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diff --git a/37740.txt b/37740.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aa37352 --- /dev/null +++ b/37740.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2213 @@ +Project Gutenberg's The Civil War Centennial Handbook, by William H. Price + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Civil War Centennial Handbook + +Author: William H. Price + +Release Date: October 13, 2011 [EBook #37740] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CIVIL WAR CENTENNIAL HANDBOOK *** + + + + +Produced by Mark C. Orton, Steve Klynsma and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + THE + CIVIL WAR + CENTENNIAL HANDBOOK + + FIRST EDITION + by William H. Price + + + A Civil War Research Associate Series + + + + + + TABLE OF CONTENTS + + + + Page + + =THE CIVIL WAR= 2 + + =FACTS= + + The First Modern War 5 + Brother Against Brother 6 + They Also Served 9 + The Soldier, The Battle, The Losses 11 + The Cost of War 15 + Numbers and Losses 17 + + =PICTURES= + + The American soldier of the 1860's 20 + Camp life 23 + Passing time between campaigns 25 + Religion and the soldier 27 + Correspondents at the front 28 + Ships of the line 30 + Transportation and supplies 41 + Tools of modern warfare 45 + Field fortifications and entrenchments 49 + Communications 51 + Aerial reconnaissance 52 + Spies and secret agents 53 + The battle's overture 54 + Appalling aftermath 56 + Marks of total war 62 + After four years--Appomattox 64 + Last review of the Union Army 65 + A Nation re-united 66 + + =UNIFORMS= + + Union regulation uniforms 33 + Union regimental uniforms 36 + Confederate regimental uniforms 37 + Confederate regulation uniforms 38 + + =DATES AND PLACES= + + Chronology of battles 67 + Map of the major battlefields 70 + + =RECOMMENDED READING= 72 + + + + + THE + CIVIL WAR + CENTENNIAL HANDBOOK + by William H. Price + + 1861-1865 1961-1965 + + [Illustration] + + Published by + Prince Lithograph Co., Inc. + 4019 5th Rd. N., Arlington, Virginia + Copyright 1961 + + Printed in U. S. A. + + + + +THE CIVIL WAR + + _Here brothers fought for their principles + Here heroes died to save their country + And a united people will forever cherish + the precious legacy of their noble manhood._ + + --_PENNSYLVANIA MONUMENT AT VICKSBURG_ + + +The Civil War, which began in the 1830's as a cold war and moved toward +the inevitable conflict somewhere between 1850 and 1860, was one of +America's greatest emotional experiences. When the war finally broke in +1861, beliefs and political ideals had become so firm that they +transcended family ties and bonds of friendship--brother was cast +against brother. The story of this supreme test of our Nation, though +one of tragedy, is also one of triumph, for it united a nation that had +been divided for over a quarter century. + +Holding a place in history midway between the Revolutionary War of the +18th century and the First World War of the 20th, the American Civil War +had far-reaching effects: by the many innovations and developments it +stimulated, it became the forerunner of modern warfare; by the demands +it made on technology and production, it hastened the industrial +revolution in America. This conflict also provided the ferment from +which great personalities arise. Qualities of true greatness were +revealed in men like William Tecumseh Sherman, the most brilliant +strategist of modern times; Nathan Bedford Forrest, one of the greatest +of natural born leaders; Robert E. Lee, "one of the supremely gifted men +produced by our Nation"; and Abraham Lincoln, who, like the other great +men of that era, would be minor characters in our history had they not +been called upon in this time of crisis. And emerging from such trying +times were seven future Presidents of the United States, all officers of +the Union Army. + +But the story of this sectional struggle is not only one of great +leaders and events. It is the story of 18,000 men in Gen. Sedgwick's +Corps who formed a marching column that stretched over ten miles of +road, and in that hot month of July 1863, the story of how they marched +steadily for eighteen hours, stopping only once to rest, until they +reached Gettysburg where the crucial battle was raging. It is the story +of more than two hundred young VMI Cadets, who without hesitation left +their classrooms to fight alongside hardened veterans at the battle of +New Market in 1864. Or it is the story of two brothers who followed +different flags and then met under such tragic circumstances on the +field of battle at Petersburg. + +It is also a story of the human toil and machinery that produced more +than four million small arms for the Union Army and stamped from copper +over one billion percussion caps for these weapons during the four years +of war. Inside the Confederacy, it is the story of experiments with new +weapons--the submarine, iron-clad rams, torpedoes, and landmines--in an +attempt to overcome the North's numerical superiority. + +It is the purpose of _The Civil War Centennial Handbook_ to present this +unusual story of the Civil War, a mosaic composed of fragments from the +lesser-known and yet colorful facts that have survived a century but +have been obscured by the voluminous battle narratives and campaign +studies. + +Much of this material, when originally drafted, was selected by the +National Civil War Centennial Commission for their informative and +interesting _Facts About the Civil War_. This original material, revised +and enlarged, has grown into _The Civil War Centennial Handbook_. + +The handbook is divided into five basic parts. The first is a +presentation of little-known and unusual facts about participants, +battles and losses, and the cost of war. The second is a graphic +portrayal of both the men and machines that made the war of the 1860's. +The special selection of photographs for this portion of the story were +made available through the courtesy of the National Archives and the +Library of Congress. Next are reproductions in color of Union and +Confederate uniforms from the _Official Records Atlas_ and the famous +paintings by H. A. Ogden. The fourth section is a reference table of +battles and losses listed in chronological order, accompanied by a map +showing the major engagements of the war. And primarily for the growing +number of new Civil War buffs, there is a roster of Civil War Round +Tables, as well as a recommended list of outstanding books on the Civil +War. + +The material presented in The _Civil War Centennial Handbook_ has been +selected from standard sources, the most outstanding of which are: the +_Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies and Navies_, +Moore's _Rebellion Record_, Cullum's _Biographical Register of West +Point Graduates_, Phisterer's _Statistical Record_, Livermore's _Numbers +and Losses in the Civil War_, Fox's _Regimental Losses_, the _Dictionary +of American Biography_, Dyer's _Compendium of the War of the Rebellion_, +the _Annual Reports of the Secretary of War_, and last but far from +least, one of the richest sources of information available, my fellow +members of the District of Columbia Civil War Round Table. + +[Illustration] + + + + +THE FIRST MODERN WAR + + _In the arts of life, man invents nothing; but in the arts of + death he outdoes Nature herself, and produces by chemistry and + machinery all the slaughter of plague, pestilence and famine. + + --_GEORGE BERNARD SHAW_ + + +The arts of tactics and strategy were revolutionized by the many +developments introduced during the 1860's. Thus the Civil War ushered in +a new era in warfare with the ... + + FIRST practical machine gun. + FIRST repeating rifle used in combat. + FIRST use of the railroads as a major means of transporting + troops and supplies. + FIRST mobile siege artillery mounted on rail cars. + FIRST extensive use of trenches and field fortifications. + FIRST large-scale use of land mines, known as "subterranean + shells". + FIRST naval mines or "torpedoes". + FIRST ironclad ships engaged in combat. + FIRST multi-manned submarine. + FIRST organized and systematic care of the wounded on the + battlefield. + FIRST widespread use of rails for hospital trains. + FIRST organized military signal service. + FIRST visual signaling by flag and torch during combat. + FIRST use of portable telegraph units on the battlefield. + FIRST military reconnaissance from a manned balloon. + FIRST draft in the United States. + FIRST organized use of Negro troops in combat. + FIRST voting in the field for a national election by servicemen. + FIRST income tax--levied to finance the war. + FIRST photograph taken in combat. + FIRST Medal of Honor awarded an American soldier. + + + + +BROTHER AGAINST BROTHER + + "_And why should we not accord them equal honor, for they were + both Americans, imbued with those qualities which have made + this country great._" + + _--BELL IRVIN WILEY_ + + +PRESIDENT LINCOLN, the Commander-In-Chief of the Union Army, had four +brothers-in-law in the Confederate Army, and three of his sisters-in-law +were married to Confederate officers. + +JEFFERSON DAVIS, Commander-in-Chief of the Confederate Army, served the +U.S. Army as a colonel during the Mexican War and held the post of +Secretary of War in President Pierce's cabinet. Previously, as a senior +United States Senator, he had been Chairman of the Senate Military +Affairs Committee. Lincoln and Davis were born in Kentucky, the only +state that has ever had two of its sons serve as President at the same +time. + +JOHN TYLER, 10th President of the United States, was elected to the +Confederate States Congress in 1862, but died before it convened. On +March 4, 1861, Tyler's granddaughter unfurled the first flag of the +Confederacy when it was raised over the Confederate Capitol at +Montgomery, Alabama. + +The Battle of Lynchburg, Virginia, in June 1864 brought together two +future Presidents of the United States--General RUTHERFORD B. HAYES and +Major WILLIAM McKINLEY, U.S.A.