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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:08:03 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:08:03 -0700 |
| commit | 367f045256241c7a506af361e8d32c9e6fa44fa9 (patch) | |
| tree | db904b7547e58cdab59b8c5a637a58f9595fec27 /37457-h | |
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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: Canada: Its Postage Stamps and Postal Stationery</p> +<p>Author: Clifton Armstrong Howes</p> +<p>Release Date: September 17, 2011 [eBook #37457]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANADA: ITS POSTAGE STAMPS AND POSTAL STATIONERY***</p> +<p> </p> +<h4>E-text prepared by Simon Gardner, Adrian Mastronardi,<br /> + The Philatelic Digital Library Project<br /> + (<a href="http://www.tpdlp.net">http://www.tpdlp.net</a>),<br /> + and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> + (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> + from page images generously made available by<br /> + Internet Archive<br /> + (<a href="http://www.archive.org">http://www.archive.org</a>)</h4> +<p> </p> +<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> + <tr> + <td valign="top"> + Note: + </td> + <td> + Images of the original pages are available through + Internet Archive. See + <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030133122"> + http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030133122</a> + </td> + </tr> +</table> +<p> </p> +<div class="trans-note"> +<h4>Transcriber's Notes</h4> + +<p>Footnotes are numbered sequentially throughout the book and presented after +each chapter.</p> + +<p>Changes to the text have been limited to correction of typographical +errors which have been listed <a href="#Transcribers_Notes">at the end of the book</a>.</p> + +<p>The extensive block quotations within this book feature rows of closely +spaced asterisks (* * * * *) which function as an ellipsis (unquoted or +missing material). This is distinct from the "thought break", indicating +a change of subject, which appears as a horizontal line.</p> +</div> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p> </p> + +<!-- Museum stamp in front of book not included in e-text +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 279px;"> +<img src="images/i002.jpg" width="279" height="275" alt="MUSEE NATIONAL DES POSTES - NATIONAL POSTAL MUSEUM" title="Stamp of the National Postal Museum: MUSEE NATIONAL DES POSTES - NATIONAL POSTAL MUSEUM" /> +</div> + --> + + + +<h1> CANADA<br /> +<br /> + + <span style="font-size:medium">ITS</span><br /> + POSTAGE STAMPS<br /> + <span style="font-size:medium">AND</span><br /> + POSTAL STATIONERY</h1> + + +<p class="center"> <span style="font-size:small">BY</span><br /> + CLIFTON A. HOWES, B. Sc., F. R. P. S. L.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p class="center"> <span style="font-size:small">PUBLISHED BY</span><br /> + THE NEW ENGLAND STAMP CO.<br /> + BOSTON, U. S. A.<br /> + 1911</p> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 489px;"> +<a name="Plate_XV" id="Plate_XV"></a> +<a href="images/plate15.jpg"><img src="images/plate15_tn.jpg" width="489" height="600" +alt="Plate XV (Frontispiece)" +title="Plate XV (Frontispiece)" /></a> +[<a href="#Plate_XV_Key">Key to Plate XV</a>.] +</div> + +<hr /> + +<p><!-- Page 1 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"> <span style="font-size:x-large">CANADA</span> +<br /> +<br /> + <span style="font-size:small">ITS</span><br /> + POSTAGE STAMPS<br /> + <span style="font-size:small">AND</span><br /> + POSTAL STATIONERY</p> + + +<p class="center"> <span style="font-size:small">BY</span><br /> + CLIFTON A. HOWES, B. Sc., F. R. P. S. L.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p class="center"> <span style="font-size:small">PUBLISHED BY</span><br /> + THE NEW ENGLAND STAMP CO.<br /> + BOSTON, U. S. A.<br /> + 1911</p> +<hr /> +<p><!-- Page 2 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p> + + + +<p class="center"> Copyright 1911<br /> + By the New England Stamp Co.<br /> + Boston, Mass.</p> + + +<p class="center"> Press of<br /> + NEWCOMB & GAUSS<br /> + Salem, Mass.</p> +<hr /> +<p><!-- Page 3 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> + + + +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"></td><td align="right">Page</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Key to Plates</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Foreword</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Introduction</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Chapter</span></td><td align="right">I.</td><td align="left">Preliminary Matters</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">II.</td><td align="left">The Issue of 1851</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">III.</td><td align="left">The Remaining Pence Issues</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">IV.</td><td align="left">The Perforated Pence Issues</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">V.</td><td align="left">The Cancellations of the Early Issues</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">VI.</td><td align="left">The Issue of 1859</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">VII.</td><td align="left">The Dominion of Canada—Preliminary</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">VIII.</td><td align="left">The Issue of 1868</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">IX.</td><td align="left">The Small "Cents" Issue, 1870-1882</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">X.</td><td align="left">The Supplementary Values of 1893</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XI.</td><td align="left">The Jubilee Issue of 1897</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XII.</td><td align="left">The "Maple Leaf" Issue of 1897</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XIII.</td><td align="left">The "Numerals" Issue of 1898-1902</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XIV.</td><td align="left">The "Christmas" Stamp of 1898</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XV.</td><td align="left">The "King's Head" Issue of 1903-1908</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XVI.</td><td align="left">The "Tercentenary" Issue of 1908</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XVII.</td><td align="left">The "Registration" Stamps</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XVIII.</td><td align="left">The Postage Due Stamps</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XIX.</td><td align="left">The Special Delivery Stamp</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XX.</td><td align="left">The Officially Sealed Labels</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XXI.</td><td align="left">The Stamped Envelopes</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XXII.</td><td align="left">The Wrappers</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XXIII.</td><td align="left">The Post Cards</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XXIV.</td><td align="left">The Letter Cards</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XXV.</td><td align="left">Official Stationery</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_267">267</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XXVI.</td><td align="left">Precancellation and Permits</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_272">272</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Reference List</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_277">277</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + + + + + +<hr class="long" /> +<p><!-- Page 4 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="KEY_TO_PLATES" id="KEY_TO_PLATES"></a>KEY TO PLATES</h2> + + +<h4><a name="Plate_I_Key" id="Plate_I_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_I">Plate I</a>.</span></h4> + +<ul> +<li>No. 1. <span class="Lalign05">6</span> pence, 1851.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">2.</span> 12 <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">3.</span> 10 <span class="ditto">"</span> 1855.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">4.</span> <span class="Lalign05">½</span> penny, 1857.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">5.</span> <span class="Lalign05">7½</span> pence, 1857.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">6.</span> <span class="Lalign05">3</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 1851.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">7.</span> <span class="Lalign05">½</span> penny, 1859.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">8.</span> <span class="Lalign05">6</span> pence, <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">9.</span> <span class="Lalign05">3</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li>  10. <span class="Lalign05">1</span> cent,  <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li>  11. <span class="Lalign05">2</span> cents, <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li>  12. 10 <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li>  13. 12½  "  <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li>  14. 17 <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li>  15. <span class="Lalign05">5</span> <span class="ditto">"</span><span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li>  16. <span class="Lalign05">1</span> cent, 1868.</li> +<li>  17. <span class="Lalign05">½</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li>  18. <span class="Lalign05">2</span> cents, <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li>  19. <span class="Lalign05">5</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 1859, variety.</li> +<li>  20. <span class="Lalign05">3</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 1868.</li> +<li>  21. <span class="Lalign05">5</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 1875.</li> +<li>  22. <span class="Lalign05">6</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 1868.</li> +<li>  23. 12½  " <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li>  24. 15 <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +</ul> + + +<h4><a name="Plate_II_Key" id="Plate_II_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>.</span></h4> + +<ul> +<li>No. 25. <span class="Lalign05">1</span> cent, 1870.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">26.</span> <span class="Lalign05">2</span> cents, 1872.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">27.</span> <span class="Lalign05">½</span> cent, 1882.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">28.</span> <span class="Lalign05">3</span> cents, 1870.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">29.</span> <span class="Lalign05">5</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 1876.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">30.</span> <span class="Lalign05">6</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 1872.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">31.</span> <span class="Lalign05">8</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 1893.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">32.</span> 10 cents, 1874.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">33.</span> 20 <span class="ditto">"</span> 1893.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">34.</span> <span class="Lalign05">½</span> cent, 1897, "Jubilee."</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">35.</span> 50 cents, 1893.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">36.</span> <span class="Lalign05">½</span> cent, 1897, "Maple Leaf."</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">37.</span> <span class="Lalign05">2</span> cents on 3 cents, "Port Hood Provisional."</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">38.</span> <span class="Lalign05">2</span> cents, 1898, "Map."</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">39.</span> <span class="Lalign05">1</span> cent on 3 cents (pair), "Port Hood Provisional."<!-- Page 5 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">40.</span> <span class="Lalign05">½</span> cent, 1898, "Numeral."</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">41.</span> <span class="Lalign05">2</span> cents on 3 cents, 1899, "Maple Leaf."</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">42.</span> <span class="Lalign05">2</span> <span class="ditto">"   "</span>3<span class="ditto">"</span><span class="ditto">"</span>"Numeral."</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">43.</span> <span class="Lalign05">1</span> cent, 1903, "King's Head."</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">44.</span> <span class="Lalign05">2</span> cents on 3 cents, 1899, inverted, "Numeral."</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">45.</span> <span class="Lalign05">2</span> <span class="ditto">"  "</span>3<span class="ditto">"</span><span class="ditto">"</span><span class="ditto">" </span> "Maple Leaf."</li> +</ul> + + +<h4><a name="Plate_III_Key" id="Plate_III_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_III">Plate III</a>.</span></h4> + +<ul> +<li>No. 46.  ½ cent, 1908, "Tercentenary."</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">47.</span> <span class="Lalign05">1</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">48.</span> <span class="Lalign05">2</span> cents, <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">49.</span> <span class="Lalign05">5</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">50.</span> <span class="Lalign05">7</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">51.</span> 10 <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">52.</span> 15 <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">53.</span> 20 <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">54.</span> <span class="Lalign05">2</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 1875, Registration.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">55.</span> <span class="Lalign05">5</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">56.</span> <span class="Lalign05">8</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">57.</span> 10 <span class="ditto">"</span> 1898, Special Delivery.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">58.</span> <span class="Lalign05">1</span> cent, 1906, Postage Due.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">59.</span> <span class="Lalign05">2</span> cents, <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">60.</span> <span class="Lalign05">5</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +</ul> + + +<h4><a name="Plate_IV_Key" id="Plate_IV_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_IV">Plate IV</a>.</span></h4> + +<ul> +<li>No. 61. 6 pence, 1851, pair.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">62.</span> 12 <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> pair from Pack collection.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">63.</span> <span class="Lalign05">6</span> pence, 1851, pair.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">64.</span> <span class="Lalign05">6</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">65.</span> 12 <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> from Worthington collection.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">66.</span> <span class="Lalign05">6</span> pence, 1851, thick soft paper, from Pack collection.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">67.</span> <span class="Lalign05">7½</span> pence, 1857, wide oval.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">68.</span> <span class="Lalign05">7½</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> narrow oval.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">69.</span> <span class="Lalign05">7½</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> pair.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">70.</span> 10 <span class="ditto">"</span> 1855, pair, wide oval.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">71.</span> 10 <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> narrow oval.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">72.</span> <span class="Lalign05">6</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 1859, from Pack collection.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">73.</span> <span class="Lalign05">6</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 1851, strip of 3 on very thick soft paper, from Worthington collection.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">74.</span> 10 cents, 1859, black brown, from Pack collection.</li> +</ul> + + +<h4><a name="Plate_V_Key" id="Plate_V_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_V">Plate V</a>.</span></h4> + +<ul> +<li>No. 75. <span class="Lalign05">6</span> pence, 1851.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">76.</span> <span class="Lalign05">6</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">77.</span> <span class="Lalign05">3</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> pair.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">78.</span> <span class="Lalign05">6</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">79.</span> <span class="Lalign05">6</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">80.</span> <span class="Lalign05">6</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> strip of 3 on very thick hard paper, + from Pack collection.<!-- Page 6 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">81.</span> <span class="Lalign05">7½</span> pence, 1857, strip of three.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">82.</span> 12 <span class="ditto">"</span> 1851, pair from Pack collection.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">83.</span> 12 <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">84.</span> 12 <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> from Pack collection.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">85.</span> 12 <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> pair from Worthington collection.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">86.</span> 12 <span class="ditto">"</span> 1851, wove paper, from Pack collection.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">87.</span> <span class="Lalign05">6</span> pence, 1851, split, used on piece, from Pack collection.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">88.</span> <span class="Lalign05">3</span> pence, 1851, ribbed paper, from Pack collection.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">89.</span> 12½ cents, small, from Worthington collection.</li> +</ul> + + +<h4><a name="Plate_VI_Key" id="Plate_VI_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_VI">Plate VI</a>.</span></h4> + +<ul> +<li>No. 90. 12 pence, 1851, on cover, from Worthington collection.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">91.</span> 12 pence, 1851, on cover, from Pack collection (originally in Seybold collection.)</li> +</ul> + + +<h4><a name="Plate_VII_Key" id="Plate_VII_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_VII">Plate VII</a>.</span></h4> + +<ul> +<li>No. 92. <span class="Lalign05">6</span> pence, 1851, very thick soft paper, split, used on cover, from Pack collection.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">93.</span> 10 pence, 1855, pair, narrow oval.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">94.</span> 10 <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> block of 4, wide oval.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">95.</span> 10 <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> strip of 3, narrow oval.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">96.</span> <span class="Lalign05">5</span> cents, 1859, block of 7, upper right corner stamp is variety. From Pack collection.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">97.</span> <span class="Lalign05">5</span> cents, 1859, pair and split, used on piece, from Worthington collection.</li> +</ul> + + +<h4><a name="Plate_VIII_Key" id="Plate_VIII_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_VIII">Plate VIII</a>.</span></h4> + +<ul> +<li>No. 98. <span class="Lalign05">6</span> cents, 1868, split, used on cover, from Worthington collection.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">99.</span> 10 cents, 1859, black brown, split, used on cover, from Worthington collection.</li> +</ul> + + +<h4><a name="Plate_IX_Key" id="Plate_IX_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_IX">Plate IX</a>.</span></h4> + +<ul> +<li>No. 100. <span class="Lalign05">1</span> cent, 1859, block of 4 imperforate.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">101.</span> <span class="Lalign05">5</span> cents, <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 4 <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">102.</span> <span class="Lalign05">2</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 4 <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">103.</span> 12½  "  <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 4 <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">104.</span> 10 <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 4 <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">105.</span> 17 <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 4 <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">106.</span> 20 <span class="ditto">"</span> 1893, <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 4 <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">107.</span> 15 <span class="ditto">"</span> 1868, <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 4 <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">108.</span> 50 <span class="ditto">"</span> 1893, <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 4 <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +</ul> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The above blocks were selected from the Pack and Worthington +collections and some in the possession of the New +England Stamp Co.</p></div> +<p><!-- Page 7 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p> + + +<h4><a name="Plate_X_Key" id="Plate_X_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_X">Plate X</a>.</span></h4> + +<ul> +<li>No. 109. 10 cents, 1874, block of 4 imperforate.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">110.</span> <span class="Lalign05">8</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 1893, <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 4 <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">111.</span> <span class="Lalign05">6</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 1872, <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 4 <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">112.</span> <span class="Lalign05">5</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 1897, "Maple Leaf," block of 4, imperforate.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">113.</span> <span class="Lalign05">2</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 1898, "Map,"   <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 4 <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">114.</span> <span class="Lalign05">2</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 1903, block of 4 imperforate.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">115.</span> <span class="Lalign05">5</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> Registered, pair imperforate.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">116.</span> "Officially Sealed" Label, 1905.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">117.</span> <span class="ditto"> " </span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 1879.</li> +</ul> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The above blocks of imperforates were from the same sources +as noted for Plate IX.</p></div> + + +<h4><a name="Plate_XI_Key" id="Plate_XI_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_XI">Plate XI</a>.</span></h4> + +<ul> +<li>No. 118. 10 cents, 1874, strip of 10, marginal imprints.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">119.</span> <span class="Lalign05">½</span> cent, 1868, <span class="ditto">" "</span> 3, <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">120.</span> <span class="Lalign05">3</span> cents, 1870, <span class="ditto">" "</span> 3, <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">121.</span> <span class="Lalign05">1</span> cent, 1870, block of 8, <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">122.</span> <span class="Lalign05">3</span> cents, 1870, strip of 3, <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +</ul> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The above are all from the Worthington collection.</p></div> + + +<h4><a name="Plate_XII_Key" id="Plate_XII_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_XII">Plate XII</a>.</span></h4> + +<ul> +<li>No. 123. 1 cent, 1870, block of 12 imperforate.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">124.</span> <span class="Lalign05">2</span> cents, 1872, <span class="ditto">" "</span> 4 <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">125.</span> <span class="Lalign05">3</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 1870, <span class="ditto">" "</span> 4 <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">126.</span> <span class="Lalign05">5</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 1876, <span class="ditto">" "</span> 4 <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">127.</span> <span class="Lalign05">½</span> cent, 1882, <span class="ditto">" "</span> 12 <span class="ditto">"</span></li> +</ul> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Nos. 123 and 127 are from the Worthington collection and the +other three from the Pack collection.</p></div> + + +<h4><a name="Plate_XIII_Key" id="Plate_XIII_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_XIII">Plate XIII</a>.</span></h4> + +<ul> +<li>No. 128. 3 pence, 1875 (?) perforated 14, pair used on cover, from Pack collection.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">129.</span> 2 cents, 1872, pair imperforate used on cover, in possession of New England Stamp Co.</li> +</ul> + + +<h4><a name="Plate_XIV_Key" id="Plate_XIV_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_XIV">Plate XIV</a>.</span></h4> + +<ul> +<li>No. 130. Stamped Envelope, 5 cents, 1860.</li> +<li><span class="Lalign175">131.</span>   <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span>   10 <span class="ditto">"</span><span class="ditto">"</span></li> +</ul> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Both the above were in the Seybold collection.</p></div> + + +<h4><a name="Plate_XV_Key" id="Plate_XV_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_XV">Plate XV</a>.</span> (Frontispiece).</h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>A page of six pennies from the collection of Charles Lathrop Pack.</p></div> + + + +<hr class="long" /> +<p><!-- Page 9 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="FOREWORD" id="FOREWORD"></a>FOREWORD</h2> + + +<p>Twenty years ago the Philatelic Society, London, brought out their +work on "The Postage Stamps, Envelopes, Wrappers and Post Cards of +the North American Colonies of Great Britain." This, of course, included +Canada, but since that time no special work, treating exhaustively of the +postal emissions of this important Colony, has been placed before the philatelic +public. It seems opportune, therefore, particularly in view of the general +popularity of the stamps of the Dominion, to present this volume for the +favor of the stamp collecting fraternity and especially of that considerable +portion which is interested to the extent of specializing in the beautiful +issues that Canada has given us.</p> + +<p>This work had its inception in the now popular handbook idea, but in +looking over the ground it was soon realized by the author that there was need +of and material enough for a much more extended treatment of the subject +than could be encompassed in the limits of the usual brochure. Plans were +therefore laid for a thorough study of all available material, and in furtherance +of this it was found necessary to make a special trip to Ottawa, where, in the +library of the House of Commons, is to be found the only complete set available +of the Reports of the Postmasters General of Canada. These naturally +proved a mine of first hand information which was availed of to its full +extent; and in this connection must be expressed the deep appreciation of +the assistance rendered the author by his friend M. Henri R. Landry, through +whose influence and untiring interest the way was made easy for convenient +and rapid examination of these invaluable files. Thanks are also due Mr. +Edward Y. Parker of Toronto, for notes and specimens furnished, as well as +Mr. A. McKechnie of Ottawa.</p> + +<p>But documents and descriptions are not enough for the thorough study +of any subject which concerns tangible objects, and three famous collections +were inspected for first hand information upon the stamps themselves. To +Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack of Lakewood, N. J., Mr. George H. Worthington +of Cleveland, Ohio, and the lamented Mr. John F. Seybold, late of Syracuse, +N. Y., are due not only the author's fullest thanks for opportunities +freely given to examine their magnificent collections of Canada, but the debt +extends to philatelists in general for thus being enabled to share, through +study, description, listing and pictorial reproduction, in the results of their +specializing. Mr. Pack's wonderful array of rarities, beautiful copies and<!-- Page 10 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> +remarkable series of shades has been largely used in the compilation of the +stamp lists. This collection though since much enlarged and improved, +obtained the gold medal at the International Philatelic Exhibition in London, +1906. Mr. Worthington's fine collection has also been used in the same +way and has furnished much information concerning plate numbers and +marginal imprints. Mr. Seybold's covers were particularly interesting in +showing the actual use of the stamps, the cancellations employed, and various +other features to be gleaned from the study of original covers, particularly of +early date. Selections for illustrative purposes were made from all three +collections, as will be noted.</p> + +<p>Mr. John N. Morse and Mr. Edwin F. Sawyer, both of Boston, have very +kindly placed their collections of post cards and envelopes, respectively, at our +disposal for purposes of study.</p> + +<p>Again, the philatelic press has been diligently searched for articles, stray +notes, etc., which would illumine the pathway, particularly by throwing side +lights on various phases of the subject. Prominent among these were the +articles on Canada by Messrs. C. B. Corwin, D. A. King and J. R. Hooper +in the <i>Metropolitan Philatelist</i> for 1890-91, and by Mr. Donald A. King in +Stanley Gibbons' <i>Monthly Journal</i> for 1896-97.</p> + +<p>It can readily be seen from the foregoing that the limits of a handbook +were soon passed, and the question really became one of a pretentious volume +which should be all that thorough research could offer and ample means produce. +A glance at the present work shows that this was no small proposition, +and to any one with experience in philatelic publishing it was apparent that +the desired production would mean a heavy balance on the wrong side of the +ledger. The author does not pose as a philanthropist, but he feels he has discovered +such in the publishers of this volume. With the broad-minded policy +that whatever helps Philately benefits all, even indirectly, the New England +Stamp Company of Boston, having become greatly interested in the +monograph, accepted the burden and became responsible for the publication +of the work. The advantages of the co-operation of such a well-known firm +are manifest, and the author takes great pleasure in acknowledging his indebtedness +to this Company, through whose munificence it has been possible +to produce this volume in its present form.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 17.5em;">C. A. HOWES, B. Sc., F. R. P. S. L.</span><br /> +<br /> +Boston, U. S. A.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">December, 1910.</span><br /> +</p> + + + + +<hr class="long" /> +<p><!-- Page 11 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION</h2> + + +<p>The Dominion of Canada, as we know it to-day, is a confederation +of the former British Colonies and unorganized territories of North +America which lie to the northward of the United States. The single exception +is the Colony of Newfoundland, which so far has resisted all overtures +looking to its absorption. The Dominion was formed in 1867 by the union of the +then Colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, to which the +others were added subsequently. At that time the Colony of Canada consisted +of two provinces, Ontario and Quebec, known also as Upper and Lower Canada +respectively. It is with these two provinces that our philatelic story of +Canada begins.</p> + +<p>But first let us delve a bit into earlier times and trace the development +of the territory we are going to consider, as it may prove interesting for its +historical value. Passing by the claims of the Norsemen in the tenth century +to a somewhat vague exploration of the eastern American coast, we come to +the discovery of Newfoundland by John Cabot in 1497, and it is upon this +fact, in part, that England subsequently based her claim to the whole of North +America. But for the most part the territory included within the well populated +portion of the present Dominion was explored and settled by the +French. In 1534 Jacques Cartier entered the St. Lawrence River and took +possession of the country in the name of France, and in 1608 the first permanent +settlement was made at Quebec by Samuel de Champlain. The name +of the colony was apparently furnished by the Indians, for in the manuscript +narrative of Cartier's second voyage,<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> under "Vocabulary of the natives," +is found: "They call a town—Canada." Baxter says: "There can be no +doubt that the word Canada is derived from <i>Kannata</i>, which in Iroquois signifies +a collection of dwellings, in other words a settlement."<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> French control +continued until the middle of the eighteenth century when, in the war with +England, the decisive victory of Wolfe over Montcalm at Quebec, in 1759, +practically brought it to a close, and by the treaty of Paris in 1763 Canada +was permanently ceded to Great Britain.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 12 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>Tracing the development of the Colony under English rule, we find +that by the so-called "Quebec Act" of 1774 it was placed under the administration +of a Governor and Legislative Council appointed by the Crown. Following +the American Revolution, however, there was a large immigration +of former colonists into Ontario, and because of their English stock, while +Quebec was French, a separation was deemed advisable. By the "Constitutional +Act" of 1791 this was effected and two Colonies, Upper Canada (or +Canada West) and Lower Canada (or Canada East) were constituted, each +with its own separate government. Just fifty years later, in 1841, they were +reunited under the single name of Canada. This brings us near the opening +of our philatelic history. The united provinces had an area of about 350,000 +square miles and a population, in 1850, of some 1,800,000 people. The +Governor was appointed by the Crown and chose his own Executive Council; +a Legislative Council of life members was also appointed by the Crown; and +a Legislative Assembly was elected consisting of an equal number of representatives +for each province. The Governor was made Governor-General of +British North America.</p> + +<p>The advantages of the union of Upper and Lower Canada gradually +became so manifest, that a convention was held at Quebec in 1864 for the +purpose of considering the advisability of uniting all the provinces. The +result bore fruit in the passage of an Act of Union by the British Parliament +on March 29, 1867, under which Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova +Scotia were formally united as the Dominion of Canada, the actual event +being consummated on July 1, 1867. Subsequently, on July 20, 1871, the +Colony of British Columbia, and on July 1, 1873, the Colony of Prince Edward +Island, were added to the Dominion. In 1869 the vast territories of +the Hudson's Bay Company were acquired by purchase, and out of them +the province of Manitoba was formed and admitted to full privileges in the +Dominion on July 15, 1870.</p> + +<p>The absorption of the Company's Territories is interesting for, as we +all know, this was a trading concern whose sole commodity was fur. The +Arctic and sub-Arctic regions of the continent were the mecca of hunters and +trappers, and their chief prey from the time the first French explorers began +to search the Canadian lakes, and later when the Hudson's Bay Company +succeeded to the French domain, was the beaver. In fact the early history +of Canada was largely bound up with beaver catching and the sale of the +skins, and for nearly a century the northern territories, both under French<!-- Page 13 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> +and English rule, were organized with a view to this traffic. In the early +days of the Company the "standard of trade" of the Northwest was a beaver +skin. Thus the beaver naturally became emblematic, which resulted later in +its use as the "crest" of the Canadian coat-of-arms, a place that it retains to +the present day over those of the Dominion. In this connection it would be +unjust to omit a mention of that other symbol dear to the Canadian heart—the +maple leaf. Like the rose, the thistle and the shamrock of the Mother +land, the beautiful tree of the Colony, so widespread, so useful, and so gorgeous +in its autumn coloring of red and gold—the blazon of the English +arms—became a favorite emblem of the people. The particular variety that +is so used is of course the rock or sugar maple (<i>acer saccharinum</i>).</p> + +<p>Turning now to early postal history, it is necessary to go back to the reign +of Queen Anne, although Canada was not then under British dominion. In +the year 1710 an Act was passed by the British Parliament "For establishing +a General Post-Office in all Her Majesty's Dominions," which not only repealed +all previous enactments but placed the postoffice establishment on a +new basis. A "General Post and Letter-Office" was established in London +"from whence all letters and packets whatsoever may be with speed and expedition +sent into any part of the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to +North America and the West Indies, or any other of Her Majesty's dominions, +or any country or kingdom beyond the seas," and "at which office all returns +and answers may be likewise received." For the better "managing, ordering, +collecting, and improving the revenue," and also for the better "computing +and settling the rates of letters according to distance, a chief office is established +in Edinburgh, one in Dublin, one at New York, and other chief offices +in convenient places in Her Majesty's colonies of America, and one in the +islands of the West Indies, called the Leeward Islands." "The whole of these +chief offices shall be under the control of an officer who shall be appointed by +the Queen's Majesty, her heirs and successors, to be made and constituted by +letters patent under the Great Seal, by the name and stile of Her Majesty's +<i>Postmaster-General</i>." "The Postmaster-General shall appoint deputies for +the chief offices in the places named above." The rates to New York under +this Act were fixed at 1 shilling per single letter. Other rates were charged +to other parts of the American continent according to the distance from New +York.</p> + +<p>In 1753 Benjamin Franklin received the royal commission as Deputy +Postmaster-General for the American Colonies. No man in America had<!-- Page 14 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> +been so identified with the interests of the Colonial postoffice as he, and from +1737 he had been postmaster of Philadelphia. All his energies were devoted +to his new work and when Canada passed by treaty to Great Britain in 1763, +as already mentioned, his jurisdiction was extended to cover the new territory. +It is thus curious to record that the (afterwards) first Postmaster-General +of the United States was also the first Postmaster-General of Canada.</p> + +<p>In the evidence given by Franklin before the House of Commons in the +year 1766, in regard to the extent of the post-office accommodation in North +America, he made the following <span class="nobreak">statement:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The posts generally travel along the sea coasts, and only in a +few cases do they go back into the country. Between Quebec and +Montreal there is only one post per month. The inhabitants live so +scattered and remote from each other in that vast country, that the +posts cannot be supported amongst them. The English Colonies, too, +along the frontier, are very thinly settled.</p></div> + +<p>By 1774, however, Franklin, then in England as the Representative of +the Colonies, had become obnoxious to the British Government, and on January +31st of that year was removed from his office. After the Declaration of +Independence, Mr. Hugh Finlay, who had previously been postmaster at +Quebec, received the appointment of "Deputy Postmaster-General of His +Majesty's Province of Canada." He had in 1791 eleven post-offices under his +management, one as far west as Mackinaw and one as far east as the Baie des +Chaleurs. There was a weekly mail between Quebec and Montreal and a +monthly mail for the Western country. From a Quebec almanac of 1796 it +appears that there were seven post-offices in Upper Canada and five in Lower +Canada. At that time mails were despatched monthly to England, and semi-weekly +between Quebec and Montreal, or Halifax. At the Baie des Chaleurs +the visits of the postman must have been few and far between, as they were only +favored with a mail "as occasion offered."</p> + +<p>In 1800 Mr. George Heriot succeeded Mr. Finlay. At this time New +Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island were all under the authority +of the Canadian administration. The number of post-offices was increased +to twenty-six.</p> + +<p>The following is taken from the advertising column of the <i>Upper Canada +Gazette</i> in <span class="nobreak">1807:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The mail for Upper Canada will be despatched from the post-office +at Montreal, on the following days, to wit:</p> + +<p>Monday, 14th January.</p> + +<p>Monday, 12th February.<!-- Page 15 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p> + +<p>Monday, 10th March.</p> + +<p>Monday, 7th April—the last trip.</p> + +<p>A courier from Kingston may be looked for here in 14 or 15 days +from the above periods, where he will remain 2 or 3 days, and then +return to Kingston.</p> + +<p>Another courier will proceed from this with the Niagara mail, +via Messrs. Hatts', where the Sandwich [So. Essex] letters will be left, +both from Niagara and this, 'till the courier comes from there to +return with them.</p> + +<p>Letters put into the post-office will be forwarded any time by</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 28em;">W. ALLAN,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 22.5em;">Acting Deputy-Postmaster.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>Mr. Heriot resigned in 1816 and was succeeded by Mr. Daniel Sutherland +who, on his accession to office found Nova Scotia and Prince Edward +Island withdrawn from Canadian charge. New Brunswick, however, continued +to be included, but appears to have been withdrawn in 1824, so that +from that year until the federation of the Provinces in 1867 the Postmaster-General +was concerned only with Canada proper. Mr. Sutherland established +a daily mail between Quebec and Montreal and a weekly mail between Montreal +and Toronto. In 1827 there were 101 post-offices and 2,368 miles of +established post-route, the number of miles of mail-travel being 455,000 per +annum. The letters that year were estimated at 340,000 and the newspapers +at 400,000.</p> + +<p>The following extract from the <i>Quebec Mercury</i>, published on July 18, +1829, conveys some idea of the postal communication with England at that +<span class="nobreak">period:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>No later advices have been received from Europe since our last. +Some further extracts from the London papers, to 31st May, inclusive, +brought to New York by the <i>Corinthian</i>, will be found in another part +of this number.</p></div> + +<p>In the <i>Montreal Courant</i>, dated September 2nd, 1829, was the following +paragraph, showing the improvement which had been effected in the communication +between Prescott and that <span class="nobreak">city:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Expeditious Travelling</span>:—On Saturday last, the Upper Canada +line of stages performed the journey from Prescott to this city in +about 17 hours, leaving the former place at a little before 3 a. m., +and arriving here a few minutes before 8 in the evening. Not many +years ago this journey occupied two, and sometimes three days, but +owing to the great improvements made by Mr. Dickinson, the enterprising +proprietor, by putting steam-boats on the lakes St. Francis +and St. Louis, and keeping his horses in excellent condition, it is +now performed in little more than one-third of the time.</p></div><p><!-- Page 16 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p> + +<p>Even so late as 1833, newspaper proprietors found it (particularly in +the Upper Province) better to employ their own couriers. As a proof of this +we transcribe from the <i>Queenstown</i> (Niagara) <i>Colonial Advocate</i> of that year, +the following <span class="nobreak">advertisement:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Post-Rider Wanted Immediately.</span></p> + +<p>The proprietor of this newspaper wishes to contract with a +steady man (who can find and uphold his own horse) to deliver it to +the subscribers once a week during the winter, on the route between +York and Niagara, viâ Ancaster.</p></div> + +<p>Mr. Thos. A. Stayner succeeded Mr. Sutherland in 1831, at which +time there were 151 post-offices. Through Mr. Stayner's recommendation a +uniform rate of 1s. 2d. sterling, per half ounce, was adopted in 1841 between +any place in Canada and the mother country. This resulted from the establishment +of regular steam communication across the Atlantic in 1840, by +means of the Cunard Line between Liverpool and Halifax.</p> + +<p>During all this period the carrying of letters was a profitable business. +There was, for example, a profit of $21,000 in 1824 and of $47,000 in 1831, +all which sums were duly remitted to England to swell the Imperial revenue. +The rates, however, were exceedingly high. It cost eighteen cents to send a +letter from Toronto to Kingston, and thirty cents to send one to Montreal. +The charge for sending a weekly paper through the mails was a dollar a +year, as much as the paper now costs, and the postage on a daily was over +two dollars a year.<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> + +<p>The net revenues of the post-office given for 1831 must have dropped +considerably, for we find that in 1845 the surplus of the Canadian Post-office +was but Ł7184 ($35,000) against the $47,000 given above for +fourteen years earlier. This amount rose to Ł22,188 ($110,000) in 1848, +fell to Ł15,725 ($78,500) the next year, and had risen again to a basis of +Ł20,000 ($100,000) in the year previous to the introduction of postage stamps +and the reduction of rates. The inland postage rates then in force, as charged +under the Imperial Laws, were, for a letter not exceeding ½ ounce in weight:</p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">For any distance not exceeding 60 miles,</td><td align="right">4d.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">For any distance exceeding 60 miles and not exceeding 100 miles</td><td align="right">6d.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">For any distance exceeding 100 miles and not exceeding 200 miles</td><td align="right">8d.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">And for every additional 100 miles or fraction an additional</td><td align="right">2d.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><!-- Page 17 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p> + +<p>For one hundred and forty years Great Britain had managed her colonial +posts, or at least directed them, when on 28th July, 1849, the British Parliament +passed an "Act for enabling Colonial Legislatures to establish Inland +Posts."<a name="FNanchor_4" id="FNanchor_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> This was the signal for the voluntary withdrawal of most of the +colonial postal systems then under Imperial direction, and for the establishment +of local systems where none had previously existed. Because of its historical +interest we quote from the provisions of the Act as <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Whereas under or by virtue of [<i>various Acts</i>] Her Majesty's +Post Master General has, by himself or his Deputies, the exclusive +Privilege of establishing Posts, collecting, conveying, and delivering +Letters, and collecting Postage, within Her Majesty's Colonies, and +the Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury have Authority from +Time to Time to fix the Rates of Postage to be charged within such +Colonies: And whereas the said Postmaster General and Commissioners +of Her Majesty's Treasury respectively have, in exercise of +such Privilege and Authority, established Posts and fixed Rates of +Postage in certain of such Colonies: And whereas it is expedient +to Authorize the Establishment of Posts and Postage Rates in Her +Majesty's Colonies by the Legislatures of such Colonies: Be it enacted, +therefore.... That it shall be lawful for the Legislatures +or proper Legislative Authorities of Her Majesty's Colonies, or any of +them, by Acts, Laws, or Ordinances to be from Time to Time for +that Purpose made and enacted in the Manner and subject to the +Conditions by Law required in respect of Acts, Laws, or Ordinances +of such Legislatures or Legislative Authorities, to make such provisions +as such Legislatures or Legislative Authorities may think fit +for and concerning the Establishment, Maintenance, and Regulation +of Posts or Post Communications within such Colonies respectively, +and for charging Rates of Postage for the Conveyance of Letters +by such Posts or Post Communications, and for appropriating the +Revenue to be derived therefrom.</p> + +<p>II. [<i>Where the Postmaster General has actually established posts +and his power has not "determined," such colonial acts, etc., shall not +take effect until approved by Her Majesty and Privy Council, nor +until such time as the assent may be proclaimed in the Colony, or such +subsequent time as may be signified.</i>]</p> + +<p>III. [<i>After the establishment of Posts by Colonial Legislatures the +powers of the Postmaster General shall cease.</i>]</p> + +<p>IV. [<i>The Acts of Colonial Legislatures are to apply only to +Posts within the limits of the Colony and to rates of postage within +such limits.</i>]</p></div> + +<p>Canada lost no time in taking advantage of the above Act, and in the +next year (1850) passed the required ordinances for the transfer of its domestic +postal system to the control of its own Government. The next chapter +will therefore start the Canadian postal history proper.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> In the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> A Memoir of Jacques Cartier, by J. P. Baxter, p. 135.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Most of the foregoing information is taken from extracts from the +Canadian Postal Guide, published in the Stamp Collector's Magazine for +Aug. 1, 1868, and the Halifax Philatelist, II: 138.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> 12<sup>o</sup> & 13<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. LXVI.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr class="long" /> +<p><!-- Page 18 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I<br /> +<br /> +PRELIMINARY MATTERS</h2> + + +<p>The most important of the British North American Colonies in 1850 +were Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. Though not united +politically, they yet had the common bonds of fatherland, of race, of +mercantile interest, and the mutual dependence that comes, or should come, from +propinquity under these conditions. It is not surprising, therefore, that all +three should make provision for assuming control of their domestic postal +systems in the same year, nor that they should adopt practically identical +ordinances for this purpose, and should make common postal rates for their +internal and inter-colonial mail matter. Still less surprising is it when we +recall that it was but the breaking up into sections of what had previously +been a homogeneous postal system for the whole of British North America, +operated under the Imperial Laws as detailed in the last chapter.</p> + +<p>While the project of turning over local postal systems to the colonies +was taking shape in the British Parliament, Canada "took time by the forelock" +and made preparations for obtaining its own postage stamps.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"In the Journal of May 21, 1849, there is a message to the legislative +assembly of Canada relating to the establishing of a general post-office +for the Province, when handed over by the Imperial government. +A resolution was brought up in the assembly on May 22, 1849, 'That +postage stamps for prepayment be allowed and that Colonial stamps +be engraved.' This finally passed the assembly on May 25, 1849, and +received the assent of the legislative council on the 26th."<a name="FNanchor_5" id="FNanchor_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p></div> + +<p>A year later, after the passage of the enabling act by the British Parliament, +which has been already quoted, the Canadian Parliament took up the +consideration of the main subject and on the 10th August, 1850, passed what +is known briefly as <i>The Post Office Act</i>, the provisions of which that are of +most interest to us being such as follow:<!-- Page 19 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><h4>13<sup>o</sup> & 14<sup>o</sup> Victoriae., Cap. XVII.</h4> + +<p>An Act to provide for the transfer of the management of the +Inland Posts to the Provincial Government, and for the regulation +of the said Department.</p> + +<p>Whereas by the Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, +passed in the Session held in the twelfth and thirteenth years of Her +Majesty's Reign, and intituled, <i>An Act for enabling Colonial Legislatures +to establish Inland Posts</i>, the Legislatures or proper legislative +authorities of Her Majesty's Colonies are empowered ... to make +such provisions as [they] may think fit for and concerning the establishment, +maintenance, and regulation of Posts and Post Communications +within such Colonies respectively, and for charging rates of +postage for the conveyance of letters by such Posts and Post Communications, +and for appropriating the Revenue to be derived therefrom: ... And +whereas it is expedient that a uniform and +cheap rate of postage should be established throughout the several Colonies +of British North America, and with a view to the establishment +thereof, the Local Governments of the said Colonies have +agreed upon certain conditions hereinafter mentioned and forming +a part of the provisions of this Act, and it is therefore expedient +to exercise the powers so vested as aforesaid in the Legislature of this +Province: ...