30</td><td align="left">Bull Run, Va. (2d)</td><td> 800</td><td> 4,000</td><td> 3,000</td><td> 7,800</td><td> 3,700</td></tr>
+<tr><td>25</td><td align="left"> August 30</td><td align="left">Richmond Ky.</td><td> 200</td><td> 700</td><td> 4,000</td><td> 4,900</td><td> 750</td></tr>
+<tr><td>26</td><td align="left"> September 1</td><td align="left">Chantilly, Va.</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 1,300</td><td> 800</td></tr>
+<tr><td>27</td><td align="left"> September 12 to 15</td><td align="left">Harper's Ferry, Va.</td><td> 80</td><td> 120</td><td> 11,583</td><td> 11,783</td><td> 500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>28</td><td align="left"> September 14</td><td align="left">Turner's and Crampton's Gaps, South Mountain, Md.</td><td> 443</td><td> 1,806</td><td> 76</td><td> 2,325</td><td> 4,343</td></tr>
+<tr><td>29</td><td align="left"> September 14 to 16</td><td align="left">Munfordsville Ky.</td><td> 50</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 3,566</td><td> 3,616</td><td> 714</td></tr>
+<tr><td>30</td><td align="left"> September 17</td><td align="left">Antietam, Md.</td><td> 2,010</td><td> 9,416</td><td> 1,043</td><td> 12,469</td><td> 25,899</td></tr>
+<tr><td>31</td><td align="left"> September 19 to 20</td><td align="left">Iuka, Miss.</td><td> 144</td><td> 598</td><td> 40</td><td> 782</td><td> 1,516</td></tr>
+<tr><td>32</td><td align="left"> October 3 and 4</td><td align="left">Corinth, Miss.</td><td> 315</td><td> 1,812</td><td> 232</td><td> 2,359</td><td> 14,221</td></tr>
+<tr><td>33</td><td align="left"> October 5</td><td align="left">Big Hatchie River, Miss.</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 500</td><td> 400</td></tr>
+<tr><td>34</td><td align="left"> October 8</td><td align="left">Perryville, Ky.</td><td> 916</td><td> 2,943</td><td> 489</td><td> 4,348</td><td> 7,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>35</td><td align="left"> December 7</td><td align="left">Prairie Grove, Ark.</td><td> 167</td><td> 798</td><td> 183</td><td> 1,148</td><td> 1,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>36</td><td align="left"> December 7</td><td align="left">Hartsville, Tenn.</td><td> 55</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 1,800</td><td> 1,855</td><td> 149</td></tr>
+<tr><td>37</td><td align="left"> December 12 to 18</td><td align="left">Foster's expedition to Goldsboro', N.C.</td><td> 90</td><td> 478</td><td> 9</td><td> 577</td><td> 739</td></tr>
+<tr><td>38</td><td align="left"> December 13</td><td align="left">Fredericksburg, Va.</td><td> 1,180</td><td> 9,028</td><td> 2,145</td><td> 12,353</td><td> 4,576</td></tr>
+<tr><td>39</td><td align="left"> December 20</td><td align="left">Holly Springs, Miss.</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 1,000</td><td> 1,000</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>40</td><td align="left"> December 27</td><td align="left">Elizabethtown, Ky.</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 500</td><td> 500</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>41</td><td align="left"> December 28 and 29</td><td align="left">Chickasaw Bayou, Vicksburg, Miss.</td><td> 191</td><td> 982</td><td> 756</td><td> 1,929</td><td> 207</td></tr>
+<tr><td>42</td><td align="left"> Dec. 31, 1862, to Jan. 2, 1863</td><td align="left">Stone's River, Tenn.</td><td> 1,533</td><td> 7,245</td><td> 2,800</td><td> 11,578</td><td> 25,560</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="center"><b>1863.</b></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>43</td><td align="left"> January 1</td><td align="left">Galveston, Texas</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 600</td><td> 600</td><td> 50</td></tr>
+<tr><td>44</td><td align="left"> January 11</td><td align="left">Fort Hindman, Arkansas Post, Ark.</td><td> 129</td><td> 831</td><td> 17</td><td> 977</td><td> 5,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>45</td><td align="left"> March 4 and 5</td><td align="left">Thompson's Station, Tenn.</td><td> 100</td><td> 300</td><td> 1,306</td><td> 1,706</td><td> 600</td></tr>
+<tr><td>46</td><td align="left"> April 27 to May 3</td><td align="left">Streight's raid from Tuscumbia, Ala., to Rome, Ga.</td><td> 12</td><td> 69</td><td> 1,466</td><td> 1,547</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>47</td><td align="left"> May 1</td><td align="left">Port Gibson, Miss.</td><td> 130</td><td> 718</td><td> 5</td><td> 853</td><td> 1,650</td></tr>
+<tr><td>48</td><td align="left"> May 1 to 4</td><td align="left">Chancellorsville, Va.</td><td> 1,512</td><td> 9,518</td><td> 5,000</td><td> 16,030</td><td> 12,281</td></tr>
+<tr><td>49</td><td align="left"> May 16</td><td align="left">Champion Mills, Miss.</td><td> 426</td><td> 1,842</td><td> 189</td><td> 2,457</td><td> 4,300</td></tr>
+<tr><td>50</td><td align="left"> May 18 to July 4</td><td align="left">Siege of Vicksburg, Miss.</td><td> 545</td><td> 3,688</td><td> 303</td><td> 4,536</td><td> 31,277</td></tr>
+<tr><td>51</td><td align="left"> May 27 to July 9</td><td align="left">Siege of Port Hudson, La.</td><td> 500</td><td> 2,500</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 3,000</td><td> 7,208</td></tr>
+<tr><td>52</td><td align="left"> June 6 to 8</td><td align="left">Milliken's Bend, La.</td><td> 154</td><td> 223</td><td> 115</td><td> 492</td><td> 725</td></tr>
+<tr><td>53</td><td align="left"> June 9</td><td align="left">Beverly Ford and Brandy Station, Va.</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 500</td><td> 700</td></tr>
+<tr><td>54</td><td align="left"> June 13 to 15</td><td align="left">Winchester, Va.</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 3,000</td><td> 3,000</td><td> 850</td></tr>
+<tr><td>55</td><td align="left"> June 23 to 30</td><td align="left">Rosecrans' campaign from Murfreesboro' to Tullahoma, Tenn.</td><td> 85</td><td> 462</td><td> 13</td><td> 560</td><td> 1,634</td></tr>
+<tr><td>56</td><td align="left"> July 1 to 3</td><td align="left">Gettysburg, Pa.</td><td> 2,834</td><td> 13,709</td><td> 6,643</td><td> 23,186</td><td> 31,621</td></tr>
+<tr><td>57</td><td align="left"> July 9 to 16</td><td align="left">Jackson, Miss.</td><td> 100</td><td> 800</td><td> 100</td><td> 1,000</td><td> 1,339</td></tr>
+<tr><td>58</td><td align="left"> July 18</td><td align="left">Second assault on Fort Wagner, S. C</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 1,500</td><td> 174<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>59</td><td align="left"> September 19 to 20</td><td align="left">Chickamauga, Ga.</td><td> 1,644</td><td> 9,262</td><td> 4,945</td><td> 15,851</td><td> 17,804</td></tr>
+<tr><td>60</td><td align="left"> November 3</td><td align="left">Grand Coteau, La.</td><td> 26</td><td> 124</td><td> 576</td><td> 726</td><td> 445</td></tr>
+<tr><td>61</td><td align="left"> November 6</td><td align="left">Rogersville, Tenn.</td><td> 5</td><td> 12</td><td> 650</td><td> 667</td><td> 30</td></tr>
+<tr><td>62</td><td align="left"> November 23 to 25</td><td align="left">Chattanooga, Tenn.; includes Orchard Knob, Lookout Mountain, and Missionary Ridge.</td><td> 757</td><td> 4,529</td><td> 330</td><td> 5,616</td><td> 8,684</td></tr>
+<tr><td>63</td><td align="left"> November 26 to 28</td><td align="left">Operations at Mine Run, Va.</td><td> 100</td><td> 400</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 500</td><td> 500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>64</td><td align="left"> December 14</td><td align="left">Bean's Station, Tenn.</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 700</td><td> 900</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="center"><b>1864.</b></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>65</td><td align="left"> February 20</td><td align="left">Olustee, Fla.</td><td> 193</td><td> 1,175</td><td> 460</td><td> 1,828</td><td> 500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>66</td><td align="left"> April 8</td><td align="left">Sabine Cross Roads, La.</td><td> 200</td><td> 900</td><td> 1,800</td><td> 2,900</td><td> 1,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>67</td><td align="left"> April 9</td><td align="left">Pleasant Hills, La.</td><td> 100</td><td> 700</td><td> 300</td><td> 1,100</td><td> 2,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>68</td><td align="left"> April 12</td><td align="left">Fort Pillow, Tenn.</td><td> 350</td><td> 60</td><td> 164</td><td> 574</td><td> 80</td></tr>
+<tr><td>69</td><td align="left"> April 17 to 20</td><td align="left">Plymouth, N. C.</td><td> 20</td><td> 80</td><td> 1,500</td><td> 1,600</td><td> 500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>70</td><td align="left"> April 30</td><td align="left">Jenkins' Ferry, Saline River, Ark.</td><td> 200</td><td> 955</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 1,155</td><td> 1,100</td></tr>
+<tr><td>71</td><td align="left"> May 5 to 7</td><td align="left">Wilderness, Va.</td><td> 5,597</td><td> 21,463</td><td> 10,677</td><td> 37,737</td><td> 11,400</td></tr>
+<tr><td>72</td><td align="left"> May 5 to 9</td><td align="left">Rocky Face Ridge, Ga.; includes Tunnel Hill, Mill Creek Gap, Buzzard Roost, Snake Creek Gap, and near Dalton</td><td> 200</td><td> 637</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 837</td><td> 600</td></tr>
+<tr><td>73</td><td align="left"> May 8 to 18</td><td align="left">Spottsylvania Court House, Va.; includes engagements on the Fredericksburg Road, Laurel Hill, and Nye River</td><td> 4,177</td><td> 19,687</td><td> 2,577</td><td> 26,461</td><td> 9,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>74</td><td align="left"> May 9 to 10</td><td align="left">Swift Creek, Va.</td><td> 90</td><td> 400</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 490</td><td> 500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>75</td><td align="left"> May 9 to 10</td><td align="left">Cloyd's Mountain and New River Bridge, Va.</td><td> 126</td><td> 585</td><td> 34</td><td> 745</td><td> 900</td></tr>
+<tr><td>76</td><td align="left"> May 12 to 16</td><td align="left">Fort Darling, Drewry's Bluff, Va.</td><td> 422</td><td> 2,380</td><td> 210</td><td> 3,012</td><td> 2,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>77</td><td align="left"> May 13 to 16</td><td align="left">Resaca, Ga.</td><td> 600</td><td> 2,147</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 2,747</td><td> 2,800</td></tr>
+<tr><td>78</td><td align="left"> May 15</td><td align="left">New Market, Va.</td><td> 120</td><td> 560</td><td> 240</td><td> 920</td><td> 405</td></tr>
+<tr><td>79</td><td align="left"> May 16 to 30</td><td align="left">Bermuda Hundred, Va.</td><td> 200</td><td> 1,000</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 1,200</td><td> 3,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>80</td><td align="left"> May 23 to 27</td><td align="left">North Anna River, Va.</td><td> 223</td><td> 1,460</td><td> 290</td><td> 1,973</td><td> 2,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>81</td><td align="left"> May 25 to June 4</td><td align="left">Dallas, Ga.</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 2,400</td><td> 3,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>82</td><td align="left"> June 1 to 12</td><td align="left">Cold Harbor, Va.</td><td> 1,905</td><td> 10,570</td><td> 2,456</td><td> 14,931</td><td> 1,700</td></tr>
+<tr><td>83</td><td align="left"> June 5</td><td align="left">Piedmont, Va.</td><td> 130</td><td> 650</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 780</td><td> 2,970</td></tr>
+<tr><td>84</td><td align="left"> June 9 to 30</td><td align="left">Kenesaw Mountain, Ga.; includes Pine Mountain, Pine Knob, Golgotha, Culp's House, general assault, June 27th: McAfee's Cross Roads, Lattemore's Mills and Powder Springs</td><td> 1,370</td><td> 6,500</td><td> 800</td><td> 8,670</td><td> 4,600</td></tr>
+<tr><td>85</td><td align="left"> June 10</td><td align="left">Brice's Cross Roads, near Guntown, Miss.</td><td> 223</td><td> 394</td><td> 1,623</td><td> 2,240</td><td> 606</td></tr>
+<tr><td>86</td><td align="left"> June 10</td><td align="left">Kellar's Bridge, Licking River, Ky.</td><td align="left"> 13</td><td> 54</td><td> 700</td><td> 767</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>87</td><td align="left"> June 11 and 12</td><td align="left">Trevellian Station, Central Railroad, Va.</td><td> 85</td><td> 490</td><td> 160</td><td> 735</td><td> 370</td></tr>
+<tr><td>88</td><td align="left"> June 15 to 19</td><td align="left">Petersburg, Va.; includes Baylor's Farm, Walthal, and Weir Bottom Church</td><td> 1,298</td><td> 7,474</td><td> 1,814</td><td> 10,586</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>89</td><td align="left"> June 17 and 18</td><td align="left">Lynchburg, Va.</td><td> 100</td><td> 500</td><td> 400</td><td> 700</td><td> 200</td></tr>
+<tr><td>90</td><td align="left"> June 20 to 30</td><td align="left">Trenches in front of Petersburg, Va.</td><td> 112</td><td> 506</td><td> 800</td><td> 1,418</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>91</td><td align="left"> June 22 to 30</td><td align="left">Wilson's raid on the Weldon Railroad, Va.</td><td> 76</td><td> 265</td><td> 700</td><td> 1,041</td><td> 300</td></tr>
+<tr><td>92</td><td align="left"> June 22 and 23</td><td align="left">Weldon Railroad, Va.</td><td> 604</td><td> 2,494</td><td> 2,217</td><td> 5,315</td><td> 500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>93</td><td align="left"> June 27</td><td align="left">Kenesaw Mountain, general assault. See No. 2,345</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 3,000</td><td> 608</td></tr>
+<tr><td>94</td><td align="left"> July 1 to 31</td><td align="left">Front of Petersburg, Va.; losses at the Crater and Deep Bottom not included</td><td> 419</td><td> 2,076</td><td> 1,200</td><td> 3,695</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>95</td><td align="left"> July 6 to 10</td><td align="left">Chattahoochee River, Ga.</td><td> 80</td><td> 450</td><td> 200</td><td> 730</td><td> 600</td></tr>
+<tr><td>96</td><td align="left"> July 9</td><td align="left">Monocacy, Md.</td><td> 90</td><td> 579</td><td> 1,290</td><td> 1,959</td><td> 400</td></tr>
+<tr><td>97</td><td align="left"> July 13 to 15</td><td align="left">Tupelo, Miss.; includes Harrisburg and Old Town Creek</td><td> 85</td><td>563</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 648</td><td> 700</td></tr>
+<tr><td>98</td><td align="left"> July 20</td><td align="left">Peach Tree Creek, Ga.</td><td> 300</td><td> 1,410</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 1,710</td><td> 4,796</td></tr>
+<tr><td>99</td><td align="left"> July 22</td><td align="left">Atlanta, Ga.; Hood's first sortie</td><td> 500</td><td> 2,141</td><td> 1,000</td><td> 3,641</td><td> 8,499</td></tr>
+<tr><td>100</td><td align="left"> July 24</td><td align="left">Winchester, Va.</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 1,200</td><td> 600</td></tr>
+<tr><td>101</td><td align="left"> July 26 to 31</td><td align="left">Stoneman's raid to Macon, Ga.</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 100</td><td> 900</td><td> 1,000</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>102</td><td align="left"> July 26 to 31</td><td align="left">McCook's raid to Lovejoy Station, Ga.</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 100</td><td> 500</td><td> 600</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>103</td><td align="left"> July 28</td><td align="left">Ezra Chapel, Atlanta, Ga.; second sortie.</td><td> 100</td><td> 600</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 700</td><td> 4,642</td></tr>
+<tr><td>104</td><td align="left"> July 30</td><td align="left">Mine explosion at Petersburg, Va.</td><td> 419</td><td> 1,679</td><td> 1,910</td><td> 4,008</td><td> 1,200</td></tr>
+<tr><td>105</td><td align="left"> August 1 to 31</td><td align="left">Trenches before Petersburg, Va.</td><td> 87</td><td> 484</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 571</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>106</td><td align="left"> August 14 to 18</td><td align="left">Strawberry Plains, Deep Bottom Run, Va.</td><td> 400</td><td> 1,755</td><td> 1,400</td><td> 3,555</td><td> 1,100</td></tr>
+<tr><td>107</td><td align="left"> August 18, 19 &amp; 21</td><td align="left">Six Mile House, Weldon Railroad, Va.</td><td> 212</td><td> 1,155</td><td> 3,176</td><td> 4,543</td><td> 4,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>108</td><td align="left"> August 21</td><td align="left">Summit Point, Va.</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 600</td><td> 400</td></tr>