--and a former Vice-President--General +JOHN C. BRECKINRIDGE, C.S.A. Five other Union generals later rose to the +Presidency: ANDREW JOHNSON, U.S. GRANT, JAMES A. GARFIELD, CHESTER A. +ARTHUR, and BENJAMIN HARRISON. + +The four Secretaries of War during the eleven years prior to the Civil +War were all from the South. All four later held office in the +Confederate government. + +Fourteen of the 26 Confederate Senators had previously served in the +United States Congress. In the Confederate House of Representatives, 33 +members were former U.S. Congressmen. + +Confederate Generals ROBERT E. LEE and P.G.T. BEAUREGARD both ranked +second in their graduating classes at West Point, and both officers +later returned to hold the position of Superintendent of the Academy. +Lee's appointment to the rank of full colonel in the United States Army +was signed by President Lincoln. + +In 1859 WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN was appointed the first president of +what is today the Louisiana State University. Although his chief claim +to fame was the destructive "March to the Sea", a portrait of the Union +general occupies a prominent place in the Memorial Tower of this +Southern university. + +Over one-fourth of the West Point graduates who fought during the Civil +War were in the Confederate Army. Half of the 304 who served in Gray +were on active duty in the United States Army when war broke out. Of the +total number of West Pointers who went South, 148 were promoted to the +rank of general officer. In all, 313 of the 1,098 officers in the United +States Army joined the Confederacy. + +One fourth of the officers in the United States Navy resigned to cast +their lot with the Confederate Navy. Of the 322 who resigned, 243 were +line officers. + +When J.E.B. STUART raided Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, in 1862, he was +pursued by Federal cavalry under the command of his father-in-law, Brig. +Gen. PHILIP ST. GEORGE COOKE, whose name is frequently confused with +that of Confederate General PHILIP ST. GEORGE COCKE, both West Pointers. +As if that weren't bad enough, there was a Union general by the name of +JEFFERSON DAVIS. + +WILLIAM T. MAGRUDER (U.S.M.A. 1850) commanded a squadron of the 1st +United States Cavalry at First Manassas and during the Peninsula +Campaign. In August 1862 he was granted leave of absence, and two months +later he switched loyalties to join the Confederate Army. On July 3, +1863, he fell during the famous charge at Gettysburg. + +The Virginia Military Institute graduated WILLIAM H. GILLESPIE in the +special war class of 1862. While awaiting his appointment as an officer +on "Stonewall" Jackson's staff, he deserted to the Union Army and became +Adjutant of the 14th West Virginia Cavalry. + +If Blue and Gray didn't meet again at Gettysburg during the annual +reunions, they at least met on the banks of the Nile. No less than 50 +former Union and Confederate officers held the rank of colonel or above +in the Army of the Khedive during the 1870's. Two ex-Confederate +generals and three former Union officers attained the rank of general in +the Egyptian Army, holding such positions as Chief of Staff, Chief of +Engineers, and Chief Ordnance Officer. + +Only three Confederates ever held the rank of general in the United +States Army following the Civil War--MATTHEW C. BUTLER, FITZHUGH LEE, +and JOE WHEELER. Lee and Wheeler, though they served as generals in the +Confederate Army as well as in the United States Army during the Spanish +American War, both graduated at the bottom of their West Point classes. +When Lee and Wheeler were promoted to major general in 1901, their +commissions were signed by a former Yankee officer--President William +McKinley. + +General GEORGE PICKETT, a native Virginian, was appointed to the United +States Military Academy from the State of Illinois. John Todd Stuart +obtained the appointment at the request of his law partner, Abraham +Lincoln. + +The senior general in the Confederate Army, SAMUEL COOPER, hailed from +New York. Before the war, he had been Adjutant General of the United +States Army. From 1861 to 1865 he was the Adjutant and Inspector General +of the Confederate Army. + +Fort Sumter was surrendered in 1861 by a Kentucky-born Union officer, +Major ROBERT ANDERSON. Confederate General JOHN C. PEMBERTON, a +Pennsylvanian by birth, surrendered Vicksburg in 1863. There was no +collusion in either surrender; both men were loyal supporters of their +respective causes. + +The first Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy, Commodore +FRANKLIN BUCHANAN, commanded the C.S.S. _Virginia_ (_Merrimac_) in its +first engagement. On the first ship to surrender under the _Virginia's_ +guns was Buchanan's brother, an officer of the U.S. Navy. + +Major CLIFTON PRENTISS of the 6th Maryland Infantry (Union) and his +younger brother WILLIAM, of the 2nd Maryland Infantry (Confederate), +were both mortally wounded when their regiments clashed at Petersburg on +April 2, 1865--just seven days before hostilities ceased. Both were +removed from the battlefield and after a separation of four years, they +were taken to the same hospital in Washington. Each fought and each died +for his cause. + + + + + THEY ALSO SERVED + + _Fame is the echo of actions, resounding them to the world, + save that the echo repeats only the last part, but fame relates + all...._ + + --_FULLER_ + + +Poet SIDNEY LANIER fought as a private in the 2nd Georgia Battalion +during the Seven Days' Battles near Richmond. In November 1862 he was +captured on a Confederate blockade-runner and imprisoned at Point +Lookout, Maryland. Sixteen years after the war he died from tuberculosis +contracted while in prison. + +New England poet ALBERT PIKE commanded the Confederate Department of +Indian Territory. He wrote the stanzas of the popular Southern version +of _Dixie_, a tune which originated not in the South, but in New York +City during the 1850's. + +At the battle of the Monocacy in 1864 Union General LEW WALLACE, author +of _Ben-Hur_, commanded the force defending Washington against General +Jubal Early's attack. After the war he served as Governor of New Mexico +and Minister to Turkey. + +When the Marion Rangers organized in 1861, SAMUEL CLEMENS (Mark Twain) +joined as a lieutenant, but he left this Missouri Company before it was +mustered into Confederate service, having fired only one hostile shot +during the war. + +Confederate Private HENRY MORTON STANLEY, of "Doctor Livingstone, I +presume" fame, survived a bloody charge at Shiloh only to be taken +prisoner. Later he joined the Union ranks and finished the war in Yankee +blue. + +ANDREW CARNEGIE was a young man in his mid-twenties when he left his +position as superintendent of the Pittsburgh Division, Pennsylvania +Railroad to pitch in with workers rebuilding the rail line from +Annapolis to Washington. Later in 1861 he was given the position of +superintendent of military railways and government telegraph. + +HENRY A. DUPONT, grandson of the DuPont industries founder, was awarded +the Congressional Medal of Honor for gallantry at the battle of Cedar +Creek in October 1864. Captain DuPont, who had graduated from West Point +at the head of his class in 1861, went on to serve as United States +Senator from Delaware. + +ELIAS HOWE presented each field and staff officer of the 5th +Massachusetts Regiment with a stallion fully equipped for service. +Later, he volunteered as a private, and when the State failed to pay his +unit, he met the regimental payroll with his own money. + +At the age of 15 GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE ran away from home and joined the +Union Army. Neither he nor Elias Howe rose to officer rank, but both are +today in the Hall of Fame for their achievements--the air brake and the +sewing machine. + +In 1861 CORNELIUS VANDERBILT presented a high-speed side-wheel steamer +to the United States Navy. At the time, there were less than 50 ships in +active naval service. The cruiser, named the _Vanderbilt_, captured +three blockade-runners during the war and in 1865 participated in the +bombardment and amphibious assault on Fort Fisher. The Federal Navy at +that time had grown to a fleet of more than 550 steam-powered ships. + +Admiral GEORGE DEWEY, of Manila Bay fame, served as a young lieutenant +under Admiral Farragut during the attack on Port Hudson in 1863. His +ship was the only one lost in the engagement. + +Colonel CHRISTOPHER C. ("Kit") CARSON commanded the 1st New Mexico +Volunteers (Union), and campaigned against the Comanche, Navajo, and +Apache Indians during the Civil War. In 1866 he was promoted to +brigadier general. + +In his mid-teens JESSE JAMES joined the Confederate raiders led by +William Quantrill. The famous "Dead or alive" reward for Jesse in 1882 +was issued by an ex-Confederate officer, Governor Thomas T. Crittenden +of Missouri. + +[Illustration] + + + + +THE SOLDIER, THE BATTLE, THE LOSSES + + _"There's many a boy here today who looks on war as all glory, + but, boys, it is all hell."