</p> + +<p>II. And be it enacted, That the Inland Posts and Post +Communications in the Province shall, so far as may be consistent +with the Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom in force +in this Province, be exclusively under Provincial management and +control; the Revenue arising from the duties of postage and other +dues receivable by the Officers employed in managing such Posts and +Post Communications shall form part of the Provincial Revenue, unless +such moneys belong of right to the United Kingdom or to some +other Colony, or to some foreign state; and the expenses of management +shall be defrayed out of Provincial Funds....</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>V. And be it enacted, That the Provincial Post Master General +shall be appointed by Commission under the Great Seal of the Province, +and to hold his office during pleasure, but the Post Masters +and other Officers of the Department shall be appointed and may be +removed by letter from the proper Officer communicating the Governor's +pleasure.</p> + +<p>VI. [<i>All privileges, powers and authority of Her Majesty's Deputy +Post Master General are transferred to and vested in the Provincial +Post Master General.</i>]</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>VIII. And in conformity to the agreement made as aforesaid between +the Local Governments of the several Colonies of British North America, +Be it enacted, That the Provincial Postage on letters and packets +not being of Newspapers or Printed Pamphlets, Magazines or Books, +entitled to pass at lower rate, shall not exceed the rate of three pence +currency, per half ounce, for any distance whatsoever within this +Province, any fraction of a half ounce being chargeable as a half<!-- Page 20 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +ounce: that no transit postage shall be charged on any letter or +packet passing through this Province or any part thereof to any +other Colony in British North America, unless it be posted in this +Province and the sender choose to pre-pay it; nor on any letter or +packet from any such Colony if pre-paid there: that two pence sterling +the half ounce shall remain as the rate in operation as regards +letters by British Mails, to be extended to Countries having postal +conventions with the United Kingdom, unless Her Majesty's Government +in the United Kingdom shall see fit to allow this rate to be +changed to three pence currency:</p> + +<p>That the pre-payment of Provincial Postage shall be optional:</p> + +<p>That all Provincial Postage received within the Province shall be +retained as belonging to it, and that all Provincial Postage received +within any other of the British North American Colonies, may +be retained as belonging to such Colony:</p> + +<p>That the British Packet Postage and other British Postage collected +in this Province shall be accounted for and paid over to the proper +authorities in the United Kingdom; but the Colonial Postage on the same +letters or packets shall belong to the Colony collecting it, or if pre-paid +to the British Post Office, it may be credited to the Colony to +which such letters or packets are addressed:</p> + +<p>That no privilege of franking shall be allowed as regards Provincial +Postage:</p> + +<p>That Provincial Stamps for the pre-payment of postage may be +prepared under the orders of the Governor in Council, which stamps +shall be evidence of the pre-payment of Provincial Postage to the +amount mentioned on such stamp, and that such stamps prepared +under the direction of the proper authorities in the other British +North American Colonies, shall be allowed in this Province as evidence +of the pre-payment of Provincial Postage in such other Colonies +respectively, on the letters or packets to which they are affixed, and +which have been mailed there:</p> + +<p>That the Provincial Postage on Newspapers, Pamphlets, Magazines +and Printed Books, shall remain such as it now is until it be +altered by regulation under this Act.... Provided always, that one +copy of each newspaper published in this Province may be sent free +from postage to any Publisher of another Newspaper in this Province, +that all printed documents addressed to the Publisher of any +Newspaper in this Province shall be delivered to him free, and that all +Newspapers published in this Province and addressed to Subscribers in +the United States, shall pass free to the Provincial line, under such regulations +as the Governor in Council shall make to prevent the abuse of +the privileges hereby granted:</p> + +<p>And, subject to the foregoing provisions of this section and to +the other express provisions of this Act, the Governor in Council shall +have full power and authority ... for establishing the rates of +postage on Newspapers and Printed Pamphlets, Magazines and Books, +and for declaring what shall be deemed such, or directing that in +any case or class of cases they be free of postage, either in the first +instance or the case of their being re-mailed, ... for the preparing +and distributing of Provincial stamps for pre-payment, for limiting the +weight and dimensions of letters or packets to be sent by Post ...<!-- Page 21 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> +for prescribing the conditions and circumstances under which letters, +accounts and papers relating solely to the business of the Post +Office, and addressed to or sent by some officer thereof, shall be +free from Provincial Postage, ... for providing, when he shall +think it expedient, means for avoiding the risk of transmitting small +sums of money through the Post, by establishing a system of money +orders to be granted by one Post Master or officer of the Department +on another, and fixing the terms on which such orders may be +obtained, for establishing a system for the Registering of letters and +the charge<a name="FNanchor_6" id="FNanchor_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> be made for such registration, ... for the delivery +of letters and packets in the larger and more populous Cities and +Towns, at the residences of parties to whom they are addressed, and +fixing the limits within which such delivery shall take place, and the +rates to be paid by the parties who shall prefer to have their letters +and packets so delivered, rather than apply for them at the Post +Office: ... and generally to make such regulations as may be +deemed necessary for the due and effective working of the Post and +Postal business and arrangements, and for carrying this Act fully +into effect:</p> + +<p>IX. And be it enacted, That subject always to the provisions +and regulations aforesaid, the Provincial Post Master General shall +have the sole and exclusive privilege of conveying, receiving, collecting, +sending and delivering letters within this Province; and that any person +or party who shall (except in the cases hereinafter excepted) +collect, send, convey or deliver, or undertake to convey or deliver any +letter within this Province, or who shall receive or have in his possession +any letter for the purpose of conveying or delivering it, otherwise +than in conformity with this Act, shall for each and every letter +so unlawfully conveyed or undertaken to be conveyed, received, delivered +or found in his possession, incur a penalty not exceeding five +pounds currency: [<i>exceptions are letters taken by friends journeying, +by special messengers, Court Commissions, etc.</i>]</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>XI. And be it enacted, That as well the Colonial, British or +Foreign as the Provincial Postage on any letter or packet shall (if +not pre-paid) be payable to the Provincial Post Master General by +the party to whom the same shall be addressed, or who may lawfully +receive such a letter or packet, which may be detained until the same +be paid: ... and if any letter or packet be refused, or if the party +to whom it is addressed cannot be found, then such postage shall be +recoverable by the Provincial Post Master General from the sender +of such letter or packet: ... and that all postage may be recovered +with costs, by civil action in any Court having jurisdiction to +the amount, or in any way in which duties are recoverable.</p> + +<p>XII. And for avoiding doubts, and preventing inconvenient delay +in the delivery of letters, Be it declared and enacted, That no Post +Master shall be bound to give change, but the exact amount of the +postage on any letter or packet shall be tendered or paid to him in +current coin or in Provincial Postage stamps.</p> + +<p>* * * * *<!-- Page 22 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> + +<p>XIV. [<i>Letters of Soldiers, Seamen, etc., shall be charged a certain +fixed sum in place of all British or Provincial postage.</i>]</p> + +<p>XV. [<i>Posted letters to be property of party addressed.</i>]</p> + +<p>XVI.... To forge, counterfeit or imitate any Postage +Stamp issued or used under the authority of this Act, or by or under +the authority of the Government or proper authority of the United +Kingdom, or of any British North American Province, or of any Foreign +Country, or knowingly to use any such forged, counterfeit or +imitated stamp, or to engrave, cut, sink or make any plate, die or +other thing whereby to forge, counterfeit or imitate such stamp or +any part or portion thereof, except by the permission in writing of the +Provincial Post Master General, or of some officer or person who under +the regulations to be made in that behalf, may lawfully grant such +permission, or to have possession of any such plate, die or other thing +as aforesaid, without such permission as aforesaid, or to forge, counterfeit +or unlawfully imitate, use or affix to or upon any letter or +packet, any stamp, signature, initials, or other mark or sign purporting +that such letter or packet ought to pass free of postage, or at +a lower rate of postage, or that the postage thereon or any part +thereof hath been pre-paid or ought to be paid by or charged to any +person, department or party whomsoever, shall be felony, punishable +by imprisonment in the Provincial Penitentiary for life.</p></div> + +<p>The passage of the above Act and its approval by the Queen in Council +gave opportunity for preparations to be made to carry out its provisions, the +date being set for the 6th April, 1851. Three weeks previous to the appointed +time the following notice was sent out to postmasters in anticipation of the +transfer.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>NOTICE TO POSTMASTERS.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 21.5em;">GENERAL POST OFFICE,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 21.5em;"><span class="smcap">Montreal, 14th March</span>, 1851.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>:—</p> + +<p>I am commanded by His Excellency the Governor General, to communicate +to you the following Instructions, for your guidance in the +performance of your duties, under the New Post Office Law of the +13th and 14th Vict., chap. 17, passed at the last Session of the Provincial +Parliament, which will take effect, and supersede the Imperial +Post Office Acts, hitherto in force in Canada, on and from the +6th day of April next:</p> + +<p>1. From the above date, all Letters transmitted by the Post in +Canada, with the exception of Packet Letters to and from the United +Kingdom, will be liable to a uniform rate of <i>Three</i> Pence, currency, +per half-ounce, for whatever distance conveyed: pre-payment will be +optional: the charge increasing according to the weight of the Letter, +one single rate for every additional half-ounce, counting the fraction +of a half-ounce as a full rate, thus:</p> + +<p>A Letter, weighing not exceeding ½ ounce, will be liable to +3d. Postage.<!-- Page 23 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p> + +<p>A Letter, weighing more than ½ ounce, and not exceeding 1 +ounce, will be liable to 6 d. Postage.</p> + +<p>A Letter, weighing more than 1 ounce, and not exceeding 1½ +ounces, will be liable to 9d. Postage.</p> + +<p>A Letter, weighing more than 1½ ounces, and not exceeding 2 +ounces, will be liable to 1 s. Postage.</p> + +<p>A Letter, weighing more than 2 ounces, and not exceeding 2½ +ounces, will be liable to 1 s., 3 d. Postage, and so on.</p> + +<p>It will be observed that the above scale differs from that now +followed, in advancing one rate for each half-ounce after the first +ounce.</p> + +<p>2. The single Packet rate for Letters by the Atlantic Steam +Packet Mails to and from England, viâ the United States, of 1s. 2d. +sterling, if <i>un-paid</i>, and 1s. 4d. currency if <i>pre-paid</i>, as also the rate +on Letters by those mails, viâ Halifax, of 1s. [missing value] sterling, if <i>un-paid</i>, and +1s. 1½ d. currency, if <i>pre-paid</i>, remain unaltered, and the present scale +of weights is to remain in force as regards such Letters.</p> + +<p>Post Masters must be very careful to observe this distinction +when taxing Letters, weighing over one ounce, intended for the English +Mails.</p> + +<p>3. The regulations now in force with regard to Letters to and +from Soldiers and Sailors in Her Majesty's Service, by which under +certain conditions such Letters pass through the Post on pre-payment +of a penny only, will remain unaltered.</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>5. Letters addressed to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince +Edward's Island, or Newfoundland, are to be rated with the uniform +rate of 3d. per half-ounce.</p> + +<p>6. Letters to and from the United States will be liable to the +uniform rate of 3d. per half-ounce, between the Frontier Line and +the place of posting or place of destination in Canada; and until +further arrangements can be made, this charge on Letters from +Canada to the United States must be pre-paid at the time of posting.</p> + +<p>7. [<i>Rates and regulations for Newspapers, Pamphlets, etc., to remain +as at present.</i>]</p> + +<p>8. [<i>Printed matter addressed to Editors is free.</i>]</p> + +<p>9. The charge on Letters posted at an Office for delivery in the +same City, Town, or Place, and any additional charge made on Letters +delivered at the residences of parties to whom they are addressed, +are to remain as at present, until further instructions.</p> + +<p>10. No Franking Privilege is allowed under the New Act except +with regard to Letters and Packets on the business of the Post Office, +addressed to or transmitted by the Post Master General.</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>13. Stamps for the pre-payment of Postage are being prepared, +and will be distributed for the use of the public at an early date.</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>16. [<i>Letters, etc., to Deputy Post Master General to pass free.</i>]</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 24em;">T. A. STAYNER.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 20.5em;"><i>Deputy Post Master General.</i></span><br /> +</p> +<p><!-- Page 24 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p> + +<p>Meanwhile, under the authority given the Governor in Council by <i>The +Post Office Act</i>, an agreement had been drawn up between the post office Departments +of Canada and the United States for the purpose of establishing +and regulating the interchange of mails between the two countries. This was +signed on the 25th March, 1851, and was communicated to the Canadian +post-masters by the first department order, as <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>DEPARTMENT ORDER [NO. 1.]</p> + +<p>LETTERS, ETC., BETWEEN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES, +INCLUDING CALIFORNIA AND OREGON.</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 16.5em;">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 21.5em;">TORONTO, <i>2nd April</i>, 1851.</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Commencing on and from the 6th instant, Letters, Newspapers, +&c., will pass through the Mails between Canada and the United +States, including California and Oregon, at the Rates of Postage and +under the Regulations herein mentioned.</p> + +<p>1. Letters posted at any Office in Canada, addressed to any place +in the United States, except California and Oregon, are to be rated +with a uniform rate of six-pence, currency, per half-ounce.</p> + +<p>2. Letters posted in any part of the United States, except California +and Oregon, addressed to Canada, will be rated there with +a uniform charge of ten cents, equal to six-pence, currency, per half-ounce.</p> + +<p>3. The Postage Rate on Letters passing between Canada and +California and Oregon, will be a uniform charge of nine-pence, currency, +equal to fifteen cents per half-ounce.</p> + +<p>4. It is to be understood that the above rates include the whole +charge for the transmission of a Letter between any place in Canada +and any place within the United States, including California and Oregon.</p> + +<p>5. The scale for computing the charge upon Letters weighing +more than ½ ounce, will be the same as that for Letters passing +within the Province.</p> + +<p>6. Pre-payment of Letters passing between Canada and any place +within the United States, including California and Oregon, will, in +all cases, be optional.</p> + +<p>7. Newspapers, Pamphlets, &c., posted in Canada, addressed to +the United States, including California and Oregon, are, ... to be +forwarded through the Post at the same rates of charge as if addressed +to a place within the Province; the said rates must, however, +be <i>pre-paid</i>—as, if the ordinary Canada Rate is not paid at the +time of posting a Newspaper or Pamphlet, &c., it cannot be forwarded +to the United States.</p> + +<p>8. United States Newspapers, Pamphlets, &c., addressed to places +in Canada, will be received in the Province with the American Postage +thereon pre-paid—leaving the ordinary Canada Rate of charge from +the Frontier Line to the place of destination, to be ... collected +by the Post Master who may deliver the same in Canada.<!-- Page 25 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p> + +<p>9.-10.-11. [<i>Copies of newspapers or printed documents sent by +or to publishers or editors are free of Canadian postage.</i>]</p> + +<p>12. The Canada Postage Stamps, when used, will be taken in the +United States as evidence of pre-payment of Postage on Letters going +from Canada to the United States, and in like manner the United +States Postage Stamps on Letters coming into Canada, are to be taken +by Post Masters in this Province as evidence of pre-payment having +been made in the United States.</p> + +<p>13. The following are appointed to be the Offices in Canada +through which the Post communication with the United States will +be maintained, and to which Post Masters are to forward their Mail +matter for the United States, according to the relative position of +their several Offices:</p></div> + +<table> +<tr><td>PORT SARNIA,<br />WINDSOR,<br />FORT ERIE,</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td rowspan="4" class="bl">KINGSTON,<br /><br /> +BROCKVILLE,<br /><br /> +PRESCOTT,<br /><br /> +MONTREAL,<br /><br /> +ST. JOHN'S,<br /><br /> +DUNDEE,<br /><br /> +STANSTEAD,</td></tr> + +<tr><td>QUEENSTON,</td> <td><span class="tallbrace">{</span></td> <td>Intended in the mean time to +be the Channel of Communication +with the United States for the +Country West of Toronto.</td></tr> + +<tr><td>NIAGARA, +TORONTO,</td> </tr> + +<tr><td>COBOURG,</td> <td><span class="tallbrace">{</span></td> <td>A Communication during Summer +only, by Steamer to Rochester.</td> </tr> +</table> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 27em;">By Command,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 28em;">W. H. GRIFFIN.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>Both the <i>Post Office Act</i> and the above Department Order treat of the +disposition of periodicals and other printed matter without giving the rates +of postage required thereon. A subsequent Order gives us these <span class="nobreak">rates:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>DEPARTMENT ORDER, [NO. 3.]</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 18.5em;">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 21em;">TORONTO. <i>17th April</i>, 1851.</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Printed Circulars, Price Currents, Handbills, Pamphlets, Periodicals, +Books, and other Printed Matter transmitted by Post in Canada.</i></p> + +<p>1. Upon each Printed Circular, Price Current or Handbill, and other +Printed matter of a like description, when unconnected with any manuscript +or written communication and of no greater weight than one +ounce, there shall be charged One penny; and for each additional ounce +or fraction of an ounce, One penny additional.</p> + +<p>2. Upon each Periodical or Magazine, Pamphlet and Book, bound +or unbound, there shall be charged a rate of One half-penny per ounce.</p> + +<p>3. Pre-payment of the foregoing rates will be optional, except +when the Printed matter is addressed to the United States, and in that +case the charge must invariably be pre-paid.<!-- Page 26 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p> + +<p>4. On such Printed matter received into Canada by Mail from +the United States, the above Canada Rates will always remain to be +collected on delivery in this Province.</p> + +<p>5.[<i>Exchange of one copy between publishers is free.</i>]</p> + +<p>6. [<i>Must be unsealed; if writing is enclosed will be treated as +a letter.</i>]</p> + +<p>7. No Book or packet of Periodicals, Magazines, &c., can be forwarded +through the Post, if exceeding the weight of forty-eight ounces.</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 17em;">JAMES MORRIS. <i>Post Master General.</i></span><br /> +</p> + + +<p>It is of course understood that the above does not apply to newspapers, +which were charged to a nominal rate of ½d. each, the term <i>newspaper</i> being +considered to aply to periodicals issued not less often than once a week.</p> + +<p>A supplementary order was issued, a couple of days later than the preceding, +which announces a book post with England. It is a bit curious as +prohibiting the use of postage stamps in prepayment of the charges, at a time +when their introduction was supposed to be an improvement in the postal +service.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>SUPPLEMENTARY ORDER.</p> + +<p>POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT.</p> + +<p>TORONTO, 19<i>th April</i>, 1851.</p> + +<p><i>Book Post with England.</i></p> + +<p>Under the authority of Her Majesty's Government, an arrangement +will take effect on the fifteenth day of May next, under which +Printed Books, Magazines, Reviews, or Pamphlets, whether British, Colonial, +or Foreign, may be sent through the Post, between Canada and +the United Kingdom, at the Following Rates of Postage:</p></div> + +<table> +<tr><th> </th> +<th><span class="smcap">Sterling</span></th> +<th><span class="smcap">Currency</span></th></tr> + +<tr><td>For a single volume, + <i>i.e.</i>, Book, Magazine, Review, or Pamphlet, <br /> + not exceeding half lb. in weight</td> +<td align="center">6d.</td> +<td align="right">Equal to 7½d.</td></tr> + +<tr><td>For a single volume, &c., + exceeding half lb. and not exceeding one lb.</td> +<td align="center">1s.</td> +<td align="right">Equal to 1s. 3d.</td></tr> + +<tr><td>For a single volume, &c., + exceeding one lb. and not exceeding two lbs.</td> +<td align="center">2s.</td> +<td align="right">Equal to 2s. 6d.</td></tr> + +<tr><td>For a single volume, &c., + exceeding two lbs. and not exceeding three lbs.</td> +<td align="center">3s.</td> +<td align="right">Equal to 3s. 9d.</td></tr> +</table> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The above charge must always be pre-paid, on printed Books, +&c., &c., sent to the United Kingdom under this Regulation, at the +time of posting in Canada; and the pre-payment must be made in money, +and cannot be taken in Canada Postage Stamps.</p> + +<p>Postmasters, as with pre-paid Letters for England must rate +the Books, &c., posted under this Regulation, in <i>red ink</i>, with both the +sterling rate and its equivalent in currency, ...—thus, a Book, &c., +weighing 3½ pounds, will be <span class="nobreak">rated:—</span></p> + +<p>"Paid 4s. sterling—equal to 5s. currency."</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>JAMES MORRIS, <i>Post Master General.</i></p></div><p><!-- Page 27 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> + +<p>The Department Circular No. 5, published from Toronto on 20th June, +1851, contains but one paragraph of interest to us.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Post Masters are informed that the transfer of the Post Office in +the Provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia to Provincial control, +will take place on the 6th July next, and that from that date the uniform +rate of 3d. per ½ ounce will form the sole charge on a Letter +transmitted between any place in Canada and any place in New +Brunswick, or Nova Scotia. Pre-payment will be optional.</p></div> + +<p>On the 30th August, 1851, the Canadian Parliament passed an <i>Act to +Amend the Post Office Act</i>. The only section of any particular interest to +us is the <span class="nobreak">following:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><h4>14<sup>o</sup> & 15<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. LXXI.</h4> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>XV. And be it enacted, That the Post Master General shall be +authorized, whenever the same may be proper for the accommodation +of the public in any city, to employ Letter Carriers for the delivery +of letters received at the Post Office in such city, excepting such as the +persons to whom they are addressed may have requested, in writing addressed +to the Postmaster, to be retained in the Post Office, and for +the receipt of letters at such places in the said city as the Postmaster +General may direct, and for the deposit of the same in the Post Office; +and for the delivery by Carrier of each letter received from the Post Office, +the person to whom the same is delivered shall pay not exceeding One +Penny, and for the delivery of each newspaper and pamphlet One Halfpenny, +and for every letter received by a Carrier to be deposited in the +Post Office, there shall be paid to him, at the time of the receipt, +not exceeding One Half-penny:—all of which receipts, by the Carriers +in any city, shall, if the Postmaster General so direct, be accounted +for to the Postmaster of the said city, to constitute a fund for the +compensation of the said Carriers, and to be paid to them in such proportions +and manner as the Postmaster General may direct.</p></div> + +<p>But in the meantime the postage stamps, which will now be our main +study, were issued to the public, and we will therefore turn back to the period +of their birth and trace their history, together with the development of the +post that accompanies it, through the nearly sixty years that have since +elapsed.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5" id="Footnote_5"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 253.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6" id="Footnote_6"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> sic.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr class="long" /> +<p><!-- Page 28 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II<br /> +<br /> +THE ISSUE OF 1851</h2> + + +<p>According to all good catalogues, the date of the first issue of stamps +for Canada is the year 1851. If we find some more precise statement +put forth in a special article on the subject, the date is apt to be given +as the 6th April, 1851. If we go back into the dusty archives of the Canadian +Post Office Department, we find the circular announcing the forthcoming stamps +is dated a fortnight later than the hitherto supposed correct date for their issue. +We reproduce it here in its <span class="nobreak">entirety:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>DEPARTMENT ORDER [NO. 4.]</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 19.5em;">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;">TORONTO, <i>21st April</i>, 1851.</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Stamps for the pre-payment of Postage on Letters.</i></p> + +<p>Postage Stamps are about to be issued, one representing the Beaver, +of the denomination of Three pence; the second representing the head of +Prince Albert, of the denomination of Six pence; and the third, representing +the head of Her Majesty, of the denomination of One shilling; +which will shortly be transmitted to the Post Masters at important +points, for sale.</p> + +<p>Any Post Master receiving Stamps from this Department will, by +the next mail, acknowledge the receipt of the amount. At the expiration +of each Quarter, and with his Quarterly Postage Accounts, he will +render an account of Stamps on a form which will be hereafter supplied, +charging himself therein with any amount which remained on +hand at the close of the preceding Quarter, and with the amounts received +during the Quarter just ended, and crediting himself with the +amount then remaining on hand. The balance of the account so stated, +representing the amount of Stamps he has sold or disposed of, the Post +Master will add to the balance due on his Return for the same Quarter +of Postages.</p> + +<p>Any Letter or Packet, with one or more Stamps affixed, equal in +amount to the Postage properly chargeable thereon, may be mailed and +forwarded from any office as a pre-paid Letter or Packet; but if the +Stamps affixed be not adequate to the proper Postage, the Post Master +receiving the Letter or Packet for transmission will rate it with the +amount deficient in addition.—This Regulation concerning Letters +short paid has reference only to Letters passing within the Province.</p> + +<p>Stamps so affixed are to be immediately <i>cancelled</i> in the office in +which the Letter or Packet may be deposited, with an instrument<!-- Page 29 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> +to be furnished for that purpose. In Post Offices not so furnished, +the stamps must be cancelled by making a cross [X] on each with a +pen. If the cancelling has been omitted on the mailing of the Letter, +the Post Master delivering it will cancel the stamp in the manner +directed, and immediately report the Post Master who may have been +delinquent, to the Department. Bear in mind that Stamps must invariably +be cancelled before mailing the Letters to which they are +affixed.</p> + +<p>Letters and Packets pre-paid by Stamps must be entered in the +Letter-Bill separately from other pre-paid Letters,—and in like manner +in the Monthly Sheets.</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 19.5em;">J. MORRIS, <i>Post Master General</i>.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>From the above it is plainly evident that the new stamps were <i>not</i> placed +in use on April 6th, the day of the transfer of the Post Office to Provincial +control, as is usually stated. Furthermore, as this order announcing them +states that the stamps are "about to be issued," it is evident that they did not +appear concurrently with the order, which is dated April 21st.<a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> As a matter +of fact the first supply of the 3 pence stamps was only received by the Department +from the manufacturers on April 5th, the day before the transfer, and +the second supply on April 20th, the day before the above circular was issued; +while the 6 pence and 12 pence stamps did not arrive until May 2nd and May +4th, respectively.<a name="FNanchor_8" id="FNanchor_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> In a letter to Mr. Donald A. King,<a name="FNanchor_9" id="FNanchor_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> dated 2d March, +1904, from Mr. William Smith, Secretary of the Department at Ottawa, the +latter states "that postage stamps were issued to the public for the first time +on 23rd April, 1851." This agrees with the other known facts, and can doubtless +be taken as the correct date for the 3d. stamp. The 6d. stamp we have +no further details for, but it was doubtless in use by the middle of May. For +the 12d. stamp we have, fortunately, all the details, as will appear subsequently, +and can give the exact date of issue as June 14, 1851.</p> + +<p>At the time of the transfer, the Postmaster General issued a lengthy +set of <i>Regulations and Instructions for the Government of the Post Office Department +in Canada</i>, and it is perhaps best to reproduce here such sections as +may prove of interest in connection with the use of the stamps, various rates of +postage, etc., etc.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>20. Letters posted to be sent by Mail are to be carefully postmarked +on the face or address side, with the name of the Post Office,<!-- Page 30 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> +the month and the day of the month in which they are posted, and, except +when they are Prepaid by Postage stamps, with the Rate of Postage +in plain figures. In performing these operations great care must be +used to avoid interference with the address.</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>22. If the Postage is Paid in Money when the Letter is posted, +stamp or write the word "<i>Paid</i>" against the Postage rate, and mark +the rate in <i>red ink</i>; but if the Letter is "<i>Unpaid</i>" the rate is to be +marked in <i>black ink</i>.</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>42. Should the Receiving Postmaster find that any of the Letters +have been under-rated, that is, not charged with sufficient Postage,—if +for example, a Letter weighing an ounce has only been charged with one +rate, he will mark the additional Postage with the words "<i>More to +pay</i>," and his initials on the Letter.</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>44.... Letters are to be postmarked on the back or seal +side with the date of the day on which they arrive....</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>58. On Letters not exceeding ½ oz. in weight between any place +in Canada and any other place in British North America, including +Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Cape +Breton, the rate is a uniform charge of 3d.</p> + +<p>For every additional weight of half an oz., or any fractional excess +of half an oz., there shall be charged an additional rate of 3d.</p> + +<p>59. On Letters deposited at an Office for delivery in the same +place, called Drop or Box Letters, the rate is One half-penny each, to +be brought to account by Postmasters.</p> + +<p>60. On Letters between any place in Canada and any part of Great +Britain or Ireland, if conveyed in the Weekly closed Mails through the +United States, the rate is a uniform charge of 1s. 2d. sterling, equal to +1s. 4d. currency, on a Letter not exceeding ½ oz., in weight.</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>62. On Letters between Canada and the United Kingdom, conveyed +by the semi-monthly Mails by way of Quebec, New Brunswick +and Halifax, the rate is:</p> + +<p>On Letters not exceeding ½ oz., 1s. 0d. sterling equal to 1s. +1½d. currency.</p> + +<p>On Letters not exceeding 1 oz., 2s. 0d. sterling equal to 2s. 3d. +currency.</p> + +<p>On Letters not exceeding 2 oz., 4s. 0d. sterling equal to 4s. 6d. +currency.</p> + +<p>63. On Letters between any place in Canada and any part of the +United States, except California and Oregon, the rate is a uniform +charge of 6d., equal to 10c. per ½ oz. weight.</p> + +<p>64. On Letters to California and Oregon, the rate is 9d., equal to +15c. per ½ oz.</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>67. Letters to Newfoundland may be sent via Quebec and Halifax +at a Postage rate of 7½d. per ½ oz.</p> + +<p>68. Letters to British West Indies via Quebec, Halifax and Bermuda +will be charged the Canada rate of 3d. and in addition the<!-- Page 31 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> +Packet rate for sea conveyance between Halifax and Bermuda of 4½d. +currency, making on a letter not weighing more than ½ oz. a rate +of 7½d.</p> + +<p>69. Letters may also be sent from Canada to the British West +Indies and Havanah by the ordinary United States Mails to New York, +and from thence by British Steam Packet to destination, on Prepayment +in Canada of 9d. equal to 15c. per ½ oz.</p> + +<p>70. Mails are made up at Montreal every fortnight for Halifax, +Nova Scotia, and despatched for conveyance to Halifax with the Mails +by the Royal Mail Steamers from Boston to Halifax and Liverpool by +which Letters may be sent to the following places at the rates mentioned:</p></div> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">Letters to Halifax and Nova Scotia</td><td align="right">7½d. currency.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Letters to Newfoundland</td><td align="right">1s. currency.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Letters to Bermuda and British West Indies</td><td align="right">1s. currency.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>74—75—76. [<i>Almost identical with first three paragraphs of</i> Department +Order No. 4. <i>describing and prescribing use of postage +stamps</i>. Vide supra.]</p> + +<p>77. If the Stamps affixed to a Letter addressed to any place in +British North America or to the United Kingdom be not adequate to +the proper Postage, the Post Master receiving the Letter for transmission +will rate it with the amount deficient in addition.</p> + +<p>78. On Letters for the United States when Stamps are affixed representing +less than the amount of Postage to which the Letters are +liable, the Stamps are to be cancelled and the Letters rated with the +full rate as Unpaid.</p> + +<p>79—80—81. [<i>Identical with last two paragraphs of</i> Department +Order No. 4. <i>concerning cancelling, omission of same, and accounts +of stamped letters</i>.]</p> + +<p>82. Stamps affixed to Letters coming from either of the British +North American Provinces, the United Kingdom or the United States, +and recognized as equivalent to pre-payment at the Office where the +Letter has been posted—are to be allowed in Canada as evidence of +pre-payment accordingly, on the Letters to which they have been +affixed.</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>84. [<i>Postage Stamps must be taken when offered in payment of +postage on delivery of Unpaid Letters.</i>]</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>88. [<i>Non-Commissioned Officers, Embodied Pensioners, Seamen +and Soldiers, while employed in Her Majesty's Service, can send and +receive letters at a rate of 1d. each, which must be paid at time of +posting, and letter must not exceed ½ oz. in weight.</i>]</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>95. [<i>Rate on circulars, price currents, hand bills, etc., 1d. per +ounce or fraction.</i>]</p> + +<p>96. [<i>Rate on pamphlets, periodicals, magazines and books, ½d. +per ounce.</i>]</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>100. [<i>Limit of weight for periodicals, etc., (§96) is 48 oz.</i>]</p> + +<p>* * * * *<!-- Page 32 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p> + +<p>103. [<i>Book post to England is 6d. sterling (7½d. currency) for +½lb., 1s. sterling (1s. 3d. currency) for 1 lb., and at 1s. per lb., rate +thereafter.</i>]</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>112. [<i>Postage on newspapers in Canada is ½d. except on exchange +copies, which are free.</i>]</p></div> + +<p>It strikes one as curious, in glancing over the above, to note the several +half penny and one penny rates, as well as two at 7½ pence, and to realize +that no stamp of the lowest value, at least, should have been arranged for +whereby these amounts could have been prepaid by means of stamps. To be +sure, the 7½d. rate could be obtained by halving a three penny stamp in conjunction +with a 6d. stamp as was the common practice in Nova Scotia, but no +such combination is known on a Canada cover.</p> + +<p>Of the three stamps issued, the first and most typical of Canada was the +3d. which was designed, so Mr. C. N. Robertson of Ottawa tells us, by Sir +Sanford Fleming, a civil engineer and draughtsman. The central feature is +a representation of the beaver in its native haunts, above which is the royal +crown of England resting on a rose, thistle and shamrock, with the letters V +and R (<i>Victoria Regina</i>) at either side. A reference to figure 6 on <a href="#Plate_I">Plate I</a> +makes further description unnecessary. The normal color was a bright red.</p> + +<p>A quite marked variety of this stamp occurs in what is generally known +as a "double strike" or "shifted transfer." It is <i>not</i> due to accidental light +contact of the sheet in printing, previous to the heavier impression in a slightly +changed position, as is often suggested, but is a true plate variety, caused by +a slight impression of the transfer roller in the wrong position on the plate +previous to the heavy impression sunk in the proper position. This fact is +shown by its being found in pairs and blocks with the normal stamp. It is +recognized by the letters EE PEN being "doubled" at the top, making it +appear as if a line had been drawn through the words and giving it the name, +occasionally used of the "line through threepence" variety. The figure 3 also +appears doubled at the bottom. Its position in the sheet has not been determined, +but it occurs on all papers.</p> + +<p>The 6d. stamp is in the usual upright form, containing a portrait of +Albert, the Prince Consort. It has been impossible to trace the original of the +picture, though diligent search has been made. The rose, thistle and shamrock +again appear on the stamp, at either side of the oval frame and separating +the inscriptions. Figure 1 of <a href="#Plate_I">Plate I</a> gives an excellent reproduction of this +value. The normal color may be said to have been a slate violet.<!-- Page 33 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p> + +<p>The 12d. stamp is very similar in design to the 6d. stamp, but contains +a portrait of Queen Victoria. This beautiful head, so often seen upon the +early British Colonial stamps, was taken from the full length painting by +Alfred Edward Chalon, R. A., which was ordered by the Queen for her mother, +the Duchess of Kent, as a souvenir of Her Majesty's first visit to the House of +Lords. The occasion was the prorogation of Parliament, on July 17, 1837, +and the Queen is portrayed in her robes of state, because of which fact the +painting is sometimes described as "in Coronation Robes," but this is erroneous.<a name="FNanchor_10" id="FNanchor_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> +The stamp is illustrated as figure 2 on <a href="#Plate_I">Plate I</a>, and it will be noticed +that the inscriptions in the oval frame are this time separated on either side +by the royal crown. The color is black.</p> + +<p>The peculiarity in the expression of the value of this stamp as "Twelve +Pence" instead of "One Shilling," which would seem to be the natural form for +such an amount in English money, was long a moot question amongst collectors. +It was even suggested as an "error" of the American manufacturers of the +stamp! But the controversy has been practically settled by reference to the +monetary conditions of the period. A glance back at the rates of postage we +have already quoted will show that it was generally necessary to give them in +two forms, "currency" and "sterling." The somewhat depreciated Canadian +currency required fifteen pence, as will be noted, to equal the shilling sterling—a +point that is brought out on the two stamps issued subsequently for the +British Packet rates. Add to this the fact that in New England the "shilling" +was a current expression for 16⅔ cents (10 pence currency), while in New +York it represented 12½ cents (7½ pence currency) and we can readily +see that in Canadian territory contiguous to these sections the number of +pence to a "shilling" might often be a debatable quantity. As a matter of fact +the French Canadians of Lower Canada made general use of the "shilling" +as reckoned at 10 pence (20 cents) in the old currency, while the "York shilling" +was extensively used in Upper Canada.<a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> "Twelve pence" was without +doubt wholly intentional, therefore, as the designation of the stamp, and was +a happy solution of any ambiguity in its use, even if it has proved a stumbling +block to the understanding of latter day collectors.</p> + +<p>An interesting essay for this stamp is in existence, being a companion +for the 3 pence "beaver," inasmuch as the shape of the stamp and the central +design are the same, though on a larger scale; the inscriptions, however, are<!-- Page 34 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> +on an octagonal frame around the picture instead of an elliptical one, and the +value is expressed as "one shilling," with "1s" in each spandrel. It was doubtless +also a conception of Sir Sanford Fleming, the designer of the 3 pence, and +it would be interesting to know what the companion 6 pence may have been.</p> + +<p>The three issued stamps were ordered from and engraved on steel by +Messrs. Rawdon, Wright, Hatch and Edson of New York, who, it will be +interesting to note, were the engravers of the 1847 issue of United States +stamps—a fact which very likely may have had its influence on the Canadian +authorities. The stamps were printed in sheets of 100, ten rows of ten, and +had eight marginal imprints, two on each side. The imprint reads, "Rawdon, +Wright, Hatch & Edson, New York.", in minute letters of the size known as +"diamond" in the printing office, and it is placed opposite the third and eighth +stamps of the horizontal or vertical row, as the case may be, but always +with the bottom of the imprint next the stamps. This causes the imprints to +read up on the left, down on the right, and upside down on the bottom margins +of the sheets.</p> + +<p>We have found but one item in the departmental accounts for the fiscal +year 1851-2 referring to the stamps. This <span class="nobreak">reads:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Rawdon, Wright & Co., for engraving postage stamps, Ł31.8.2</p></div> + +<p>This was doubtless simply a bill for printing, as it is altogether too small an +amount to account for the engraving of three stamp dies and the making of +three printing plates.</p> + +<p>The first delivery of the stamps from the manufacturers took place on +April 5, 1851, according to a valuable summary from official records, published +in the <i>Metropolitan Philatelist</i>,<a name="FNanchor_12" id="FNanchor_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> when 100,000 of the 3 pence value +were received by the Canadian Government. A second lot, numbering 150,200 +of the 3 pence, arrived on April 20th. The 6 pence value followed on May 2nd, +to the number of 100,400; and the 12 pence two days later, on May 4th, when +the only consignment ever received from the printers, numbering 51,400, was +delivered.</p> + +<p>The paper on which the stamps were printed was a thin, tough, grayish +white variety which we should probably call bond paper, but which at that +time is said to have been known as bank note paper. It was doubtless handmade, +and therefore varies considerably in thickness, the two extremes being +usually listed as <i>medium</i> or <i>ordinary</i>, and <i>very thin</i> or <i>almost pelure</i>.<!-- Page 35 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p> + +<p>It has been the custom to assume that the first deliveries of the stamps +were probably all upon <i>laid</i> paper, which was borne out by dates on covers or +postmarked specimens of the stamps used during the first year of issue. But +by June of 1852, at least, according to Messrs. Corwin and King,<a name="FNanchor_13" id="FNanchor_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> the +stamps were beginning to appear on paper which was simply <i>wove</i>, without +any trace of the laid lines, though in all other respects similar to the first supplies. +Of course a minor detail of manufacture like this would have no official +cognizance, so there is nothing for us to go by in determining the quantities +printed on one or the other kind of paper, or the dates of issue, save for what +can be gleaned from dated covers and deductions to be drawn from them. +The two varieties of paper, however, have been as productive of controversy +in the case of the 12 pence stamp as the peculiar expression of its value proved.</p> + +<p>But before discussing this question, let us see what we have to work on. +The first annual report of the Postmaster General, for the year ending 5th +April, 1852, contains the following information concerning the new <span class="nobreak">stamps:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Postage Stamps for the pre-payment of letters of the respective +values of 3d., 6d. and 1s. were procured and issued immediately after +the transfer, and have been kept for sale to the public at all the +principal Post Offices in the Province; the demand, however, has not +been great, as will be seen by the following statement, and the sales +of the last quarter of the year would seem to demonstrate that +the use of these Stamps in pre-payment of letters, is rather diminishing +than gaining ground in the community. There were procured from +the manufacturers, Messrs. Rawdon, Wright, Hatch & Co., of New +York, during the year ended 5th April 1852:</p></div> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><th align="right" colspan="2"></th><th align="center" colspan="3">Value.</th></tr> +<tr><td align="right">250,200</td><td align="right">3d. Stamps</td><td align="right">Ł3127</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">0</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">100,400</td><td align="right">6d. Stamps</td><td align="right">2510</td><td align="right">0</td><td align="right">0</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 51,000</td><td align="right">1s. Stamps</td><td align="right">2550</td><td align="right">0</td><td align="right">0</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" class="bt">401,600</td><td align="right"></td><td align="right" class="bt">Ł8187</td><td align="right" class="bt">10</td><td align="right" class="bt">0</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Of these have been issued to Postmasters for sale, to the same date:</p></div> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><th align="right" colspan="2"></th><th align="center" colspan="3">Value.</th></tr> +<tr><td align="right">217,300</td><td align="right">3d. Stamps</td><td align="right">Ł2716</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">0</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 63,400</td><td align="right">6d. Stamps</td><td align="right">1585</td><td align="right">0</td><td align="center">0</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">820</td><td align="right">1s. Stamps</td><td align="right">41</td><td align="center">0</td><td align="right">0</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" class="bt">281,520</td><td align="right"> </td><td align="right" class="bt">Ł4342</td><td align="right" class="bt">5</td><td align="center" class="bt">0</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The succeeding annual reports of the Postmaster General, for the years<!-- Page 36 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> +ending 31st March, 1853-6, give the following table of postage stamp +<span class="nobreak">statistics:—</span></p> + +<p>Postage stamps issued for sale as <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + + + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td>REPORT OF 31ST. MARCH, 1853.</td></tr> +<tr><th align="left"></th><th align="right">3d. Stamps</th><th align="right">6d. Stamps</th><th align="right">1s. Stamps</th></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">On hand 5th April, 1852</td><td align="right">32,900</td><td align="right">37,000</td><td align="right">50,180</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Since received from Manufacturers</td><td align="right">250,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" class="bt">282,900</td><td align="right" class="bt">37,000</td><td align="right" class="bt">50,180</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Issued for sale during year</td><td align="right">163,000</td><td align="right">2,575</td><td align="right">100</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">On hand 31st March, 1853</td><td align="right" class="bt">119,900</td><td align="right" class="bt">34,425</td><td align="right" class="bt">50,080</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">REPORT OF 31ST. MARCH, 1854.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Received from Manufacturers</td><td align="right">250,000</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" class="bt">369,900</td><td align="right" class="bt">34,425</td><td align="right" class="bt">50,080</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Issued for sale during year</td><td align="right">240,700</td><td align="right">10,825</td><td align="right">325</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">On hand 31st March, 1854</td><td align="right" class="bt">129,200</td><td align="right" class="bt">23,600</td><td align="right" class="bt">49,755</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">REPORT OF 31ST. MARCH, 1855.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Received from Manufacturers</td><td align="right">250,000</td><td align="right">50,000</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" class="bt">379,200</td><td align="right" class="bt">73,600</td><td align="right" class="bt">49,755</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Issued for sale during year</td><td align="right">355,000</td><td align="right">25,800</td><td align="right">265</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">On hand 31st. March, 1855</td><td align="right" class="bt">24,200</td><td align="right" class="bt">47,800</td><td align="right" class="bt">49,490</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">REPORT OF 31ST. MARCH, 1856.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Received from Manufacturers</td><td align="right">600,300</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" class="bt">624,500</td><td align="right" class="bt">47,800</td><td align="right" class="bt">49,490</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Issued for sale during year</td><td align="right">368,700</td><td align="right">38,419</td><td align="right">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">On hand 31st. March, 1856</td><td align="right" class="bt">255,800</td><td align="right" class="bt">9,381</td><td align="right" class="bt">49,490</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>In this annual report of 31st March, 1856, is the last account of the 12d. +stamp, from which it appears that none were issued to postmasters during the +fiscal year. It does not mean that none were sold or used during that period, +however, for with the increasing use of stamps this was quite probable. But +it is evident from the tables given that the stamp was disbursed from headquarters +in very limited quantities during the four years from 1851 to 1855 +only; and we are quite fortunate in being able to give the exact details of this<!