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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Journal of Entomology and Zoology, by 
+Horace Gunthorp and Charles P. Alexander and W. A. Hilton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Journal of Entomology and Zoology
+       Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919
+
+Author: Horace Gunthorp
+        Charles P. Alexander
+        W. A. Hilton
+
+Editor: Pomona College Department of Zoology
+
+Release Date: October 5, 2011 [EBook #37632]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Diane Monico, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+VOLUME ELEVEN            NUMBER FOUR
+
+JOURNAL
+OF
+ENTOMOLOGY
+AND
+ZOOLOGY
+
+DECEMBER, 1919
+
+PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY
+POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT _of_ ZOOLOGY
+CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                              Page
+
+NOTES ON THE BEHAVIOR OF THE SOCIAL WASP POLISTES
+    --_Horace Gunthorp_                                        63
+
+BIOLOGY OF THE NORTH AMERICAN CRANE-FLIES. V. THE
+    GENUS DICRANOPTYCHA--_Charles P. Alexander_                67
+
+THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF NUCULA AND MALLETIA
+    --_W. A. Hilton_                                           75
+
+
+Entered Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1, 1910, as second-class
+matter, under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879
+
+
+
+
+Journal of Entomology and Zoology
+
+EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
+
+
+_Subscription_ $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries.
+
+This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological and
+entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports of
+societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions.
+
+The pages of the journal are especially open to western entomologists
+and zoologists. Notes and papers relating to western and Californian
+forms and conditions are particularly desired, but short morphological,
+systematic or economic studies from any locality will be considered for
+publication.
+
+Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of paper about
+8 by 11 inches. Foot notes, tables, explanations of figures, etc.,
+should be written on separate sheets. Foot notes and figures should be
+numbered consecutively throughout. The desired position of foot notes
+and figures should be clearly indicated in the manuscript.
+
+Figures should be drawn so that they may be reproduced as line cuts so
+far as possible. An unusually large number of half tones must be paid
+for in part by the author. Other more expensive illustrations will be
+furnished at cost. Figures for cuts should be made to conform to the
+size of the page when reduced, that is, 5 by 7-1/2 inches or less. The
+lettering should be by means of printed numbers and letters pasted on
+the drawings, in most cases.
+
+Authors of articles longer than a thousand words will receive fifty
+reprints of their publications free of cost. If more than this are
+desired, the order should be given with the return of the proof sheets.
+Extra copies and special covers or special paper will be furnished at
+cost. Authors of short contributions will receive a few extra copies of
+the number containing their articles.
+
+Manuscripts should be sent by express or registered mail.
+
+Address all communications to
+
+THE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
+William A. Hilton, Editor
+Claremont, California, U. S. A.
+
+
+
+
+Notes on the Behavior of the Social Wasp Polistes
+
+HORACE GUNTHORP
+
+Washburn College, Topeka, Kans.
+
+
+One day last September the writer picked up a nest of the common social
+wasp, _Polistes_, which had been detached from its support, and placed
+it upon his desk. A short time later he was attracted by a scratching
+sound, and discovered that one of the wasps was just beginning to cut
+the cap from its cell preparatory to emerging. During the next few days
+a series of observations were made and notes taken covering the
+behavior of the wasps which emerged from their cells during that
+period. Miss Enteman[A] has made a careful study of the instincts of
+the social wasps, and while the observations recorded in the present
+paper are largely corroborative of her work, some interesting details
+are here added.
+
+The cutting of the cap of the cell occupied some time, and extended
+around four-fifths of its circumference, the remaining one-fifth being
+gnawed and partially chewed through so that it was flexible enough to
+act as a hinge for the cap. After the cap was sufficiently cut away,
+the wasp started to slowly work itself out, pushing up the top of the
+cell like a trap door as progress was made. A good deal of effort was
+required to get the body out until the front legs were freed. Then the
+wasp had more purchase and progress was somewhat faster until the
+second pair of legs came out. After this slight effort seemed to be
+necessary for the completion of the operation.
+
+For the next thirty minutes careful observations were made of the
+movements of this wasp in order to ascertain its first reactions. It is
+evident that they would be somewhat modified from what they are here
+recorded if the colony had contained the queen and other workers, as
+this specimen had the run of the entire nest, and none of its movements
+were effected by those of other individuals. It is equally evident that
+all stimuli came from within, or from contact with the nest, and not
+from suggestions received from other individuals or from contact with
+them. The following is the record made at one minute intervals,
+beginning with the time the specimen left its cell:
+
+     8:06. Specimen emerged from its cell.
+
+     8:07. Cleaned its front legs in its mouth and its antennæ
+           with its front legs.
+
+     8:08. Moved around some. Rubbed its wings with its hind legs
+           and spread them out twice.
+
+     8:09. Cleaned antennæ and front legs.
+
+     8:10. Swung abdomen back and forth, and brushed its wings.
+           Moved around the nest rapidly and waved the antennæ,
+           but all movements were jerky.
+
+     8:11. Explored nest, occasionally rubbing abdomen with legs.
+
+     8:12. Explored nest.
+
+     8:13. Explored nest. Movements unsteady. Cleaned antennæ and
+           front legs.
+
+     8:14. Explored nest, in the course of which it went over the
+           edge on to the back side, but immediately returned to
+           the under side. Cleaned the front legs and antennæ,
+           and then the hind legs.
+
+     8:15. Spread out the wings. Cleaned the antennæ.
+
+     8:16. Cleaned abdomen.
+
+     8:17. Crawled on top or back side of nest again and stayed
+           there. Cleaned wings and abdomen.
+
+     8:18. Explored top. Cleaned front legs and antennæ.
+
+     8:19. Stood still. Occasional movement of head, antennæ or
+           abdomen.
+
+     8:20. Same as 8:19.
+
+     8:21. Began to explore again, becoming quite lively. Antennæ
+           constantly waving.
+
+     8:22. Same as 8:21, but extended its travels to the under
+           (cell) side of the nest.
+
+     8:23. Left the nest entirely and began to walk around the
+           surface of the desk.
+
+     8:24. Started to climb a bottle that was some six inches
+           from the nest. Antennæ still waving.
+
+     8:25. On the neck of the bottle, two inches above the
+           surface of the desk. Cleaned front legs and antennæ.
+
+     8:26. Quiet except that it spread its wings once.
+
+     8:27. Still on neck of bottle. Moved its head and antennæ
+           back and forth.
+
+     8:28. Slight change in position. Antennæ were still waving.
+           Rubbed its wings, spread them, and then rubbed them
+           again.
+
+     8:29. Rubbed its hind legs together vigorously.
+
+     8:30. Spread wings once, then rubbed them and the abdomen
+           with the hind legs. Rubbed the hind legs together, and
+           finally rubbed the right wings vigorously.
+
+     8:31. Moved around some, occasionally stopping to rub the
+           right wings.
+
+     8:32. Explored the neck of the bottle.
+
+     8:33. Same as 8:32. Cleaned antennæ.
+
+     8:34. Same as 8:33.
+
+     8:35. Stood still but continued to clean antennæ and front
+           legs.
+
+     8:36. Climbed up and explored the cork of the bottle.
+
+     8:37-8:40. Stood still on the cork, occasionally moving its
+           jaws.
+
+At 8:40 the nest was placed against the cork and the wasp immediately
+crawled onto it, but seemed restless. As the nest has a faint, but
+distinct, odor of honey, it was probably attracted to it through the
+sense of smell.
+
+The next morning the specimen was nowhere in sight, but forty-eight
+hours later it fell out of a loose-leaf binder that had been lying on
+the desk. It seemed to be as active as when seen two days before. Some
+time during the second night after the appearance of the first
+specimen, that is, when it was some thirty hours old, a second
+individual emerged. This one was discovered on a pile of books two feet
+from the nest where it had evidently crawled soon after emerging.
+
+As soon as the first specimen was rediscovered, that is, when it was
+sixty hours old, the second wasp then being thirty hours old, the two
+were placed on the nest, and this in turn was placed on a book. They
+both started on tours of observation, and every time they came in
+contact with each other they made sudden starts and jumps to avoid an
+evidently startling new object, meanwhile violently waving their
+antennæ and often cleaning these organs after such contact. Dr. Enteman
+says, "All wasps possess the instinct of fear. This ... is readily
+overcome by the frequent appearance of the awe-inspiring object." This
+is true, because they were evidently on familiar terms with each other
+in half an hour, and paid very little attention to the frequent
+meetings which before had apparently distressed them. They wandered
+freely over their nest and the top surface of the book on which it was
+placed, but did not attempt to climb off the latter.
+
+At 12 o'clock, four hours later, a third wasp had appeared, and none of
+the specimens seemed to be disturbed by the presence of the others.
+When the nest was first picked up, one cell containing a well formed
+pupa was uncapped. This specimen was then alive, but it may have been
+dead at the time of this observation. In either case, it had been
+dragged out of its cell, decapitated, and the front legs torn off. No
+trace of the head was found, but the body and legs were on the book
+about one inch from the nest. Whether this act was connected with the
+hunger of the wasps themselves or with the first development of the
+instinct of feeding the larvæ in the nest, which Miss Enteman says
+begins without imitation, is not clear.
+
+At 2 p. m. (two hours later) the colony was placed out of doors, still
+on the book. Two of the wasps soon left the latter, and settled near
+it, keeping very quiet for half an hour. The third kept climbing over
+and around the nest. At 2:30 one of the two wasps returned to the nest.
+
+At 3 p. m. two of the specimens were on the ground near the porch. They
+made only short flights, resembling jumps with the wings assisting,
+this being true even when they were disturbed. The third wasp was
+beside the colony, chewing on the decapitated pupa, probably getting
+some nourishment from it in the process.
+
+During the afternoon the nest was disturbed, and at 6 p. m. all three
+specimens had gone from the porch. One was found wandering aimlessly on
+a canna leaf near by. It did not seem to be able to fly well. The other
+two had disappeared entirely.
+
+The nest was saved and several days later a fourth wasp appeared. It
+was a very lively specimen, and spent the first few hours actively
+exploring the nest. It seemed of a very nervous disposition, being more
+easily disturbed than any of the others had been. Every time the nest
+was picked up, it would start for the fingers or forceps holding it. At
+one time it was observed with its whole body in a cell, head downward,
+evidently examining the interior. After staying close to the nest for a
+day, it began to fly around the floor of the room, paying no more
+attention to its former home. Even when it was placed on or near it, it
+would almost immediately crawl or fly away. Its flying was erratic, and
+seemed to lack power, but it got along much better than any of the
+other three had done.
+
+From the above observations it would appear that the movements of the
+wasp recorded at one minute intervals after emergence from its cell
+were probably reactions due to the discomfort of the drying and
+hardening of the tissues. At first the wasps apparently had very
+little, if any, home instinct. The only things to indicate that they
+had any were the facts that the first specimen so readily left the cork
+on which it was sitting and went back to its nest when the latter was
+held near it, and the fourth wasp stayed on or near the nest for the
+first twelve hours. But all the specimens observed left the nest the
+first night and showed no intention or disposition to return. The
+presence of a second wasp seemed to bring the home instinct into
+existence more forcibly, as the first and second wasps stayed with the
+nest for six or seven hours when they were returned to it together,
+while the fourth one repeatedly left the empty nest almost at once when
+it was returned to it. But this instinct was seemingly not very strong,
+as they soon wandered away when placed out of doors. They seemed to
+have no idea as to how to carry on the work of the colony, but wandered
+aimlessly over it. Perhaps this was due to the fact that they were too
+young, as Miss Enteman says the development of the nursing instinct is
+usually manifested "any time after the first half day of imaginal
+life," but was observed in some neuters as young as four hours, while
+in others it was delayed for two weeks.
+
+While the above observations are admittedly too few from which to draw
+definite conclusions, they seem to warrant the following assumptions,
+the first three of which are quoted from Miss Enteman, and hence are
+simply corroborative of her work:
+
+     1. "All wasps possess the instinct of fear. This is
+        especially strong the first few days after emergence,
+        but is readily overcome by the frequent appearance of
+        the awe-inspiring object.
+
+     2. "In a sense, the wasp remembers. This is indicated by the
+        manner in which it accustoms itself to the sight of
+        strange objects, and by its behavior when a change is
+        made in its nest or surroundings.
+
+     3. "It shows considerable individual variability, both as to
+        time and manner of its response to stimuli."
+
+     4. After emergence, the first reactions are associated
+        simply with the discomfort of the hardening of the
+        tissues.
+
+     5. It has marked curiosity, as shown by its repeated
+        inspection of its nest and other familiar objects.
+
+     6. The "home instinct" seems to be slight when the wasp is
+        alone, but becomes stronger when two or more are on the
+        same nest.
+
+     7. The olfactory sense is closely associated with the early
+        instincts of the wasp.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote A: Minnie Marie Enteman. "Some Observations on the Behavior
+of the Social Wasps." Pop. Sci. Mo., 61: 339-351, 1902.]
+
+
+
+
+The Biology of the North American Crane-Flies
+
+(Tipulidæ, Diptera)
+
+V. The Genus Dicranoptycha Osten Sacken
+
+BY CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, Ph.D. (Cornell)
+
+
+GENERIC DIAGNOSIS
+
+_Larva._ Form very elongate, terete; integument smooth, glassy,
+transparent; abdominal segments two to eight with a basal transverse
+band or area of microscopic chitinized points on the ventral surface;
+segment eight with a similar band on the dorsum. Spiracular disk
+surrounded by four lobes, the lateral pair more slender than the blunt
+ventral pair; dorsal lobe very low or lacking; spiracles small, widely
+separated; a triangular brown mark on the disk between the spiracles;
+anal gills a fleshy protuberant ring surrounding the anus. Head-capsule
+compact, massive, the præfrons large with a few marginal punctures;
+externo-lateral plates very broad. Labrum large, flattened, pale;
+antennæ two-segmented, the apical segment almost as long as the basal
+segment, narrowed to the blunt tip; mandibles with a blunt dorsal and
+two blunt ventral teeth; maxillæ generalized in structure; hypopharynx
+a rounded cushion; mentum deeply split behind but not completely
+divided, with three principle teeth and a small lateral tooth on either
+side.
+
+_Pupa._ Cephalic crest low, depressed, setiferous; labrum tumid; labial
+lobes oval, contiguous; antennal sheaths ending opposite the base of
+the wing. Pronotal breathing-horns microscopic, represented only by
+tiny triangular tubercles; mesonotum unarmed; wing-sheaths ending
+opposite the middle of the third abdominal segment; leg-sheaths ending
+opposite the base of the fifth abdominal segment, the tarsi terminating
+on a level, or nearly so. Abdominal tergites and sternites each with
+four transverse rows of microscopic setæ; lateral spiracles on segments
+two to seven.
+
+
+DISCUSSION OF THE GENUS
+
+The genus _Dicranoptycha_ was erected by Osten Sacken in 1860 (Proc.
+Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1859, p. 217). The genus includes a small
+group of crane-flies with a Holarctic distribution, there being about
+six species in North America and two, or possibly three, in Europe. As
+I have indicated elsewhere, _D. signaticollis_ v.d.W. of Java is
+undoubtedly a species of _Libnotes_. Of the American species, _D.
+germana_ O.S. is characteristic of the Canadian life-zone of
+northeastern America. _D. sobrina_ O.S. is widely distributed in the
+United States and southern Canada, usually occurring in the
+Transitional and Upper Austral life-zones. So far as known at present
+it is the only species of the genus occurring on the Pacific slope. The
+remaining American species (_nigripes_ O.S., _winnemana_ Alex.,
+_tigrina_ Alex. and _minima_ Alex.) are Austral in distribution,
+occurring in the southeastern and south central United States. A more
+detailed account of the distribution of the species is given in another
+paper by the writer which may be consulted (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+Phila. for 1916, pp. 496, 497). All of the known species are generally
+similar to one another in appearance and are separated by relatively
+slight differences of size, color and structure.
