initial commit of ebook 37632HEADmain

1 files changed, 1615 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/37632-8.txt b/37632-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a079cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/37632-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1615 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Journal of Entomology and Zoology, by 
+Horace Gunthorp and Charles P. Alexander and W. A. Hilton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Journal of Entomology and Zoology
+       Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919
+
+Author: Horace Gunthorp
+        Charles P. Alexander
+        W. A. Hilton
+
+Editor: Pomona College Department of Zoology
+
+Release Date: October 5, 2011 [EBook #37632]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Diane Monico, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+VOLUME ELEVEN            NUMBER FOUR
+
+JOURNAL
+OF
+ENTOMOLOGY
+AND
+ZOOLOGY
+
+DECEMBER, 1919
+
+PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY
+POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT _of_ ZOOLOGY
+CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                              Page
+
+NOTES ON THE BEHAVIOR OF THE SOCIAL WASP POLISTES
+    --_Horace Gunthorp_                                        63
+
+BIOLOGY OF THE NORTH AMERICAN CRANE-FLIES. V. THE
+    GENUS DICRANOPTYCHA--_Charles P. Alexander_                67
+
+THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF NUCULA AND MALLETIA
+    --_W. A. Hilton_                                           75
+
+
+Entered Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1, 1910, as second-class
+matter, under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879
+
+
+
+
+Journal of Entomology and Zoology
+
+EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
+
+
+_Subscription_ $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries.
+
+This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological and
+entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports of
+societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions.
+
+The pages of the journal are especially open to western entomologists
+and zoologists. Notes and papers relating to western and Californian
+forms and conditions are particularly desired, but short morphological,
+systematic or economic studies from any locality will be considered for
+publication.
+
+Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of paper about
+8 by 11 inches. Foot notes, tables, explanations of figures, etc.,
+should be written on separate sheets. Foot notes and figures should be
+numbered consecutively throughout. The desired position of foot notes
+and figures should be clearly indicated in the manuscript.
+
+Figures should be drawn so that they may be reproduced as line cuts so
+far as possible. An unusually large number of half tones must be paid
+for in part by the author. Other more expensive illustrations will be
+furnished at cost. Figures for cuts should be made to conform to the
+size of the page when reduced, that is, 5 by 7-1/2 inches or less. The
+lettering should be by means of printed numbers and letters pasted on
+the drawings, in most cases.
+
+Authors of articles longer than a thousand words will receive fifty
+reprints of their publications free of cost. If more than this are
+desired, the order should be given with the return of the proof sheets.
+Extra copies and special covers or special paper will be furnished at
+cost. Authors of short contributions will receive a few extra copies of
+the number containing their articles.
+
+Manuscripts should be sent by express or registered mail.
+
+Address all communications to
+
+THE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
+William A. Hilton, Editor
+Claremont, California, U. S. A.
+
+
+
+
+Notes on the Behavior of the Social Wasp Polistes
+
+HORACE GUNTHORP
+
+Washburn College, Topeka, Kans.
+
+
+One day last September the writer picked up a nest of the common social
+wasp, _Polistes_, which had been detached from its support, and placed
+it upon his desk. A short time later he was attracted by a scratching
+sound, and discovered that one of the wasps was just beginning to cut
+the cap from its cell preparatory to emerging. During the next few days
+a series of observations were made and notes taken covering the
+behavior of the wasps which emerged from their cells during that
+period. Miss Enteman[A] has made a careful study of the instincts of
+the social wasps, and while the observations recorded in the present
+paper are largely corroborative of her work, some interesting details
+are here added.
+
+The cutting of the cap of the cell occupied some time, and extended
+around four-fifths of its circumference, the remaining one-fifth being
+gnawed and partially chewed through so that it was flexible enough to
+act as a hinge for the cap. After the cap was sufficiently cut away,
+the wasp started to slowly work itself out, pushing up the top of the
+cell like a trap door as progress was made. A good deal of effort was
+required to get the body out until the front legs were freed. Then the
+wasp had more purchase and progress was somewhat faster until the
+second pair of legs came out. After this slight effort seemed to be
+necessary for the completion of the operation.
+
+For the next thirty minutes careful observations were made of the
+movements of this wasp in order to ascertain its first reactions. It is
+evident that they would be somewhat modified from what they are here
+recorded if the colony had contained the queen and other workers, as
+this specimen had the run of the entire nest, and none of its movements
+were effected by those of other individuals. It is equally evident that
+all stimuli came from within, or from contact with the nest, and not
+from suggestions received from other individuals or from contact with
+them. The following is the record made at one minute intervals,
+beginning with the time the specimen left its cell:
+
+     8:06. Specimen emerged from its cell.
+
+     8:07. Cleaned its front legs in its mouth and its antennæ
+           with its front legs.
+
+     8:08. Moved around some. Rubbed its wings with its hind legs
+           and spread them out twice.
+
+     8:09. Cleaned antennæ and front legs.
+
+     8:10. Swung abdomen back and forth, and brushed its wings.
+           Moved around the nest rapidly and waved the antennæ,
+           but all movements were jerky.
+
+     8:11. Explored nest, occasionally rubbing abdomen with legs.
+
+     8:12. Explored nest.
+
+     8:13. Explored nest. Movements unsteady. Cleaned antennæ and
+           front legs.
+
+     8:14. Explored nest, in the course of which it went over the
+           edge on to the back side, but immediately returned to
+           the under side. Cleaned the front legs and antennæ,
+           and then the hind legs.
+
+     8:15. Spread out the wings. Cleaned the antennæ.
+
+     8:16. Cleaned abdomen.
+
+     8:17. Crawled on top or back side of nest again and stayed
+           there. Cleaned wings and abdomen.
+
+     8:18. Explored top. Cleaned front legs and antennæ.
+
+     8:19. Stood still. Occasional movement of head, antennæ or
+           abdomen.
+
+     8:20. Same as 8:19.
+
+     8:21. Began to explore again, becoming quite lively. Antennæ
+           constantly waving.
+
+     8:22. Same as 8:21, but extended its travels to the under
+           (cell) side of the nest.
+
+     8:23. Left the nest entirely and began to walk around the
+           surface of the desk.