-- Page 37 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> +distribution. An anonymous article was published in the <i>Metropolitan Philatelist</i> +in 1902,<a name="FNanchor_14" id="FNanchor_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> from which we have already quoted, that contained a "<i>Valuable +summary of the first issue of postage stamps used in this Colony.</i>" The +statement is made that "it is taken from official records and is absolutely +accurate." We quote here the information concerning the</p> + +<h4>CANADA ONE SHILLING POSTAGE STAMP.</h4> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">Total number rec'd. from Contractors</td><td align="right">51,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total number issued to postmasters</td><td align="right">1,510</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Balance (destroyed)</td><td align="right" class="bt">49,490</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>NOTE.—On May 4, 1851, the first and only consignment of the +Canada 1 shilling postage stamp, to the number of 51,000 (value +Ł2,550), was received by the Post Office Department, Canada, from +the Contractors, Messrs. Rawdon, Wright, Hatch & Edson, New York.</p> + +<p>The issue of this stamp began on June 14, 1851, and concluded on +December 4, 1854, when the stamp was discontinued. During its +issue 1510 stamps of that denomination were sent out to postmasters, +leaving a balance on hand of 49,490, which, on May 1st. 1857, were, in +accordance with the practice of the Department in cases of the discontinuance +of stamps, destroyed. As has already been observed, there +was only the one lot of this stamp received from the contractors.</p></div> + +<h4>DETAILS OF ISSUE.</h4> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><th align="left">Date of Issue.</th><th align="left">Name of Office.</th><th align="left">Name of P. M.</th><th align="right">No.</th></tr> +<tr><td align="left">June 14, 1851</td><td align="left">Hamilton</td><td align="left">E. Ritchie</td><td align="right">300</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Oct. 17, 1851</td><td align="left">Chippewa</td><td align="left">W. Hepburn</td><td align="right">100</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nov. 13, 1851</td><td align="left">Thorold</td><td align="left">J. Keefer</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nov. 25, 1851</td><td align="left">Toronto</td><td align="left">C. Berchy</td><td align="right">200</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Mar. 8, 1852</td><td align="left">Montreal</td><td align="left">J. Porteous</td><td align="right">200</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sept. 14, 1852</td><td align="left">Ingersoll</td><td align="left">D. Phelan</td><td align="right">100</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Apr. 5, 1853</td><td align="left"><a name="FNanchor_15" id="FNanchor_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>Bytown</td><td align="left">G. W. Baker</td><td align="right">100</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Oct. 20, 1853</td><td align="left">Sherbrooke</td><td align="left">Wm. Brooks</td><td align="right">15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Jan. 13, 1854</td><td align="left">Smith's Falls</td><td align="left">Jas. Shaw</td><td align="right">50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Jan. 20, 1854</td><td align="left">Bytown</td><td align="left">G. W. Baker</td><td align="right">100</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Feb. 8, 1854</td><td align="left">L'Islet</td><td align="left">Ballantyne</td><td align="right">15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Feb. 27, 1854</td><td align="left">Ingersoll</td><td align="left">Chadwick</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Mar. 22, 1854</td><td align="left">Sault S. Marie</td><td align="left">Jos. Wilson</td><td align="right">25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">May 15, 1854</td><td align="left">Port. du Fort</td><td align="left">McLaren</td><td align="right">15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Oct. 21, 1854</td><td align="left">Rowan Mills</td><td align="left">de Blaquiere</td><td align="right">50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Oct. 26, 1854</td><td align="left">Melbourne</td><td align="left">Thos. Tait</td><td align="right">50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Oct. 27, 1854</td><td align="left">Montreal</td><td align="left">A. La Rocque</td><td align="right">100</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dec. 4, 1854</td><td align="left">Smith's Falls</td><td align="left">Jas. Shaw</td><td align="right">50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"></td><td align="left">Total number issued,</td><td align="left" class="bt">1,510</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From the above it is seen that Hamilton and Montreal each received a +total of 300 copies, Toronto and Bytown each 200, Ingersoll 120, Chippewa +and Smith's Falls each 100, and so on down.<!-- Page 38 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p> + +<p>So much for the 12d. stamp. The tables of the Post Office reports tell us +also that the issues of the 6d. stamp to postmasters for these same four years +totalled 102,600, or only 2200 more than the original number delivered, the second +delivery of the 6d. not having taken place until March 21, 1855,<a name="FNanchor_16" id="FNanchor_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> at the +end of the last fiscal year of the four. If, then, the entire first printings of the +6d. and 12d. stamps were on laid paper, as is usually claimed, there would be no +such thing as a 12d. on wove paper, and the 6d. stamp in the same state would +not be found <i>used</i> (provided proper postmark evidence were forthcoming) +before the end of March, 1855. During the same period there were at least +five deliveries of the 3d. stamp, so that several things may have happened to +that value. But, curiously enough, it is the other two stamps that furnish us +with our best evidence.</p> + +<p>We now come literally to the "nigger in the wood-pile." The 12d. stamp +<i>does</i> exist on the <i>wove</i> paper! Mr. Worthington and Mr. Pack each possess an +unused copy, and careful examination by the writer has failed to disclose any +appreciable difference in the color, quality or appearance of the paper, save +for the impossibility of discovering the laid lines, between these copies and +those possessing proper credentials as the regular laid paper 12d. of 1851. The +color of the stamp and its general appearance give no hint of the supposed +irregularity, and a letter to Mr. Worthington from the well known expert, Mr. +John N. Luff, gives his approval to the specimen in Mr. Worthington's collection. +It was formerly considered that the supposed 12d. on wove paper was +merely a proof, and in the "<i>Catalogue for Advanced Collectors</i>" we find the +following note concerning it under Canada.<a name="FNanchor_17" id="FNanchor_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Although the 12p is catalogued by some as existing on thin wove +paper, we do not believe in it as in every copy on wove paper sent to us +for examination some traces of the word <i>specimen</i> were to be discovered +thus showing them all to be merely proofs.</p></div> + +<p>As far as the writer has seen them, specimen copies have been on India +paper, which is quite distinct from the regular paper of the issue, and they +have been overprinted with the word "SPECIMEN" in carmine ink, either +diagonally or vertically upward. The copies referred to in the paragraph +just quoted probably had been treated with chemicals to remove the red ink +overprint.</p> + +<p>Of course the desideratum for the settlement of the whole question is to<!-- Page 39 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> +find a copy of the stamp used on cover; but inasmuch as up to the present time +but three copies of the 12d. on laid paper are known in this condition, it seems +a hopeless quest. Nevertheless there appear to be several <i>used</i> copies of the +wove paper 12d. known, the first mention we find of one being in the report +of the proceedings of the Philatelic Society of London for 4th May, 1888,<a name="FNanchor_18" id="FNanchor_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> +which reads: "The business of the evening consisted in the revision of the +Society's reference list of the Stamps of Canada, which was concluded, Mr. +F. Ransom showing an undoubted postmarked specimen of the 12d. first issue, +printed upon stout wove paper." Mr. W. H. Brouse, the eminent Canadian +philatelist, also possessed a cancelled copy of this stamp, which later adorned +the Ayer collection, it is understood. An editorial in the <i>Dominion Philatelist</i> +thus speaks of it:<a name="FNanchor_19" id="FNanchor_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a>—"We have received from W. H. Brouse, of Toronto, +a photograph of ... 12 pence Canada on <i>wove paper</i> [which] appears +to be a beautiful specimen with fine margin and light cancellation." Two +fine copies, one unused and one used, were sold in the auction of the Mirabaud +collection at Paris, in April, 1909.</p> + +<p>From the above it is plainly evident that the 12d. on wove paper properly +exists, in spite of the "first [and only] printing on laid paper" theory, which +is usually laid down as an <i>a priori</i> consideration. Also it appears that it is +found in a used condition, though this cannot be taken as an absolute test, +because of the uncertainty that may lurk in a cancellation on a detached specimen +of a stamp. Only the discovery of a copy properly used on the original +cover, as already intimated, can effectually settle the question of its actual issue +and use. But there is a fact which doubtless furnishes the clue to the seeming +mystery of its being. We have already noted that the laid paper first used +varied considerably in thickness, and also that the wove paper next used was +in all respects similar to the former, but of course without the laid lines. Now +it happens sometimes that it is quite difficult to distinguish the laid paper, a +very careful scrutiny or even the extreme resort to the benzine cup being +necessary to bring out the watermarked lines, and perhaps then only in a +half suspicious way. If such be the case, it is only a step further to the entire +disappearance of these "laid lines," and lo, the wove paper!</p> + +<p>Writing to Mr. F. C. Young concerning the 12d. stamp, Mr. John N. +Luff says:<a name="FNanchor_20" id="FNanchor_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a>—"It is my opinion that both the wove and laid papers are quite<!-- Page 40 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> +genuine and I think it is possible that both varieties might occur though there +was only one lot sent out by the printers. It does not, of course, follow that +the entire batch was printed on the same day or that two varieties of paper +might not have been used. The early printers were not always very particular +about their paper, provided it was somewhat alike in a general way. Some +collectors claim that laid paper is often of such nature that the lines do not +show in some parts of the sheet, and I believe there is evidence to support this +theory." Finally Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack, in some notes sent the <i>London +Philatelist</i>, sums matters up in these words:<a name="FNanchor_21" id="FNanchor_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a>—"After a very careful investigation +I believe that the 12d., on wove paper, was issued, and that the stamp +was on sale at the Post Office, in Hamilton, Canada West." Mr. Pack writes +us further:—"When I was a boy I went to school at St. Catherines, Ontario. +There were keen stamp collectors in St. Catherines at that time, not only +among boys, but among grown people. That was about 1869 or 1870. I was +told that part of the 12d. Canada which had been on sale at the Hamilton post +office were on wove paper and I was convinced that that was the case."</p> + +<p>Concerning the laid and wove papers of this issue Mr. King writes as +follows:<a name="FNanchor_22" id="FNanchor_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a>—"The texture of these papers is virtually the same, and it is +indeed often difficult, particularly in the case of the 6d., to distinguish between +the <i>laid</i> and <i>wove</i> papers. The lines in the <i>laid</i> paper are of a most peculiar +character, and cannot, as a rule, be brought fairly out by holding the stamp +between one's eyes and the light. The best way to test these two papers is to +lay the stamps, face down, on a black surface, and let the light strike them at +about an angle of fifteen degrees, when the <i>laid</i> lines are brought most plainly +into view. It is necessary, however, to place the specimens so that the +light will strike them parallel to their length, as the <i>laid</i> lines run horizontally +in the 3d., and vertically in the 6d. and 12d."</p> + +<p>We now come to the most interesting and confirmatory part of our evidence. +We have already referred to the fact that Messrs. Corwin & King give +June, 1852, as the date when the wove paper appeared, and 1852 is given in +all catalogues and lists as the year of issue for all three stamps on this paper. +In their article on British North America, the above gentlemen, in discussing +early dates established by entire covers for the varieties of paper that they describe, +remark under the caption "<i>Series IV</i>." (the <i>thin wove</i> paper): "We +took a six-pence from a letter dated June 25th, 1852."<a name="FNanchor_23" id="FNanchor_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> This statement can<!-- Page 41 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> +hardly be questioned, after the careful and minute study that they gave to the +papers of this issue, and it therefore means just one thing: <i>the 6d. on wove +paper came in the first lot delivered</i>, for we have seen that the second supply +did not arrive until 1855. The fact is therefore established that the first deliveries +of stamps in April and May, 1851, included the wove paper, and we +therefore have here what amounts to the proper credentials for the appearance +and even use of the 12d. on wove paper.</p> + +<p>As the 3d., having been delivered first, was undoubtedly printed first, +this value may have been entirely upon the laid paper, particularly as it seems +to be not especially rare on this paper and has not been recorded on wove +paper used earlier than the receipt of the 1852 supplies. But this of course +is negative evidence, and this value may yet be found to have been printed upon +the wove paper along with the other two values in 1851.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>We have remarked that there were but three covers known bearing copies +of the 12d. stamp. It is with great satisfaction, therefore, that we are able +to present reproductions of two of them for the benefit of our readers. The +earliest date is on the cover numbered 90 on <a href="#Plate_VI">Plate VI</a>, which is in the Worthington +collection. This bears the postmark of "Montreal, L. C. JY 21, 1852" +in red. The stamp is a little heavily cancelled by the concentric rings type of +obliteration in black. The word CANADA within the curved frame and the +word PAID are stamped in red on the cover. This was a requirement of the +first postal convention between Canada and the United States, signed on March +25, 1851. Section 9 <span class="nobreak">reads:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"The Offices designated for the despatch and receipt of Canadian +Mails on the side of the United States will stamp 'U. States' upon all +letters sent into Canada for delivery; and the Offices designated +for the despatch and receipt of United States mails on the side of +Canada will stamp 'Canada' upon all letters sent into the United +States for delivery."</p></div> + +<p>The other two covers were both the property of the late John F. Seybold, +but the one upon which the stamp appears in finest condition now ornaments +the collection of Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack. This is illustrated as No. 91 on +<a href="#Plate_VI">Plate VI</a> and bears the postmark of "Hamilton, C. W. NO 23, 1853." The +stamp is cancelled with the concentric rings in blue, and an additional handstamp +appears in red reading "CANADA—PAID 20 Cts" in two lines. The +"20" is made over from "10" by the use of a pen in changing the first figure. In<!-- Page 42 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> +this connection it will be remembered that 6d. currency, equal to 10 cents, +was the single rate for ½oz. letters between Canada and the United States.<a name="FNanchor_24" id="FNanchor_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p> + +<p>The third cover is in all respects a companion piece of the second, bearing +the same marks and (probably) the same address originally, but dated +from Hamilton on "DE 8, 1853."</p> + +<p>All three of these covers show the particular use of the 12d. stamp—simply +as a multiple of the 3d. and 6d. in currency rates. That it was <i>not</i> +issued with any intention of being especially used for the British packet rate +must be evident, as we have seen that this was 1s. 4d. currency if prepaid +and sent via the United States, or 1s. 1½d. currency if prepaid and sent via +Halifax<a name="FNanchor_25" id="FNanchor_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a>—rates that could not be made up by means of the three stamps first +issued.</p> + +<p>On the other hand the stamp was quadruple the domestic rate, double +the rate to the United States, and the single rate for the fortnightly mails from +Montreal viâ Boston to Newfoundland, Bermuda and the British West Indies.<a name="FNanchor_26" id="FNanchor_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> +Probably letters in the first category were not common, and, as it happens, all +our specimens fall in the second. The third category doubtless did not entail +a large correspondence, particularly as the more direct route to the places mentioned, +viâ Quebec and Halifax, was at the lesser rate of 7½d.<a name="FNanchor_27" id="FNanchor_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> For the above +reasons, then, the covers as we find them evidently exemplify the usual use to +which the 12d. stamp was put, and explain why more were not used, as surely +would have been the case had the stamp been convenient for prepaying the +packet rate to England, with which there was a large correspondence.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Having now described the two main varieties of paper common to the +three values of this issue, let us look at some further varieties of the stock +used for the 3d. and 6d. values, which, because of their long term of use, were +subject to quite a number of printings and therefore gave opportunity for the +variation in paper which is a characteristic of this issue. We have already given +the statistics of the receipt and issue of 3d. and 6d. stamps for the five years +from 1851 to 1856,<a name="FNanchor_28" id="FNanchor_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> and find they total 1,600,500 for the 3d. and 150,400 for +the 6d. From succeeding reports of the Postmaster General we cull the <span class="nobreak">following:—</span></p> + +<p><!-- Page 43 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="3">REPORT OF 30TH SEPT., 1857, [including 1 year 6 months, by statute.]<a name="FNanchor_29" id="FNanchor_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></td></tr> +<tr><th align="left"></th><th align="right">3d. stamps</th><th align="right">6d. stamps</th></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Balance on hand 31st March, 1856</td><td align="right">255,800</td><td align="right">9,381</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Received from Mfrs. in half-year to 30th. Sept.</td><td align="right">50,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in2">Total</td><td align="right" class="bt">255,800</td><td align="right" class="bt">59,381</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Issued for sale during half-year</td><td align="right">186,200</td><td align="right">24,781</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Balance 1st October, 1856</td><td align="right" class="bt">69,600</td><td align="right" class="bt">34,600</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Received from Mfrs. year ending 30th Sept., 1857</td><td align="right">600,000</td><td align="right">50,078</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in2">Total</td><td align="right" class="bt">669,600</td><td align="right" class="bt">84,678</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Issued for sale during yr. ending 30th Sept., 1857</td><td align="right">587,900</td><td align="right">60,600</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Balance on hand</td><td align="right" class="bt">81,700</td><td align="right" class="bt">24,078</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">REPORT OF 30TH. SEPT., 1858.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Received from Mfrs. year ending 30th Sept., 1858</td><td align="right">900,000</td><td align="right">100,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in2">Total</td><td align="right" class="bt">981,700</td><td align="right" class="bt">124,078</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Issued for sale during year</td><td align="right">717,200</td><td align="right">82,500</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Balance on hand 30th Sept., 1858</td><td align="right" class="bt">264,500</td><td align="right" class="bt">41,578</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">REPORT OF 30TH. SEPT., 1859.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Rec'd from Mfrs. during 9 mos. to 30th June, 1859</td><td align="right">449,900</td><td align="right">70,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in2">Total</td><td align="right" class="bt">714,400</td><td align="right" class="bt">111,578</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Issued for sale during above 9 months</td><td align="right">692,700</td><td align="right">94,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Balance on hand 30th June, 1859</td><td align="right" class="bt">21,700</td><td align="right" class="bt">17,578</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>On July 1, 1859 the stamps in decimal currency were issued, so the above +remainders represent the last of the 3d. and 6d. stamps. Adding the receipts +from the manufacturers in the above tables, therefore, to the totals already +given for the years 1851-6, and then deducting the remainders (which were +later destroyed), we have for the total issue of the 3d. stamp 3,528,700, and +of the 6d. stamp 402,900. In these figures are of course included the perforated +stamps, which we will consider later.</p> + +<p>It will be seen from the tables that there were at least eight deliveries +of the 3d. stamps and at least six deliveries of the 6d. stamps, but inasmuch +as these are totalled by years, and as some of the amounts are quite large +(<i>e. g.</i> 900,000 of the 3d. in 1858), it seems certain that there were even more +deliveries and consequently more printings of the stamps than is indicated. +In no other way can we account for the variety in the paper used, and also<!-- Page 44 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> +the variety in the color of the 6d. stamp. The 3d. does not vary so much, +probably because its shade of red did not require much mixing of inks and +the ingredients were such that slight variations in the proportions did not +greatly affect the tone. The normal color being a bright red, we find it running +to a deeper, almost brick red in one direction, and to a vermilion in the +other. As to the normal color of the 6d. it would be almost impossible to +hazard a guess, if we had simply a series of one stamp of each distinct variation +in color or shade in which it is found. The common run of shades is +from a slate violet to a slate or "near black" with a "cast" of violet, of brown, +or even green. What can one do in trying to describe the "color" of such a +chameleon stamp with such an uncertain basis to work upon? The check list +gives the nearest approximation to the various shades that we have been able +to translate into color names, but it is almost impossible to so describe some +of them as to convey the proper idea of the exact shade to the reader.</p> + +<p>For papers used, Mr. King describes no less than fourteen.<a name="FNanchor_30" id="FNanchor_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> Four of +these are the two grades of the laid and wove "bank-note" paper already +mentioned. A third variety of laid paper is described by him as entirely +different, being a stout white paper in which "the <i>laid</i> lines are most distinct, +while the paper is of a different texture and color from the regular grey +shade." Mr. Pack states: "This paper is very rare, and I have never seen +but very few copies."<a name="FNanchor_31" id="FNanchor_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> Mr. King's sixth variety is described as "hard, stout, +grayish wove," but we have included it with the ordinary wove paper in the +check list, of which it is but a little heavier manifestation. The same may be +said of his varieties XII and XIII, described as "medium" and "thick, +hard, white wove paper, very slightly ribbed," respectively, which we have +classed under "stout, hard, white wove paper." There is an extreme case +in the 6d. stamp, which comes on a <i>very</i> thick hard paper, concerning which +Mr. Pack says:—"The unused 6d. on very thick, hard paper is one of the +greatest rarities of Canada. It is as rare as the 12d. unused. Curiously +enough, this stamp in used condition is very rare in a pair or strip. So far +as I know there are only two or three strips or pairs in existence. It is my +understanding that the very thick <i>hard</i> paper stamps were printed previous +to those on the <i>soft</i> paper." The last remark refers to the very thick, soft +paper, almost a card board (Mr. King's variety XIV) which is now well +known as an exceedingly rare variety. It is distinct, both in paper and<!-- Page 45 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> +color, from any other variety of the 6d. stamp, the shade being a dull purple. +The same may be said of the thick <i>hard</i> paper stamp, which appears to be in +a very even shade of slate violet.</p> + +<p>Mr. King's varieties X and XI are both peculiar, the former being a +"very soft, thin, cream wove which is quite fragile and will not bear much +handling," and the latter a "soft, thick, coarse white wove paper; the surface +presents a sort of hairy appearance, and the quality is better than series X." +The 3d. is the only value occurring in these two varieties, which we have placed +under "soft white wove paper" in the check list.</p> + +<p>Lastly comes the ribbed paper. The first variety is a very soft, thin paper +on which the 3d. appears. This is Mr. King's variety VII, and he makes a +variety VIII of the same paper in a "cream" tone. The same value comes on +a thicker, hard paper, Mr. King's variety IX, and he lists a 6d. in violet +black as well.</p> + +<p>From the foregoing it will be seen that the first issue of Canadian stamps +furnishes plenty of material for study, and is an extremely difficult series to +work out and put into proper form for a reference list. Mr. King truly +says:—"If the papers and shades of this series of stamps are thoroughly +studied, there are more varieties than in all the other British North American +stamps put together; in many cases they are minute, in others more decided, +but in every case distinct." Some criticism may be made of our not using +<i>in extenso</i>, the excellent "Reference List"<a name="FNanchor_32" id="FNanchor_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> prepared by Messrs. King and +Corwin, but it has seemed wise, in working with the specialized collections +already alluded to, to condense this list to some extent; nor do we think its +correctness and usefulness have been impaired thereby.</p> + +<p>We have spoken of the three values of stamps already treated as the +"first issue" of Canada. Some may cavil at this, for there are three more +values belonging to the pence series which may be regarded as part of the +"first issue," inasmuch as they were complementary as well as supplementary +to the original three. But they did not appear until nearly four or more +years later, and therefore escaped the laid paper varieties. For this reason, +and because there appears another important question to solve in connection +with two of them, we have reserved a separate chapter for these three. We +may also say that as one of them appears in the perforated series of pence +values we have left the consideration of these latter stamps until the next +following chapter.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7" id="Footnote_7"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> This correction of the date must be noted, for in Mr. King's article +in the Monthly Journal, VII: 7, it is wrongly given as 1st April, which +might lead to erroneous conclusions. In the Article by Messrs. Corwin +and King, (Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 149), the date is correctly +given.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, XVII: 83.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> London Philatelist, XIII: 153.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> London Philatelist, VI: 147.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 170.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, XVII: 83.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 149.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, XVII: 83.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15" id="Footnote_15"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Now Ottawa, Capital of Dominion of Canada.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16" id="Footnote_16"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, XVII: 83.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17" id="Footnote_17"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> American Journal of Philately, 2d. Series, III: 121.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18" id="Footnote_18"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Philatelic Record, X: 124.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19" id="Footnote_19"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Dominion Philatelist, No. 34, p. 8.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20" id="Footnote_20"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Canada Stamp Sheet, IV: 142.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21" id="Footnote_21"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> London Philatelist, XVI: 144.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22" id="Footnote_22"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VII: 9.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23" id="Footnote_23"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 149.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24" id="Footnote_24"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> See 63 on <a href="#Page_30">page 30</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25" id="Footnote_25"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> See Secs. 60 and 62 on <a href="#Page_30">page 30</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26" id="Footnote_26"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> See Sec. 70 on <a href="#Page_31">page 31</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27" id="Footnote_27"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> See Secs. 67 and 68 on <a href="#Page_30">page 30</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28" id="Footnote_28"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> See pages <a href="#Page_35">35</a>-<a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29" id="Footnote_29"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> 20<sup>o</sup> Vict. cap. XXV. Sec. VII; see <a href="#Page_61">page 61</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30" id="Footnote_30"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VII: 9.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31" id="Footnote_31"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> London Philatelist, XVI: 144.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32" id="Footnote_32"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VII: 9.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr class="long" /> +<p><!-- Page 46 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III<br /> +<br /> +THE REMAINING PENCE ISSUES</h2> + + +<p>A resume of the chief happenings of the year and other items of interest +is given in the annual reports of the Postmasters General, +and a brief summary of these first few years will not be without its +importance here. It will be recalled that the Provincial Government took +over the control of its posts on the 6th April, 1851, and by the <i>Act to Amend +The Post Office Act</i>, passed 30th August, 1851,<a name="FNanchor_33" id="FNanchor_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> the Postmaster General was +required by statute to "report to the Governor General of the Province annually, +for the purpose of being laid before Parliament at each Session, <i>First</i>. +A report of Finances, Receipts and Expenditure of the Post Office Department +for the year ending on the fifth day of April previous," etc., etc. Accordingly +the first annual report of the Postmaster General was rendered on +the 5th April, 1852. In it we find the following <span class="nobreak">information:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Upon the transfer of the control of the Post Office Department +in this Province, by the Imperial Post Office Authorities to the Provincial +Government, on the 6th April, 1851, the number of Post Offices in +operation was found to be 601—the number of miles of established Post +Route, 7595—over which the annual transportation of the Mails was +2,487,000 miles—and the Gross Revenue raised under the authority of +the Imperial Post Office, at the high tariff of rates then prevailing, had +been for the year preceding the transfer Ł93,802 currency, including in +that sum the collections in Canada of British Packet Postage, estimated +to have amounted to Ł10,000 sterling.</p> + +<p>The Provincial Act of the 12th and 13th Vic. cap. 66, providing for +the management of the Department after the transfer, reduced the +Postage charges in Canada upon all letters passing between places +within the Province, or within British North America generally, to a +uniform rate of 3d. per ½ oz.; whereas under the tariff in force previous +to the transfer, the average charge on each letter was computed +to have been as nearly as possible 9d. per ½ oz.; the reduction +therefore consequent upon the introduction of the uniform 3d. +rate was equivalent to ⅔, or 66⅔ per cent, on the former average +letter Postage charge.</p> + +<p>The Postage charge on Box or Drop Letters, and the additional +charge on letters delivered in the Cities by Letter Carriers, have in<!-- Page 47 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> +each case been reduced to one half penny, being one half the former +rates.</p> + +<p>With regard to newspapers, the Postage charge has been altogether +taken off upon several important branches of newspaper circulation, +and papers to and from the other British North American +Provinces, papers sent to the United States, and Editors' exchange +papers, pass free of all Postage charge whatever. The rates on +printed papers, circulars, pamphlets, books, &c., have also been modified +and reduced.</p></div> + +<p>The gross receipts of the Department for the year under review are +given as Ł71,788 18s. 5d. currency, a drop of over Ł20,000 from the previous +year; but this is a good showing after all, for when it is remembered +that the new uniform rate of postage was but one third the former average +rate, it is readily figured out that correspondence nearly doubled under +the new tariffs. This is confirmed by the following comparative statement +of pieces <span class="nobreak">mailed:—</span></p> + +<p>One week preceding 5th April, 1851, No. of letters, 41,000; papers, +90,000.</p> + +<p>One week preceding 5th April, 1852, No. of letters, 86,051<a name="FNanchor_34" id="FNanchor_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a>; papers, +101,000.</p> + +<p>There were 243 new post offices added during the year and 1023 miles +of post routes.</p> + +<p>"An agreement was concluded with the Post Master General of the +United States, which has continued in satisfactory operation since April, +1851, under which letters pass between any place in Canada, and any place in +the United States, at a Postage rate of 6d. currency, per half oz., except to and +from California and Oregon, when, the distance being over 3,000 miles, +the rate is 9d. per half oz. Letters are posted on either side, paid or unpaid, +at the option of the sender."</p> + +<p>The total correspondence passing between the two countries is given as +having a postage rating of $85,636.97.</p> + +<p>The second annual report of the Postmaster General is dated the 31st +March, 1853, and contains little of interest but statistics. 176 new post +offices were established and 504 miles of new post routes added. The gross revenue +of the Department for the fiscal year is given as Ł84,866.6.11½. and +the total postage on the correspondence passing between Canada and the +United States was $104,966.40.<!-- Page 48 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p> + +<p>The third report, of 31st March, 1854, speaks of a large reduction in +the postal charges upon newspapers circulating within the Province and on +certain classes of periodical prints, which took place on Feb. 1, 1854, but +gives no further details. Concerning the British packet postage, however, the +report <span class="nobreak">says:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In March, 1854, the charge on packet letters passing between +Canada and the United Kingdom and most foreign countries was +reduced by the Imperial Government from 1s. 2d. sterling to 8d. sterling +per ½ oz. when sent in closed mails through the United States, +and from 1s. to 6d. when sent direct from a Provincial Port, Quebec +or Halifax.</p></div> + +<p>Further on are the following <span class="nobreak">recommendations:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Should no further change be likely soon to take place in the +charges on the correspondence with England, it would promote the +public convenience to procure Postage stamps of the value of 10d. +and 7½ d. respectively to correspond with the present packet letter +charges.</p></div> + +<p>And <span class="nobreak">again:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Much unnecessary labor and waste of time is occasioned to this +Department by the practice now followed of rating and collecting +Postage on all Government and Legislative correspondence, and it would +be an improvement, in my belief, very worthy of adoption, to authorize +by enactment the transmission of all such matter through the mails, +under proper regulations, free of Postage charge, and that in lieu +thereof, a certain fixed annual sum estimated to be equivalent to +the aggregate of the Postage arising upon such correspondence, should +be paid by the Receiver General to the Post Office, to be accounted for as +Post Office Revenue.</p></div> + +<p>Perhaps the most pregnant remark is one short statement:—"The use +of stamps has materially increased"; for it will be remembered that the first +annual report of the Postmaster General was pessimistic with regard to +the employment of stamps, fearing that their use was diminishing.</p> + +<p>The accounts accompanying the report contain but one item concerning +<span class="nobreak">stamps:—</span></p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rawdon, Wright & Co., Postage Stamps furnished Post Office</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Department Ł12.11.3</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>This amount was of course only for printing supplies, evidently for the +250,000 3d. stamps received during the fiscal year.<!-- Page 49 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p> + +<p>In the fourth report, of 31st March, 1855, there are several items of +interest. The lowering of the British packet rates proved a popular step, +naturally, and the report states that "Notwithstanding the important reduction +granted by the Imperial Government in the postage rate between this +country and the United Kingdom in March, 1854," the results were as +<span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + +<p>British Packet Postage collected in Canada in year ending 31 March, +1855 (postage rate 8d. sterling) Ł16,449.14.3½.</p> + +<p>British Packet Postage collected in Canada in year ending 31 March, +1854 (postage rate 1s. 2d. sterling) Ł17,495.1.4½. +which was a drop of but six per cent. in receipts upon a reduction of +over forty per cent. in the postal charge.</p> + +<p><span class="nobreak">Again:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In March, 1855 the Imperial Post Office authorized a reduction +in the charge on letters passing through the English Posts between +Canada and France, from 2s. 8½d. Currency to 1s. 8d. Currency per +¼ oz. letter.</p></div> + +<p>The suggestions contained in the report for 1854 concerning the franking +of official mail matter, and the payment of a fixed annual sum to the +Post Office Department on this account, were acted upon, and the report +<span class="nobreak">states:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In July last the Act of last Session came into effect, removing +altogether the Postage charge on the circulation of Provincial Newspapers +and according a franking privilege to the correspondence of the +Legislature and of the Public Departments of the Government.</p></div> + +<p>The Act referred to was doubtless the <span class="nobreak">following:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>18<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. LXXIX.</p> + +<p>An act to abolish Postage on Newspapers published within the +Province of Canada, and for other purposes connected with the Post +Office Department of this Province.</p> + +<p>[<i>Assented to</i> 19th May, 1855.]</p> + +<p>WHEREAS papers devoted to the advancement of Education, Temperance, +Science, Agriculture and other special objects, are now exempt +from postage; And whereas it would further materially aid the diffusion +of useful knowledge to remove all postal restrictions on the +transmission of Newspapers in general, published within this Province, +and of all documents printed by order of either House of Parliament: +Be it therefore enacted by the Queen's Most Excellent +Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative<!-- Page 50 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> +Council and the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada, +* * * * and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, as +follows:</p> + +<p>I. All Newspapers published within the Province of Canada, shall +be transmitted by mail free of Postage.</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>IV. All Letters and other mailable matter addressed to or sent by +the Governor of this Province, or sent to or by any Public Department +at the seat of Government, shall be free of Provincial Postage under +such regulations as may be directed by the Governor in Council.</p> + +<p>V. All Letters and other mailable matter addressed to or sent by +the Speaker or Chief Clerk of the Legislative Council or of the Legislative +Assembly, or by or to any Member of either of said branches +of the Legislature during any Session of the Legislature, shall be +free of Provincial Postage.</p> + +<p>VI. All public documents and printed papers may be sent by the +Speaker or Chief Clerk of the Legislative Council or of the Legislative +Assembly, to any Member of either of the said branches of the Legislature +of Canada, during the recess of Parliament, free of Postage.</p> + +<p>VII. Members of either branch of the Legislature of Canada may +send during the recess of Parliament by mail, free of Postage, all +papers printed by order of either branch of the Legislature of +Canada.</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>IX. This Act shall come into effect on and after the first day of +July, eighteen hundred and fifty-five.</p></div> + +<p>There is a bit of conflict here. The "enactment clause" of the above +Act makes it operative unequivocally on July 1, 1855. Yet the Postmaster +General's report, just quoted, which is supposed to be for the fiscal year ending +31st March, 1855, distinctly states that the provisions of the above Act +came into effect "in July last," which would seem to be July, 1854. The +Act itself is not in error, so the discrepancy must lie in the Postmaster General's +report. Probably the report was written much later in the year than +March 31st, as it was not presented to Parliament until the fall session, and +therefore gave opportunity to refer back to happenings in July.</p> + +<p>The growth of the Department during the first four years under Provincial +control is illustrated by the following <span class="nobreak">table:—</span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><th>Date</th> +<th>Post Offices<br /> in<br /> operation.</th> +<th>Miles<br /> of Post<br /> Routes.</th> +<th>Letters<br /> mailed<br /> per week.</th> +<th>Gross<br /> Revenue </th> +<th>Correspondence<br /> with the U. S.</th></tr> +<tr><td align="center">6th April, 1851</td><td align="right">601</td><td align="right">7,595</td><td align="right">41,000</td><td align="left">Ł 93,802</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">5th April, 1852</td><td align="right">840</td><td align="right">8,618</td><td align="right">71,726</td><td align="left">Ł 71,788.18. 5</td><td align="right">$ 85,636.97</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">31st Mar., 1853</td><td align="right">1,016</td><td align="right">9,122</td><td align="right">81,896</td><td align="left">Ł 84,866. 6. 11½</td><td align="right">$104,966.40</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">31st Mar., 1854</td><td align="right">1,166</td><td align="right">10,027</td><td align="right">98,350</td><td align="left">Ł 98,495. 6. 7</td><td align="right">$129,921.67</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">31st Mar., 1855</td><td align="right">1,293</td><td align="right">11,192</td><td align="right">116,671</td><td align="left">Ł110,747.12. 9½</td><td align="right">$145,377.69</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><!-- Page 51 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p> + +<p>The number of post offices had more than doubled; the length of the post +routes had increased by fifty per cent; and although the revenue had dropped +one quarter during the first year, owing to the reduction in postage rates, +it had increased by half in the next three years; while the total correspondence +between Canada and the United States had increased by two thirds in the +same three years.</p> + +<p>But the item that interests us particularly in this report <span class="nobreak">reads:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>To promote the general convenience in prepaying letters to the +United Kingdom at the new rate, postage stamps of the value of +10d. Currency, equal to 8d. sterling, were procured and issued for +sale to the public.</p></div> + +<p>Thus part of the recommendation contained in the report for the preceding +year was carried out.</p> + +<p>In the accounts for the fiscal year we find the following <span class="nobreak">entries:—</span></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">1st. Quarter, Rawdon, Wright & Co., Postage Stamps for P. O. Dept.</td><td align="right">Ł12.12.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">3rd. Quarter, Rawdon, Wright & Co., Making Stamps</td><td align="right">42.18.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">4th. Quarter, Rawdon, Wright & Co., Postage Stamps for P. O. Dept.</td><td align="right">17.13.6</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>From this it would appear that the bill for engraving ("making") the +new 10d. stamp was paid in the third quarter of the fiscal year, corresponding +to the last quarter of 1854. According to the table of receipts from manufacturers +in the "summary" already quoted,<a name="FNanchor_35" id="FNanchor_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> the 10d. stamp was first received +by the Post Office Department on Jan. 2, 1855. In Mr. King's "Reference +List,"<a name="FNanchor_36" id="FNanchor_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> however, the date "Dec. 5, 1854" is given as being "taken +from used stamps on the original covers," but this must certainly be a mistake. +The "summary" also gives the quantities issued to postmasters by +quarters, and there were none issued (naturally) in the quarter ending Dec. +31, 1854. In the next quarter, ending Mar. 31, 1855, there were 16,200 +issued to postmasters, so that the first issue probably took place soon after +receipt, that is, in January, 1855. The total number received from the +manufacturers in this first delivery was 100,080.</p> + +<p>The plate for this stamp is stated to have been made up for printing +sheets of 100 impressions in ten rows of ten, like the three values of 1851, +and also to have had the eight marginal imprints. But there are reasons for<!-- Page 52 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> +thinking it may have been made to print 120 impressions, ten rows of twelve +each, concerning which more will be said later. Suffice it to remark here that +the number delivered (100,080) is exactly divisible by 120, making 834 full +sheets, which is not the case if 100 is used. The normal color of the stamp is +a very deep blue.</p> + +<p>The design of the new 10d., illustrated as No. 3 on <a href="#Plate_I">Plate I</a>, corresponds +in general style to the 6d. and 12d. of 1851, but the portrait in the +central oval is of Jacques Cartier, the explorer and founder of Canada. There +has been some discussion over the identity of the original, it having been +claimed that the subject was Sebastian Cabot, the discoverer, just as the portrait +on the 6d. stamp has been assigned to Lord Elgin, Governor-General of +Canada from 1846 to 1854.<a name="FNanchor_37" id="FNanchor_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> Unfortunately no circular announcing the issue +of the stamp has come to hand, and, as seen from the quotation already given, +the report of the Postmaster General does not give us the information. It +is nevertheless a fact that the portrait represents Cartier, the original being +a three-quarter length painting in the Hotel de Ville at St. Malo, France, +the birthplace of Cartier. The inscriptions in the oval frame are in this +case separated by a small picture of the beaver at the right, and three maple +leaves at the left. The value is expressed as TEN PENCE, with the numerals +"10" in the lower spandrels, followed by the letters "cy" for "currency." +In the upper spandrels is the corresponding value in sterling money, +expressed as "8d stg". The relation between sterling and currency values +and their equivalents in the decimal coinage of the United States was fixed +by law, and the matter seems important enough to reproduce the statute here.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>16<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. CLVIII.</h4> + +<p>An Act to regulate the Currency. [Assented to 14th June, 1853.]</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>II. And be it enacted, That the denominations of money in the +Currency of this Province, shall be pounds, dollars, shillings, pence, +cents and mills: the pound, shilling and penny shall have, respectively, +the same proportionate values as they now have, the dollar shall be one-fourth +of a pound, the cent shall be one-hundredth of a dollar, and the +mill one-tenth of a cent....</p> + +<p>III. And be it enacted, That the Pound Currency shall be held to +be equivalent to and to represent one hundred and one grains and +three hundred and twenty-one thousandths of a grain Troy weight +of Gold of the Standard of fineness now prescribed by Law for the +Gold Coins of the United Kingdom; and the Dollar Currency shall +be held to be equivalent to and to represent one fourth part of the +weight aforesaid of Gold of the said Standard....<!-- Page 53 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p> + +<p>IV. And be it enacted, That the Pound Sterling shall be held to be +equal to one pound, four shillings and four pence, or four dollars, +eighty-six cents and two-thirds of a cent, Currency....</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>IX. And be it enacted, That ... the Gold Eagle of the United +States, coined after [1st. July, 1834], ... and weighing ten penny +weights, eighteen grains, Troy weight, shall pass current and be +a legal tender in this Province for ten Dollars or two pounds ten +shillings currency....</p></div> + +<p>Further supplies of the 10d. stamp were not needed for three years, +the next lot, numbering 72,120, having been delivered during the year ending +30th Sept., 1858, according to the table of stamp statistics. These two +lots were the only ones delivered, and the balance on hand when the decimal +stamps appeared being 31,200, we find a total issue for the 10d. stamp of +141,000.</p> + +<p>Puzzling questions seem to be the rule with this first series of Canadian +stamps, and the 10d. is no exception. The stamp occurs, to all appearances, +in at least <i>two sizes</i>, one of which has been termed the "wide oval" and the +other the "narrow oval." These are well brought out by illustrations Nos. 70 +(wide) and 71 (narrow) on <a href="#Plate_IV">Plate IV</a>. Very likely the peculiarity was noticed +much earlier, but it seems to have been brought to the attention of collectors +generally for the first time by Mr. W. H. Brouse, in a paper read +before the London Philatelic Society on Feb. 3, 1894.<a name="FNanchor_38" id="FNanchor_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> We quote this +<span class="nobreak">entire:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"I have carefully read such Philatelic articles or publications +relating to British North American stamps as have come under my +notice, but have as yet not come across anything relating to the +difference in Canadians that is to be found in the 7½d. Canadian +currency (6d. sterling), green, and the 10d., blue, and so concluded +that it may have passed my observation, or, if not, has not yet +been 'written up.' Will you therefore pardon a short note on the +subject?</p> + +<p>"Of the 10d., blue, there are three distinct varieties in design, +viz.,</p></div> + +<ul><li>First (<i>a</i>) the long and narrow;</li> +<li>Second (<i>b</i>) the long and broad: and</li> +<li>Third (<i>c</i>) the short and broad.</li></ul> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"The outside edges or ornaments are in all three cases the same, +but the difference lies in the fact of the oval or frame around the +head having been, as the case may be, elongated or contracted, or sometimes +widened out.<!