+
+Nothing has ever been written concerning the immature stages of this
+peculiar group of crane-flies. The species described hereinafter were
+reared at Lawrence, Kansas, and the general conditions under which they
+occur may be briefly discussed:
+
+North Hollow, on the Campus of the University of Kansas, is a typical
+dry Austral woodland traversed by a small stream that is entirely dry
+during the months of midsummer drought. The soil consists of a rich
+black humus that is soft and mellow except during the period of
+greatest dryness, being overlain by a varying depth of vegetable debris
+and leaf-mold. It is in this relatively dry soil that the larvæ of
+_Dicranoptycha_ occur. The forest cover consists of Carolina poplar,
+_Populus deltoides_ Marsh; black walnut, _Juglans nigra_ L., white elm,
+_Ulmus americana_ L.; Kentucky coffee-tree, _Gymnocladus dioica_ (L.)
+Koch; honey locust, _Gleditsia triacanthos_ L.; red bud, _Cercis
+canadensis_ L.; yellow wood, _Cladrastis lutea_ (Mx.f.) Koch;
+tree-of-heaven, _Ailanthus glandulosa_ Desf., etc. The principle shrubs
+are the goose-berry, _Ribes gracile_ Mx.; poison ivy, _Rhus
+Toxicodendron_ L.; wahoo, _Evonymus atropurpureus_ Jacq.; bladder-nut,
+_Staphylea trifolia_ L.; coral-berry, _Symphoricarpos orbiculatus_
+Moench.; blackberried elder, _Sambucus canadensis_ L., etc. The herbage
+is made up of tall grasses, composites and, in the spring, the
+all-dominant cleavers, _Galium_. In addition to the above, great
+tangles of lianas (_Smilax_, _Vitis_, _Ampelopsis_, etc.) are found.
+
+In situations such as the above these Austral species of
+_Dicranoptycha_ spend their entire lives. The first larvæ of _D.
+winnemana_ were found here on March 20, 1918, by the writer and his
+wife. At this time they were well grown (length 16 mm.; diameter 0.9
+mm.). They occurred just beneath the cover of fallen leaves and other
+debris in the upper layers of soil. Here they were associated with pupæ
+of _Tipula angustipennis_ Lw., larvæ of _Sciara_ (Mycetophilidæ);
+_Psilocephala hæmorrhoidalis_ Macq. (Therevidæ), numerous beetle larvæ,
+centipedes, etc. By their elongate form and glabrous shiny skin they
+are very characteristic and easily recognized. The glassy appearance of
+the body suggests the shiny shells of a small coiled molluscan whose
+dead fragments occurred in some numbers in the same situations. These
+larvæ were placed in rearing and the first adults appeared in the
+breeding-cages on May 6, and from that time on continued to appear in
+large numbers. It was over a month later that the first individuals
+were taken in the field. The pupal duration could not be determined
+closer than ten days, and this may be the usual length of time required
+for this stage. The first larvæ of _D. minima_ were found on July 2,
+1918, in similar situations in North Hollow. At this time they were
+only about one-half grown. On July 11 much larger larvæ of this species
+were secured and placed in rearing, emerging as adults on July 21. The
+larvæ, like these of _D. winnemana_, live just beneath the layer of
+leaf-mold in the upper zone of black soil. They are usually quite
+sluggish in their motions but at other times are quite active. The
+larvæ are herbivores and feed on the rich organic earth in their
+haunts. When ready to pupate, they encase themselves in earthen cells
+(10 mm. × 3.5 mm.), firm in texture, rather thick-walled but without
+silk. There is a small opening at either end. The length of the cavity
+is but little greater than the pupa itself. In this cavity the pupa
+rests and matures. As in other insects, the teneral pupæ are very pale
+yellow but gradually darken in color until, at emergence, they are of a
+dark brownish-black. When newly transformed the teneral flies rest on
+the ground and on the leaves of low plants nearby.
+
+The adult flies of _D. germana_ usually occur in the immediate
+neighborhood of running or stagnant water and may be swept from the
+rank vegetation in such places. The flies rest on the upper surface of
+the leaves of tall herbs and low shrubs. In eastern Kansas, the flies
+of _D. winnemana_, _D. tigrina_ and _D. minima_ often occur together.
+In June, _D. winnemana_ appears on the wing and is found associated
+with _Tipula morrisoni_ Alex., _T. mingwe_ Alex., etc.; in July, _D.
+minima_ appears, together with _Tipula flavibasis_ Alex., _T.
+unimaculata_ Lw., etc.; still later in July _D. tigrina_ emerges and
+all three species fly together during August and into September when
+they fly with _Tipula ultima_ Alex., _T. unifasciata_ Lw., etc. It is
+curious that no other species of Limnobiinæ occur in the thamnophytic
+association frequented by _Dicranoptycha_. All three species of this
+genus as discussed above have habits that are generally similar to one
+another. They are usually found resting quietly on the upper surface of
+the leaves but fly readily and on slight disturbance. Pairs in
+copulation are often found resting, the bodies directed away from one
+another and the wings folded over the abdomen. While thus united they
+fly readily, sometimes the female taking the initiative, sometimes the
+rather smaller male. The eggs are deposited in the soft earth in these
+situations.
+
+
+NATURAL AFFINITIES
+
+In the Monographs (1869) Osten Sacken included the genus
+_Dicranoptycha_ in his tribe (section) Limnobina anomala, or, as it
+subsequently became known, the Rhamphidini, and still later the
+Antochini. A recent survey of the immature stages of several Antochine
+genera has shown that the tribe is merely an artificial grouping based
+on superficial resemblance of the adult flies. This heterogeneous
+assemblage includes representatives of at least three other tribes,
+_Dicranoptycha_, together with _Antocha_, _Elliptera_, _Rhamphidia_,
+etc., showing an undeniable affinity with the Limnobiini, whereas
+_Teucholabis_, _Elephantomyia_, etc., show an equally clear
+relationship with the Eriopterini. Moreover a close phylogenetic
+relationship with the lowermost subtribes of the Hexatomini (_Ularia_,
+_Epiphragmaria_, etc.), is easily apparent.
+
+_Dicranoptycha_ shows the closest affinities with _Antocha_ and
+_Rhamphidia_. The larvæ of these three genera, each of which typifies a
+division, show the following common characters:
+
+Abdominal segments with basal transverse creeping welts or areas of
+microscopic points. The massive compact head-capsule with the
+præfrontal sclerite large, distinct, the externo-lateral plates large,
+mussel-shaped and very thin. The mentum is not completely divided
+medially. The maxillæ are large and of primitive structure, the
+cardines and stipites distinct, the two distal lobes large, subequal in
+size, covered with hairs and bearing sensory organs. Mandibles with one
+or more dorsal and two or more ventral teeth in addition to the apical
+point.
+
+The differences between these allied divisions are best indicated by a
+key.
+
+
+LARVAE
+
+     1. Spiracular disk with only the two long ventral lobes
+        remaining; spiracles lacking or vestigial; abdominal
+        segments with both dorsal and ventral welts; strictly
+        aquatic.
+                                                    _Antocharia._
+        Spiracular disk surrounded by four or five short lobes;
+        spiracles large and functional; abdominal segments with
+        ventral welts only (except the dorsum of segment eight);
+        terrestrial or semiaquatic.
+
+     2. Body moderately elongated and covered with a long dark
+        pubescence; spiracular disk squarely truncated,
+        surrounded by five subequal stout lobes; mentum with
+        five subequal teeth, the lateral one of either side not
+        conspicuously reduced.
+                                                  _Rhamphidaria._
+
+        Body very long and slender, glabrous; spiracular disk
+        obliquely truncated, surrounded by four slender naked
+        lobes; mentum with three subequal primary teeth and a
+        much reduced lateral tooth on either side.
+                                              _Dicranoptycharia._
+
+
+PUPAE
+
+     1. Pronotal breathing-horns branched; aquatic.
+                                                    _Antocharia._
+
+        Pronotal breathing-horns not branched; semiaquatic or
+        terrestrial.
+
+     2. Pronotal breathing-horns distinct, elongate-cylindrical.
+                                                  _Rhamphidaria._
+
+        Pronotal breathing-horns apparently lacking, microscopic.
+                                              _Dicranoptycharia._
+
+
+THE SUBTRIBE DICRANOPTYCHA
+
+A Key to the Species of Dicranoptycha
+
+
+LARVAE
+
+     1. Spiracular disk with the dark markings less extensive;
+        the mark of the lateral lobes not contiguous with the
+        spiracle or the triangular area on the disk; dorsal
+        marking indistinct or lacking.
+                                             _D. winnemana_ Alex.
+
+        Spiracular disk with the dark markings more extensive;
+        the mark of the lateral lobes suffusing the ventral inner
+        margin of the spiracle and usually closely approximated
+        or nearly contiguous with the triangular area on the
+        disk; dorsal marking black, transversely rectangular.
+                                                _D. minima_ Alex.
+
+     Description of the Species.
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES
+
+1916 _Dicranoptycha winnemana_ Alexander; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
+pp. 500, 501; Pl. 25, fig. 12.
+
+_Larva._--Length, 20-22 mm.
+          Diameter, 0.9-1.1 mm.
+
+Coloration varying from white to almost black depending on the nature
+and amount of the food eaten which shows clearly through the
+transparent integument. The fat-bodies likewise show through and give a
+white color to the larva especially after death.
+
+Form very elongate (fig. 1), body terete; integument very glabrous,
+transparent and glassy. Prothoracic segment a little longer than the
+mesothorax which, in turn, slightly exceeds the metathorax. The
+intermediate abdominal segments are elongated. The basal ring of
+sternites two to eight bears a transverse band or area of microscopic
+chitinized spicules, the one on the eighth segment split lengthwise by
+a capillary line. A similar band occurs in the same position on the
+dorsum of the eighth segment but the pleural region is devoid of such a
+band.
+
+Spiracular disk (fig. 8) moderate in size, obliquely truncated,
+surrounded by four lobes, a pair of small, slender, lateral lobes and
+short, broader ventral lobes. The usual dorso-median lobe is lacking
+but its position is indicated by a gently rounded convexity. The inner
+face of the lateral lobe bears a narrow semi-lunate black mark with the
+concavity toward the spiracle, the proximal end acutely pointed. The
+ventral lobes bear a similar but smaller subrectangular black mark. A
+pale and usually indistinct dusky mark occupies the inner face of the
+dorsal lobe. On the disk between, and slightly below the level of, the
+spiracles is a large brown triangular or V-shaped mark. The spiracles
+are small, separated from one another by a distance equal to about 2.5
+to 3 times the diameter of one; the center-piece of the spiracle is
+black, the ring yellow surrounded by an outer dusky margin. Anal gills
+fleshy and protuberant as a blunt ring surrounding the anus (fig. 10).
+
+Head-capsule (fig. 2) of the compact, massive type of the Limnobiini;
+præfrontal sclerite (fig. 3) large and distinct; the sclerite broad
+with the sides subparallel to about midlength, thence tapering
+gradually to the tip which is entire; there are two or three punctures
+at the margin before midlength. Interno-lateral plates narrow, a little
+longer than the præfrons; externo-lateral plates very broad, thin and
+flattened with the posterior margin very obtuse and the inner ventral
+portions continuous with the mental plate. Labrum (fig. 3) very broad
+and extensive, flattened, pale in color, the anterior margin with about
+two sense-organs. Mentum (fig. 4) deeply split behind but not
+completely divided, the anterior margin with three primary teeth that
+are subequal in size or the middle one a little smaller; a much reduced
+lateral tooth on either side. Præmentum smaller than the hypopharynx,
+in outline roughly oval or semicircular with the two labial palpi
+surrounded by hairs at the base. Hypopharynx (fig. 5) consisting of two
+chitinized arms that are contiguous but not fused medially, the
+concavity between them filled with a rounded cushion that is covered
+with tubercles arranged in more or less distinct oblique parallel rows.
+Antennæ (fig. 6) two-segmented, the basal segment cylindrical with an
+auditory plate on the face at beyond midlength; apical segment long and
+slender, in length but slightly less than the basal segment, tapering
+gradually to the bluntly rounded apex. Mandibles (fig. 7) simple with
+the teeth blunt; apical point longer than the lateral teeth; dorsal
+tooth single, broad, very flattened and obtusely pointed; ventral teeth
+two, a little smaller than the dorsal tooth. Maxillæ (fig. 2) of a
+generalized structure, the cardines distinct and feebly chitinized;
+distal lobes of the organ consisting of a subequal inner and outer
+lobe; the outer lobe with an abundance of long, delicate hairs and
+bearing a few sensory papillæ including one larger palpiform organ.
+
+_Pupa._--Length, 9.1-12.8 mm.
+Width, d.-s., 1.6-1.8 mm.
+Depth, d.-v., 1.6-1.9 mm.
+
+Thoracic dorsum shiny light brown; in very old pupæ the color is much
+darker, but still retains a much brighter color than the leg and
+wing-sheaths; abdomen pale becoming darker in age, especially on the
+pleura.
+
+Cephalic crest (fig. 13) low and depressed, inconspicuous, lying
+between the antennal bases which extend beyond it; there are four small
+setigerous lobes, the larger pair of which are posterior in position.
+Front between the eyes broad, subparallel. Two blunt tubercles on
+either side of the forehead. Eyes large, with coarse ommatidia. Labrum
+semicircular in outline, tumid. Labial lobes large, oval, contiguous
+with one another, at the tip of the labrum. Maxillary palpi moderately
+long and slender, nearly straight, gradually narrowed to the tip which
+ends opposite the knee-joint of the fore legs. Antennæ with the basal
+segments separated only by the cephalic crest, the sheaths ending about
+opposite or a little before the lateral angle of the thorax.
+
+Pronotal breathing-horns (fig. 14) very small, almost microscopic; when
+viewed from the dorsal aspect appearing as tiny triangular tubercles.
+Mesonotum moderately convex, unarmed, the V-shaped suture distinct; a
+few setæ on the mesonotum, including one near the end of each scutal
+lobe. Wing-sheaths rather short, but narrow, ending about opposite
+midlength of the third abdominal segment. Leg-sheaths ending opposite
+the base of the fifth abdominal segment, the tips of the tarsi ending
+about on a common level or those of the fore legs a trifle longer.
+
+Abdominal segments (fig. 11) subdivided into four annuli that bear
+transverse bands of microscopic setæ; these bands increase in width
+from the basal to the apical. Spiracles on the pleural region of
+segments two to seven, lying opposite the third annulus and close to
+the ventral margin of the pleura. No spiracles are discernible on the
+dorsum of the eighth segment. Male cauda (fig. 11) with the ventral
+lobes very blunt, rounded; the dorsal lobes very small, terminating in
+a sharp spine that is directed dorsad and bears a weak seta near its
+base. Female cauda (fig. 12) with the ventral lobes a little longer
+than the dorsal lobes; the latter at the outer angle of the apex with a
+short stout spine that is directed dorsad as in the male.
+
+     _Nepionotype_ (type larva), Lawrence, Kansas, April 2, 1918.
+
+     _Neanotype_ (type pupa), with the type larva, May 6, 1918.
+
+     _Paratypes_, larvæ and pupæ, about fifty from the type
+     locality, March 20 to May 20, 1918.
+
+
+_Dicranoptycha minima_ Alexander.
+
+1919 _Dicranoptycha minima_ Alexander; Ent. News, Vol. 30.
+
+The larva is very similar to that of _D. winnemana_ as described above,
+but is slightly smaller. The spiracular disk (fig. 9) has the dark
+markings much more extensive. The mark of the lateral lobes is
+contiguous with the spiracles and is also closely approximated to the
+large triangular brown mark on the disk. There is a large transverse
+rectangular mark occupying the inner face of the dorsal lobe. The
+marking of the ventral lobe is about as in _D. winnemana_.
+
+     _Nepionotype_, Lawrence, Kansas, July 11, 1918.
+
+     _Neanotype_, Lawrence, Kansas, July 21, 1918.