+<tr><td>109</td><td align="left"> August 25</td><td align="left">Ream's Station, Va.</td><td> 127</td><td> 546</td><td> 1,769</td><td> 2,442</td><td> 1,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>110</td><td align="left"> August 31 to September 1</td><td align="left">Jonesboro', Ga.</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 1,149</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 1,149</td><td> 2,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>111</td><td align="left"> May 5 to September 8</td><td align="left">Campaign in Northern Georgia, from Chattanooga, Tenn., to Atlanta, Ga.</td><td> 5,284</td><td> 26,129</td><td> 5,786</td><td> 37,199</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>112</td><td align="left"> September 1 to October 30</td><td align="left">Trenches before Petersburg, Va.</td><td> 170</td><td> 822</td><td> 812</td><td> 1,804</td><td> 1,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>113</td><td align="left"> September 19</td><td align="left">Opequan, Winchester, Va.</td><td> 653</td><td> 3,719</td><td> 618</td><td> 4,990</td><td> 5,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>114</td><td align="left"> September 23</td><td align="left">Athens, Ala.</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 950</td><td> 950</td><td> 30</td></tr>
+<tr><td>115</td><td align="left"> September 24 to October 28</td><td align="left">Price's invasion of Missouri; includes a number of engagements</td><td> 170</td><td> 336</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 506</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>116</td><td align="left"> September 28 to 30</td><td align="left">New Market Heights, Va.</td><td> 400</td><td> 2,029</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 2,429</td><td> 2,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>117</td><td align="left"> September 30 to October 1</td><td align="left">Preble's Farm, Poplar Springs Church, Va.</td><td> 141</td><td> 788</td><td> 1,756</td><td> 2,685</td><td> 900</td></tr>
+<tr><td>118</td><td align="left"> October 5</td><td align="left">Allatoona, Ga.</td><td> 142</td><td> 352</td><td> 212</td><td> 706</td><td> 1,142<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>119</td><td align="left"> October 19</td><td align="left">Cedar Creek, Va.</td><td> 588</td><td> 3,516</td><td> 1,891</td><td> 5,995</td><td> 4,200</td></tr>
+<tr><td>120</td><td align="left"> October 27</td><td align="left">Hatcher's Run, South Side Railroad, Va.</td><td> 156</td><td> 1,047</td><td> 699</td><td> 1,902</td><td> 1,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>121</td><td align="left"> October 27 and 28</td><td align="left">Fair Oaks, near Richmond, Va.</td><td> 120</td><td> 783</td><td> 400</td><td> 1,303</td><td> 451</td></tr>
+<tr><td>122</td><td align="left"> November 28</td><td align="left">Fort Kelly, New Creek, West Va.</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 700</td><td> 700</td><td> 5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>123</td><td align="left"> November 30</td><td align="left">Franklin, Tenn.</td><td> 189</td><td> 1,033</td><td> 1,104</td><td> 2,326</td><td> 6,252</td></tr>
+<tr><td>124</td><td align="left"> November 30</td><td align="left">Honey Hill, Broad River, S. C.</td><td> 66</td><td> 645</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 711</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>125</td><td align="left"> December 6 to 9</td><td align="left">Deveaux's Neck, S. C.</td><td> 39</td><td> 390</td><td> 200</td><td> 629</td><td> 400</td></tr>
+<tr><td>126</td><td align="left"> December 15 &amp; 16</td><td align="left">Nashville, Tenn.</td><td> 400</td><td> 1,740</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 2,140</td><td> 15,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="center"><b>1865.</b></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td>127</td><td align="left"> January 11</td><td align="left">Beverly, West Va.</td><td> 5</td><td> 20</td><td> 583</td><td> 608</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>128</td><td align="left"> January 13 to 15</td><td align="left">Fort Fisher, N. C.</td><td> 184</td><td> 749</td><td> 22</td><td> 955</td><td> 2,483</td></tr>
+<tr><td>129</td><td align="left"> February 5 to 7</td><td align="left">Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, Va.</td><td> 232</td><td> 1,062</td><td> 186</td><td> 1,480</td><td> 1,200</td></tr>
+<tr><td>130</td><td align="left"> March 8 to 10</td><td align="left">Wilcox's Bridge, Wise's Fork, N. C.</td><td> 80</td><td> 421</td><td> 600</td><td> 1,101</td><td> 1,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>131</td><td align="left"> March 16</td><td align="left">Averysboro', N. C.</td><td> 77</td><td> 477</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 554</td><td> 865</td></tr>
+<tr><td>132</td><td align="left"> March 19 to 21</td><td align="left">Bentonville, N. C.</td><td> 191</td><td> 1,168</td><td> 287</td><td> 1,646</td><td> 2,825</td></tr>
+<tr><td>133</td><td align="left"> March 25</td><td align="left">Fort Steedman, in front of Petersburg, VA.</td><td> 68</td><td> 337</td><td> 506</td><td> 911</td><td> 2,681</td></tr>
+<tr><td>134</td><td align="left"> March 25</td><td align="left">Petersburg, Va.</td><td> 103</td><td> 864</td><td> 209</td><td> 1,176</td><td> 834</td></tr>
+<tr><td>135</td><td align="left"> March 26 to April 8</td><td align="left">Spanish Fort, Ala.</td><td> 100</td><td> 695</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 795</td><td> 552</td></tr>
+<tr><td>136</td><td align="left"> March 22 to April 24</td><td align="left">Wilson's raid from Chickasaw, Ala., to Macon, Ga.; includes a number of engagements</td><td> 99</td><td> 598</td><td> 28</td><td> 725</td><td> 8,020</td></tr>
+<tr><td>137</td><td align="left"> March 31</td><td align="left">Boydton and White Oak Roads, Va.</td><td> 177</td><td> 1,134</td><td> 556</td><td> 1,867</td><td> 1,235</td></tr>
+<tr><td>138</td><td align="left"> April 1</td><td align="left">Five Forks, Va.</td><td> 124</td><td> 706</td><td> 54</td><td> 884</td><td> 8,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>139</td><td align="left"> April 2</td><td align="left">Fall of Petersburg, Va.</td><td> 296</td><td> 2,565</td><td> 500</td><td> 3,361</td><td> 3,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>140</td><td align="left"> April 6</td><td align="left">Sailor's Creek, Va.</td><td> 166</td><td> 1,014</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 1,180</td><td> 7,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>141</td><td align="left"> April 6</td><td align="left">High Bridge, Appomattox River, Va.</td><td> 10</td><td> 31</td><td> 1,000</td><td> 1,041</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>142</td><td align="left"> April 7</td><td align="left">Farmville, Va.</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 655</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>143</td><td align="left"> April 9</td><td align="left">Fort Blakely, Ala.</td><td> 113</td><td> 516</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 629</td><td> 2,900</td></tr>
+<tr><td>144</td><td align="left"> April 9</td><td align="left">Surrender of Lee</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 26,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>145</td><td align="left"> April 26</td><td align="left">Johnston surrendered</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 29,924</td></tr>
+<tr><td>146</td><td align="left"> May 4</td><td align="left">Taylor surrendered</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 10,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>147</td><td align="left"> May 10</td><td align="left">Sam Jones surrendered</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 8,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>148</td><td align="left"> May 11</td><td align="left">Jeff Thompson surrendered</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 7,454</td></tr>
+<tr><td>149</td><td align="left"> May 26</td><td align="left">Kirby Smith surrendered</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td> 20,000</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h2>Statement of the Number of Engagements</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">In the several States and Territories during each Year of the War.</span></h3>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><th><span class="smcap">States and Territories</span></th><th>1861</th><th>1862</th><th>1863</th><th>1864</th><th>1865</th><th>Total</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">New York</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Pennsylvania</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 8</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Maryland</td><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="right"> 9</td><td align="right"> 10</td><td align="right"> 8</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 30</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Dist. of Columbia</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">West Virginia</td><td align="right"> 29</td><td align="right"> 114</td><td align="right"> 17</td><td align="right"> 19</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="right"> 80</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Virginia</td><td align="right"> 30</td><td align="right"> 40</td><td align="right"> 116</td><td align="right"> 205</td><td align="right"> 28</td><td align="right"> 519</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">North Carolina</td><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="right"> 27</td><td align="right"> 18</td><td align="right"> 10</td><td align="right"> 28</td><td align="right"> 85</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">South Carolina</td><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="right"> 10</td><td align="right"> 17</td><td align="right"> 9</td><td align="right"> 22</td><td align="right"> 60</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Georgia</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="right"> 8</td><td align="right"> 92</td><td align="right"> 6</td><td align="right"> 108</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Florida</td><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="right"> 4</td><td align="right"> 17</td><td align="right"> 5</td><td align="right"> 32</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Alabama</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 10</td><td align="right"> 12</td><td align="right"> 32</td><td align="right"> 24</td><td align="right"> 78</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Mississippi</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 42</td><td align="right"> 76</td><td align="right"> 67</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="right"> 186</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Louisiana</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="right"> 11</td><td align="right"> 54</td><td align="right"> 50</td><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="right"> 118</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Texas</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="right"> 8</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="right"> 14</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Arkansas</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="right"> 42</td><td align="right"> 40</td><td align="right"> 78</td><td align="right"> 6</td><td align="right"> 167</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Tennessee</td><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="right"> 82</td><td align="right"> 124</td><td align="right"> 89</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="right"> 298</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Kentucky</td><td align="right"> 14</td><td align="right"> 59</td><td align="right"> 30</td><td align="right"> 31</td><td align="right"> 4</td><td align="right"> 138</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ohio</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Indiana</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 4</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Illinois</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Missouri</td><td align="right"> 65</td><td align="right"> 95</td><td align="right"> 43</td><td align="right"> 41</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 244</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Minnesota</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 5</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">California</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="right"> 4</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Kansas</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="right"> 5</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Oregon</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="right"> 4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Nevada</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Washington Ter.</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Utah</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">New Mexico</td><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="right"> 5</td><td align="right"> 7</td><td align="right"> 4</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 19</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Nebraska</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Colorado</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 4</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Indian Territory</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="right"> 9</td><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="right"> 17</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Dakota</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="right"> 5</td><td align="right"> 4</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 11</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Arizona</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="right"> 4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Idaho</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="center">&mdash;</td><td align="right"> 1</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="right"> 156</td><td align="right"> 564</td><td align="right"> 627</td><td align="right"> 779</td><td align="right"> 135</td><td align="right"> 2,261</td></tr>
+</table><!-- Page 70 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><br /><br />
+<a href="images/illus-074_fs.jpg" >
+<img src="images/illus-074.jpg" width="450" height="355" alt="BATTLE FIELDS OF THE GREAT CIVIL WAR" title="" /></a>
+<span class="caption">BATTLE FIELDS OF THE GREAT CIVIL WAR<br />
+Battles are indicated by stars *</span>
+</div>
+<p><!-- Page 71 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><span class="smcap">Recommended Reading</span></h2>
+
+
+<p>
+Civil War in the Making: 1815-1860&mdash;<i>Avery O. Craven</i><br />
+The Coming of the Civil War&mdash;<i>Avery O. Craven</i><br />
+The <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Irrepressable'">Irrepressible</ins> Conflict&mdash;<i>Arthur C. Cole</i><br />
+<br />
+West Point Atlas of American Wars, 2 vols.&mdash;<i>Vincent J. Esposito</i><br />
+The Story of the Confederacy&mdash;<i>Robert Selph Henry</i><br />
+Storm Over the Land: A Profile of the Civil War&mdash;<i>Carl Sandburg</i><br />
+The Confederate States of America&mdash;<i>E. Merton Coulter</i><br />
+The Compact History of the Civil War&mdash;<i>R. Ernest and Trevor N. Dupuy</i><br />
+The Civil War and Reconstruction&mdash;<i>James G. Randall</i><br />
+<br />
+The Blue and the Gray&mdash;<i>Henry Steele Commager</i><br />
+The Common Soldier in the Civil War&mdash;<i>Bell Irvin Wiley</i><br />
+They Fought for the Union&mdash;<i>Francis A. Lord</i><br />
+Spies for the Blue and Gray&mdash;<i>Harnett Kane</i><br />
+<br />
+Battles and Leaders, 4 vols.&mdash;<i>Robert Johnson and Clarence Buel, ed.</i><br />
+The Civil War at Sea&mdash;<i>Virgil Carrington Jones</i><br />
+Lee's Lieutenants, 3 vols.&mdash;<i>Douglas Southall Freeman</i><br />
+R.E. Lee, 4 vols.&mdash;<i>Douglas Southall Freeman</i><br />
+Mr. Lincoln's Army&mdash;<i>Bruce Catton</i><br />
+Glory Road&mdash;<i>Bruce Catton</i><br />
+Stillness at Appomattox&mdash;<i>Bruce Catton</i><br />
+This Hallowed Ground&mdash;<i>Bruce Catton</i><br />
+The Generalship of U.S. Grant&mdash;<i>J.F.C. Fuller</i><br />
+Sherman&mdash;Soldier, Realist, American&mdash;<i>B.H. Lidell Hart</i><br />
+Stonewall Jackson: A Study in Command&mdash;<i>G.F.R. Henderson</i><br />
+The Civil War: A Soldier's View&mdash;<i>Jay Luvaas, ed.</i><br />
+As They Saw Forrest&mdash;<i>Robert Selph Henry, ed.</i><br />
+The Army of the Tennessee&mdash;<i>Stanley Horne</i><br />
+Lincoln's Plan for Reconstruction&mdash;<i>William B. Hesseltine</i><br />
+Lincoln's War Cabinet&mdash;<i>Burton J. Hendrick</i><br />
+Organization and Administration of the Union Army, 2 vols.&mdash;<i>Frederick A. Shannon</i><br />
+War Department 1861&mdash;<i>Alfred H. Meneely</i><br />
+Rebel Brass: The Confederate Command System&mdash;<i>Frank E. Vandiver</i><br />
+Jefferson Davis&mdash;<i>Hudson Strode</i><br />
+<br />
+Photographic History of the Civil War, 10 vols.&mdash;<i>Francis T. Miller and Robert Lanier, ed.</i><br />
+American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War&mdash;<i>Bruce Catton, ed.</i><br />
+Divided We Fought&mdash;<i>Hirst Milhollen, Milton Kaplan, Hulen Stuart</i><br />
+<br />
+Notes on U.S. Ordnance, 2 vols.&mdash;<i>James E. Hicks</i><br />
+U.S. Muskets, Rifles, and Carbines&mdash;<i>Arcadi Gluckman</i><br />