+
+     8:24. Started to climb a bottle that was some six inches
+           from the nest. Antennæ still waving.
+
+     8:25. On the neck of the bottle, two inches above the
+           surface of the desk. Cleaned front legs and antennæ.
+
+     8:26. Quiet except that it spread its wings once.
+
+     8:27. Still on neck of bottle. Moved its head and antennæ
+           back and forth.
+
+     8:28. Slight change in position. Antennæ were still waving.
+           Rubbed its wings, spread them, and then rubbed them
+           again.
+
+     8:29. Rubbed its hind legs together vigorously.
+
+     8:30. Spread wings once, then rubbed them and the abdomen
+           with the hind legs. Rubbed the hind legs together, and
+           finally rubbed the right wings vigorously.
+
+     8:31. Moved around some, occasionally stopping to rub the
+           right wings.
+
+     8:32. Explored the neck of the bottle.
+
+     8:33. Same as 8:32. Cleaned antennæ.
+
+     8:34. Same as 8:33.
+
+     8:35. Stood still but continued to clean antennæ and front
+           legs.
+
+     8:36. Climbed up and explored the cork of the bottle.
+
+     8:37-8:40. Stood still on the cork, occasionally moving its
+           jaws.
+
+At 8:40 the nest was placed against the cork and the wasp immediately
+crawled onto it, but seemed restless. As the nest has a faint, but
+distinct, odor of honey, it was probably attracted to it through the
+sense of smell.
+
+The next morning the specimen was nowhere in sight, but forty-eight
+hours later it fell out of a loose-leaf binder that had been lying on
+the desk. It seemed to be as active as when seen two days before. Some
+time during the second night after the appearance of the first
+specimen, that is, when it was some thirty hours old, a second
+individual emerged. This one was discovered on a pile of books two feet
+from the nest where it had evidently crawled soon after emerging.
+
+As soon as the first specimen was rediscovered, that is, when it was
+sixty hours old, the second wasp then being thirty hours old, the two
+were placed on the nest, and this in turn was placed on a book. They
+both started on tours of observation, and every time they came in
+contact with each other they made sudden starts and jumps to avoid an
+evidently startling new object, meanwhile violently waving their
+antennæ and often cleaning these organs after such contact. Dr. Enteman
+says, "All wasps possess the instinct of fear. This ... is readily
+overcome by the frequent appearance of the awe-inspiring object." This
+is true, because they were evidently on familiar terms with each other
+in half an hour, and paid very little attention to the frequent
+meetings which before had apparently distressed them. They wandered
+freely over their nest and the top surface of the book on which it was
+placed, but did not attempt to climb off the latter.
+
+At 12 o'clock, four hours later, a third wasp had appeared, and none of
+the specimens seemed to be disturbed by the presence of the others.
+When the nest was first picked up, one cell containing a well formed
+pupa was uncapped. This specimen was then alive, but it may have been
+dead at the time of this observation. In either case, it had been
+dragged out of its cell, decapitated, and the front legs torn off. No
+trace of the head was found, but the body and legs were on the book
+about one inch from the nest. Whether this act was connected with the
+hunger of the wasps themselves or with the first development of the
+instinct of feeding the larvæ in the nest, which Miss Enteman says
+begins without imitation, is not clear.
+
+At 2 p. m. (two hours later) the colony was placed out of doors, still
+on the book. Two of the wasps soon left the latter, and settled near
+it, keeping very quiet for half an hour. The third kept climbing over
+and around the nest. At 2:30 one of the two wasps returned to the nest.
+
+At 3 p. m. two of the specimens were on the ground near the porch. They
+made only short flights, resembling jumps with the wings assisting,
+this being true even when they were disturbed. The third wasp was
+beside the colony, chewing on the decapitated pupa, probably getting
+some nourishment from it in the process.
+
+During the afternoon the nest was disturbed, and at 6 p. m. all three
+specimens had gone from the porch. One was found wandering aimlessly on
+a canna leaf near by. It did not seem to be able to fly well. The other
+two had disappeared entirely.
+
+The nest was saved and several days later a fourth wasp appeared. It
+was a very lively specimen, and spent the first few hours actively
+exploring the nest. It seemed of a very nervous disposition, being more
+easily disturbed than any of the others had been. Every time the nest
+was picked up, it would start for the fingers or forceps holding it. At
+one time it was observed with its whole body in a cell, head downward,
+evidently examining the interior. After staying close to the nest for a
+day, it began to fly around the floor of the room, paying no more
+attention to its former home. Even when it was placed on or near it, it
+would almost immediately crawl or fly away. Its flying was erratic, and
+seemed to lack power, but it got along much better than any of the
+other three had done.
+
+From the above observations it would appear that the movements of the
+wasp recorded at one minute intervals after emergence from its cell
+were probably reactions due to the discomfort of the drying and
+hardening of the tissues. At first the wasps apparently had very
+little, if any, home instinct. The only things to indicate that they
+had any were the facts that the first specimen so readily left the cork
+on which it was sitting and went back to its nest when the latter was
+held near it, and the fourth wasp stayed on or near the nest for the
+first twelve hours. But all the specimens observed left the nest the
+first night and showed no intention or disposition to return. The
+presence of a second wasp seemed to bring the home instinct into
+existence more forcibly, as the first and second wasps stayed with the
+nest for six or seven hours when they were returned to it together,
+while the fourth one repeatedly left the empty nest almost at once when
+it was returned to it. But this instinct was seemingly not very strong,
+as they soon wandered away when placed out of doors. They seemed to
+have no idea as to how to carry on the work of the colony, but wandered
+aimlessly over it. Perhaps this was due to the fact that they were too
+young, as Miss Enteman says the development of the nursing instinct is
+usually manifested "any time after the first half day of imaginal
+life," but was observed in some neuters as young as four hours, while
+in others it was delayed for two weeks.
+
+While the above observations are admittedly too few from which to draw
+definite conclusions, they seem to warrant the following assumptions,
+the first three of which are quoted from Miss Enteman, and hence are
+simply corroborative of her work:
+
+     1. "All wasps possess the instinct of fear. This is
+        especially strong the first few days after emergence,
+        but is readily overcome by the frequent appearance of
+        the awe-inspiring object.