+
+     _Paratypes_, a few larvæ from the type-locality.
+
+
+Explanation of the Figures
+
+A--Labial Lobes; E--Eye; EL--Externo-lateral Plate; G--Anal Gills;
+IL--Interno-lateral Plate; Lb--Labrum; M--Maxillary Palpus; P--Pronotal
+Breathing-horn; Pf--Præfrons; S--Spiracle.
+
+Fig. 1. Larva of _Dicranoptycha winnemana_, ventral aspect of body.
+
+Fig. 2. The same, head-capsule, ventral aspect.
+
+Fig. 3. The same, head-capsule, dorsal aspect.
+
+Fig. 4. The same, mentum, ventral aspect.
+
+Fig. 5. The same, hypopharynx, ventral aspect.
+
+Fig. 6. The same, antenna.
+
+Fig. 7. The same, mandible.
+
+Fig. 8. Larva of _Dicranoptycha winnemana_, spiracular disk,
+        dorso-caudal aspect.
+
+Fig. 9. Larva of _D. minima_, spiracular disk, caudal aspect, the anal
+        gills protruded.
+
+Fig. 10. Larva of _D. winnemana_, spiracular disk, lateral aspect.
+
+Fig. 11. Pupa of _D. winnemana_, lateral aspect of male.
+
+Fig. 12. The same, lateral aspect of female cauda.
+
+Fig. 13. The same, head and mouth-parts, ventral aspect.
+
+Fig. 14. The same, pronotal breathing-horn, enlarged.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+The Central Nervous System of Nucula and Malletia
+
+WILLIAM A. HILTON
+
+
+These bivalve forms are grouped among the simplest of the molloscs. It
+is especially from the condition in _Nucula_ as described by Pelseneer
+'91, that the conception of the most anterior ganglion being composed
+of four ganglia, has its chief support. Drew '01, who has also studied
+_Nucula_, believes that the lobes of the ganglion in _Nucula_ are
+superficial and that the four connectives coming from the ganglion may
+be interpreted in another way. That is, that one pair of nerves may
+represent an otocystic branch partly fused with the connective. This
+view seemed reasonable to him as Stempel '99 in _Solenyma_ found the
+otocystic nerves arose directly from the cerebral ganglion.
+
+The two species of this group used for study were collected at Laguna
+Beach. _Nucula castrensis_ Hinds, occurs abundantly at low tide under
+rocks. It is rather small for dissection, but very good complete series
+were obtained and stained in hematoxylin. _Malletia faba_ Dall, was
+much less abundant. Specimens were obtained from holdfasts or from
+dredging. Although this was a larger species, gross dissection was not
+very easily carried out on any of the specimens, but good series were
+made.
+
+The ganglia of _Nucula_ are easily studied in section. The cerebral
+mass seems composed of one main mass, partly divided into four
+subdivisions, the two central most completely fused, and the lateral
+quite distinct in places. The central portion might represent the
+cerebral ganglia and the lateral, the pleural if we take that
+interpretation. The pedal ganglion is made of right and left parts
+quite completely fused except at the margins. The pedal mass is the
+smallest of the three chief ganglionic areas. The visceral ganglia are
+quite widely separated and a little larger than the pedal mass.
+
+The ganglia of _Malletia_ are in general plan similar to those of
+_Nucula_, the greatest differences being in the cerebral mass. The
+cerebro-pleural mass seems almost one. In most sections it is very
+compact and a little more complicated in structure than the ganglion of
+_Nucula_. However there are two small ventral ganglionic branches or
+small ganglia attached to the ventral side of the cerebral mass. These
+small ganglia may represent the visceral. Farther back in a cross
+section series as the cerebral mass disappears two other small branches
+take origin and run parallel to the nerves from the ganglionic cords.
+These two branches on each side seem to run together before the pedal
+ganglia are reached. Neither of these pairs of nerves seems connected
+with an otocyst.
+
+At the cephalic end of the cerebro-pleural ganglion the large
+ganglionic cords are in evidence. A little distance from the cephalic
+end on the dorsal side there are quite large groups of cells down from
+the surface and surrounded by nerve fibers. The course of the fibers
+here is quite complex. On the ventral lateral sides of the ganglia are
+paired light areas of fibers which may be traced into the fibers of the
+ganglionic cords.
+
+The pedal ganglion is small and much as in _Nucula_. The visceral
+ganglia are larger and widely separated.
+
+In both _Nucula_ and _Malletia_ young specimens were used for study. In
+_Nucula_ there was more the appearance of four ganglia in the
+cerebro-pleural mass, and the ganglia seem less complex than in
+_Malletia_. This last species has more separate pleural ganglia, if the
+ganglionic cords can be so regarded.
+
+In neither of the species studied were all parts of the connectives
+easy to follow, so it was impossible to test the suggestions of Drew,
+but in both species there is some indication of two lateral lobes of
+the cerebral mass, and in _Nucula_ there is good evidence of two
+central ganglia as well as the smaller lateral ones. The lateral
+ganglia of the cerebral mass are most clearly separated in _Malletia_.
+In _Nucula_ the lateral ganglia are larger in proportion and the
+distribution of the gray and white matter is more irregular.
+
+
+REFERENCES
+
+_Drew, G. A._                            1901
+
+The life history of Nucula delphinodonta. Quart, jour. sc.
+vol. 44, pt. 3.
+
+_Pelseneer, P._                          1891
+
+Contribution á l'étude des Lamellibranchs. Arch. d. biol. xi.
+
+_Stempell_                               1899
+
+Zur Anatomie von Solrmya togata. Zool. Jahrb. Bd. xiii.
+(_Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College_)
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF FIGURES
+
+Fig. 1. Diagram of the ganglia of _Nucula castrensis_, reconstructed
+from serial sections. The probable position of the connectives is shown
+and the proportionate distances between ganglia are given. The upper
+ganglion is the cerebro-pleural with large nerves leading off from the
+ganglion which is itself lobed into four chief lobes. The pedal
+ganglion is next. In section the pedal ganglion at one place seems to
+be made up of four parts which may correspond to four connectives from
+the cerebro-pleural although only one pair of connectives was clearly
+determined. The visceral ganglion is connected with the pedal below.
+×70.
+
+Fig. 2. Cross section of cerebro-pleural ganglion. On the right side
+one of the lateral ganglia is shown. The one of the other side does not
+show because the section is not straight across. The dorsal side is up.
+×300.
+
+Fig. 3. Section of the pedal mass of _Nucula_, through the center. The
+dorsal side is up. ×300.
+
+Fig. 4. Left side of the visceral mass of _Nucula_. Dorsal side up.
+×300.
+
+Fig. 5. Nerve cells from the central nervous system of _Nucula_. ×450.
+
+Fig. 6. Section through the body of _Nucula_ showing the position of
+the cerebro-pleural ganglion cut through the center. Dorsal side up.
+The cellular portion of the ganglion is black. ×70.
+
+Fig. 7. Section through the body of _Nucula_ at the level of the
+visceral nerves which are shown on either side of the section. The area
+of nerve cells is shown in black. ×70.
+
+Fig. 8. Reconstruction from serial sections of the cerebro-pleural mass
+nerves and connectives of _Malletia faba_. The drawing is a ventral
+view, the cephalic side is at the top. ×70.
+
+Fig. 9. Reconstruction of pedal ganglion of _Malletia_ from the ventral
+side. Cephalic side at the top. ×70.
+
+Fig. 10. Reconstruction of visceral ganglia of _Malletia_. ×70.
+
+Fig. 11. Section through cerebro-pleural mass of _Malletia_. The dorsal
+side is up. On the ventral side to the left and right are the
+beginnings of the lateral lobes or ganglionic cords which may represent
+the pleural ganglia. In this species the cerebral ganglia are not
+separated into right and left halves as in _Nucula_. ×300.
+
+Fig. 12. Section through the central part of the pedal mass of
+_Malletia_. The dorsal side is up. ×300.
+
+Fig. 13. Section through one visceral ganglion of _Malletia_. The
+dorsal side is up. ×300.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
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+
+Transcriber's Notes
+
+
+Page 64: Changed * * * to ... (preferred form for ellipsis).
+  Originally: This * * * is readily overcome by the frequent
+
+Page 64: Changed "placd" to "placed".
+  Originally: surface of the book on which it was placd,
+
+Page 68: Changed "X" to "×".
+  Originally: cells (10 mm. X 3.5 mm.)
+
+Page 70: Changed "chitinizd" to "chitinized".
+  Originally: Changed area of microscopic chitinizd spicules,
+
+Page 71: Changed "Lengh" to "Length".
+  Originally: Pupa.--Lengh, 9.1-12.8 mm.
+
+Page 75: Retained "molloscs", as a possible spelling variant for
+"molluscs". However, it may be a typo.
+  Originally: forms are grouped among the simplest of the molloscs.
+
+Pages 75, 76: Retained "Stempel" and "Stempell" spelling variations.
+
+Page 76: Changed "once" to "one".
+  Originally: the pedal ganglion at once place seems to be made up
+
+Page 76: Changed all instances of "X" to "×" to indicate magnification.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Journal of Entomology and Zoology, by 
+Horace Gunthorp and Charles P. Alexander and W. A. Hilton
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY ***
+
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Journal of Entomology and Zoology;
+Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919, by Pomona College Department of Zoology.
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Journal of Entomology and Zoology, by 
+Horace Gunthorp and Charles P. Alexander and W. A. Hilton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Journal of Entomology and Zoology
+       Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919
+
+Author: Horace Gunthorp
+        Charles P. Alexander
+        W. A. Hilton
+
+Editor: Pomona College Department of Zoology
+
+Release Date: October 5, 2011 [EBook #37632]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Diane Monico, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<h1><small><span class="left">VOLUME ELEVEN</span>   <span class="right">NUMBER FOUR</span></small><br /><br />
+
+JOURNAL<br />
+<small>OF</small><br />
+ENTOMOLOGY<br />
+<small>AND</small><br />
+ZOOLOGY<br /><br />
+
+<small>DECEMBER, 1919</small>
+</h1>
+
+<p class="title">PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY<br />
+POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT <i>of</i> ZOOLOGY<br />
+CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.<br /><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="toc">
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">Page</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Notes on the Behavior of the Social Wasp Polistes&mdash;<i>Horace Gunthorp</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Biology of the North American Crane-Flies. V. The Genus Dicranoptycha&mdash;<i>Charles P. Alexander</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The Central Nervous System of Nucula and Malletia&mdash;<i>W. A. Hilton</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p class="center"><small>Entered Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1, 1910, as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of
+March 3, 1879</small></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Journal_of_Entomology_and_Zoology" id="Journal_of_Entomology_and_Zoology"></a>Journal of Entomology and Zoology</h2>
+
+<p class="title">EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Subscription</i> $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries.</p>
+
+<p>This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological
+and entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports
+of societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions.</p>
+
+<p>The pages of the journal are especially open to western entomologists
+and zoologists. Notes and papers relating to western
+and Californian forms and conditions are particularly desired,
+but short morphological, systematic or economic studies from
+any locality will be considered for publication.</p>
+
+<p>Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of
+paper about 8 by 11 inches. Foot notes, tables, explanations of
+figures, etc., should be written on separate sheets. Foot notes
+and figures should be numbered consecutively throughout. The
+desired position of foot notes and figures should be clearly
+indicated in the manuscript.</p>
+
+<p>Figures should be drawn so that they may be reproduced as
+line cuts so far as possible. An unusually large number of half
+tones must be paid for in part by the author. Other more
+expensive illustrations will be furnished at cost. Figures for
+cuts should be made to conform to the size of the page when
+reduced, that is, 5 by 7-1/2 inches or less. The lettering should
+be by means of printed numbers and letters pasted on the
+drawings, in most cases.</p>
+
+<p>Authors of articles longer than a thousand words will receive
+fifty reprints of their publications free of cost. If more than
+this are desired, the order should be given with the return of
+the proof sheets. Extra copies and special covers or special
+paper will be furnished at cost. Authors of short contributions
+will receive a few extra copies of the number containing their
+articles.</p>
+
+<p>Manuscripts should be sent by express or registered mail.</p>
+
+<p>Address all communications to</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="smcap" style="margin-left: 2em;">The Journal of Entomology and Zoology</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 10em;">William A. Hilton, Editor</span><br />
+Claremont, California, U. S. A.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Notes_on_the_Behavior_of_the_Social_Wasp_Polistes" id="Notes_on_the_Behavior_of_the_Social_Wasp_Polistes"></a>Notes on the Behavior of the Social Wasp Polistes</h2>
+
+<p class="title">HORACE GUNTHORP<br />
+Washburn College, Topeka, Kans.</p>
+
+
+<p>One day last September the writer picked up a nest of the common social wasp,
+<i>Polistes</i>, which had been detached from its support, and placed it upon his desk. A
+short time later he was attracted by a scratching sound, and discovered that one of
+the wasps was just beginning to cut the cap from its cell preparatory to emerging.
+During the next few days a series of observations were made and notes taken covering
+the behavior of the wasps which emerged from their cells during that period. Miss
+Enteman<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> has made a careful study of the instincts of the social wasps, and while the
+observations recorded in the present paper are largely corroborative of her work, some
+interesting details are here added.</p>
+
+<p>The cutting of the cap of the cell occupied some time, and extended around four-fifths
+of its circumference, the remaining one-fifth being gnawed and partially chewed
+through so that it was flexible enough to act as a hinge for the cap. After the cap was
+sufficiently cut away, the wasp started to slowly work itself out, pushing up the top
+of the cell like a trap door as progress was made. A good deal of effort was required
+to get the body out until the front legs were freed. Then the wasp had more purchase
+and progress was somewhat faster until the second pair of legs came out. After this
+slight effort seemed to be necessary for the completion of the operation.</p>
+
+<p>For the next thirty minutes careful observations were made of the movements of
+this wasp in order to ascertain its first reactions. It is evident that they would be
+somewhat modified from what they are here recorded if the colony had contained the
+queen and other workers, as this specimen had the run of the entire nest, and none of
+its movements were effected by those of other individuals. It is equally evident that
+all stimuli came from within, or from contact with the nest, and not from suggestions
+received from other individuals or from contact with them. The following is the
+record made at one minute intervals, beginning with the time the specimen left its cell:</p>
+
+<div class="i4">
+<p>8:06. Specimen emerged from its cell.</p>
+
+<p>8:07. Cleaned its front legs in its mouth and its antennæ with its front legs.</p>
+
+<p>8:08. Moved around some. Rubbed its wings with its hind legs and spread them out
+twice.</p>
+
+<p>8:09. Cleaned antennæ and front legs.</p>
+
+<p>8:10. Swung abdomen back and forth, and brushed its wings. Moved around the nest
+rapidly and waved the antennæ, but all movements were jerky.</p>
+
+<p>8:11. Explored nest, occasionally rubbing abdomen with legs.</p>
+
+<p>8:12. Explored nest.</p>
+
+<p>8:13. Explored nest. Movements unsteady. Cleaned antennæ and front legs.</p>
+
+<p>8:14. Explored nest, in the course of which it went over the edge on to the back side,
+but immediately returned to the under side. Cleaned the front legs and
+antennæ, and then the hind legs.</p>
+
+<p>8:15. Spread out the wings. Cleaned the antennæ.</p>
+
+<p>8:16. Cleaned abdomen.</p>
+
+<p>8:17. Crawled on top or back side of nest again and stayed there. Cleaned wings
+and abdomen.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p>
+<p>8:18. Explored top. Cleaned front legs and antennæ.</p>
+
+<p>8:19. Stood still. Occasional movement of head, antennæ or abdomen.</p>
+
+<p>8:20. Same as 8:19.</p>
+
+<p>8:21. Began to explore again, becoming quite lively. Antennæ constantly waving.</p>
+
+<p>8:22. Same as 8:21, but extended its travels to the under (cell) side of the nest.</p>
+
+<p>8:23. Left the nest entirely and began to walk around the surface of the desk.</p>
+
+<p>8:24. Started to climb a bottle that was some six inches from the nest. Antennæ still
+waving.</p>
+
+<p>8:25. On the neck of the bottle, two inches above the surface of the desk. Cleaned
+front legs and antennæ.</p>
+
+<p>8:26. Quiet except that it spread its wings once.</p>
+
+<p>8:27. Still on neck of bottle. Moved its head and antennæ back and forth.</p>
+
+<p>8:28. Slight change in position. Antennæ were still waving. Rubbed its wings, spread
+them, and then rubbed them again.</p>
+
+<p>8:29. Rubbed its hind legs together vigorously.</p>
+
+<p>8:30. Spread wings once, then rubbed them and the abdomen with the hind legs.