+Firearms of the Confederacy&mdash;<i>Claud Fuller and Richard Stuart</i><br /><!-- Page 72 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CIVIL WAR CENTENNIAL PROCLAMATION<br />
+No. 3882</h2>
+
+<h3>BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA<br />
+A PROCLAMATION</h3>
+
+
+<p>The years 1961-1965 will mark the one hundredth anniversary of the American
+Civil War.</p>
+
+<p>That war was America's most tragic experience. But like all truly great tragedies,
+it carries with it an enduring lesson and a profound inspiration. It was a demonstration of
+heroism and sacrifice by men and women of both sides, who valued principle above life itself
+and whose devotion to duty is a proud part of our national inheritance.</p>
+
+<p>Both sections of our magnificently reunited country sent into their armies men who
+became soldiers as good as any who ever fought under any flag. Military history records
+nothing finer than the courage and spirit displayed at such battles as Chickamauga, Antietam,
+Kenesaw Mountain and Gettysburg. That America could produce men so valiant and
+so enduring is a matter for deep and abiding pride.</p>
+
+<p>The same spirit on the part of the people back home supported those soldiers through
+four years of great trial. That a Nation which contained hardly more than 30 million people,
+North and South together, could sustain 600,000 deaths without faltering is a lasting testimonial
+to something unconquerable in the American spirit. And that a transcending sense
+of unity and larger common purpose could, in the end, cause the men and women who had
+suffered so greatly to close ranks once the contest ended and to go on together to build a
+greater, freer and happier America must be a source of inspiration as long as our country
+may last.</p>
+
+<p>By a joint resolution approved on September 7, 1957, the Congress established the
+Civil War Centennial Commission to coordinate the nationwide observances of the one hundredth
+anniversary of the Civil War. This resolution authorized and requested the President
+to issue proclamations inviting the people of the United States to participate in those observances.</p>
+
+<p>NOW THEREFORE, I, DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, President of the United States
+of America, do hereby invite all of the people of our country to take a direct and active part
+in the Centennial of the Civil War.</p>
+
+<p>I request all units and agencies of government, Federal, State and local, and their
+officials, to encourage, foster and participate in Centennial observances. And I especially
+urge our Nation's schools and colleges, its libraries and museums, its churches and religious
+bodies, its civic, service and patriotic organizations, its learned and professional
+societies, its arts, sciences and industries, and its informational media, to plan and carry
+out their own appropriate Centennial observances during the years 1961 to 1965; all to
+the end of enriching our knowledge and appreciation of this great chapter in our Nation's
+history and of making this memorable period truly a Centennial for all Americans.</p>
+
+<p>IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Seal of the
+United States of America to be affixed.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>DONE at the City of Washington this 6th day of December
+in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and sixty, and of the Independence
+of the United States of America the one hundred and eighty-fourth.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<div class="quotsig">
+By the President:<br />
+Dwight D. Eisenhower
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p>ABOUT THE AUTHOR</p>
+
+<p>William H. Price is a pursuer of the lesser-known, but important, facts about the Civil War; an interest
+that is reflected throughout this unique handbook. Living in Northern Virginia, he has been over many square
+miles of the battlefields on foot and, often with a surveyor's transit, has plotted key sites and troop positions
+left obscure in the records of the armies. He specializes in the smaller, yet significant battles fought
+in Virginia&mdash;First Manassas, Cedar Mountain, Brandy Station&mdash;and in the operations of the signals services
+and topographical engineers. Modern data-processing techniques were applied to the Civil War for the first
+time when he devised a new method of cataloguing the war's battles, skirmishes, and engagements; this compilation,
+prepared by International Business Machines Corporation, is being used by the National and State
+Commissions in planning the numerous Civil War Centennial events.</p>
+
+<p>Virgil Carrington Jones, biographer of Ranger Mosby and author of "The Civil War at Sea", has best and
+most accurately described Mr. Price as "a walking encyclopedia of Civil War lore".</p>
+
+<p>A native of North Carolina, he has served on the staff of the American Military Institute and is a member
+of the Civil War Centennial Commission of the District of Columbia.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 296px;"><br /><br />
+<img src="images/bcover.jpg" width="296" height="450" alt="Back Cover" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class='tnote'><h3>Transcriber's Notes:</h3>
+
+<p>Research indicates that the copyright was not renewed.</p>
+
+<p>Obvious punctuation errors repaired.</p>
+
+<p>This text uses both ironclad and iron-clad.  Remaining corrections made are indicated by dotted lines under the corrections. Scroll the mouse over the word and the original text will <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'apprear'">appear</ins>.</p></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Civil War Centennial Handbook, by 
+William H. Price
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CIVIL WAR CENTENNIAL HANDBOOK ***
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+</body>
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+
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+Project Gutenberg's The Civil War Centennial Handbook, by William H. Price
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Civil War Centennial Handbook
+
+Author: William H. Price
+
+Release Date: October 13, 2011 [EBook #37740]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CIVIL WAR CENTENNIAL HANDBOOK ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Mark C. Orton, Steve Klynsma and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+                        THE
+                     CIVIL WAR
+                CENTENNIAL HANDBOOK
+
+                   FIRST EDITION
+                 by William H. Price
+
+
+         A Civil War Research Associate Series
+
+
+
+
+
+                TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+
+
+                                                 Page
+
+  =THE CIVIL WAR=                                  2
+
+  =FACTS=
+
+  The First Modern War                             5
+  Brother Against Brother                          6
+  They Also Served                                 9
+  The Soldier, The Battle, The Losses             11
+  The Cost of War                                 15
+  Numbers and Losses                              17
+
+  =PICTURES=
+
+  The American soldier of the 1860's              20
+  Camp life                                       23
+  Passing time between campaigns                  25
+  Religion and the soldier                        27
+  Correspondents at the front                     28
+  Ships of the line                               30
+  Transportation and supplies                     41
+  Tools of modern warfare                         45
+  Field fortifications and entrenchments          49
+  Communications                                  51
+  Aerial reconnaissance                           52
+  Spies and secret agents                         53
+  The battle's overture                           54
+  Appalling aftermath                             56
+  Marks of total war                              62
+  After four years--Appomattox                    64
+  Last review of the Union Army                   65
+  A Nation re-united                              66
+
+  =UNIFORMS=
+
+  Union regulation uniforms                       33
+  Union regimental uniforms                       36
+  Confederate regimental uniforms                 37
+  Confederate regulation uniforms                 38
+
+  =DATES AND PLACES=
+
+  Chronology of battles                           67
+  Map of the major battlefields                   70
+
+  =RECOMMENDED READING=                           72
+
+
+
+
+    THE
+    CIVIL WAR
+    CENTENNIAL HANDBOOK
+    by William H. Price
+
+    1861-1865      1961-1965
+
+    [Illustration]
+
+    Published by
+    Prince Lithograph Co., Inc.
+    4019 5th Rd. N., Arlington, Virginia
+    Copyright 1961
+
+    Printed in U. S. A.
+
+
+
+
+THE CIVIL WAR
+
+    _Here brothers fought for their principles
+    Here heroes died to save their country
+    And a united people will forever cherish
+    the precious legacy of their noble manhood._
+
+         --_PENNSYLVANIA MONUMENT AT VICKSBURG_
+
+
+The Civil War, which began in the 1830's as a cold war and moved toward
+the inevitable conflict somewhere between 1850 and 1860, was one of
+America's greatest emotional experiences. When the war finally broke in
+1861, beliefs and political ideals had become so firm that they
+transcended family ties and bonds of friendship--brother was cast
+against brother. The story of this supreme test of our Nation, though
+one of tragedy, is also one of triumph, for it united a nation that had
+been divided for over a quarter century.
+
+Holding a place in history midway between the Revolutionary War of the
+18th century and the First World War of the 20th, the American Civil War
+had far-reaching effects: by the many innovations and developments it
+stimulated, it became the forerunner of modern warfare; by the demands
+it made on technology and production, it hastened the industrial
+revolution in America. This conflict also provided the ferment from
+which great personalities arise. Qualities of true greatness were
+revealed in men like William Tecumseh Sherman, the most brilliant
+strategist of modern times; Nathan Bedford Forrest, one of the greatest
+of natural born leaders; Robert E. Lee, "one of the supremely gifted men
+produced by our Nation"; and Abraham Lincoln, who, like the other great
+men of that era, would be minor characters in our history had they not
+been called upon in this time of crisis. And emerging from such trying
+times were seven future Presidents of the United States, all officers of
+the Union Army.
+
+But the story of this sectional struggle is not only one of great
+leaders and events. It is the story of 18,000 men in Gen. Sedgwick's
+Corps who formed a marching column that stretched over ten miles of
+road, and in that hot month of July 1863, the story of how they marched
+steadily for eighteen hours, stopping only once to rest, until they
+reached Gettysburg where the crucial battle was raging. It is the story
+of more than two hundred young VMI Cadets, who without hesitation left
+their classrooms to fight alongside hardened veterans at the battle of
+New Market in 1864. Or it is the story of two brothers who followed
+different flags and then met under such tragic circumstances on the
+field of battle at Petersburg.
+
+It is also a story of the human toil and machinery that produced more
+than four million small arms for the Union Army and stamped from copper
+over one billion percussion caps for these weapons during the four years
+of war. Inside the Confederacy, it is the story of experiments with new
+weapons--the submarine, iron-clad rams, torpedoes, and landmines--in an
+attempt to overcome the North's numerical superiority.
+
+It is the purpose of _The Civil War Centennial Handbook_ to present this
+unusual story of the Civil War, a mosaic composed of fragments from the
+lesser-known and yet colorful facts that have survived a century but
+have been obscured by the voluminous battle narratives and campaign
+studies.
+
+Much of this material, when originally drafted, was selected by the
+National Civil War Centennial Commission for their informative and
+interesting _Facts About the Civil War_. This original material, revised
+and enlarged, has grown into _The Civil War Centennial Handbook_.
+
+The handbook is divided into five basic parts. The first is a
+presentation of little-known and unusual facts about participants,
+battles and losses, and the cost of war. The second is a graphic
+portrayal of both the men and machines that made the war of the 1860's.
+The special selection of photographs for this portion of the story were
+made available through the courtesy of the National Archives and the
+Library of Congress. Next are reproductions in color of Union and
+Confederate uniforms from the _Official Records Atlas_ and the famous
+paintings by H. A. Ogden. The fourth section is a reference table of
+battles and losses listed in chronological order, accompanied by a map
+showing the major engagements of the war. And primarily for the growing
+number of new Civil War buffs, there is a roster of Civil War Round
+Tables, as well as a recommended list of outstanding books on the Civil
+War.
+
+The material presented in The _Civil War Centennial Handbook_ has been
+selected from standard sources, the most outstanding of which are: the
+_Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies and Navies_,
+Moore's _Rebellion Record_, Cullum's _Biographical Register of West
+Point Graduates_, Phisterer's _Statistical Record_, Livermore's _Numbers
+and Losses in the Civil War_, Fox's _Regimental Losses_, the _Dictionary
+of American Biography_, Dyer's _Compendium of the War of the Rebellion_,
+the _Annual Reports of the Secretary of War_, and last but far from
+least, one of the richest sources of information available, my fellow
+members of the District of Columbia Civil War Round Table.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE FIRST MODERN WAR
+
+     _In the arts of life, man invents nothing; but in the arts of
+     death he outdoes Nature herself, and produces by chemistry and
+     machinery all the slaughter of plague, pestilence and famine.
+
+                                           --_GEORGE BERNARD SHAW_
+
+
+The arts of tactics and strategy were revolutionized by the many
+developments introduced during the 1860's. Thus the Civil War ushered in
+a new era in warfare with the ...
+
+   FIRST practical machine gun.
+   FIRST repeating rifle used in combat.
+   FIRST use of the railroads as a major means of transporting
+         troops and supplies.
+   FIRST mobile siege artillery mounted on rail cars.
+   FIRST extensive use of trenches and field fortifications.
+   FIRST large-scale use of land mines, known as "subterranean
+         shells".
+   FIRST naval mines or "torpedoes".
+   FIRST ironclad ships engaged in combat.
+   FIRST multi-manned submarine.
+   FIRST organized and systematic care of the wounded on the
+         battlefield.
+   FIRST widespread use of rails for hospital trains.
+   FIRST organized military signal service.
+   FIRST visual signaling by flag and torch during combat.
+   FIRST use of portable telegraph units on the battlefield.
+   FIRST military reconnaissance from a manned balloon.
+   FIRST draft in the United States.
+   FIRST organized use of Negro troops in combat.
+   FIRST voting in the field for a national election by servicemen.
+   FIRST income tax--levied to finance the war.
+   FIRST photograph taken in combat.
+   FIRST Medal of Honor awarded an American soldier.
+
+
+
+
+BROTHER AGAINST BROTHER
+
+     "_And why should we not accord them equal honor, for they were
+     both Americans, imbued with those qualities which have made
+     this country great._"
+
+                                             _--BELL IRVIN WILEY_
+
+
+PRESIDENT LINCOLN, the Commander-In-Chief of the Union Army, had four
+brothers-in-law in the Confederate Army, and three of his sisters-in-law
+were married to Confederate officers.
+
+JEFFERSON DAVIS, Commander-in-Chief of the Confederate Army, served the
+U.S. Army as a colonel during the Mexican War and held the post of
+Secretary of War in President Pierce's cabinet. Previously, as a senior
+United States Senator, he had been Chairman of the Senate Military
+Affairs Committee. Lincoln and Davis were born in Kentucky, the only
+state that has ever had two of its sons serve as President at the same
+time.
+
+JOHN TYLER, 10th President of the United States, was elected to the
+Confederate States Congress in 1862, but died before it convened. On
+March 4, 1861, Tyler's granddaughter unfurled the first flag of the
+Confederacy when it was raised over the Confederate Capitol at
+Montgomery, Alabama.
+
+The Battle of Lynchburg, Virginia, in June 1864 brought together two
+future Presidents of the United States--General RUTHERFORD B. HAYES and
+Major WILLIAM McKINLEY, U.S.A.--and a former Vice-President--General
+JOHN C. BRECKINRIDGE, C.S.A. Five other Union generals later rose to the
+Presidency: ANDREW JOHNSON, U.S. GRANT, JAMES A. GARFIELD, CHESTER A.
+ARTHUR, and BENJAMIN HARRISON.