+
+     2. "In a sense, the wasp remembers. This is indicated by the
+        manner in which it accustoms itself to the sight of
+        strange objects, and by its behavior when a change is
+        made in its nest or surroundings.
+
+     3. "It shows considerable individual variability, both as to
+        time and manner of its response to stimuli."
+
+     4. After emergence, the first reactions are associated
+        simply with the discomfort of the hardening of the
+        tissues.
+
+     5. It has marked curiosity, as shown by its repeated
+        inspection of its nest and other familiar objects.
+
+     6. The "home instinct" seems to be slight when the wasp is
+        alone, but becomes stronger when two or more are on the
+        same nest.
+
+     7. The olfactory sense is closely associated with the early
+        instincts of the wasp.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote A: Minnie Marie Enteman. "Some Observations on the Behavior
+of the Social Wasps." Pop. Sci. Mo., 61: 339-351, 1902.]
+
+
+
+
+The Biology of the North American Crane-Flies
+
+(Tipulidæ, Diptera)
+
+V. The Genus Dicranoptycha Osten Sacken
+
+BY CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, Ph.D. (Cornell)
+
+
+GENERIC DIAGNOSIS
+
+_Larva._ Form very elongate, terete; integument smooth, glassy,
+transparent; abdominal segments two to eight with a basal transverse
+band or area of microscopic chitinized points on the ventral surface;
+segment eight with a similar band on the dorsum. Spiracular disk
+surrounded by four lobes, the lateral pair more slender than the blunt
+ventral pair; dorsal lobe very low or lacking; spiracles small, widely
+separated; a triangular brown mark on the disk between the spiracles;
+anal gills a fleshy protuberant ring surrounding the anus. Head-capsule
+compact, massive, the præfrons large with a few marginal punctures;
+externo-lateral plates very broad. Labrum large, flattened, pale;
+antennæ two-segmented, the apical segment almost as long as the basal
+segment, narrowed to the blunt tip; mandibles with a blunt dorsal and
+two blunt ventral teeth; maxillæ generalized in structure; hypopharynx
+a rounded cushion; mentum deeply split behind but not completely
+divided, with three principle teeth and a small lateral tooth on either
+side.
+
+_Pupa._ Cephalic crest low, depressed, setiferous; labrum tumid; labial
+lobes oval, contiguous; antennal sheaths ending opposite the base of
+the wing. Pronotal breathing-horns microscopic, represented only by
+tiny triangular tubercles; mesonotum unarmed; wing-sheaths ending
+opposite the middle of the third abdominal segment; leg-sheaths ending
+opposite the base of the fifth abdominal segment, the tarsi terminating
+on a level, or nearly so. Abdominal tergites and sternites each with
+four transverse rows of microscopic setæ; lateral spiracles on segments
+two to seven.
+
+
+DISCUSSION OF THE GENUS
+
+The genus _Dicranoptycha_ was erected by Osten Sacken in 1860 (Proc.
+Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1859, p. 217). The genus includes a small
+group of crane-flies with a Holarctic distribution, there being about
+six species in North America and two, or possibly three, in Europe. As
+I have indicated elsewhere, _D. signaticollis_ v.d.W. of Java is
+undoubtedly a species of _Libnotes_. Of the American species, _D.
+germana_ O.S. is characteristic of the Canadian life-zone of
+northeastern America. _D. sobrina_ O.S. is widely distributed in the
+United States and southern Canada, usually occurring in the
+Transitional and Upper Austral life-zones. So far as known at present
+it is the only species of the genus occurring on the Pacific slope. The
+remaining American species (_nigripes_ O.S., _winnemana_ Alex.,
+_tigrina_ Alex. and _minima_ Alex.) are Austral in distribution,
+occurring in the southeastern and south central United States. A more
+detailed account of the distribution of the species is given in another
+paper by the writer which may be consulted (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+Phila. for 1916, pp. 496, 497). All of the known species are generally
+similar to one another in appearance and are separated by relatively
+slight differences of size, color and structure.
+
+Nothing has ever been written concerning the immature stages of this
+peculiar group of crane-flies. The species described hereinafter were
+reared at Lawrence, Kansas, and the general conditions under which they
+occur may be briefly discussed:
+
+North Hollow, on the Campus of the University of Kansas, is a typical
+dry Austral woodland traversed by a small stream that is entirely dry
+during the months of midsummer drought. The soil consists of a rich
+black humus that is soft and mellow except during the period of
+greatest dryness, being overlain by a varying depth of vegetable debris
+and leaf-mold. It is in this relatively dry soil that the larvæ of
+_Dicranoptycha_ occur. The forest cover consists of Carolina poplar,
+_Populus deltoides_ Marsh; black walnut, _Juglans nigra_ L., white elm,
+_Ulmus americana_ L.; Kentucky coffee-tree, _Gymnocladus dioica_ (L.)
+Koch; honey locust, _Gleditsia triacanthos_ L.; red bud, _Cercis
+canadensis_ L.; yellow wood, _Cladrastis lutea_ (Mx.f.) Koch;
+tree-of-heaven, _Ailanthus glandulosa_ Desf., etc. The principle shrubs
+are the goose-berry, _Ribes gracile_ Mx.; poison ivy, _Rhus
+Toxicodendron_ L.; wahoo, _Evonymus atropurpureus_ Jacq.; bladder-nut,
+_Staphylea trifolia_ L.; coral-berry, _Symphoricarpos orbiculatus_
+Moench.; blackberried elder, _Sambucus canadensis_ L., etc. The herbage
+is made up of tall grasses, composites and, in the spring, the
+all-dominant cleavers, _Galium_. In addition to the above, great
+tangles of lianas (_Smilax_, _Vitis_, _Ampelopsis_, etc.) are found.
+
+In situations such as the above these Austral species of
+_Dicranoptycha_ spend their entire lives. The first larvæ of _D.