-- Page 54 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p> + +<p>"The extreme variation in length is about one-sixteenth of an +inch, which is considerable in a postage stamp. I doubt very much +if this happened through intention, but rather think that it is the +result of what might be termed 'engravers' license.' However, whatever +it may be, the result is that there are three distinct varieties.</p> + +<p>"It will, I think, be found that the earlier one of these is the long +and narrow, on thinnish paper; then the long and broad (which is the +most common), on thicker paper; and lastly, the short and broad, on +medium paper. The latter is the scarcer, and consequently the +most valuable.</p> + +<p>"I have for a long time known of the above differences, and at +first thought it only an optical delusion, owing to some of the copies +having had their sides closely trimmed, but on closer observation +the distinct differences, as I have mentioned, were manifest. What +is said of the 10d. may also be said of the 7½d. (but to a lesser +degree of variation), only the latter are generally found in the +long and broad frame or oval. A slight difference also occurs in the +6d., violet; no variation appears in the length of the stamp, though +I have two specimens in which the oval or frame shows a contraction +in width to the extent of about one-forty-eighth of an +inch, and is quite noticeable.</p> + +<p>"This may be 'piper's news' to some of the members of the +Philatelic Society, London, but to others it may be of interest, and +for that reason I beg your indulgence."</p> + +<p>Mr. Castle, in reading the foregoing paper at the meeting of the +London Philatelic Society, shewed specimens of the stamps described +by Mr. Brouse, and added a few remarks as under.</p> + +<p>"I venture to think the modest disclaimer on the part of Mr. +Brouse, in his closing sentence, is hardly borne out in view of the +interesting communication he has made. To me the information +was certainly novel, and I could hardly credit that there should +exist such differences in size until I had verified the fact by examination +of specimens. Owing to the kindness of Messrs. Stanley Gibbons, +Limited, and Mr. W. H. Peckitt, I was enabled to inspect a +number of these pence issues, and I have tabulated the measurements +as nearly as I <span class="nobreak">can:—</span></p></div> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">HALFPENNY.</td></tr> +<tr><th align="center">Size.</th><th align="center">Paper.</th></tr> +<tr><td align="left">(<i>a</i>) 22 × 18½ mm.</td><td align="right">Medium thick</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">(<i>b</i>) 22½ × 18 mm.</td><td align="right">Medium thick</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">THREEPENCE.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">(<i>a</i>) 22 (full) × 18 mm.</td><td align="right">Very thin wove</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">(<i>a</i>) 22 × 18mm.</td><td align="right">Very thin laid</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">(<i>b</i>) 22½ × 17½ mm.</td><td align="right">Thin</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">(<i>c</i>) 22¾ × 17½ mm.</td><td align="right">Thick</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">SIXPENCE.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">(<i>a</i>) 22 × 18 mm.</td><td align="right">Thin wove</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">(<i>a</i>) 22 × 18 mm.</td><td align="right">Thin Laid</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">(<i>b</i>) 22¾ × 17¾ mm.</td><td align="right">Thick</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">SEVENPENCE-HALFPENNY.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">(<i>a</i>) 22¼ × 18½ mm. (bare)</td><td align="right">Med. thick</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">(<i>a</i>) 22½ × 18½ mm.</td><td align="right">Medium thick</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">(<i>a</i>) 22¾ × 18 mm.</td><td align="right">Medium thick</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">(<i>a</i>) 22¾ × 18½ mm.</td><td align="right">Medium thick</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">TENPENCE.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">(<i>a</i>) 22¾ × 17½ mm.</td><td align="right">Thin to very thin</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">(<i>b</i>) 22½ × 18 mm. (full)</td><td align="right">Thick</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">(<i>b</i>) 22¾ × 18½ mm. (bare)</td><td align="right">Thick</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">(<i>c</i>) 22 × 18 mm.</td><td align="right">Thin</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><!-- Page 55 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"The varieties of the Tenpence are those described by Mr. Brouse +as (<i>a</i>) long and narrow, (<i>b</i>) long and broad, and (<i>c</i>) short and +broad. I may add that in the case of this value I have examined +and measured some forty copies, including a strip of three, as also +a proof on very thin India paper, which corresponds exactly in +measurement with variety (<i>b</i>) on the thick paper (22¾ × 18½mm.). +It is obvious that to be absolutely accurate beyond a half mm. with +an ordinary gauge is hardly possible, but in several of the given cases +I have averaged the sizes of several that very closely approximated.</p> + +<p>"As will be seen, I have gone somewhat beyond the lines of Mr. +Brouse's paper in including the ½d., the 3d., and 6d., the variation in +the former being slight, but in the two latter noteworthy. The question +how these varieties have arisen is an interesting one, nor can I +see that they can be accounted for by shrinkage of the paper, as in the +case of the 10d. proof above cited, which is on all fours with the ordinary +stamp on thick paper. In the case of the strip of this value +I found all three stamps measured the same, and the fact remains that +variety (<i>c</i>) is short <i>and</i> broad. In any case the existence of these +varieties is palpable, the question of their origin a genuine philatelic +problem, and I think that the thanks of us all are therefore due to Mr. +Brouse for his interesting paper."</p></div> + +<p>This may have been the first record of the peculiarity in the case +of the Canadian stamps, but it was at least not the first time that variation +in the dimensions of certain line engraved stamps, supposed to have been +produced from the same original die, had been noted and discussed. We refer +to the case of the early Ceylon stamps, which furnished food for contention +in the philatelic press for many years. The first mention of a difference in +the length of these seems to have been in December, 1864.<a name="FNanchor_39" id="FNanchor_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> Ten years +later the reference list of Ceylon prepared by the London Philatelic Society<a name="FNanchor_40" id="FNanchor_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> +noted the fact that the stamps of 1863 on unwatermarked paper were in +general about a millimeter shorter in the vertical dimension than the succeeding +issue on paper watermarked Crown C C, although the engraved +designs were otherwise absolutely identical. Major Edw. B. Evans, in his +catalogue,<a name="FNanchor_41" id="FNanchor_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> appends a note on the unwatermarked stamps of 1863 as <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>These stamps are apparently (indeed, we may say certainly) from +the same plates as the other issues, but at the same time the impressions +on this paper are about 1-16 inch shorter than those on other papers. +This can only have been occasioned by the paper having shrunk to some +extent since the stamps were printed....</p></div> + +<p><!-- Page 56 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>Later, in 1887, Mr. T. K. Tapling, writing in <i>Le Timbre-Poste</i>,<a name="FNanchor_42" id="FNanchor_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> claims +the difference cannot be due to shrinkage of paper because the stamps have +all shrunk evenly, and attributes it to some defect in the process of making +the plates. He reasons <span class="nobreak">thus:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Les timbres sur les feuilles de n'importe quelle valeur étaient tous +identiques comme type. Ils furent gravés sur acier, je pense par MM. +Perkins Bacon et Co., chaque timbre par un procédé de réduplication, +étant reproduit d'une matrice; la planche étant ensuite durcie pour +l'impression. Il n'y a par conséquent pas de variété de types, les lignes +des gravures sur les timbres courts étant les męmes que celles sur les +timbres longs, excepté qu'elles sont un tant soit peu contractées.... +Il me semble plus que probable que la différence en longeur des exemplaires +puisse ętre attribuée ŕ un léger défaut dans le procédé de réduplication +des planches de la matrice originale.</p></div> + +<p>As a matter of fact the stamps did not shrink evenly, but very unevenly. +Mr. W. B. Thornhill, writing on these same stamps in 1889,<a name="FNanchor_43" id="FNanchor_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> <span class="nobreak">says:—</span>"You +can hardly find two stamps of exactly the same measurements in the same +value, though the difference in many cases is too small to signify"; and he +proceeds to show the extreme variations in a carefully prepared table including +every value on every variety of paper for issues from 1855 to 1867. The +greatest variation in the vertical dimension seems to be about 1 mm. in 26 mm., +or roughly 4%, and in the horizontal dimension about ¼ to ½ mm. in 19 mm. +or roughly 1¼ to 2½%. These dimensional differences being so palpably +existent, therefore, what factors are we to consider in looking for their cause? +There seem to be but three: first, an original die or matrix for each different +size; second, one original die only, whose impressions on the printing plate +show variations resulting from the process of transferring them; third, a +printing plate with all the impressions exact duplicates of the one original +die, but whose reproductions in ink on dampened paper are varied by the +shrinkage of the paper in drying.</p> + +<p>Mr. Thornhill convinces himself by inspection that the first proposition +is untenable; in fact its absurdity is at once apparent on a little thought, for +the engraving of the original die is a laborious and costly piece of work, and +that very fact, coupled with the comparative ease of exact reduplication by +mechanical processes on the printing plate, furnishes the chief reason for +the employment of this method of producing stamps. Since there is such<!-- Page 57 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> +a variety in the size of the stamps, therefore, the first theory would indicate +many original dies, and this we know was not the case. Its refutation +indeed is seen in the stamps themselves; for each original die, if differing +in size from its fellows, meant a separate engraving, and it is humanly impossible +to make these separate engravings exact duplicates, whereas, on the +other hand, no appreciable variation in line or dot can be detected on the same +stamp in its different sizes save the general expansion or contraction of the +design, which is proportionate in all its parts. The different die or matrix +theory is therefore thrown out on grounds of impracticability and absurdity.</p> + +<p>Accepting the one original die proposition, then, Mr. Thornhill agrees +with Mr. Tapling in turning down the shrinkage of paper theory and favoring +the second supposition, that the variation comes on the plates and is due +to the process of transference. Let us glance at this a moment. The original +die is engraved on a block of soft steel of very fine and even quality. When +finished it is tempered to a very great degree of hardness. Next the engraving +is transferred by tremendous pressure to a transferring roller of similar soft +steel, which is in turn hardened. In this process there might be an opportunity +for a slight variation in the size of the transferred impression, due +to the expansion and contraction of the steel in the tempering process. Next, +this hardened transfer roller is impressed upon the printing plate of soft +steel as many times as there are copies desired. These naturally all agree +among themselves and with the transfer roller impression in size. Now +when the printing plate in turn receives its hardening, there may again be +a chance for a slight difference between the transfer roller and the plate impressions; +<i>but</i> it is wholly unlikely that the plate impressions will vary much +among themselves, otherwise the perfection of Mr. Jacob Perkins' invention, +the chief merit of which was exact reduplication, would be impaired. As a +matter of fact, the high grade and even quality of the steel necessarily employed, +and the care naturally taken in hardening the plate, preclude any +other than an even variation, if any, due to the tempering process. This +means that such variations would be practically constant over the printing +surface of the plate, and that therefore the impressions would still remain +practically identical in size.</p> + +<p>Where, then, does this bring us? With such numerous and well defined +variations in dimensions in the printed stamps, we should look for the cause +in the simplest and most natural method by which they could readily be pro<!-- Page 58 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>duced, +which is furnished by the third theory presented. Concerning this +we quote from the London Philatelic Society's work on Ceylon:<a name="FNanchor_44" id="FNanchor_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In reference to the variations in the size of the stamps of Issues +III and V [no watermark and Crown CC], Major Evans, who was the +first to propound the theory that these variations were due to differences +in the nature of the paper employed, writes as <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + +<p>"The theory of the expansion and contraction of the paper being +now pretty generally accepted, as accounting for the variations observed +in the size of the stamps of the early issues of Ceylon, it seems +necessary to explain exactly what that theory is, and how these differences +are supposed to arise. Previous to printing from plates engraved +in <i>taille-douce</i> the paper is wetted, which, as is well known, +causes it to expand; the amount of expansion varies, no doubt, considerably +in different kinds of paper, and it must also vary with the amount +of moisture in the same kind of paper, for as the paper dries it returns +to its original dimensions, and, therefore, up to a certain point, the +wetter it is the greater will be the expansion. In any case the paper +is in a state of expansion at the time of printing, both from being +wetted and from being stretched out flat and pressed, and the impression +when first printed is then, and then only, in all cases the size of +the engraving upon the plate. It then dries, and in so doing contracts, +and the greater the amount of expansion the greater will be the amount +of the subsequent contraction, so that the smallest stamps are those +printed on the paper which expanded most, and the largest those on the +paper which expanded least. The minor variations of size may be due +to the paper being more or less damp when used, but probably a very +slight difference in the thickness or density of the paper would cause +some variation in its expansion. The marked difference in size of the +stamps on thin, unwatermarked paper, which were the first to attract +the attention of Philatelists, is no doubt due to that particular variety +of paper, which is very tough and elastic, and which has been found to +expand very greatly on being wetted and stretched."</p></div> + +<p>So much for the Ceylon stamps, which we have discussed <i>in extenso</i>; +but we have only to substitute in every case a reference to the first Canadian +issues, particularly the 10d. which we started out with, to make the discussion +apply with equal force in this case as in the other. The question is the same—the +variations occur in the same way, the method of engraving and reproduction +is the same, and the varieties in the paper are very similar.</p> + +<p>Major Evans, in a reply to Mr. Thornhill's paper,<a name="FNanchor_45" id="FNanchor_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> states that he tried some +experiments in wetting a thin, tough note paper, and found an expansion of +three per cent., while by stretching it he increased the expansion to eight +per cent, without difficulty! Yet the greatest variation in Mr. Thornhill's +table was only four per cent. Major Evans then tried some of the 1863<!-- Page 59 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> +Newfoundland stamps, which he judged were on paper of almost the same +nature as that of the unwatermarked Ceylons of the same year, and they gave +precisely similar results.</p> + +<p>Mr. Frank C. Young, who was in the printing business, also tells of +similar experiments which he carried still further.<a name="FNanchor_46" id="FNanchor_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Having provided some twenty-five sheets of paper of different qualities +and thicknesses, each was cut into sixteen pieces. Selecting a common +half tone cut which measured exactly 100 × 69 mm. and dampening +the sheets of paper to different degrees of wetness I proceeded to impress +the cut on each sheet, using a common roller proof press. After +the printed sheets had been allowed to dry it became a matter of a good +millimeter gauge and careful measurements of the printed impressions, +not the paper.</p> + +<p>... Hardly two sheets of the whole lot were identical in size, nor +was I able to formulate any table as to how much or how little or which +way of the paper shrinkage would occur. The only general rule which +seemed to come out clearly was that thin paper would invariably shrink +more than thick. In many of the sheets the difference was barely noticeable, +while, on the other hand, such measurements as 96 × 68, 97 × +68½, 99 × 67½, 98 × 68 mm. were fairly common, and one sheet, after +several very careful measurements, was undeniably 95½ × 69 mm., +thus showing a shrinkage of 4½ per cent, one way and none at all +the other. This was very thin laid linen paper.</p> + +<p>Contrary to all expectations, more than one impression measured +more than either the cut or those printed on dry paper, one on thin +wove paper being fully 101 mm. long.</p></div> + +<p>Looking back now at Mr. Castle's tables,<a name="FNanchor_47" id="FNanchor_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> we find his greatest variations +in length amount to ¾ mm. in 22 mm., or roughly 3½%, and in width 1 mm. +in 18 mm., or roughly 5½%—results entirely within bounds according to +Major Evans' and Mr. Young's experiments, and doubtless settling once and +for all the reason of the "three distinct varieties in design" of Mr. Brouse.</p> + +<p>As for the paper actually used for the printing of the 10d. stamp, we +find it a hard, white wove variety varying very much in thickness from a very +thin, almost pelure quality, through which the design is quite plainly evident, +to a medium and finally a considerably thicker quality. The pelure +paper seems naturally to be the one on which the greatest variation in dimensions +occurs, the <i>long</i> and <i>broad</i> size of the stamp coming principally on the +thicker paper,<a name="FNanchor_48" id="FNanchor_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> which is supposed to shrink the least upon drying and therefore +keeps the printed impression nearest the size of the plate impression. +The <i>long</i> and <i>narrow</i> impression, being the commoner variation, was prob<!-- Page 60 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>ably +due to the paper being fed to the press the same way of the "grain" as +a rule, while the <i>short</i> and <i>broad</i> variation, which is much scarcer, occurred +by an occasional sheet of paper being fed the other way of the "grain." That +paper has a "grain" is readily proved by tearing a piece in one direction and +then tearing it at right angles to the first tear; one will be found much easier +of accomplishment generally than the other, and this "grain" doubtless has +its due effect in the amount of shrinkage in one way or the other upon drying +a dampened sheet.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>One further variety we have to record in the 10d. stamp, this being a +"shifted transfer" variety similar to that occurring in the 3d. value. In this +case we find the letters A D A and S of "Canada Postage," and P E N of +"Pence" showing a distinct doubling at the bottom, the transfer roller evidently +having been set a little too high at first and a very slight impression +made on the plate. The stamp has not been seen in a pair to prove its character +absolutely, but it bears all the ear-marks of being a proper plate variety +and not due to a careless impression when printing.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>To continue again with the Postmaster General's reports. We find in +that for 31st March, 1856, a note to the effect that the postage on letters to +France had been once more reduced, this time to 10d. currency per ¼ oz., +which gave further employment to the new 10d. stamp. There is also some +information concerning the registry system, but this will be treated later +under that head. One item is found in the accounts to interest <span class="nobreak">us:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + Rawdon, Wright, Hatch & Edson, for printing 300,000 postage +stamps for Post Office Department Ł15.2.3. +</div> + +<p>As only 3d. stamps were received during the year, this of course refers +to that value, and the price charged is found to be practically one shilling, +currency, per thousand, or twenty cents American money.</p> + +<p>In June of 1857 the Canadian Parliament made further changes in the +newspaper rates, etc., according to the following <span class="nobreak">Act:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>20<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. XXV. +<br /> +An Act to Amend the Post-Office Laws of this Province. +<br /> +[Assented to 10th June 1857.]</h4> + +<p>Whereas it is expedient to amend the Post-Office Laws, in the +manner hereafter provided: Therefore, Her Majesty, by and with the +advice and consent of the Legislative Council and Assembly of Canada +enacts as follows:<!-- Page 61 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>—</p> + +<p>I. [Repeals sections I and V of 18<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. 79.]<a name="FNanchor_49" id="FNanchor_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></p> + +<p>II. Newspapers printed and published within this Province and +addressed from the Office of Publication, shall be transmitted from the +Post-Office where mailed to any other Post-Office in Canada, or to the +United Kingdom, or to any British Colony or Possession, or to France, +free of Canadian Postage.</p> + +<p>III. Newspapers printed and published in the United Kingdom, +or in any British Colony or Possession, or in France, when received +in mails addressed to this Province, and directed to any place in Canada, +shall pass through the Post and be delivered at the Post-Office +addressed, free of Canadian postage.</p> + +<p>IV. For the purposes of this Act, the word "newspapers" shall +be held to mean periodicals published not less frequently than once +in each week, and containing notices of passing events, or any such +newspaper published fortnightly or monthly at the time of the passage +of this Act.</p> + +<p>V. Periodicals printed and published in this Province other than +newspapers, when specially devoted to Religious and to General Education, +to Agriculture or Temperance, or to any branch of Science, +and addressed directly from the Office of Publication, shall be transmitted +from the Post-Office where mailed to any other Post-Office in +this Province free of postage.</p> + +<p>VI. Letters and other mailable matter addressed to or sent by +the Speaker or Chief Clerk of the Legislative Council or of the Legislative +Assembly, or to or by any Member of the Legislature at the seat of +Government, during any session of the Legislature, or addressed to any +of the Members or Officers in this section mentioned, at the seat of +Government as aforesaid, during the ten days next before the meeting +of Parliament, shall be free of postage.</p> + +<p>VII. So much of the twelfth section of the Post-Office Act, +passed in the session held in the 14th and 15th years of Her Majesty's +Reign and chaptered 71, as requires the Postmaster General to +make to the Governor General of this Province, annually, certain Reports +for the purpose of being laid before the Provincial Parliament +at each Session thereof, for the year ending the fifth day of +April previous to such Session, is hereby repealed; and it shall, +hereafter, be the duty of the Postmaster General to furnish such Reports +annually so that they may be laid before the Provincial Parliament +within ten days after the assembling thereof, and such Annual +Reports shall be made up to the thirtieth day of September +previous to each Session.</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>X. This Act shall take effect on and from the first day of +August next.</p></div> + +<p>Although the enactment clause made the above Act operative on 1st +August, 1857, because of which we should not expect it to affect the Postmaster +General's report for the year ending 31st March, 1857, yet we find<!-- Page 62 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> +this report dated 30th September, 1857, thus including the year and a half +from 1st April, 1856. Among other items of interest in this report we find +the <span class="nobreak">following:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>There is very material economy of labor to the Department in +dealing with letters pre-paid by stamp as compared with letters on +which the postage is collected in money, as well as a manifest gain +to the public, in the increased facilities which pre-payment by stamp +enables the Post Office to afford for posting and delivering letters +so pre-paid.</p> + +<p>It is gratifying, therefore, to observe that the use of stamps is +gradually gaining ground, encouraging as it does the hope that it +may be found practicable and expedient ere long to make prepayment +by stamp the prevailing rule in Canada, as it has for some time +been in the United Kingdom, in France, and in the United States.</p> + +<p>A reduction in the charge of Book Post Packets, when not exceeding +4 oz., in weight between Canada and the United Kingdom, +of one half the former rate has been made.</p> + +<p>To facilitate the pre-payment of letters passing from Canada +to England by the Canadian steamers, a new stamp bearing value at +6 pence sterling, or 7½ pence currency, being the Canadian Packet +rate, has been secured and put in circulation.</p> + +<p>A new stamp has also been introduced of the value of one halfpenny +to serve as the medium for prepaying transient Newspapers.</p></div> + +<p>The above is the only reference we have to the issue of the 7½d. stamp. +The accounts for the fiscal year ending 30th September, 1857, contain the +following <span class="nobreak">item:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Rawdon, Wright and Co., Postage Stamps, Ł165.9.6"</p></div> + +<p>which must include the cost of dies and plates for the two new values. There +is no record of the date of issue of the 7½d. stamp, as far as our research +has gone. The London Society's work<a name="FNanchor_50" id="FNanchor_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> gives it as June 2, 1857, but upon +what authority is not stated. It will be recalled that a stamp of this value +was suggested, in company with the 10d., in the Postmaster General's report +for 31st March, 1854, as being the reduced rate granted in that same month +on letters sent "direct from a Provincial Port, Quebec or Halifax," to England. +The <i>Halifax Philatelist</i> states:<a name="FNanchor_51" id="FNanchor_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a>—"This stamp was rendered necessary +on account of the contract between the Canadian Government and the Allan +Line of Steamers in regard to carrying the mails, and by which contract the +postage was reduced." It hardly seems to have been very "necessary" when +it took three years at least to bring the Postmaster General's suggestion to<!-- Page 63 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> +a realization. Besides, the Allan Line steamers began their service over a +year before the appearance of the stamp, and the rate it represented had +even then been in force for two years, nor was it reduced for many years +thereafter.</p> + +<p>The Postmaster General's Report for 1856 <span class="nobreak">says:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The month of May, 1856, was marked by the first voyage to the St. +Lawrence of the line of Canadian Mail Steamers, under the contract +between Mr. Hugh Allan of Montreal, and the Provincial Government. +These vessels have performed the service for which they +were bound, with laudable punctuality, and have crossed the Atlantic +at an average speed which compares successfully with the performances +of the steamers of the Cunard and Collins lines from New +York and Boston.</p></div> + +<p>The average time of passage is given as—Westward, 12 days, 20½ +hours; Eastward, 11 days, 2 hours.</p> + +<p>The design of the stamp was simply adapted from that of the discarded +12d. stamp, as will readily be seen from the illustration (No. 5 on <a href="#Plate_I">Plate I</a>). +The inscriptions were changed to CANADA PACKET POSTAGE, which +of course referred to the fast mail steamers then known as "packets," and +not to any "parcel post" as is sometimes erroneously stated; and SIX +PENCE STERLING, a new departure in labeling a Canadian stamp. Like +the 10d. that preceded it, however, the corresponding values were inserted +in the spandrels, "6d. stg." in the left hand pair and "7½d. cy." in the right +hand pair. The stamp is generally listed under its "currency" value to +conform with the rest of the set and avoid confusion with the regular "six +pence" stamp. The normal color of the stamp is a dark green.</p> + +<p>The 7½d. stamp is known to have been arranged on the plate for printing +sheets of 120 stamps, ten rows of twelve stamps each, this being to facilitate +the reckoning in English money. The eight marginal imprints appeared +as on the other values. There was but one supply received, +on the first order, of 100,080 stamps which, if we divide by 120, gives an +even 834 sheets. Now, if we but glance back at the first supply received of +the 10d. stamp<a name="FNanchor_52" id="FNanchor_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> we find exactly the same number, evenly divisible by 120 +but not by 100. The second supply of the 10d. stamp works out in exactly +the same way,—72,120 makes an even 601 sheets at 120 per sheet. Is it not +probable to suppose, therefore, in the absence of entire sheets or horizontal<!-- Page 64 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> +rows of the 10d. stamp, that the latter was also printed in sheets of 120, as previously +suggested, instead of sheets of 100 as stated in Mr. King's article?<a name="FNanchor_53" id="FNanchor_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a></p> + +<p>When the issue of the decimal stamps took place, on July 1, 1859, there +were 17,670 of the 7½d. stamps on hand, so that the total issue of this +value was 82,410 copies.</p> + +<p>As will be gathered from Mr. Brouse's paper, which we quoted in connection +with the 10d. stamp, a similar variation in the width of the oval is +to be found in the case of the 7½d. stamp, but the extremes are not so great +and it is therefore not so noticeable. A glance at the table of measurements<a name="FNanchor_54" id="FNanchor_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> +will show that the variation in width is confined to a half millimeter and that +in height to practically the same amount. Of course the discussion and conclusions +detailed at length under the 10d. stamp apply with equal force in +the present instance, and the fact that the 7½d. stamp is not found on the +very thin paper probably accounts for the lack of extreme variations. It +was printed upon paper of the same kind as used for the 10d., but only on +the medium and thicker qualities. A pair of the stamps in juxtaposition, +showing the wide oval and the narrow oval, will be found as numbers 67 and +68 respectively on <a href="#Plate_IV">Plate IV</a>.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The last—and also least—of the pence issues was the half-penny stamp. +There had been a need for this value since the introduction of stamps, for +there were several rates that were impossible to make up with the denominations +that were issued and which therefore had to be paid in money. Among +these were the ½d. charge on newspapers from 1851 to 1855, the same +charge per ounce on magazines and books during the entire period, the ½d. +and 1d. carrier's fees, the 1d. rate on circulars and on soldier's letters, and +the several 7½d. rates for letters and for the book post with England. But +the Act last quoted,<a name="FNanchor_55" id="FNanchor_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> which restored a charge on transient newspapers, seems +to have been the direct cause of the belated issue of the half-penny stamp. +The circular announcing its issue is as follows:<a name="FNanchor_56" id="FNanchor_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>POSTAGE ON NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS.</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 19.5em;"><span class="smcap">Post Office Department</span>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 21.5em;"><span class="smcap">Toronto</span>, 18th July, 1857.</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Under the Post Office Law of last Session, taking effect from 1st. +August, 1857, Newspapers printed and published in Canada, and<!-- Page 65 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> +mailed direct from Office of Publication, will pass free of Canadian +Postage.</p> + +<p>Periodicals so printed, published, and mailed when specially devoted +to Religious and to General Education, to Agriculture, or Temperance, +or to any branch of Science, will pass free from any one +Post-Office to another within the Province.</p> + +<p>Transient and re-mailed Papers and Periodicals will pass by Post +if pre-paid by Postage stamp—one halfpenny on each Newspaper, +and on each Periodical, one halfpenny, if not exceeding 3 oz., in +weight, and 2d. if over 3 oz.</p> + +<p>Postage Stamps of the value of one halfpenny each will be sold +to the public at all the principal Post Offices (including all Money +Order Offices), with a discount of 5 per cent upon purchases of not +less than twenty stamps, and will be available in prepayment of +Newspapers and Periodicals, and of Drop and Town Letters.</p> + +<p>R. SPENCE, <i>Postmaster-General</i>.</p></div> + +<p>The London Society's work gives the date of issue of the ½d. value +as 18th July, 1857, and it is clearly seen from the preceding notice where +the date was obtained. But it is more likely that the stamp was issued on +1st. August, the day the new rates took effect.</p> + +<p>The new stamp was very plain, as will be seen from the illustration, +No. 4 on <a href="#Plate_I">Plate I</a>. The profile head of Queen Victoria was quite evidently +taken from the head on the British penny stamp. The usual inscription, +CANADA POSTAGE, occupies the upper part of the oval frame, and +ONE HALF PENNY the lower part, but the value is not expressed by +numerals in the corners, as on all the other stamps of the issue, the spandrels +being merely filled in with a reticulated pattern. The stamp was printed +in sheets of 100, ten rows of ten, with the eight marginal imprints as described +for the series of 1851.</p> + +<p>The tables of statistics in the Postmaster General's reports give the +number of ½d. stamps received previous to 1st. October, 1857, as 1,341,600; +during the next fiscal year 1,258,920 were received; and between 1st. October, +1858 and 30th June, 1859, when they were superseded, 850,100 more arrived, +making a total stock of 3,450,620. The balance on hand when the decimal +series was issued was 60,660, which makes the total issue of the ½d. stamp +3,389,960.</p> + +<p>The normal color of the stamp is a deep rose. It is found printed on a +soft ribbed paper, with the ribbing both horizontal and vertical, as well as +on the ordinary hard white wove paper of this issue in both the thin and thicker +qualities.<!-- Page 66 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p> + +<p>The London Society's work has the following remarks:<a name="FNanchor_57" id="FNanchor_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Two <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">soi-disant</i> provisionals have been chronicled; viz., the Halfpenny +surcharged in black—one with an Arabic numeral "1," and the +other with "8d. STG." The Society can furnish no information concerning +these two stamps; but supposing the surcharges to be genuine, +they are probably only notifications of insufficient postage +applied after the letters were posted.</p></div> + +<p>We find that the original chronicle of these varieties was in <i>Le Timbre-Poste</i> +in 1869. Concerning them M. Moens writes as <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Un de nos correspondants nous annonce qu'il possčde un timbre +rose ½ penny, surchargé de la marque: 8 <i>d. stg.</i> Cette émission, +provisoire sans doute, doit ętre le résultat de la penurie momentanée +de timbres 10 pence, dans un ou plusieurs bureaux secondaires.<a name="FNanchor_58" id="FNanchor_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></p></div> + +<p>And in the next issue of the <span class="nobreak">paper:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">On nous a montré le ½ p. rose, non dentélé, surchargé en noir, +du chiffre 1, de 20 mm. environ et placé dans le sens horizontal. +C'est probablement encore un timbre émis provisoirement, pour une +raison qui nous échappe, le 1 penny n'ayant jamais existé. Quant +au timbre dont nous avons parlé le mois dernier, le chiffre 8 et la +lettre S ont pour dimension 16 mm.<a name="FNanchor_59" id="FNanchor_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a></p></div> + +<p>We think all idea of a "surcharge" can be at once dismissed, as the raising +of the value, particularly to 8d., would be a very foolish and doubtless +wholly unnecessary proceeding, and certainly some record of such procedure +would have been found ere this. The impressions were probably from rating +stamps that were accidentally struck on the postage stamps, or possibly used +purposely as cancellations.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The report of the Postmaster General for the 30th Sept. 1858, notes +the fact that previous to 1854 all newspapers were rated at ½d. each, but in +that year were granted free transmission. Concerning the new regulations +it <span class="nobreak">continues:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In pursuance of the Act of 1857, limiting free transmission to +such as are posted directly from the office of publication, a halfpenny +rate, pre-payable by postage stamps, has been taken since 1st. +August, 1857 on all transient newspapers—that is, papers posted by +individuals other than the Publishers.</p></div> +<p><!-- Page 67 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p> + +<p>The same report <span class="nobreak">states:—</span>"The Department has, from 1st. January, 1859, +put in operation an arrangement for the conveyance of Parcel Packets between +any two Post Offices in Canada with the ordinary mails." The charge +was fixed at 1s. 3d. per pound with a maximum weight of two pounds, and +prepayment was enforced.</p> + +<p>In the Department accounts we find the <span class="nobreak">following:—</span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">Rawdon, Wright, Hatch & Co., Supply of letter and newspaper stamps</td><td align="right">Ł99.6.6</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>which was simply a printing bill. The last payment for the pence issue of +stamps appears in the report for 30th Sept., 1859, and is for the deliveries +during the nine months from 30th. Sept. 1858 to 30th June, 1859, when the +pence stamps were retired. The charge is given in decimal <span class="nobreak">currency:—</span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">Rawdon, Wright & Co., supply of letter and newspaper stamps</td><td align="right">$238.69</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The report for 1858 gives an interesting table showing the growth of +the postal business by decades for the thirty years previous. The remarkable +increase during the last period, within which the Province assumed control +and the use of stamps was introduced, is to be <span class="nobreak">noted:—</span></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><th align="center">Year</th><th align="right">Number of <br />P. Offices</th><th align="right">Miles of <br />P. Routes</th><th align="right">Gross <br />Postage</th><th align="right">Letters <br />Annually</th><th align="right">Newspapers <br />Annually</th></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1828</td><td align="right">101</td><td align="right">2,368</td><td align="right">Ł15,000</td><td align="right">340,000</td><td align="right">400,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1838</td><td align="right">380</td><td align="right">5,486</td><td align="right">35,000</td><td align="right">1,000,000</td><td align="right">1,250,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1848</td><td align="right">539</td><td align="right">6,985</td><td align="right">65,000</td><td align="right">2,000,000</td><td align="right">3,000,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1858</td><td align="right">1,566</td><td align="right">13,600</td><td align="right">151,000</td><td align="right">9,800,000</td><td align="right">13,500,000</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The year 1859 brings us to the end of the pence issues, but before leaving +them there is still one more question to consider, that of the perforated +varieties, which will form the subject of the next chapter.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33" id="Footnote_33"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> 14<sup>o</sup> & 15<sup>o</sup> Vict., cap. LXXI, sec. 12.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34" id="Footnote_34"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> This is explained in the report for 1853 as being "a clerical error for 71,726."</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35" id="Footnote_35"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, XVII: 83.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36" id="Footnote_36"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VII: 9.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37" id="Footnote_37"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Philatelic Record, X: 50.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38" id="Footnote_38"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> London Philatelist, III: 34.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39" id="Footnote_39"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> The Stamp Collectors' Magazine, II: 191.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40" id="Footnote_40"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> The Philatelist, IX: 10.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41" id="Footnote_41"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> A Catalogue for Collectors, page 39.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42" id="Footnote_42"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> Le Timbre-Poste, Numéro Jubilaire, page XXXV.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43" id="Footnote_43"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Philatelic Record, XI: 71.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44" id="Footnote_44"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> Postage Stamps, &c., of British India and Ceylon, page 69.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45" id="Footnote_45"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Philatelic Record, XI: 158.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46" id="Footnote_46"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Canada Stamp Sheet, IV: 173.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47" id="Footnote_47"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_54">page 54</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48" id="Footnote_48"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_56">page 56</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49" id="Footnote_49"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_50">page 50</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50" id="Footnote_50"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> The Postage Stamps, etc., of the North American Colonies of Great Britain, page 14.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51" id="Footnote_51"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Halifax Philatelist, II: 74.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52" id="Footnote_52"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_51">page 51</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53" id="Footnote_53"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VII: 8.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54" id="Footnote_54"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_54">page 54</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55" id="Footnote_55"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> See pages <a href="#Page_60">60</a>-<a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56" id="Footnote_56"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Canada Stamp Sheet, IV: 184.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57" id="Footnote_57"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> The Stamps, etc., of the North American Colonies of Great Britain, page 14.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58" id="Footnote_58"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Le Timbre-Poste, VII: 82.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59" id="Footnote_59"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> ibid. VII: 94.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr class="long" /> +<p><!-- Page 68 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV<br /> +<br /> +THE PERFORATED PENCE ISSUES</h2> + + +<p>The perforated series of the pence issues of Canada furnishes another one +of those knotty problems for which these stamps are noted. The first intimation +of the improvement that was announced officially appears in the +Report of the Postmaster General for 30th September, 1857, in these <span class="nobreak">words:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Moreover, the Department has been led, by the increasing use of +Postage Stamps, to take measures for obtaining the Canadian Postage +Stamps on sheets perforated in the dividing lines, in the manner +adopted in England, to facilitate the separation of a single stamp +from the others on a sheet when required for use.</p></div> + +<p>One would naturally suppose that the stamps would be ordered in this +condition from the manufacturers, and we think they were; but no further +light is thrown upon the matter by the Reports, and other facts that persist +in intruding themselves have given rise to a theory that the Department either +bought perforating machines of its own and operated upon the stock on hand, +or engaged some local concern to perforate the stock in question. This <i>might</i> +have been done, but if so why were the 7½ and 10 pence stamps omitted? +Again, had such been the case, it is passing strange that the ½ penny, issued +unperforated but two months before the date of the report, should be approximately +twice as common in that state as perforated. In the case of the 3d., +taking stock on hand the 30th September, 1857, and subsequent deliveries, +two-fifths of the entire issue should have been perforated, which would make +the latter stamps almost as common as the earlier issues; while in the case +of the 6d., under similar conditions, almost the same ratio holds, the figures +being a trifle more in favor of the perforated series. This does not conform +with facts at all, and it can hardly be explained by supposing that a relatively +small stock of but three values was operated upon in 1857 and the improvement +then dropped for a couple of years.</p> + +<p>For further proof of the incorrectness of this theory we think the following +fact speaks for itself. Appended to each Postmaster General's Report +are various tables of expenditures. One of these statements is headed:<!-- Page 69 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>—</p> + +<p>"Sums paid in discharge of Tradesmen's Bills," and in it are found the +amounts paid to various parties named for all kinds of supplies furnished +the Department. This is where the payments to the engravers of the stamps +appear, as well as items for cancelling stamps, post-marks, etc. Now a careful +examination of all items for the years 1857, 1858 and 1859 fails to disclose +any payment either for purchase of a perforating machine or for having +the stamps perforated by outside parties. This may be "negative evidence" +but we feel that it has its due weight.</p> + +<p>Nevertheless, we find at least two other perforations on stamps of this +issue besides the regulation gauge 12, which has made it appear to some that +the Department might have experimented with means of separation before +settling definitely on the type adopted. The stamp operated upon was the +3d., probably as being the most commonly employed value, which would +naturally be the case were the perforations the efforts of private parties. The +first "irregular" perforation was listed by Major Evans<a name="FNanchor_60" id="FNanchor_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> as gauging 13, and +the London Society's work lists it as well, probably following the earlier catalog. +But Messrs. Corwin and King state:<a name="FNanchor_61" id="FNanchor_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a>—"This perforation is totally unknown +in America, and we doubt its existence." Neither the Pack nor the Worthington +collection contains a copy and we think it can be passed by.</p> + +<p>The next perforation is of gauge 14, and this is well known though of +extreme rarity. Messrs. Corwin and King did not know of over twenty specimens +in 1891. We are fortunate in being able to illustrate a fine used pair +on piece of cover from the Pack collection as No. 128 on <a href="#Plate_XIII">Plate XIII</a>. Most +unfortunately, however, as will be noted, some vandal cut the cover, though +perhaps unwittingly, just so as to destroy most of the postmark and thus lose +forever the date and place of mailing. Messrs. Corwin and King state:<a name="FNanchor_62" id="FNanchor_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We have lately seen a pair of 3d. perf. 14, upon the original +cover, but which, unfortunately, presents a most indistinct dating +stamp, and, although endorsed by the recipient with date of writing, +May 30, date of receipt and date of reply, all three year dates are +so indistinctly written that one is unable to tell whether it is 1857 or +1859, although we think the former was the date. Should this be +the case it would seem as though the perf. 14 and another curious +perforation just discovered ... were experimental, or provisional, +pending the receipt from the makers of those perf. 12. Most of the +few stamps perf. 14 which we have seen, appear cut on one or more<!-- Page 70 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> +sides with the shears, as though the users were not familiar with the +advantages of perforation as a means of separating the stamps, and adhering +in a measure to the old methods. This is one of the reasons +which lead us to believe that these stamps, perf. 14, were issued +before those perf. 12, because the latter are almost invariably separated +by tearing apart as is proper.... The writer has in his collection +seven copies of the 3d. perf. 14, and of these four specimens +show double perforation on one or more sides. It is a rare occurrence +when a double perforation is found upon any of the stamps so treated +by the American Bank Note Co. or their predecessors, and when we +find four out of seven specimens in that condition, we are justified +in stating that these stamps, gauging 14, were never perforated +by the makers.</p></div> + +<p>In another part of the article just quoted is the following:<a name="FNanchor_63" id="FNanchor_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The American Bank Note Co. and Rawdon, Wright, Hatch and Edson, +their predecessors, have never, according to official information +from them, employed any other gauge than 12, in fact they call 12 +their standard and only perforation. Allowing that they did perforate +the ones found perf. 12 (which are the rule, while those perf. +14 are the exception), then those perf. 14 must have been certainly +operated upon elsewhere than in the shops of the Bank Note Co., +where this perforation is unknown.</p></div> + +<p>From all the foregoing we can seem to make but one deduction for the +3d. perforated 14 and that is—unofficial. The dated cover, if 1859, would +be but a month before the issue of the decimal stamps, and the regular "perf. +12" stamps were plentifully supplied at that time. It would therefore seem +that the date must have been 1857, as suggested, which would have been well +ahead of the appearance of the "perf. 12" issues as we shall see later. Then +the fact that the manufacturers cannot be held responsible for this perforation, +and the Department accounts furnish no item of expenditure directly +traceable to such work, make it seem wholly probable that it was done by +private parties for their own or customers' convenience.</p> + +<p>The "curious perforation" alluded to as just discovered was announced +by the Scott Stamp & Coin Co. as follows:<a name="FNanchor_64" id="FNanchor_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Canada.</span>—In a large lot of pence issues purchased by us lately, +we have found two copies of 3 pence on grayish wove paper perforated +13 with oblique parallel cuts. This seems to confirm the theory that +the pence issues of Canada were not perforated by the manufacturers, +but either by the Canadian Government or by some persons authorized +by them, who most likely experimented with different perforating +machines, finally selecting the one perforating 12.</p></div> + +<p><!-- Page 71 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>With regard to the deductions given, we think that what we have already +presented concerning the unofficial character of the gauge 14 perforation +applies with even more force in the present instance, and we unhesitatingly +put these two curios in the "privately perforated" class.