+Rubbed the hind legs together, and finally rubbed the right wings vigorously.</p>
+
+<p>8:31. Moved around some, occasionally stopping to rub the right wings.</p>
+
+<p>8:32. Explored the neck of the bottle.</p>
+
+<p>8:33. Same as 8:32. Cleaned antennæ.</p>
+
+<p>8:34. Same as 8:33.</p>
+
+<p>8:35. Stood still but continued to clean antennæ and front legs.</p>
+
+<p>8:36. Climbed up and explored the cork of the bottle.</p>
+
+<p>8:37-8:40. Stood still on the cork, occasionally moving its jaws.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>At 8:40 the nest was placed against the cork and the wasp immediately crawled
+onto it, but seemed restless. As the nest has a faint, but distinct, odor of honey, it was
+probably attracted to it through the sense of smell.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning the specimen was nowhere in sight, but forty-eight hours later it
+fell out of a loose-leaf binder that had been lying on the desk. It seemed to be as
+active as when seen two days before. Some time during the second night after the
+appearance of the first specimen, that is, when it was some thirty hours old, a second
+individual emerged. This one was discovered on a pile of books two feet from the
+nest where it had evidently crawled soon after emerging.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the first specimen was rediscovered, that is, when it was sixty hours
+old, the second wasp then being thirty hours old, the two were placed on the nest, and
+this in turn was placed on a book. They both started on tours of observation, and
+every time they came in contact with each other they made sudden starts and jumps
+to avoid an evidently startling new object, meanwhile violently waving their antennæ
+and often cleaning these organs after such contact. Dr. Enteman says, "All wasps
+possess the instinct of fear. This ... is readily overcome by the frequent appearance
+of the awe-inspiring object." This is true, because they were evidently on
+familiar terms with each other in half an hour, and paid very little attention to the
+frequent meetings which before had apparently distressed them. They wandered
+freely over their nest and the top surface of the book on which it was placed, but did
+not attempt to climb off the latter.</p>
+
+<p>At 12 o'clock, four hours later, a third wasp had appeared, and none of the specimens
+seemed to be disturbed by the presence of the others. When the nest was first
+picked up, one cell containing a well formed pupa was uncapped. This specimen was
+then alive, but it may have been dead at the time of this observation. In either case,
+it had been dragged out of its cell, decapitated, and the front legs torn off. No trace
+of the head was found, but the body and legs were on the book about one inch from
+the nest. Whether this act was connected with the hunger of the wasps themselves or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>
+with the first development of the instinct of feeding the larvæ in the nest, which Miss
+Enteman says begins without imitation, is not clear.</p>
+
+<p>At 2 p. m. (two hours later) the colony was placed out of doors, still on the book.
+Two of the wasps soon left the latter, and settled near it, keeping very quiet for half
+an hour. The third kept climbing over and around the nest. At 2:30 one of the two
+wasps returned to the nest.</p>
+
+<p>At 3 p. m. two of the specimens were on the ground near the porch. They made
+only short flights, resembling jumps with the wings assisting, this being true even when
+they were disturbed. The third wasp was beside the colony, chewing on the decapitated
+pupa, probably getting some nourishment from it in the process.</p>
+
+<p>During the afternoon the nest was disturbed, and at 6 p. m. all three specimens
+had gone from the porch. One was found wandering aimlessly on a canna leaf near
+by. It did not seem to be able to fly well. The other two had disappeared entirely.</p>
+
+<p>The nest was saved and several days later a fourth wasp appeared. It was a
+very lively specimen, and spent the first few hours actively exploring the nest. It
+seemed of a very nervous disposition, being more easily disturbed than any of the
+others had been. Every time the nest was picked up, it would start for the fingers or
+forceps holding it. At one time it was observed with its whole body in a cell, head
+downward, evidently examining the interior. After staying close to the nest for a day,
+it began to fly around the floor of the room, paying no more attention to its former
+home. Even when it was placed on or near it, it would almost immediately crawl or
+fly away. Its flying was erratic, and seemed to lack power, but it got along much
+better than any of the other three had done.</p>
+
+<p>From the above observations it would appear that the movements of the wasp
+recorded at one minute intervals after emergence from its cell were probably reactions
+due to the discomfort of the drying and hardening of the tissues. At first the wasps
+apparently had very little, if any, home instinct. The only things to indicate that
+they had any were the facts that the first specimen so readily left the cork on which it
+was sitting and went back to its nest when the latter was held near it, and the fourth
+wasp stayed on or near the nest for the first twelve hours. But all the specimens
+observed left the nest the first night and showed no intention or disposition to return.
+The presence of a second wasp seemed to bring the home instinct into existence more
+forcibly, as the first and second wasps stayed with the nest for six or seven hours
+when they were returned to it together, while the fourth one repeatedly left the empty
+nest almost at once when it was returned to it. But this instinct was seemingly not very
+strong, as they soon wandered away when placed out of doors. They seemed to have
+no idea as to how to carry on the work of the colony, but wandered aimlessly over it.
+Perhaps this was due to the fact that they were too young, as Miss Enteman says the
+development of the nursing instinct is usually manifested "any time after the first half
+day of imaginal life," but was observed in some neuters as young as four hours, while
+in others it was delayed for two weeks.</p>
+
+<p>While the above observations are admittedly too few from which to draw definite
+conclusions, they seem to warrant the following assumptions, the first three of which
+are quoted from Miss Enteman, and hence are simply corroborative of her work:</p>
+
+<div class="i2"><p>1. "All wasps possess the instinct of fear. This is especially strong the first few days
+after emergence, but is readily overcome by the frequent appearance of the
+awe-inspiring object.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>2. "In a sense, the wasp remembers. This is indicated by the manner in which it
+accustoms itself to the sight of strange objects, and by its behavior when a
+change is made in its nest or surroundings.</p>
+
+<p>3. "It shows considerable individual variability, both as to time and manner of its
+response to stimuli."</p>
+
+<p>4. After emergence, the first reactions are associated simply with the discomfort of
+the hardening of the tissues.</p>
+
+<p>5. It has marked curiosity, as shown by its repeated inspection of its nest and other
+familiar objects.</p>
+
+<p>6. The "home instinct" seems to be slight when the wasp is alone, but becomes stronger
+when two or more are on the same nest.</p>
+
+<p>7. The olfactory sense is closely associated with the early instincts of the wasp.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Minnie Marie Enteman. "Some Observations on the Behavior of the Social Wasps." Pop.
+Sci. Mo., 61: 339-351, 1902.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="The_Biology_of_the_North_American_Crane-Flies" id="The_Biology_of_the_North_American_Crane-Flies"></a>The Biology of the North American Crane-Flies</h2>
+
+<p class="title">(Tipulidæ, Diptera)<br /><br />
+
+V. The Genus Dicranoptycha Osten Sacken<br /><br />
+
+BY CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, Ph.D. (Cornell)</p>
+
+
+<h3>GENERIC DIAGNOSIS</h3>
+
+<p><i>Larva.</i> Form very elongate, terete; integument smooth, glassy, transparent; abdominal
+segments two to eight with a basal transverse band or area of microscopic chitinized
+points on the ventral surface; segment eight with a similar band on the dorsum.
+Spiracular disk surrounded by four lobes, the lateral pair more slender than the blunt
+ventral pair; dorsal lobe very low or lacking; spiracles small, widely separated; a
+triangular brown mark on the disk between the spiracles; anal gills a fleshy protuberant
+ring surrounding the anus. Head-capsule compact, massive, the præfrons large
+with a few marginal punctures; externo-lateral plates very broad. Labrum large, flattened,
+pale; antennæ two-segmented, the apical segment almost as long as the basal
+segment, narrowed to the blunt tip; mandibles with a blunt dorsal and two blunt
+ventral teeth; maxillæ generalized in structure; hypopharynx a rounded cushion;
+mentum deeply split behind but not completely divided, with three principle teeth and
+a small lateral tooth on either side.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pupa.</i> Cephalic crest low, depressed, setiferous; labrum tumid; labial lobes oval,
+contiguous; antennal sheaths ending opposite the base of the wing. Pronotal breathing-horns
+microscopic, represented only by tiny triangular tubercles; mesonotum unarmed;
+wing-sheaths ending opposite the middle of the third abdominal segment; leg-sheaths
+ending opposite the base of the fifth abdominal segment, the tarsi terminating
+on a level, or nearly so. Abdominal tergites and sternites each with four transverse
+rows of microscopic setæ; lateral spiracles on segments two to seven.</p>
+
+
+<h3>DISCUSSION OF THE GENUS</h3>
+
+<p>The genus <i>Dicranoptycha</i> was erected by Osten Sacken in 1860 (Proc. Acad. Nat.
+Sci. Phila. for 1859, p. 217). The genus includes a small group of crane-flies with a
+Holarctic distribution, there being about six species in North America and two, or possibly
+three, in Europe. As I have indicated elsewhere, <i>D. signaticollis</i> v.d.W. of Java
+is undoubtedly a species of <i>Libnotes</i>. Of the American species, <i>D. germana</i> O.S. is
+characteristic of the Canadian life-zone of northeastern America. <i>D. sobrina</i> O.S. is
+widely distributed in the United States and southern Canada, usually occurring in the
+Transitional and Upper Austral life-zones. So far as known at present it is the only
+species of the genus occurring on the Pacific slope. The remaining American species
+(<i>nigripes</i> O.S., <i>winnemana</i> Alex., <i>tigrina</i> Alex. and <i>minima</i> Alex.) are Austral in distribution,
+occurring in the southeastern and south central United States. A more detailed
+account of the distribution of the species is given in another paper by the writer
+which may be consulted (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1916, pp. 496, 497). All of
+the known species are generally similar to one another in appearance and are separated
+by relatively slight differences of size, color and structure.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing has ever been written concerning the immature stages of this peculiar<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>
+group of crane-flies. The species described hereinafter were reared at Lawrence,
+Kansas, and the general conditions under which they occur may be briefly discussed:</p>
+
+<p>North Hollow, on the Campus of the University of Kansas, is a typical dry Austral
+woodland traversed by a small stream that is entirely dry during the months of midsummer
+drought. The soil consists of a rich black humus that is soft and mellow
+except during the period of greatest dryness, being overlain by a varying depth of vegetable
+debris and leaf-mold. It is in this relatively dry soil that the larvæ of
+<i>Dicranoptycha</i> occur. The forest cover consists of Carolina poplar, <i>Populus deltoides</i>
+Marsh; black walnut, <i>Juglans nigra</i> L., white elm, <i>Ulmus americana</i> L.; Kentucky
+coffee-tree, <i>Gymnocladus dioica</i> (L.) Koch; honey locust, <i>Gleditsia triacanthos</i> L.; red
+bud, <i>Cercis canadensis</i> L.; yellow wood, <i>Cladrastis lutea</i> (Mx.f.) Koch; tree-of-heaven,
+<i>Ailanthus glandulosa</i> Desf., etc. The principle shrubs are the goose-berry, <i>Ribes
+gracile</i> Mx.; poison ivy, <i>Rhus Toxicodendron</i> L.; wahoo, <i>Evonymus atropurpureus</i>
+Jacq.; bladder-nut, <i>Staphylea trifolia</i> L.; coral-berry, <i>Symphoricarpos orbiculatus</i>
+Moench.; blackberried elder, <i>Sambucus canadensis</i> L., etc. The herbage is made up
+of tall grasses, composites and, in the spring, the all-dominant cleavers, <i>Galium</i>. In
+addition to the above, great tangles of lianas (<i>Smilax</i>, <i>Vitis</i>, <i>Ampelopsis</i>, etc.) are
+found.</p>
+
+<p>In situations such as the above these Austral species of <i>Dicranoptycha</i> spend their
+entire lives. The first larvæ of <i>D. winnemana</i> were found here on March 20, 1918,
+by the writer and his wife. At this time they were well grown (length 16 mm.; diameter
+0.9 mm.). They occurred just beneath the cover of fallen leaves and other debris
+in the upper layers of soil. Here they were associated with pupæ of <i>Tipula angustipennis</i>
+Lw., larvæ of <i>Sciara</i> (Mycetophilidæ); <i>Psilocephala hæmorrhoidalis</i> Macq.
+(Therevidæ), numerous beetle larvæ, centipedes, etc. By their elongate form and
+glabrous shiny skin they are very characteristic and easily recognized. The glassy
+appearance of the body suggests the shiny shells of a small coiled molluscan whose
+dead fragments occurred in some numbers in the same situations. These larvæ were
+placed in rearing and the first adults appeared in the breeding-cages on May 6, and
+from that time on continued to appear in large numbers. It was over a month later
+that the first individuals were taken in the field. The pupal duration could not be
+determined closer than ten days, and this may be the usual length of time required
+for this stage. The first larvæ of <i>D. minima</i> were found on July 2, 1918, in similar
+situations in North Hollow. At this time they were only about one-half grown. On
+July 11 much larger larvæ of this species were secured and placed in rearing, emerging
+as adults on July 21. The larvæ, like these of <i>D. winnemana</i>, live just beneath
+the layer of leaf-mold in the upper zone of black soil. They are usually quite sluggish
+in their motions but at other times are quite active. The larvæ are herbivores
+and feed on the rich organic earth in their haunts. When ready to pupate, they
+encase themselves in earthen cells (10 mm. × 3.5 mm.), firm in texture, rather thick-walled
+but without silk. There is a small opening at either end. The length of the
+cavity is but little greater than the pupa itself. In this cavity the pupa rests and
+matures. As in other insects, the teneral pupæ are very pale yellow but gradually
+darken in color until, at emergence, they are of a dark brownish-black. When newly
+transformed the teneral flies rest on the ground and on the leaves of low plants nearby.</p>
+
+<p>The adult flies of <i>D. germana</i> usually occur in the immediate neighborhood of
+running or stagnant water and may be swept from the rank vegetation in such places.
+The flies rest on the upper surface of the leaves of tall herbs and low shrubs. In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>
+eastern Kansas, the flies of <i>D. winnemana</i>, <i>D. tigrina</i> and <i>D. minima</i> often occur
+together. In June, <i>D. winnemana</i> appears on the wing and is found associated with
+<i>Tipula morrisoni</i> Alex., <i>T. mingwe</i> Alex., etc.; in July, <i>D. minima</i> appears, together
+with <i>Tipula flavibasis</i> Alex., <i>T. unimaculata</i> Lw., etc.; still later in July <i>D. tigrina</i>
+emerges and all three species fly together during August and into September when
+they fly with <i>Tipula ultima</i> Alex., <i>T. unifasciata</i> Lw., etc. It is curious that no other
+species of Limnobiinæ occur in the thamnophytic association frequented by <i>Dicranoptycha</i>.