+winnemana_ were found here on March 20, 1918, by the writer and his
+wife. At this time they were well grown (length 16 mm.; diameter 0.9
+mm.). They occurred just beneath the cover of fallen leaves and other
+debris in the upper layers of soil. Here they were associated with pupæ
+of _Tipula angustipennis_ Lw., larvæ of _Sciara_ (Mycetophilidæ);
+_Psilocephala hæmorrhoidalis_ Macq. (Therevidæ), numerous beetle larvæ,
+centipedes, etc. By their elongate form and glabrous shiny skin they
+are very characteristic and easily recognized. The glassy appearance of
+the body suggests the shiny shells of a small coiled molluscan whose
+dead fragments occurred in some numbers in the same situations. These
+larvæ were placed in rearing and the first adults appeared in the
+breeding-cages on May 6, and from that time on continued to appear in
+large numbers. It was over a month later that the first individuals
+were taken in the field. The pupal duration could not be determined
+closer than ten days, and this may be the usual length of time required
+for this stage. The first larvæ of _D. minima_ were found on July 2,
+1918, in similar situations in North Hollow. At this time they were
+only about one-half grown. On July 11 much larger larvæ of this species
+were secured and placed in rearing, emerging as adults on July 21. The
+larvæ, like these of _D. winnemana_, live just beneath the layer of
+leaf-mold in the upper zone of black soil. They are usually quite
+sluggish in their motions but at other times are quite active. The
+larvæ are herbivores and feed on the rich organic earth in their
+haunts. When ready to pupate, they encase themselves in earthen cells
+(10 mm. × 3.5 mm.), firm in texture, rather thick-walled but without
+silk. There is a small opening at either end. The length of the cavity
+is but little greater than the pupa itself. In this cavity the pupa
+rests and matures. As in other insects, the teneral pupæ are very pale
+yellow but gradually darken in color until, at emergence, they are of a
+dark brownish-black. When newly transformed the teneral flies rest on
+the ground and on the leaves of low plants nearby.
+
+The adult flies of _D. germana_ usually occur in the immediate
+neighborhood of running or stagnant water and may be swept from the
+rank vegetation in such places. The flies rest on the upper surface of
+the leaves of tall herbs and low shrubs. In eastern Kansas, the flies
+of _D. winnemana_, _D. tigrina_ and _D. minima_ often occur together.
+In June, _D. winnemana_ appears on the wing and is found associated
+with _Tipula morrisoni_ Alex., _T. mingwe_ Alex., etc.; in July, _D.
+minima_ appears, together with _Tipula flavibasis_ Alex., _T.
+unimaculata_ Lw., etc.; still later in July _D. tigrina_ emerges and
+all three species fly together during August and into September when
+they fly with _Tipula ultima_ Alex., _T. unifasciata_ Lw., etc. It is
+curious that no other species of Limnobiinæ occur in the thamnophytic
+association frequented by _Dicranoptycha_. All three species of this
+genus as discussed above have habits that are generally similar to one
+another. They are usually found resting quietly on the upper surface of
+the leaves but fly readily and on slight disturbance. Pairs in
+copulation are often found resting, the bodies directed away from one
+another and the wings folded over the abdomen. While thus united they
+fly readily, sometimes the female taking the initiative, sometimes the
+rather smaller male. The eggs are deposited in the soft earth in these
+situations.
+
+
+NATURAL AFFINITIES
+
+In the Monographs (1869) Osten Sacken included the genus
+_Dicranoptycha_ in his tribe (section) Limnobina anomala, or, as it
+subsequently became known, the Rhamphidini, and still later the
+Antochini. A recent survey of the immature stages of several Antochine
+genera has shown that the tribe is merely an artificial grouping based
+on superficial resemblance of the adult flies. This heterogeneous
+assemblage includes representatives of at least three other tribes,
+_Dicranoptycha_, together with _Antocha_, _Elliptera_, _Rhamphidia_,
+etc., showing an undeniable affinity with the Limnobiini, whereas
+_Teucholabis_, _Elephantomyia_, etc., show an equally clear
+relationship with the Eriopterini. Moreover a close phylogenetic
+relationship with the lowermost subtribes of the Hexatomini (_Ularia_,
+_Epiphragmaria_, etc.), is easily apparent.
+
+_Dicranoptycha_ shows the closest affinities with _Antocha_ and
+_Rhamphidia_. The larvæ of these three genera, each of which typifies a
+division, show the following common characters:
+
+Abdominal segments with basal transverse creeping welts or areas of
+microscopic points. The massive compact head-capsule with the
+præfrontal sclerite large, distinct, the externo-lateral plates large,
+mussel-shaped and very thin. The mentum is not completely divided
+medially. The maxillæ are large and of primitive structure, the
+cardines and stipites distinct, the two distal lobes large, subequal in
+size, covered with hairs and bearing sensory organs. Mandibles with one
+or more dorsal and two or more ventral teeth in addition to the apical
+point.
+
+The differences between these allied divisions are best indicated by a
+key.
+
+
+LARVAE
+
+     1. Spiracular disk with only the two long ventral lobes
+        remaining; spiracles lacking or vestigial; abdominal
+        segments with both dorsal and ventral welts; strictly
+        aquatic.
+                                                    _Antocharia._
+        Spiracular disk surrounded by four or five short lobes;
+        spiracles large and functional; abdominal segments with
+        ventral welts only (except the dorsum of segment eight);
+        terrestrial or semiaquatic.
+
+     2. Body moderately elongated and covered with a long dark
+        pubescence; spiracular disk squarely truncated,
+        surrounded by five subequal stout lobes; mentum with
+        five subequal teeth, the lateral one of either side not
+        conspicuously reduced.
+                                                  _Rhamphidaria._
+
+        Body very long and slender, glabrous; spiracular disk
+        obliquely truncated, surrounded by four slender naked
+        lobes; mentum with three subequal primary teeth and a
+        much reduced lateral tooth on either side.
+                                              _Dicranoptycharia._
+
+
+PUPAE
+
+     1. Pronotal breathing-horns branched; aquatic.
+                                                    _Antocharia._
+
+        Pronotal breathing-horns not branched; semiaquatic or
+        terrestrial.
+
+     2. Pronotal breathing-horns distinct, elongate-cylindrical.
+                                                  _Rhamphidaria._
+
+        Pronotal breathing-horns apparently lacking, microscopic.
+                                              _Dicranoptycharia._
+
+
+THE SUBTRIBE DICRANOPTYCHA
+
+A Key to the Species of Dicranoptycha
+
+
+LARVAE
+
+     1. Spiracular disk with the dark markings less extensive;
+        the mark of the lateral lobes not contiguous with the
+        spiracle or the triangular area on the disk; dorsal
+        marking indistinct or lacking.