_ + + + --_WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN_ + + +Of the 2.3 million men enlisted in the Union Army, seventy per cent were +under 23 years of age. Approximately 100,000 were 16 and an equal number +15. Three hundred lads were 13 or less, and the records show that there +were 25 no older than 10 years. + +The average infantry regiment of 10 companies consisted of 30 line +officers and 1300 men. However, by the time a new regiment reached the +battlefield, it would often have less than 800 men available for combat +duty. Sickness and details as cooks, teamsters, servants, and clerks +accounted for the greatly reduced numbers. Actually, in many of the +large battles the regimental fighting strength averaged no more than 480 +men. + +In 1864 the basic daily ration for a Union soldier was (in ounces): +20--beef, 18--flour, 2.56--dry beans, 1.6--green coffee, 2.4--sugar, +.64--salt, and smaller amounts of pepper, yeast powder, soap, candles, +and vinegar. While campaigning, soldiers seldom obtained their full +ration and many had to forage for subsistence. + +In the Army of Northern Virginia in 1863 the rations available for every +100 Confederate soldiers over a 30-day period consisted of 1/4 lb. of +bacon, 18 oz. of flour, 10 lbs. of rice, and a small amount of peas and +dried fruit--when they could be obtained. (It is little wonder that Lee +elected to carry the war into Pennsylvania--if for no other reason than +to obtain food for an undernourished army.) + +During the Shenandoah Valley campaign of 1862 "Stonewall" Jackson +marched his force of 16,000 men more than 600 miles in 35 days. Five +major battles were fought and four separate Union armies, totaling +63,000, were defeated. + +In June 1864, the U.S.S. _Kearsarge_ sank the C.S.S. _Alabama_ in a +fierce engagement in the English Channel off Cherbourg, France. +Frenchmen gathered along the beach to witness the hour-long duel, which +inspired a young French artist, Edouard Manet, to paint the battle scene +that now hangs in the Philadelphia Museum of Art. + +The Confederate cruiser _Shenandoah_ sailed completely around the world +raiding Union commerce vessels and whalers. The ship and crew +surrendered to British authorities at Liverpool in November 1865, seven +months after Lee's surrender at Appomattox. + +The greatest naval bombardment during the war was on Christmas Eve, +1864, at Fort Fisher, North Carolina. Fifty-seven vessels, with a total +of 670 guns, were engaged--the largest fleet ever assembled by the U.S. +Navy up to that time. The Army, Navy, and Marines combined in a joint +operation to reduce and capture the fort. + +In July, 1862 the first Negro troops of the Civil War were organized by +General David Hunter. Known as the 1st South Carolina Regiment, they +were later designated the 33rd Regiment United States Colored Troops. +Some 186,000 Negro soldiers served in the Union Army, 4,300 of whom +became battle casualties. + +At the battle of Fredericksburg in 1862, the line of Confederate +trenches extended a distance of seven miles. The troop density in these +defensive works was 11,000 per mile. + +Over 900 guns and mortars bristled from the 68 forts defending the +Nation's Capital during the war. The fortifications, constructed by the +Engineer Corps during the early part of the war, circled the city on a +37-mile perimeter. + +During Sherman's campaign from Chattanooga to Atlanta, the Union Army of +the Tennessee, in a period of four months, constructed over 300 miles of +rifle pits, fired 149,670 artillery rounds and 22,137,132 rounds of +small-arms ammunition. + +To fire a Civil War musket, eleven separate motions had to be made. The +regulation in the 1860's specified that a soldier should fire three +aimed shots per minute, allowing 20 seconds per shot and less than two +seconds per motion. + +At the battle of Stone's River, Tennessee, in January, 1863, the Federal +infantry in three days exhausted over 2,000,000 rounds of ammunition, +and the artillery fired 20,307 rounds. The total weight of the +projectiles was in excess of 375,000 pounds. + +At the Battle of First Bull Run or Manassas, it has been estimated that +between 8,000 and 10,000 bullets were fired for every man killed and +wounded. + +The campaign against Petersburg, the longest sustained operation of the +war, began in the summer of 1864 and lasted for 10 months, until the +spring of '65. The fighting covered an area of more than 170 square +miles, with 35 miles of trenches and fortifications stretching from +Richmond to the southwest of Petersburg. During September, 1864, nearly +175 field and siege guns poured forth a daily average of 7.8 tons of +iron on the Confederate works. + +The greatest cavalry battle in the history of the western hemisphere was +fought at Brandy Station, Virginia, on June 9, 1863. Nearly 20,000 +cavalrymen were engaged for more than 12 hours. At the height of the +battle, along Fleetwood Hill, charges and countercharges were made +continuously for almost three hours. + +The greatest regimental loss of the entire war was borne by the 1st +Maine Heavy Artillery. The unit saw no action until 1864, but in the +short span of less than one year, over half of its 2,202 men engaged in +battle were hit. In the assault on Petersburg in June, 1864, the +regiment lost 604 men killed and wounded in less than 20 minutes. + +The largest regimental loss in a single battle was suffered by the 26th +North Carolina Infantry at Gettysburg. The regiment went into battle +with a little over 800 men, and by the end of the third day, 708 were +dead, wounded, or missing. In one company of 84, every officer and man +was hit. + +Of the 46 Confederate regiments that went into the famous charge at +Gettysburg on July 3, 1863, 15 were commanded by General Pickett. +Thirteen of his regiments were led by Virginia Military Institute +graduates; only two of them survived the charge. + +The heaviest numerical loss during any single battle was at Gettysburg, +where 40,322 Americans were killed or wounded. On the Union side 21 per +cent of those engaged were killed or wounded, in the Confederate ranks +30 per cent--the largest percentage of Confederates hit in any battle. +The largest percentage of Union soldiers hit in battle was at Port +Hudson in May 1863, where 26.7 per cent of those engaged were killed or +wounded. + +During May and June 1864 the Armies of the Potomac and the James lost +77,452 men--a greater number than Lee had in his entire army. + +Union Army hospitals treated over 6 million cases during the war. There +were twice as many deaths from disease as from hostile bullets. Diarrhea +and dysentery alone took the lives of 44,558 Union soldiers. + +From 1861-1865 the Quartermaster Corps of the Union Army made 116,148 +burials. + +In the 79 National Civil War cemeteries, 54 per cent of the graves are +those of unknown soldiers. The largest Civil War cemetery is at +Vicksburg, where 16,000 soldiers rest; only 3,896 are known. At the +Confederate prison site in Salisbury, North Carolina, where 12,126 Union +soldiers are buried, 99 per cent are unknown. + +[Illustration] + + + + +THE COST OF WAR + + _Nor deem the irrevocable Past + As wholly wasted, wholly vain, + If, rising on its wrecks, at last + To something nobler we attain._ + + --_HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW_ + + +From 1861-1865 it cost the United States Government approximately 2 +million dollars a day to prosecute the war; the Second World War cost +more than 113 million dollars a day. + +In 1880 the Secretary of the Treasury reported that the Civil War had +cost the Federal Government 6.19 billion dollars. By 1910 the cost of +the war, including pensions and other veterans benefits, had reached +11.5 billion dollars. World War II was three months shorter than the +Civil War, but from 1942-1945 approximately 156 billion dollars was +spent on the military establishment. + +The total cost of the war to the South has been estimated at 4 billion +dollars. + +The public debt outstanding for an average population of 33 million rose +from $2.80 to $75 per capita between 1861 and 1865. In mid-1958 the per +capita debt stood at $1,493 for a population of 175.5 million. + +In 1958 the government was providing pensions for 3,042 widows of Union +veterans. In June of that year, as a result of special legislation, 526 +widows of Southern soldiers and the two surviving Confederate veterans +became eligible for Federal pensions. The last Union veteran, Albert +Woolson, had died in 1956, leaving the two Confederates, John Salling +and Walter Williams, to draw the highest Civil War pensions paid by the +United States Government. The last Civil War veteran, Walter Williams, +died in December 1959 at the age of 117. Since then, William's claim as +a veteran has been disputed in the newspapers, but sufficient evidence +does not exist to positively prove or disprove his military status. + +The pursuit and capture of