</p> + +<p>Messrs. Corwin and King give further details as follows:<a name="FNanchor_65" id="FNanchor_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>As one of them has passed into the possession of the writer, we +are able to particularize somewhat with reference to this particular +perforation.... Our specimen is from the bottom of the sheet, or else +the shears have been used, so that we find the perforation as it originally +existed between each stamp, before separation. This perforation +consists of oblique <i>curved</i> parallel cuts; they are not straight, but +show a very decided curve from right to left, looking at the face of +the stamp. The other sides of our specimen present, having been +torn from the stamp on either side, a very well defined saw-tooth +perforation, very much like that found on the Bremen stamps, but +much coarser, clearly gauging 13. It occurs to us that, perhaps, this +is the 13 perforation listed by the London Society, although, had +a specimen been before the society when the reference list was compiled, +the peculiarity of this style of perforation would surely have +been noted by them.</p></div> + +<p>To return to the general subject, Mr. Donald A. King in his own article +says:<a name="FNanchor_66" id="FNanchor_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It is an open question whether these stamps were delivered to +the Canadian Post Office Department in a perforated condition or +not. The manufacturers are wholly unable to throw any light on +the subject; and while there is much to be said in favor of their +having perforated the stamps, there are points against it almost as +strong. In favor of it there is the fact that, at the date that these +stamps were issued, it was more than probable that a firm like the +manufacturers would have perforating machines. The normal gauge +of the perforated set is 12, that being the only size of perforation +ever used by the manufacturers, or their successors, the American +Bank Note Company; indeed, they call 12 their standard and only +gauge.</p></div> + +<p>The stamps in issue from the time of the announcement of perforation +in the Report of 1857, to the appearance of the decimal stamps in 1859, were +the ½d., 3d., 6d., 7½d., and 10d. values, but only the first three appeared +with perforations. The first supply of the 10d. stamp, as we know, was +received in January 1855, and was naturally unperforated. The first and<!-- Page 72 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> +only supply of the 7½d. stamp was received probably in the second quarter +of 1857, and these were all unperforated. The first supply of the ½d. stamp +was doubtless delivered about midsummer of 1857, and these were evidently +all unperforated. The other supplies received in the fiscal year of 1857 were +300,000 of the 3d. in September 1856, and the same number again in March +1857, together with the 50,078 of the 6d.<a name="FNanchor_67" id="FNanchor_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> Evidently these were still in the +unperforated class, as they were delivered before either the 7½d. or ½d. +supplies. We must therefore look to the supplies delivered <i>after</i> the 30th +September, 1857, as a basis for reckoning up the perforated series. The +values and quantities given in the stamp accounts (already quoted) are as +<span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><th align="left"></th><th align="center">½d.</th><th align="center">3d.</th><th align="center">6d.</th><th align="center">10d.</th></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Rec'd, yr. ending 30th Sept. 1858</td><td align="right">1,258,920</td><td align="right">900,000</td><td align="right">100,000</td><td align="right">72,120</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Rec'd. half-yr. end'g 30th June, 1859</td><td align="right">850,100</td><td align="right">449,900</td><td align="right">70,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in2">Total,</td><td align="right" class="bt">2,109,020</td><td align="right" class="bt">1,349,900</td><td align="right" class="bt">170,000</td><td align="right" class="bt">72,120</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Balance on hand 30th June, 1859 (destroyed)</td><td align="right">60,660</td><td align="right">21,700</td><td align="right">17,578</td><td align="right">31,200</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Issued</td><td align="right" class="bt">2,048,360</td><td align="right" class="bt">1,328,200</td><td align="right" class="bt">152,422</td><td align="right" class="bt">40,920</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The first thing that confronts us here is a second supply of the 10d. +stamp in this supposed "perforated period," over half of which was issued +for sale, and yet the 10d. stamp is practically unknown in a perforated +condition! We say practically, because the London Society's work<a name="FNanchor_68" id="FNanchor_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> +remarks:—"The Seven Pence Halfpenny, green, and Ten Pence, blue, perforated, +exist in the collection of a well known Parisian collector. The +authenticity, however, of the perforations appears to be doubtful." We think +it is more than doubtful, as it is practically certain that neither value was +ever issued in this condition. Messrs. Corwin and King state:<a name="FNanchor_69" id="FNanchor_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a>—"We agree +with the Society in doubting the authenticity of the 7½d. and 10 pence, perforated, +as these stamps, thus treated, have never been seen in America, nor +can anything be ascertained from the makers of the Stamps or the Canadian +Post Office Department concerning them." The last statement is hardly +convincing, for neither party referred to can give any more information concerning +the other three values that we know <i>were</i> issued. We can heartily<!-- Page 73 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> +subscribe to the next remark, however:—"We have no hesitation in pronouncing +them impostors."</p> + +<p>The date usually assigned to the appearance of the perforated stamps +is January 1858. The London Society gave simply "1857," which is apparently +set down merely because they have just quoted the announcement from +the Postmaster General's Report for that year. Evans and Moens, in their +catalogs, both name the date as November 1858. Unfortunately no more +authoritative statement has been found, except that in Messrs. Corwin and +King's article<a name="FNanchor_70" id="FNanchor_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> they say "Mr. Hooper positively states that it took place in January, +1858." Mr. John R. Hooper was at that time [1890] connected with the +Canadian Post Office Department at Ottawa and took pains to look up much +information for the above-mentioned gentlemen. His reasons for the "positive +statement" are not given, and inasmuch as he is quoted elsewhere as +saying that "the records of the Post Office Department are silent as to where +this perforation was performed and by whom,"<a name="FNanchor_71" id="FNanchor_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> and also seems a little uncertain +in some other details, we feel that further confirmation is needed.</p> + +<p>In our table above we have given the supplies received after the 30th +September, 1857, and deducted the remainders so as to have the actual number +issued. The 10d. has already proved a stumbling block, for it was not perforated +at all! Next we find the 6d. to the number of 150,000, when the +total issue, including the laid paper, was but 400,000; yet the catalog value +of the imperforates is some $6 for each variety, and of the perforated stamp +at least $30! Can anyone doubt that all these 150,000 6d. stamps were <i>not</i> +perforated? In the case of the 3d. we have one and a third millions to compare +with a total issue of three and a half millions—about a third in the +supposed perforated class. Yet the catalog value of the latter is $2.50 +against 36 cents for the wove paper imperforate alone. With the ½d. stamp +there are two millions against a total of three and a third millions, or about +two to one in favor of the supposed perforated stamps, yet the latter are double +the catalog price of the former! The only conclusion to be drawn from +these regularly appearing inconsistencies in each value is that all the supplies +after 30th September, 1857 were <i>not</i> perforated, as the 10d. stamp very glaringly +intimates!</p> + +<p>If this be so, is it not possible that the order to perforate new supplies +was given to the manufacturers much later than has hitherto been thought to<!-- Page 74 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> +be the case? It hardly seems likely that this improvement would be ordered +for a few supplies and then dropped, only to reappear a year and a half later +as a permanent feature of the new set. Once adopted it was more than likely +to be retained.</p> + +<p>Let us see, then, just for curiosity's sake, what the supplies of the last +six months of issue yield us for data. For the ½d. we find 850,000, roughly, +with 60,000 remainders. Call it 800,000 issued which, if perforated, would +be a quarter of the total issue of ½d. stamps, or a ratio to the imperforates +of one to three. This is not so far away from the catalog ratio of two to one +(inversely, of course) in the value of the perforated stamps. With the 3d. +stamp we have 450,000, roughly, with 20,000 remainders, say 430,000 issued. +Of a total issue of 3,500,000 this represents one-eighth, or a ratio of one to +seven. The inverse ratio of seven to one for catalog value comes pretty close +when we compare $2.50 with 36 cents! In the case of the 6d. there are +70,000 less 17,500 remainders, or 52,500. This is approximately one-eighth +the total issue of 400,000, or again a ratio of one to seven. The inverse ratio +of seven to one for a catalog value would make the perforated stamp list $42 +with the imperforate at $6. But both laid and wove paper 6d. stamps list at +approximately $6, whereas if all had been issued on but one variety of paper +we might find perhaps a single list price of say $4. With this as a basis, the +catalog value of $30 for the perforated 6d. is in as close agreement with our +supposition as are the others. And, best of all, the second supply of the 10d. +stamp is disposed of without any difficulty whatever under this hypothesis!</p> + +<p>It may be argued that reasoning thus from catalog prices is too uncertain +to prove of value. Granted in many cases. But here is an issue from fifty +to sixty years old; the stamps were regularly used in increasing numbers +during their years of issue; they have always been popular and eagerly collected, +so that the stock in existence has been pretty well handled and pretty +well distributed. Under these conditions the catalog prices should by this +time reflect fairly accurately the <i>relative</i> rarity of the main varieties of each +stamp at least; and it is this relative rarity that we are after in order to approximate +the original supplies of the main varieties. The result is certainly of +more than mere interest, the agreement being such that we are tempted to +lay down the following propositions in regard to the perforated stamps for +further proof or <span class="nobreak">disproof:—</span></p> + +<p><i>First.</i> The regular perforation (gauge 12) was done by the manufac<!-- Page 75 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>turers +and applied to the last requisitions previous to the change to decimal +stamps.</p> + +<p><i>Second.</i> The date of the supposed issue of the perforated stamps should +be changed from January 1858, to November 1858 or January 1859.</p> + +<p><i>Third.</i> The quantities of perforated stamps issued are placed approximately +at:—½d., 789,440; 3d., 428,200; 6d., 52,422.</p> + +<p>In further support of the above postulates, we must say that every cover +bearing any one of the three perforated stamps which we have been able +to get a satisfactory date from has been postmarked in <i>1859</i>! Not one has +yet been seen which bore a date in 1858 even, and one 6d. from the Seybold +collection, which was dated at Brantford, Dec. 29, 1857, turned out to be bad. +Of course perforated pence stamps are hard to find on original covers, but it +is curious that so far not one has upset the theory we have laid down.</p> + +<p>There is one point left which perhaps needs some attention. The London +Society's work lists a 6d. on <i>laid</i> paper, perforated 12, and Mr. King has +followed by including it in his reference list. This would imply that the +Canadian Government had perforated its stock on hand, in which might be a +few remainders of the early laid paper issue, and naturally would go far toward +confirming that view of the origin of the perforated series. But this stamp +seems to be an unknown quantity, almost as much so as the 3d. "perforated +13" of Major Evans' Catalogue. Mr. Pack says:<a name="FNanchor_72" id="FNanchor_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a>—"I have never heard of +the 6d. perforated, on laid paper. It is catalogued in the Society's publication, +but a copy, so far as I can learn, has never been seen in Canada or in the +United States."</p> + +<p>We have been interested to track this stamp, and have apparently found +the original located in the Tapling collection, now housed at the British Museum. +In a catalog of the Canadian portion of this collection by Gordon +Smith,<a name="FNanchor_73" id="FNanchor_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> we find two unused copies listed on <i>laid</i> paper, one marked "perf. 12" +and the other "forged perf." The sequel is found in the <i>American Journal of +Philately</i> for 1891<a name="FNanchor_74" id="FNanchor_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> in the following <span class="nobreak">note:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>There is no longer any mystery in regard to the origin of that +<i>great rarity</i>! the perforated 6 pence on laid paper, these stamps +having been perforated for four or five years in the shops of Messrs. +Benjamin Sarpy & Co., Cullum street, London, who openly boast of +having manufactured and sold those in the collection of the late Hon. +T. K. Tapling and other prominent collectors.</p></div> + +<p><!-- Page 76 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>The paper upon which the perforated pence series is found seems to give +further confirmation to the theory that they came from but one or possibly two +printings. Outside of the two lower values on ribbed paper, which are rare, +the series seems to be entirely on a hard, white wove paper, varying in thickness +from a medium to a thicker quality, which is in every way similar to the +paper employed for the succeeding cents issue. On the thin ribbed paper the +London Society (1889) and Messrs. Corwin and King (1891) list the ½d. +stamp, but this is not found in the catalog of the Tapling collection already +referred to, nor in the Pack or Worthington collections; we have therefore +listed it with a query. The 3d. stamp we have seen, however, and Mr. Pack +says it "is a scarce stamp even in used condition, but in unused condition I +find it one of the great rarities of Canada."<a name="FNanchor_75" id="FNanchor_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></p> + +<p>As noted under Chapter II,<a name="FNanchor_76" id="FNanchor_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> the use of split stamps was not usual, as in +Nova Scotia, but Mr. King chronicles the 6d. perforated, in dark violet, split +diagonally and used as a 3d. in like manner to its unperforated predecessor.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60" id="Footnote_60"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> A Catalogue for Collectors, page 33.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61" id="Footnote_61"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 226.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62" id="Footnote_62"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> ibid. I: 275.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63" id="Footnote_63"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 226.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64" id="Footnote_64"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> American Journal of Philately, 2d. Series, IV: 23.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65" id="Footnote_65"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 277.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66" id="Footnote_66"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VII: 9.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67" id="Footnote_67"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, XVII: 83.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68" id="Footnote_68"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> North American Colonies of Great Britain, page 15.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69" id="Footnote_69"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 226.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70" id="Footnote_70"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 275.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71" id="Footnote_71"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> ibid. I: 226.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72" id="Footnote_72"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> London Philatelist, XVI: 144.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73" id="Footnote_73"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> The Stamp News, X: 43.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74" id="Footnote_74"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> American Journal of Philately, 2d. Series, IV: 365.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75" id="Footnote_75"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> London Philatelist, XVI: 144.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76" id="Footnote_76"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_32">page 32</a>.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr class="long" /> +<p><!-- Page 77 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V<br /> +<br /> +THE CANCELLATIONS OF THE EARLY ISSUES</h2> + + +<p>A rather interesting study, particularly for the collector of entires, +is that of postmarks and cancellations, and sometimes much assistance +in the solution of knotty questions is rendered by these often +despised and neglected adjuncts to the proper use of postage stamps.</p> + +<p>The early cancellations of Canada have been the subject of some attention, +more so, in fact, than the postmarks, as they were required to be used on the +stamps while the postmark was struck on the cover, where the date and place +of mailing would be plainly visible. In one of the early volumes of reports +it is stated that "Office Stamps and Seals were supplied from England on +21st July, 1851." It is presumed that this included postmarks and cancellations.</p> + +<p>It will be remembered, perhaps, that in the circular announcing the issue +of stamps in 1851<a name="FNanchor_77" id="FNanchor_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> it was ordered that "Stamps so affixed are to be immediately +<i>cancelled</i> ... with an instrument to be furnished for that purpose." The first +one so supplied was the "concentric rings" cancellation, consisting of seven +concentric circles and having an outer diameter of 18 mm. This is the most +common of all, being found from the very earliest dates down to 1870, at +least, as it occurs on the early shades of the "small" cents issue. It was generally +struck in black ink, but may occasionally be found in a dull blue. A +good illustration of this cancellation is seen on the cover numbered 90 on +<a href="#Plate_VI">Plate VI</a>.</p> + +<p>By 1855, at least, a modified form of the concentric ring cancellation +was introduced. This had a number in the center in large figures, some 8 mm. +high, with four concentric circles enclosing it, the outside diameter being about +23 mm. This type was generally struck in black, but is sometimes found in +a dull blue also. It can be seen on the strip of stamps numbered 81 on Plate +V. The numbers, of course, were placed in the cancellations with a definite +purpose, and a little study of entire covers shows that certain numbers were<!-- Page 78 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> +assigned to certain post offices, as might be suspected. Number 21, for instance, +is the most common one and will be found to be connected with Montreal. +Further study will reveal the fact that the names of the post offices +were taken in alphabetical order, and the numbers assigned to them consecutively +in that way. Still further inspection develops the fact that most of +the post offices were those in Upper Canada (or Canada West), while but a +few of the most important ones were included from Lower Canada (or Canada +East.)</p> + +<p>Mr. Edgar Nelton seems first to have made a study of these numbers in +an attempt to identify their corresponding post offices, and he published a list +of some twenty-two as the result of his examination of many original covers.<a name="FNanchor_78" id="FNanchor_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> +The numbers run up to 52 at least, and using the facts that we have deduced +concerning the arrangement of the names, we have endeavored to fill out his +skeleton list with such offices as it seems possible may yet be identified with the +corresponding numbers. We have done this with some assurance for the following +<span class="nobreak">reasons:—</span></p> + +<p>We were fortunately able to examine a Canada Directory for 1857-8, and +on looking up the postal information given therein, found a list of the money +order offices then existing. This was in two sections, the first containing +the names, alphabetically arranged, of 31 offices in "Class No. 1," which +included most of the principal cities and towns; and the second a lengthy +alphabetical list of offices in "Class No. 2." The first section had a somewhat +familiar appearance, and inspection showed that a majority of the +names on Mr. Nelton's list of numbered cancellations were there in proper +order! But 21 more names were needed, according to the cancellation numbers, +to fill out the latter series. The second section was therefore examined +for such towns as had the largest populations and were presumably most important. +The result enabled more than one name, already on Mr. Nelton's +list, to be fitted in its proper place! Here, then, was apparently the solution +of the first series of numbered cancellations, and we hazard a guess that the +52 names are the original list of money order offices, arranged when the +money order system was instituted in February, 1855.</p> + +<p>The subjoined table gives the list of post offices and their corresponding +numbers, which has been worked out along the lines above mentioned. It +is offered in the hope that more will be done to determine positively the cor<!-- Page 79 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>respondence +between the two. The names in ordinary type are those that +have been identified without any reasonable doubt; those that have been fitted +in tentatively are in italics. The Roman numeral following indicates the +Class to which the Money Order Office belongs.</p> + + +<h5>LIST OF NUMBERED CANCELLATIONS.</h5> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="right">1.</td><td align="left"><i>Barrie, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">2.</td><td align="left">Belleville, U. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">3.</td><td align="left"><i>Berlin, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">4.</td><td align="left">Bowmanville, U. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">5.</td><td align="left">Brantford, U. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">6.</td><td align="left"><i>Brighton, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">II</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">7.</td><td align="left"><i>Brockville, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">8.</td><td align="left">Chatham, U. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">9.</td><td align="left"><i>Clinton, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">II</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10.</td><td align="left"><i>Cobourg, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">11.</td><td align="left"><i>Cornwall, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">12.</td><td align="left"><i>Dundas, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">13.</td><td align="left">Galt, U. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">14.</td><td align="left"><i>Goderich, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">15.</td><td align="left"><i>Guelph, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">16.</td><td align="left">Hamilton, U. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">17.</td><td align="left"><i>Ingersoll, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">II</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">18.</td><td align="left">Kingston, U. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">19.</td><td align="left">London, U. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">20.</td><td align="left">Melbourne, L. C.</td><td align="right">II</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">21.</td><td align="left">Montreal, L. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">22.</td><td align="left">Napanee, U. C.</td><td align="right">II</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">23.</td><td align="left"><i>Napierville, L. C.</i></td><td align="right">II</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">24.</td><td align="left"><i>Newcastle, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">II</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">25.</td><td align="left"><i>Niagara, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">26.</td><td align="left"><i>Oakville, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">II</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">27.</td><td align="left">Ottawa, U. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">28.</td><td align="left"><i>Paris, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">29.</td><td align="left">Perth, U. C.</td><td align="right">II</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">30.</td><td align="left">Peterborough, U. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">31.</td><td align="left">Picton, U. C.</td><td align="right">II</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">32.</td><td align="left"><i>Port Dover, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">II</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">33.</td><td align="left"><i>Port Hope, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">34.</td><td align="left">Port Sarnia, U. C.</td><td align="right">II</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">35.</td><td align="left">Prescott, U. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">36.</td><td align="left"><i>Preston, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">II</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">37.</td><td align="left">Quebec, L. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">38.</td><td align="left">St. Catherines, U. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">39.</td><td align="left"><i>St. Hyacinthe, L. C.</i></td><td align="right">II</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">40.</td><td align="left"><i>St. Johns, L. C.</i></td><td align="right">II</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">41.</td><td align="left"><i>St. Thomas, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">42.</td><td align="left"><i>Sherbrooke, L. C.</i></td><td align="right">II</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">43.</td><td align="left">Simcoe, U. C.</td><td align="right">II</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">44.</td><td align="left"><i>Smith's Falls, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">II</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">45.</td><td align="left">Stanstead, L. C.</td><td align="right">II</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">46.</td><td align="left">Stratford, U. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">47.</td><td align="left">Three Rivers, L. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">48.</td><td align="left"><i>Toronto, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">49.</td><td align="left">Whitby, U. C.</td><td align="right">II</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">50.</td><td align="left"><i>Windsor, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">51.</td><td align="left"><i>Woodstock, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">52.</td><td align="left"><i>York, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">II</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>It will be noticed, if Mr. Helton's list is compared with the above, that +there are a few discrepancies. He assigns Toronto to No. 24, which is manifestly +out of place. Owen Sound is given to No. 26, while 28 should be its +location; the latter must be reserved for Paris, however, which is a first class +office where Owen Sound is but second class. Richmond is given as No. 42, +but as St. Catherines, a first class office, has been identified as No. 38, there +seems no place for the second class office of Richmond, which should precede +it alphabetically. Niagara has been assigned to No. 23, but in such case it +would necessitate two blanks preceding Ottawa, so it seems that the proper +number should be 25. With these few exceptions no further trouble was +experienced in working out the list, and since it was drawn up Numbers<!-- Page 80 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> +2, 4, 8, 38 and 49 have been identified and tallied exactly with it! Such +proof has gone far toward confirming our propositions in regard to it, and +we hope for more.</p> + +<p>A third cancellation, which was apparently used mainly for newspapers +and packages, consisted of nine somewhat thick diagonal bars, the whole +impression having a square outline. This was generally struck in black, but +occasionally in dull blue.</p> + +<p>Postmarks were supposed to be used only on the cover, where they would +plainly exhibit the story they were to tell, while the cancellation marks were +intended to deface the stamp. But sometimes the postmarks are found used +for the latter purpose. They seem to be mostly of two varieties, both circular +in outline, a larger one having the town name in a curve above, with U. C., +L. C., C. W., or C. E., at the bottom, and arcs of two concentric circles filling +in the outline between; a second being smaller with a single arc of a +circle filling in the outline. The first variety is plainly shown on the cover +numbered 90 on <a href="#Plate_VI">Plate VI</a>, and the second on the cover numbered 130 on +<a href="#Plate_XIV">Plate XIV</a>. The date in the center seems always to be given in full—month, +day and year. The postmarks are generally in black, as usual, but sometimes +in dull blue.</p> + +<p>Penmarked specimens are sometimes met with, but not often.</p> + +<p>With the issue of 1859 the duplex mark seems to have been adopted, +with the postmark (the ordinary complete circle with the usual arrangement +of name, abbreviation of province and date) and the cancellation mark (a +series of parallel lines with a circular outline) on the same instrument so +as to be struck on the letter together.</p> + +<p>With the 1868 issue for the Dominion we of course find the cancellations +of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, then British Columbia and finally +Prince Edward Island, all of which introduce complications. A new cancellation, +which seems to have been for the Dominion as a whole, consisted +of two heavy concentric circles containing a number. It is one of this kind +that Mr. Nelton refers to in his article as having the number 627. A notable +cancellation is one in the shape of a large maple leaf.</p> + +<p>An interesting and rare postmark which was found on the 3 cent of the +1868 issue, is thus written up by Mr. F. G. Bing<a name="FNanchor_79" id="FNanchor_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a>:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The stamp had been obliterated with a small thick lined circle +in which appear the words "WAY LETTER" in large type. Eventually<!-- Page 81 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> +a full account of the matter was obtained from the Canadian postal +authorities.</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Post Office Department, Canada.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Office of the Superintendent of the Postage Stamp Branch.</span></p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 21.5em;"><span class="smcap">Ottawa</span>, 13th March, 1908.</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir:</span>—Replying to your enquiry on the subject, as to the +object of the post office mark consisting of a rather thick circle in +which are the words "WAY LETTER" only, impressed upon a Canada +postage stamp (3c.) similar to the one you enclosed, and which I +herewith return, I find on enquiry that previous to the Confederation +of the Dominion of Canada in 1867, there was in Nova Scotia and +New Brunswick a regulation requiring mail couriers on the coach roads +to accept letters for mailing, when these were offered them at a +distance of not less than one or two miles from the nearest post +office, to place them in a locked leather pouch provided for the purpose, +and to post them at the first post office, the Postmaster of which +was instructed to stamp these with the words "WAY LETTER." After +Confederation this postmark lingered at some of the offices in the +provinces named, when it was used for general cancellation purposes, +if not for its primary purpose. It has now, however, wholly disappeared. +Some think it lasted up to 1887 or 1891, but I am sorry I +cannot furnish you with a more definite date as to its extinction.</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 20.5em;">Very truly yours,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 20em;">E. P. STANTON, <i>Superintendent</i>.</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It will be seen from this interesting letter that the postmark +was in the first instance applied to the postage stamps of Nova Scotia +and New Brunswick, and it is quite possible that only upon the stamps +of these two provinces does it possess its full original significance. +At the same time it does not follow that the regulations under which +this cancellation was in use were immediately withdrawn with the +Confederation of the Dominion of Canada; and it is more than probable +that the custom based upon these regulations of accepting letters +from the public at a distance from a post office, and applying the +special obliteration, would continue long after that date, as it is evident +that the use of the "Way Letter" postmark was never definitely +prohibited by the Canadian postal authorities, or the date of its +extinction would not have been in doubt. It is, however, quite certain +that only a comparatively small number of letters would be entitled +to receive this special mark, and its rarity is therefore indisputable.</p></div> + +<p>Various new varieties came with the "small" cents issue and later, concerning +which there is not so much of interest as in the earlier years of the +postal service; we therefore pass them by, remarking only on the special +"jubilee" machine cancellation which was used at Montreal in 1897. This +was of the "flag" form and somewhat ornate, bearing the name "VICTORIA" +and the dates "1837" and "1897."</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77" id="Footnote_77"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_28">page 28</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78" id="Footnote_78"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Chicago Collectors' Monthly, II: 21.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79" id="Footnote_79"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> The Postage Stamp, VII: 6.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr class="long" /> +<p><!-- Page 82 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI<br /> +<br /> +THE ISSUE OF 1859</h2> + + +<p>With two valuations placed upon the cumbrous English monetary +system inherited by Canada from the Mother Country—"sterling" +and "currency"—and with the practical illustration of the advantages +of the decimal system manifest in all the transactions with its great +southern neighbor, whose currency was already legalized in the Province,<a name="FNanchor_80" id="FNanchor_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> it +was only a question of time when Canada would adopt a decimal system of its +own. This was done, but all that interests us is the Decimal Postage law resulting, +which is as <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>22<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. XVII.</p> + +<p>An Act to amend the Post Office Laws.</p> + +<p>[<i>Assented to 4th May, 1859.</i>]</p> + +<p>Whereas it is expedient to amend the Post Office Laws, in the +manner hereinafter provided: Therefore, Her Majesty, by and with the +advice and consent of the Legislative Council and Assembly of Canada, +enacts as follows:</p> + +<p>1. There shall be payable on all Newspapers sent by Post in +Canada, except "Exchange Papers" addressed to Editors and Publishers +of Newspapers, such rate of Postage, not exceeding one cent +on each such Newspaper, as the Governor in Council shall from time +to time direct by regulation, and such rate shall be payable on all +such Newspapers posted on or after the first day of July next.</p> + +<p>2. So much of any Act as provides that Newspapers posted within +this Province shall pass free of Postage, in cases other than those +in which they will be free under this Act, is hereby repealed.</p> + +<p>3. In order to adapt the operations of the Post Office to the Decimal +Currency, the internal letter postage rate shall be changed from +three pence to its equivalent of five cents, per half ounce—the charge +for advertising a dead letter from three farthings to two cents—the +charge for returning a dead letter to the writer, from one penny to +three cents; and in all cases where a one half-penny or penny rate of +Postage is chargeable, these rates shall be changed to one cent and two +cents respectively.</p> + +<p>4. To promote simplicity and economy in the business of the +Post Office, all letters posted in Canada for any place within the<!-- Page 83 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> +Province, and not prepaid, shall be charged seven instead of five cents +per half ounce on delivery; and on letters posted for the British +Mails, for the other British North American Provinces, or for the +United States, when not prepaid, there shall be charged such addition +to the ordinary rate, not in any case exceeding a double rate, +as the Post Master General may agree upon with the Post Office +Authorities of those Countries, for the purpose of enforcing prepayment.</p> + +<p>5. The Post Master General may establish a Parcel Post and +parcels other than letters and not containing letters, may be sent +by such Parcel Post, and when so sent shall be liable to such charges +for conveyance and to such regulations as the Governor in Council +shall from time to time see fit to make.</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>8. [<i>To inclose a letter in a parcel or a newspaper, posted as +such, is a misdemeanor.</i>]</p></div> + +<p>From the above Act we see that the transmission of newspapers has +again been subjected to revision looking toward an increase of revenue, +all free transmission by post being now limited to exchange copies between +editors or publishers. The making of prepayment by stamps obligatory was +another step which had been quite strongly recommended in the last Postmaster +General's report in these <span class="nobreak">terms:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>No single improvement would be so valuable to the Post Office +service as the introduction of the system of the pre-payment of +letters by stamp. It is not recommended that pre-payment of +letters should be made absolutely compulsory, but where stamps are +readily procurable, pre-payment in that form should be insisted on, +and the principle of pre-payment should be enforced by imposing +an additional charge on letters posted unpaid.</p></div> + +<p>By referring to the Act subsequently passed we see that these recommendations +were carried out to the letter.</p> + +<p>In regard to the fifth section of the Act, concerning the Parcel Post, +we come across another example of the curious shuffling of dates and apparent +<i>ex post facto</i> law making which we have previously noted. In quoting the +Postmaster General's report for <i>30th Sept., 1858</i>,<a name="FNanchor_81" id="FNanchor_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> we found it stated that +the Parcel Post had been in operation "from <i>1st January, 1859</i>," and now +we have the Legislative Act providing for it passed under date of <i>4th May, +1859</i>! This is going it one better on "reading history backward" by actually +making it backward! The reports at least, as we previously deduced, were +evidently written some time after the dates given them and did not confine<!-- Page 84 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> +their record to happenings previous to those fictitious dates. Confirmation +of this is furnished by the Postmaster General's report that we have to consider, +that of the Hon. Sydney Smith for the year ending 30th September, +1859, the report being actually dated 20th February, 1860.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Further details concerning the Parcel Post are not given until the Report +for 30th June, 1864, where we <span class="nobreak">read:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>By means of the Parcel Post a parcel may be sent within the +Province to or from any place, however remote from the ordinary +lines of traffic conveyance, on prepayment of a postage rate of 25 +cents per lb., provided that the weight or size of the parcel does not +exceed the carrying capacity of an ordinary mail bag; and provided +that the contents of the parcel are not of a character to injure the +rest of the mail.</p></div> + +<p>The rate is given in decimal currency, then in use, but at the time of +the establishment of the Parcel Post the equivalent rate would have been +1s. 3d. currency. In the Report for 1865 it is stated <span class="nobreak">that:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The provisions of the Parcel Post have been extended to parcels +passing between Canada and New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, +and parcels not containing letters may now be forwarded by post +from one end of British North America to the other, on prepayment of a +uniform rate of 25 cents per lb.</p></div> + +<p>In the report for 1859, mentioned above, we find the <span class="nobreak">following:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The Law of last Session directing the conversion of all postage +rates into decimals, and the collection of postage in the new decimal +currency, was put in operation on the 1st July.... Decimal +stamps of the value of 1 cent, 5 cents, and 10 cents for ordinary +correspondence, and of 12½ cents for Canadian, and of 17 cents for +British Packet Postage Rates were obtained in readiness for the +commencement of the Decimal Postage Law in July, 1859, and have +from that date been issued in lieu of the stamps previously in use.</p></div> + +<p>The cents issue of Canadian stamps therefore dates from July 1, 1859. +The stamps themselves were merely an adaptation of the designs of the pence +series to the corresponding values of the decimal currency. The ONE CENT +stamp was unchanged from the half-penny except for the substitution of the +new for the former value. The FIVE CENTS stamp had these words in +place of the old denomination, with a quarterfoil ornament separating them +at each side from CANADA and POSTAGE. Oblique figures 5 were<!-- Page 85 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> +placed in the spandrels on a cross-hatched ground instead of the upright figures +3 on foliations. A similar change was made in the TEN CENTS, Roman +numerals X being placed obliquely in the spandrels on a cross-hatched +ground where upright figures 6 were previously on foliations; while the new +denomination was substituted for the old. The sole change in the 12½ cent +stamp was to substitute "12½c." in the spandrels for the former values in +sterling and currency. The 17 cent stamp had the value in words replacing +TEN PENCE, but the new value was so much longer that the emblems +between the old value and CANADA POSTAGE were removed and replaced +by two small elliptic ornaments. "8d. stg." still occupies the upper +spandrels, but figures 17 are placed in each of the lower ones. The central +designs in each of the above stamps are absolutely identical with those of the +pence stamps that preceded them—indeed the portrait and surrounding oval +with inscriptions on the 12½ c. are all unchanged. From this it is evident +that the new dies were "built up" from the old ones, the central portions +being transferred and the required changes in surrounding inscriptions, etc., +being newly engraved. This was easy enough of accomplishment since the +American Bank Note Co., who furnished the new stamps, were the successors +of Messrs. Rawdon, Wright, Hatch and Edson, the firm name having been +changed on May 1, 1858, and the dies of the pence issue were of course in +their possession. Illustrations of the five values will be found as Nos. 10, +15, 12, 13 and 14, respectively, on <a href="#Plate_I">Plate I</a>.</p> + +<p>There was one addition to the list of values in this set during its period +of use—a 2 cent stamp. In the Postmaster General's Report for 30th June, +1864, it is noted:—"A new Postage Stamp, of the value of two cents, was +added to the other denominations supplied, from the 1st. August last [1864]." +The Report for the succeeding year has this further to say:—"A provision +has been made for the transmission and delivery of Canadian periodicals, +addressed to the United Kingdom, at the reduced rate of two cents each," +and it was evidently largely on account of this that the new stamp was +ordered. Its design was unmistakably "built up" as with the rest of the set, +the 1 cent stamp serving as the model, figures 2 being placed in ovals in the +spandrels and the wording of the value being changed to correspond. (Illustration +No. 11 on <a href="#Plate_I">Plate I</a>). The stamp was issued as stated on the 1st +August, 1864.</p> + +<p>All the stamps of this issue were, as before, line engraved and printed +in sheets of 100, ten rows of ten. The same style of marginal inscriptions as<!-- Page 86 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> +in the first issue is found—"American Bank Note Co. New-York" in minute +letters of the type known as "diamond," repeated twice in each margin, reading +up on the left, down on the right, and inverted at the bottom of the sheet. +In the 1, 2, 5 and 12½c. stamps the imprint is placed against the third and +eighth stamps of each marginal row of ten, but from a block of 10c. at hand +the inscriptions in the case of this value are apparently "centered" over the +space between the third and fourth and the seventh and eighth stamps of +each marginal row, thus bringing them over two stamps instead of one. +Curiously enough, the 17c. value has no marginal inscriptions at all.</p> + +<p>The same plate variety that occurs in the 3d. stamp—the "shifted transfer" +or "double strike"—is repeated in its successor, the 5c. stamp. That +it is a true plate variety is abundantly proved by the fine block of seven +stamps illustrated as No. 96 on <a href="#Plate_VII">Plate VII</a>. The variety will be found in +the upper right corner stamp, and the doubling of the frame lines at the left +and of the oval frame line above CANADA will be readily apparent. A +single copy is illustrated as No. 19 on <a href="#Plate_I">Plate I</a>. It seems to have been first +noted by Mr. R. Wuesthoff in the <i>American Journal of Philately</i> for June, 1892.</p> + +<p>A minor variety of the 5c. stamp printed from a worn plate is also to be +noted, in which the fine lines of the groundwork have almost disappeared.</p> + +<p>The entire series comes regularly perforated 12, the identical normal +perforation of the pence stamps that immediately preceded it, and which we +have endeavored to trace to the same source. The abnormal varieties in this +series are of course the imperforate ones, and of these we present cuts of a +full set in blocks of four, numbered 100 to 105 on <a href="#Plate_IX">Plate IX</a>. That the +stamps were actually issued and used in this condition is proved by copies of +several with the proper postmarks of the period in the Pack collection. Mr. +Pack writes of them<a name="FNanchor_82" id="FNanchor_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a>:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I have the 1c. and 5c. postmarked in 1860 and 1861 at Toronto +and Prescott, Canada West. I also believe that these varieties were +on sale at Kingston, Canada West, at about that time. I have also the +2c. and 10c. in undoubtedly early used condition.</p></div> + +<p>Further varieties are formed by "split" stamps, as before, though these +were never authorized and seldom used. We are fortunate in being able to +illustrate two five cent stamps used with half of a third to make up the 12½c. +packet rate. This is No. 97 on <a href="#Plate_VII">Plate VII</a>. The postmark is unfortunately +mostly torn away, but is evidently "Montreal," and the last numeral in the<!-- Page 87 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> +year figures seems to be an "8," which would mean "1868." A 10c. stamp +also split and used for a 5c. is shown on the entire as No. 99 on <a href="#Plate_VIII">Plate VIII</a>. +The postmark is "Bowmanville, U.C., Feb. 15, 1860."</p> + +<p>The normal colors for the stamps of this series may be given as 1 cent +deep rose, 2 cents dull rose, 5 cents deep red, 12½ cents deep green, and 17 +cents Prussian blue. It will be noticed that we have omitted the 10 cents—and +with reason. If the 6 pence stamp of the preceding issue was difficult +to select a normal color for, how shall we find one for its successor? Messrs. +Corwin and King say<a name="FNanchor_83" id="FNanchor_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a>:—"The most surprising fact about this issue is the +vast number of colors and shades to be found in the 10 cents. We have +several hundreds of them in our collection, and are continually adding new +color varieties." They run all the way from a bright red lilac through shades +of violet and brown to a black brown, which is so dark and distinct that it +has for years been catalogued separately.</p> + +<p>The paper on which these stamps were printed does not show as much +variation as in the previous issue. Mr. King<a name="FNanchor_84" id="FNanchor_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> gives a list of five varieties, all +of which vary considerably in thickness. It seems sufficient for our purposes, +however, to list them under three heads as ordinary wove paper, a +thick, hard wove paper, and ribbed paper.</p> + +<p>These stamps were in issue from the 1st July 1859, until the series +issued for the new Dominion of Canada appeared on 1st April, 1868. The +stamp accounts in the various Postmaster General's Reports give the quantities +received and issued, and we present here a summary of these tables as +their reproduction entire would serve no useful purpose unless to show the +increase in the consumption of stamps from year to year as the postal business +increased.</p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><th align="left"><i>Received from manufacturers</i>:</th><th align="right">1c.</th><th align="right">5c.</th><th align="right">10c.</th><th align="right">12½c.</th><th align="right">17c.</th></tr> +<tr><td align="right">quarter ending 30th Sept. 1859</td><td align="right">1,000,400</td><td align="right">1,000,089</td><td align="right">200,000</td><td align="right">200,000</td><td align="right">50,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">year ending 30th Sept. 1860</td><td align="right">2,000,050</td><td align="right">2,499,986</td><td align="right">300,000</td><td align="right">300,000</td><td align="right">50,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">year ending 30th Sept. 1861</td><td align="right">2,200,100</td><td align="right">3,400,300</td><td align="right">499,998</td><td align="right">199,996</td><td align="right">50,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">year ending 30th Sept. 1862</td><td align="right">2,799,900</td><td align="right">3,300,350</td><td align="right">400,000</td><td align="right">399,996</td><td align="right">50,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">year ending 30th Sept. 1863</td><td align="right">3,500,200</td><td align="right">4,300,450</td><td align="right">600,050</td><td align="right">300,000</td><td align="right">100,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">9mos. ending 30th June 1864</td><td align="right">3,000,000</td><td align="right">3,999,999</td><td align="right">800,000</td><td align="right">399,990</td><td align="right">49,999</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">year ending 30th June 1865</td><td align="right">3,064,800</td><td align="right">4,890,598</td><td align="right">700,000</td><td align="right">676,600</td><td align="right">100,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">year ending 30th June 1866</td><td align="right">3,910,000</td><td align="right">8,100,000</td><td align="right">800,000</td><td align="right">400,100</td><td align="right">50,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">year ending 30th June 1867</td><td align="right">5,100,000</td><td align="right">5,100,500</td><td align="right">999,650</td><td align="right">299,950</td><td align="right">100,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">year ending 30th June 1868</td><td align="right">(?)900,000</td><td align="right">3,199,900</td><td align="right">400,000</td><td align="center">?</td><td align="center">......</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in2">Totals</td><td align="right" class="bt">27,475,450</td><td align="right" class="bt">39,792,172</td><td align="right" class="bt">5,799,698</td><td align="right" class="bt">3,176,632</td><td align="right" class="bt">599,999</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><!-- Page 88 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p> + +<p>The yearly supplies of the 2 cent stamps, first appearing in the 1865 +accounts, were as <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">1865</td><td align="right">360,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1866</td><td align="right">300,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1867</td><td align="right">200,500</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1868</td><td align="right">50,000</td><td align="left">(?)