+                                             _D. winnemana_ Alex.
+
+        Spiracular disk with the dark markings more extensive;
+        the mark of the lateral lobes suffusing the ventral inner
+        margin of the spiracle and usually closely approximated
+        or nearly contiguous with the triangular area on the
+        disk; dorsal marking black, transversely rectangular.
+                                                _D. minima_ Alex.
+
+     Description of the Species.
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES
+
+1916 _Dicranoptycha winnemana_ Alexander; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
+pp. 500, 501; Pl. 25, fig. 12.
+
+_Larva._--Length, 20-22 mm.
+          Diameter, 0.9-1.1 mm.
+
+Coloration varying from white to almost black depending on the nature
+and amount of the food eaten which shows clearly through the
+transparent integument. The fat-bodies likewise show through and give a
+white color to the larva especially after death.
+
+Form very elongate (fig. 1), body terete; integument very glabrous,
+transparent and glassy. Prothoracic segment a little longer than the
+mesothorax which, in turn, slightly exceeds the metathorax. The
+intermediate abdominal segments are elongated. The basal ring of
+sternites two to eight bears a transverse band or area of microscopic
+chitinized spicules, the one on the eighth segment split lengthwise by
+a capillary line. A similar band occurs in the same position on the
+dorsum of the eighth segment but the pleural region is devoid of such a
+band.
+
+Spiracular disk (fig. 8) moderate in size, obliquely truncated,
+surrounded by four lobes, a pair of small, slender, lateral lobes and
+short, broader ventral lobes. The usual dorso-median lobe is lacking
+but its position is indicated by a gently rounded convexity. The inner
+face of the lateral lobe bears a narrow semi-lunate black mark with the
+concavity toward the spiracle, the proximal end acutely pointed. The
+ventral lobes bear a similar but smaller subrectangular black mark. A
+pale and usually indistinct dusky mark occupies the inner face of the
+dorsal lobe. On the disk between, and slightly below the level of, the
+spiracles is a large brown triangular or V-shaped mark. The spiracles
+are small, separated from one another by a distance equal to about 2.5
+to 3 times the diameter of one; the center-piece of the spiracle is
+black, the ring yellow surrounded by an outer dusky margin. Anal gills
+fleshy and protuberant as a blunt ring surrounding the anus (fig. 10).
+
+Head-capsule (fig. 2) of the compact, massive type of the Limnobiini;
+præfrontal sclerite (fig. 3) large and distinct; the sclerite broad
+with the sides subparallel to about midlength, thence tapering
+gradually to the tip which is entire; there are two or three punctures
+at the margin before midlength. Interno-lateral plates narrow, a little
+longer than the præfrons; externo-lateral plates very broad, thin and
+flattened with the posterior margin very obtuse and the inner ventral
+portions continuous with the mental plate. Labrum (fig. 3) very broad
+and extensive, flattened, pale in color, the anterior margin with about
+two sense-organs. Mentum (fig. 4) deeply split behind but not
+completely divided, the anterior margin with three primary teeth that
+are subequal in size or the middle one a little smaller; a much reduced
+lateral tooth on either side. Præmentum smaller than the hypopharynx,
+in outline roughly oval or semicircular with the two labial palpi
+surrounded by hairs at the base. Hypopharynx (fig. 5) consisting of two
+chitinized arms that are contiguous but not fused medially, the
+concavity between them filled with a rounded cushion that is covered
+with tubercles arranged in more or less distinct oblique parallel rows.
+Antennæ (fig. 6) two-segmented, the basal segment cylindrical with an
+auditory plate on the face at beyond midlength; apical segment long and
+slender, in length but slightly less than the basal segment, tapering
+gradually to the bluntly rounded apex. Mandibles (fig. 7) simple with
+the teeth blunt; apical point longer than the lateral teeth; dorsal
+tooth single, broad, very flattened and obtusely pointed; ventral teeth
+two, a little smaller than the dorsal tooth. Maxillæ (fig. 2) of a
+generalized structure, the cardines distinct and feebly chitinized;
+distal lobes of the organ consisting of a subequal inner and outer
+lobe; the outer lobe with an abundance of long, delicate hairs and
+bearing a few sensory papillæ including one larger palpiform organ.
+
+_Pupa._--Length, 9.1-12.8 mm.
+Width, d.-s., 1.6-1.8 mm.
+Depth, d.-v., 1.6-1.9 mm.
+
+Thoracic dorsum shiny light brown; in very old pupæ the color is much
+darker, but still retains a much brighter color than the leg and
+wing-sheaths; abdomen pale becoming darker in age, especially on the
+pleura.
+
+Cephalic crest (fig. 13) low and depressed, inconspicuous, lying
+between the antennal bases which extend beyond it; there are four small
+setigerous lobes, the larger pair of which are posterior in position.
+Front between the eyes broad, subparallel. Two blunt tubercles on
+either side of the forehead. Eyes large, with coarse ommatidia. Labrum
+semicircular in outline, tumid. Labial lobes large, oval, contiguous
+with one another, at the tip of the labrum. Maxillary palpi moderately
+long and slender, nearly straight, gradually narrowed to the tip which
+ends opposite the knee-joint of the fore legs. Antennæ with the basal
+segments separated only by the cephalic crest, the sheaths ending about
+opposite or a little before the lateral angle of the thorax.
+
+Pronotal breathing-horns (fig. 14) very small, almost microscopic; when
+viewed from the dorsal aspect appearing as tiny triangular tubercles.
+Mesonotum moderately convex, unarmed, the V-shaped suture distinct; a
+few setæ on the mesonotum, including one near the end of each scutal
+lobe. Wing-sheaths rather short, but narrow, ending about opposite
+midlength of the third abdominal segment. Leg-sheaths ending opposite
+the base of the fifth abdominal segment, the tips of the tarsi ending
+about on a common level or those of the fore legs a trifle longer.