Jefferson Davis at Irwinville, Georgia, cost +the Federal Government $97,031.62. + +From 1861-1865 it cost the Federal government, in millions of dollars: + + $727--to clothe and feed the Army + 18--to clothe and feed the Navy + 339--for transportation of troops and supplies + 127--for cavalry and artillery horses + 76--for the purchase of arms + 8--to maintain and provide for Confederate prisoners + +Soldiers and sailors of the United States received 1.34 billion dollars +in pay during the war. + +In 1861 an infantry private was paid $13 per month--compared to a +private's pay of $83 today. A Civil War colonel drew $95 per month and a +brigadier general $124. Their counterparts today are paid a monthly base +rate of $592 and $800. + +During the 1860's the average cost of a musket was $13 as compared to +$105 for an M1 Garand in World War II. + +[Illustration] + + +NUMBERS AND LOSSES + + North South[1] + Population 22,400,000 9,103,000[2] + Military Age Group (18-45) 4,600,000 985,000 + Trained Militia 1827-1861 2,470,000 692,000 + Regular Army January, 1861 16,400 0 + Military Potential 1861 2,486,400 692,000 + Total Individuals in Service 1861-1865 2,213,400 1,003,600 + + Total Strength July, 1861 219,400 114,000 + Total Strength January, 1863 962,300 450,200 + Peak Strength 1864-1865 1,044,660 484,800 + Army 980,100 481,200 + Navy 60,700 3,000 + Marines 3,860 600 + + Total Hit in Battle 385,100 320,000 + Total Battle Deaths 110,100 94,000 + Killed in Battle 67,100 54,000 + Died of Wounds 43,000 40,000 + Wounded (not mortally)[3] 275,000 226,000 + Missing in Action 6,750 --- + Captured[4] 211,400 462,000 + Died in Prison 30,200 26,000 + Died of Disease 224,000 60,000 + Other Deaths 34,800 --- + Desertions[5] 199,000 83,400 + Discharged 426,500 57,800 + Surrendered 1865 174,223 + +[Footnote 1: Confederate figures are based upon the best information and +estimates available.] + +[Footnote 2: Includes 3,760,000 slaves in the seceded states.] + +[Footnote 3: A number of these were returned to duty. In the Union Army, +those who were not fit for combat were placed in the Veteran Reserve +Corps and performed administrative duties.] + +[Footnote 4: An undetermined number were exchanged and returned to +duty.] + +[Footnote 5: Many deserters returned to duty. In the Union Army, where +$300 bounty was paid for a 3-year enlistment, it was not uncommon to +find a soldier picking up his bounty in one regiment and then deserting +to join another unit just for the additional bounty.] + + + + +CIVIL WAR ROUND TABLES + + +CALIFORNIA (3) + + La Jolla--Ezra J. Warner, P.O. Box 382. + + Los Angeles--(Southern California CWRT), Col. Paul "Reb" + Benton, 466 South Bedford Drive, Beverly Hills, California. + + Torrance--Peter A. LaRosa, 4240 West 178th Street. + +COLORADO (1) + + Denver--(Colorado CWRT), Hubert Kaub, 740 Steele Street, Zone + 6. + +CONNECTICUT (2) + + Hartford--W. J. Lowry, Hartford National Bank & Trust Company. + + Niantic--Norman B. Peck, Jr., Remagen Road. + +DELAWARE (1) + + Wilmington--Dr. Richard H. Myers, 34 Paschall Road, Zone 3. + +DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA (1) + + Washington--James M. Lazard, Box 38, Army & Navy Club, Zone 5. + +GEORGIA (1) + + Atlanta--Col. Allen P. Julian, 1753 Peachtree Street, N. E. + +KENTUCKY (1) + + Lexington--(Kentucky CWRT), Dr. Hambleton Tapp, University of + Kentucky. + +ILLINOIS (8) + + Chicago--Gilbert Twiss, 18 West Chestnut Street. + + LaSalle--Dr. Russell C. Slater, 744 First Street. + + Lyons--(Gray and Blue CWRT), O. H. Felton, Box 106. + + Park Forest--Malcolm Macht, 495 Talala. + + Peoria--(National Blues CWRT), H. R. Sours, 2623 West Moss + Avenue. + + Quad Cities--Mrs. Marilyn A. Hasselroth, Box 508, Milan, + Illinois. + + Rockford--Timothy Hughes, 2208 Ridge Avenue. + + Springfield--George L. Cashman, Lincoln Lodge, Oak Ridge. + +INDIANA (6) + + Evansville--Col. Robert M. Leich, P.O. Box 869, Zone 1. + + Indianapolis--Donald Shaner, 3122 North Richardt, Zone 26. + + Mishawaka--H. O. Soencer, Mishawaka Public Library. + + New Albany--Elsa Strassweg, 201 East Spring Street. + + South Bend--Ben R. Violette, 2220 Berkley Place, Zone 16. + + Terre Haute--(Vigo County CWRT), Ira Campbell, 426 South 17th + Street. + +IOWA (1) + + Cedar Rapids--Mrs. Robert A. Miller, 249 Blake Boulevard. + +LOUISIANA (1) + + New Orleans--David L. Markstein, 2232 Wirth Place, Zone 15. + +MARYLAND (2) + + Baltimore--Leonard Sandler, Nelmar Apartments 2-C, Zone 17. + + Hagerstown--Theron Rinehart, Box 1155. + +MASSACHUSETTS (2) + + Andover--Stanley E. Butcher, 4 Washington Avenue. + + Boston--Richard H. Fitzpatrick, 15 Hathway Road, Lexington, + Zone 73. + +MICHIGAN (5) + + Battle Creek--Mrs. Pearl Foust, 150 Eldredge. + + Detroit--(Abraham Lincoln CWRT of Michigan), Lloyd C. Nyman, + 951 South Oxford Road, Grosse Pointe Woods, Zone 36. + + Flint--Philip C. Chinn, 2933 Wyoming Street. + + Jackson--Edward J. Young, 2535 Kibby Street. + + Kalamazoo--Mrs. Wesley R. Burrell, Galesburg, Michigan. + +MINNESOTA (1) + + Twin Cities--William H. Rowe, 6040 James Avenue South, + Minneapolis 19, Minnesota. + +MISSISSIPPI (1) + + Jackson--(Mississippi CWRT), Mrs. Genevieve Wilde Barksdale, + 3405 Old Canton Road. + +MISSOURI (2) + + Kansas City--Charles W. Jones, 1016 Baltimore Avenue. + + St. Louis--Gale Johnston, Jr., Projected Planning Company, Room + 200, 506 Olive Street, Zone 1. + +NEBRASKA (1) + + Omaha--Frank E. Gibson, Public Library. + +NEW JERSEY (2) + + Hackensack--(Bergen County CWRT), Miss Celeste Slauson, Johnson + Free Public Library. + + Monmouth County--Mrs. Jeanne Marie Predham, 155 West Sylvania + Avenue, Neptune City, New Jersey. + +NEW YORK (6) + + Binghampton--Theodore E. Mulford, Link Aviation Inc. + + Fayetteville--(Onondaga County CWRT), E. H. Hobbs, 206 + Washington Building. + + Jamestown--E. J. Muzzy, 142 Prospect Street. + + Mayville--Robert Laughlin, Portage Street. + + New York City--Arnold Gates, 289 New Hyde Park Road, Garden + City, N. Y. + + Rochester--William J. Welch, 80 Elaine Drive. Zone 23. + +NORTH CAROLINA (1) + + High Point--(North Carolina CWRT), John R(ebel) Peacock, Box + 791. + +OHIO (8) + + Chillicothe--(Gen. Joshua W. Sill Chapter), Kent Castor, Box + 273. + + Cincinnati--J. Louis Warm, 4165 Rose Hill Avenue, Zone 5. + + Cleveland--Edward T. Downer, 1105 Euclid Avenue, Zone 6. + + Dayton--Kathryn G. Crawford (Mrs. F. M.), 3438 East 5th Street, + Zone 3. + + East Cleveland--James C. Pettit, 13905 Orinoco Avenue, Zone 12. + + Lancaster--(William T. Sherman Chapter), Dr. Robert H. Eyman, + Sr., 137 West Mulberry Street. + + Toledo--Robert G. Morris, 2619 Powhatan Parkway, Zone 6. + + Wooster--Dr. A. B. Huff, 230 North Market Street. + +OKLAHOMA (2) + + Stillwater--(CWRT of Oklahoma State University) LeRoy H. + Fischer, History Department. + + Tulsa--R. L. Summers, 1204 North Tacoma Place. + +PENNSYLVANIA (6) + + Bucks-Montgomery County--Edgar F. Hoskings, Jr., 31 East Park + Avenue, Sellersville, Pennsylvania. + + Gettysburg--Jacob M. Sneads, 115 North Stratton Street. + + Philadelphia--(Lincoln Civil War Society), Arthur G. McDowell, + 1500 North Broad Street, Zone 21. + + Pittsburgh--Bernd P. Rose, Chamber of Commerce Building. + + Susquehanna CWRT--W. N. Barto, 39 South 2nd Street, Lewisburg, + Pennsylvania. + + Washington--James R. Braden, 755 East Main Street. + +TENNESSEE (2) + + LaFollette (Big Creek Gap CWRT), Guy Easterly, 139 North + Tennessee Ave. + + Murfreesboro--(Nathan Bedford Forrest CWRT), Homer Pittard, Box + 688, Middle Tennessee State College. + +TEXAS (2) + + Houston--Richard Colquette, 5589 Cedar Creek Drive, Zone 27. + + Waco--Lt. Col. H. G. Simpson, 2624 Austin Avenue. + +VIRGINIA (6) + + Alexandria--William B. Hurd, 219 South Royal Street. + + Franklin--S. W. Rawls, Jr., 503 North Main Street. + + Lynchburg--James B. Noell, 303 Madison Street. + + Harrisonburg--(Shenandoah Valley CWRT), Grimes Henenberger, 345 + South Main Street. + + Richmond--John C. Stinson, 7202 Brigham Road. + + Winchester--Fred Y. Stotler, Sunnyside Station. + +WEST VIRGINIA (1) + + Moundsville--Delf Norona, 315 Seventh Street. + +WISCONSIN (2) + + Madison--Russ Spindler, Box 377, Zone 1. + + Milwaukee--H. P. Spangenberg, 203A South 77th Street. + +CANADA (1) + + Toronto--(Canadian Round Table), A. P. Colesbury, 518 Dovecourt + Road. + +ENGLAND (1) + + London--(Confederate Research Club), Patrick C. Courtney, 34 + Highclere Avenue, Leigh Park, Havant, Hampshire, England, + United Kingdom. + +GERMANY (1) + + Wiesbaden--Lt. Col. Tom Nordan, Hdqs., USAFE, APO 633, N. Y., + N. Y. + +[Illustration: _None too military in appearance, such ragged squads of +men and boys developed into an army that marched an average of 16 miles +a day._] + +[Illustration: _Smartly dressed amphibious soldiers. Some of the 3,000 +U.S. Marines of the Civil War made landings on Southern coasts, but the +majority served as gun crews aboard ship._] + +[Illustration: _Jack-tars of the old Navy saw plenty of action in +clearing the Mississippi and chasing down Confederate raiders of the +high seas. Because of the high bounties and pay, many foreign seafarers +were attracted to both navies._] + +[Illustration: _Ill-clad and poorly equipped, Confederate volunteers at +Pensacola, Florida, wait their turn for the smell of black powder._] + +[Illustration: _On the silent battlefield