+
+The four Secretaries of War during the eleven years prior to the Civil
+War were all from the South. All four later held office in the
+Confederate government.
+
+Fourteen of the 26 Confederate Senators had previously served in the
+United States Congress. In the Confederate House of Representatives, 33
+members were former U.S. Congressmen.
+
+Confederate Generals ROBERT E. LEE and P.G.T. BEAUREGARD both ranked
+second in their graduating classes at West Point, and both officers
+later returned to hold the position of Superintendent of the Academy.
+Lee's appointment to the rank of full colonel in the United States Army
+was signed by President Lincoln.
+
+In 1859 WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN was appointed the first president of
+what is today the Louisiana State University. Although his chief claim
+to fame was the destructive "March to the Sea", a portrait of the Union
+general occupies a prominent place in the Memorial Tower of this
+Southern university.
+
+Over one-fourth of the West Point graduates who fought during the Civil
+War were in the Confederate Army. Half of the 304 who served in Gray
+were on active duty in the United States Army when war broke out. Of the
+total number of West Pointers who went South, 148 were promoted to the
+rank of general officer. In all, 313 of the 1,098 officers in the United
+States Army joined the Confederacy.
+
+One fourth of the officers in the United States Navy resigned to cast
+their lot with the Confederate Navy. Of the 322 who resigned, 243 were
+line officers.
+
+When J.E.B. STUART raided Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, in 1862, he was
+pursued by Federal cavalry under the command of his father-in-law, Brig.
+Gen. PHILIP ST. GEORGE COOKE, whose name is frequently confused with
+that of Confederate General PHILIP ST. GEORGE COCKE, both West Pointers.
+As if that weren't bad enough, there was a Union general by the name of
+JEFFERSON DAVIS.
+
+WILLIAM T. MAGRUDER (U.S.M.A. 1850) commanded a squadron of the 1st
+United States Cavalry at First Manassas and during the Peninsula
+Campaign. In August 1862 he was granted leave of absence, and two months
+later he switched loyalties to join the Confederate Army. On July 3,
+1863, he fell during the famous charge at Gettysburg.
+
+The Virginia Military Institute graduated WILLIAM H. GILLESPIE in the
+special war class of 1862. While awaiting his appointment as an officer
+on "Stonewall" Jackson's staff, he deserted to the Union Army and became
+Adjutant of the 14th West Virginia Cavalry.
+
+If Blue and Gray didn't meet again at Gettysburg during the annual
+reunions, they at least met on the banks of the Nile. No less than 50
+former Union and Confederate officers held the rank of colonel or above
+in the Army of the Khedive during the 1870's. Two ex-Confederate
+generals and three former Union officers attained the rank of general in
+the Egyptian Army, holding such positions as Chief of Staff, Chief of
+Engineers, and Chief Ordnance Officer.
+
+Only three Confederates ever held the rank of general in the United
+States Army following the Civil War--MATTHEW C. BUTLER, FITZHUGH LEE,
+and JOE WHEELER. Lee and Wheeler, though they served as generals in the
+Confederate Army as well as in the United States Army during the Spanish
+American War, both graduated at the bottom of their West Point classes.
+When Lee and Wheeler were promoted to major general in 1901, their
+commissions were signed by a former Yankee officer--President William
+McKinley.
+
+General GEORGE PICKETT, a native Virginian, was appointed to the United
+States Military Academy from the State of Illinois. John Todd Stuart
+obtained the appointment at the request of his law partner, Abraham
+Lincoln.
+
+The senior general in the Confederate Army, SAMUEL COOPER, hailed from
+New York. Before the war, he had been Adjutant General of the United
+States Army. From 1861 to 1865 he was the Adjutant and Inspector General
+of the Confederate Army.
+
+Fort Sumter was surrendered in 1861 by a Kentucky-born Union officer,
+Major ROBERT ANDERSON. Confederate General JOHN C. PEMBERTON, a
+Pennsylvanian by birth, surrendered Vicksburg in 1863. There was no
+collusion in either surrender; both men were loyal supporters of their
+respective causes.
+
+The first Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy, Commodore
+FRANKLIN BUCHANAN, commanded the C.S.S. _Virginia_ (_Merrimac_) in its
+first engagement. On the first ship to surrender under the _Virginia's_
+guns was Buchanan's brother, an officer of the U.S. Navy.
+
+Major CLIFTON PRENTISS of the 6th Maryland Infantry (Union) and his
+younger brother WILLIAM, of the 2nd Maryland Infantry (Confederate),
+were both mortally wounded when their regiments clashed at Petersburg on
+April 2, 1865--just seven days before hostilities ceased. Both were
+removed from the battlefield and after a separation of four years, they
+were taken to the same hospital in Washington. Each fought and each died
+for his cause.
+
+
+
+
+                     THEY ALSO SERVED
+
+     _Fame is the echo of actions, resounding them to the world,
+     save that the echo repeats only the last part, but fame relates
+     all...._
+
+                                                        --_FULLER_
+
+
+Poet SIDNEY LANIER fought as a private in the 2nd Georgia Battalion
+during the Seven Days' Battles near Richmond. In November 1862 he was
+captured on a Confederate blockade-runner and imprisoned at Point
+Lookout, Maryland. Sixteen years after the war he died from tuberculosis
+contracted while in prison.
+
+New England poet ALBERT PIKE commanded the Confederate Department of
+Indian Territory. He wrote the stanzas of the popular Southern version
+of _Dixie_, a tune which originated not in the South, but in New York
+City during the 1850's.
+
+At the battle of the Monocacy in 1864 Union General LEW WALLACE, author
+of _Ben-Hur_, commanded the force defending Washington against General
+Jubal Early's attack. After the war he served as Governor of New Mexico
+and Minister to Turkey.
+
+When the Marion Rangers organized in 1861, SAMUEL CLEMENS (Mark Twain)
+joined as a lieutenant, but he left this Missouri Company before it was
+mustered into Confederate service, having fired only one hostile shot
+during the war.
+
+Confederate Private HENRY MORTON STANLEY, of "Doctor Livingstone, I
+presume" fame, survived a bloody charge at Shiloh only to be taken
+prisoner. Later he joined the Union ranks and finished the war in Yankee
+blue.
+
+ANDREW CARNEGIE was a young man in his mid-twenties when he left his
+position as superintendent of the Pittsburgh Division, Pennsylvania
+Railroad to pitch in with workers rebuilding the rail line from
+Annapolis to Washington. Later in 1861 he was given the position of
+superintendent of military railways and government telegraph.
+
+HENRY A. DUPONT, grandson of the DuPont industries founder, was awarded
+the Congressional Medal of Honor for gallantry at the battle of Cedar
+Creek in October 1864. Captain DuPont, who had graduated from West Point
+at the head of his class in 1861, went on to serve as United States
+Senator from Delaware.
+
+ELIAS HOWE presented each field and staff officer of the 5th
+Massachusetts Regiment with a stallion fully equipped for service.
+Later, he volunteered as a private, and when the State failed to pay his
+unit, he met the regimental payroll with his own money.
+
+At the age of 15 GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE ran away from home and joined the
+Union Army. Neither he nor Elias Howe rose to officer rank, but both are
+today in the Hall of Fame for their achievements--the air brake and the
+sewing machine.
+
+In 1861 CORNELIUS VANDERBILT presented a high-speed side-wheel steamer
+to the United States Navy. At the time, there were less than 50 ships in
+active naval service. The cruiser, named the _Vanderbilt_, captured
+three blockade-runners during the war and in 1865 participated in the
+bombardment and amphibious assault on Fort Fisher. The Federal Navy at
+that time had grown to a fleet of more than 550 steam-powered ships.
+
+Admiral GEORGE DEWEY, of Manila Bay fame, served as a young lieutenant
+under Admiral Farragut during the attack on Port Hudson in 1863. His
+ship was the only one lost in the engagement.
+
+Colonel CHRISTOPHER C. ("Kit") CARSON commanded the 1st New Mexico
+Volunteers (Union), and campaigned against the Comanche, Navajo, and
+Apache Indians during the Civil War. In 1866 he was promoted to
+brigadier general.
+
+In his mid-teens JESSE JAMES joined the Confederate raiders led by
+William Quantrill. The famous "Dead or alive" reward for Jesse in 1882
+was issued by an ex-Confederate officer, Governor Thomas T. Crittenden
+of Missouri.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE SOLDIER, THE BATTLE, THE LOSSES
+
+     _"There's many a boy here today who looks on war as all glory,
+     but, boys, it is all hell."_
+
+
+                                        --_WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN_
+
+
+Of the 2.3 million men enlisted in the Union Army, seventy per cent were
+under 23 years of age. Approximately 100,000 were 16 and an equal number
+15. Three hundred lads were 13 or less, and the records show that there
+were 25 no older than 10 years.
+
+The average infantry regiment of 10 companies consisted of 30 line
+officers and 1300 men. However, by the time a new regiment reached the
+battlefield, it would often have less than 800 men available for combat
+duty. Sickness and details as cooks, teamsters, servants, and clerks
+accounted for the greatly reduced numbers. Actually, in many of the
+large battles the regimental fighting strength averaged no more than 480
+men.
+
+In 1864 the basic daily ration for a Union soldier was (in ounces):
+20--beef, 18--flour, 2.56--dry beans, 1.6--green coffee, 2.4--sugar,
+.64--salt, and smaller amounts of pepper, yeast powder, soap, candles,
+and vinegar. While campaigning, soldiers seldom obtained their full
+ration and many had to forage for subsistence.
+
+In the Army of Northern Virginia in 1863 the rations available for every
+100 Confederate soldiers over a 30-day period consisted of 1/4 lb. of
+bacon, 18 oz. of flour, 10 lbs. of rice, and a small amount of peas and
+dried fruit--when they could be obtained. (It is little wonder that Lee
+elected to carry the war into Pennsylvania--if for no other reason than
+to obtain food for an undernourished army.)
+
+During the Shenandoah Valley campaign of 1862 "Stonewall" Jackson
+marched his force of 16,000 men more than 600 miles in 35 days. Five
+major battles were fought and four separate Union armies, totaling
+63,000, were defeated.
+
+In June 1864, the U.S.S. _Kearsarge_ sank the C.S.S. _Alabama_ in a
+fierce engagement in the English Channel off Cherbourg, France.
+Frenchmen gathered along the beach to witness the hour-long duel, which
+inspired a young French artist, Edouard Manet, to paint the battle scene
+that now hangs in the Philadelphia Museum of Art.
+
+The Confederate cruiser _Shenandoah_ sailed completely around the world
+raiding Union commerce vessels and whalers. The ship and crew
+surrendered to British authorities at Liverpool in November 1865, seven
+months after Lee's surrender at Appomattox.
+
+The greatest naval bombardment during the war was on Christmas Eve,
+1864, at Fort Fisher, North Carolina. Fifty-seven vessels, with a total
+of 670 guns, were engaged--the largest fleet ever assembled by the U.S.
+Navy up to that time. The Army, Navy, and Marines combined in a joint
+operation to reduce and capture the fort.
+
+In July, 1862 the first Negro troops of the Civil War were organized by
+General David Hunter. Known as the 1st South Carolina Regiment, they
+were later designated the 33rd Regiment United States Colored Troops.
+Some 186,000 Negro soldiers served in the Union Army, 4,300 of whom
+became battle casualties.
+
+At the battle of Fredericksburg in 1862, the line of Confederate
+trenches extended a distance of seven miles. The troop density in these
+defensive works was 11,000 per mile.
+
+Over 900 guns and mortars bristled from the 68 forts defending the
+Nation's Capital during the war. The fortifications, constructed by the
+Engineer Corps during the early part of the war, circled the city on a
+37-mile perimeter.
+
+During Sherman's campaign from Chattanooga to Atlanta, the Union Army of
+the Tennessee, in a period of four months, constructed over 300 miles of
+rifle pits, fired 149,670 artillery rounds and 22,137,132 rounds of
+small-arms ammunition.
+
+To fire a Civil War musket, eleven separate motions had to be made. The
+regulation in the 1860's specified that a soldier should fire three
+aimed shots per minute, allowing 20 seconds per shot and less than two
+seconds per motion.
+
+At the battle of Stone's River, Tennessee, in January, 1863, the Federal
+infantry in three days exhausted over 2,000,000 rounds of ammunition,
+and the artillery fired 20,307 rounds. The total weight of the
+projectiles was in excess of 375,000 pounds.
+
+At the Battle of First Bull Run or Manassas, it has been estimated that
+between 8,000 and 10,000 bullets were fired for every man killed and
+wounded.
+
+The campaign against Petersburg, the longest sustained operation of the
+war, began in the summer of 1864 and lasted for 10 months, until the
+spring of '65. The fighting covered an area of more than 170 square
+miles, with 35 miles of trenches and fortifications stretching from
+Richmond to the southwest of Petersburg. During September, 1864, nearly
+175 field and siege guns poured forth a daily average of 7.8 tons of
+iron on the Confederate works.
+
+The greatest cavalry battle in the history of the western hemisphere was
+fought at Brandy Station, Virginia, on June 9, 1863. Nearly 20,000
+cavalrymen were engaged for more than 12 hours. At the height of the
+battle, along Fleetwood Hill, charges and countercharges were made
+continuously for almost three hours.
+
+The greatest regimental loss of the entire war was borne by the 1st
+Maine Heavy Artillery. The unit saw no action until 1864, but in the
+short span of less than one year, over half of its 2,202 men engaged in
+battle were hit. In the assault on Petersburg in June, 1864, the
+regiment lost 604 men killed and wounded in less than 20 minutes.
+
+The largest regimental loss in a single battle was suffered by the 26th
+North Carolina Infantry at Gettysburg. The regiment went into battle
+with a little over 800 men, and by the end of the third day, 708 were
+dead, wounded, or missing. In one company of 84, every officer and man
+was hit.
+
+Of the 46 Confederate regiments that went into the famous charge at
+Gettysburg on July 3, 1863, 15 were commanded by General Pickett.
+Thirteen of his regiments were led by Virginia Military Institute
+graduates; only two of them survived the charge.
+
+The heaviest numerical loss during any single battle was at Gettysburg,
+where 40,322 Americans were killed or wounded. On the Union side 21 per
+cent of those engaged were killed or wounded, in the Confederate ranks
+30 per cent--the largest percentage of Confederates hit in any battle.
+The largest percentage of Union soldiers hit in battle was at Port
+Hudson in May 1863, where 26.7 per cent of those engaged were killed or
+wounded.
+
+During May and June 1864 the Armies of the Potomac and the James lost
+77,452 men--a greater number than Lee had in his entire army.
+
+Union Army hospitals treated over 6 million cases during the war. There
+were twice as many deaths from disease as from hostile bullets. Diarrhea
+and dysentery alone took the lives of 44,558 Union soldiers.
+
+From 1861-1865 the Quartermaster Corps of the Union Army made 116,148
+burials.
+
+In the 79 National Civil War cemeteries, 54 per cent of the graves are
+those of unknown soldiers. The largest Civil War cemetery is at
+Vicksburg, where 16,000 soldiers rest; only 3,896 are known. At the
+Confederate prison site in Salisbury, North Carolina, where 12,126 Union
+soldiers are buried, 99 per cent are unknown.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE COST OF WAR
+
+               _Nor deem the irrevocable Past
+                As wholly wasted, wholly vain,
+              If, rising on its wrecks, at last
+                To something nobler we attain._
+
+               --_HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW_
+
+
+From 1861-1865 it cost the United States Government approximately 2
+million dollars a day to prosecute the war; the Second World War cost
+more than 113 million dollars a day.