+
+Abdominal segments (fig. 11) subdivided into four annuli that bear
+transverse bands of microscopic setæ; these bands increase in width
+from the basal to the apical. Spiracles on the pleural region of
+segments two to seven, lying opposite the third annulus and close to
+the ventral margin of the pleura. No spiracles are discernible on the
+dorsum of the eighth segment. Male cauda (fig. 11) with the ventral
+lobes very blunt, rounded; the dorsal lobes very small, terminating in
+a sharp spine that is directed dorsad and bears a weak seta near its
+base. Female cauda (fig. 12) with the ventral lobes a little longer
+than the dorsal lobes; the latter at the outer angle of the apex with a
+short stout spine that is directed dorsad as in the male.
+
+     _Nepionotype_ (type larva), Lawrence, Kansas, April 2, 1918.
+
+     _Neanotype_ (type pupa), with the type larva, May 6, 1918.
+
+     _Paratypes_, larvæ and pupæ, about fifty from the type
+     locality, March 20 to May 20, 1918.
+
+
+_Dicranoptycha minima_ Alexander.
+
+1919 _Dicranoptycha minima_ Alexander; Ent. News, Vol. 30.
+
+The larva is very similar to that of _D. winnemana_ as described above,
+but is slightly smaller. The spiracular disk (fig. 9) has the dark
+markings much more extensive. The mark of the lateral lobes is
+contiguous with the spiracles and is also closely approximated to the
+large triangular brown mark on the disk. There is a large transverse
+rectangular mark occupying the inner face of the dorsal lobe. The
+marking of the ventral lobe is about as in _D. winnemana_.
+
+     _Nepionotype_, Lawrence, Kansas, July 11, 1918.
+
+     _Neanotype_, Lawrence, Kansas, July 21, 1918.
+
+     _Paratypes_, a few larvæ from the type-locality.
+
+
+Explanation of the Figures
+
+A--Labial Lobes; E--Eye; EL--Externo-lateral Plate; G--Anal Gills;
+IL--Interno-lateral Plate; Lb--Labrum; M--Maxillary Palpus; P--Pronotal
+Breathing-horn; Pf--Præfrons; S--Spiracle.
+
+Fig. 1. Larva of _Dicranoptycha winnemana_, ventral aspect of body.
+
+Fig. 2. The same, head-capsule, ventral aspect.
+
+Fig. 3. The same, head-capsule, dorsal aspect.
+
+Fig. 4. The same, mentum, ventral aspect.
+
+Fig. 5. The same, hypopharynx, ventral aspect.
+
+Fig. 6. The same, antenna.
+
+Fig. 7. The same, mandible.
+
+Fig. 8. Larva of _Dicranoptycha winnemana_, spiracular disk,
+        dorso-caudal aspect.
+
+Fig. 9. Larva of _D. minima_, spiracular disk, caudal aspect, the anal
+        gills protruded.
+
+Fig. 10. Larva of _D. winnemana_, spiracular disk, lateral aspect.
+
+Fig. 11. Pupa of _D. winnemana_, lateral aspect of male.
+
+Fig. 12. The same, lateral aspect of female cauda.
+
+Fig. 13. The same, head and mouth-parts, ventral aspect.
+
+Fig. 14. The same, pronotal breathing-horn, enlarged.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+The Central Nervous System of Nucula and Malletia
+
+WILLIAM A. HILTON
+
+
+These bivalve forms are grouped among the simplest of the molloscs. It
+is especially from the condition in _Nucula_ as described by Pelseneer
+'91, that the conception of the most anterior ganglion being composed
+of four ganglia, has its chief support. Drew '01, who has also studied
+_Nucula_, believes that the lobes of the ganglion in _Nucula_ are
+superficial and that the four connectives coming from the ganglion may
+be interpreted in another way. That is, that one pair of nerves may
+represent an otocystic branch partly fused with the connective. This
+view seemed reasonable to him as Stempel '99 in _Solenyma_ found the
+otocystic nerves arose directly from the cerebral ganglion.
+
+The two species of this group used for study were collected at Laguna
+Beach. _Nucula castrensis_ Hinds, occurs abundantly at low tide under
+rocks. It is rather small for dissection, but very good complete series
+were obtained and stained in hematoxylin. _Malletia faba_ Dall, was
+much less abundant. Specimens were obtained from holdfasts or from
+dredging. Although this was a larger species, gross dissection was not
+very easily carried out on any of the specimens, but good series were
+made.
+
+The ganglia of _Nucula_ are easily studied in section. The cerebral
+mass seems composed of one main mass, partly divided into four
+subdivisions, the two central most completely fused, and the lateral
+quite distinct in places. The central portion might represent the
+cerebral ganglia and the lateral, the pleural if we take that
+interpretation. The pedal ganglion is made of right and left parts
+quite completely fused except at the margins. The pedal mass is the
+smallest of the three chief ganglionic areas. The visceral ganglia are
+quite widely separated and a little larger than the pedal mass.
+
+The ganglia of _Malletia_ are in general plan similar to those of
+_Nucula_, the greatest differences being in the cerebral mass. The
+cerebro-pleural mass seems almost one. In most sections it is very
+compact and a little more complicated in structure than the ganglion of
+_Nucula_. However there are two small ventral ganglionic branches or
+small ganglia attached to the ventral side of the cerebral mass. These
+small ganglia may represent the visceral. Farther back in a cross
+section series as the cerebral mass disappears two other small branches
+take origin and run parallel to the nerves from the ganglionic cords.
+These two branches on each side seem to run together before the pedal
+ganglia are reached. Neither of these pairs of nerves seems connected
+with an otocyst.
+
+At the cephalic end of the cerebro-pleural ganglion the large
+ganglionic cords are in evidence. A little distance from the cephalic
+end on the dorsal side there are quite large groups of cells down from
+the surface and surrounded by nerve fibers. The course of the fibers
+here is quite complex. On the ventral lateral sides of the ganglia are
+paired light areas of fibers which may be traced into the fibers of the
+ganglionic cords.
+
+The pedal ganglion is small and much as in _Nucula_. The visceral
+ganglia are larger and widely separated.
+
+In both _Nucula_ and _Malletia_ young specimens were used for study. In
+_Nucula_ there was more the appearance of four ganglia in the
+cerebro-pleural mass, and the ganglia seem less complex than in
+_Malletia_. This last species has more separate pleural ganglia, if the
+ganglionic cords can be so regarded.