+All three species of this genus as discussed above have habits that are generally
+similar to one another. They are usually found resting quietly on the upper
+surface of the leaves but fly readily and on slight disturbance. Pairs in copulation
+are often found resting, the bodies directed away from one another and the wings
+folded over the abdomen. While thus united they fly readily, sometimes the female
+taking the initiative, sometimes the rather smaller male. The eggs are deposited in
+the soft earth in these situations.</p>
+
+
+<h3>NATURAL AFFINITIES</h3>
+
+<p>In the Monographs (1869) Osten Sacken included the genus <i>Dicranoptycha</i> in his
+tribe (section) Limnobina anomala, or, as it subsequently became known, the Rhamphidini,
+and still later the Antochini. A recent survey of the immature stages of several
+Antochine genera has shown that the tribe is merely an artificial grouping based on
+superficial resemblance of the adult flies. This heterogeneous assemblage includes
+representatives of at least three other tribes, <i>Dicranoptycha</i>, together with <i>Antocha</i>,
+<i>Elliptera</i>, <i>Rhamphidia</i>, etc., showing an undeniable affinity with the Limnobiini,
+whereas <i>Teucholabis</i>, <i>Elephantomyia</i>, etc., show an equally clear relationship with the
+Eriopterini. Moreover a close phylogenetic relationship with the lowermost subtribes
+of the Hexatomini (<i>Ularia</i>, <i>Epiphragmaria</i>, etc.), is easily apparent.</p>
+
+<p><i>Dicranoptycha</i> shows the closest affinities with <i>Antocha</i> and <i>Rhamphidia</i>. The
+larvæ of these three genera, each of which typifies a division, show the following
+common characters:</p>
+
+<p>Abdominal segments with basal transverse creeping welts or areas of microscopic
+points. The massive compact head-capsule with the præfrontal sclerite large, distinct,
+the externo-lateral plates large, mussel-shaped and very thin. The mentum is not
+completely divided medially. The maxillæ are large and of primitive structure,
+the cardines and stipites distinct, the two distal lobes large, subequal in size, covered
+with hairs and bearing sensory organs. Mandibles with one or more dorsal and two
+or more ventral teeth in addition to the apical point.</p>
+
+<p>The differences between these allied divisions are best indicated by a key.</p>
+
+
+<h4>LARVAE</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="i2">1. Spiracular disk with only the two long ventral lobes remaining; spiracles lacking
+or vestigial; abdominal segments with both dorsal and ventral welts; strictly
+aquatic.<span class="right"><i>Antocharia.</i></span></p>
+
+<p class="ci2">Spiracular disk surrounded by four or five short lobes; spiracles large and functional;
+abdominal segments with ventral welts only (except the dorsum of segment
+eight); terrestrial or semiaquatic.</p>
+
+<p class="i2">2. Body moderately elongated and covered with a long dark pubescence; spiracular
+disk squarely truncated, surrounded by five subequal stout lobes; mentum with
+five subequal teeth, the lateral one of either side not conspicuously reduced.<span class="right"><i>Rhamphidaria.</i></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="ci2">Body very long and slender, glabrous; spiracular disk obliquely truncated, surrounded
+by four slender naked lobes; mentum with three subequal primary
+teeth and a much reduced lateral tooth on either side.<span class="right"><i>Dicranoptycharia.</i></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>PUPAE</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="i2">1. Pronotal breathing-horns branched; aquatic.<span class="right"><i>Antocharia.</i></span></p>
+<p class="ci2">Pronotal breathing-horns not branched; semiaquatic or terrestrial.</p>
+
+<p class="i2">2. Pronotal breathing-horns distinct, elongate-cylindrical.<span class="right"><i>Rhamphidaria.</i></span></p>
+<p class="ci2">Pronotal breathing-horns apparently lacking, microscopic.<span class="right"><i>Dicranoptycharia.</i></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>THE SUBTRIBE DICRANOPTYCHA</h3>
+
+<p class="title">A Key to the Species of Dicranoptycha</p>
+
+
+<h4>LARVAE</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="i2">1. Spiracular disk with the dark markings less extensive; the mark of the lateral
+lobes not contiguous with the spiracle or the triangular area on the disk; dorsal
+marking indistinct or lacking.<span class="right"><i>D. winnemana</i> Alex.</span></p>
+
+<p class="ci2">Spiracular disk with the dark markings more extensive; the mark of the lateral
+lobes suffusing the ventral inner margin of the spiracle and usually closely approximated
+or nearly contiguous with the triangular area on the disk; dorsal
+marking black, transversely rectangular.<span class="right"><i>D. minima</i> Alex.</span></p>
+
+<p class="i2">Description of the Species.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h4>DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES</h4>
+
+<p>1916 <i>Dicranoptycha winnemana</i> Alexander; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pp. 500, 501;
+Pl. 25, fig. 12.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>
+<i>Larva.</i>&mdash;Length, 20-22 mm.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3.75em;">Diameter, 0.9-1.1 mm.</span><br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Coloration varying from white to almost black depending on the nature and
+amount of the food eaten which shows clearly through the transparent integument.
+The fat-bodies likewise show through and give a white color to the larva especially
+after death.</p>
+
+<p>Form very elongate (<a href="#i001">fig. 1</a>), body terete; integument very glabrous, transparent
+and glassy. Prothoracic segment a little longer than the mesothorax which, in turn,
+slightly exceeds the metathorax. The intermediate abdominal segments are elongated.
+The basal ring of sternites two to eight bears a transverse band or area of microscopic
+chitinized spicules, the one on the eighth segment split lengthwise by a capillary line.
+A similar band occurs in the same position on the dorsum of the eighth segment but
+the pleural region is devoid of such a band.</p>
+
+<p>Spiracular disk (<a href="#i002">fig. 8</a>) moderate in size, obliquely truncated, surrounded by four
+lobes, a pair of small, slender, lateral lobes and short, broader ventral lobes. The
+usual dorso-median lobe is lacking but its position is indicated by a gently rounded
+convexity. The inner face of the lateral lobe bears a narrow semi-lunate black mark
+with the concavity toward the spiracle, the proximal end acutely pointed. The ventral
+lobes bear a similar but smaller subrectangular black mark. A pale and usually
+indistinct dusky mark occupies the inner face of the dorsal lobe. On the disk between,
+and slightly below the level of, the spiracles is a large brown triangular or V-shaped
+mark. The spiracles are small, separated from one another by a distance equal to
+about 2.5 to 3 times the diameter of one; the center-piece of the spiracle is black, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>
+ring yellow surrounded by an outer dusky margin. Anal gills fleshy and protuberant
+as a blunt ring surrounding the anus (<a href="#i002">fig. 10</a>).</p>
+
+<p>Head-capsule (<a href="#i001">fig. 2</a>) of the compact, massive type of the Limnobiini; præfrontal
+sclerite (<a href="#i001">fig. 3</a>) large and distinct; the sclerite broad with the sides subparallel to
+about midlength, thence tapering gradually to the tip which is entire; there are two
+or three punctures at the margin before midlength. Interno-lateral plates narrow, a
+little longer than the præfrons; externo-lateral plates very broad, thin and flattened
+with the posterior margin very obtuse and the inner ventral portions continuous with
+the mental plate. Labrum (<a href="#i001">fig. 3</a>) very broad and extensive, flattened, pale in color,
+the anterior margin with about two sense-organs. Mentum (<a href="#i001">fig. 4</a>) deeply split
+behind but not completely divided, the anterior margin with three primary teeth that
+are subequal in size or the middle one a little smaller; a much reduced lateral tooth
+on either side. Præmentum smaller than the hypopharynx, in outline roughly oval or
+semicircular with the two labial palpi surrounded by hairs at the base. Hypopharynx
+(<a href="#i001">fig. 5</a>) consisting of two chitinized arms that are contiguous but not fused medially,
+the concavity between them filled with a rounded cushion that is covered with tubercles
+arranged in more or less distinct oblique parallel rows. Antennæ (<a href="#i001">fig. 6</a>) two-segmented,
+the basal segment cylindrical with an auditory plate on the face at beyond
+midlength; apical segment long and slender, in length but slightly less than the basal
+segment, tapering gradually to the bluntly rounded apex. Mandibles (<a href="#i001">fig. 7</a>) simple
+with the teeth blunt; apical point longer than the lateral teeth; dorsal tooth single,
+broad, very flattened and obtusely pointed; ventral teeth two, a little smaller than
+the dorsal tooth. Maxillæ (<a href="#i001">fig. 2</a>) of a generalized structure, the cardines distinct and
+feebly chitinized; distal lobes of the organ consisting of a subequal inner and outer
+lobe; the outer lobe with an abundance of long, delicate hairs and bearing a few
+sensory papillæ including one larger palpiform organ.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>
+<i>Pupa.</i>&mdash;Length, 9.1-12.8 mm.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Width, d.-s., 1.6-1.8 mm.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">Depth, d.-v., 1.6-1.9 mm.</span><br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Thoracic dorsum shiny light brown; in very old pupæ the color is much darker,
+but still retains a much brighter color than the leg and wing-sheaths; abdomen pale
+becoming darker in age, especially on the pleura.</p>
+
+<p>Cephalic crest (<a href="#i002">fig. 13</a>) low and depressed, inconspicuous, lying between the
+antennal bases which extend beyond it; there are four small setigerous lobes, the
+larger pair of which are posterior in position. Front between the eyes broad, subparallel.
+Two blunt tubercles on either side of the forehead. Eyes large, with coarse
+ommatidia. Labrum semicircular in outline, tumid. Labial lobes large, oval, contiguous
+with one another, at the tip of the labrum. Maxillary palpi moderately long
+and slender, nearly straight, gradually narrowed to the tip which ends opposite the
+knee-joint of the fore legs. Antennæ with the basal segments separated only by the
+cephalic crest, the sheaths ending about opposite or a little before the lateral angle
+of the thorax.</p>
+
+<p>Pronotal breathing-horns (<a href="#i002">fig. 14</a>) very small, almost microscopic; when viewed
+from the dorsal aspect appearing as tiny triangular tubercles. Mesonotum moderately
+convex, unarmed, the V-shaped suture distinct; a few setæ on the mesonotum, including
+one near the end of each scutal lobe. Wing-sheaths rather short, but narrow, ending
+about opposite midlength of the third abdominal segment. Leg-sheaths ending opposite<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>
+the base of the fifth abdominal segment, the tips of the tarsi ending about on a common
+level or those of the fore legs a trifle longer.</p>
+
+<p>Abdominal segments (<a href="#i002">fig. 11</a>) subdivided into four annuli that bear transverse
+bands of microscopic setæ; these bands increase in width from the basal to the apical.
+Spiracles on the pleural region of segments two to seven, lying opposite the third
+annulus and close to the ventral margin of the pleura. No spiracles are discernible
+on the dorsum of the eighth segment. Male cauda (<a href="#i002">fig. 11</a>) with the ventral lobes
+very blunt, rounded; the dorsal lobes very small, terminating in a sharp spine that
+is directed dorsad and bears a weak seta near its base. Female cauda (<a href="#i002">fig. 12</a>) with
+the ventral lobes a little longer than the dorsal lobes; the latter at the outer angle of
+the apex with a short stout spine that is directed dorsad as in the male.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><i>Nepionotype</i> (type larva), Lawrence, Kansas, April 2, 1918.</p>
+
+<p><i>Neanotype</i> (type pupa), with the type larva, May 6, 1918.</p>
+
+<p><i>Paratypes</i>, larvæ and pupæ, about fifty from the type locality, March 20 to May
+20, 1918.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3><i>Dicranoptycha minima</i> Alexander.</h3>
+
+<p>1919 <i>Dicranoptycha minima</i> Alexander; Ent. News, Vol. 30.</p>
+
+<p>The larva is very similar to that of <i>D. winnemana</i> as described above, but is
+slightly smaller. The spiracular disk (<a href="#i002">fig. 9</a>) has the dark markings much more
+extensive. The mark of the lateral lobes is contiguous with the spiracles and is also
+closely approximated to the large triangular brown mark on the disk. There is a
+large transverse rectangular mark occupying the inner face of the dorsal lobe. The
+marking of the ventral lobe is about as in <i>D. winnemana</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p><i>Nepionotype</i>, Lawrence, Kansas, July 11, 1918.</p>
+
+<p><i>Neanotype</i>, Lawrence, Kansas, July 21, 1918.</p>
+
+<p><i>Paratypes</i>, a few larvæ from the type-locality.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>Explanation of the Figures</h3>
+
+<p>A&mdash;Labial Lobes; E&mdash;Eye; EL&mdash;Externo-lateral Plate; G&mdash;Anal Gills; IL&mdash;Interno-lateral
+Plate; Lb&mdash;Labrum; M&mdash;Maxillary Palpus; P&mdash;Pronotal Breathing-horn;
+Pf&mdash;Præfrons; S&mdash;Spiracle.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Fig. 1. Larva of <i>Dicranoptycha winnemana</i>, ventral aspect of body.</li>
+<li>Fig. 2. The same, head-capsule, ventral aspect.</li>
+<li>Fig. 3. The same, head-capsule, dorsal aspect.</li>
+<li>Fig. 4. The same, mentum, ventral aspect.</li>
+<li>Fig. 5. The same, hypopharynx, ventral aspect.</li>
+<li>Fig. 6. The same, antenna.</li>
+<li>Fig. 7. The same, mandible.</li>
+<li>Fig. 8. Larva of <i>Dicranoptycha winnemana</i>, spiracular disk, dorso-caudal aspect.</li>
+<li>Fig. 9. Larva of <i>D. minima</i>, spiracular disk, caudal aspect, the anal gills protruded.</li>
+<li>Fig. 10. Larva of <i>D. winnemana</i>, spiracular disk, lateral aspect.</li>
+<li>Fig. 11. Pupa of <i>D. winnemana</i>, lateral aspect of male.</li>
+<li>Fig. 12. The same, lateral aspect of female cauda.</li>
+<li>Fig. 13. The same, head and mouth-parts, ventral aspect.</li>
+<li>Fig. 14. The same, pronotal breathing-horn, enlarged.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="i001" id="i001"></a>
+<img src="images/image001.png" width="600" height="742" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="i002" id="i002"></a>
+<img src="images/image002.png" width="600" height="720" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="The_Central_Nervous_System_of" id="The_Central_Nervous_System_of"></a>The Central Nervous System of<br />
+Nucula and Malletia</h2>
+
+<p class="title">WILLIAM A. HILTON</p>
+
+
+<p>These bivalve forms are grouped among the simplest of the molloscs. It is especially
+from the condition in <i>Nucula</i> as described by Pelseneer '91, that the conception
+of the most anterior ganglion being composed of four ganglia, has its chief support.
+Drew '01, who has also studied <i>Nucula</i>, believes that the lobes of the ganglion in
+<i>Nucula</i> are superficial and that the four connectives coming from the ganglion may
+be interpreted in another way. That is, that one pair of nerves may represent an
+otocystic branch partly fused with the connective. This view seemed reasonable to
+him as Stempel '99 in <i>Solenyma</i> found the otocystic nerves arose directly from the
+cerebral ganglion.</p>
+
+<p>The two species of this group used for study were collected at Laguna Beach.
+<i>Nucula castrensis</i> Hinds, occurs abundantly at low tide under rocks. It is rather
+small for dissection, but very good complete series were obtained and stained in
+hematoxylin. <i>Malletia faba</i> Dall, was much less abundant. Specimens were obtained
+from holdfasts or from dredging. Although this was a larger species, gross dissection
+was not very easily carried out on any of the specimens, but good series were made.</p>
+
+<p>The ganglia of <i>Nucula</i> are easily studied in section. The cerebral mass seems
+composed of one main mass, partly divided into four subdivisions, the two central
+most completely fused, and the lateral quite distinct in places. The central portion
+might represent the cerebral ganglia and the lateral, the pleural if we take that interpretation.
+The pedal ganglion is made of right and left parts quite completely fused
+except at the margins. The pedal mass is the smallest of the three chief ganglionic
+areas. The visceral ganglia are quite widely separated and a little larger than the
+pedal mass.</p>
+
+<p>The ganglia of <i>Malletia</i> are in general plan similar to those of <i>Nucula</i>, the greatest
+differences being in the cerebral mass. The cerebro-pleural mass seems almost one.