at Gettysburg, veterans of +Lee's Army of Northern Virginia who survived the baptism by fire await +their fate as prisoners of war._] + +[Illustration: _Regimental camp sites created sanitary problems that +went unsolved. Typhoid fever, diarrhea, and dysentery took the lives of +over 70,000 Union soldiers._] + +[Illustration: _Private residences like the Wallach House at Culpeper, +Virginia, provided generals on both sides with comfortable quarters in +the field. Staff officers were usually tented on the lawns._] + +[Illustration: _Log cabins often replaced tents during the winter months +when campaigning slackened and the armies settled down. In some camps it +was not uncommon to find visiting army wives._] + +[Illustration: _Soldiers turned to a variety of activities to break the +long days and weeks of monotonous camplife. Even officers were not +immune to the horseplay._] + +[Illustration: _When two or more Yanks or Rebs gathered together, a deck +of cards often made its appearance. Fearful of an angry God, soldiers +usually discarded such instruments of sin before entering battle._] + +[Illustration: _Chess, a favorite pastime in camp, finds Colonel Martin +McMahon, General Sedgwick's adjutant, engaged in the contest that was a +favorite of Napoleon and many other military leaders._] + +[Illustration: _A much disliked chore even in fair weather--a lone Union +soldier walks his post in the bitter cold at Nashville._] + +[Illustration: _A forerunner of Father Francis Patrick Duffy, heroic +Chaplain of the famous 69th New York Regiment in World War I, says Mass +for the Shamrock Regiment of the 1860's. Most Civil War regiments had a +chaplain._] + +[Illustration: _A contribution to camp religious life, the 50th New York +Engineers constructed this church for their comrades at Petersburg._] + +[Illustration: _Newspaper correspondents like these from the_ New York +Herald _kept the public well informed, though they often revealed +valuable military information to the Confederacy. The New York paper +usually reached the Confederate War Department on the day following +publication._] + +[Illustration: _With the technique of photo-engraving yet to be +developed, war scenes for newspapers and magazines had to be drawn and +reproduced from woodcuts. Artists such as A. R. Waud, shown here at +Gettysburg, vividly depicted the events for_ Harper's Weekly.] + +[Illustration: _The Civil War as it appeared back home. It was almost 40 +years before the public saw the thousands of photographs taken by Mathew +Brady and his contemporaries._] + +[Illustration: _In a desperate attempt to raise the Federal blockade of +Southern ports, the Confederate Navy built the first ironclad. More than +a dozen of these rams, all similar to the_ Albemarle _(pictured above), +were constructed._] + +[Illustration: _At first, ironclads were scoffed at by Federal naval +authorities, but the monitors, styled "iron coffins", proved their worth +in battle with the river navies. By 1865 fifty-eight of the turreted +vessels had been built, some of which became seagoing._] + +[Illustration: _With untiring vigilance, steam-powered gunboats like +the_ Mendota _plied the Southern coastline to enforce the blockade +against Confederate trade with England and France._] + +[Illustration: _The C.S.S._ Hunley_, a completely submersible craft, was +hand-propelled by a crew of eight. The 25-foot submarine sank off +Charleston along with her first and only victim, the U.S.S._ +Housatonic.] + +[Illustration: _Steam-powered torpedo boats of the Confederate Navy were +capable of partially submerging with only their stacks showing. These +tiny "Davids", named after the Biblical warrior, could be either manned +or remotely controlled from shore._] + +[Illustration: U.S. Army Uniforms (LIEUT. GENERAL U.S. ARMY. UNDRESS; +BRIG. GENERAL U.S. ARMY. FULL DRESS; COLONEL OF INFANTRY U.S. ARMY. FULL +DRESS; CAPTAIN OF ARTILLERY U.S. ARMY. FULL DRESS)] + +[Illustration: U.S. Army Uniforms (MAJOR OF CAVALRY, U.S. ARMY. FULL +DRESS; LIEUT. COLONEL, SURG., U.S. ARMY. OFFICERS OVERCOAT AND STAFF +TROWSERS; SERGEANT MAJOR, ARTILLERY, U.S. ARMY. FULL DRESS; SERGEANT, +INFANTRY, U.S. ARMY. FULL DRESS)] + +[Illustration: U.S. Army Uniforms (PRIVATE, U.S. INFANTRY. FATIGUE +MARCHING ORDER; CORPORAL, CAVALRY, U.S. ARMY. FULL DRESS; PRIVATE, LIGHT +ARTILLERY, U.S. ARMY. FULL DRESS; GREAT COAT FOR ALL MOUNTED MEN CAVALRY)] + +[Illustration: UNITED STATES UNIFORMS IN THE CIVIL WAR (REG. CAVALRY +PRIVATE. GEN. GRANT'S UNIFORM. ARTILLERY LINE OFFICER. DURYEA'S +ZOUAVE. HAWKIN'S ZOUAVE. REG. INFANTRY PRIVATE. DURYEA'S ZOUAVE LINE +OFFICER. CAMPAIGN UNIFORM INFANTRY. REG. ARTILLERY PRIVATE. INFANTRY +OVERCOAT.)] + +[Illustration: CONFEDERATE UNIFORMS (NORTH CAROLINA MILITIA. REG. +INFANTRY PRIVATE. WASHINGTON ARTILLERY. MONTGOMERY TRUE BLUE. FIELD +OFFICER OF INFANTRY. GEN. LEE'S UNIFORM. REG. CAVALRY PRIVATE. LOUISIANA +TIGER. LOUISIANA ZOUAVE. REG. ARTILLERY PRIVATE.)] + +[Illustration: C.S. Army Uniforms (GENERAL, C.S. ARMY. COLONEL, +INFANTRY, C.S. ARMY. COLONEL, ENGINEERS, C.S. ARMY. MAJOR, CAVALRY, C.S. +ARMY.)] + +[Illustration: C.S. Army Uniforms (SURGEON, MAJOR MED. DEPT., C.S. ARMY. +CAPTAIN, ARTILLERY, C.S. ARMY. FIRST LIEUTENANT INFANTRY, C.S. ARMY. +SERGEANT, CAVALRY, C.S. ARMY.)] + +[Illustration: C.S. Army Uniforms (CORPORAL, ARTILLERY, C.S. ARMY. +PRIVATE, INFANTRY, C.S. ARMY. INFANTRY, C.S. ARMY. OVERCOAT; CAVALRY, +C.S. ARMY. OVERCOAT)] + +[Illustration: _In 1864 nearly 4,000 wagons traveled with Meade's Army +of the Potomac, each capable of carrying 2,500 pounds of supplies. +During one year the Federal Army purchased 14,500 wagons and captured an +additional 2,000._] + +[Illustration: _"The muscles of his brawny arms are strong as +ironbands...." Union Army blacksmiths had to shoe nearly 500 new horses +and mules daily._] + +[Illustration: _An old timer that traveled many miles of Virginia road +with a busy and tireless man--General U. S. Grant._] + +[Illustration: _General Lee had hoped that Virginia's numerous streams +and rivers would delay Grant's advance, but Federal engineers with +portable pontoon bridges kept the army at Lee's heels._] + +[Illustration: _This "cornstalk" bridge over Potomac Creek near +Fredericksburg was built by the Military Railroad construction corps +from 204,000 feet of standing timber in nine days._] + +[Illustration: _In one year (1864-1865) the Federal Military Railroad, +with 365 engines and 4,203 cars, delivered over 5 million tons of +supplies to the armies in the field._] + +[Illustration: _Schooners piled high with cartridge boxes lie in the +placid waters off Hampton Roads. In 1865 hundreds of Union troops and +supplies were moved by ocean transports, chartered at a daily cost of +$92,000._] + +[Illustration: _Federal ships crowd the magazine wharf at City Point +with equipment and supplies for army wagons from Petersburg. Twenty per +cent of the total supply tonnage was transported by water._] + +[Illustration: CIVIL WAR SMALL ARMS] + +[Illustration: CIVIL WAR ARTILLERY] + + _MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RANGE IN YARDS_ + + _12-Pounder Howitzer 1,070_ + _6 & 12-Pounder Field Guns 1,200_ + _13-Inch Siege Mortar 3,520_ + _10-Pounder Parrott Rifle 5,000_ + _10-Inch Columbiad Siege Gun 5,650_ + _30-Pounder Parrott Rifle 8,450_ + _12-Pounder Whitworth Rifle 8,800_ + + + _TYPICAL GUNNER'S TABLE_ + + _12-Pounder Field Gun_ _Powder Charge 2.5 lbs._ + + _Range (yards)_ _600_ _700_ _800_ _900_ _1,000_ _1,100_ _1,200_ + _Muzzle Elevation_ _1 deg._ _1 deg.45'_ _2 deg._ _2 deg.15'_ _2 deg.30'_ _3 deg._ _3 deg.30'_ + _Fuse Setting (sec.)_ _1.75_ _2.50_ _2.75_ _3.00_ _3.25_ _4.00_ _4.50_ + +[Illustration: _A 15-inch Rodman smoothbore, one of the largest guns +mounted during the war, stands as a silent sentry guarding the Potomac +at Alexandria, Virginia._] + +[Illustration: _The Parrott Rifle, recognizable by the wrought iron +jacket reinforcing its breech, was one of the first rifled field guns +used by the U.S. Army._] + +[Illustration: _Moved by special rail to the Petersburg front, the +13-inch mortar "Dictator" hurled 200-pound exploding shells at the +Confederate earthworks over two miles away._] + +[Illustration: _Curious Federal soldiers inspect a Confederate armored +gun, the earliest rail artillery on record. This "land ram", designed by +Lt. John M. Brooke of the Confederate Navy, was first used at Savage +Station, Virginia, in 1862._] + +[Illustration: _Gabions, open-end baskets filled with earth, proved as +effective as masonary in defensive works. Thousands of these baskets +were patiently made by hand for use in field and seacoast +fortifications._] + +[Illustration: _Confederate sappers constructed a number of artillery +emplacements covering the avenues of approach to Atlanta. The guns in +this fortification overlook famous Peachtree Street._] + +[Illustration: _Chevaux-de-frise, made of logs pierced by sharp stakes, +line the Georgia countryside. Confederate defensive measures such as +this were effective in stopping cavalry and preventing surprise frontal +attacks by infantry._] + +[Illustration: _The Union military telegraph corps strung more than +15,000 miles of wire during the war. In one year, the Northern armies +kept the wires alive with nearly 1.8 million messages. Galvanic +batteries transported by wagon furnished