+
+In neither of the species studied were all parts of the connectives
+easy to follow, so it was impossible to test the suggestions of Drew,
+but in both species there is some indication of two lateral lobes of
+the cerebral mass, and in _Nucula_ there is good evidence of two
+central ganglia as well as the smaller lateral ones. The lateral
+ganglia of the cerebral mass are most clearly separated in _Malletia_.
+In _Nucula_ the lateral ganglia are larger in proportion and the
+distribution of the gray and white matter is more irregular.
+
+
+REFERENCES
+
+_Drew, G. A._                            1901
+
+The life history of Nucula delphinodonta. Quart, jour. sc.
+vol. 44, pt. 3.
+
+_Pelseneer, P._                          1891
+
+Contribution á l'étude des Lamellibranchs. Arch. d. biol. xi.
+
+_Stempell_                               1899
+
+Zur Anatomie von Solrmya togata. Zool. Jahrb. Bd. xiii.
+(_Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College_)
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF FIGURES
+
+Fig. 1. Diagram of the ganglia of _Nucula castrensis_, reconstructed
+from serial sections. The probable position of the connectives is shown
+and the proportionate distances between ganglia are given. The upper
+ganglion is the cerebro-pleural with large nerves leading off from the
+ganglion which is itself lobed into four chief lobes. The pedal
+ganglion is next. In section the pedal ganglion at one place seems to
+be made up of four parts which may correspond to four connectives from
+the cerebro-pleural although only one pair of connectives was clearly
+determined. The visceral ganglion is connected with the pedal below.
+×70.
+
+Fig. 2. Cross section of cerebro-pleural ganglion. On the right side
+one of the lateral ganglia is shown. The one of the other side does not
+show because the section is not straight across. The dorsal side is up.
+×300.
+
+Fig. 3. Section of the pedal mass of _Nucula_, through the center. The
+dorsal side is up. ×300.
+
+Fig. 4. Left side of the visceral mass of _Nucula_. Dorsal side up.
+×300.
+
+Fig. 5. Nerve cells from the central nervous system of _Nucula_. ×450.
+
+Fig. 6. Section through the body of _Nucula_ showing the position of
+the cerebro-pleural ganglion cut through the center. Dorsal side up.
+The cellular portion of the ganglion is black. ×70.
+
+Fig. 7. Section through the body of _Nucula_ at the level of the
+visceral nerves which are shown on either side of the section. The area
+of nerve cells is shown in black. ×70.
+
+Fig. 8. Reconstruction from serial sections of the cerebro-pleural mass
+nerves and connectives of _Malletia faba_. The drawing is a ventral
+view, the cephalic side is at the top. ×70.
+
+Fig. 9. Reconstruction of pedal ganglion of _Malletia_ from the ventral
+side. Cephalic side at the top. ×70.
+
+Fig. 10. Reconstruction of visceral ganglia of _Malletia_. ×70.
+
+Fig. 11. Section through cerebro-pleural mass of _Malletia_. The dorsal
+side is up. On the ventral side to the left and right are the
+beginnings of the lateral lobes or ganglionic cords which may represent
+the pleural ganglia. In this species the cerebral ganglia are not
+separated into right and left halves as in _Nucula_. ×300.
+
+Fig. 12. Section through the central part of the pedal mass of
+_Malletia_. The dorsal side is up. ×300.
+
+Fig. 13. Section through one visceral ganglion of _Malletia_. The
+dorsal side is up. ×300.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY--_Advertising Section_
+
+_The_ Journal _of_
+Zoological Research
+
+_Edited by
+WALTER E. COLLINGE, M. Sc., F. L. S., F. E. S.
+The Gatty Marine Laboratory
+The University, St. Andrews, Scotland_
+
+     The subject matter is strictly confined to original
+     zoological research--systematic and anatomical. Fully
+     illustrated by lithographic plates and text figures.
+
+Each volume will consist of 4 parts, price $5.
+
+_All subscriptions should be forwarded to_
+
+Messrs. Dulau & Co., Ltd.
+37 Soho Square, London, W., England
+
+
+GRIFFITH Incubators
+
+[Illustration]
+
+A simple, well constructed bacteriological incubator
+
+
+
+
+GAGE--The Microscope
+
+An Introduction to Microscopic Methods and to Histology
+
+By SIMON H. GAGE.
+
+Twelfth Edition. Entirely rewritten, and with many new illustrations.
+Price, postpaid, $3.00.
+
+This work aims to give help to everyone who uses the microscope,
+whether he is a beginner or an advanced worker.
+
+
+COMSTOCK--A Manual for the Study of Insects
+
+     By JOHN HENRY COMSTOCK, Professor of Entomology in Cornell
+     University, and ANNA BOTSFORD COMSTOCK, member of the
+     Society of American Wood-Engravers. 8vo. cloth, IX. +701
+     pages, 797 figures in the text, and six full page plates.
+     Nearly all of the figures were engraved especially for this
+     work. Postpaid $4.07; net $3.75.
+
+This hand-book is designed to meet the needs of teachers in the public
+schools and of students in high schools and colleges.
+
+
+NEEDHAM--General Biology
+
+A book of outlines and practical studies for the general student
+
+     By JAMES G. NEEDHAM, Professor of Limnology and General
+     Biology in Cornell University. Cloth 8vo. XIV. +542 pages;
+     288 figures, mostly original. Postpaid $2.00.
+
+This book is expressly designed to help the general student obtain a
+comprehensive grasp of the principles of biology.
+
+
+NEEDHAM & LLOYD--The Life of Inland Waters
+
+A Text-Book of Freshwater Biology
+
+     By JAMES G. NEEDHAM, Ph.D., Professor of Limnology and
+     General Biology in Cornell University, and JOHN T. LLOYD,
+     A.B., Assistant in Limnology in Cornell University.
+
+This book is a broad presentation of the field of fresh-water biology,
+primarily in its scientific aspects, also in its relation to
+commercial, civic, aesthetic and public health interests of man. There
+is no book in the English language covering the field. Copiously
+illustrated with photographs from Nature. 438 pages; 244 figures. Price
+$3.00.