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Total</td><td align="right" class="bt">910,500</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>Unfortunately the stamp accounts for 1868 do not separate the supplies +received in the old and new designs, so that in the case of the 1, 2 and +12½ cent stamps, which appear in both issues, the quantity delivered by the +manufacturers is a total which we cannot divide with certainty. An approximation +may perhaps be made, particularly with the 2 cent stamp. The +balance of this value on hand 30th June, 1867, was 171,000, and the deliveries +in the year ending 30th June, 1868, were 2,050,000. Inasmuch as the +yearly issue of this value had been some 250,000, the probability is that the +odd 50,000 delivered belonged to the 1859 series, as this would make 221,000 +for the nine month's supply to 1st April; the even two millions were doubtless +the order for the new series. The yearly issue of the 1 cent had been +some 3½ to 4 millions; if from the 2,900,000 received, according to the 1868 +Report, we take the odd 900,000, we find it makes 3,308,900 when combined +with the balance on hand in 1867. This gives a sufficient supply for the +nine months of the old issue and leaves an even two millions again for the +new series. The 12½ cent presents a slightly different aspect. The yearly +issue had been some 400,000, and the amount on hand in 1867 was 385,750—without +doubt a plentiful supply for the nine months preceding the issue +of the new stamps. It must be remembered, also, in all these cases, that the +"amount on hand" was that of the Department's stock, and that the postmasters +were of course in possession of local stocks. It therefore seems probable +that the 500,000 12½ cent stamps received in 1868 were of the new +series alone. The 5 and 10 cent stamps, however, which are lacking in the +new set, can at once be added to their preceding deliveries, and it will be +noted that no further supplies of the 17c. stamp were required during the +year.</p> + +<p>We find in the Department accounts that the American Bank Note Co. +was paid $1331.70 for "engraving postage stamps" during the fiscal year, +which was the final settlement with that Company.<!-- Page 89 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p> + +<p>What became of the remainder of the old issue does not appear, but it +seems probable that they were largely used up in the course of regular business, +as no object would be gained by turning in the relatively small quantities +remaining, for accounting and destruction, unless it be the 17 cent value, +which had become rather useless. Curiously enough, the stamp accounts <i>do</i> +separate the old and new issues in the "balance on hand, 30th June, 1868," +which was three months after the appearance of the new set. These figures +are as <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="left">cent</td><td align="right">319,900</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="left">cents</td><td align="right">700</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 5</td><td align="left">cents</td><td align="right">138,400</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="left">cents</td><td align="right">60,650</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">12½</td><td align="left">cents</td><td align="right">68,750</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">17</td><td align="left">cents</td><td align="right">33,876</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Glancing now over the Postmaster General's reports for the years 1859-1868, +during which the above issue was in use, and which were the last years +of the strictly provincial control, we find many items of interest.</p> + +<p>In the report for 1859 it is noted that "the issue and use by the public +of Postage Stamps has increased with great rapidity since last return," and +the issue of stamped envelopes "for the promotion of public convenience" is +announced. These will be treated of by themselves in a later chapter. We +find the experiment was made of placing street letter boxes in Toronto, and +"with very encouraging results as to the extent to which the number of +letters posted in these boxes would appear to demonstrate their usefulness. +These Pillar Boxes are visited, at least twice each day, at suitable hours, by +Post Office Messengers, in order to convey the letters deposited in them to +the Post Office." Preparations were also being made to install letter boxes +in Montreal and Quebec.</p> + +<p>The Department accounts have the following <span class="nobreak">entries:—</span></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">Rawdon, Wright & Co., supply of letter and newspaper stamps</td><td align="right">$238.69</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">American Bank Note Co., engraving letter and newspaper stamps</td><td align="right">1487.40</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Of course the amounts all went to the same concern, as the firm name had +been changed on May 1, 1858, as already noted.</p> + +<p>The report for 1860 contains interesting statistical information concerning +the growth of the Department, which it may be well to put on +record:<!-- Page 90 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>—</p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr> +<th>Year</th> +<th>No. of <br />Offices.</th> +<th>Miles of<br /> Post Route.</th> +<th>No. of letters<br /> by Post<br /> per annum.</th> +<th>Postal Revenue <br />(deducting <br />dead letters.)</th> +<th>Remarks</th> +</tr> +<tr><td align="center">1851</td><td align="right">601</td><td align="right">7,595</td><td align="right">2,132,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1852</td><td align="right">840</td><td align="right">8,618</td><td align="right">3,700,000</td><td align="right">$230,629.00</td><td align="left">First year of account under Provincial control.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1853</td><td align="right">1016</td><td align="right">9,122</td><td align="right">4,250,000</td><td align="right">278,587.00</td><td align="left">Charge on newspapers reduced one-half.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1854</td><td align="right">1166</td><td align="right">10,027</td><td align="right">5,100,000</td><td align="right">320,000.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1855</td><td align="right">1293</td><td align="right">11,192</td><td align="right">6,000,000</td><td align="right">368,166.00</td><td align="left">Newspapers conveyed without charge.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1856</td><td align="right">1375</td><td align="right">11,839</td><td align="right">7,000,000</td><td align="right">374,295.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1857</td><td align="right">1506</td><td align="right">13,253</td><td align="right">8,500,000</td><td align="right">462,163.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1858</td><td align="right">1566</td><td align="right">13,600</td><td align="right">9,000,000</td><td align="right">541,153.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1859</td><td align="right">1638</td><td align="right">13,871</td><td align="right">8,500,000</td><td align="right">678,426.98</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">1860</td><td align="right">1698</td><td align="right">14,202</td><td align="right">9,000,000</td><td align="right">658,451.99</td><td align="left">Additional 2c. rate on unpaid letters and charge made on newspapers.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>The Report <span class="nobreak">continues:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>From the experience of the past, the confident hope may be +entertained that, by a wise and judicious economy, (and without withholding +from newly settled portions of the country, the Postal +accommodations without which the settlement of the country cannot +advance), in a comparatively short space of time the Postage upon +letters may be reduced from the present five cent to a <i>three cent +rate</i>, as near an approach to the Penny sterling postage system +of the Mother Country as the relative value of our currency will +conveniently permit.</p></div> + +<p>It was eight years before these hopes were realized, however.</p> + +<p>The "epistolary intercourse with the United States" is given for the +same period, but we need only note that the postal value of the total correspondence +exchanged was $83,630.97 in 1852, had increased to $187,469.59 +in 1857, and then dropped gradually to $178,132.39 in 1860. The Report +<span class="nobreak">says:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The prepayment of letters passing between the two countries +continues optional on either side, at the combined rate of 10 cents +per ½ oz. from any place in Canada to any place in the United States +and <i>vice versa</i>, except to or from the States on the Pacific, California +and Oregon, when the rate is 15 cents per ½ oz.</p></div> + +<p>The accounts present a charge in favor of the American Bank Note Co. +of $1697.95 "for engraving Letter and Newspaper stamps and Stamped +Envelopes." Of the latter we shall have more to say in their proper place.</p> + +<p>The Reports of 1861 and 1862 contain nothing special, and the accounts +show payments of $1451.87 and $1583.63 respectively to the American Bank +Note Co.</p> + +<p>The Report of 1863 states that in November of that year an agreement<!-- Page 91 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> +was entered into with the United States for the transmission between the +two countries of seeds, bulbs, etc., at 1 cent per ounce, and also book manuscripts, +printers' proof sheets, maps, prints, etc., at the same rate.</p> + +<p>In January 1864, the Imperial Post Office extended to the mails between +Canada and the United Kingdom regulations conceding patterns of merchandise +and trade samples at the same rates as books and printed matter.</p> + +<p>The American Bank Note Co. was paid $1946.62.</p> + +<p>The next Report is dated 30th June, 1864, instead of the usual 30th +September, and is therefore for nine months only. This was done to bring +the fiscal year of the Post Office Department to correspond with the financial +year of the General Government.</p> + +<p>The enactment which was the cause of the change <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="center">27<sup>o</sup>—28<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. VI.</p> + +<p class="center">An Act to amend the Law respecting the Public Accounts, and +the Board of Audit.</p> + +<p class="center">(<i>Assented to 30th June, 1864</i>)</p> + +<p>10. It shall be the duty of the Board of Audit to prepare and +submit to the Minister of Finance the Public Accounts to be annually +laid before Parliament.</p> + +<p>11. The said Public Accounts shall include the period from the +thirtieth of June in one year to the thirtieth of June in the next +year, which period shall constitute the Financial Year....</p></div> + +<p>There is nothing particular in the Report for these nine months to +quote here, except the payment of the relatively small sum of $619.25 to the +American Bank Note Co.</p> + +<p>The Report for 1865 states that "Regulations have been adopted establishing +a sample and pattern post in Canada, and packets of trade samples, +or patterns of merchandise, may be sent by post between any places within +this Province, on prepayment of one cent per ounce, under certain conditions +to prevent an abuse of the privilege." It further announces that "Street +Letter boxes are being placed in all the principal streets of Montreal."</p> + +<p>The Reports of 1866 and 1867 were published together, but contain +little of interest beyond the statistics we have already used. Payments to +the American Bank Note Co. were $2630.11 in 1866 and $1699.03 in 1867. +The final payment to the American Co., which we have already quoted from +the 1868 report, was $1331.70. We read that "The street letter boxes put +up in the city of Montreal have worked satisfactorily. The number of letters<!-- Page 92 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> +and papers posted therein weekly, appeared from returns taken to be, Letters +2400, Papers 500, or at the rate of 150,000 letters and papers per annum."</p> + +<p>Authority to establish letter boxes was given by an Act of Parliament +which contains several other matters of interest and which we therefore quote.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="center">29<sup>o</sup>—30<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. XI.</p> + +<p class="center">An Act to amend the Post Office Act.</p> + +<p class="center">[<i>Assented to 15th August, 1866.</i>]</p> + +<p>Whereas the more effectually to prevent frauds upon the Post +Office Revenue, it is expedient to amend the Post Office Act: Therefore, +Her Majesty, by and with the consent of the Legislative Council +and Assembly of Canada, enacts as follows:</p> + +<p>1. If any person uses or attempts to use in payment of postage +on any letter or mailable thing posted in this Province, any postage +stamp which has been before used for a like purpose, such person +shall be subjected to a penalty of not less than Ten and not exceeding +Forty dollars for every such offense, and the letter or other +mailable thing on which such stamp has been so improperly used +may be detained, or in the discretion of the Postmaster General +forwarded to its destination charged with double the postage to +which it would have been liable if posted unpaid.</p> + +<p>2. [<i>To enclose a letter in a parcel, packet of samples or newspaper, +posted an such, shall be an offense punishable by a fine of not +less than ten or more than forty dollars in each case.</i>]</p> + +<p>3. The Postmaster General may grant licenses, revocable at +pleasure, to Agents, other than Postmasters, for the sale to the +Public, of Postage Stamps and Stamped envelopes, and may allow +to such Agents a commission not exceeding five per cent, on the amount +of their sales;—and it shall not be lawful for any person to exercise +the business of selling Postage Stamps or Stamped envelopes to the +Public unless duly licensed to do so by the Postmaster General and +under such conditions as he may prescribe: and any person who +shall violate this provision by selling Postage Stamps or Stamped +envelopes to the public without a license from the Postmaster General, +shall on conviction before a Justice of the Peace, incur a penalty +of not exceeding forty dollars for each offence.</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>5. The Postmaster General may, when in his judgment the public +convenience requires it, establish Street Letter Boxes or Pillar +Boxes for the reception of letters and other mailable matter in the +streets of any City or Town in this Province, and from the time +that a letter is deposited in any such Street Letter Box or Pillar Box +it shall be deemed to be a Post Letter within the meaning of the +Post Office Act.</p> + +<p>6. [<i>Wilfully injuring such letter boxes is a misdemeanor.</i>]</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>8. The Governor in Council may, by regulations to be from +time to time made, provide for the transmission through the Mails +of this Province, of patterns and samples of merchandise and goods<!-- Page 93 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> +for sale, and of packages of seeds, cuttings, bulbs, roots and scions +or grafts, on such terms and conditions as may be set forth in such +regulations.</p> + +<p>9. [<i>Wilfully destroying, damaging or detaining any of above +articles is a misdemeanor.</i>]</p></div> + +<p>The only other item to quote from the report of 1867 is the following:—"On +1st July, 1867 the Union Act came into operation, and brought under +one central administration the Postal Service throughout the Dominion." +With this statement we close the account of the Postal history of the Province +of Canada, and in the next chapter open up the larger one of the Dominion +of Canada, whose later issues, though not without interest, still lack the +charm that time can never tear from the simple, yet dignified and beautiful +stamps of the Province.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80" id="Footnote_80"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_52">page 52</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81" id="Footnote_81"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_67">page 67</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82" id="Footnote_82"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> London Philatelist, XVI: 144.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83" id="Footnote_83"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, II: 3.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84" id="Footnote_84"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VII: 32.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr class="long" /> +<p><!-- Page 94 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII<br /> +<br /> +THE DOMINION OF CANADA</h2> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Preliminary</span>.</h3> + +<p>As outlined in our Introductory Chapter, the union of Upper and +Lower Canada into the single Province of Canada had been so manifestly +advantageous that it started an agitation for the union of all +the British North American provinces. The result was a convention, held at +Quebec in 1864, which drafted a proposed Constitution that was later embodied +by the British Parliament in "An Act for the Union of Canada, Nova Scotia +and New Brunswick, and the Government thereof,"<a name="FNanchor_85" id="FNanchor_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> which was passed on the +29th March, 1867. The preamble recites that "the provinces of Canada, Nova +Scotia, and New Brunswick have expressed their desire to be federally united +into One Dominion under the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain +and Ireland, with a Constitution similar in Principle to that of the +United Kingdom." The Act is cited in brief as "The British North America +Act 1867," and provides that the Dominion of Canada shall be divided into +four provinces named Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick; that +there shall be a Governor General who may select his own Privy Council; +that there shall be a Parliament consisting of a Senate, with members appointed +by the Governor General for life, and a House of Commons of elected +representatives; that the seat of Government shall be at Ottawa; that each +Province shall have a Lieutenant Governor appointed by the Governor General +and a local legislature similar to the Dominion Parliament; and making +provision for the admission of Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, British +Columbia and Rupert's Land and the North-western Territory. The Act +took effect on the 1st July, 1867, which day is annually observed as "Dominion +Day."</p> + +<p>The first Parliament of Canada, which convened at Ottawa on November +6, 1867, was naturally largely concerned in revising and consolidating the +laws of the various Provinces, and among these of course appeared the Post +Office Laws. A number of changes were introduced, but many of the provisions<!-- Page 95 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> +of former Acts were embodied almost as they stood in the new statute. We +reproduce its most important features in our line of inquiry.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">31<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. X.</p> + +<p class="center">An Act for the regulation of the Postal Service.</p> + +<p class="center">[<i>Assented to 21st. December</i>, 1867.]</p> + +<p>Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate +and House of Commons of Canada, enacts as follows:</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Preliminary—Interpretation.</span></h4> + +<p>1. This Act shall be known and may be cited as <i>The Post +Office Act</i> 1867; and the following terms and expressions therein shall +be held to have the meaning hereinafter assigned to them....</p> + +<p>The term "Letter" includes Packets of Letters;</p> + +<p>The term "Postage" means the duty or sum chargeable for the +conveyance of Post Letters, Packets and other things by Post;</p> + +<p>The term "Foreign Country" means any country not included in +the dominions of Her Majesty;</p> + +<p>The term "Foreign Postage" means the postage on the conveyance +of Letters, Packets or other things, within any Foreign +Country or payable to any Foreign Government;</p> + +<p>The term "Canada Postage" means the postage on the conveyance +of Letters, Packets and other things by Post within the Dominion +of Canada or by Canada Mail Packet;</p> + +<p>The term "Mail" includes every conveyance by which Post Letters +are carried, whether it be by land or by water;</p> + +<p>The term "British Packet Postage" means the postage due on the +conveyance of letters by British Packet Boats, between the United +Kingdom and British North America;—And the term "British +Postage" includes all Postage not being Foreign, Colonial or Canadian;</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>The term "Post Letter" means any letter transmitted or deposited +in any Post Office to be transmitted by the Post;—And a letter shall be +deemed a Post Letter from the time of its being so deposited or delivered +at a Post Office, to the time of its being delivered to the party to +whom it is addressed....</p> + +<p>2. All Laws in force in the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia +or New Brunswick, at the Union thereof on the first of July, one +thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, in respect to the Postal +Service, and continued in force by the "British North America Act +1867," shall be and the same are hereby repealed.</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Organization and General Provisions</span>.</h4> + +<p>7. There shall be at the seat of Government of Canada a Post +Office Department for the superintendence and management of the +Postal Service of Canada, under the direction of a Postmaster General.<!-- Page 96 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p> + +<p>8. The Postmaster General shall be appointed by Commission +under the Great Seal of Canada, and shall hold his office during +pleasure.</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>10. The Postmaster General may, subject to the provisions of +this Act:</p> + +<p>1. Establish and close Post Offices and Post Routes;</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>3. Enter into and enforce all contracts relating to the conveyance +of the Mails or other business of the Post Office;</p> + +<p>4. [<i>Make regulations concerning mailable matter and limits +of weight and dimensions of such.</i>]</p> + +<p>5. [<i>Establish rates of postage and conditions on matter +not already provided for.</i>]</p> + +<p>6. Cause to be prepared and distributed Postage Stamps, necessary +for the prepayment of Postages under this Act, also +stamped envelopes for the like purpose;</p> + +<p>7. [<i>Make arrangements concerning Posts and Postal business +with postal authorities outside of Canada.</i>]</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>11. Prescribe and enforce such Regulations as to letters directed +to be registered as to him may seem necessary, in respect +to the registration of letters and other matter passing +by Mail, as well between places in Canada, as between Canada +and the United Kingdom, any British Possession, the +United States or any other Foreign Country, and to the +charge to be made for the same; and also in respect to the +registration by the officers of the Post Office of letters unquestionably +containing money or other valuable enclosure +when posted without registration by the senders of the same, +and to imposing a rate of two cents registration charge upon +such letters;</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>14. Establish and provide Street Letter Boxes or Pillar Boxes +or Boxes of any other description for the receipt of letters +and such other mailable matter as he may deem expedient, in +the streets of any City or Town in Canada, or at any Railway +Station or other public place where he may consider such +Letter Boxes to be necessary;</p> + +<p>15. Grant licenses revocable at pleasure, to Agents other than +Postmasters, for the sale to the Public of Postage Stamps +and Stamped Envelopes, and allow to such Agents a commission +of not exceeding five per cent, on the amount of their +sales.<!-- Page 97 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Rates of Postage</span>.</h4> + +<p>19. On all letters transmitted by Post for any distance within Canada, +except in cases herein otherwise specially provided for, there +shall be charged and paid one uniform rate of three cents per half +ounce in weight, any fraction of an ounce being chargeable as a half +ounce, provided that such three cents postage rate be prepaid by postage +stamps or in current coin at the time of posting such letters; +and when such letters are posted without prepayment being made +thereon, then and in such case it shall be lawful to charge upon +letters so posted unpaid a rate of five cents per half ounce.</p> + +<p>20. On letters not transmitted through the mails, but posted and +delivered at the same Post Office, commonly known as local or drop +letters, the rate shall be one cent, to be in all cases prepaid by postage +stamp affixed to such letters.</p> + +<p>21. [<i>Seamen and Soldiers, etc. in Her Majesty's service, entitled +to receive and send letters on payment of a certain special sum in +lieu of all British postage, shall be freed likewise from Canadian +postage.</i>]</p> + +<p>22. The rate of postage upon newspapers printed and published +in Canada, and issued not less frequently than once a week, from a +known office of publication, and sent to regular subscribers in Canada +by mail, shall be as follows: upon each such newspaper, when issued +once a week, the rate for each quarter of a year, commencing on the +first of January, first of April, first of July, or first of October of each +year, shall be five cents, when issued twice a week, ten cents, when +issued three times a week, fifteen cents, when issued six times a +week, thirty cents, and in that proportion, adding one rate of five +cents for each issue more frequent than once a week; and such postage +must be pre-paid in advance from the first day of the quarter +from which the payment commences, for a term of not less than a +quarter of a year: ... provided, nevertheless, that <i>Exchange Papers</i>, +addressed by one editor or publisher of a newspaper to another editor +or publisher, may be sent by Post free of charge.</p> + +<p>23. On all newspapers sent by Post in Canada, except in the cases +hereinbefore expressly provided for, there shall be payable a rate not +exceeding two cents each, and when such newspapers are posted in +Canada this rate shall in all cases be prepaid by postage stamp +affixed to the same.</p> + +<p>24. For the purposes of this Act, the word "Newspapers" shall +be held to mean periodicals published not less frequently than once +in each week, and containing notices of passing events.</p> + +<p>25. The rate of postage upon periodical publications, other than +newspapers, shall be one cent per four ounces, or half a cent per +number, when such periodicals weigh less than one ounce and are +posted singly, and when such periodical publications are posted in +Canada, these rates shall in all cases be prepaid by postage stamps +affixed to the same.<!-- Page 98 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p> + +<p>26. On books, pamphlets, occasional publications, printed circulars, +prices current, handbills, book and newspaper manuscript, +printer's proof sheets whether corrected or not, maps, prints, drawings, +engravings, photographs when not on glass, in cases containing +glass, sheet music whether printed or written, packages of seeds, cuttings, +bulbous roots, scions or grafts, patterns or samples of merchandize +or goods, the rate of postage shall be one cent per ounce; provided +that no letter or other communication intended to serve the +purpose of a letter be sent or enclosed therein, and that the same be +sent in covers open at the ends or sides or otherwise so put up as to +admit of inspection by the Officers of the Post Office to ensure compliance +with this provision—and this postage rate shall be prepaid +by postage stamps in all cases when such articles are posted in Canada.</p> + +<p>27. [<i>Foregoing rates subject to such conditions as may be agreed +upon between Canada and any other country.</i>]</p> + +<p>28. [<i>Postage on unpaid letters is due from addressee, or if refused +may be recovered with costs by civil action from sender.</i> (See +13<sup>o</sup>—14<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. 17, Sec. 12.)]</p> + +<p>29. In all cases where letters and other mailable matter are +posted for places without the limits of Canada, on which stamps for +pre-payment are affixed of less value than the true rate of Postage to +which such letters are liable,—or when stamps for prepayment are +affixed to letters addressed to any place as aforesaid for which prepayment +cannot be taken in Canada,—the Postmaster General may +forward such letters, charged with postage, as if no stamp had been +affixed.</p> + +<p>30. And for avoiding doubts, and preventing inconvenient delay +in the posting and delivery of letters,—no Postmaster shall be bound +to give change, but the exact amount of the postage on any letter or +other mailable matter shall be tendered or paid to him in current coin +as respects letters or other things delivered, and in current coin or +postage stamps as the case may require in respect to the letters or +other things posted.</p> + +<p>31. [<i>The Postmaster General may make reasonable compensation +to Masters of vessels not Post Office Packets for conveyance of ship +letters from foreign ports to Canada.</i>]</p> + +<p>32. [<i>Postmaster General has exclusive privilege of collecting, conveying +and delivering letters, etc.</i>; $20 <i>penalty for infraction</i>. (See +13<sup>o</sup>—14<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. XVII. Sec. 9.)]</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>35. [<i>The Postmaster General may employ Letter Carriers, and +charge two cents for delivery of a letter and one cent for a newspaper +or pamphlet.</i> (See 14<sup>o</sup>—15<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. LXXI. Sec. 15.)]</p> + +<p>36. It shall be lawful for the Postmaster General, with the consent +of the Governor in Council, to establish in any city, when he +shall deem it expedient, a system of free delivery by Letter Carrier +of letters brought by mail and he may direct that from the time that<!-- Page 99 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> +such system is established, no charge shall be made for the delivery +of such letters by Letter Carriers in such city, and further that +on drop or local letters when delivered by Letter Carrier in such +city, one cent only per half ounce shall be charged in addition to the +ordinary local or drop letter rate.</p> + +<p>37. [<i>Postmaster General may establish a parcel post.</i> (See 22<sup>o</sup> +Vict. Cap. XVII. Sec. 5.)]</p> + +<p>38. [<i>Usual franking of official matter.</i> (See 18<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. LXXIX. +Secs. 4, 5, 6, 7 and 24<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. XXV. Sec. 6), <i>but limited to transmission +in Canada</i>.]</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>40. Letters, or other articles, which from any cause remain +undelivered in any Post Office, or which having been posted, cannot +be forwarded by post, shall under such regulations as the Postmaster +General may make, be transmitted by Postmasters to the Post Office +Department as Dead Letters, there to be opened and returned to the +writers on payment of any postage due thereon, with five cents additional +on each Dead Letter to defray the costs of returning the same, +or such Dead Letters may in any case or class of cases be otherwise +disposed of as the Postmaster General may direct.</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>77. [<i>Stealing mail matter or forging stamps, etc.</i>, (see 13<sup>o</sup>—14<sup>o</sup> +Vict. Cap. XVII. Sec. 16) <i>is a felony. Stealing or damaging printed +matter, package of merchandise, etc., or enclosing a letter in other +mail matter, or obstructing mails is a misdemeanor</i>.]</p> + +<p>Sub. sec. 16. To remove with fraudulent intent from any letter, +newspaper or other mailable matter, sent by Post, any postage +stamp which shall have been affixed thereon, or wilfully, with intent +aforesaid remove from any postage stamp which shall have been previously +used, any mark which shall have been made thereon at any +Post Office, shall be a misdemeanor.</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>81. If any person uses or attempts to use in prepayment of postage +on any letter or other mailable matter posted in this Province, +any postage stamp which has been before used for a like purpose, +such person shall be subject to a penalty of not less than Ten and +not exceeding Forty dollars for every such offense, and the letter +or other mailable matter on which such stamp has been so improperly +used may be detained, or in the discretion of the Postmaster General +forwarded to its destination charged with double postage.</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>91. This Act shall come into operation on the first day of April, +one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight.</p></div> + +<p>Although the above Act gives most of the groundwork upon which the +Post Office Department of Canada has since been operated, save of course the<!-- Page 100 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> +changes in detail that will be noted in their proper places, yet it seems advisable, +in spite of some possible repetition, to quote the larger part of the Instructions +sent out to Postmasters in preparation for the impending changes, +because of additional details to be found therein.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">To All Postmasters, and Other Persons Employed in the Postal +Service of Canada:</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Department Order No. 2.</span></p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;"><span class="smcap">Post Office Department,</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 24em;"><span class="smcap">Ottawa, 1st March, 1868.</span></span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The Post Office Act, passed on the 21st December, 1867, for the +regulation of the Postal Service, will come into operation throughout +the Dominion on and from the 1st April, 1868.</p> + +<p>A copy of the Statute, and of the General Regulations founded +thereon, will be forwarded to every Postmaster, whether in charge of +a regular Post-Office, Way Office or Sub-Office, and to every Railway +Mail Clerk; meanwhile the following summary of the principal provisions +of the Act, as affecting the organization of the Department, in +relation to the several Provinces of the Dominion, the postage rates +to be charged from and after the 1st. April, etc., etc., is supplied for +the information of Postmasters and other persons employed in the +Post Office Service of Canada.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Organization of the Department.</span></h4> + +<p>1. The Superintendence and Management of the Postal Service +of Canada is vested in the Post Office Department, at the seat of Government, +Ottawa, under the direction of the Postmaster General of +Canada.</p> + +<p>2. Subject to the directions of the Postmaster General, the general +management of the business of the Department will be with the +Deputy Postmaster General of Canada.</p> + +<p>3. The local Superintendence of Post Office business, and performance +of such duties as are assigned to them by the Statute, or +entrusted to them from time to time by the Postmaster General, +will be confided to the Post Office Inspectors, of whom there are +seven, stationed and exercising their powers and functions in the +undermentioned Postal Divisions.</p></div> + + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><th align="center"><i>Postal Division.</i></th><th align="center"><i>Post Office Address.</i></th></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nova Scotia</td><td align="right">Halifax, N. S.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">New Brunswick and the Bay Chaleurs, Coast of Gaspé</td><td align="right">Frederickton, for the present</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Province of Quebec, as far West as Three Rivers</td><td align="right">Quebec</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Province of Quebec, from Three Rivers Westward</td><td align="right">Montreal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Province of Ontario, as far as Cobourg</td><td align="right">Kingston</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Province of Ontario, from Cobourg to Hamilton</td><td align="right">Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Province of Ontario, from Hamilton Westward</td><td align="right">London</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><!-- Page 101 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>4. All Postmasters, including Way Office and Sub-Office Keepers, +are continued in Office, and all Bonds and Mail Contracts continued +in force, subject to the ordinary conditions of such appointments and +engagements, and to the future action of the Department.</p> + +<h4>PRINCIPAL RATES OF POSTAGE.</h4> + +<h5>LETTERS.</h5> + +<p>5. On letters passing between any two places within the Dominion +of Canada, a uniform rate, (irrespective of distance) of three +cents per ½ oz., if prepaid; and five cents per ½ oz., if posted unpaid.</p> + +<p>6. On letters between any place in the Dominion and any place in +the United States, 6 cents per ½ oz., if prepaid; and 10 cents per +½ oz., if posted unpaid.</p> + +<p>7. On letters to or from the United Kingdom, in Mails by Canada +Packets, to or from Quebec in summer, or Portland in winter; or by +Mail Packet to or from Halifax, 12½ cents per ½ oz.</p></div> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">On do. in Mails via New York Packet</td><td align="right" class="in1r">15</td><td align="left">cents per ½ oz.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">On letters to Prince Edward Island, if prepaid,</td><td align="right" class="in1r">3</td><td align="left">cents per ½ oz.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">if posted unpaid,</td><td align="right" class="in1r">5</td><td align="left">cents per ½ oz.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">On letters to Newfoundland, to be in all cases prepaid,</td><td align="right">12½</td><td align="left">cents per ½ oz.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">On letters to British Columbia and Vancouver Island,<br />in all cases to be prepaid,</td><td align="right" class="in1r">10</td><td align="left">cents per ½ oz.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">On letters to Red River, to be in all cases prepaid,</td><td align="right" class="in1r">6</td><td align="left">cents per ½ oz.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">On letters to Red River, to be in all cases prepaid,</td><td align="right" class="in1r">6</td><td align="left">cents per ½ oz.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><h4>NEWSPAPER RATES.</h4> + +<p>8. Newspapers printed and published in Canada may be sent +by Post from the office of publication to any place in Canada at the +following rates, if paid quarterly in advance, either by the Publisher, +at the Post Office where the papers are posted or by the subscriber, +at the Post Office where the papers are <span class="nobreak">delivered:—</span></p></div> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">For a paper published</td><td align="left">once a week</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="left">cents per quarter of a year.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in2">do</td><td align="left">twice a week</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="left" class="in2">do</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in2">do</td><td align="left">three times</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="left" class="in2">do</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in2">do</td><td align="left">six times</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="left" class="in2">do</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>If the above rates are prepaid by the Publisher, the Postmaster +receiving payment must be careful to have the papers so prepaid separately +put up, and marked, distinctly, as prepaid.</p> + +<p>When the above rates are not prepaid in advance, by either the +Publisher at the Office of posting or by the subscriber at the Office +of delivery, the papers are to be charged one cent each on delivery.</p> + +<p>9. Canadian Newspapers, addressed from the Office of publication +to subscribers in the United Kingdom, the United States, Prince Ed<!-- Page 102 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>ward +Island and Newfoundland, may be forwarded, on prepayment at +the Office in Canada where posted, at the above commuted rates, applicable +to such papers within the Dominion.</p> + +<p>10. Exchange Papers passing between publishers in Canada, and between +publishers in Canada and publishers in the United States, Prince +Edward Island and Newfoundland, are to pass free—one copy of each +paper to each publisher.</p> + +<p>11. Transient Newspapers include all Newspapers posted in Canada, +other than Canada Newspapers sent from the Office of publication, +and when addressed to any place within the Dominion, to the United +Kingdom, to the United States, Prince Edward Island or Newfoundland, +must be prepaid two cents each by postage stamp.</p> + +<p>12. Newspapers coming into Canada will be subject to the following +charges on delivery:</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>If from the United Kingdom, by mail packet to Quebec, Halifax +or Portland—Free on delivery.</p> + +<p>By mails viâ the United States (New York), Two cents each.</p> + +<p>If from the United States, two cents each, to be rated at the +Canada Frontier, or exchange Office receiving mails from the +United States.</p> + +<p>If from Prince Edward Island or Newfoundland, when received +by regular subscribers in Canada from the Office of publication, +the ordinary commuted rates applicable to Canada +Newspapers.</p> + +<p>Transient Papers—two cents each.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>13. The Canada Postage rates on Newspapers coming or going +to the United Kingdom and the United States, will thus be the same +as those charged in the United Kingdom and the United States on +Newspapers there received from or sent to Canada.</p> + +<p>14. Canada News Agents may post to regular subscribers in Canada, +British Newspapers free, and United States Newspapers unpaid, +such papers in the latter case, must be duly rated two cents each for +collection on delivery.</p> + +<h4>PRINTED PAPERS, CIRCULARS, PRICES CURRENT, HAND BILLS, +BOOKS, PAMPHLETS.</h4> + +<p>15. The rate on printed matter of this description posted in +Canada, and addressed to any place in Canada, Prince Edward Island, +Newfoundland or the United States, will be one cent per ounce, to be +prepaid by Postage Stamp; and a like rate will be payable on delivery, +when received from the United States, Prince Edward Island or Newfoundland.</p> + +<h4>PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS.</h4> + +<p>16. When posted in Canada for any place in Canada, Prince +Edward Island, Newfoundland or the United States, the rate will be +one cent per four ounces.<!-- Page 103 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p> + +<p>17. A like rate will be payable on delivery in Canada, when received +from the United States, Prince Edward Island or Newfoundland.</p> + +<p>18. Periodicals weighing less than one ounce per number, when +posted in Canada for any place within the Dominion, Prince Edward +Island, Newfoundland or the United States may, when put up singly, +pass for one half cent per number, to be prepaid by Postage Stamp.</p> + +<p>19. As the Postage Rates on Periodicals, other than Newspapers, +will be payable in advance, and as certain classes of such periodicals, +printed and published in Canada, and sent from the office of publication +to regular subscribers, have for some time past been exempted +from postage where exclusively devoted to the education of youth, +to temperance, agriculture and science, or for other reasons, it is +ordered, that with respect to periodicals which do now enjoy this privilege +or exemption, the exemption shall continue until the expiration +of the current year—that is until the 31st December, 1868, and that +from the 1st. January, 1869, all such special exemptions and privileges +shall cease.</p> + +<h4>PARCEL POST.</h4> + +<p>20. The rate on Parcels, by Parcel Post, will be 12½ cents per +8 ounces, that is to <span class="nobreak">say:—</span></p></div> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">On a parcel not exceeding 8 oz</td><td align="left">12½ cents</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Over 8 oz., and not exceeding 1 lb</td><td align="left">25 cents</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Over 1 lb., and not exceeding 24 oz</td><td align="left">37½ cents</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" class="in1">And so on, to the limit of three lbs.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<div class="blockquot"><h4>BOOK AND NEWSPAPER MANUSCRIPT, AND OTHER +MISCELLANEOUS MATTER.</h4> + +<p>21. On Book and Newspaper Manuscript (meaning written articles +intended for insertion in a newspaper or periodical, and addressed to +the Editor or Publisher thereof, for insertion), Printers' Proof Sheets, +whether corrected or not, Maps, Prints, Drawings, Engravings, Music, +whether printed or written, packages of Seeds, Cuttings, Roots, +Scions or Grafts, and Botanical Specimens, the rate will be 1 cent per +ounce, when posted for any place in Canada or the United States, and +prepaid by Postage Stamp.</p> + +<h4>POSTAGE STAMPS.</h4> + +<p>22. To enable the Public to prepay conveniently by Postage +Stamp the foregoing rates, the following denominations of Postage +Stamps for use throughout the Dominion, have been prepared, and will +be supplied to Postmasters for <span class="nobreak">sale:—</span></p></div><p><!-- Page 104 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">Half Cent</td><td align="center">Stamps</td> +<td align="center" rowspan="7"><span style="font-size:800%">}</span></td> +<td align="left" rowspan="7">All bearing, as a device, the effigy of Her Majesty.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">One cent</td><td align="center">do</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Two cent</td><td align="center">do</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Three cent</td><td align="center">do</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Six cent</td><td align="center">do</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Twelve and a half cent</td><td align="center">do</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Fifteen cent</td><td align="center">do</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>23. The Postage Stamps now in use in the several Provinces may +be accepted, as at present, in prepayment of letters, etc., for a reasonable +time after the 1st of April; but from and after that date all +issues and sales to the public will be of the new denomination.</p> + +<h4>FRANKING AND FREE MATTER.</h4> + +<p>The following matter is exempt from Canadian <span class="nobreak">Postage:—</span></p> + +<p>24. All letters and other mailable matter addressed to or sent +by the Governor of Canada.</p> + +<p>25. All letters or other mailable matter addressed to or sent by +any Department of the Government, at the seat of Government at +Ottawa, under such regulations as may from time to time be made +by the Governor in Council.</p> + +<p>26. All letters and other mailable matter addressed to or sent +by the Speaker or Chief Clerk of the Senate or of the House of Commons, +or to or by any Member of either House, at the Seat of Government, +during any Session of Parliament—or addressed to any of +the Members or Officers in this section mentioned at the Seat of +Government as aforesaid, during the ten days next before the meeting +of Parliament.</p> + +<p>27. All public documents and printed papers sent by the Speaker +or Chief Clerk of the Senate or of the House of Commons to any Member +of either House during the recess of Parliament.</p> + +<p>28. All papers printed by order of either House sent by Members +of either House during the recess of Parliament.</p> + +<p>29. Petitions and Addresses to either of the Provincial Legislatures +of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, or to any +branch thereof; and votes, proceedings and other papers, printed by +order of any such Legislature, or any branch thereof, during any Session +thereof,—provided such petitions and addresses, votes, proceedings +and other papers, are sent without covers, or in covers open at +the ends or sides, and contain no Letter or written communication to +serve the purpose of a Letter.</p> + +<p>30. Letters and other mailable matter (except that provided for +as above) addressed to or sent by the Provincial Governments or Legislatures +of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, will be +liable to the ordinary rates of Postage.<!-- Page 105 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p> + +<p>31. Public documents and printed papers sent under the foregoing +clauses should bear, as part of the address, the bona fide superscription +of the Speaker, Chief Clerk, or Officer specially deputed for this purpose +to act for those functionaries, or of the Member sending the same.</p> + +<p>32. The privilege of free transmission, as above described, has +effect only as respects Canada Postage rates.</p> + +<p>33. All letters and other mailable matter to and from the Postmaster +General and the Deputy Postmaster General, and all Official communications to and from the Post Office Department, and to and +from the Post Office Inspectors, are to pass free of Canadian Postage.</p> + +<p>34. All letters and communications on the business of the Post +Office Department, intended for the Post Office Department at Ottawa, +should be invariably addressed to "The Postmaster General." The +branch of the Department for which the letter or communication is +intended should be written on the left hand upper corner of the letter, +<span class="nobreak">thus:—</span></p> + +<p> +"For Accountant"<br /> +"For Secretary"<br /> +[etc.]<br /> +</p> + +<p>as the case may be, but the main direction must be to the Postmaster +General, or Deputy Postmaster General.</p> + +<p>35. All letters containing a remittance on account of the Public +Revenue sent by any Postmaster in Canada to a Bank or Bank Agency; +and all remittances or acknowledgements sent by a Bank or Bank +agency, on account of Public Revenue, to any Postmaster in Canada, +are to pass free through the Post, as respects both postage and registration +charge.</p> + +<p>36. No change is made in the Way or Sub-Office system of Nova +Scotia and New Brunswick, Quebec or Ontario.</p> + +<p>37. No change is made in the Money Order System.</p> + +<p>38. A system of Post Office Savings Banks will be instituted on +the 1st. April, and will be extended as quickly as practicable to all the +principal cities, towns and places throughout the Dominion.</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 19em;">A. CAMPBELL, <i>Postmaster General</i>.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85" id="Footnote_85"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> 30<sup>o</sup>—31<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. III.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr class="long" /> +<p><!-- Page 106 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII<br /> +<br /> +THE ISSUE OF 1868</h2> + + +<p>A glance at the new regulations quoted in the last chapter will show +that there is no five or seventeen cent prepaid rate, and but one at ten +cents—to British Columbia and Vancouver Island; as a result these +three denominations are not found in the new set of Dominion postage stamps. +On the other hand the half cent transient newspaper rate, the three cent letter +rate, with its double at six cents, and the new British Packet rate via New York +of fifteen instead of seventeen cents, necessitated these four additional denominations +in the new series.</p> + +<p>The stamps themselves are as usual line engraved on steel, and present +more "continuity of design" throughout the set than before. The main feature +of this design is a circular medallion bearing a diademed profile portrait +of Queen Victoria to right, on a horizontally lined ground. Arched +above this medallion are the words CANADA POSTAGE, and beneath it the +value, both in words and Arabic numerals, a slightly different arrangement +occurring on each denomination. Foliations of acanthus pattern fill in the +remainder of the design, making the outline somewhat irregular. The stamps +are fairly large, averaging 20 × 24 mm. in size, except the half cent, which +is considerably smaller, being only 17 × 21 mm. They will be found illustrated +as Nos. 17, 16, 18, 20, 22, 23 and 24 on <a href="#Plate_I">Plate I</a>.</p> + +<p>The stamps were printed in sheets of 100, ten rows of ten, and by the +imprint we find they were the product of a new concern. This imprint appears +in colorless capitals on a narrow strip of color with bossed ends, and +reads BRITISH AMERICAN BANK NOTE CO. MONTREAL & OTTAWA. +This strip is framed by a very thin parallel line, its entire width being +but one millimeter, while its length is about 51 mm. It occurs but once on +a side, being placed against the middle two stamps (numbers 5 and 6) of +each row at a distance of about 3 mm. (see illustration 107 on <a href="#Plate_IX">Plate IX</a>.) +The inscription reads up on the left and down on the right, as before, but the +bottom one is now upright, instead of being reversed.</p> + +<p>In the case of the half cent stamp at least, we find an additional marginal<!-- Page 107 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> +imprint over the second and third stamps of the top row. This consists of +the words HALF CENT, in shaded Roman capitals 4 mm. high, the whole +being about 40 mm. long, (illustration 119 on <a href="#Plate_XI">Plate XI</a>). Presumably the +same thing, varied for each denomination, occurs on other values of the series, +as we find it does on the succeeding issue; but a strip from the top of a sheet of +the 15 cent stamps proves that it was lacking on that value at least.</p> + +<p>The normal colors of the stamps of this series are approximately:—½ +cent, black; 1 cent, brown red; 2 cents, green; 3 cents, deep red; 6 cents, +dark brown; 12½ cents, deep blue; 15 cents, mauve. We say approximately, +since there is considerable variation as may be noted by a glance at the Reference +List. Particularly is this the case with the 15 cent stamp. The earliest +tint is the one we have noted—mauve; but the stamp was in practically continuous +use down to 1900, and the gamut of shades and colors through which +it passed in that time is almost equal to the 10 cent stamp of the preceding +issue.