the electricity._] + +[Illustration: _Flag signals from natural elevations and signal towers +could be seen as far as 20 miles on a clear day. Military information +was often obtained by signalmen on both sides who copied each others +flag messages and tapped telegraph lines._] + +[Illustration: _Balloon observation on the battlefield was made possible +by the portable gas generator. Here Professor T.S.C. Lowe's balloon is +inflated by mobile generators in front of Richmond in 1862._] + +[Illustration: _Dodging Confederate shells which whizzed dangerously +close to the Intrepid, Professor Lowe telegraphed information on +emplacements directly from his balloon and made sketches of the approach +routes to Richmond._] + +[Illustration: _Faulty intelligence furnished by detective Allan +Pinkerton (seated in rear) and his agents misled General George +McClellan during the Peninsula Campaign. The Pinkerton organization was +later replaced by a more efficient military intelligence bureau._] + +[Illustration: _A. D. Lytle, a Baton Rouge photographer, provided +valuable intelligence to Confederate commanders. His photographs, like +this one posed by the 1st Indiana Heavy Artillery, revealed the strength +and condition of Union organizations._] + +[Illustration: _Artillerymen soften an objective for the infantry. +Although field artillery was used extensively, it frightened and +demoralized more men than it wounded. Only 20 per cent of the battle +casualties can be attributed to the artillery._] + +[Illustration: _Assaults on fortified positions were costly, but here at +Petersburg war-weary infantrymen await their turn for another charge +against the Confederate works. Fourteen out of every hundred would +fall._] + +[Illustration: _One of an estimated 584,000 Union and Confederate +soldiers wounded during the war. Of this number, over 80,000 died._] + +[Illustration: _The Union ambulance corps provided one ambulance for +every 150 men during the Wilderness Campaign. In one convoy of 813 +ambulances, over 7,000 sick and wounded were transported to the hospital +in Fredericksburg._] + +[Illustration: _Amputees, like these Union soldiers who survived the +surgeon's scalpel, would never forget the traumatic ordeal. Most wounded +went through surgery while fully conscious with but a little morphine, +when available, to deaden the pain._] + +[Illustration: _A floating palace with bathrooms and laundry, the +hospital ship_ Red Rover _gave many sick and wounded a better chance for +life than they would have had in the crowded field hospitals._] + +[Illustration: _Carver Hospital, where thousands of stricken soldiers +recovered. Walt Whitman and Louisa May Alcott nursed many sick and +wounded in similar Washington hospitals._] + +[Illustration: _The much-publicized Andersonville prison. The +declaration by Union authorities that medicine was a contraband of war +and their unwillingness to exchange prisoners contributed to the +deplorable prison deaths. Prisoners didn't fare better in the North. +Camp Douglas, Illinois, had the highest death rate of all Civil war +prisons--10 per cent of its prisoners died in one month._] + +[Illustration: _Unknown warriors at Cold Harbor awaited a soldier's +burial that never came. Two years later the armies returned to the same +field of battle to find those who were forgotten--still waiting._] + +[Illustration: _Boys volunteered for a man's job. This Confederate lad +gave his last full measure._] + +[Illustration: _The muffled drum's sad roll has beat + The soldier's last tattoo; +No more on Life's parade shall meet + The brave and fallen few. + +On Fame's eternal camping-ground + Their silent tents are spread +And Glory guards, with solemn round, + The bivouac of the dead._" + --_THEODORE O'HARA_] + +[Illustration: _Richmond 1865--Gaunt remains cast their shadow over the +former Confederate capital. The rampaging fire, started during the +evacuation, leveled the waterfront and the business district._] + +[Illustration: _Charleston, South Carolina, shows the scars of modern +warfare. The concept of total war introduced during the 1860's carried +destruction beyond the battlefield._] + +[Illustration: _The home of Wilmer McLean at Appomattox. Here the +tragic drama closed at 3:45 on Palm Sunday afternoon, April 9, 1865._] + +[Illustration: THE SURRENDER AT APPOMATTOX; BASED UPON THE LITHOGRAPH +CALLED "THE DAWN OF PEACE." BY PERMISSION OF W. H. STELLE.] + +[Illustration: _Pennsylvania Avenue--host to the Armies of Grant and +Sherman during the Grand Review._] + +[Illustration: _The last reunion of Blue and Gray at Gettysburg. The +victories and the defeats ... they have become a common property and a +common responsibility of the American people._] + + +Losses in Killed, Wounded, and Missing in Engagements, Etc., + +WHERE THE TOTAL WAS FIVE HUNDRED OR MORE ON THE SIDE OF THE UNION +TROOPS. CONFEDERATE LOSSES GIVEN ARE GENERALLY BASED ON ESTIMATES. + + ---+---------+-----------------------+-----------------------------+------- + | | | |CONFED- + | | | UNION LOSS. | ERATE + | | | | LOSS. + | | +------+-------+-------+------+------- + NO.|DATE. | NAME. |Killed|Wounded|Missing| Total| Total + ---+---------+-----------------------+------+-------+-------+------+------- + | 1861. | | | | | | + 1|July 21 |Bull Run, Va. | 481| 1,011| 1,460| 2,952| 1,752 + 2|Aug 10 |Wilson's Creek, Mo. | 223| 721| 291| 1,235| 1,095 + 3|Sep 12-20|Lexington, Mo. | 42| 108| 1,624| 1,774| 100 + 4|Oct 21 |Ball's Bluff, Va. | 223| 226| 445| 894| 302 + 5|Nov 7 |Belmont, Mo. | 90| 173| 235| 498| 966 + | | | | | | | + | 1862. | | | | | | + 6|Feb 14-16|Fort Donelson, Tenn. | 446| 1,735| 150| 2,331| 15,067 + 7|Mar 6-8 |Pea Ridge, Ark. | 203| 972| 174| 1,349| 5,200 + 8|Mar 14 |New-Berne, N. C. | 91| 466| ---| 557| 583 + 9|Mar 23 |Winchester, Va. | 103| 440| 24| 567| 691 + 10|Apr 6&7 |Shiloh, Tenn. | 1,735| 7,882| 3,956|13,573| 10,699 + 11|May 5 |Williamsburg, Va. | 456| 1,400| 372| 2,228| 1,000 + 12|May 23 |Front Royal, Va. | 32| 122| 750| 904| --- + 13|May 25 |Winchester, Va. | 38| 155| 711| 904| --- + 14|May 31- |Seven Pines and Fair | | | | | + Jun 1 | Oaks, Va. | 890| 3,627| 1,222| 5,739| 7,997 + 15|Jun 8 |Cross Keys, Va. | 125| 500| ---| 625| 287 + 16|Jun 9 |Fort Republic, Va. | 67| 361| 574| 1,002| 657 + 17|Jun 16 |Secessionville, James | | | | | + | | Island, S. C. | 85| 472| 128| 685| 204 + 18|Jun 25 |Oak Grove, Va. | 51| 401| 64| 516| 541 + 19|Jun 26- |Seven days' retreat; | | | | | + | Jul 1 | includes Mechanics- | | | | | + | | ville, Gaines' Mills,| | | | | + | | Chickahominy, Peach | | | | | + | | Orchard, Savage | | | | | + | | Station, Charles City| | | | | + | | Cross Roads, and | | | | | + | | Malvern Hill | 1,582| 7,709| 5,958|15,249| 17,583 + 20|Jul 13 |Murfreesboro', Tenn. | 33| 62| 800| 895| 150 + 21|Aug 8 |Cedar Mountain, Va. | 450| 660| 290| 1,400| 1,307 + 22|Jul 20- |Guerrilla campaign in | | | | | + | Sep 20 | Missouri; includes | | | | | + | | Porter's and Poindex-| | | | | + | | ter's Guerrillas | 77| 156| 347| 580| 2,866 + 23|Aug 28&29|Groveton and | | | | | + | | Gainesville, Va. | ---| ---| ---| 7,000| 7,000 + 24|Aug 30 |Bull Run, Va. (2d) | 800| 4,000| 3,000| 7,800| 3,700 + 25|Aug 30 |Richmond Ky. | 200| 700| 4,000| 4,900| 750 + 26|Sep 1 |Chantilly, Va. | ---| ---| ---| 1,300| 800 + 27|Sep 12-15|Harper's Ferry, Va. | 80| 120| 11,583|11,783| 500 + 28|Sep 14 |Turner's and Crampton's| | | | | + | | Gaps, South Mountain,| | | | | + | | Md. | 443| 1,806| 76| 2,325| 4,343 + 29|Sep 14-16|Munfordsville Ky. | 50| ---| 3,566| 3,616| 714 + 30|Sep 17 |Antietam, Md. | 2,010| 9,416| 1,043|12,469| 25,899 + 31|Sep 19-20|Iuka, Miss. | 144| 598| 40| 782| 1,516 + 32|Oct 3&4 |Corinth, Miss. | 315| 1,812| 232| 2,359| 14,221 + 33|Oct 5 |Big Hatchie River, | | | | | + | | Miss. | ---| ---| ---| 500| 400 + 34|Oct 8 |Perryville, Ky. | 916| 2,943| 489| 4,348| 7,000 + 35|Dec 7 |Prairie Grove, Ark. | 167| 798| 183| 1,148| 1,500 + 36|Dec 7 |Hartsville, Tenn. | 55| ---| 1,800| 1,855| 149 + 37|Dec 12-18|Foster's expedition to | | | | | + | | Goldsboro', N.C. | 90| 478| 9| 577| 739 + 38|Dec 13 |Fredericksburg, Va. | 1,180| 9,028| 2,145|12,353| 4,576 + 39|Dec 20 |Holly Springs, Miss. | ---| ---| 1,000| 1,000| --- + 40|Dec 27 |Elizabethtown, Ky. | ---| ---| 500| 500| --- + 41|Dec 28&29|Chickasaw Bayou, | | | | | + | | Vicksburg, Miss. | 191| 982| 756| 1,929| 207 + 42|Dec 31- |Stone's River, Tenn. | | | | | + | Jan 2 | | 1,533| 7,245| 2,800|11,578| 25,560 + | | | | | | | + | 1863. | | | | | | + 43|Jan 1 |Galveston, Texas | ---| ---| 600| 600| 50 + 44|Jan 11 |Fort Hindman, Arkansas | | | | | + | | Post, Ark. | 129| 831| 17| 977| 5,500 + 45|Mar 4&5 |Thompson's Station, | | | | | + | | Tenn. | 100| 300| 1,306| 1,706| 600 + 46|Apr 27- |Streight's raid from | | | | | + | May 3 | Tuscumbia, Ala., to | | | | | + | | Rome, Ga. | 12| 69| 1,466| 1,547| --- + 47|May 1 |Port Gibson, Miss. | 130| 718| 5| 853| 1,650 + 48|May 1-4 |Chancellorsville, Va. | 1,512| 9,518| 5,000|16,030| 12,281 + 49|May 16 |Champion Mills, Miss. | 426| 1,842| 189| 2,457| 4,300 + 50|May 18- |Siege of Vicksburg, | | | | | + | Jul 4 | Miss. | 545| 3,688| 303| 4,536| 31,277 + 51|May 27- |Siege of Port Hudson, | | | | | + | Jul 9 | La. | 500| 2,500| ---| 3,000| 7,208 + 52|Jun 6-8 |Milliken's Bend, La. | 154| 223| 115| 492| 725 + 53|Jun 9 |Beverly Ford and Brandy| | | | | + | | Station, Va. | ---| ---| ---| 500| 700 + 54|Jun 13-15|Winchester, Va. | ---| ---| 3,000| 3,000| 850 + 55|Jun 23-30|Rosecrans' campaign | | | | | + | | from Murfreesboro' | | | | | + | | to Tullahoma, Tenn. | 85| 462| 13| 560| 1,634 + 56|July 1-3 |Gettysburg, Pa. | 2,834| 13,709| 6,643|23,186| 31,621 + 57|July 9-16|Jackson, Miss. | 100| 800| 100| 1,000| 1,339 + + ---+---------+-----------------------+-----------------------------+------- + | | | |CONFED- + | | | UNION LOSS. | ERATE + | | | | LOSS. + | | +------+-------+-------+------+------- + NO.