+In most sections it is very compact and a little more complicated in structure than
+the ganglion of <i>Nucula</i>. However there are two small ventral ganglionic branches
+or small ganglia attached to the ventral side of the cerebral mass. These small
+ganglia may represent the visceral. Farther back in a cross section series as the
+cerebral mass disappears two other small branches take origin and run parallel to
+the nerves from the ganglionic cords. These two branches on each side seem to run
+together before the pedal ganglia are reached. Neither of these pairs of nerves seems
+connected with an otocyst.</p>
+
+<p>At the cephalic end of the cerebro-pleural ganglion the large ganglionic cords
+are in evidence. A little distance from the cephalic end on the dorsal side there
+are quite large groups of cells down from the surface and surrounded by nerve fibers.
+The course of the fibers here is quite complex. On the ventral lateral sides of the
+ganglia are paired light areas of fibers which may be traced into the fibers of the
+ganglionic cords.</p>
+
+<p>The pedal ganglion is small and much as in <i>Nucula</i>. The visceral ganglia are
+larger and widely separated.</p>
+
+<p>In both <i>Nucula</i> and <i>Malletia</i> young specimens were used for study. In <i>Nucula</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>
+there was more the appearance of four ganglia in the cerebro-pleural mass, and the
+ganglia seem less complex than in <i>Malletia</i>. This last species has more separate
+pleural ganglia, if the ganglionic cords can be so regarded.</p>
+
+<p>In neither of the species studied were all parts of the connectives easy to follow,
+so it was impossible to test the suggestions of Drew, but in both species there is
+some indication of two lateral lobes of the cerebral mass, and in <i>Nucula</i> there is good
+evidence of two central ganglia as well as the smaller lateral ones. The lateral
+ganglia of the cerebral mass are most clearly separated in <i>Malletia</i>. In <i>Nucula</i> the
+lateral ganglia are larger in proportion and the distribution of the gray and white
+matter is more irregular.</p>
+
+
+<h3>REFERENCES</h3>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="i2">
+<i>Drew, G. A.</i><span class="right">1901</span><br />
+<span class="i2">The life history of Nucula delphinodonta. Quart, jour. sc. vol. 44, pt. 3.</span>
+</p>
+<p class="i2"><i>Pelseneer, P.</i><span class="right">1891</span><br />
+<span class="i2">Contribution á l'étude des Lamellibranchs. Arch. d. biol. xi.</span>
+</p>
+<p class="i2"><i>Stempell</i><span class="right">1899</span><br />
+<span class="i2">Zur Anatomie von Solrmya togata. Zool. Jahrb. Bd. xiii.</span>
+</p>
+</div>
+<p class="center">(<i>Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College</i>)<br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h3>EXPLANATION OF FIGURES</h3>
+
+<p><a href="#i003">Fig. 1</a>. Diagram of the ganglia of <i>Nucula castrensis</i>, reconstructed from serial
+sections. The probable position of the connectives is shown and the proportionate
+distances between ganglia are given. The upper ganglion is the cerebro-pleural
+with large nerves leading off from the ganglion which is itself lobed into four chief
+lobes. The pedal ganglion is next. In section the pedal ganglion at one place seems
+to be made up of four parts which may correspond to four connectives from the
+cerebro-pleural although only one pair of connectives was clearly determined. The
+visceral ganglion is connected with the pedal below. ×70.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#i003">Fig. 2</a>. Cross section of cerebro-pleural ganglion. On the right side one of the
+lateral ganglia is shown. The one of the other side does not show because the section
+is not straight across. The dorsal side is up. ×300.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#i003">Fig. 3</a>. Section of the pedal mass of <i>Nucula</i>, through the center. The dorsal side
+is up. ×300.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#i003">Fig. 4</a>. Left side of the visceral mass of <i>Nucula</i>. Dorsal side up. ×300.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#i003">Fig. 5</a>. Nerve cells from the central nervous system of <i>Nucula</i>. ×450.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#i003">Fig. 6</a>. Section through the body of <i>Nucula</i> showing the position of the cerebro-pleural
+ganglion cut through the center. Dorsal side up. The cellular portion of
+the ganglion is black. ×70.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#i003">Fig. 7</a>. Section through the body of <i>Nucula</i> at the level of the visceral nerves
+which are shown on either side of the section. The area of nerve cells is shown in
+black. ×70.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#i004">Fig. 8</a>. Reconstruction from serial sections of the cerebro-pleural mass nerves
+and connectives of <i>Malletia faba</i>. The drawing is a ventral view, the cephalic side
+is at the top. ×70.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#i004">Fig. 9</a>. Reconstruction of pedal ganglion of <i>Malletia</i> from the ventral side. Cephalic
+side at the top. ×70.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#i004">Fig. 10</a>. Reconstruction of visceral ganglia of <i>Malletia</i>. ×70.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#i004">Fig. 11</a>. Section through cerebro-pleural mass of <i>Malletia</i>. The dorsal side is
+up. On the ventral side to the left and right are the beginnings of the lateral lobes
+or ganglionic cords which may represent the pleural ganglia. In this species the
+cerebral ganglia are not separated into right and left halves as in <i>Nucula</i>. ×300.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#i004">Fig. 12</a>. Section through the central part of the pedal mass of <i>Malletia</i>. The
+dorsal side is up. ×300.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#i004">Fig. 13</a>. Section through one visceral ganglion of <i>Malletia</i>. The dorsal side is up.
+×300.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="i003" id="i003"></a>
+<img src="images/image003.png" width="600" height="799" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="i004" id="i004"></a>
+<img src="images/image004.png" width="600" height="744" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="Journal_of_Entomology_and_Zoology_Advertising_Section" id="Journal_of_Entomology_and_Zoology_Advertising_Section"></a><span class="smcap">Journal of Entomology and Zoology</span>&mdash;<i>Advertising Section</i></h2>
+
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+WALTER E. COLLINGE, M. Sc., F. L. S., F. E. S.<br />
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+
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+<big>Ward's Natural Science Establishment</big><br />
+84-102 College Ave.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Rochester, N. Y.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>Entomological News</h3>
+
+<p class="center">A forty-eight page illustrated magazine, published monthly except August and<br />
+September, devoted to the study of INSECT LIFE. It contains a list<br />
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+articles by the leading Entomologists in the United<br />
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+</table></div>
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+<p class="center">Write for this valuable reference book.<br /><br />
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+<h3>Pomona College</h3>
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+<span class="smcap">Secretary of Pomona College</span><br />
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+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3><a name="Transcribers_Notes" id="Transcribers_Notes"></a>Transcriber's Notes</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Page <a href="#Page_64">64</a>: Changed * * * to ... (preferred form for ellipsis).<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Originally: This * * * is readily overcome by the frequent</span><br />
+<br />
+Page <a href="#Page_64">64</a>: Changed "placd" to "placed".<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Originally: surface of the book on which it was placd,</span><br />
+<br />
+Page <a href="#Page_68">68</a>: Changed "X" to "×".<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Originally: cells (10 mm. X 3.5 mm.)</span><br />
+<br />
+Page <a href="#Page_70">70</a>: Changed "chitinizd" to "chitinized".<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Originally: Changed area of microscopic chitinizd spicules,</span><br />
+<br />
+Page <a href="#Page_71">71</a>: Changed "Lengh" to "Length".<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Originally: Pupa.&mdash;Lengh, 9.1-12.8 mm.</span><br />
+<br />
+Page <a href="#Page_75">75</a>: Retained "molloscs", as a possible spelling variant for<br />
+"molluscs". However, it may be a typo.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Originally: forms are grouped among the simplest of the molloscs.</span><br />
+<br />
+Pages <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>: Retained "Stempel" and "Stempell" spelling variations.<br />
+<br />
+Page <a href="#Page_76">76</a>: Changed "once" to "one".<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Originally: the pedal ganglion at once place seems to be made up</span><br />
+<br />
+Page <a href="#Page_76">76</a>: Changed all instances of "X" to "×" to indicate magnification.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Journal of Entomology and Zoology, by 
+Horace Gunthorp and Charles P. Alexander and W. A. Hilton
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY ***
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+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Journal of Entomology and Zoology, by
+Horace Gunthorp and Charles P. Alexander and W. A. Hilton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
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+
+
+Title: Journal of Entomology and Zoology
+       Volume 11, Number 4, December 1919
+
+Author: Horace Gunthorp
+        Charles P. Alexander
+        W. A. Hilton
+
+Editor: Pomona College Department of Zoology
+
+Release Date: October 5, 2011 [EBook #37632]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY ***
+
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+Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Diane Monico, and the Online
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+VOLUME ELEVEN            NUMBER FOUR
+
+JOURNAL
+OF
+ENTOMOLOGY
+AND
+ZOOLOGY
+
+DECEMBER, 1919
+
+PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY
+POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT _of_ ZOOLOGY
+CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                              Page
+
+NOTES ON THE BEHAVIOR OF THE SOCIAL WASP POLISTES
+    --_Horace Gunthorp_                                        63
+
+BIOLOGY OF THE NORTH AMERICAN CRANE-FLIES. V. THE
+    GENUS DICRANOPTYCHA--_Charles P. Alexander_                67
+
+THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF NUCULA AND MALLETIA
+    --_W. A. Hilton_                                           75
+
+
+Entered Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1, 1910, as second-class
+matter, under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879
+
+
+
+
+Journal of Entomology and Zoology
+
+EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
+
+
+_Subscription_ $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries.
+
+This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological and
+entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports of
+societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions.
+
+The pages of the journal are especially open to western entomologists
+and zoologists. Notes and papers relating to western and Californian
+forms and conditions are particularly desired, but short morphological,
+systematic or economic studies from any locality will be considered for
+publication.
+
+Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of paper about
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+
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+
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+
+Address all communications to
+
+THE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
+William A. Hilton, Editor
+Claremont, California, U. S. A.
+
+
+
+
+Notes on the Behavior of the Social Wasp Polistes
+
+HORACE GUNTHORP
+
+Washburn College, Topeka, Kans.
+
+
+One day last September the writer picked up a nest of the common social
+wasp, _Polistes_, which had been detached from its support, and placed
+it upon his desk. A short time later he was attracted by a scratching
+sound, and discovered that one of the wasps was just beginning to cut
+the cap from its cell preparatory to emerging. During the next few days
+a series of observations were made and notes taken covering the
+behavior of the wasps which emerged from their cells during that
+period. Miss Enteman[A] has made a careful study of the instincts of
+the social wasps, and while the observations recorded in the present
+paper are largely corroborative of her work, some interesting details
+are here added.
+
+The cutting of the cap of the cell occupied some time, and extended
+around four-fifths of its circumference, the remaining one-fifth being
+gnawed and partially chewed through so that it was flexible enough to
+act as a hinge for the cap. After the cap was sufficiently cut away,
+the wasp started to slowly work itself out, pushing up the top of the
+cell like a trap door as progress was made. A good deal of effort was
+required to get the body out until the front legs were freed. Then the
+wasp had more purchase and progress was somewhat faster until the
+second pair of legs came out. After this slight effort seemed to be
+necessary for the completion of the operation.
+
+For the next thirty minutes careful observations were made of the
+movements of this wasp in order to ascertain its first reactions. It is
+evident that they would be somewhat modified from what they are here
+recorded if the colony had contained the queen and other workers, as
+this specimen had the run of the entire nest, and none of its movements
+were effected by those of other individuals. It is equally evident that
+all stimuli came from within, or from contact with the nest, and not
+from suggestions received from other individuals or from contact with
+them. The following is the record made at one minute intervals,
+beginning with the time the specimen left its cell:
+
+     8:06. Specimen emerged from its cell.
+
+     8:07. Cleaned its front legs in its mouth and its antennae
+           with its front legs.
+
+     8:08. Moved around some. Rubbed its wings with its hind legs
+           and spread them out twice.
+
+     8:09. Cleaned antennae and front legs.
+
+     8:10. Swung abdomen back and forth, and brushed its wings.
+           Moved around the nest rapidly and waved the antennae,
+           but all movements were jerky.
+
+     8:11. Explored nest, occasionally rubbing abdomen with legs.
+
+     8:12. Explored nest.
+
+     8:13. Explored nest. Movements unsteady. Cleaned antennae and
+           front legs.
+
+     8:14. Explored nest, in the course of which it went over the
+           edge on to the back side, but immediately returned to
+           the under side. Cleaned the front legs and antennae,
+           and then the hind legs.
+
+     8:15. Spread out the wings. Cleaned the antennae.
+
+     8:16. Cleaned abdomen.
+
+     8:17. Crawled on top or back side of nest again and stayed
+           there. Cleaned wings and abdomen.
+
+     8:18. Explored top. Cleaned front legs and antennae.
+
+     8:19. Stood still. Occasional movement of head, antennae or
+           abdomen.
+
+     8:20. Same as 8:19.
+
+     8:21. Began to explore again, becoming quite lively. Antennae
+           constantly waving.
+
+     8:22. Same as 8:21, but extended its travels to the under
+           (cell) side of the nest.
+
+     8:23. Left the nest entirely and began to walk around the
+           surface of the desk.
+
+     8:24. Started to climb a bottle that was some six inches
+           from the nest. Antennae still waving.
+
+     8:25. On the neck of the bottle, two inches above the
+           surface of the desk. Cleaned front legs and antennae.
+
+     8:26. Quiet except that it spread its wings once.
+
+     8:27. Still on neck of bottle. Moved its head and antennae
+           back and forth.
+
+     8:28. Slight change in position. Antennae were still waving.
+           Rubbed its wings, spread them, and then rubbed them
+           again.
+
+     8:29. Rubbed its hind legs together vigorously.
+
+     8:30. Spread wings once, then rubbed them and the abdomen
+           with the hind legs. Rubbed the hind legs together, and
+           finally rubbed the right wings vigorously.
+
+     8:31. Moved around some, occasionally stopping to rub the
+           right wings.
+
+     8:32. Explored the neck of the bottle.
+
+     8:33. Same as 8:32. Cleaned antennae.
+
+     8:34. Same as 8:33.
+
+     8:35. Stood still but continued to clean antennae and front
+           legs.
+
+     8:36. Climbed up and explored the cork of the bottle.
+
+     8:37-8:40. Stood still on the cork, occasionally moving its
+           jaws.
+
+At 8:40 the nest was placed against the cork and the wasp immediately
+crawled onto it, but seemed restless. As the nest has a faint, but
+distinct, odor of honey, it was probably attracted to it through the
+sense of smell.
+
+The next morning the specimen was nowhere in sight, but forty-eight
+hours later it fell out of a loose-leaf binder that had been lying on
+the desk. It seemed to be as active as when seen two days before. Some
+time during the second night after the appearance of the first
+specimen, that is, when it was some thirty hours old, a second
+individual emerged. This one was discovered on a pile of books two feet
+from the nest where it had evidently crawled soon after emerging.
+
+As soon as the first specimen was rediscovered, that is, when it was
+sixty hours old, the second wasp then being thirty hours old, the two
+were placed on the nest, and this in turn was placed on a book. They
+both started on tours of observation, and every time they came in
+contact with each other they made sudden starts and jumps to avoid an
+evidently startling new object, meanwhile violently waving their
+antennae and often cleaning these organs after such contact. Dr. Enteman
+says, "All wasps possess the instinct of fear. This ... is readily
+overcome by the frequent appearance of the awe-inspiring object." This
+is true, because they were evidently on familiar terms with each other
+in half an hour, and paid very little attention to the frequent
+meetings which before had apparently distressed them. They wandered
+freely over their nest and the top surface of the book on which it was
+placed, but did not attempt to climb off the latter.
+
+At 12 o'clock, four hours later, a third wasp had appeared, and none of
+the specimens seemed to be disturbed by the presence of the others.
+When the nest was first picked up, one cell containing a well formed
+pupa was uncapped. This specimen was then alive, but it may have been
+dead at the time of this observation. In either case, it had been
+dragged out of its cell, decapitated, and the front legs torn off. No
+trace of the head was found, but the body and legs were on the book
+about one inch from the nest. Whether this act was connected with the
+hunger of the wasps themselves or with the first development of the
+instinct of feeding the larvae in the nest, which Miss Enteman says
+begins without imitation, is not clear.