+
+
+GAGE--Optic Projection
+
+     By SIMON HENRY GAGE, Professor Emeritus of Histology and
+     Embryology in Cornell University, and Henry Phelps Gage, Ph.D.
+
+This work of over 700 pages and with over 400 figures is of especial
+interest to workers in all fields of Biology in that it deals
+especially with the use of the Projection Microscope for demonstrations
+and for drawing. It also gives the fundamental principles of all the
+forms of projection. A 16-page circular will be sent on request.
+Postpaid, $3.00.
+
+
+RILEY--Handbook of Medical Entomology
+
+     By WM. A. RILEY, Ph.D., Professor of Insect Morphology and
+     Parasitology in Cornell University and O. A. JOHANNSEN, Ph.D.,
+     Professor of Biology in Cornell University.
+
+A concise account of poisonous, and disease-carrying insects and their
+allies, including descriptions and illustrations of the principal
+species, with keys for their determination, and method of control.
+Bound Library Buckram, medium 8vo. Nearly 375 pages. Price $2.00 net.
+
+
+_Send for Descriptive Circular_
+
+The Comstock Publishing Company Cornell Heights, Ithaca, N. Y.
+
+
+
+
+THE "ALL GLASS MOUNT"
+
+for _Lepidoptera_ and other insects
+
+[Illustration: _Odontolabis wollastoni, Java_]
+
+We are able at last to offer our customers an all glass mount that we
+believe comes nearer to meeting the requirements of museums and private
+collectors than any previously put on the market.
+
+No cut can properly show this mount, which must be seen to be
+appreciated. Write for Circular 192, which describes fully what we are
+offering.
+
+When in need of Entomological supplies remember that we have the best
+insect pins on the market and that our hand made Schmitt insect boxes
+with three ply tops and bottoms are unsurpassed. Catalogue No. 33 free
+on application.
+
+Prompt shipments can be made from our large stock of United States and
+exotic insects of all orders. We also prepare 150 different
+metamorphoses of beneficial and injurious insects. Pupae now on hand
+are listed in circular No. 198. Other circulars and price lists free
+upon request.
+
+Ward's Natural Science Establishment
+84-102 College Ave.   Rochester, N. Y.
+
+
+
+
+Entomological News
+
+     A forty-eight page illustrated magazine, published monthly
+     except August and September, devoted to the study of INSECT
+     LIFE. It contains a list of the titles of the current
+     Entomological Literature, and also articles by the leading
+     Entomologists in the United States and Canada. Valuable
+     information for the beginner, the economic entomologist and
+     the systematist.
+
+To new subscribers, $1.90; Renewals, $2.00; payable in advance.
+Single copies 25 cents. Address
+
+ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
+1900 RACE STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA.
+
+
+CLASS WORK MATERIAL
+CAN BE PROCURED AT ANY TIME OF
+THE YEAR FROM
+
+C. S. BRIMLEY, Zoologist
+
+1135 Newberne Avenue
+RALEIGH, N. C., U. S. A.
+
+Twenty-one years' experience            Price List on Application
+
+
+The Journal of Parasitology
+
+A Quarterly Devoted to Medical Zoology
+
+This journal will be a medium for the prompt publication of briefer
+papers and research notes on animal parasites. Emphasis laid on the
+morphology, life history and biology of zooparasites and the relations
+of animals to disease.
+
+Subscription, $2.00 a Volume
+
+Managing Editor, HENRY B. WARD;
+Univ. Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
+
+
+Do Business by Mail
+
+It's profitable, with accurate lists of prospects. Our catalogue
+contains vital information on Mail Advertising. Also prices and
+quantity on 6,000 national mailing lists, 99% guaranteed. Such as:
+
+War Material Mfrs.
+Cheese Box Mfrs.
+Shoe Retailers
+Tin Can Mfrs.
+Druggists
+Auto Owners
+Wealthy Men
+Ice Mfrs.
+Doctors
+Axle Grease Mfrs.
+Railroad Employees
+Contractors
+Fly Paper Mfrs.
+Foundries
+Farmers
+Fish Hook Mfrs.
+Feather Duster Mfrs.
+Hotels
+
+Write for this valuable reference book.
+
+Ross-Gould, 1027H Olive Street, St. Louis.
+
+Ross-Gould
+Mailing
+Lists
+
+St. Louis
+
+
+
+
+Pomona College
+
+Located in one of the most healthful and beautiful parts of the west
+coast. The mountains reach an elevation of ten thousand feet within a
+few miles of the college and these with the nearby ocean afford many
+special advantages for the study of things not in books. Special
+advantages are afforded by the fact that the college limits its
+attendance, the freshman class being restricted to two hundred
+applicants. The success of the college is particularly indicated by the
+large proportion of the graduates who proceed to advanced work in the
+large universities. In addition, well-manned departments of music and
+art afford exceptional advantages.
+
+For further information, address
+
+SECRETARY OF POMONA COLLEGE
+Claremont, California
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes
+
+
+Page 64: Changed * * * to ... (preferred form for ellipsis).
+  Originally: This * * * is readily overcome by the frequent
+
+Page 64: Changed "placd" to "placed".
+  Originally: surface of the book on which it was placd,
+
+Page 68: Changed "X" to "×".
+  Originally: cells (10 mm. X 3.5 mm.)
+
+Page 70: Changed "chitinizd" to "chitinized".
+  Originally: Changed area of microscopic chitinizd spicules,
+
+Page 71: Changed "Lengh" to "Length".
+  Originally: Pupa.--Lengh, 9.1-12.8 mm.
+
+Page 75: Retained "molloscs", as a possible spelling variant for
+"molluscs". However, it may be a typo.
+  Originally: forms are grouped among the simplest of the molloscs.
+
+Pages 75, 76: Retained "Stempel" and "Stempell" spelling variations.
+
+Page 76: Changed "once" to "one".
+  Originally: the pedal ganglion at once place seems to be made up
+
+Page 76: Changed all instances of "X" to "×" to indicate magnification.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Journal of Entomology and Zoology, by 
+Horace Gunthorp and Charles P. Alexander and W. A. Hilton
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY ***
+
+***** This file should be named 37632-8.txt or 37632-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/3/7/6/3/37632/
+
+Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Diane Monico, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.