|DATE. | NAME. |Killed|Wounded|Missing| Total| Total + ---+---------+-----------------------+------+-------+-------+------+------- + 58|Jul 18 |Second assault on Fort | | | | | + | | Wagner, S. C | ---| ---| ---| 1,500| 174 + 59|Sep 19-20|Chickamauga, Ga. | 1,644| 9,262| 4,945|15,851| 17,804 + 60|Nov 3 |Grand Coteau, La. | 26| 124| 576| 726| 445 + 61|Nov 6 |Rogersville, Tenn. | 5| 12| 650| 667| 30 + 62|Nov 23-25|Chattanooga, Tenn.; | | | | | + | | includes Orchard | | | | | + | | Knob, Lookout | | | | | + | | Mountain, and | | | | | + | | Missionary Ridge. | 757| 4,529| 330| 5,616| 8,684 + 63|Nov 26-28|Operations at Mine Run,| | | | | + | | Va. | 100| 400| ---| 500| 500 + 64|Dec 14 |Bean's Station, Tenn. | ---| ---| ---| 700| 900 + | | | | | | | + | 1864. | | | | | | + 65|Feb 20 |Olustee, Fla. | 193| 1,175| 460| 1,828| 500 + 66|Apr 8 |Sabine Cross Roads, La.| 200| 900| 1,800| 2,900| 1,500 + 67|Apr 9 |Pleasant Hills, La. | 100| 700| 300| 1,100| 2,000 + 68|Apr 12 |Fort Pillow, Tenn. | 350| 60| 164| 574| 80 + 69|Apr 17-20|Plymouth, N. C. | 20| 80| 1,500| 1,600| 500 + 70|Apr 30 |Jenkins' Ferry, Saline | | | | | + | | River, Ark. | 200| 955| ---| 1,155| 1,100 + 71|May 5-7 |Wilderness, Va. | 5,597| 21,463| 10,677|37,737| 11,400 + 72|May 5-9 |Rocky Face Ridge, Ga.; | | | | | + | | includes Tunnel Hill,| | | | | + | | Mill Creek Gap, | | | | | + | | Buzzard Roost, Snake | | | | | + | | Creek Gap, and near | | | | | + | | Dalton | 200| 637| --- | 837| 600 + 73|May 8-18 |Spottsylvania Court | | | | | + | | House, Va.; includes | | | | | + | | engagements on the | | | | | + | | Fredericksburg Road, | | | | | + | | Laurel Hill, and Nye | | | | | + | | River | 4,177| 19,687| 2,577|26,461| 9,000 + 74|May 9-10 |Swift Creek, Va. | 90| 400| ---| 490| 500 + 75|May 9-10 |Cloyd's Mountain and | | | | | + | |New River Bridge, Va. | 126| 585| 34| 745| 900 + 76|May 12-16|Fort Darling, Drewry's | | | | | + | | Bluff, Va. | 422| 2,380| 210| 3,012| 2,500 + 77|May 13-16|Resaca, Ga. | 600| 2,147| ---| 2,747| 2,800 + 78|May 15 |New Market, Va. | 120| 560| 240| 920| 405 + 79|May 16-30|Bermuda Hundred, Va. | 200| 1,000| ---| 1,200| 3,000 + 80|May 23-27|North Anna River, Va. | 223| 1,460| 290| 1,973| 2,000 + 81|May 25- |Dallas, Ga. | | | | | + | Jun 4 | | ---| ---| ---| 2,400| 3,000 + 82|Jun 1-12 |Cold Harbor, Va. | 1,905| 10,570| 2,456|14,931| 1,700 + 83|Jun 5 |Piedmont, Va. | 130| 650| ---| 780| 2,970 + 84|Jun 9-30 |Kenesaw Mountain, Ga.; | | | | | + | | includes Pine | | | | | + | | Mountain, Pine Knob, | | | | | + | | Golgotha, Culp's | | | | | + | | House, general | | | | | + | | assault, Jun 27th: | | | | | + | | McAfee's Cross Roads,| | | | | + | | Lattemore's Mills | | | | | + | | and Powder Springs | 1,370| 6,500| 800| 8,670| 4,600 + 85|Jun 10 |Brice's Cross Roads, | | | | | + | | near Guntown, Miss. | 223| 394| 1,623| 2,240| 606 + 86|Jun 10 |Kellar's Bridge, | | | | | + | | Licking River, Ky. | 13| 54| 700| 767| --- + 87|Jun 11-12|Trevellian Station, | | | | | + | | Central Railroad, Va.| 85| 490| 160| 735| 370 + 88|Jun 15-19|Petersburg, Va.; | | | | | + | | includes Baylor's | | | | | + | | Farm, Walthal, and | | | | | + | | Weir Bottom Church | 1,298| 7,474| 1,814|10,586| --- + 89|Jun 17&18|Lynchburg, Va. | 100| 500| 400| 700| 200 + 90|Jun 20-30|Trenches in front of | | | | | + | | Petersburg, Va. | 112| 506| 800| 1,418| --- + 91|Jun 22-30|Wilson's raid on the | | | | | + | | Weldon Railroad, Va. | 76| 265| 700| 1,041| 300 + 92|Jun 22-23|Weldon Railroad, Va. | 604| 2,494| 2,217| 5,315| 500 + 93|Jun 27 |Kenesaw Mountain, | | | | | + | | general assault. | | | | | + | | See No. 2,345 | ---| ---| ---| 3,000| 608 + 94|Jul 1-31 |Front of Petersburg, | | | | | + | | Va.; losses at the | | | | | + | | Crater and Deep | | | | | + | | Bottom not included | 419| 2,076| 1,200| 3,695| --- + 95|Jul 6-10 |Chattahoochee River, | | | | | + | | Ga. | 80| 450| 200| 730| 600 + 96|Jul 9 |Monocacy, Md. | 90| 579| 1,290| 1,959| 400 + 97|Jul 13-15|Tupelo, Miss.; includes| | | | | + | | Harrisburg and Old | | | | | + | | Town Creek | 85| 563| ---| 648| 700 + 98|Jul 20 |Peach Tree Creek, Ga. | 300| 1,410| ---| 1,710| 4,796 + 99|Jul 22 |Atlanta, Ga.; Hood's | | | | | + | | first sortie | 500| 2,141| 1,000| 3,641| 8,499 + 100|Jul 24 |Winchester, Va. | ---| ---| ---| 1,200| 600 + 101|Jul 26-31|Stoneman's raid to | | | | | + | | Macon, Ga. | ---| 100| 900| 1,000| --- + 102|Jul 26-31|McCook's raid to | | | | | + | | Lovejoy Station, Ga. | ---| 100| 500| 600| --- + 103|Jul 28 |Ezra Chapel, Atlanta, | | | | | + | | Ga.; second sortie. | 100| 600| ---| 700| 4,642 + 104|Jul 30 |Mine explosion at | | | | | + | | Petersburg, Va. | 419| 1,679| 1,910| 4,008| 1,200 + 105|Aug 1-31 |Trenches before | | | | | + | | Petersburg, Va. | 87| 484| ---| 571| --- + 106|Aug 14-18|Strawberry Plains, Deep| | | | | + | | Bottom Run, Va. | 400| 1,755| 1,400| 3,555| 1,100 + 107|Aug 18, |Six Mile House, Weldon | | | | | + | 19&21 | Railroad, Va. | 212| 1,155| 3,176| 4,543| 4,000 + 108|Aug 21 |Summit Point, Va. | ---| ---| ---| 600| 400 + 109|Aug 25 |Ream's Station, Va. | 127| 546| 1,769| 2,442| 1,500 + 110|Aug 31- |Jonesboro', Ga. | | | | | + | Sep 1 | | ---| 1,149| ---| 1,149| 2,000 + 111|May 5- |Campaign in Northern | | | | | + | Sep 8 | Georgia, from | | | | | + | | Chattanooga, Tenn., | | | | | + | | to Atlanta, Ga. | 5,284| 26,129| 5,786|37,199| --- + 112|Sep 1- |Trenches before | | | | | + | Oct 30 | Petersburg, Va. | 170| 822| 812| 1,804| 1,000 + 113|Sep 19 |Opequan, Winchester, | | | | | + | | Va. | 653| 3,719| 618| 4,990| 5,500 + 114|Sep 23 |Athens, Ala. | ---| ---| 950| 950| 30 + 115|Sep 24- |Price's invasion of | | | | | + | Oct 28 | Missouri; includes a | | | | | + | | number of engagements| 170| 336| ---| 506| --- + 116|Sep 28-30|New Market Heights, Va.| 400| 2,029| ---| 2,429| 2,000 + 117|Sep 30- |Preble's Farm, Poplar | | | | | + | Oct 1 |Springs Church, Va. | 141| 788| 1,756| 2,685| 900 + ---+---------+-----------------------+-----------------------------+------- + | | | |CONFED- + | | | UNION LOSS. | ERATE + | | | | LOSS. + | | +------+-------+-------+------+------- + NO.|DATE. | NAME. |Killed|Wounded|Missing| Total| Total + ---+---------+-----------------------+------+-------+-------+------+------- + 118|Oct 5 |Allatoona, Ga. | 142| 352| 212| 706| 1,142 + 119|Oct 19 |Cedar Creek, Va. | 588| 3,516| 1,891| 5,995| 4,200 + 120|Oct 27 |Hatcher's Run, South | | | | | + | | Side Railroad, Va. | 156| 1,047| 699| 1,902| 1,000 + 121|Oct 27&28|Fair Oaks, near | | | | | + | | Richmond, Va. | 120| 783| 400| 1,303| 451 + 122|Nov 28 |Fort Kelly, New Creek, | | | | | + | | West Va. | ---| ---| 700| 700| 5 + 123|Nov 30 |Franklin, Tenn. | 189| 1,033| 1,104| 2,326| 6,252 + 124|Nov 30 |Honey Hill, Broad | | | | | + | | River, S. C. | 66| 645| ---| 711| --- + 125|Dec 6-9 |Deveaux's Neck, S. C. | 39| 390| 200| 629| 400 + 126|Dec 15&16|Nashville, Tenn. | 400| 1,740| ---| 2,140| 15,000 + | | | | | | | + | 1865. | | | | | | + 127|Jan 11 |Beverly, West Va. | 5| 20| 583| 608| --- + 128|Jan 13-15|Fort Fisher, N. C. | 184| 749| 22| 955| 2,483 + 129|Feb 5-7 |Dabney's Mills, | | | | | + | | Hatcher's Run, Va. | 232| 1,062| 186| 1,480| 1,200 + 130|Mar 8-10 |Wilcox's Bridge, Wise's| | | | | + | | Fork, N. C. | 80| 421| 600| 1,101| 1,500 + 131|Mar 16 |Averysboro', N. C. | 77| 477| ---| 554| 865 + 132|Mar 19-21|Bentonville, N. C. | 191| 1,168| 287| 1,646| 2,825 + 133|Mar 25 |Fort Steedman, in front| | | | | + | | of Petersburg, Va. | 68| 337| 506| 911| 2,681 + 134|Mar 25 |Petersburg, Va. | 103| 864| 209| 1,176| 834 + 135|Mar 26- |Spanish Fort, Ala. | | | | | + | Apr 8 | | 100| 695| ---| 795| 552 + 136|Mar 22- |Wilson's raid from | 99| 598| 28| 725| 8,020 + | Apr 24 | Chickasaw, Ala., to | | | | | + | | Macon, Ga.; includes | | | | | + | | a number of | | | | | + | | engagements | | | | | + 137|Mar 31 |Boydton and White Oak | | | | | + | | Roads, Va. | 177| 1,134| 556| 1,867| 1,235 + 138|Apr 1 |Five Forks, Va. | 124| 706| 54| 884| 8,500 + 139|Apr 2 |Fall of Petersburg, Va.