+
+In 1880 the Secretary of the Treasury reported that the Civil War had
+cost the Federal Government 6.19 billion dollars. By 1910 the cost of
+the war, including pensions and other veterans benefits, had reached
+11.5 billion dollars. World War II was three months shorter than the
+Civil War, but from 1942-1945 approximately 156 billion dollars was
+spent on the military establishment.
+
+The total cost of the war to the South has been estimated at 4 billion
+dollars.
+
+The public debt outstanding for an average population of 33 million rose
+from $2.80 to $75 per capita between 1861 and 1865. In mid-1958 the per
+capita debt stood at $1,493 for a population of 175.5 million.
+
+In 1958 the government was providing pensions for 3,042 widows of Union
+veterans. In June of that year, as a result of special legislation, 526
+widows of Southern soldiers and the two surviving Confederate veterans
+became eligible for Federal pensions. The last Union veteran, Albert
+Woolson, had died in 1956, leaving the two Confederates, John Salling
+and Walter Williams, to draw the highest Civil War pensions paid by the
+United States Government. The last Civil War veteran, Walter Williams,
+died in December 1959 at the age of 117. Since then, William's claim as
+a veteran has been disputed in the newspapers, but sufficient evidence
+does not exist to positively prove or disprove his military status.
+
+The pursuit and capture of Jefferson Davis at Irwinville, Georgia, cost
+the Federal Government $97,031.62.
+
+From 1861-1865 it cost the Federal government, in millions of dollars:
+
+    $727--to clothe and feed the Army
+      18--to clothe and feed the Navy
+     339--for transportation of troops and supplies
+     127--for cavalry and artillery horses
+      76--for the purchase of arms
+       8--to maintain and provide for Confederate prisoners
+
+Soldiers and sailors of the United States received 1.34 billion dollars
+in pay during the war.
+
+In 1861 an infantry private was paid $13 per month--compared to a
+private's pay of $83 today. A Civil War colonel drew $95 per month and a
+brigadier general $124. Their counterparts today are paid a monthly base
+rate of $592 and $800.
+
+During the 1860's the average cost of a musket was $13 as compared to
+$105 for an M1 Garand in World War II.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+NUMBERS AND LOSSES
+
+                                                North      South[1]
+    Population                               22,400,000  9,103,000[2]
+        Military Age Group (18-45)            4,600,000    985,000
+    Trained Militia 1827-1861                 2,470,000    692,000
+    Regular Army January, 1861                   16,400          0
+        Military Potential 1861               2,486,400    692,000
+    Total Individuals in Service 1861-1865    2,213,400  1,003,600
+
+    Total Strength July, 1861                   219,400    114,000
+    Total Strength January, 1863                962,300    450,200
+    Peak Strength 1864-1865                   1,044,660    484,800
+        Army                                    980,100    481,200
+        Navy                                     60,700      3,000
+        Marines                                   3,860        600
+
+    Total Hit in Battle                         385,100    320,000
+        Total Battle Deaths                     110,100     94,000
+            Killed in Battle                     67,100     54,000
+            Died of Wounds                       43,000     40,000
+        Wounded (not mortally)[3]               275,000    226,000
+    Missing in Action                             6,750        ---
+    Captured[4]                                 211,400    462,000
+    Died in Prison                               30,200     26,000
+    Died of Disease                             224,000     60,000
+    Other Deaths                                 34,800        ---
+    Desertions[5]                               199,000     83,400
+    Discharged                                  426,500     57,800
+    Surrendered 1865                                       174,223
+
+[Footnote 1: Confederate figures are based upon the best information and
+estimates available.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Includes 3,760,000 slaves in the seceded states.]
+
+[Footnote 3: A number of these were returned to duty. In the Union Army,
+those who were not fit for combat were placed in the Veteran Reserve
+Corps and performed administrative duties.]
+
+[Footnote 4: An undetermined number were exchanged and returned to
+duty.]
+
+[Footnote 5: Many deserters returned to duty. In the Union Army, where
+$300 bounty was paid for a 3-year enlistment, it was not uncommon to
+find a soldier picking up his bounty in one regiment and then deserting
+to join another unit just for the additional bounty.]
+
+
+
+
+CIVIL WAR ROUND TABLES
+
+
+CALIFORNIA (3)
+
+     La Jolla--Ezra J. Warner, P.O. Box 382.
+
+     Los Angeles--(Southern California CWRT), Col. Paul "Reb"
+     Benton, 466 South Bedford Drive, Beverly Hills, California.
+
+     Torrance--Peter A. LaRosa, 4240 West 178th Street.
+
+COLORADO (1)
+
+     Denver--(Colorado CWRT), Hubert Kaub, 740 Steele Street, Zone
+     6.
+
+CONNECTICUT (2)
+
+     Hartford--W. J. Lowry, Hartford National Bank & Trust Company.
+
+     Niantic--Norman B. Peck, Jr., Remagen Road.
+
+DELAWARE (1)
+
+     Wilmington--Dr. Richard H. Myers, 34 Paschall Road, Zone 3.
+
+DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA (1)
+
+     Washington--James M. Lazard, Box 38, Army & Navy Club, Zone 5.
+
+GEORGIA (1)
+
+     Atlanta--Col. Allen P. Julian, 1753 Peachtree Street, N. E.
+
+KENTUCKY (1)
+
+     Lexington--(Kentucky CWRT), Dr. Hambleton Tapp, University of
+     Kentucky.
+
+ILLINOIS (8)
+
+     Chicago--Gilbert Twiss, 18 West Chestnut Street.
+
+     LaSalle--Dr. Russell C. Slater, 744 First Street.
+
+     Lyons--(Gray and Blue CWRT), O. H. Felton, Box 106.
+
+     Park Forest--Malcolm Macht, 495 Talala.
+
+     Peoria--(National Blues CWRT), H. R. Sours, 2623 West Moss
+     Avenue.
+
+     Quad Cities--Mrs. Marilyn A. Hasselroth, Box 508, Milan,
+     Illinois.
+
+     Rockford--Timothy Hughes, 2208 Ridge Avenue.
+
+     Springfield--George L. Cashman, Lincoln Lodge, Oak Ridge.
+
+INDIANA (6)
+
+     Evansville--Col. Robert M. Leich, P.O. Box 869, Zone 1.
+
+     Indianapolis--Donald Shaner, 3122 North Richardt, Zone 26.
+
+     Mishawaka--H. O. Soencer, Mishawaka Public Library.
+
+     New Albany--Elsa Strassweg, 201 East Spring Street.
+
+     South Bend--Ben R. Violette, 2220 Berkley Place, Zone 16.
+
+     Terre Haute--(Vigo County CWRT), Ira Campbell, 426 South 17th
+     Street.
+
+IOWA (1)
+
+     Cedar Rapids--Mrs. Robert A. Miller, 249 Blake Boulevard.
+
+LOUISIANA (1)
+
+     New Orleans--David L. Markstein, 2232 Wirth Place, Zone 15.
+
+MARYLAND (2)
+
+     Baltimore--Leonard Sandler, Nelmar Apartments 2-C, Zone 17.
+
+     Hagerstown--Theron Rinehart, Box 1155.
+
+MASSACHUSETTS (2)
+
+     Andover--Stanley E. Butcher, 4 Washington Avenue.
+
+     Boston--Richard H. Fitzpatrick, 15 Hathway Road, Lexington,
+     Zone 73.
+
+MICHIGAN (5)
+
+     Battle Creek--Mrs. Pearl Foust, 150 Eldredge.
+
+     Detroit--(Abraham Lincoln CWRT of Michigan), Lloyd C. Nyman,
+     951 South Oxford Road, Grosse Pointe Woods, Zone 36.
+
+     Flint--Philip C. Chinn, 2933 Wyoming Street.
+
+     Jackson--Edward J. Young, 2535 Kibby Street.
+
+     Kalamazoo--Mrs. Wesley R. Burrell, Galesburg, Michigan.
+
+MINNESOTA (1)
+
+     Twin Cities--William H. Rowe, 6040 James Avenue South,
+     Minneapolis 19, Minnesota.
+
+MISSISSIPPI (1)
+
+     Jackson--(Mississippi CWRT), Mrs. Genevieve Wilde Barksdale,
+     3405 Old Canton Road.
+
+MISSOURI (2)
+
+     Kansas City--Charles W. Jones, 1016 Baltimore Avenue.
+
+     St. Louis--Gale Johnston, Jr., Projected Planning Company, Room
+     200, 506 Olive Street, Zone 1.
+
+NEBRASKA (1)
+
+     Omaha--Frank E. Gibson, Public Library.
+
+NEW JERSEY (2)
+
+     Hackensack--(Bergen County CWRT), Miss Celeste Slauson, Johnson
+     Free Public Library.
+
+     Monmouth County--Mrs. Jeanne Marie Predham, 155 West Sylvania
+     Avenue, Neptune City, New Jersey.
+
+NEW YORK (6)
+
+     Binghampton--Theodore E. Mulford, Link Aviation Inc.
+
+     Fayetteville--(Onondaga County CWRT), E. H. Hobbs, 206
+     Washington Building.
+
+     Jamestown--E. J. Muzzy, 142 Prospect Street.
+
+     Mayville--Robert Laughlin, Portage Street.
+
+     New York City--Arnold Gates, 289 New Hyde Park Road, Garden
+     City, N. Y.
+
+     Rochester--William J. Welch, 80 Elaine Drive. Zone 23.
+
+NORTH CAROLINA (1)
+
+     High Point--(North Carolina CWRT), John R(ebel) Peacock, Box
+     791.
+
+OHIO (8)
+
+     Chillicothe--(Gen. Joshua W. Sill Chapter), Kent Castor, Box
+     273.
+
+     Cincinnati--J. Louis Warm, 4165 Rose Hill Avenue, Zone 5.
+
+     Cleveland--Edward T. Downer, 1105 Euclid Avenue, Zone 6.
+
+     Dayton--Kathryn G. Crawford (Mrs. F. M.), 3438 East 5th Street,
+     Zone 3.
+
+     East Cleveland--James C. Pettit, 13905 Orinoco Avenue, Zone 12.
+
+     Lancaster--(William T. Sherman Chapter), Dr. Robert H. Eyman,
+     Sr., 137 West Mulberry Street.
+
+     Toledo--Robert G. Morris, 2619 Powhatan Parkway, Zone 6.
+
+     Wooster--Dr. A. B. Huff, 230 North Market Street.
+
+OKLAHOMA (2)
+
+     Stillwater--(CWRT of Oklahoma State University) LeRoy H.
+     Fischer, History Department.
+
+     Tulsa--R. L. Summers, 1204 North Tacoma Place.
+
+PENNSYLVANIA (6)
+
+     Bucks-Montgomery County--Edgar F. Hoskings, Jr., 31 East Park
+     Avenue, Sellersville, Pennsylvania.
+
+     Gettysburg--Jacob M. Sneads, 115 North Stratton Street.
+
+     Philadelphia--(Lincoln Civil War Society), Arthur G. McDowell,
+     1500 North Broad Street, Zone 21.
+
+     Pittsburgh--Bernd P. Rose, Chamber of Commerce Building.
+
+     Susquehanna CWRT--W. N. Barto, 39 South 2nd Street, Lewisburg,
+     Pennsylvania.
+
+     Washington--James R. Braden, 755 East Main Street.
+
+TENNESSEE (2)
+
+     LaFollette (Big Creek Gap CWRT), Guy Easterly, 139 North
+     Tennessee Ave.
+
+     Murfreesboro--(Nathan Bedford Forrest CWRT), Homer Pittard, Box
+     688, Middle Tennessee State College.
+
+TEXAS (2)
+
+     Houston--Richard Colquette, 5589 Cedar Creek Drive, Zone 27.
+
+     Waco--Lt. Col. H. G. Simpson, 2624 Austin Avenue.
+
+VIRGINIA (6)
+
+     Alexandria--William B. Hurd, 219 South Royal Street.
+
+     Franklin--S. W. Rawls, Jr., 503 North Main Street.
+
+     Lynchburg--James B. Noell, 303 Madison Street.
+
+     Harrisonburg--(Shenandoah Valley CWRT), Grimes Henenberger, 345
+     South Main Street.
+
+     Richmond--John C. Stinson, 7202 Brigham Road.
+
+     Winchester--Fred Y. Stotler, Sunnyside Station.
+
+WEST VIRGINIA (1)
+
+     Moundsville--Delf Norona, 315 Seventh Street.
+
+WISCONSIN (2)
+
+     Madison--Russ Spindler, Box 377, Zone 1.
+
+     Milwaukee--H. P. Spangenberg, 203A South 77th Street.
+
+CANADA (1)
+
+     Toronto--(Canadian Round Table), A. P. Colesbury, 518 Dovecourt
+     Road.
+
+ENGLAND (1)
+
+     London--(Confederate Research Club), Patrick C. Courtney, 34
+     Highclere Avenue, Leigh Park, Havant, Hampshire, England,
+     United Kingdom.
+
+GERMANY (1)
+
+     Wiesbaden--Lt. Col. Tom Nordan, Hdqs., USAFE, APO 633, N. Y.,
+     N. Y.
+
+[Illustration: _None too military in appearance, such ragged squads of
+men and boys developed into an army that marched an average of 16 miles
+a day._]
+
+[Illustration: _Smartly dressed amphibious soldiers. Some of the 3,000
+U.S. Marines of the Civil War made landings on Southern coasts, but the
+majority served as gun crews aboard ship._]
+
+[Illustration: _Jack-tars of the old Navy saw plenty of action in
+clearing the Mississippi and chasing down Confederate raiders of the
+high seas. Because of the high bounties and pay, many foreign seafarers
+were attracted to both navies._]
+
+[Illustration: _Ill-clad and poorly equipped, Confederate volunteers at
+Pensacola, Florida, wait their turn for the smell of black powder._]
+
+[Illustration: _On the silent battlefield at Gettysburg, veterans of
+Lee's Army of Northern Virginia who survived the baptism by fire await
+their fate as prisoners of war._]
+
+[Illustration: _Regimental camp sites created sanitary problems that
+went unsolved. Typhoid fever, diarrhea, and dysentery took the lives of
+over 70,000 Union soldiers._]
+
+[Illustration: _Private residences like the Wallach House at Culpeper,
+Virginia, provided generals on both sides with comfortable quarters in
+the field. Staff officers were usually tented on the lawns._]
+
+[Illustration: _Log cabins often replaced tents during the winter months
+when campaigning slackened and the armies settled down. In some camps it
+was not uncommon to find visiting army wives._]
+
+[Illustration: _Soldiers turned to a variety of activities to break the
+long days and weeks of monotonous camplife. Even officers were not
+immune to the horseplay._]
+
+[Illustration: _When two or more Yanks or Rebs gathered together, a deck
+of cards often made its appearance. Fearful of an angry God, soldiers
+usually discarded such instruments of sin before entering battle._]
+
+[Illustration: _Chess, a favorite pastime in camp, finds Colonel Martin
+McMahon, General Sedgwick's adjutant, engaged in the contest that was a
+favorite of Napoleon and many other military leaders._]
+
+[Illustration: _A much disliked chore even in fair weather--a lone Union
+soldier walks his post in the bitter cold at Nashville._]
+
+[Illustration: _A forerunner of Father Francis Patrick Duffy, heroic
+Chaplain of the famous 69th New York Regiment in World War I, says Mass
+for the Shamrock Regiment of the 1860's. Most Civil War regiments had a
+chaplain._]
+
+[Illustration: _A contribution to camp religious life, the 50th New York
+Engineers constructed this church for their comrades at Petersburg._]
+
+[Illustration: _Newspaper correspondents like these from the_ New York
+Herald _kept the public well informed, though they often revealed
+valuable military information to the Confederacy. The New York paper
+usually reached the Confederate War Department on the day following
+publication._]
+
+[Illustration: _With the technique of photo-engraving yet to be
+developed, war scenes for newspapers and magazines had to be drawn and
+reproduced from woodcuts. Artists such as A. R. Waud, shown here at
+Gettysburg, vividly depicted the events for_ Harper's Weekly.]