</p> + +<p>Of the approximate dates of issue of some of the more pronounced shades +of the 15 cent stamp it is possible to give an idea through the chronicles of +various contemporary magazines which noted them. The original stamp we +know was in a mauve tint, and was so chronicled in the <i>Stamp Collector's +Magazine</i> for May 1868 (VI: 71). The <i>American Journal of Philately</i> +for April 20, 1868, (I:18) describes it as "lilac". The <i>Stamp Collector's +Magazine</i> in December, 1874 (XII: 182) says it has "just appeared in a +dull deep mauve." Next M. Moens notes that it has become gray lilac, in +<i>Le Timbre-poste</i> for March, 1877. Again in the issue for June, 1880, he +records it in bright violet, while in May, 1881, it is described as a dark slate +color (<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">ardoise foncé</i>). In the July, 1888, issue of the <i>Halifax Philatelist</i> +the color is said to have reverted to the mauve tint of the first printings except +that it was "more bluish", and once more in May, 1890, the <i>Dominion +Philatelist</i> states that "The Canada 15c. has again changed color. It is now +bright violet." Finally, in <i>Mekeel's Weekly</i> for March 12, 1896, under +"Canadian Notes", we read that "quite a large stock is still on hand in the P.O. +Department, but no more are being printed. What are going out now are the +remainders of various batches. They are coming in all shades; some being +almost the first issue colors."</p> + +<p>It remains to note two additions to this series. The first was a change +in color:—the 1 cent and 3 cent stamps were quite naturally found to be too +nearly alike in shade to properly differentiate them in the rush of post office busi<!-- Page 108 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>ness. +Hence the 1 cent was changed to an orange yellow, appearing in its new +dress in 1809. The exact date seems not to be available, but we find it first noted +in <i>The Philatelist</i> for April 1, 1809, in these words:—"The 1 cent and 3 c. +of this colony have been hitherto almost identical in hue; that anomaly is now +rectified by the recent emission of the former value in bright orange." In +the "Summary for the year 1809", the same paper credits the issue to January, +1869.<a name="FNanchor_86" id="FNanchor_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a></p> + +<p>The second addition was a 5 cent stamp, which is a bit of an anomaly +inasmuch as it is a companion in size and design to the 1868 series, but was +issued on October 1, 1875, after the series in reduced size, begun in 1870, +had been practically completed. The explanation is simple: the die of this +large 5 cent stamp had been engraved in 1867 with the other values of the +first Dominion series,<a name="FNanchor_87" id="FNanchor_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> but as there were no rates requiring such a denomination +in the set, it was not issued. When in 1875 the need for a 3 cent value +arose, the unused die was employed to make a plate for temporary use, +until a new die conforming in size and design with the small stamps could +be prepared. The large 5 cent stamp is thus really in the nature of a provisional, +for its smaller and permanent successor followed it in about four +months.</p> + +<p>The statement is often made that the 5 cent denomination was required +because of Canada's entry into the Universal Postal Union, which was instituted +on July 1, 1875. The statement has elements of truth in it, inasmuch +as the indirect results of Canada's application produced the 5 cent rate which +required the new stamp; but the statement is not exact because Canada was +not actually admitted to the Postal Union until three years later. The Postmaster +General's Reports tell the story. The Report for 30th June, 1875 +<span class="nobreak">says:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>A treaty for the formation of a General Postal Union, and for +the adoption of uniform postage rates and regulations for International +correspondence, was arranged and signed at Berne, Switzerland, +in October, 1874, by the representatives of the Post Offices of +the chief Nations of the world. This agreement took effect between +all the countries which were directly parties to the Treaty, in July last.<!-- Page 109 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></p> + +<p>The Treaty did not include the British Possessions beyond the sea, +but Canada has, with the concurrence of the Imperial Government, +applied for admission as a member of this Postal Union. Meanwhile +the letter rate of postage between Canada and the United Kingdom +has, by arrangement with the Imperial Post Office, been reduced to +the International rate of 2½ pence sterling—5 cents currency, +established by the Union regulations; and this reduction has also +been made applicable to correspondence passing by way of New York, +making the rate between Canada and the United Kingdom uniform +at 5 cents by whatever route conveyed.</p></div> + +<p>From the Report of 30th June, 1876 we find that the application of +Canada for admission to the Universal Postal Union was not successful owing +to the opposition of France. Because of differences with Great Britain in +regard to admitting Colonies beyond the seas at the same rates as European +countries, British India and the French Colonies had been admitted with +a reduced rate of 6 pence per half ounce letter, so as to include cost of sea +transit. France contended that Canada should be kept to the same terms. +From the Report of 30th June, 1877 we learn that Canada by treaty had +obtained the Postal Union rate of 5 cents with Germany, including Prussia, +Saxony, Hanover, Bavaria, Baden and Wurtemberg. The letter rate with +Newfoundland had also been reduced from 6 cents to 5 cents per half ounce.</p> + +<p>The Report for 30th June, 1878 brings matters to <span class="nobreak">fruition:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>At the meeting of the International Postal Congress, which, +under the provisions of the Postal Treaty of Berne, concluded in +October, 1874, took place at Paris in May, 1878, Canada was admitted +to be a member of the General Postal Union from the 1st +July, 1878, and in consequence the rate of letter postage between Canada +and all Europe became one uniform charge of 5 cents per half +ounce. Newspapers and other printed matter, and samples and +patterns of merchandise also became subject to uniform postage +rates and regulations for all destinations in Europe. Existing postal +arrangements between the United States and Canada were, by mutual +agreement, allowed to remain undisturbed by the entry of Canada +into the Union, under a provision of the General Postal Union +Treaty applicable to such a case.</p></div> + +<p>The last remark refers to the treaty which took effect on 1st February, +1875, by which letters posted in Canada or the United States could be sent +to the other country at the single domestic rate of three cents—of which more +later.<!-- Page 110 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span></p> + +<p>This large 5 cent stamp was of course line engraved like the rest of the +series, and issued in sheets of 100, ten rows of ten. The sheet bore four marginal +imprints, arranged as before, but of a slightly different type from the +1868 issue. This new imprint is in capitals and lower case letters on a colored +strip 56 mm. long and 2½ mm. wide, with a border of pearls, and reads: +"British American Bank Note Co. Montreal." Doubtless the words "FIVE +CENTS" in shaded Roman capitals would be found over the second and third +stamps of the top row if one were fortunate enough to possess this portion of a +sheet. The stamp is illustrated as No. 21 on <a href="#Plate_I">Plate I</a>, and the marginal imprint is +of the type shown in illustration No. 118 on <a href="#Plate_XI">plate XI</a>. The normal color +of this 5 cent stamp is an olive gray, and it is perforated 12, as are all the +other values of the set.</p> + +<p>The paper upon which the series of 1868 was printed was in general an +ordinary white wove variety which varied considerably from a very thin, almost +pelure quality to a quite hard and thick variety. Laid paper also makes its appearance +again in this set. In Messrs. Corwin and King's article<a name="FNanchor_88" id="FNanchor_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> we read:—"The +3 cents on laid paper was first brought to attention in the <i>Philatelic +Record</i> for March, 1882,<a name="FNanchor_89" id="FNanchor_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> wherein it was stated that Mr. Tapling had a copy +in his collection. The 1 cent was first mentioned in the <i>National Philatelist</i> +for January, 1883, by Mr. Corwin, its discoverer, in these words: 'Some time +since I saw noted in the <i>Philatelic Record</i> the existence of a 3 cent Canada +stamp, emission of 1868, on laid paper. In looking through my Canadian +varieties, after reading this note, I discovered also a copy of the one cent +red, same emission, on laid paper'". The 1 cent yellow is likewise catalogued +by the London Society,<a name="FNanchor_90" id="FNanchor_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> but the following remark is added: "The One +Cent, yellow, on laid paper, is not known to the Society. It is taken from +<i>The Halifax Philatelist</i> for July, 1888, page 74." Concerning this Messrs. +Corwin and King state:<a name="FNanchor_91" id="FNanchor_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> "This was inserted in the <i>Halifax Philatelist</i> in +error; so far as we know this stamp does not exist. The original sin of +chronicling this stamp, however, rests with M. Moens, for in the <i>Philatelic +Record</i> for January, 1883, the fact is stated that M. Moens states that he +knows of the existence of the 1c. orange on laid paper." Mr. Charles Lathrop +Pack adds his testimony against this quondam stamp:<a name="FNanchor_92" id="FNanchor_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> "I do not be<!-- Page 111 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>lieve +that the 1c, yellow, exists on laid paper, None of the large collectors +of Canada or of this country have seen it, and I believe there is no real authority +for listing it." There was none: and now that we have tracked it down, +the laugh seems to be on the <i>Philatelic Record</i>, and M. Moens is absolved +from his "original sin." In <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le Timbre-Poste</i> for January, 1883, under the +heading <span class="smcap">Canada</span> we read: "Semblable au 3 cents, 1868, sur papier <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">vergé</i> +blanc, il existe: 1 cent, brun-orange." This was the information quoted in +the <i>Philatelic Record</i>,<a name="FNanchor_93" id="FNanchor_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> but the translator evidently mistook the proper rendering +of the French color name as <i>orange-brown</i>, and translated it simply +<i>orange</i>, whence the error spread. We can therefore dispose quite effectually +of the question and of the phantom stamp in the same breath.</p> + +<p>Concerning the laid paper stamps Messrs. Corwin and King say they +"must have been among the first issued, as we have seen a copy of the 1 cent, +red-brown, postmarked November 27, 1868."<a name="FNanchor_94" id="FNanchor_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> That this must have been the +case is proved by the existence of the 1 cent in brown-red and not in yellow, +as would have been the case if the paper were used in 1869 or thereafter. +<i>Mekeel's Weekly</i><a name="FNanchor_95" id="FNanchor_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> also records the 3 cent on a cover bearing date of August +31, 1868.</p> + +<p>The 15 cent stamp was reported in the <i>American Journal of Philately</i> +for October, 1892, in these words: "Mr. F. de Coppet has shown us a 15 c. +of the 1868 issue on thin paper, horizontally laid," and the stamp is described +as "violet". We have not seen a copy, but if it was in the early "mauve" tint +it probably was a companion of the 1 cent and 3 cents, the latter being found +on both thick and thin horizontally laid paper according to Messrs. Corwin +and King's lists. If the "violet" was of the gray shades, it belonged to a +later printing and not with the early stamps. Mr. Pack lists another variety +still<a name="FNanchor_96" id="FNanchor_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a>: "I also have a copy of the 15 c. on distinctly soft ribbed paper." This +stamp is in the lilac gray shade and therefore belongs to later printings as we +shall see, for this ribbed paper is found in all values of the small stamps of +the succeeding issue.</p> + +<p>One other variety of paper needs our attention, and that is the watermarked +paper. The fact of its use was early known to collectors, for in <i>The +Philatelist</i> for February, 1870, in an article on "British North America" by +W. Dudley Atlee, after the "Issue for Confederation" is the following<!-- Page 112 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> +"Note.—There is also in the last series of adhesives a Three Cent printed on +paper <i>watermarked</i> with maker's name; these were most probably issued after +the thin paper and before the usual stout paper emissions." Mr. H. F. +Ketcheson, commenting on the above in 1889,<a name="FNanchor_97" id="FNanchor_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> remarks: "the one cent red +also appears on same paper, as I have two specimens of each in my possession." +The <i>Halifax Philatelist,</i><a name="FNanchor_98" id="FNanchor_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> in its contemporary issue, also happened to +note the discovery of two more values: "Mr. F. C. Kaye has shown us the +2 cent and 6 cent of the 1868 issue, with large watermarked letters of the +same type as those in the 1 cent and 3 cent." The 12½ and 15 cent were later +found, but the ½ cent and 1 cent yellow have never been discovered. This +latter fact doubtless determines the period when the paper was used, for, like +the laid paper, if employed in 1869 or later we should find the 1 cent yellow +instead of brown red printed on it. On the other hand, it could not have +been used when the first consignments were being printed, probably early in +1868, or the ½ cent would be included in the series. This is determined by +the fact that the first supply of the ½ cent lasted until the fiscal year of +1871-2, before any further printings were made. The watermarked paper +must therefore have been used sometime during the course of the year 1868, +probably the middle, when supplies of all values except the ½ cent were +printed.</p> + +<p>For the determination of the character of the watermark we are indebted +to Mr. John N. Luff, whose thoroughness and acumen when delving into a +philatelic problem are proverbial. The result of his study was published in +1895<a name="FNanchor_99" id="FNanchor_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> and we take the following extracts from his interesting <span class="nobreak">paper:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Most philatelic writers, when treating of the Canadian issue +of 1868-75, give small space to the series watermarked with large +letters. Most of them make a few speculative remarks as to the +probable watermark and then drop the subject. So far as I am +aware, no one has taken the trouble to ascertain what the watermark +actually is. The London Society in the <i>North American Colonies +of Great Britain</i> says: "Some of the stamps on wove paper have +been catalogued with a watermark, consisting of various letters. +It is probable that these letters are portions of the name of the +papermaker, which most likely exists in the margin of the sheets." +Other writers are equally superficial. The <i>Catalogue for Advanced +Collectors</i> says: "Although we catalogue as varieties the stamps on<!-- Page 113 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> +watermarked paper, it is very possible that these form a separate +issue. It may have happened that the printers, having-run short +of the regular paper, replaced it by some similar paper that they had +in stock, bearing this watermark"....</p> + +<p>In the <i>Stamps of British North America</i>, by Messrs. C. B. Corwin +and Donald A. King (<i>Metropolitan Philatelist</i>, June 1891), this +watermark is given more attention. The possibility that it is the +words "Canada Postage" or "Canada Post Office Department" is discussed +and rejected, because the authors have found certain letters +and pairs of letters which do not occur in these words.</p> + +<p>It has seemed to me that it would be of interest, probably of +value, to know exactly what this watermark is. I have therefore +given the matter considerable study, and now have the pleasure of +presenting the result to your readers. The extensive stock of the +Scott Stamp & Coin Co., being placed at my disposal, together with +a quantity of stamps from private sources ... I believe I have correctly +reconstructed the watermark.</p> + +<p>As the broadest letter measures only 12 mm., and the stamps +are about 23mm. from center to center of perforations, there are +usually parts of two or three letters on each stamp. I have found +a large number of single letters, pairs, portions of three letters, and +in one instance, a pair and parts of two letters. Of many combinations +I have found several examples. I have also found quite a number +of stamps showing parts of two rows of letters, one above the +other.</p> + +<p>Taking these in sequence we reconstruct the watermark</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/i113.jpg" width="600" height="164" alt="E. & G. BOTHWELL CLUTHA MILLS" +title="Reconstruction of watermark (see description in text)." /> +</div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The reader will please bear in mind, that when the stamps are +viewed from the back, the letters read from right to left (at least +when the sheets were placed normally in the press) as is usual with +the Crown and CC, CA and other watermarks.</p> + +<p>The letters are plain double lined capitals, except the third in +the first line, C, which is more fancy, having a decided hook at the +end of the lower curve and the upper curve ending in a point, instead +of being cut off squarely, as in the case of the other letters. The<!-- Page 114 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> +E and C are followed by periods 2½ mm. square. The initial capitals +E, C and B are 13 mm. high, the other letters 12½ mm. The +upper row is about 140 mm. long, the lower about 122 mm., and the +distance between the rows 11½ mm. The watermark will thus fall +on twelve stamps in each sheet of one hundred. But it cannot be +argued from this that the stamps with watermark are only eight times +as rare as those without, as we must take into consideration the +proportionately large number of sheets on ordinary unwatermarked +paper. The sheets were apparently placed on the press without much +care, as the letters are frequently found reversed and inverted. I +have not however found any placed vertically, nor have I found any +other letters than the above....</p> + +<p>As to the position of the watermark in the sheets, I believe it +to be central. Its height, 37 mm., is great for a marginal watermark, +and the fact that none of the letters have been found vertically, +as is so frequently the case with marginal watermarks, is +also in favor of a central location. We might also expect to find +stamps on watermarked paper showing, as is not uncommon, the imprint +of the contractors above or below, if the watermark were marginal. +I, at least, have found none.</p></div> + +<p>Mr. Luff considers that the watermarked stamps "are on an unofficial +paper used temporarily," which is without doubt the case, at least as far +as the temporary nature goes. He says further: "Compared with the large +number without watermark, they are sufficiently scarce to indicate a provisional +use of the paper and at the same time there are enough of them to show +that a considerable number of sheets were printed."</p> + +<p>For other varieties in this series we have the ½ cent on "bluish-white +wove paper", listed by M. Moens in the sixth edition of his catalogue. Messrs. +Corwin and King say this "corresponds to our grayish paper, the shade sometimes +being quite intense." But they list the entire series on "thin, soft, +grayish wove paper", as well as the ½ cent and 1 cent brown-red on "pelure +grayish paper". It may be that imperfect wiping of the plates had left an +extra grayish tint upon the paper of the specimen that Moens singled out for +cataloguing, just as occurred in the case of most values of the Post Office Department +stamps of the United States.</p> + +<p>Messrs. Corwin and King<a name="FNanchor_100" id="FNanchor_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> give an extremely lengthy reference list of +this issue on no less than <i>seventeen</i> varieties of paper, with the remark that, +"every variety we mention is distinct from any other", but, with Major +Evans, we must remark that "we confess we are unable to follow our friend<!-- Page 115 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> +Mr. King through all the intricacies of these varieties of paper ... but the +differences are, perhaps, more real than is indicted in the descriptions." On +inspection the "seventeen varieties" seem to combine themselves into I: laid +paper, of thick and thin qualities; II: watermarked paper; III: yellowish wove +paper, very thin to very thick; and IV: grayish wove paper, from pelure to +very thick. In both of the wove papers are found the differences due to the +process of manufacture, the even texture of the plain wove variety and the +mottled texture of the so-called "wire-wove" variety.</p> + +<p>The paper used for this issue is responsible for variations in the size of +the stamps similar in character and origin to those we have already thoroughly +discussed in connection with the 7½ and 10 pence stamps of 1855-7. The design +of the series is not calculated to render these variations so apparent as in +the former case, but the extreme variations we have found have been carefully +noted and are presented in the following list. It will be seen that the variation +is confined to a half millimeter in each dimension.</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="right">½</td><td align="left">cent,</td><td align="left">16¾</td><td align="left">× 21½</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" colspan="2"></td><td align="left">17</td><td align="left">× 21</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" class="in1r">1</td><td align="left">cent,</td><td align="left">19½</td><td align="left">× 24½</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" colspan="2"></td><td align="left">20</td><td align="left">× 24</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" class="in1r">2</td><td align="left">cents,</td><td align="left">19½</td><td align="left">× 24½</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" colspan="2"></td><td align="left">20</td><td align="left">× 24</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" class="in1r">3</td><td align="left">cents,</td><td align="left">19½</td><td align="left">× 24½</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" colspan="2"></td><td align="left">20</td><td align="left">× 24</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" class="in1r">5</td><td align="left">cents,</td><td align="left">19</td><td align="left">× 24½</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in1">?</td><td align="left" class="in1">?</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" class="in1r">6</td><td align="left">cents,</td><td align="left">20</td><td align="left">× 24½</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" colspan="2"></td><td align="left">20½</td><td align="left">× 24</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">12½</td><td align="left">cents,</td><td align="left">19½</td><td align="left">× 24½</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" colspan="2"></td><td align="left">20</td><td align="left">× 24</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" class="in1r">15</td><td align="left">cents,</td><td align="left">19¾</td><td align="left">× 24½</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" colspan="2"></td><td align="left">20</td><td align="left">× 24</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>It is also stated that these stamps exist perforated 11½ × 12,<a name="FNanchor_101" id="FNanchor_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> as well as +the usual 12 all around. As the perforation was done by guillotine machines, +this would apparently indicate a machine of 11½ gauge used for the vertical +perforations, and we should expect to find some stamps at least perforated +12 × 11½, if not 11½ all around. Such do not seem to have been reported and +we have no further information concerning the variety mentioned.</p> + +<p>For imperforate stamps in this series we find the 1 cent, yellow, and the +15 cents in a peculiar shade of brown violet. The former is known only in +cancelled condition, we believe, but we are able to illustrate an unused block of +four of the latter as No. 107 on <a href="#Plate_IX">Plate IX</a>.</p> + +<p>The only case of the use of a split stamp in this issue that we have to +record is of the 6 cent, cut diagonally and used for the ordinary 3 cent rate +on a letter posted at "Annapolis, N. S. JY 2,1869." While having no more +authorization than any other of the occasional Canadian "splits," yet this<!-- Page 116 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> +cover is particularly interesting because of its hailing from Nova Scotia, +where split stamps had been used and recognized for their fractional values +when the local issue was employed. An illustration of this cover will be +found as No. 98 on <a href="#Plate_VIII">Plate VIII</a>.</p> + +<p>Concerning the quantities issued of the various denominations in this +series we cannot be quite as exact as in some of the previous cases. No distinction +was made between the various issues in the tables of amounts received +from the manufacturers, provided the denomination was the same. +In the case of the ½, 3, 6 and 15 cent stamps, which were new values, the +quantities given in the Report for 1868 can be used, but with the 1, 2 and +12½ cent stamps the last deliveries of the 1859 series and the first of the 1868 +series are lumped together. We have already made a tentative division of the +receipts for these latter values,<a name="FNanchor_102" id="FNanchor_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a> however, which we think is safe enough +to use for our purposes. It must be recognized that we are approaching +conditions in the business of the Post Office where the quantity of stamps +used, particularly if they be of low value and are in service for a number of +years, mounts to such an enormous total that the actual figures representing +the numbers issued have practically no philatelic value. While interesting, +therefore, the totals shown below may be "out" by several per cent without +appreciably altering their usefulness—or lack of it.</p> + +<p>With these considerations as a basis, we can lay out the series up to +certain limits as <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Received From Manufacturers</span>.</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> +<td>½c.</td> +<td>1c.</td> +<td>2c.</td> +<td>3c.</td> +<td>6c.</td> +<td>12½c.</td> +<td>15c.</td> +</tr> + +<tr><td align="center">30th June,</td><td align="left">1868</td><td align="right">1,500,000</td><td align="right">2,000,000(?)</td><td align="right">2,000,000(?)</td><td align="right">6,000,000</td> +<td align="right">2,000,000</td><td align="right">500,000(?)</td><td align="right">212,500</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center"> "   "</td><td align="left">1869</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="right" class="in1p3r">9,250,000</td><td align="right" class="in1p3r">4,000,000</td><td align="right">12,000,000</td> +<td align="right">2,000,000</td><td align="right" class="in1p3r">1,000,000</td><td align="right">600,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center"> "   "</td><td align="left">1870</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="right" class="in1p3r">2,300,000</td><td align="right" class="in1p3r">1,300,000</td><td align="right">11,300,000</td> +<td align="right">2,230,000</td><td align="right" class="in1p3r">300,000</td><td align="center">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center"> "   "</td><td align="left">1871</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="right" class="in1p3r">1,800,000</td><td align="center">...</td> +<td align="right">3,070,000</td><td align="right" class="in1p3r">734,000</td><td align="center">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center"> "   "</td><td align="left">1872</td><td align="right">500,000</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="right" class="in1p3r">3,200,000</td><td align="center">...</td> +<td align="right">2,325,000</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center"> "   "</td><td align="left">1873-82</td><td align="right">4,756,700</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td> +<td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center"> "   "</td><td align="left">1876-96</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td> +<td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="right">1,765,400</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">Totals</td><td align="right" class="bt">6,756,700</td><td align="right" class="bt" style="padding-right:1.3em;">13,550,000</td> +<td align="right" class="bt" style="padding-right:1.3em;">12,300,000</td><td align="right" class="bt">29,300,000</td> +<td align="right" class="bt">11,625,000</td><td align="right" class="bt" style="padding-right:1.3em;">2,534,000</td><td align="right" class="bt">2,577,900</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The above table shows that the first deliveries of the ½ cent were sufficient +to last until 1872; from that time there were yearly deliveries approximating +a half million up to the issue of the miniature ½ cent in 1882. The +figures for that year doubtless included a large quantity of this latter stamp, +so we can safely approximate the quantity of the ½ cent of 1868 issued as +6½ millions. The large 1 cent stamp was superseded about March 1870,<!-- Page 117 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> +so the above figures may very likely be reduced by say two millions in 1870, +leaving 11½ millions of the large stamps, but in both brown-red and yellow. +A large part of the 1868-9 deliveries must have been of the brown-red stamp, +however, as the yellow one did not appear until January 1869, and from the +catalog prices the former would seem to be twice as common as the latter. +The large 3 cent was also superseded about January 1870, so that a considerable +portion of the deliveries of 1869-70 were doubtless due its successor. +Some 20 millions or more can without doubt be credited to the 1868 +stamp, nevertheless.</p> + +<p>The 2 cent and 6 cent were both superseded early in 1872, so their totals +can be reduced probably to approximately 10-11 millions for the former and +perhaps 10 millions of the latter.</p> + +<p>With the 12½ and 15 cent stamps we find no successors, but we do +find that none of the former was delivered after 1871, so that our total of +2½ millions is correct, barring our first approximation. From the lists of +"Issues to Postmasters" it is evident that the stamp was regularly used, but +in decreasing quantities, down to 1888, when the last figures "1100" appear. +A summing up of these issues to postmasters (again allowing for the first +approximation) gives us a total of 1,944,100 issued; but of these there were +44,086 returned by the postmasters as unfit for use, the last return (84 +copies) being received in 1893. The result for the 12½ cent stamp is therefore +approximately 1,900,000 issued and used, and some 634,000 probably +destroyed.</p> + +<p>The 15 cent stamp, after the amount received in the 1869 account, +needed no further supplies until the 1875 account, although it was issued +to postmasters each year. The changes in rates in 1875 made it again useful +as a multiple of the 5 cent stamp and in connection with registration. +From that time until 1893 it was regularly printed and delivered, but this +was evidently the end of its usefulness, as the only receipt thereafter was of +400 in 1896—undoubtedly a small remainder which the engravers wanted +to get rid of. It was regularly issued to postmasters, however, up to 1900, +the last amount, 21,350 appearing in that year's accounts, though 70 copies +were turned in for destruction in 1901. Some 31,000 all told were returned +as unfit for use, but the rest were probably all used in the course of business.</p> + +<p>Of the large 5 cent stamp we can only judge as with the preceding. The +Report for 1876 includes the deliveries of both large and small stamps, the +total being 2 millions. As succeeding deliveries of the small stamp averaged<!-- Page 118 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> +a million or more for several years thereafter, it is highly probable that +the above total was evenly divided and that the large 5 cent was at least +printed to the number of a million copies.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Turning now to the Postmaster General's Reports for the several years +during which the large sized stamps were the general issue, we find in the +<i>First Report of the Dominion of Canada, for the Year ending 30th June, +1868,</i> the following remarks concerning the new <span class="nobreak">order:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The Post Office Laws and Regulations of the several Provinces +of the Dominion, in force at the date of the Union, remained in operation +under the authority of the Union Act until superseded by the +statute known as "<i>The Post Office Act 1867</i>", passed in the first session +of the Dominion Parliament, for the regulation of the Postal +Service, and which general Act took effect from the 1st. April, 1868.</p> + +<p>By this Act a uniform system of Post Office organization was +provided for, the ordinary rate of domestic letter postage was reduced +from five cents to three cents per half ounce, and the charge +on letters sent to and received from the United States was at the +same time lowered from ten to six cents per half ounce weight (the +latter being the combination of the three cent letter rates of both +Countries), and lastly, low rates of postage charge were established +for the conveyance of newspapers, periodicals, printed papers, parcels +and other miscellaneous matter by Post.</p> + +<p>In Nova Scotia and New Brunswick the additional newspaper +postage collected under the new Statute, applying equal charges on +newspaper matter throughout the Dominion, approximately balanced +the loss in the reduction of the letter rates, in fact the collections in +Nova Scotia in the first fiscal year after the change in the postage rates, +shew a marked improvement on the revenue of the previous year, +and there has been a material increase in the number of letters passing +by Post in the Maritime Provinces, as well as in Ontario and +Quebec.</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>Postage stamps of denominations corresponding to the reduced +rates of postage authorized by the Post Office Act of 1867, were prepared +by the British American Bank Note Co. at Ottawa, and distributed +by the Department throughout the Dominion for use on +the 1st. April. 1868, from which date the new rates of postage came +into operation.</p></div> + +<p>Some statistics are also given which it will not be out of place to quote +here for future comparison.<!-- Page 119 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p> + +<p>There were 87 new Post Offices established in Ontario and Quebec during +the [fiscal] year and 74 Post Offices and Way Offices in New Brunswick +and Nova Scotia. On the 1st January, 1869, there were 3638 Post +Offices and Way Offices in the Dominion, and <span class="nobreak">also:—</span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td></td><td><i>Miles of <br />Post Route</i></td> +<td><i>Letters <br />Annually</i></td> +<td><i>Revenue</i> <br />(<i>fiscal year</i>)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ontario & Quebec</td><td align="right">18,716</td><td align="right">14,750,000</td><td align="right">$906,663.04</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">New Brunswick</td><td align="right">3,379</td><td align="right">1,350,000</td><td align="right">53,827.80</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nova Scotia</td><td align="right">5,579</td><td align="right">2,000,000</td><td align="right">64,219.77</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">Totals</td><td align="right" class="bt">27,674</td><td align="right" class="bt">18,100,000</td><td align="right" class="bt">1,024,710.61</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>The total correspondence passing between the United States and Canada +is given as $319,352.53, but with no returns from the Maritime +Provinces.</p> + +<p>The next year's Report, dated 30th June, 1869, gives the revenue as +$973,056, a drop of fifty thousand dollars, due to its being the first complete +year since the reduction of the postage rates. The total correspondence +with the United States is also given as $227,699.13, the drop having come +through the reduction to a 6 cent rate, although the Maritime Provinces +were included this time. The Report also notes that "From 1st January, +1870, the Postal rate to the United Kingdom was reduced from 12½ to +6 cents per ½ ounce letter."</p> + +<p>The report for 1870 states that the Postal Packet rate was reduced on +the 1st January, 1870, but does not give the new rate. It is also said that "measures +will be taken to organize the whole postal system of the new Province +of Manitoba on the same footing as the rest of Canada, from an early date."</p> + +<p>The Province of Manitoba, as we have already noted, was admitted +to full privileges in the Dominion on July 15, 1870, and the former Colony +of British Columbia came in on July 20, 1871. The Postmaster General's +Report for 30th June, 1871 says of <span class="nobreak">these:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The rates of postage have been made uniform in both newly confederated +Provinces with those prevailing in the older sections, as +well in respect to correspondence passing between British Columbia +and Manitoba, and the rest of the Dominion, as in regard to the +transmissions within each of the said Provinces.</p> + +<p>Arrangements have been made with the Post Office of the +United States, under which mails to and from British Columbia pass<!-- Page 120 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> +in closed bags (through the United States mails) between Windsor +(Ontario) and Victoria (British Columbia), via San Francisco, for +the conveyance of which through the United States, a transit rate is +paid by the Dominion to the United States Post Office, as in the +case of similar closed mails passing to and from Manitoba.</p></div> + +<p>The report for 30th June 1872 states <span class="nobreak">that:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Arrangements between Canada and Newfoundland came into +effect from 1st. November, 1872, establishing a uniform prepaid rate +of 6 cents per ½ ounce on letters passing between any Post Office +in the Dominion and any Post Office in Newfoundland, instead of +12½ cents as before, and providing that Newspapers, Books, printed +matter and post cards shall be prepaid at ordinary Canadian rates +and vice versâ.</p></div> + +<p>The postal revenue for the year was $1,193,062, it being the first year +that the postal business of British Columbia and Manitoba was included. +The former was credited with 38 Post Offices and the latter with 27 Post +Offices.</p> + +<p>It will be remembered that Prince Edward Island joined the Dominion +on July 1, 1873, and the Report of that year credits the former Colony with +180 Post Offices.</p> + +<p>The report of 30th June, 1874, states that "The System of free-delivery +by letter-carriers in the principal cities, of letters and papers coming +by mail has been commenced at Montreal and Toronto." This was under +the authority of section 36 of <i>The Post Office Act</i> 1867 which we have +already quoted.<a name="FNanchor_103" id="FNanchor_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> The text of a new postal treaty between Canada and the +United States is given from which we make the following <span class="nobreak">excerpts:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">Postal Arrangement<br /> +Between the Dominion of Canada and the United States</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Art. I.</span> Correspondence of every kind, written and printed, ... +[<i>mailed in each country and addressed to the other</i>], shall be fully +prepaid at the domestic postage rates of the country of origin, and the +country of destination will receive, forward and deliver the same free +of charge.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Art. II.</span> Each country will transport the domestic mails of the +other by its ordinary mail routes in closed pouches through its +territory, free of charge.<!-- Page 121 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Art. III.</span> [<i>Patterns and samples, weighing not over 8 oz., unsealed, +10 cents each, prepayment obligatory.</i>]</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Art. IV.</span> [<i>No further accounts to be kept between the two +countries.</i>]</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Art. VIII.</span> The existing arrangements for the exchange of registered +letters between the two countries shall continue in full force; +but the registration fee on registered letters sent from the United +States to Canada shall be the same as the registration fee charged in +the United States for domestic registered letters.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Art. IX.</span> This arrangement, except so far as it relates to letter +postage, shall take effect from the first of January, 1875. The reduced +letter rate will come into operation on the first of February, +1875....</p> + +<p>Done in duplicate and signed at Ottawa the 27th day of January, +1875.</p></div> + +<p>From the above it is seen that the double domestic postage rate on letters between +the two countries, and the keeping of accounts of the total correspondence +passing through the exchange offices, were done away with on the 1st February, +1875, and since that date all such mail matter has passed freely between +the two countries at the ordinary domestic rates of each. The figures given +in this Report were the last for the total correspondence between Canada and +the United States, and were presumably for the seven months from 1st July, +1874, to 1st February, 1875: they were $478,516.91, which would represent +some eight million letters were that the only class included, and all of them +single letters; this would be at the rate of some thirteen million letters +per year, a very respectable figure for the intercommunication of the two +countries.</p> + +<p>Because of further postal changes which came in 1875 and also the fact +that a new type of stamp had gradually been replacing the large sized first +issue of the Dominion during the last few years, we will close this chapter +with the 1874 Report.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86" id="Footnote_86"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> The Philatelist. IV: 42.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87" id="Footnote_87"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> In the first series of the American Journal of Philately for June +1, 1868 (I: 25) we read: "The Canadian Government have had a 5 cent +stamp prepared, engraved of the same type as the present set, the most +noticeable difference being the circle round the head which is corded. +The specimen sent us is printed in brown on India paper, bearing the +Company's imprint underneath."</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88" id="Footnote_88"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, II: 57.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89" id="Footnote_89"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> This is an error, for in Le Timbre-Poste for November, 1877 (XV: +841). M. Moens says: <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">"M. Fouré nous fait remarquer que le 3 cents [1868] +a été imprimé exceptionnellement sur papier vergé."</span></p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90" id="Footnote_90"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> North American Colonies of Great Britain, page 16.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91" id="Footnote_91"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, II: 57.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92" id="Footnote_92"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> London Philatelist, XVI: 144.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93" id="Footnote_93"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Philatelic Record. IV: 213.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94" id="Footnote_94"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, II: 57.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95" id="Footnote_95"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, IX: 64.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96" id="Footnote_96"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> London Philatelist, XVI: 144.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97" id="Footnote_97"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> Dominion Philatelist, I: 5.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98" id="Footnote_98"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> Halifax Philatelist, III: 8.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99" id="Footnote_99"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> American Journal of Philately, VIII: 77.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100" id="Footnote_100"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, II: 55 and Monthly Journal, VIII: 236.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101" id="Footnote_101"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> Monthly Journal, IX: 125.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102" id="Footnote_102"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_88">page 88</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103" id="Footnote_103"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_98">page 98</a>.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr class="long" /> +<p><!-- Page 122 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX<br /> +<br /> +THE SMALL "CENTS" ISSUE, 1870-82</h2> + + +<p>In the <i>American Journal of Philately</i> for August 20, 1869 we find the +following: "Canada is shortly to have a new set of stamps. Taking +lessons in economy from our own country, it seems they are about +altering their stamps to make them smaller, so as to save paper. The head +will still remain exactly the same as now, but the frame and margin around +the head will be considerably less." The 1869 set of the United States was +then in use, and it may well be that the smaller sized stamps appealed to the +authorities in comparison with their own rather large sized productions, +even though their suggested parsimony had nothing to do with it. The current +½ cent stamp was taken as the model, and the other values reduced in +size to correspond with it, while keeping their former colors. The main +features of the designs were therefore retained.</p> + +<p>No special announcement of the new series was made that we have been +able to discover, and they were only introduced, apparently, as stocks of the +large sized stamps on hand were used up. We find the first record of the +change in the <i>American Journal of Philately</i> for February 20, 1870: "The +stamps of the New Dominion have now made their appearance, altered as +described by us last August." Though not specified, this referred to the +3 cent stamp, and its actual issue probably took place in January. <i>The +Philatelist</i> chronicles it in the issue of March 1, 1870, as being of "the same +colour and general description as before". [Illustration No. 28 on <a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>.]</p> + +<p>The next value to appear was the 1 cent, which was noted in the <i>Stamp +Collector's Magazine</i> for April 1, 1870; it was probably issued, therefore, +some time in March, for the <i>American Journal of Philately</i> records it in its +issue of April 20, 1870. [Illustration No. 25 on <a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>.]</p> + +<p>Two years then elapsed before further additions were made, and lent +some color to the report in several European journals that the cause of the +new issue was the destruction by fire in Montreal of the plates of the 1 cent +and 3 cent of 1868, and that the other values of the set would remain as +before. The <i>American Journal of Philately</i> learned, however, that only the<!-- Page 123 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> +press room of the Bank Note Co. was damaged, and that the plates were +intact. At last the 6 cent in reduced size made its appearance and was +chronicled in the <i>American Journal of Philately</i> for February, 1872, to be +followed in the March issue by the announcement of the 2 cent. The former +value must therefore have been issued in January and the latter in February. +[Illustrations Nos. 30 and 26 on <a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>.]</p> + +<p>Again in the <i>American Journal of Philately</i> for November 20, 1874, +we find it "reported" that Canada "has issued a 10c. rose", and the next +issue says it "is printed in a peculiar pale rose, we can not call to mind any +other stamp of this particular tint." The actual issue therefore, was probably +about November 1, 1874. Just what called forth this new value in the +Dominion series does not appear, unless it be the section in the Postal Treaty +between Canada and the United States which fixed the rate on patterns and +samples at 10 cents for not over 8 oz., with prepayment obligatory.<a name="FNanchor_104" id="FNanchor_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> This +rate did not go into effect, however, until January 1, 1875. Of course as a +multiple of the 5 cent rates which came into force on October 1, 1875, the +new 10 cent stamp was very useful, but that was nearly a year subsequent to +its issue. The new stamp is illustrated as No. 32 on <a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>.</p> + +<p>The next of the series to make its appearance was the 5 cent, which was +noted in the <i>American Journal of Philately</i> for February 20, 1876 as having +"just been issued." [Illustration No. 29 on <a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>.] This doubtless +means about the 1st February, so that its large sized predecessor had only +about four months of life. There were now left in the large sized stamps +only the 12½ and 15 cents. In its issue for May, 1872, the <i>Stamp Collector's +Magazine</i> quoted from the <i>Canadian Philatelist</i> as follows:—"It is +unlikely that the 12½ c. small size will be issued, as the large ones are very +little used, and can now be bought at the post-office at 12 cents." This last +statement is rather surprising. Nevertheless, it was announced in the +<i>American Journal of Philately</i> for October, 1879 that "Canada will shortly +issue the 12½ and 15c. values of postals in small size, to correspond with the +others of the series." This paper seemed to have been usually well informed +concerning Canadian postal matters, but the expected new stamps did not +materialize. The dies and plates were undoubtedly prepared, for the 12½ +cent stamp at least exists in a finished state, but is very scarce. Proofs of +both values were illustrated in <i>Le Timbre-Poste</i> for November, 1888, with +the following remarks: <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">"On nous envoie les essais des futurs timbres 12½ et<!-- Page 124 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> +15 centavos qui doivent compléter un peu tardivement, la série des timbres +ŕ ce format. Nos exemplaires sont imprimés, le premier en lilas, le second +en vert sur papier de la Chine."</span> Commenting on this in the <i>American Philatelist</i> +for December, 1888, Mr. W. C. Stone says: "We heard of these some +ten or twelve years ago and saw them both last summer in New York." We +have been fortunate enough to be able to illustrate the 12½ cent (see No. 89 +on <a href="#Plate_V">Plate V</a>) from the Worthington collection, and this finished copy, with full +gum, is in a bright blue as we should expect. We regret that it was impossible +to locate a copy of the reduced 15 cent to illustrate as a companion piece. +The reasons that the plates of these two stamps were never actually brought +into use, though evidently prepared with the other values in smaller size, +were probably these: The 12½ cent of 1868, as we have seen, though issued +to postmasters for several subsequent years, was not printed after 1871, nor +was the old stock exhausted when its use was discontinued. There was therefore +no call for any supply to be printed from the new plate. The 15 cent +was not printed between 1869 and 1875, and after that in such relatively +small quantities each year until 1896, that, unless we are greatly mistaken, +the original plate never wore out, but was used without change to the end.</p> + +<p>The old adage that "history repeats itself" was again exemplified in +Canadian stamps when in July, 1882, the ½ cent stamp, for fourteen years +unaltered, was once more reduced to a smaller size than the regular series. +The general effect of the design remained the same, but the foliate ornamentation +gave place to angular outlines. The illustration will be found as No. 27 +on <a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>.</p> + +<p>All of the above mentioned stamps, except the ½ cent as will be explained, +were line engraved on steel and printed in sheets of 100, ten rows of +ten. The marginal imprints turn out to be of three varieties in this series, +and we have pieced together what information we can concerning them, for +strips with marginal imprints are extremely hard to find now. The first +plates made, including at least the 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 cent stamps, and probably +the 10 cent as well, since that was engraved before the 5 cent, had the denomination +in shaded Roman capitals, 4 mm. high, [Illustration No. 121 +on <a href="#Plate_XI">Plate XI</a>], over stamps 2 and 3 of the top row. Sometimes the shading +is hardly apparent, as in our illustration, but it can be detected. Beginning +over stamp 4, extending over stamps 5 and 6, and ending over stamp 7, is the +inscription we found on the series of 1868 (see illustration 107 on <a href="#Plate_IX">Plate IX</a>), +"BRITISH AMERICAN BANK NOTE CO. MONTREAL & OTTAWA"<!-- Page 125 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> +in colorless Roman capitals in the little strip of color 1 mm. wide and 51 +mm. long. This imprint is also beneath the bottom row of stamps and at +each side, reading up at the left and down at the right [Illustration No. 111 +on <a href="#Plate_X">Plate X</a>]. We have so far not seen this inscription on the 5 cent and +10 cent sheets, and doubt if it exists on the former at least.