| 296| 2,565| 500| 3,361| 3,000 + 140|Apr 6 |Sailor's Creek, Va. | 166| 1,014| ---| 1,180| 7,000 + 141|Apr 6 |High Bridge, Appomattox| | | | | + | | River, Va. | 10| 31| 1,000| 1,041| --- + 142|Apr 7 |Farmville, Va. | ---| ---| ---| 655| --- + 143|Apr 9 |Fort Blakely, Ala. | 113| 516| ---| 629| 2,900 + 144|Apr 9 |Surrender of Lee | ---| ---| ---| ---| 26,000 + 145|Apr 26 |Johnston surrendered | ---| ---| ---| ---| 29,924 + 146|May 4 |Taylor surrendered | ---| ---| ---| ---| 10,000 + 147|May 10 |Sam Jones surrendered | ---| ---| ---| ---| 8,000 + 148|May 11 |Jeff Thompson | | | | | + | | surrendered | ---| ---| ---| ---| 7,454 + 149|May 26 |Kirby Smith surrendered| ---| ---| ---| ---| 20,000 + ---+---------+-----------------------+------+-------+-------+------+------- + + + Statement of the Number of Engagements + +IN THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES DURING EACH YEAR OF THE WAR. + + ------------------+------+------+------+------+------+------ + STATES AND | | | | | | + TERRITORIES. |=1861=|=1862=|=1863=|=1864=|=1865=| Total + ------------------+------+------+------+------+------+------ + New York | ---| ---| 1| ---| ---| 1 + Pennsylvania | ---| ---| 8| 1| ---| 9 + Maryland | 3| 9| 10| 8| ---| 30 + Dist. of Columbia | ---| ---| ---| 1| ---| 1 + West Virginia | 29| 114| 17| 19| 1| 80 + Virginia | 30| 40| 116| 205| 28| 519 + North Carolina | 2| 27| 18| 10| 28| 85 + South Carolina | 2| 10| 17| 9| 22| 60 + Georgia | ---| 2| 8| 92| 6| 108 + Florida | 3| 3| 4| 17| 5| 32 + Alabama | ---| 10| 12| 32| 24| 78 + Mississippi | ---| 42| 76| 67| 1| 186 + Louisiana | 1| 11| 54| 50| 2| 118 + Texas | 1| 2| 8| 1| 2| 14 + Arkansas | 1| 42| 40| 78| 6| 167 + Tennessee | 2| 82| 124| 89| 1| 298 + Kentucky | 14| 59| 30| 31| 4| 138 + Ohio | ---| ---| 3| ---| ---| 3 + Indiana | ---| ---| 4| ---| ---| 4 + Illinois | ---| ---| ---| 1| ---| 1 + Missouri | 65| 95| 43| 41| ---| 244 + Minnesota | ---| 5| 1| ---| ---| 6 + California | ---| 1| 4| 1| ---| 6 + Kansas | ---| ---| 2| 5| ---| 7 + Oregon | ---| ---| ---| 3| 1| 4 + Nevada | ---| ---| ---| 2| ---| 2 + Washington Ter. | ---| ---| 1| ---| ---| 1 + Utah | ---| ---| 1| ---| ---| 1 + New Mexico | 3| 5| 7| 4| ---| 19 + Nebraska | ---| ---| 2| ---| ---| 2 + Colorado | ---| ---| ---| 4| ---| 4 + Indian Territory | ---| 2| 9| 3| 3| 17 + Dakota | ---| 2| 5| 4| ---| 11 + Arizona | ---| 1| 1| 1| 1| 4 + Idaho | ---| ---| 1| ---| ---| 1 + +------+------+------+------+------+------ + | 156| 564| 627| 779| 135| 2,261 + ------------------+------+------+---- -+------+------+------ + +[Illustration: BATTLE FIELDS OF THE GREAT CIVIL WAR] + + + + + + RECOMMENDED READING + + + Civil War in the Making: 1815-1860--_Avery O. Craven_ + The Coming of the Civil War--_Avery O. Craven_ + The Irrepressible Conflict--_Arthur C. Cole_ + + + West Point Atlas of American Wars, 2 vols.--_Vincent J. + Esposito_ + The Story of the Confederacy--_Robert Selph Henry_ + Storm Over the Land: A Profile of the Civil War--_Carl Sandburg_ + The Confederate States of America--_E. Merton Coulter_ + The Compact History of the Civil War--_R. Ernest and Trevor N. + Dupuy_ + The Civil War and Reconstruction--_James G. Randall_ + + The Blue and the Gray--_Henry Steele Commager_ + The Common Soldier in the Civil War--_Bell Irvin Wiley_ + They Fought for the Union--_Francis A. Lord_ + Spies for the Blue and Gray--_Harnett Kane_ + + Battles and Leaders, 4 vols.--_Robert Johnson and Clarence Buel, + ed._ + The Civil War at Sea--_Virgil Carrington Jones_ + Lee's Lieutenants, 3 vols.--_Douglas Southall Freeman_ + R.E. Lee, 4 vols.--_Douglas Southall Freeman_ + Mr. Lincoln's Army--_Bruce Catton_ + Glory Road--_Bruce Catton_ + Stillness at Appomattox--_Bruce Catton_ + This Hallowed Ground--_Bruce Catton_ + The Generalship of U.S. Grant--_J.F.C. Fuller_ + Sherman--Soldier, Realist, American--_B.H. Lidell Hart_ + Stonewall Jackson: A Study in Command--_G.F.R. Henderson_ + The Civil War: A Soldier's View--_Jay Luvaas, ed._ + As They Saw Forrest--_Robert Selph Henry, ed._ + The Army of the Tennessee--_Stanley Horne_ + Lincoln's Plan for Reconstruction--_William B. Hesseltine_ + Lincoln's War Cabinet--_Burton J. Hendrick_ + Organization and Administration of the Union Army, 2 + vols.--_Frederick A. Shannon_ + War Department 1861--_Alfred H. Meneely_ + Rebel Brass: The Confederate Command System--_Frank E. Vandiver_ + Jefferson Davis--_Hudson Strode_ + + + Photographic History of the Civil War, 10 vols.--_Francis T. + Miller and Robert Lanier, ed._ + American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War--_Bruce + Catton, ed._ + Divided We Fought--_Hirst Milhollen, Milton Kaplan, Hulen + Stuart_ + + Notes on U.S. Ordnance, 2 vols.--_James E. Hicks_ + U.S. Muskets, Rifles, and Carbines--_Arcadi Gluckman_ + Firearms of the Confederacy--_Claud Fuller and Richard Stuart_ + + + + + CIVIL WAR CENTENNIAL PROCLAMATION + No. 3882 + + BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA + A PROCLAMATION + + +The years 1961-1965 will mark the one hundredth anniversary of the +American Civil War. + +That war was America's most tragic experience. But like all truly great +tragedies, it carries with it an enduring lesson and a profound +inspiration. It was a demonstration of heroism and sacrifice by men and +women of both sides, who valued principle above life itself and whose +devotion to duty is a proud part of our national inheritance. + +Both sections of our magnificently reunited country sent into their +armies men who became soldiers as good as any who ever fought under any +flag. Military history records nothing finer than the courage and spirit +displayed at such battles as Chickamauga, Antietam, Kenesaw Mountain and +Gettysburg. That America could produce men so valiant and so enduring is +a matter for deep and abiding pride. + +The same spirit on the part of the people back home supported those +soldiers through four years of great trial. That a Nation which +contained hardly more than 30 million people, North and South together, +could sustain 600,000 deaths without faltering is a lasting testimonial +to something unconquerable in the American spirit. And that a +transcending sense of unity and larger common purpose could, in the end, +cause the men and women who had suffered so greatly to close ranks once +the contest ended and to go on together to build a greater, freer and +happier America must be a source of inspiration as long as our country +may last. + +By a joint resolution approved on September 7, 1957, the Congress +established the Civil War Centennial Commission to coordinate the +nationwide observances of the one hundredth anniversary of the Civil +War. This resolution authorized and requested the President to issue +proclamations inviting the people of the United States to participate in +those observances. + +NOW THEREFORE, I, DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, President of the United States +of America, do hereby invite all of the people of our country to take a +direct and active part in the Centennial of the Civil War. + +I request all units and agencies of government, Federal, State and +local, and their officials, to encourage, foster and participate in +Centennial observances. And I especially urge our Nation's schools and +colleges, its libraries and museums, its churches and religious bodies, +its civic, service and patriotic organizations, its learned and +professional societies, its arts, sciences and industries, and its +informational media, to plan and carry out their own appropriate +Centennial observances during the years 1961 to 1965; all to the end of +enriching our knowledge and appreciation of this great chapter in our +Nation's history and of making this memorable period truly a Centennial +for all Americans. + +IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Seal of +the United States of America to be affixed. + + DONE at the City of Washington this 6th day of December in the + year of our Lord nineteen hundred and sixty, and of the + Independence of the United States of America the one hundred + and eighty-fourth. + + By the President: + + Dwight D. Eisenhower + + +ABOUT THE AUTHOR + +William H. Price is a pursuer of the lesser-known, but important, facts +about the Civil War; an interest that is reflected throughout this +unique handbook. Living in Northern Virginia, he has been over many +square miles of the battlefields on foot and, often with a surveyor's +transit, has plotted key sites and troop positions left obscure in the +records of the armies. He specializes in the smaller, yet significant +battles fought in Virginia--First Manassas, Cedar Mountain, Brandy +Station--and in the operations of the signals services and topographical +engineers. Modern data-processing techniques were applied to the Civil +War for the first time when he devised a new method of cataloguing the +war's battles, skirmishes, and engagements; this compilation, prepared +by International Business Machines Corporation, is being used by the +National and State Commissions in planning the numerous Civil War +Centennial events. + +Virgil Carrington Jones, biographer of Ranger Mosby and author of "The +Civil War at Sea", has best and most accurately described Mr. Price as +"a walking encyclopedia of Civil War lore". + +A native of North Carolina, he has served on the staff of the American +Military Institute and is a member of the Civil War Centennial +Commission of the District of Columbia. + + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's Notes: + +Research indicates that the copyright was not renewed. + +Page 18: Corrected Gary to Gray "Gray and Blue CWRT" + +Page 19: Changed WISCONSIN (1) to WISCONSIN (2) + +Page 20: Changed Shenanhoah to Shenandoah + +Page 27: Changed 1960s to 1860s "for the Shamrock Regiment of the +1860's" + +Page 32: Corrected spelling of "wariors" to "warriors" + +Page 67: Abbreviated dates to narrow the table + +Page 71: Corrected spelling of "Irrepressable" to "Irrepressible +Conflict" + +Text uses both ironclad and iron-clad + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Civil War Centennial Handbook, by +William H. 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