+
+[Illustration: _The Civil War as it appeared back home. It was almost 40
+years before the public saw the thousands of photographs taken by Mathew
+Brady and his contemporaries._]
+
+[Illustration: _In a desperate attempt to raise the Federal blockade of
+Southern ports, the Confederate Navy built the first ironclad. More than
+a dozen of these rams, all similar to the_ Albemarle _(pictured above),
+were constructed._]
+
+[Illustration: _At first, ironclads were scoffed at by Federal naval
+authorities, but the monitors, styled "iron coffins", proved their worth
+in battle with the river navies. By 1865 fifty-eight of the turreted
+vessels had been built, some of which became seagoing._]
+
+[Illustration: _With untiring vigilance, steam-powered gunboats like
+the_ Mendota _plied the Southern coastline to enforce the blockade
+against Confederate trade with England and France._]
+
+[Illustration: _The C.S.S._ Hunley_, a completely submersible craft, was
+hand-propelled by a crew of eight. The 25-foot submarine sank off
+Charleston along with her first and only victim, the U.S.S._
+Housatonic.]
+
+[Illustration: _Steam-powered torpedo boats of the Confederate Navy were
+capable of partially submerging with only their stacks showing. These
+tiny "Davids", named after the Biblical warrior, could be either manned
+or remotely controlled from shore._]
+
+[Illustration: U.S. Army Uniforms (LIEUT. GENERAL U.S. ARMY. UNDRESS;
+BRIG. GENERAL U.S. ARMY. FULL DRESS; COLONEL OF INFANTRY U.S. ARMY. FULL
+DRESS; CAPTAIN OF ARTILLERY U.S. ARMY. FULL DRESS)]
+
+[Illustration: U.S. Army Uniforms (MAJOR OF CAVALRY, U.S. ARMY. FULL
+DRESS; LIEUT. COLONEL, SURG., U.S. ARMY. OFFICERS OVERCOAT AND STAFF
+TROWSERS; SERGEANT MAJOR, ARTILLERY, U.S. ARMY. FULL DRESS; SERGEANT,
+INFANTRY, U.S. ARMY. FULL DRESS)]
+
+[Illustration: U.S. Army Uniforms (PRIVATE, U.S. INFANTRY. FATIGUE
+MARCHING ORDER; CORPORAL, CAVALRY, U.S. ARMY. FULL DRESS; PRIVATE, LIGHT
+ARTILLERY, U.S. ARMY. FULL DRESS; GREAT COAT FOR ALL MOUNTED MEN CAVALRY)]
+
+[Illustration: UNITED STATES UNIFORMS IN THE CIVIL WAR (REG. CAVALRY
+PRIVATE. GEN. GRANT'S UNIFORM. ARTILLERY LINE OFFICER. DURYEA'S
+ZOUAVE. HAWKIN'S ZOUAVE. REG. INFANTRY PRIVATE. DURYEA'S ZOUAVE LINE
+OFFICER. CAMPAIGN UNIFORM INFANTRY. REG. ARTILLERY PRIVATE. INFANTRY
+OVERCOAT.)]
+
+[Illustration: CONFEDERATE UNIFORMS (NORTH CAROLINA MILITIA. REG.
+INFANTRY PRIVATE. WASHINGTON ARTILLERY. MONTGOMERY TRUE BLUE. FIELD
+OFFICER OF INFANTRY. GEN. LEE'S UNIFORM. REG. CAVALRY PRIVATE. LOUISIANA
+TIGER. LOUISIANA ZOUAVE. REG. ARTILLERY PRIVATE.)]
+
+[Illustration: C.S. Army Uniforms (GENERAL, C.S. ARMY. COLONEL,
+INFANTRY, C.S. ARMY. COLONEL, ENGINEERS, C.S. ARMY. MAJOR, CAVALRY, C.S.
+ARMY.)]
+
+[Illustration: C.S. Army Uniforms (SURGEON, MAJOR MED. DEPT., C.S. ARMY.
+CAPTAIN, ARTILLERY, C.S. ARMY. FIRST LIEUTENANT INFANTRY, C.S. ARMY.
+SERGEANT, CAVALRY, C.S. ARMY.)]
+
+[Illustration: C.S. Army Uniforms (CORPORAL, ARTILLERY, C.S. ARMY.
+PRIVATE, INFANTRY, C.S. ARMY. INFANTRY, C.S. ARMY. OVERCOAT; CAVALRY,
+C.S. ARMY. OVERCOAT)]
+
+[Illustration: _In 1864 nearly 4,000 wagons traveled with Meade's Army
+of the Potomac, each capable of carrying 2,500 pounds of supplies.
+During one year the Federal Army purchased 14,500 wagons and captured an
+additional 2,000._]
+
+[Illustration: _"The muscles of his brawny arms are strong as
+ironbands...." Union Army blacksmiths had to shoe nearly 500 new horses
+and mules daily._]
+
+[Illustration: _An old timer that traveled many miles of Virginia road
+with a busy and tireless man--General U. S. Grant._]
+
+[Illustration: _General Lee had hoped that Virginia's numerous streams
+and rivers would delay Grant's advance, but Federal engineers with
+portable pontoon bridges kept the army at Lee's heels._]
+
+[Illustration: _This "cornstalk" bridge over Potomac Creek near
+Fredericksburg was built by the Military Railroad construction corps
+from 204,000 feet of standing timber in nine days._]
+
+[Illustration: _In one year (1864-1865) the Federal Military Railroad,
+with 365 engines and 4,203 cars, delivered over 5 million tons of
+supplies to the armies in the field._]
+
+[Illustration: _Schooners piled high with cartridge boxes lie in the
+placid waters off Hampton Roads. In 1865 hundreds of Union troops and
+supplies were moved by ocean transports, chartered at a daily cost of
+$92,000._]
+
+[Illustration: _Federal ships crowd the magazine wharf at City Point
+with equipment and supplies for army wagons from Petersburg. Twenty per
+cent of the total supply tonnage was transported by water._]
+
+[Illustration: CIVIL WAR SMALL ARMS]
+
+[Illustration: CIVIL WAR ARTILLERY]
+
+  _MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RANGE IN YARDS_
+
+    _12-Pounder Howitzer              1,070_
+    _6 & 12-Pounder Field Guns        1,200_
+    _13-Inch Siege Mortar             3,520_
+    _10-Pounder Parrott Rifle         5,000_
+    _10-Inch Columbiad Siege Gun      5,650_
+    _30-Pounder Parrott Rifle         8,450_
+    _12-Pounder Whitworth Rifle       8,800_
+
+
+                               _TYPICAL GUNNER'S TABLE_
+
+               _12-Pounder Field Gun_          _Powder Charge 2.5 lbs._
+
+   _Range (yards)_         _600_  _700_  _800_  _900_ _1,000_ _1,100_ _1,200_
+   _Muzzle Elevation_       _1 deg._ _1 deg.45'_  _2 deg._ _2 deg.15'_ _2 deg.30'_  _3 deg._  _3 deg.30'_
+   _Fuse Setting (sec.)_  _1.75_ _2.50_ _2.75_ _3.00_  _3.25_ _4.00_  _4.50_
+
+[Illustration: _A 15-inch Rodman smoothbore, one of the largest guns
+mounted during the war, stands as a silent sentry guarding the Potomac
+at Alexandria, Virginia._]
+
+[Illustration: _The Parrott Rifle, recognizable by the wrought iron
+jacket reinforcing its breech, was one of the first rifled field guns
+used by the U.S. Army._]
+
+[Illustration: _Moved by special rail to the Petersburg front, the
+13-inch mortar "Dictator" hurled 200-pound exploding shells at the
+Confederate earthworks over two miles away._]
+
+[Illustration: _Curious Federal soldiers inspect a Confederate armored
+gun, the earliest rail artillery on record. This "land ram", designed by
+Lt. John M. Brooke of the Confederate Navy, was first used at Savage
+Station, Virginia, in 1862._]
+
+[Illustration: _Gabions, open-end baskets filled with earth, proved as
+effective as masonary in defensive works. Thousands of these baskets
+were patiently made by hand for use in field and seacoast
+fortifications._]
+
+[Illustration: _Confederate sappers constructed a number of artillery
+emplacements covering the avenues of approach to Atlanta. The guns in
+this fortification overlook famous Peachtree Street._]
+
+[Illustration: _Chevaux-de-frise, made of logs pierced by sharp stakes,
+line the Georgia countryside. Confederate defensive measures such as
+this were effective in stopping cavalry and preventing surprise frontal
+attacks by infantry._]
+
+[Illustration: _The Union military telegraph corps strung more than
+15,000 miles of wire during the war. In one year, the Northern armies
+kept the wires alive with nearly 1.8 million messages. Galvanic
+batteries transported by wagon furnished the electricity._]
+
+[Illustration: _Flag signals from natural elevations and signal towers
+could be seen as far as 20 miles on a clear day. Military information
+was often obtained by signalmen on both sides who copied each others
+flag messages and tapped telegraph lines._]
+
+[Illustration: _Balloon observation on the battlefield was made possible
+by the portable gas generator. Here Professor T.S.C. Lowe's balloon is
+inflated by mobile generators in front of Richmond in 1862._]
+
+[Illustration: _Dodging Confederate shells which whizzed dangerously
+close to the Intrepid, Professor Lowe telegraphed information on
+emplacements directly from his balloon and made sketches of the approach
+routes to Richmond._]
+
+[Illustration: _Faulty intelligence furnished by detective Allan
+Pinkerton (seated in rear) and his agents misled General George
+McClellan during the Peninsula Campaign. The Pinkerton organization was
+later replaced by a more efficient military intelligence bureau._]
+
+[Illustration: _A. D. Lytle, a Baton Rouge photographer, provided
+valuable intelligence to Confederate commanders. His photographs, like
+this one posed by the 1st Indiana Heavy Artillery, revealed the strength
+and condition of Union organizations._]
+
+[Illustration: _Artillerymen soften an objective for the infantry.
+Although field artillery was used extensively, it frightened and
+demoralized more men than it wounded. Only 20 per cent of the battle
+casualties can be attributed to the artillery._]
+
+[Illustration: _Assaults on fortified positions were costly, but here at
+Petersburg war-weary infantrymen await their turn for another charge
+against the Confederate works. Fourteen out of every hundred would
+fall._]
+
+[Illustration: _One of an estimated 584,000 Union and Confederate
+soldiers wounded during the war. Of this number, over 80,000 died._]
+
+[Illustration: _The Union ambulance corps provided one ambulance for
+every 150 men during the Wilderness Campaign. In one convoy of 813
+ambulances, over 7,000 sick and wounded were transported to the hospital
+in Fredericksburg._]
+
+[Illustration: _Amputees, like these Union soldiers who survived the
+surgeon's scalpel, would never forget the traumatic ordeal. Most wounded
+went through surgery while fully conscious with but a little morphine,
+when available, to deaden the pain._]
+
+[Illustration: _A floating palace with bathrooms and laundry, the
+hospital ship_ Red Rover _gave many sick and wounded a better chance for
+life than they would have had in the crowded field hospitals._]
+
+[Illustration: _Carver Hospital, where thousands of stricken soldiers
+recovered. Walt Whitman and Louisa May Alcott nursed many sick and
+wounded in similar Washington hospitals._]
+
+[Illustration: _The much-publicized Andersonville prison. The
+declaration by Union authorities that medicine was a contraband of war
+and their unwillingness to exchange prisoners contributed to the
+deplorable prison deaths. Prisoners didn't fare better in the North.
+Camp Douglas, Illinois, had the highest death rate of all Civil war
+prisons--10 per cent of its prisoners died in one month._]
+
+[Illustration: _Unknown warriors at Cold Harbor awaited a soldier's
+burial that never came. Two years later the armies returned to the same
+field of battle to find those who were forgotten--still waiting._]
+
+[Illustration: _Boys volunteered for a man's job. This Confederate lad
+gave his last full measure._]
+
+[Illustration: _The muffled drum's sad roll has beat
+  The soldier's last tattoo;
+No more on Life's parade shall meet
+  The brave and fallen few.
+
+On Fame's eternal camping-ground
+  Their silent tents are spread
+And Glory guards, with solemn round,
+  The bivouac of the dead._"
+            --_THEODORE O'HARA_]
+
+[Illustration: _Richmond 1865--Gaunt remains cast their shadow over the
+former Confederate capital. The rampaging fire, started during the
+evacuation, leveled the waterfront and the business district._]
+
+[Illustration: _Charleston, South Carolina, shows the scars of modern
+warfare. The concept of total war introduced during the 1860's carried
+destruction beyond the battlefield._]
+
+[Illustration: _The home of Wilmer McLean at Appomattox. Here the
+tragic drama closed at 3:45 on Palm Sunday afternoon, April 9, 1865._]
+
+[Illustration: THE SURRENDER AT APPOMATTOX; BASED UPON THE LITHOGRAPH
+CALLED "THE DAWN OF PEACE." BY PERMISSION OF W. H. STELLE.]
+
+[Illustration: _Pennsylvania Avenue--host to the Armies of Grant and
+Sherman during the Grand Review._]
+
+[Illustration: _The last reunion of Blue and Gray at Gettysburg. The
+victories and the defeats ... they have become a common property and a
+common responsibility of the American people._]
+
+
+Losses in Killed, Wounded, and Missing in Engagements, Etc.,
+
+WHERE THE TOTAL WAS FIVE HUNDRED OR MORE ON THE SIDE OF THE UNION
+TROOPS. CONFEDERATE LOSSES GIVEN ARE GENERALLY BASED ON ESTIMATES.
+
+   ---+---------+-----------------------+-----------------------------+-------
+      |         |                       |                             |CONFED-
+      |         |                       |          UNION LOSS.        | ERATE
+      |         |                       |                             | LOSS.