+
+At 2 p. m. (two hours later) the colony was placed out of doors, still
+on the book. Two of the wasps soon left the latter, and settled near
+it, keeping very quiet for half an hour. The third kept climbing over
+and around the nest. At 2:30 one of the two wasps returned to the nest.
+
+At 3 p. m. two of the specimens were on the ground near the porch. They
+made only short flights, resembling jumps with the wings assisting,
+this being true even when they were disturbed. The third wasp was
+beside the colony, chewing on the decapitated pupa, probably getting
+some nourishment from it in the process.
+
+During the afternoon the nest was disturbed, and at 6 p. m. all three
+specimens had gone from the porch. One was found wandering aimlessly on
+a canna leaf near by. It did not seem to be able to fly well. The other
+two had disappeared entirely.
+
+The nest was saved and several days later a fourth wasp appeared. It
+was a very lively specimen, and spent the first few hours actively
+exploring the nest. It seemed of a very nervous disposition, being more
+easily disturbed than any of the others had been. Every time the nest
+was picked up, it would start for the fingers or forceps holding it. At
+one time it was observed with its whole body in a cell, head downward,
+evidently examining the interior. After staying close to the nest for a
+day, it began to fly around the floor of the room, paying no more
+attention to its former home. Even when it was placed on or near it, it
+would almost immediately crawl or fly away. Its flying was erratic, and
+seemed to lack power, but it got along much better than any of the
+other three had done.
+
+From the above observations it would appear that the movements of the
+wasp recorded at one minute intervals after emergence from its cell
+were probably reactions due to the discomfort of the drying and
+hardening of the tissues. At first the wasps apparently had very
+little, if any, home instinct. The only things to indicate that they
+had any were the facts that the first specimen so readily left the cork
+on which it was sitting and went back to its nest when the latter was
+held near it, and the fourth wasp stayed on or near the nest for the
+first twelve hours. But all the specimens observed left the nest the
+first night and showed no intention or disposition to return. The
+presence of a second wasp seemed to bring the home instinct into
+existence more forcibly, as the first and second wasps stayed with the
+nest for six or seven hours when they were returned to it together,
+while the fourth one repeatedly left the empty nest almost at once when
+it was returned to it. But this instinct was seemingly not very strong,
+as they soon wandered away when placed out of doors. They seemed to
+have no idea as to how to carry on the work of the colony, but wandered
+aimlessly over it. Perhaps this was due to the fact that they were too
+young, as Miss Enteman says the development of the nursing instinct is
+usually manifested "any time after the first half day of imaginal
+life," but was observed in some neuters as young as four hours, while
+in others it was delayed for two weeks.
+
+While the above observations are admittedly too few from which to draw
+definite conclusions, they seem to warrant the following assumptions,
+the first three of which are quoted from Miss Enteman, and hence are
+simply corroborative of her work:
+
+     1. "All wasps possess the instinct of fear. This is
+        especially strong the first few days after emergence,
+        but is readily overcome by the frequent appearance of
+        the awe-inspiring object.
+
+     2. "In a sense, the wasp remembers. This is indicated by the
+        manner in which it accustoms itself to the sight of
+        strange objects, and by its behavior when a change is
+        made in its nest or surroundings.
+
+     3. "It shows considerable individual variability, both as to
+        time and manner of its response to stimuli."
+
+     4. After emergence, the first reactions are associated
+        simply with the discomfort of the hardening of the
+        tissues.
+
+     5. It has marked curiosity, as shown by its repeated
+        inspection of its nest and other familiar objects.
+
+     6. The "home instinct" seems to be slight when the wasp is
+        alone, but becomes stronger when two or more are on the
+        same nest.
+
+     7. The olfactory sense is closely associated with the early
+        instincts of the wasp.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote A: Minnie Marie Enteman. "Some Observations on the Behavior
+of the Social Wasps." Pop. Sci. Mo., 61: 339-351, 1902.]
+
+
+
+
+The Biology of the North American Crane-Flies
+
+(Tipulidae, Diptera)
+
+V. The Genus Dicranoptycha Osten Sacken
+
+BY CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, Ph.D. (Cornell)
+
+
+GENERIC DIAGNOSIS
+
+_Larva._ Form very elongate, terete; integument smooth, glassy,
+transparent; abdominal segments two to eight with a basal transverse
+band or area of microscopic chitinized points on the ventral surface;
+segment eight with a similar band on the dorsum. Spiracular disk
+surrounded by four lobes, the lateral pair more slender than the blunt
+ventral pair; dorsal lobe very low or lacking; spiracles small, widely
+separated; a triangular brown mark on the disk between the spiracles;
+anal gills a fleshy protuberant ring surrounding the anus. Head-capsule
+compact, massive, the praefrons large with a few marginal punctures;
+externo-lateral plates very broad. Labrum large, flattened, pale;
+antennae two-segmented, the apical segment almost as long as the basal
+segment, narrowed to the blunt tip; mandibles with a blunt dorsal and
+two blunt ventral teeth; maxillae generalized in structure; hypopharynx
+a rounded cushion; mentum deeply split behind but not completely
+divided, with three principle teeth and a small lateral tooth on either
+side.
+
+_Pupa._ Cephalic crest low, depressed, setiferous; labrum tumid; labial
+lobes oval, contiguous; antennal sheaths ending opposite the base of
+the wing. Pronotal breathing-horns microscopic, represented only by
+tiny triangular tubercles; mesonotum unarmed; wing-sheaths ending
+opposite the middle of the third abdominal segment; leg-sheaths ending
+opposite the base of the fifth abdominal segment, the tarsi terminating
+on a level, or nearly so. Abdominal tergites and sternites each with
+four transverse rows of microscopic setae; lateral spiracles on segments
+two to seven.
+
+
+DISCUSSION OF THE GENUS
+
+The genus _Dicranoptycha_ was erected by Osten Sacken in 1860 (Proc.
+Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1859, p. 217). The genus includes a small
+group of crane-flies with a Holarctic distribution, there being about
+six species in North America and two, or possibly three, in Europe. As
+I have indicated elsewhere, _D. signaticollis_ v.d.W. of Java is
+undoubtedly a species of _Libnotes_. Of the American species, _D.
+germana_ O.S. is characteristic of the Canadian life-zone of
+northeastern America. _D. sobrina_ O.S. is widely distributed in the
+United States and southern Canada, usually occurring in the
+Transitional and Upper Austral life-zones. So far as known at present
+it is the only species of the genus occurring on the Pacific slope. The
+remaining American species (_nigripes_ O.S., _winnemana_ Alex.,
+_tigrina_ Alex. and _minima_ Alex.) are Austral in distribution,
+occurring in the southeastern and south central United States. A more
+detailed account of the distribution of the species is given in another
+paper by the writer which may be consulted (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
+Phila. for 1916, pp. 496, 497). All of the known species are generally
+similar to one another in appearance and are separated by relatively
+slight differences of size, color and structure.
+
+Nothing has ever been written concerning the immature stages of this
+peculiar group of crane-flies. The species described hereinafter were
+reared at Lawrence, Kansas, and the general conditions under which they
+occur may be briefly discussed:
+
+North Hollow, on the Campus of the University of Kansas, is a typical
+dry Austral woodland traversed by a small stream that is entirely dry
+during the months of midsummer drought. The soil consists of a rich
+black humus that is soft and mellow except during the period of
+greatest dryness, being overlain by a varying depth of vegetable debris
+and leaf-mold. It is in this relatively dry soil that the larvae of
+_Dicranoptycha_ occur. The forest cover consists of Carolina poplar,
+_Populus deltoides_ Marsh; black walnut, _Juglans nigra_ L., white elm,
+_Ulmus americana_ L.; Kentucky coffee-tree, _Gymnocladus dioica_ (L.)
+Koch; honey locust, _Gleditsia triacanthos_ L.; red bud, _Cercis
+canadensis_ L.; yellow wood, _Cladrastis lutea_ (Mx.f.) Koch;
+tree-of-heaven, _Ailanthus glandulosa_ Desf., etc. The principle shrubs
+are the goose-berry, _Ribes gracile_ Mx.; poison ivy, _Rhus
+Toxicodendron_ L.; wahoo, _Evonymus atropurpureus_ Jacq.; bladder-nut,
+_Staphylea trifolia_ L.; coral-berry, _Symphoricarpos orbiculatus_
+Moench.; blackberried elder, _Sambucus canadensis_ L., etc. The herbage
+is made up of tall grasses, composites and, in the spring, the
+all-dominant cleavers, _Galium_. In addition to the above, great
+tangles of lianas (_Smilax_, _Vitis_, _Ampelopsis_, etc.) are found.
+
+In situations such as the above these Austral species of
+_Dicranoptycha_ spend their entire lives. The first larvae of _D.
+winnemana_ were found here on March 20, 1918, by the writer and his
+wife. At this time they were well grown (length 16 mm.; diameter 0.9
+mm.). They occurred just beneath the cover of fallen leaves and other
+debris in the upper layers of soil. Here they were associated with pupae
+of _Tipula angustipennis_ Lw., larvae of _Sciara_ (Mycetophilidae);
+_Psilocephala haemorrhoidalis_ Macq. (Therevidae), numerous beetle larvae,
+centipedes, etc. By their elongate form and glabrous shiny skin they
+are very characteristic and easily recognized. The glassy appearance of
+the body suggests the shiny shells of a small coiled molluscan whose
+dead fragments occurred in some numbers in the same situations. These
+larvae were placed in rearing and the first adults appeared in the
+breeding-cages on May 6, and from that time on continued to appear in
+large numbers. It was over a month later that the first individuals
+were taken in the field. The pupal duration could not be determined
+closer than ten days, and this may be the usual length of time required
+for this stage. The first larvae of _D. minima_ were found on July 2,
+1918, in similar situations in North Hollow. At this time they were
+only about one-half grown. On July 11 much larger larvae of this species
+were secured and placed in rearing, emerging as adults on July 21. The
+larvae, like these of _D. winnemana_, live just beneath the layer of
+leaf-mold in the upper zone of black soil. They are usually quite
+sluggish in their motions but at other times are quite active. The
+larvae are herbivores and feed on the rich organic earth in their
+haunts. When ready to pupate, they encase themselves in earthen cells
+(10 mm. x 3.5 mm.), firm in texture, rather thick-walled but without
+silk. There is a small opening at either end. The length of the cavity
+is but little greater than the pupa itself. In this cavity the pupa
+rests and matures. As in other insects, the teneral pupae are very pale
+yellow but gradually darken in color until, at emergence, they are of a
+dark brownish-black. When newly transformed the teneral flies rest on
+the ground and on the leaves of low plants nearby.
+
+The adult flies of _D. germana_ usually occur in the immediate
+neighborhood of running or stagnant water and may be swept from the
+rank vegetation in such places. The flies rest on the upper surface of
+the leaves of tall herbs and low shrubs. In eastern Kansas, the flies
+of _D. winnemana_, _D. tigrina_ and _D. minima_ often occur together.
+In June, _D. winnemana_ appears on the wing and is found associated
+with _Tipula morrisoni_ Alex., _T. mingwe_ Alex., etc.; in July, _D.
+minima_ appears, together with _Tipula flavibasis_ Alex., _T.
+unimaculata_ Lw., etc.; still later in July _D. tigrina_ emerges and
+all three species fly together during August and into September when
+they fly with _Tipula ultima_ Alex., _T. unifasciata_ Lw., etc. It is
+curious that no other species of Limnobiinae occur in the thamnophytic
+association frequented by _Dicranoptycha_. All three species of this
+genus as discussed above have habits that are generally similar to one
+another. They are usually found resting quietly on the upper surface of
+the leaves but fly readily and on slight disturbance. Pairs in
+copulation are often found resting, the bodies directed away from one
+another and the wings folded over the abdomen. While thus united they
+fly readily, sometimes the female taking the initiative, sometimes the
+rather smaller male. The eggs are deposited in the soft earth in these
+situations.
+
+
+NATURAL AFFINITIES
+
+In the Monographs (1869) Osten Sacken included the genus
+_Dicranoptycha_ in his tribe (section) Limnobina anomala, or, as it
+subsequently became known, the Rhamphidini, and still later the
+Antochini. A recent survey of the immature stages of several Antochine
+genera has shown that the tribe is merely an artificial grouping based
+on superficial resemblance of the adult flies. This heterogeneous
+assemblage includes representatives of at least three other tribes,
+_Dicranoptycha_, together with _Antocha_, _Elliptera_, _Rhamphidia_,
+etc., showing an undeniable affinity with the Limnobiini, whereas
+_Teucholabis_, _Elephantomyia_, etc., show an equally clear
+relationship with the Eriopterini. Moreover a close phylogenetic
+relationship with the lowermost subtribes of the Hexatomini (_Ularia_,
+_Epiphragmaria_, etc.), is easily apparent.
+
+_Dicranoptycha_ shows the closest affinities with _Antocha_ and
+_Rhamphidia_. The larvae of these three genera, each of which typifies a
+division, show the following common characters:
+
+Abdominal segments with basal transverse creeping welts or areas of
+microscopic points. The massive compact head-capsule with the
+praefrontal sclerite large, distinct, the externo-lateral plates large,
+mussel-shaped and very thin. The mentum is not completely divided
+medially. The maxillae are large and of primitive structure, the
+cardines and stipites distinct, the two distal lobes large, subequal in
+size, covered with hairs and bearing sensory organs. Mandibles with one
+or more dorsal and two or more ventral teeth in addition to the apical
+point.
+
+The differences between these allied divisions are best indicated by a
+key.
+
+
+LARVAE
+
+     1. Spiracular disk with only the two long ventral lobes
+        remaining; spiracles lacking or vestigial; abdominal
+        segments with both dorsal and ventral welts; strictly
+        aquatic.
+                                                    _Antocharia._
+        Spiracular disk surrounded by four or five short lobes;
+        spiracles large and functional; abdominal segments with
+        ventral welts only (except the dorsum of segment eight);
+        terrestrial or semiaquatic.
+
+     2. Body moderately elongated and covered with a long dark
+        pubescence; spiracular disk squarely truncated,
+        surrounded by five subequal stout lobes; mentum with
+        five subequal teeth, the lateral one of either side not
+        conspicuously reduced.
+                                                  _Rhamphidaria._
+
+        Body very long and slender, glabrous; spiracular disk
+        obliquely truncated, surrounded by four slender naked
+        lobes; mentum with three subequal primary teeth and a
+        much reduced lateral tooth on either side.
+                                              _Dicranoptycharia._
+
+
+PUPAE
+
+     1. Pronotal breathing-horns branched; aquatic.
+                                                    _Antocharia._
+
+        Pronotal breathing-horns not branched; semiaquatic or
+        terrestrial.
+
+     2. Pronotal breathing-horns distinct, elongate-cylindrical.
+                                                  _Rhamphidaria._
+
+        Pronotal breathing-horns apparently lacking, microscopic.
+                                              _Dicranoptycharia._
+
+
+THE SUBTRIBE DICRANOPTYCHA
+
+A Key to the Species of Dicranoptycha
+
+
+LARVAE
+
+     1. Spiracular disk with the dark markings less extensive;
+        the mark of the lateral lobes not contiguous with the
+        spiracle or the triangular area on the disk; dorsal
+        marking indistinct or lacking.
+                                             _D. winnemana_ Alex.
+
+        Spiracular disk with the dark markings more extensive;
+        the mark of the lateral lobes suffusing the ventral inner
+        margin of the spiracle and usually closely approximated
+        or nearly contiguous with the triangular area on the
+        disk; dorsal marking black, transversely rectangular.
+                                                _D. minima_ Alex.
+
+     Description of the Species.
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES
+
+1916 _Dicranoptycha winnemana_ Alexander; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
+pp. 500, 501; Pl. 25, fig. 12.
+
+_Larva._--Length, 20-22 mm.
+          Diameter, 0.9-1.1 mm.