+      |         |                       +------+-------+-------+------+-------
+   NO.|DATE.    |         NAME.         |Killed|Wounded|Missing| Total| Total
+   ---+---------+-----------------------+------+-------+-------+------+-------
+      | 1861.   |                       |      |       |       |      |
+     1|July 21  |Bull Run, Va.          |   481|  1,011|  1,460| 2,952|  1,752
+     2|Aug 10   |Wilson's Creek, Mo.    |   223|    721|    291| 1,235|  1,095
+     3|Sep 12-20|Lexington, Mo.         |    42|    108|  1,624| 1,774|    100
+     4|Oct 21   |Ball's Bluff, Va.      |   223|    226|    445|   894|    302
+     5|Nov 7    |Belmont, Mo.           |    90|    173|    235|   498|    966
+      |         |                       |      |       |       |      |
+      | 1862.   |                       |      |       |       |      |
+     6|Feb 14-16|Fort Donelson, Tenn.   |   446|  1,735|    150| 2,331| 15,067
+     7|Mar 6-8  |Pea Ridge, Ark.        |   203|    972|    174| 1,349|  5,200
+     8|Mar 14   |New-Berne, N. C.       |    91|    466|    ---|   557|    583
+     9|Mar 23   |Winchester, Va.        |   103|    440|     24|   567|    691
+    10|Apr 6&7  |Shiloh, Tenn.          | 1,735|  7,882|  3,956|13,573| 10,699
+    11|May 5    |Williamsburg, Va.      |   456|  1,400|    372| 2,228|  1,000
+    12|May 23   |Front Royal, Va.       |    32|    122|    750|   904|    ---
+    13|May 25   |Winchester, Va.        |    38|    155|    711|   904|    ---
+    14|May 31-  |Seven Pines and Fair   |      |       |       |      |
+         Jun 1  |  Oaks, Va.            |   890|  3,627|  1,222| 5,739|  7,997
+    15|Jun 8    |Cross Keys, Va.        |   125|    500|    ---|   625|    287
+    16|Jun 9    |Fort Republic, Va.     |    67|    361|    574| 1,002|    657
+    17|Jun 16   |Secessionville, James  |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Island, S. C.        |    85|    472|    128|   685|    204
+    18|Jun 25   |Oak Grove, Va.         |    51|    401|     64|   516|    541
+    19|Jun 26-  |Seven days' retreat;   |      |       |       |      |
+      |  Jul 1 |  includes Mechanics-   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  ville, Gaines' Mills,|      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Chickahominy, Peach  |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Orchard, Savage      |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Station, Charles City|      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Cross Roads, and     |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Malvern Hill         | 1,582|  7,709|  5,958|15,249| 17,583
+    20|Jul 13   |Murfreesboro', Tenn.   |    33|     62|    800|   895|    150
+    21|Aug 8    |Cedar Mountain, Va.    |   450|    660|    290| 1,400|  1,307
+    22|Jul 20-  |Guerrilla campaign in  |      |       |       |      |
+      |  Sep 20 |  Missouri; includes   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Porter's and Poindex-|      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  ter's Guerrillas     |    77|    156|    347|   580|  2,866
+    23|Aug 28&29|Groveton and           |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Gainesville, Va.     |   ---|    ---|    ---| 7,000|  7,000
+    24|Aug 30   |Bull Run, Va. (2d)     |   800|  4,000|  3,000| 7,800|  3,700
+    25|Aug 30   |Richmond Ky.           |   200|    700|  4,000| 4,900|    750
+    26|Sep 1    |Chantilly, Va.         |   ---|    ---|    ---| 1,300|    800
+    27|Sep 12-15|Harper's Ferry, Va.    |    80|    120| 11,583|11,783|    500
+    28|Sep 14   |Turner's and Crampton's|      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Gaps, South Mountain,|      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Md.                  |   443|  1,806|     76| 2,325|  4,343
+    29|Sep 14-16|Munfordsville Ky.      |    50|    ---|  3,566| 3,616|    714
+    30|Sep 17   |Antietam, Md.          | 2,010|  9,416|  1,043|12,469| 25,899
+    31|Sep 19-20|Iuka, Miss.            |   144|    598|     40|   782|  1,516
+    32|Oct 3&4  |Corinth, Miss.         |   315|  1,812|    232| 2,359| 14,221
+    33|Oct 5    |Big Hatchie River,     |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Miss.                |   ---|    ---|    ---|   500|    400
+    34|Oct 8    |Perryville, Ky.        |   916|  2,943|    489| 4,348|  7,000
+    35|Dec 7    |Prairie Grove, Ark.    |   167|    798|    183| 1,148|  1,500
+    36|Dec 7    |Hartsville, Tenn.      |    55|    ---|  1,800| 1,855|    149
+    37|Dec 12-18|Foster's expedition to |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Goldsboro', N.C.     |    90|    478|      9|   577|    739
+    38|Dec 13   |Fredericksburg, Va.    | 1,180|  9,028|  2,145|12,353|  4,576
+    39|Dec 20   |Holly Springs, Miss.   |   ---|    ---|  1,000| 1,000|    ---
+    40|Dec 27   |Elizabethtown, Ky.     |   ---|    ---|    500|   500|    ---
+    41|Dec 28&29|Chickasaw Bayou,       |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Vicksburg, Miss.     |   191|    982|    756| 1,929|    207
+    42|Dec 31-  |Stone's River, Tenn.   |      |       |       |      |
+      |  Jan 2  |                       | 1,533|  7,245|  2,800|11,578| 25,560
+      |         |                       |      |       |       |      |
+      |  1863.  |                       |      |       |       |      |
+    43|Jan 1    |Galveston, Texas       |   ---|    ---|    600|   600|     50
+    44|Jan 11   |Fort Hindman, Arkansas |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Post, Ark.           |   129|    831|     17|   977|  5,500
+    45|Mar 4&5  |Thompson's Station,    |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Tenn.                |   100|    300|  1,306| 1,706|    600
+    46|Apr 27-  |Streight's raid from   |      |       |       |      |
+      |  May 3  |  Tuscumbia, Ala., to  |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Rome, Ga.            |    12|     69|  1,466| 1,547|    ---
+    47|May 1    |Port Gibson, Miss.     |   130|    718|      5|   853|  1,650
+    48|May 1-4  |Chancellorsville, Va.  | 1,512|  9,518|  5,000|16,030| 12,281
+    49|May 16   |Champion Mills, Miss.  |   426|  1,842|    189| 2,457|  4,300
+    50|May 18-  |Siege of Vicksburg,    |      |       |       |      |
+      |  Jul 4  |  Miss.                |   545|  3,688|    303| 4,536| 31,277
+    51|May 27-  |Siege of Port Hudson,  |      |       |       |      |
+      |  Jul 9  |  La.                  |   500|  2,500|    ---| 3,000|  7,208
+    52|Jun 6-8  |Milliken's Bend, La.   |   154|    223|    115|   492|    725
+    53|Jun 9    |Beverly Ford and Brandy|      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Station, Va.         |   ---|    ---|    ---|   500|    700
+    54|Jun 13-15|Winchester, Va.        |   ---|    ---|  3,000| 3,000|    850
+    55|Jun 23-30|Rosecrans' campaign    |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  from Murfreesboro'   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  to Tullahoma, Tenn.  |    85|    462|     13|   560|  1,634
+    56|July 1-3 |Gettysburg, Pa.        | 2,834| 13,709|  6,643|23,186| 31,621
+    57|July 9-16|Jackson, Miss.         |   100|    800|    100| 1,000|  1,339
+
+   ---+---------+-----------------------+-----------------------------+-------
+      |         |                       |                             |CONFED-
+      |         |                       |          UNION LOSS.        | ERATE
+      |         |                       |                             | LOSS.
+      |         |                       +------+-------+-------+------+-------
+   NO.|DATE.    |         NAME.         |Killed|Wounded|Missing| Total| Total
+   ---+---------+-----------------------+------+-------+-------+------+-------
+    58|Jul 18   |Second assault on Fort |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Wagner, S. C         |   ---|    ---|    ---| 1,500|    174
+    59|Sep 19-20|Chickamauga, Ga.       | 1,644|  9,262|  4,945|15,851| 17,804
+    60|Nov 3    |Grand Coteau, La.      |    26|    124|    576|   726|    445
+    61|Nov 6    |Rogersville, Tenn.     |     5|     12|    650|   667|     30
+    62|Nov 23-25|Chattanooga, Tenn.;    |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  includes Orchard     |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Knob, Lookout        |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Mountain, and        |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Missionary Ridge.    |   757|  4,529|    330| 5,616|  8,684
+    63|Nov 26-28|Operations at Mine Run,|      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Va.                  |   100|    400|    ---|   500|    500
+    64|Dec 14   |Bean's Station, Tenn.  |   ---|    ---|    ---|   700|    900
+      |         |                       |      |       |       |      |
+      | 1864.   |                       |      |       |       |      |
+    65|Feb 20   |Olustee, Fla.          |   193|  1,175|    460| 1,828|    500
+    66|Apr 8    |Sabine Cross Roads, La.|   200|    900|  1,800| 2,900|  1,500
+    67|Apr 9    |Pleasant Hills, La.    |   100|    700|    300| 1,100|  2,000
+    68|Apr 12   |Fort Pillow, Tenn.     |   350|     60|    164|   574|     80
+    69|Apr 17-20|Plymouth, N. C.        |    20|     80|  1,500| 1,600|    500
+    70|Apr 30   |Jenkins' Ferry, Saline |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  River, Ark.          |   200|    955|    ---| 1,155|  1,100
+    71|May 5-7  |Wilderness, Va.        | 5,597| 21,463| 10,677|37,737| 11,400
+    72|May 5-9  |Rocky Face Ridge, Ga.; |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  includes Tunnel Hill,|      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Mill Creek Gap,      |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Buzzard Roost, Snake |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Creek Gap, and near  |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Dalton               |   200|    637|   --- |   837|    600
+    73|May 8-18 |Spottsylvania Court    |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  House, Va.; includes |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  engagements on the   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Fredericksburg Road, |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Laurel Hill, and Nye |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  River                | 4,177| 19,687|  2,577|26,461|  9,000
+    74|May 9-10 |Swift Creek, Va.       |    90|    400|    ---|   490|    500
+    75|May 9-10 |Cloyd's Mountain and   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |New River Bridge, Va.  |   126|    585|     34|   745|    900
+    76|May 12-16|Fort Darling, Drewry's |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Bluff, Va.           |   422|  2,380|    210| 3,012|  2,500
+    77|May 13-16|Resaca, Ga.            |   600|  2,147|    ---| 2,747|  2,800
+    78|May 15   |New Market, Va.        |   120|    560|    240|   920|    405
+    79|May 16-30|Bermuda Hundred, Va.   |   200|  1,000|    ---| 1,200|  3,000
+    80|May 23-27|North Anna River, Va.  |   223|  1,460|    290| 1,973|  2,000
+    81|May 25-  |Dallas, Ga.            |      |       |       |      |
+      |  Jun 4  |                       |   ---|    ---|    ---| 2,400|  3,000
+    82|Jun 1-12 |Cold Harbor, Va.       | 1,905| 10,570|  2,456|14,931|  1,700
+    83|Jun 5    |Piedmont, Va.          |   130|    650|    ---|   780|  2,970
+    84|Jun 9-30 |Kenesaw Mountain, Ga.; |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  includes Pine        |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Mountain, Pine Knob, |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Golgotha, Culp's     |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  House, general       |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  assault, Jun 27th:   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  McAfee's Cross Roads,|      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Lattemore's Mills    |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  and Powder Springs   | 1,370|  6,500|    800| 8,670|  4,600
+    85|Jun 10   |Brice's Cross Roads,   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  near Guntown, Miss.  |   223|    394|  1,623| 2,240|    606
+    86|Jun 10   |Kellar's Bridge,       |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Licking River, Ky.   |    13|     54|    700|   767|    ---
+    87|Jun 11-12|Trevellian Station,    |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Central Railroad, Va.|    85|    490|    160|   735|    370
+    88|Jun 15-19|Petersburg, Va.;       |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  includes Baylor's    |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Farm, Walthal, and   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Weir Bottom Church   | 1,298|  7,474|  1,814|10,586|    ---
+    89|Jun 17&18|Lynchburg, Va.         |   100|    500|    400|   700|    200
+    90|Jun 20-30|Trenches in front of   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Petersburg, Va.      |   112|    506|    800| 1,418|    ---
+    91|Jun 22-30|Wilson's raid on the   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Weldon Railroad, Va. |    76|    265|    700| 1,041|    300
+    92|Jun 22-23|Weldon Railroad, Va.   |   604|  2,494|  2,217| 5,315|    500
+    93|Jun 27   |Kenesaw Mountain,      |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  general assault.     |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  See No. 2,345        |   ---|    ---|    ---| 3,000|    608
+    94|Jul 1-31 |Front of Petersburg,   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         | Va.; losses at the    |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Crater and Deep      |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Bottom not included  |   419|  2,076|  1,200| 3,695|    ---
+    95|Jul 6-10 |Chattahoochee River,   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Ga.                  |    80|    450|    200|   730|    600
+    96|Jul 9    |Monocacy, Md.          |    90|    579|  1,290| 1,959|    400
+    97|Jul 13-15|Tupelo, Miss.; includes|      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Harrisburg and Old   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Town Creek           |    85|    563|    ---|   648|    700
+    98|Jul 20   |Peach Tree Creek, Ga.  |   300|  1,410|    ---| 1,710|  4,796
+    99|Jul 22   |Atlanta, Ga.; Hood's   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  first sortie         |   500|  2,141|  1,000| 3,641|  8,499
+   100|Jul 24   |Winchester, Va.        |   ---|    ---|    ---| 1,200|    600
+   101|Jul 26-31|Stoneman's raid to     |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Macon, Ga.           |   ---|    100|    900| 1,000|    ---
+   102|Jul 26-31|McCook's raid to       |      |       |       |      |
+      |         | Lovejoy Station, Ga.  |   ---|    100|    500|   600|    ---
+   103|Jul 28   |Ezra Chapel, Atlanta,  |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Ga.; second sortie.  |   100|    600|    ---|   700|  4,642
+   104|Jul 30   |Mine explosion at      |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Petersburg, Va.      |   419|  1,679|  1,910| 4,008|  1,200
+   105|Aug 1-31 |Trenches before        |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Petersburg, Va.      |    87|    484|    ---|   571|    ---
+   106|Aug 14-18|Strawberry Plains, Deep|      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Bottom Run, Va.      |   400|  1,755|  1,400| 3,555|  1,100
+   107|Aug 18,  |Six Mile House, Weldon |      |       |       |      |
+      |  19&21  |  Railroad, Va.        |   212|  1,155|  3,176| 4,543|  4,000
+   108|Aug 21   |Summit Point, Va.      |   ---|    ---|    ---|   600|    400
+   109|Aug 25   |Ream's Station, Va.    |   127|    546|  1,769| 2,442|  1,500
+   110|Aug 31-  |Jonesboro', Ga.        |      |       |       |      |
+      |  Sep 1  |                       |   ---|  1,149|    ---| 1,149|  2,000
+   111|May 5-   |Campaign in Northern   |      |       |       |      |
+      |  Sep 8  |  Georgia, from        |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Chattanooga, Tenn.,  |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  to Atlanta, Ga.      | 5,284| 26,129|  5,786|37,199|    ---
+   112|Sep 1-   |Trenches before        |      |       |       |      |
+      |  Oct 30 |  Petersburg, Va.      |   170|    822|    812| 1,804|  1,000
+   113|Sep 19   |Opequan, Winchester,   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Va.                  |   653|  3,719|    618| 4,990|  5,500
+   114|Sep 23   |Athens, Ala.           |   ---|    ---|    950|   950|     30
+   115|Sep 24-  |Price's invasion of    |      |       |       |      |
+      |  Oct 28 |  Missouri; includes a |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  number of engagements|   170|    336|    ---|   506|    ---
+   116|Sep 28-30|New Market Heights, Va.|   400|  2,029|    ---| 2,429|  2,000
+   117|Sep 30-  |Preble's Farm, Poplar  |      |       |       |      |
+      |  Oct 1  |Springs Church, Va.    |   141|    788|  1,756| 2,685|    900
+   ---+---------+-----------------------+-----------------------------+-------
+      |         |                       |                             |CONFED-
+      |         |                       |          UNION LOSS.        | ERATE
+      |         |                       |                             | LOSS.