+
+Coloration varying from white to almost black depending on the nature
+and amount of the food eaten which shows clearly through the
+transparent integument. The fat-bodies likewise show through and give a
+white color to the larva especially after death.
+
+Form very elongate (fig. 1), body terete; integument very glabrous,
+transparent and glassy. Prothoracic segment a little longer than the
+mesothorax which, in turn, slightly exceeds the metathorax. The
+intermediate abdominal segments are elongated. The basal ring of
+sternites two to eight bears a transverse band or area of microscopic
+chitinized spicules, the one on the eighth segment split lengthwise by
+a capillary line. A similar band occurs in the same position on the
+dorsum of the eighth segment but the pleural region is devoid of such a
+band.
+
+Spiracular disk (fig. 8) moderate in size, obliquely truncated,
+surrounded by four lobes, a pair of small, slender, lateral lobes and
+short, broader ventral lobes. The usual dorso-median lobe is lacking
+but its position is indicated by a gently rounded convexity. The inner
+face of the lateral lobe bears a narrow semi-lunate black mark with the
+concavity toward the spiracle, the proximal end acutely pointed. The
+ventral lobes bear a similar but smaller subrectangular black mark. A
+pale and usually indistinct dusky mark occupies the inner face of the
+dorsal lobe. On the disk between, and slightly below the level of, the
+spiracles is a large brown triangular or V-shaped mark. The spiracles
+are small, separated from one another by a distance equal to about 2.5
+to 3 times the diameter of one; the center-piece of the spiracle is
+black, the ring yellow surrounded by an outer dusky margin. Anal gills
+fleshy and protuberant as a blunt ring surrounding the anus (fig. 10).
+
+Head-capsule (fig. 2) of the compact, massive type of the Limnobiini;
+praefrontal sclerite (fig. 3) large and distinct; the sclerite broad
+with the sides subparallel to about midlength, thence tapering
+gradually to the tip which is entire; there are two or three punctures
+at the margin before midlength. Interno-lateral plates narrow, a little
+longer than the praefrons; externo-lateral plates very broad, thin and
+flattened with the posterior margin very obtuse and the inner ventral
+portions continuous with the mental plate. Labrum (fig. 3) very broad
+and extensive, flattened, pale in color, the anterior margin with about
+two sense-organs. Mentum (fig. 4) deeply split behind but not
+completely divided, the anterior margin with three primary teeth that
+are subequal in size or the middle one a little smaller; a much reduced
+lateral tooth on either side. Praementum smaller than the hypopharynx,
+in outline roughly oval or semicircular with the two labial palpi
+surrounded by hairs at the base. Hypopharynx (fig. 5) consisting of two
+chitinized arms that are contiguous but not fused medially, the
+concavity between them filled with a rounded cushion that is covered
+with tubercles arranged in more or less distinct oblique parallel rows.
+Antennae (fig. 6) two-segmented, the basal segment cylindrical with an
+auditory plate on the face at beyond midlength; apical segment long and
+slender, in length but slightly less than the basal segment, tapering
+gradually to the bluntly rounded apex. Mandibles (fig. 7) simple with
+the teeth blunt; apical point longer than the lateral teeth; dorsal
+tooth single, broad, very flattened and obtusely pointed; ventral teeth
+two, a little smaller than the dorsal tooth. Maxillae (fig. 2) of a
+generalized structure, the cardines distinct and feebly chitinized;
+distal lobes of the organ consisting of a subequal inner and outer
+lobe; the outer lobe with an abundance of long, delicate hairs and
+bearing a few sensory papillae including one larger palpiform organ.
+
+_Pupa._--Length, 9.1-12.8 mm.
+Width, d.-s., 1.6-1.8 mm.
+Depth, d.-v., 1.6-1.9 mm.
+
+Thoracic dorsum shiny light brown; in very old pupae the color is much
+darker, but still retains a much brighter color than the leg and
+wing-sheaths; abdomen pale becoming darker in age, especially on the
+pleura.
+
+Cephalic crest (fig. 13) low and depressed, inconspicuous, lying
+between the antennal bases which extend beyond it; there are four small
+setigerous lobes, the larger pair of which are posterior in position.
+Front between the eyes broad, subparallel. Two blunt tubercles on
+either side of the forehead. Eyes large, with coarse ommatidia. Labrum
+semicircular in outline, tumid. Labial lobes large, oval, contiguous
+with one another, at the tip of the labrum. Maxillary palpi moderately
+long and slender, nearly straight, gradually narrowed to the tip which
+ends opposite the knee-joint of the fore legs. Antennae with the basal
+segments separated only by the cephalic crest, the sheaths ending about
+opposite or a little before the lateral angle of the thorax.
+
+Pronotal breathing-horns (fig. 14) very small, almost microscopic; when
+viewed from the dorsal aspect appearing as tiny triangular tubercles.
+Mesonotum moderately convex, unarmed, the V-shaped suture distinct; a
+few setae on the mesonotum, including one near the end of each scutal
+lobe. Wing-sheaths rather short, but narrow, ending about opposite
+midlength of the third abdominal segment. Leg-sheaths ending opposite
+the base of the fifth abdominal segment, the tips of the tarsi ending
+about on a common level or those of the fore legs a trifle longer.
+
+Abdominal segments (fig. 11) subdivided into four annuli that bear
+transverse bands of microscopic setae; these bands increase in width
+from the basal to the apical. Spiracles on the pleural region of
+segments two to seven, lying opposite the third annulus and close to
+the ventral margin of the pleura. No spiracles are discernible on the
+dorsum of the eighth segment. Male cauda (fig. 11) with the ventral
+lobes very blunt, rounded; the dorsal lobes very small, terminating in
+a sharp spine that is directed dorsad and bears a weak seta near its
+base. Female cauda (fig. 12) with the ventral lobes a little longer
+than the dorsal lobes; the latter at the outer angle of the apex with a
+short stout spine that is directed dorsad as in the male.
+
+     _Nepionotype_ (type larva), Lawrence, Kansas, April 2, 1918.
+
+     _Neanotype_ (type pupa), with the type larva, May 6, 1918.
+
+     _Paratypes_, larvae and pupae, about fifty from the type
+     locality, March 20 to May 20, 1918.
+
+
+_Dicranoptycha minima_ Alexander.
+
+1919 _Dicranoptycha minima_ Alexander; Ent. News, Vol. 30.
+
+The larva is very similar to that of _D. winnemana_ as described above,
+but is slightly smaller. The spiracular disk (fig. 9) has the dark
+markings much more extensive. The mark of the lateral lobes is
+contiguous with the spiracles and is also closely approximated to the
+large triangular brown mark on the disk. There is a large transverse
+rectangular mark occupying the inner face of the dorsal lobe. The
+marking of the ventral lobe is about as in _D. winnemana_.
+
+     _Nepionotype_, Lawrence, Kansas, July 11, 1918.
+
+     _Neanotype_, Lawrence, Kansas, July 21, 1918.
+
+     _Paratypes_, a few larvae from the type-locality.
+
+
+Explanation of the Figures
+
+A--Labial Lobes; E--Eye; EL--Externo-lateral Plate; G--Anal Gills;
+IL--Interno-lateral Plate; Lb--Labrum; M--Maxillary Palpus; P--Pronotal
+Breathing-horn; Pf--Praefrons; S--Spiracle.
+
+Fig. 1. Larva of _Dicranoptycha winnemana_, ventral aspect of body.
+
+Fig. 2. The same, head-capsule, ventral aspect.
+
+Fig. 3. The same, head-capsule, dorsal aspect.
+
+Fig. 4. The same, mentum, ventral aspect.
+
+Fig. 5. The same, hypopharynx, ventral aspect.
+
+Fig. 6. The same, antenna.
+
+Fig. 7. The same, mandible.
+
+Fig. 8. Larva of _Dicranoptycha winnemana_, spiracular disk,
+        dorso-caudal aspect.
+
+Fig. 9. Larva of _D. minima_, spiracular disk, caudal aspect, the anal
+        gills protruded.
+
+Fig. 10. Larva of _D. winnemana_, spiracular disk, lateral aspect.
+
+Fig. 11. Pupa of _D. winnemana_, lateral aspect of male.
+
+Fig. 12. The same, lateral aspect of female cauda.
+
+Fig. 13. The same, head and mouth-parts, ventral aspect.
+
+Fig. 14. The same, pronotal breathing-horn, enlarged.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+The Central Nervous System of Nucula and Malletia
+
+WILLIAM A. HILTON
+
+
+These bivalve forms are grouped among the simplest of the molloscs. It
+is especially from the condition in _Nucula_ as described by Pelseneer
+'91, that the conception of the most anterior ganglion being composed
+of four ganglia, has its chief support. Drew '01, who has also studied
+_Nucula_, believes that the lobes of the ganglion in _Nucula_ are
+superficial and that the four connectives coming from the ganglion may
+be interpreted in another way. That is, that one pair of nerves may
+represent an otocystic branch partly fused with the connective. This
+view seemed reasonable to him as Stempel '99 in _Solenyma_ found the
+otocystic nerves arose directly from the cerebral ganglion.
+
+The two species of this group used for study were collected at Laguna
+Beach. _Nucula castrensis_ Hinds, occurs abundantly at low tide under
+rocks. It is rather small for dissection, but very good complete series
+were obtained and stained in hematoxylin. _Malletia faba_ Dall, was
+much less abundant. Specimens were obtained from holdfasts or from
+dredging. Although this was a larger species, gross dissection was not
+very easily carried out on any of the specimens, but good series were
+made.
+
+The ganglia of _Nucula_ are easily studied in section. The cerebral
+mass seems composed of one main mass, partly divided into four
+subdivisions, the two central most completely fused, and the lateral
+quite distinct in places. The central portion might represent the
+cerebral ganglia and the lateral, the pleural if we take that
+interpretation. The pedal ganglion is made of right and left parts
+quite completely fused except at the margins. The pedal mass is the
+smallest of the three chief ganglionic areas. The visceral ganglia are
+quite widely separated and a little larger than the pedal mass.
+
+The ganglia of _Malletia_ are in general plan similar to those of
+_Nucula_, the greatest differences being in the cerebral mass. The
+cerebro-pleural mass seems almost one. In most sections it is very
+compact and a little more complicated in structure than the ganglion of
+_Nucula_. However there are two small ventral ganglionic branches or
+small ganglia attached to the ventral side of the cerebral mass. These
+small ganglia may represent the visceral. Farther back in a cross
+section series as the cerebral mass disappears two other small branches
+take origin and run parallel to the nerves from the ganglionic cords.
+These two branches on each side seem to run together before the pedal
+ganglia are reached. Neither of these pairs of nerves seems connected
+with an otocyst.
+
+At the cephalic end of the cerebro-pleural ganglion the large
+ganglionic cords are in evidence. A little distance from the cephalic
+end on the dorsal side there are quite large groups of cells down from
+the surface and surrounded by nerve fibers. The course of the fibers
+here is quite complex. On the ventral lateral sides of the ganglia are
+paired light areas of fibers which may be traced into the fibers of the
+ganglionic cords.
+
+The pedal ganglion is small and much as in _Nucula_. The visceral
+ganglia are larger and widely separated.
+
+In both _Nucula_ and _Malletia_ young specimens were used for study. In
+_Nucula_ there was more the appearance of four ganglia in the
+cerebro-pleural mass, and the ganglia seem less complex than in
+_Malletia_. This last species has more separate pleural ganglia, if the
+ganglionic cords can be so regarded.
+
+In neither of the species studied were all parts of the connectives
+easy to follow, so it was impossible to test the suggestions of Drew,
+but in both species there is some indication of two lateral lobes of
+the cerebral mass, and in _Nucula_ there is good evidence of two
+central ganglia as well as the smaller lateral ones. The lateral
+ganglia of the cerebral mass are most clearly separated in _Malletia_.
+In _Nucula_ the lateral ganglia are larger in proportion and the
+distribution of the gray and white matter is more irregular.
+
+
+REFERENCES
+
+_Drew, G. A._                            1901
+
+The life history of Nucula delphinodonta. Quart, jour. sc.
+vol. 44, pt. 3.
+
+_Pelseneer, P._                          1891
+
+Contribution a l'etude des Lamellibranchs. Arch. d. biol. xi.
+
+_Stempell_                               1899
+
+Zur Anatomie von Solrmya togata. Zool. Jahrb. Bd. xiii.
+(_Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College_)
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF FIGURES
+
+Fig. 1. Diagram of the ganglia of _Nucula castrensis_, reconstructed
+from serial sections. The probable position of the connectives is shown
+and the proportionate distances between ganglia are given. The upper
+ganglion is the cerebro-pleural with large nerves leading off from the
+ganglion which is itself lobed into four chief lobes. The pedal
+ganglion is next. In section the pedal ganglion at one place seems to
+be made up of four parts which may correspond to four connectives from
+the cerebro-pleural although only one pair of connectives was clearly
+determined. The visceral ganglion is connected with the pedal below.
+x70.
+
+Fig. 2. Cross section of cerebro-pleural ganglion. On the right side
+one of the lateral ganglia is shown. The one of the other side does not
+show because the section is not straight across. The dorsal side is up.
+x300.
+
+Fig. 3. Section of the pedal mass of _Nucula_, through the center. The
+dorsal side is up. x300.
+
+Fig. 4. Left side of the visceral mass of _Nucula_. Dorsal side up.
+x300.
+
+Fig. 5. Nerve cells from the central nervous system of _Nucula_. x450.
+
+Fig. 6. Section through the body of _Nucula_ showing the position of
+the cerebro-pleural ganglion cut through the center. Dorsal side up.
+The cellular portion of the ganglion is black. x70.
+
+Fig. 7. Section through the body of _Nucula_ at the level of the
+visceral nerves which are shown on either side of the section. The area
+of nerve cells is shown in black. x70.
+
+Fig. 8. Reconstruction from serial sections of the cerebro-pleural mass
+nerves and connectives of _Malletia faba_. The drawing is a ventral
+view, the cephalic side is at the top. x70.
+
+Fig. 9. Reconstruction of pedal ganglion of _Malletia_ from the ventral
+side. Cephalic side at the top. x70.
+
+Fig. 10. Reconstruction of visceral ganglia of _Malletia_. x70.
+
+Fig. 11. Section through cerebro-pleural mass of _Malletia_. The dorsal
+side is up. On the ventral side to the left and right are the
+beginnings of the lateral lobes or ganglionic cords which may represent
+the pleural ganglia. In this species the cerebral ganglia are not
+separated into right and left halves as in _Nucula_. x300.
+
+Fig. 12. Section through the central part of the pedal mass of
+_Malletia_. The dorsal side is up. x300.
+
+Fig. 13. Section through one visceral ganglion of _Malletia_. The
+dorsal side is up. x300.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
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+
+Transcriber's Notes
+
+
+Page 64: Changed * * * to ... (preferred form for ellipsis).
+  Originally: This * * * is readily overcome by the frequent
+
+Page 64: Changed "placd" to "placed".
+  Originally: surface of the book on which it was placd,
+
+Page 68: Changed "X" to "x".
+  Originally: cells (10 mm. X 3.5 mm.)
+
+Page 70: Changed "chitinizd" to "chitinized".
+  Originally: Changed area of microscopic chitinizd spicules,
+
+Page 71: Changed "Lengh" to "Length".
+  Originally: Pupa.--Lengh, 9.1-12.8 mm.
+
+Page 75: Retained "molloscs", as a possible spelling variant for
+"molluscs". However, it may be a typo.
+  Originally: forms are grouped among the simplest of the molloscs.
+
+Pages 75, 76: Retained "Stempel" and "Stempell" spelling variations.
+
+Page 76: Changed "once" to "one".
+  Originally: the pedal ganglion at once place seems to be made up
+
+Page 76: Changed all instances of "X" to "x" to indicate magnification.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Journal of Entomology and Zoology, by
+Horace Gunthorp and Charles P. Alexander and W. A. Hilton
+
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