+      |         |                       +------+-------+-------+------+-------
+   NO.|DATE.    |         NAME.         |Killed|Wounded|Missing| Total| Total
+   ---+---------+-----------------------+------+-------+-------+------+-------
+   118|Oct 5    |Allatoona, Ga.         |   142|    352|    212|   706|  1,142
+   119|Oct 19   |Cedar Creek, Va.       |   588|  3,516|  1,891| 5,995|  4,200
+   120|Oct 27   |Hatcher's Run, South   |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Side Railroad, Va.   |   156|  1,047|    699| 1,902|  1,000
+   121|Oct 27&28|Fair Oaks, near        |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Richmond, Va.        |   120|    783|    400| 1,303|    451
+   122|Nov 28   |Fort Kelly, New Creek, |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  West Va.             |   ---|    ---|    700|   700|      5
+   123|Nov 30   |Franklin, Tenn.        |   189|  1,033|  1,104| 2,326|  6,252
+   124|Nov 30   |Honey Hill, Broad      |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  River, S. C.         |    66|    645|    ---|   711|    ---
+   125|Dec 6-9  |Deveaux's Neck, S. C.  |    39|    390|    200|   629|    400
+   126|Dec 15&16|Nashville, Tenn.       |   400|  1,740|    ---| 2,140| 15,000
+      |         |                       |      |       |       |      |
+      | 1865.   |                       |      |       |       |      |
+   127|Jan 11   |Beverly, West Va.      |     5|     20|    583|   608|    ---
+   128|Jan 13-15|Fort Fisher, N. C.     |   184|    749|     22|   955|  2,483
+   129|Feb 5-7  |Dabney's Mills,        |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Hatcher's Run, Va.   |   232|  1,062|    186| 1,480|  1,200
+   130|Mar 8-10 |Wilcox's Bridge, Wise's|      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Fork, N. C.          |    80|    421|    600| 1,101|  1,500
+   131|Mar 16   |Averysboro', N. C.     |    77|    477|    ---|   554|    865
+   132|Mar 19-21|Bentonville, N. C.     |   191|  1,168|    287| 1,646|  2,825
+   133|Mar 25   |Fort Steedman, in front|      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  of Petersburg, Va.   |    68|    337|    506|   911|  2,681
+   134|Mar 25   |Petersburg, Va.        |   103|    864|    209| 1,176|    834
+   135|Mar 26-  |Spanish Fort, Ala.     |      |       |       |      |
+      |  Apr 8  |                       |   100|    695|    ---|   795|    552
+   136|Mar 22-  |Wilson's raid from     |    99|    598|     28|   725|  8,020
+      |  Apr 24 |  Chickasaw, Ala., to  |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Macon, Ga.; includes |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  a number of          |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  engagements          |      |       |       |      |
+   137|Mar 31   |Boydton and White Oak  |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  Roads, Va.           |   177|  1,134|    556| 1,867|  1,235
+   138|Apr 1    |Five Forks, Va.        |   124|    706|     54|   884|  8,500
+   139|Apr 2    |Fall of Petersburg, Va.|   296|  2,565|    500| 3,361|  3,000
+   140|Apr 6    |Sailor's Creek, Va.    |   166|  1,014|    ---| 1,180|  7,000
+   141|Apr 6    |High Bridge, Appomattox|      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  River, Va.           |    10|     31|  1,000| 1,041|    ---
+   142|Apr 7    |Farmville, Va.         |   ---|    ---|    ---|   655|    ---
+   143|Apr 9    |Fort Blakely, Ala.     |   113|    516|    ---|   629|  2,900
+   144|Apr 9    |Surrender of Lee       |   ---|    ---|    ---|   ---| 26,000
+   145|Apr 26   |Johnston surrendered   |   ---|    ---|    ---|   ---| 29,924
+   146|May 4    |Taylor surrendered     |   ---|    ---|    ---|   ---| 10,000
+   147|May 10   |Sam Jones surrendered  |   ---|    ---|    ---|   ---|  8,000
+   148|May 11   |Jeff Thompson          |      |       |       |      |
+      |         |  surrendered          |   ---|    ---|    ---|   ---|  7,454
+   149|May 26   |Kirby Smith surrendered|   ---|    ---|    ---|   ---| 20,000
+   ---+---------+-----------------------+------+-------+-------+------+-------
+
+
+          Statement of the Number of Engagements
+
+IN THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES DURING EACH YEAR OF THE WAR.
+
+    ------------------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+        STATES AND    |      |      |      |      |      |
+       TERRITORIES.   |=1861=|=1862=|=1863=|=1864=|=1865=| Total
+    ------------------+------+------+------+------+------+------
+    New York          |   ---|   ---|     1|   ---|   ---|     1
+    Pennsylvania      |   ---|   ---|     8|     1|   ---|     9
+    Maryland          |     3|     9|    10|     8|   ---|    30
+    Dist. of Columbia |   ---|   ---|   ---|     1|   ---|     1
+    West Virginia     |    29|   114|    17|    19|     1|    80
+    Virginia          |    30|    40|   116|   205|    28|   519
+    North Carolina    |     2|    27|    18|    10|    28|    85
+    South Carolina    |     2|    10|    17|     9|    22|    60
+    Georgia           |   ---|     2|     8|    92|     6|   108
+    Florida           |     3|     3|     4|    17|     5|    32
+    Alabama           |   ---|    10|    12|    32|    24|    78
+    Mississippi       |   ---|    42|    76|    67|     1|   186
+    Louisiana         |     1|    11|    54|    50|     2|   118
+    Texas             |     1|     2|     8|     1|     2|    14
+    Arkansas          |     1|    42|    40|    78|     6|   167
+    Tennessee         |     2|    82|   124|    89|     1|   298
+    Kentucky          |    14|    59|    30|    31|     4|   138
+    Ohio              |   ---|   ---|     3|   ---|   ---|     3
+    Indiana           |   ---|   ---|     4|   ---|   ---|     4
+    Illinois          |   ---|   ---|   ---|     1|   ---|     1
+    Missouri          |    65|    95|    43|    41|   ---|   244
+    Minnesota         |   ---|     5|     1|   ---|   ---|     6
+    California        |   ---|     1|     4|     1|   ---|     6
+    Kansas            |   ---|   ---|     2|     5|   ---|     7
+    Oregon            |   ---|   ---|   ---|     3|     1|     4
+    Nevada            |   ---|   ---|   ---|     2|   ---|     2
+    Washington Ter.   |   ---|   ---|     1|   ---|   ---|     1
+    Utah              |   ---|   ---|     1|   ---|   ---|     1
+    New Mexico        |     3|     5|     7|     4|   ---|    19
+    Nebraska          |   ---|   ---|     2|   ---|   ---|     2
+    Colorado          |   ---|   ---|   ---|     4|   ---|     4
+    Indian Territory  |   ---|     2|     9|     3|     3|    17
+    Dakota            |   ---|     2|     5|     4|   ---|    11
+    Arizona           |   ---|     1|     1|     1|     1|     4
+    Idaho             |   ---|   ---|     1|   ---|   ---|     1
+                      +------+------+------+------+------+------
+                      |   156|   564|   627|   779|   135| 2,261
+    ------------------+------+------+---- -+------+------+------
+
+[Illustration: BATTLE FIELDS OF THE GREAT CIVIL WAR]
+
+
+
+
+
+   RECOMMENDED READING
+
+
+   Civil War in the Making: 1815-1860--_Avery O. Craven_
+   The Coming of the Civil War--_Avery O. Craven_
+   The Irrepressible Conflict--_Arthur C. Cole_
+
+
+   West Point Atlas of American Wars, 2 vols.--_Vincent J.
+         Esposito_
+   The Story of the Confederacy--_Robert Selph Henry_
+   Storm Over the Land: A Profile of the Civil War--_Carl Sandburg_
+   The Confederate States of America--_E. Merton Coulter_
+   The Compact History of the Civil War--_R. Ernest and Trevor N.
+         Dupuy_
+   The Civil War and Reconstruction--_James G. Randall_
+
+   The Blue and the Gray--_Henry Steele Commager_
+   The Common Soldier in the Civil War--_Bell Irvin Wiley_
+   They Fought for the Union--_Francis A. Lord_
+   Spies for the Blue and Gray--_Harnett Kane_
+
+   Battles and Leaders, 4 vols.--_Robert Johnson and Clarence Buel,
+         ed._
+   The Civil War at Sea--_Virgil Carrington Jones_
+   Lee's Lieutenants, 3 vols.--_Douglas Southall Freeman_
+   R.E. Lee, 4 vols.--_Douglas Southall Freeman_
+   Mr. Lincoln's Army--_Bruce Catton_
+   Glory Road--_Bruce Catton_
+   Stillness at Appomattox--_Bruce Catton_
+   This Hallowed Ground--_Bruce Catton_
+   The Generalship of U.S. Grant--_J.F.C. Fuller_
+   Sherman--Soldier, Realist, American--_B.H. Lidell Hart_
+   Stonewall Jackson: A Study in Command--_G.F.R. Henderson_
+   The Civil War: A Soldier's View--_Jay Luvaas, ed._
+   As They Saw Forrest--_Robert Selph Henry, ed._
+   The Army of the Tennessee--_Stanley Horne_
+   Lincoln's Plan for Reconstruction--_William B. Hesseltine_
+   Lincoln's War Cabinet--_Burton J. Hendrick_
+   Organization and Administration of the Union Army, 2
+         vols.--_Frederick A. Shannon_
+   War Department 1861--_Alfred H. Meneely_
+   Rebel Brass: The Confederate Command System--_Frank E. Vandiver_
+   Jefferson Davis--_Hudson Strode_
+
+
+   Photographic History of the Civil War, 10 vols.--_Francis T.
+         Miller and Robert Lanier, ed._
+   American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War--_Bruce
+         Catton, ed._
+   Divided We Fought--_Hirst Milhollen, Milton Kaplan, Hulen
+         Stuart_
+
+   Notes on U.S. Ordnance, 2 vols.--_James E. Hicks_
+   U.S. Muskets, Rifles, and Carbines--_Arcadi Gluckman_
+   Firearms of the Confederacy--_Claud Fuller and Richard Stuart_
+
+
+
+
+            CIVIL WAR CENTENNIAL PROCLAMATION
+                     No. 3882
+
+     BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
+                  A PROCLAMATION
+
+
+The years 1961-1965 will mark the one hundredth anniversary of the
+American Civil War.
+
+That war was America's most tragic experience. But like all truly great
+tragedies, it carries with it an enduring lesson and a profound
+inspiration. It was a demonstration of heroism and sacrifice by men and
+women of both sides, who valued principle above life itself and whose
+devotion to duty is a proud part of our national inheritance.
+
+Both sections of our magnificently reunited country sent into their
+armies men who became soldiers as good as any who ever fought under any
+flag. Military history records nothing finer than the courage and spirit
+displayed at such battles as Chickamauga, Antietam, Kenesaw Mountain and
+Gettysburg. That America could produce men so valiant and so enduring is
+a matter for deep and abiding pride.
+
+The same spirit on the part of the people back home supported those
+soldiers through four years of great trial. That a Nation which
+contained hardly more than 30 million people, North and South together,
+could sustain 600,000 deaths without faltering is a lasting testimonial
+to something unconquerable in the American spirit. And that a
+transcending sense of unity and larger common purpose could, in the end,
+cause the men and women who had suffered so greatly to close ranks once
+the contest ended and to go on together to build a greater, freer and
+happier America must be a source of inspiration as long as our country
+may last.
+
+By a joint resolution approved on September 7, 1957, the Congress
+established the Civil War Centennial Commission to coordinate the
+nationwide observances of the one hundredth anniversary of the Civil
+War. This resolution authorized and requested the President to issue
+proclamations inviting the people of the United States to participate in
+those observances.
+
+NOW THEREFORE, I, DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, President of the United States
+of America, do hereby invite all of the people of our country to take a
+direct and active part in the Centennial of the Civil War.
+
+I request all units and agencies of government, Federal, State and
+local, and their officials, to encourage, foster and participate in
+Centennial observances. And I especially urge our Nation's schools and
+colleges, its libraries and museums, its churches and religious bodies,
+its civic, service and patriotic organizations, its learned and
+professional societies, its arts, sciences and industries, and its
+informational media, to plan and carry out their own appropriate
+Centennial observances during the years 1961 to 1965; all to the end of
+enriching our knowledge and appreciation of this great chapter in our
+Nation's history and of making this memorable period truly a Centennial
+for all Americans.
+
+IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Seal of
+the United States of America to be affixed.
+
+     DONE at the City of Washington this 6th day of December in the
+     year of our Lord nineteen hundred and sixty, and of the
+     Independence of the United States of America the one hundred
+     and eighty-fourth.
+
+             By the President:
+
+                                 Dwight D. Eisenhower
+
+
+ABOUT THE AUTHOR
+
+William H. Price is a pursuer of the lesser-known, but important, facts
+about the Civil War; an interest that is reflected throughout this
+unique handbook. Living in Northern Virginia, he has been over many
+square miles of the battlefields on foot and, often with a surveyor's
+transit, has plotted key sites and troop positions left obscure in the
+records of the armies. He specializes in the smaller, yet significant
+battles fought in Virginia--First Manassas, Cedar Mountain, Brandy
+Station--and in the operations of the signals services and topographical
+engineers. Modern data-processing techniques were applied to the Civil
+War for the first time when he devised a new method of cataloguing the
+war's battles, skirmishes, and engagements; this compilation, prepared
+by International Business Machines Corporation, is being used by the
+National and State Commissions in planning the numerous Civil War
+Centennial events.
+
+Virgil Carrington Jones, biographer of Ranger Mosby and author of "The
+Civil War at Sea", has best and most accurately described Mr. Price as
+"a walking encyclopedia of Civil War lore".
+
+A native of North Carolina, he has served on the staff of the American
+Military Institute and is a member of the Civil War Centennial
+Commission of the District of Columbia.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Research indicates that the copyright was not renewed.
+
+Page 18: Corrected Gary to Gray "Gray and Blue CWRT"
+
+Page 19: Changed WISCONSIN (1) to WISCONSIN (2)
+
+Page 20: Changed Shenanhoah to Shenandoah
+
+Page 27: Changed 1960s to 1860s "for the Shamrock Regiment of the
+1860's"
+
+Page 32: Corrected spelling of "wariors" to "warriors"
+
+Page 67: Abbreviated dates to narrow the table
+
+Page 71: Corrected spelling of "Irrepressable" to "Irrepressible
+Conflict"
+
+Text uses both ironclad and iron-clad
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Civil War Centennial Handbook, by
+William H. Price
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CIVIL WAR CENTENNIAL HANDBOOK ***
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
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author	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-14 20:08:43 -0700
committer	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-14 20:08:43 -0700
commit	28c18e86530c8c6b194829e31f6b2eb959af8680 (patch)
tree	33711e9a7c5c6b2c3546b2643b6dd6efb6e91141