</p> + +<p>About 1875 the engraving company seem to have dropped their Ottawa +branch, for on the large 5 cent stamp, whose plate was made in that year, we +find the new imprint "British American Bank Note Co. Montreal" in capitals +and lower case letters on a colored strip 56 mm. long and 2½ mm. wide, +having a pearled border. This imprint is found on all four sides of the +sheet, as before, as reference to Plates X, XI and XII will show, and on the +plates of all values. In the case of the 6 and 10 cent stamps, and perhaps some +others as well, the value SIX, TEN, etc. is now found in the shaded Roman +capitals over stamp number 9 of the top row, but lacking the word CENTS. +Over stamp number 2 of the top row is the figure of value, 6 mm. high, +[Illustration No. 118, <a href="#Plate_XI">Plate XI</a>]. A sheet of the small 5 cent stamps which +we have seen, however, does not follow this arrangement but reverts to the +first style with FIVE CENTS in the shaded Roman capitals over the first +three stamps of the top row only, though having the four "Montreal" imprints. +Again, a sheet of 3 cent that we have examined has the word THREE alone +in the shaded Roman capitals over the first two stamps of the top row, and the +"Montreal" imprint at the center of the top and bottom rows only, there being +nothing at the sides. A sheet of 1 cent presents still another style, having +the "Montreal" imprint at top and bottom alone, and no other marginal inscriptions. +We have seen no sheet or margin of the 2 cent stamp bearing the +"Montreal" imprint, but it doubtless exists.</p> + +<p>Whether the arrangement of these marginal inscriptions is a special one +for each value, or whether each style described exists in all values there does +not seem to be material enough at hand to determine. Probably neither +statement is wholly in accordance with facts, as there must have been a great +many plates of the 1 cent and 3 cent stamps, with proportionately fewer for +the less used values. There seems to have been no system of plate numbering, +as far as we can discover, though some margins show reversed letters or figures +about 3 to 4 mm. high in various positions; they do not appear to have any +special significance, however.</p> + +<p>In regard to the ½ cent of 1882, which we excepted from the above +statements, there is a special arrangement to consider. The stamp was of<!-- Page 126 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> +course line engraved on steel, as before, but the plate printed two panes of 100 +impressions each, side by side. These panes were the usual 10 × 10 arrangement, +and were separated by a space of 11 mm. through which they were cut +into two "post office sheets". The marginal inscriptions were simply the +"Montreal" imprint [illustration No. 127 on <a href="#Plate_XII">Plate XII</a>] which appeared six +times—at the top and bottom of each pane, in the right margin of the right hand +pane and the left margin of the left hand pane, there being no imprint in the +space between the two panes. Over the top inscription of the right pane is the reversed +figure 1, 4 mm. high, and in the same position on the left pane the corresponding +figure 2, evidently to designate the panes.</p> + +<p>Once again, and this time the fact was noted in some of the philatelic +journals, the imprint was changed. The engraving company had been required +by the Government to do its printing at Ottawa,<a name="FNanchor_105" id="FNanchor_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> and under "Canada +Notes" in <i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i> for December 21, 1892, "Canadensis" +reports: "The new plates of the Canada stamps now bear this imprint: 'British +American Bank Note Co. Ottawa', instead of Montreal. The matrix being +made from the old die are exactly like the previous issues." The new imprint +is a copy of the first one we described, with "Montreal &" omitted. It is 40 +mm. long and 1½ mm. wide and is well shown in illustration No. 123 on +<a href="#Plate_XII">Plate XII</a>. These new plates were doubtless the ones heralded in the <i>Dominion +Philatelist</i> for September, 1892, wherein it is stated that "the present issue +of Canada 3 c. Stamps are being printed and issued in sheets of 200 instead +of 100 as formerly." And again in the same paper for May, 1893: "The +Canada 1c., 2c., and 3c. stamps are now being printed in sheets of 200." This +new sheet arrangement consisted of ten horizontal rows of twenty stamps each. +The "Ottawa" imprint appears three times, once in the middle of the top margin, +over stamps 10 and 11, and twice in the bottom margin, beneath stamps +5 and 6, and again beneath stamps 15 and 16. There are no imprints at the +sides. The denomination appears in the top margin at both right and left +and in a new style of lettering on these larger plates. Thus we find ONE +CENT or TWO CENT over stamps 2 and 3 as well as 18 and 19, or THREE +CENT over the first four and last four stamps in plain Egyptian capitals, +(see illustration No. 120 on <a href="#Plate_XI">Plate XI</a>).</p> + +<p>One other imprint was used on the 2 cent value at least, but we have so +far seen it on no other. It was 49 mm. long and nearly 2 mm. wide, but +otherwise is a duplicate of the smaller "Ottawa" imprint. A portion of it<!-- Page 127 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> +is seen in illustration No. 129 on <a href="#Plate_XIII">Plate XIII</a>. The sheet was in the 10 × 10 form, +and the imprint appeared at top and bottom only, there being no other marginal +inscriptions. From the sheet form it would seem probable that it preceded +the use of the sheets of 200 stamps.</p> + +<p>The colors of these small stamps were intended to be the same as those +of the larger stamps they superseded, and in the main they were so. The orange +and orange yellow shades of the 1 cent stamp appear to have been the earlier +ones, while the yellow tints came in the later printings. The 2 cent follows +the green of its predecessor very closely. The 3 cent, as might be expected, +is more prolific in the variety of shades presented. The <i>Philatelist</i> chronicled +it (March, 1870) in the "same colour as before," while Moens, in <i>Le +Timbre-Poste</i>, was more specific and gave it as red-brown. In May, 1873, +the <i>Stamp Collector's Magazine</i> lists it in orange-vermilion, while <i>The Philatelist</i> +says vermilion and <i>Le Timbre-Poste</i> bright orange. The 5 cent stamp +did not vary a great deal except in tone, though <i>Le Timbre-Poste</i> notes it as +"black-gray" in July, 1877. The 6 cent was also fairly constant in its brown +shade. The 10 cent appeared at first in what, for want of a better name, may +be called a rose-lilac. The <i>Stamp Collector's Magazine</i> called it pale rose, and +the <i>American Journal, of Philately</i> said it was a "peculiar pale rose" which +was a new tint. The latter paper notes it again in a "bright carnation" in +March, 1876, while <i>Le Timbre-Poste</i> in August of the same year chronicles +it in "pale red instead of lilac."</p> + +<p>We have been thus particular in listing the record of early shades because +of the changes which come later.</p> + +<p>In the January, 1888, issue of the <i>Halifax Philatelist</i> we find the following +note under "Canada":—"The plate of the 2 c. stamp has been re-engraved. +Color is now dark green". No details of such re-engraving were +forthcoming, but in the June, 1888, number of the <i>Philatelic Record</i> is a +paragraph which evidently refers to the same stamp:—"A correspondent has +sent us a specimen of the 2 cents, green, which he calls a <i>new die</i>. We fail +to see it; but what we do see is, that the stamp is printed from a lithographed +transfer." This surprising statement seemed to excite no special comment +save from the sagacious M. Moens, who remarks:<a name="FNanchor_106" id="FNanchor_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> +<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">"Nous avons également +reçu ce timbre qui parait lithographié, par suite d'usure de la planche, croyons-nous, +car la feuille entičre que nous avons annonce que l'impression a été faite,<!-- Page 128 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> +comme antérieurement, par la British American Bank Note Co. de Montreal +et Ottawa, qui ne s'occupe pas d'impression lithographique que nous sachions."</span></p> + +<p>Without doubt M. Moens gave the correct explanation, for the imprint +that he mentions will be recognized as the one to be found on the earliest +plates of the small stamps, and 1888 was thirteen years at least after the +second type of imprint with "Montreal" only had been introduced. Hence +the stamp in question was probably a late print from a worn plate, which +gave a rather flat and indistinct impression that might suggest lithography, +though it is certain that Canada has never yet stooped to such a cheap means +of postage stamp production. A similar case may be recalled with the ½ +penny stamp of St. Helena which was issued in 1884, and which presented a +like appearance.</p> + +<p>Whether the above incident had anything to do with the change of the +printing company from Montreal to Ottawa, which we have already noted +in describing the imprints, we cannot say, but it is certain that it was the +beginning of changes, in shade at least, which affected the whole series of +stamps. We have the authority of the Postmaster General's Report for 1889 +that the "removal of the British American Bank Note Co. from Montreal to +Ottawa" had taken place—evidently early in 1888, as will be seen later—so +that the use of an old worn-out plate might have been a case of temporary +necessity. Further details are given by the Canadian correspondent of the +<i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i><a name="FNanchor_107" id="FNanchor_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> as follows: "About six years ago the Government insisted +on their contractors doing their printing at the Capital, and the British +American Bank Note Co. erected a handsome establishment on Wellington +Street, where all postage stamps have since been printed. It may be remembered +that the Ottawa printings were signalized by distinct varieties in +shade from the earlier Montreal issues, varieties that have never been sufficiently +distinguished in the standard catalogues."</p> + +<p>These changes in the stamp shades were soon noted. In March, 1888, +the <i>Philatelic Record</i> described the 10 cent stamp as "now in carmine-red", +while two months later it chronicled the 5 cent as changed "from bronze-green +to greenish-grey." We have already noted the change in the 15 cent to a +color approximating its original mauve, "only more of a bluish tinge," which +the <i>Halifax Philatelist</i> recorded in July, 1888. The following October the +same paper listed the 3 cent in a "bright carmine", and in July, 1889, an<!-- Page 129 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>nounced +the 2 cent in "blue green". The 6 cent lagged behind the others +and did not manifest itself until the <i>American Journal of Philately</i> announced +it in October, 1890, in a "rich brown." Once again, <i>Le Timbre-Poste</i> +for April, 1892, stated that the 5 cent had "since the 8th March, appeared in +gray black". The 1 cent doubtless had its special hue of yellow along with +the other changes, but it was not recorded, probably because not distinct +enough from the usual run of variations in which it had been appearing.</p> + +<p>That the above changes were hardly of a character to warrant dignifying +them as a "new issue," which is frequently done, is shown by a moment's +consideration. The ½ cent and 1 cent stamps showed no appreciable difference +in coloring and therefore caused no comment. The 2 cent did not maintain +its blue green shade unaltered, and the 3 cent soon reverted to its former brilliant +red hue, as the <i>Philatelic Journal of America</i> for May, 1889, says that +"the carmine color recently adopted has been dropped, and the stamps are +printed in colors similar to the ones in use before the change was made." +The 5, 6 and 10 cent stamps, however, made permanent changes, but only +such as might readily be traceable to a new mixing of the inks in the case +of the first two. The 10 cent can hardly be so easily disposed of, as lake and +brown-red are of quite different composition from a rose-lilac. But there +can have been no official intention of altering the shades or colors or more +definite and permanent changes would certainly have been made throughout +the set. It remains, therefore, to classify them simply as shade varieties of +the original set.</p> + +<p>Mr. King gives a list of eight varieties of paper<a name="FNanchor_108" id="FNanchor_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> for the "small cents +issues", but we have deemed it sufficient to note a thick and a thin white wove +paper, and a closely ribbed paper. All values are reported as existing with +the compound perforation (11½ × 12) spoken of under the 1868 issue. We +also find all values occurring in an imperforate condition. The 3 cent was +first noted in the <i>Philatelic Record</i> for December, 1882; the 15 cent we have +already spoken of under the 1868 issue; and the 5, 6 and 10 cent at least, +from the shades of the specimens we have seen, belong to the printings subsequent +to the color modifications of 1888-90. Concerning these imperforates, +we find in a paper on Canada, read before the Royal Philatelic Society by +Mr. M. H. Horsley,<a name="FNanchor_109" id="FNanchor_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> the following note:<!-- Page 130 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In my opinion, which I have had confirmed by several most competent +authorities, the various imperforated copies which I show you, +some used and some unused, are absolutely genuine varieties. Imperforated +copies of various values were sold over the Post-office counter +in Montreal about the years 1891-3, at their face value, and have +been good for postage whenever people cared to use them. The quantities +in this condition are, I believe, extremely small.</p></div> + +<p>Supplementing this Mr. Pack writes:<a name="FNanchor_110" id="FNanchor_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I quite agree with Mr. Horsley in regard to the various imperforate +copies of the issues of 1882 to 1895. There are a good many +specimens of these stamps imperforate, and they were on sale at a +Canadian Post Office.</p></div> + +<p>The above statements are correct, and we can vouch for them by documentary +evidence. Not only were the various values of the series we are considering +on sale in imperforate condition, but also the 8, 20 and 50 cent stamps +which we are next to consider, and the shade of the 8 cent stamp shows it to +have been among the earlier printings—probably in 1893. We are fortunate +in being able to present illustrations of all these imperforates in blocks +of four or more, which will be found on Plates IX, X and XII.</p> + +<p>That these imperforates are perfectly good for postage and are recognized +by the Canadian Post Office to this day, equally with their perforated prototypes, +has been proved to our satisfaction because we have employed some +on registered matter addressed to the United States. As this class +of mail requires to be fully prepaid, any irregularity would at once be detected +and the covers would tell the story. We illustrate a pair of the 2 cent +imperforate on a registered cover mailed at Como, Quebec, on March 20, +1905. [<a href="#Plate_XIII">Plate XIII</a>, No. 129.]</p> + +<p>As before, we find that a few stamps have been "split" and used for half +their value, copies of the 2 cent and 6 cent having been cut vertically and +doing unquestioned duty as 1 cent and 3 cent stamps respectively. As this +practise is unauthorized they can be regarded mearly as freaks that have +slipped through by carelessness—or favor.</p> + +<p>Turning once more to the Postmaster General's Reports, we begin with +that of the 30th June, 1875. This notes that:<!-- Page 131 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The Act passed in the last Session of Parliament for the regulation +of the Postal Service of Canada, came wholly into force on +the 1st October, 1875.</p> + +<p>1. Letters passing by mail at 3 cents per ½ oz.</p> + +<p>2. Local or drop letters at 1 cent per ½ oz.</p> + +<p>3. Post cards 1 cent each.</p> + +<p>4. Canadian newspapers and periodicals, from office of publication +at 1 cent per pound of bulk weight.</p> + +<p>5. Transient newspapers and periodicals, circulars, books, pamphlets, +etc., open, 1 cent per 4 oz.</p> + +<p>6. Newspapers or periodicals weighing less than 1 oz. each, when +posted singly, ½ cent each.</p> + +<p>7. Closed parcels not containing letters, 12½ cents per 8 oz.</p></div> + +<p>The Act referred to was "An Act to amend and consolidate the Statute +Law for the regulation of the Postal Service. [<i>Assented to 8th April, +1875.</i>]"<a name="FNanchor_111" id="FNanchor_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> +and was mainly a repetition of <i>The Post Office Act, 1867</i>,<a name="FNanchor_112" id="FNanchor_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> with +certain amendments incorporated. The principal changes which interest us +are as <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>1. This Act shall be known and may be cited as "The Post Office +Act, 1875," etc., etc.</p> + +<p>10.—6. Cause to be prepared and distributed postage and registration +stamps necessary for the prepayment of postages and registration +charges, under this Act; also stamped envelopes for the like +purpose and post-cards and stamped post bands or wrappers for newspapers +or other mailable articles not being post letters.</p> + +<p>19. [<i>Letter rate of 3 cents per ½ oz.</i>]: and such postage rate of +three cents shall be pre-paid by postage stamp or stamps at the time +of posting the letter, otherwise such letter shall not be forwarded by +post, except that letters addressed to any place in Canada and on +which one full rate of three cents has been so pre-paid, shall be forwarded +to their destination charged with double the amount of the +postage thereon not so prepaid, which amount shall be collected on +delivery.</p> + +<p>20. [<i>Drop letter rate restricted to</i> "one cent per half ounce +weight."]</p> + +<p>22. The rate of postage on newspaper and periodical publications +printed and published in Canada, and issued not less frequently than +once a month from a known office of publication or news agency, and +addressed and posted by and from the same to regular subscribers +or news agents, shall be one cent for each pound weight, or any +fraction of a pound weight, to be prepaid by postage stamps or<!-- Page 132 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> +otherwise as the Postmaster General may, from time to time, direct; +and such newspapers and periodicals shall be put into packages and delivered +into the post office, and the postage rate thereon prepaid by the +sender thereof, under such regulations as the Postmaster General may, +from time to time, direct.</p> + +<p>23. Newspapers and periodicals weighing less than one ounce +each may be posted singly at a postage rate of half a cent each, which +must be in all cases prepaid by postage stamp affixed to each.</p> + +<p>24. On all newspapers and periodicals posted in Canada, except +in the cases hereinbefore expressly provided for, and on books, etc., +etc., [<i>repeats Sec. 26 of Act of 1867</i>], the rate of postage shall be one +cent for each four ounces or fraction of four ounces, ... and this +postage rate shall be prepaid by postage stamps or stamped post +bands or wrappers....</p> + +<p>27. [<i>Repeats Sec. 29 of Act of 1867</i>] And when any letter or other +mailable matter is posted in Canada without prepayment, or insufficiently +prepaid, in any case in which prepayment is by this Act made +obligatory, the Postmaster General may detain the same, and cause +it to be returned, when practicable, to the sender.</p> + +<p>28. [<i>Replaces Sec. 30 of Act of 1867</i>] And for avoiding doubts, +and preventing inconvenient delay in the posting and delivery of letters,—no +Postmaster shall be bound to give change, but the exact +amount of the postage on any letter or other mailable matter shall +be tendered or paid to him in current coin as respects letters or other +things delivered, bearing unpaid postage, as shall also the exact +value in current coin as respects postage stamps, registration stamps, +stamped envelopes or post cards, post bands or wrappers, purchased +from any Postmaster and the exact amount of postage payable to any +letter-carrier on any letter or mailable matter delivered by him.</p> + +<p>38. [<i>Repeats Sec. 40 of Act of 1867 concerning dead letters, but +lowers the charge for returning to three cents and allows for deduction +of postage prepaid in the case of insufficiently prepaid matter.</i>]</p> + +<p>87. The foregoing sections of this Act shall come into force and +effect on the first day of October, in the present year one thousand +eight hundred and seventy-five, except only in so far as they relate +to the rates of postage on newspapers and periodicals sent to the +United States, as to which they shall come into force on the first day +of May now next....</p></div> + +<p>From the above quotations we see that the new Act made prepayment of +letters by stamps obligatory, and imposed a fine of double the deficiency if insufficiently +prepaid; that the unlimited weight of drop letters was restricted to +½ oz. per rate; that newspapers and periodicals were classed together and +publishers given the low rate of 1 cent per pound; that the rate of 2 cents<!-- Page 133 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> +on transient newspapers was reduced to ½ cent per ounce, and 1 cent up to +four ounces; etc.</p> + +<p>The Report of 1875 further informs us that the free delivery of letters +by carrier had been commenced in the following cities on the dates <span class="nobreak">given:—</span></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">Montreal</td><td align="left">1st October,</td><td align="center">1874.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Toronto</td><td align="left">1st March,</td><td align="center">1875.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Quebec</td><td align="left">1st April,</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ottawa</td><td align="left">1st May,</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hamilton</td><td align="left">1st   "</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">St. John, N.B.</td><td align="left">1st   "</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Halifax, N.S.</td><td align="left">1st July,</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Previous to the above dates a charge (in addition to the ordinary +postage) of two cents on each letter received by mail, of one cent +on each letter posted in the city, and of one cent on each newspaper, +was collected by the letter-carrier on delivery of the same. Halifax +was an exception, as letters and papers sent out for delivery by letter-carrier +had been delivered without extra charge since 1851.</p></div> + +<p>The British American Bank Note Co. was paid for</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Engraving and printing postage stamps for Post Office Department, +$22,675.50.</p></div> + +<p>The Report of 1876 contains no special items not already noted, but that +of 1877 states that the letter rate of postage with Newfoundland had been reduced +from 6 cents to 5 cents per ½ oz., and the same rate had been obtained +with Germany from 1st April, 1877.</p> + +<p>The Report of 1878 announces the admission of Canada into the Universal +Postal Union from the 1st July, as we have already detailed.<a name="FNanchor_113" id="FNanchor_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a> The +Report of 1879 says: "A reduction has been made, from the 1st September +last, in the postage rate on closed parcels sent by post within the Dominion, +from 12½ cents per 8 oz. of weight to 6 cents per 4 oz. Under this change +small parcels not exceeding 4 ounces in weight are admitted to pass for 6 +cents instead of 12½ cents as before." This sounded the death knell of the +12½ cent stamp, which dropped in the number issued to postmasters from +84,150 in 1879 to 13,400 in 1880 and 4950 in 1881. It was issued in decreasing +numbers down to 1888, when it disappears from the accounts.</p> + +<p>Nothing further of importance transpired until 1881, when a supple<!-- Page 134 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>mentary +agreement touching certain points was signed with the United States +Post Office <span class="nobreak">Department:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">Additional Articles of Agreement Between the Dominion of +Canada and the United States of America</span>.</p> + +<p>For the purpose of affording to the public increased facilities +for the exchange of written correspondence, and also of preventing +evasions by publishers, of the postal laws and regulations of the +United States, the undersigned, duly authorized by their respective +Governments, have agreed upon the following additional articles +to the Postal Agreement of 27th January and 1st February, 1875:</p> + + +<p>Article I.</p> + +<p>Insufficiently paid letters mailed in the United States and addressed +to Canada, or <i>vice versâ</i>, mailed in Canada and addressed to +the United States, on which a single rate of postage or more has been +prepaid, shall be forwarded charged with the amount of the deficient +postage, to be collected on delivery and retained by the Post +Department of the country of destination. The amount of such deficient +postage shall be indicated in figures, by the despatching exchange +office, on the upper left-hand corner of the address.</p> + + +<p>Article II.</p> + +<p>When newspapers, periodicals and other printed matter, published +or originating in the United States, are brought into Canada and +posted there for destinations in the United States, apparently to evade +the postage rates or regulations applicable to such matter in the +United States, the Canada Post Office may require prepayment of the +same to be made at a rate equivalent to double the Canada domestic +rates.</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + + +<p>Article IV.</p> + +<p>The present articles shall be considered additional to those agreed +upon between the two offices on the 27th January and 1st February, +1875, and shall come into operation on the 1st of May, 1881.</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p></div> + +<p>The Report of June 30, 1882 states that newspapers and periodicals +published in Canada (under certain conditions as to form and manner of +posting) are transmitted free by Post within the Dominion when posted from +the office of publication to regular subscribers, from 1st June, 1882. This +must have been due to a Department Order, as the Statutes of Canada reveal +no such enactment at this time. The same Report announces the issue of +reply post cards, but those will be dealt with later.<!-- Page 135 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></p> + +<p>Statistics make up most of the Reports until that of 1886, when an item +of interest in connection with the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway +is found: "The first through train left Montreal on Monday the 28th June, +1885, and arrived at Port Moody, the Pacific terminus of the road on the +4th July. Mails for British Columbia commenced to pass over the Canadian +Pacific Railway by this first train." This marked the independence of Canada +from the United States in the matter of transcontinental transportation +of mails. The distance from Montreal to Port Moody is given as 2892 miles.</p> + +<p>In connection with this event the following note may be of interest:<a name="FNanchor_114" id="FNanchor_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Up to the time the Canadian Pacific Railway was built, nearly all +letters from the Northwest bore United States stamps. The Northwest +mounted police took their mail to Bismarck, Dak., and others +were sent to Fargo, from whence they were sent around to Detroit +and thence into Canada. The pony express was used in the Canadian +Northwest, but no system, no stamps and probably no stipulated +charges were made to get a letter to the frontier of the United +States.</p></div> + +<p>The Report of 1887 says <span class="nobreak">that:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Provision has been made for the transmission by mail between +all places in Canada, from 1st February, 1888, of small articles of +ordinary goods and manufactures in packages, open to inspection, on +payment of a postage charge of 1 cent per oz. Also a new convention +with the United States Post Office providing that from the 1st March, +1888, the same class of matter will be admitted to pass between Canada +and the United States, subject to Customs inspection.</p></div> + +<p>The Report of 1888 announces the extension of free delivery by letter +carriers to Victoria, B. C. Since the list of free delivery offices given on +page 133, there are to be added as <span class="nobreak">well:—</span></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">London, Ontario</td><td align="right">24th April, 1876.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Winnipeg, Manitoba,</td><td align="right">1st April, 1882.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Kingston, Ontario,</td><td align="right">1st July, 1882.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The Report of 1889 states that "the Post Office Act of 1889 increased +the limit of weight of a single rate letter from ½ ounce to 1 ounce. The +rate on drop letters at the same time was fixed at 2 cents per ounce." The<!-- Page 136 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> +Act<a name="FNanchor_115" id="FNanchor_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a> referred to was an amendment to the Post Office Act, (assented to on +the 2nd May, 1889), and the notice of the changes issued to the public was +as <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">NOTICE TO THE PUBLIC.</p> + +<p class="center">CHANGES IN POSTAGE RATES UNDER AUTHORITY OF POST +OFFICE ACT 1889.</p> + +<p>The rate of postage upon Letters posted in Canada, addressed to +places within the Dominion or in the United States, will be 3 cents +per ounce instead of 3 cents per half ounce as heretofore.</p> + +<p>Upon Drop Letters posted at an Office from which letters are delivered +by Letter Carrier, the postage rate will be 2 cents per ounce, +instead of 1 cent per half ounce. The rate of postage upon Drop +Letters, except in the Cities where free delivery by Letter Carrier has +been established, will be 1 cent per ounce.</p> + +<p>The fee for the Registration of a letter or other article of mail +matter, will be five cents upon all classes of correspondence passing +within the Dominion. For the present and until further instructed, +the registration fee may be prepaid by using the 2 cent Registration +Stamps and Postage Stamps to make up the amount.</p> + +<p>Letters insufficiently prepaid will be charged double the deficiency +as heretofore, provided at least a partial prepayment has been +made.</p> + +<p>Letters posted wholly unpaid will be sent to the Dead Letter Office +for return to the writer.</p></div> + +<p> +POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, JOHN G. HAGGART.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">OTTAWA, 8th MAY, 1889 <i>Postmaster General</i></span><br /> +</p> + +<p>The Act also made another change, not noted in the circular, by which +section 24 of <i>The Post Office Act</i>, 1875, which provided a rate of 1 cent per +4 ounces on printed matter, seeds, etc., and samples of merchandise, was +amended so as to limit the weight of printed matter to 2 ounces for the 1 +cent rate.</p> + +<p>The 1889 Report also chronicles the "removal of the British American +Bank Note Co. from Montreal to Ottawa," a fact which we have already +commented upon at length in its results upon the stamps issued after the +transfer.<a name="FNanchor_116" id="FNanchor_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a></p> + +<p><!-- Page 137 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p> + +<p>In 1890 we find that "the complaints which were so prevalent some time +since, of the want of adhesiveness in the postage stamps have almost entirely +ceased. It is hoped, therefore, that the efforts of the manufacturer to remove +the cause of complaint have been successful." And again in 1891: "Complaints +of defective mucilage would be far less frequent if the public would +kindly bear in mind that it is the <i>envelope</i> of a letter, or the <i>cover</i> of a packet, +and <i>not the postage stamp</i>, which should be moistened when stamps are +affixed in prepayment of postage. When a stamp is passed over the tongue +the mucilage is frequently almost wholly removed." They should have had +these instructions engraved on the margins of the plates, as did the British +authorities with the old one penny black!</p> + +<p>The Report for 1892 announces the preparation of letter cards, which +will be treated of later, and also says: "Postage stamps of the value of 20 +cents and 50 cents are about to be issued. These will be useful in prepayment +of parcel post." And this brings us to our next chapter.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104" id="Footnote_104"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_121">page 121</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105" id="Footnote_105"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_128">page 128</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106" id="Footnote_106"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> Le Timbre-Poste, XXVI: 61.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107" id="Footnote_107"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era, XII: 23.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108" id="Footnote_108"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VIII: 237.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109" id="Footnote_109"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> London Philatelist, XVI: 88.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110" id="Footnote_110"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> London Philatelist, XVI: 144.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111" id="Footnote_111"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> 38<sup>o</sup> Vict. Chap. 7.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112" id="Footnote_112"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> 31<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. X. See <a href="#Page_95">page 95</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113" id="Footnote_113"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_109">page 109</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114" id="Footnote_114"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, II: 32: 2.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115" id="Footnote_115"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> 52<sup>o</sup> Vict. Chap. 20.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116" id="Footnote_116"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_128">page 128</a>.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr class="long" /> +<p><!-- Page 138 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X<br /> +<br /> +THE SUPPLEMENTARY VALUES OF 1893</h2> + + +<p>Before proceeding with the subject matter of this chapter in detail, +it may be well to reproduce here a synopsis of the Canadian Postal +Rates and Regulations as set forth in the <i>Dominion Philatelist</i> in December, +1893, and taken from the then current <i>Canada Postal Guide</i>. This +will give a comprehensive review of the results of the various Acts and Amendments +and Department Orders that we have quoted—and of some of the last +that we have been unable to obtain.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>1st. Class Matter.</i>—Includes Letters, Post Cards, Legal and Commercial +Papers wholly or partially written, with the exception of +those specially exempted, and all matter of the nature of a +letter or written correspondence.</p> + +<p>The letter rate for Canada, Newfoundland and the United States +is 3 cents per oz., and for all other destinations 5 cents per ½ oz.</p> + +<p>Insufficiently paid letters posted in and addressed to Canada are +charged with double the amount of the postage due thereon.</p> + +<p>When posted wholly unpaid they will be sent to the Dead Letter +Office.</p> + +<p>Insufficiently paid letters for or from the United States, are +charged with the deficient postage on delivery. Letters for the United +States must be prepaid at least one full rate, 3 cents.</p> + +<p>Wholly unpaid letters for and from the United Kingdom and +other countries, are charged double postage on delivery, and insufficiently +prepaid letters double the deficiency.</p> + +<p>Letters addressed to mere initials, or to fictitious names, will +not be delivered, unless a street address, the number of a box, or some +other definite direction is added.</p> + +<p>Letters bearing mutilated stamps, or stamps so soiled and defaced +as to make it impossible for the sorting clerks to decide whether they +have been used before or not, will be sent to the Dead Letter Office.</p> + +<p><i>Post Cards.</i> Nothing whatever may be attached to a post card, +nor may it be cut or altered in any way. A previously used post card, +bearing a 1 cent stamp, will not be accepted as a post card.<!-- Page 139 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>2nd Class Matter.—For Canada, Newfoundland and the United +States.</i>—Newspapers and Periodicals posted from the office of publication, +for regular subscribers in other places in Canada, Newfoundland +and the United States, pass free of postage.</p> + +<p>Newspapers and periodicals issued less frequently than once a +month, and addressed to regular subscribers or news agents, and on +all specimen newspapers, one cent per pound or fraction of a pound.</p> + +<p>British newspapers and periodicals brought by mail to Canadian +booksellers, or News Agents, for regular subscribers in Canada +are liable to 1 cent per lb. or fraction of a lb.</p> + +<p>Newspapers from offices of publication for city delivery are subject +to ordinary transient newspaper rates.</p> + +<p><i>3rd Class Matter.—Addressed to Canada.</i>—1. Transient newspapers +and periodicals. Rate, 1 cent per 4 oz.; prepayment compulsory; +limit of weight, 5 lbs. A single paper weighing not more +than 1 oz. may pass for ½ cent.</p> + +<p>2. Book packets. Rate, 1 cent per 4 oz.; limit of weight, 5 lbs., +except for a single book, in which case the limit is 7 lbs.</p> + +<p>3. Miscellaneous matter. (<i>a</i>) Printed pamphlets, printed circulars, +etc., and also seeds, cuttings, bulbs, etc.; rate, 1 cent per 4 +oz. (<i>b</i>) Maps, lithographs, photographs, circulars produced by a +multiplying process easy to recognize, deeds, mortgages, insurance +policies, militia, school and municipal returns, printed stationery, +etc.; rate, 1 cent per 2 oz.</p> + +<p>Circulars, Prices Current, etc., to pass at 1 c. rate must be ENTIRELY +PRINTED. Any insertion in ink is not permissible, except +the name and address of the addressee, the name of the sender +and the date of the circular itself.</p> + +<p>Circulars type-written, or in such form as to resemble type-written, +are liable to letter rate.</p> + +<p>All miscellaneous matter must be put up so as to admit of easy +inspection. The limit of weight is 5 lbs.</p> + +<p>4. Patterns and samples. Rate, 1 cent per 4 oz.; limit of weight +24 oz.; must be securely put up and open to inspection, and boxes +or linen bags should be used for flour and similar matter.</p> + +<p><i>Miscellaneous Matter for the United States.</i>—(<i>a</i>) Newspapers +and periodicals; rate 1 cent per 4 oz. (<i>b</i>) Other miscellaneous matter, +including books; rate, 1 cent per 2 oz., but a minimum prepayment of +5 cents is required for legal and commercial papers.</p> + +<p>The limit of weight for patterns and samples is 8 oz., and for +other matter under this head 5 lbs.</p> + +<p><i>4th Class Matter.—Parcel Post for Canada.</i>—Parcels must not exceed +five lbs. in weight nor two feet in length by one foot in breadth +or thickness. The postage is 6 cents per 4 oz., and the parcel should +be marked "by PARCEL POST." Parcels may be registered by affixing +a 5 cent Registration Stamp thereto, in addition to the postage.</p> + +<p>Insufficiently paid parcels may be forwarded charged with simply<!-- Page 140 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> +the deficient postage, provided one full rate is paid and the deficiency +does not exceed one rate.</p> + +<p><i>5th Class Matter.</i>—Comprises such articles of general merchandise +as are not entitled to any lower rate of postage. Postage 1 +cent per oz., or fraction of an ounce. Limit of weight, 5 lbs.; of +size, two feet in length by one foot in width or depth. Matter claiming +to be 5th Class <i>must be open to inspection</i> and there must be no +correspondence enclosed. Packages of 5th Class matter, including +Seeds, Bulbs, Cuttings, Roots, may be sent to the United States for +the same prepayment as required within the Dominion, but the contents +will be liable to Customs inspection and collection of duty in +the United States. Sealed tins containing fish, lobster, vegetables, +meats, &c., if put up in a solid manner and labelled in such a way +as to fully indicate the nature of their contents may be sent as 5th +Class Matter within the Dominion, but no sealed matter can be forwarded +to the United States under this head. Liquids, oils and fatty +substances may be sent to places in Canada and the United States +as 5th Class Matter, if put up in accordance with the ruling referring +to such articles in the Canada Postal Guide. Electrotype +blocks are included in this class. An insufficiently prepaid packet +of 5th Class Matter may be forwarded charged with double the deficient +postage, provided the deficiency does not exceed 5 cents.</p> + +<p><i>Parcel Post.—For the United Kingdom and the Countries and Colonies +with which the United Kingdom maintains Parcel Post relations, +and for Newfoundland, Barbados, British Guiana, Grenada, St. +Lucia, St. Vincent, Jamaica, Turks Island, Curacoa and Japan.</i>—Parcels +securely and substantially packed and closed for the United Kingdom, +and other countries and colonies to which parcels may be sent +via England, and for Newfoundland, limited in size to 2 feet in +length by one foot in width or depth. The postage for the United +Kingdom, which must be prepaid, is 20c. for the first lb. and 16c. for +each additional lb. or fraction of a pound; the limit of weight is 11 +lbs. For Japan the postage is 25c., the limit of weight is 7 lbs. For +Newfoundland, 15 c. per lb., or fraction of a pound. For Barbados, +British Guiana, Jamaica, Grenada, St. Lucia and St. Vincent, 20 c. +per lb. Parcels for Newfoundland are daily forwarded on to Halifax, +N.S. For Japan, on to Vancouver, B. C. For Barbados, British +Guiana, Grenada, St. Lucia and St. Vincent, on to St. John, N.B., +and for the United Kingdom and other countries and colonies by the +weekly mail and conveyed by the steamers of the Canadian Lines. +Parcels posted without the formalities required are sent to the Dead +Letter Office, Ottawa.</p> + +<p><i>Registration.</i>—All classes of matter may be registered to places +in Canada, the United States and Postal Union Countries, and the +sender may entitle himself to an acknowledgement of delivery from +the party addressed by the payment of a fee of 5 cents in addition to +the registration fee.<!-- Page 141 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p> + +<p>(A) <i>Commercial Papers</i>, (B) <i>Books and</i> (C) <i>Samples, for Postal +Union Countries</i>.</p> + +<p>"Commercial papers" comprise all papers or documents, written +or drawn, wholly or partly by hand, (except letters or communications +in the nature of letters, or other documents having the character +of an actual and personal correspondence), documents of legal procedure, +Deeds drawn up by public functionaries, copies of, or extracts +from Deeds under private seal, Way-Bills, Bills of Lading, Invoices +and other documents of a mercantile character, documents of +Insurance and other public companies, all kinds of manuscript music, +the manuscript of books and other literary works, and other +papers of a similar description.</p> + +<p>"Printed Papers" include periodical works, books, stitched or +bound, sheets of printed music, visiting cards, address cards, proofs of +printing with or without the manuscript relating thereto, engravings, +photographs, when not on glass or in frames containing glass, drawings, +plans, maps, catalogues, prospectuses, announcements and notices +of various kinds, printed, engraved, lithographed, printed circulars.</p> + +<p>(A) Limits of weight and size: 5 lbs. for the United Kingdom, +and 4 lbs. for other countries, 18 inches in length and 12 inches +in width or depth.</p> + +<p>(B) 5 lbs. for the United Kingdom, and 4 lbs. to other countries, +2 feet long and 1 foot wide or deep.</p> + +<p>(C) United Kingdom, 5 lbs. in weight, 2 feet in length by 1 foot +in breadth or depth.</p> + +<p>(D) Limits of weight to Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Egypt, +France, Hawaii, Italy, Portugal, Roumania and Switzerland, is 12 ozs., +limit of size 1 foot in length by 8 inches in width and 4 inches in +depth. If in form of a roll it may be 12 inches in length and 6 +inches in diameter.</p> + +<p>The limit of weight to other Postal Union Countries is 8 ozs., +limit of size same as to Austria-Hungary, &c., &c.</p> + +<p><i>Matter Which Cannot be Forwarded Through the Post.</i>—Liquids, +Oils, etc., not properly put up. Explosive Substances and other matter +likely to entail risk or injury to the ordinary contents of the mail, +cannot be sent by post.</p> + +<p>Letters containing Gold or Silver Money, Jewels, or precious +articles, or anything liable to Customs duties, cannot be forwarded +by Post to any of the Postal Union Countries except the United States.</p></div> + +<p>We see from the above postal packet rates where the use of a 20 cent +stamp would be convenient, which accounts for the announcement of the new +value in the Postmaster General's Report last quoted in the preceding chapter. +The 50 cent stamp of course would serve a useful purpose in making +up relatively large amounts of postage. The above rates also show that there +was still use for the 15 cent stamp in payment of parcels to Newfoundland.<!-- Page 142 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p> + +<p>We find notice of the issue of the new values in the <i>Dominion Philatelist</i><a name="FNanchor_117" id="FNanchor_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> +as <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>As foreshadowed in the Postmaster General's report, there have +appeared Canada postage stamps of the value of 20c. and 50c.; the 20c. +is a bright deep orange and the 50c. is indigo blue, they are of similar +design and resemble very much the third issue bill stamp and may be +described as follows: head and shoulders of Queen to left, with +widow's cap and chin resting on right hand, enclosed in a circle; above +the circle the words "Canada Postage", below the circle at either side +the value in figures and across the bottom the value in words.... +The above were all placed on sale Feb. 22nd. The 20c. and 50c. stamps +were intended for parcel post.</p></div> + +<p>The somewhat ambiguous description will be more readily understood +by reference to the illustrations, numbers 33 and 35 on <a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>.</p> + +<p>The stamps, as stated, are very evidently copied from the design of the +dollar values of the Bill Stamps issued in 1868. The portrait of the Queen +in her widow's weeds, in fact, is doubtless reproduced directly from the +original die engraved twenty-five years previously. The stamps were of +course line engraved on steel, and printed in the usual sheet arrangement of +100, ten rows of ten. The plates of course emanated from Ottawa, but bear +a new imprint, similar to the second one used in Montreal. The colored +strip is now 38 mm. long and 2½ mm. high with square ends, and bears the +legend: "British American Bank Note Co. Ottawa." within a pearled border. +It appears only twice, in the center of the top and of the bottom margins, +and can be seen in illustrations Nos. 106 and 108 on <a href="#Plate_IX">Plate IX</a>. The colors +are not exactly as described in our quotation, the 20 cent being a vermilion +or bright red, similar to the colors of the 3 cent, and the 50 cent a deep blue, +but not indigo. According to the advices of the <i>American Journal of Philately</i> +(VI: 102) the stamps were issued on the 17th February—five days +earlier than the above quotation states.</p> + +<p>Both values were printed on a medium white wove paper and perforated +12. Both were ordered to the number of half a million copies in 1893, and +in 1895 25,000 more of the 20 cent and 30,000 more of the 50 cent were delivered, +with a final 200 copies of each in 1896. These quantities were sufficient +to last until the 20 cent was superseded by the newer type in 1901, and +the 50 cent by the King's head stamp in 1908. Some 1500 of the 20 cent +were returned for destruction and about 10,000 of the 50 cent!<!-- Page 143 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p> + +<p>Both these stamps are found imperforate and in this condition are to be +classed in the same category as the imperforates of the "small cents issue," which +we have already considered.<a name="FNanchor_118" id="FNanchor_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> Illustrations of blocks of four of each will be found +as numbers 106 and 108 on <a href="#Plate_IX">Plate IX</a>. The 50 cent is in a peculiar black +blue shade.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>In the preceding chapter we quoted a circular from the Postmaster General +which called attention to the changes made by <i>The Post Office Act, 1889</i>. +A uniform registration fee of 5 cents was one of these, and to enable the 2 +cent registration stamps to be used up permission was given to make up the +difference by postage stamps when registering mail matter. Four years later +it was decided to discontinue the use of the special stamp for the registration +fee, and to permit its prepayment by ordinary postage stamps. As the combined +letter and registration rate was eight cents, a stamp of this value for +use on registered letters was deemed advisable. We read under "Canadian +Notes" in <i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i> for August 10, <span class="nobreak">1893:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The following orders were posted up in all the Canadian post-offices +on August 1st:</p> + +<p>"A new postage stamp of the value of 8c. is now being put into circulation. +This stamp will be available for the prepayment either of registration +fee and postage combined, or of postage only. The 5c. registration +stamp, when the present supply is exhausted, will be withdrawn."</p></div> + +<p>The new stamp reverted to the small size and general design of the +"small cents issue", but with the important difference that the head was +turned to the <i>left</i> instead of the right, as with all the others of that series. It +was line engraved on steel, as usual, and the only entire sheet we have seen +was of 200, in ten horizontal rows of twenty stamps, but without a sign of any +marginal imprints. The perforation variety 11½ × 12 is reported as occurring +in this value also, as well as the regular gauge 12. The color was at first a +bluish gray, which soon darkened and ran through a series of shades as if in +emulation of the old 6 pence stamp. Mr. Horsley states<a name="FNanchor_119" id="FNanchor_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a> that it appeared in +slate-blue in October of 1893, and slate in 1895. <i>Alfred Smith's Monthly Circular</i> +for December, 1895, records it in a "dark slate-black," and the <i>Weekly +Philatelic Era</i> for November 30, 1895, says that "a peculiar feature in connec<!-- Page 144 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span>tion +with the new shade of the current eight cent Canada postage stamp is that +upon being put in water and left there for a few minutes the paper becomes of +a pinkish tint which after the stamp becomes dry still remains." This "new +shade" was doubtless the dark slate color referred to, which must have been +issued, therefore, in October or November of 1895. In December, 1897, the +<i>Monthly Journal</i> notes it in a "deep purple", similar in shade to the 8 cent +Jubilee stamp, and very likely printed from the same mixing of ink.</p> + +<p>The stamp was printed upon a medium white wove paper, and is found +in imperforate condition like the other values of the then current stamps, +which we have already described.<a name="FNanchor_120" id="FNanchor_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> The imperforates are in the early bluish +gray color, so that it is fair to suppose they were from the first printings in +1893. A block of four is illustrated as number 110 on <a href="#Plate_X">Plate X</a>.</p> + +<p>The first delivery of these stamps—and of course the first printing—was +of 100,000, as recorded in the stamp accounts for 1893. As these accounts +were made up to 30th June, and there is no record of any "issue to +postmasters," the stamps were doubtless delivered just before the accounts +were closed, so that opportunity had not been given to distribute the new +value. For the next few fiscal years the amount received from the manufacturers +averaged over a million and a half annually, so that by the time it was +superseded it had been printed to the number of at least 7½ millions.</p> + +<p>There is nothing of special importance concerning postage stamps in +the Postmaster General's Reports from 1893 to 1897, but we glean an item +of interest from <i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i> of December 3, <span class="nobreak">1896:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>A new regulation has been put in force by the Canadian post-office +department. Until a few days ago it was unlawful for any person +to sell unused current Canadian stamps without a government +license [as a stamp vendor]. Merchants and others who received a +great many unused stamps as remittances, have heretofore been compelled +to send them to the department at a discount of five per cent, +or dispose of them by illegitimate means, running the risk of being +prosecuted for selling without license. A great deal of complaint was +made to the department concerning this matter, and last week Hon. +Mr. Mulock announced that thenceforth, all unused Canadian stamps +would be cashed at one per cent. discount in amounts of over $1.00. +The stamps may be pasted on paper, as they will not be put in circulation +again.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117" id="Footnote_117"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> Dominion Philatelist, V: 31.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118" id="Footnote_118"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_130">page 130</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119" id="Footnote_119"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> London Philatelist, XVI: 88.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120" id="Footnote_120"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_130">page 130</a>.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr class="long" /> +<p><!-- Page 145 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI<br /> +<br /> +THE JUBILEE ISSUE OF 1897</h2> + + +<p>The so-called "Diamond Jubilee" of the accession of Queen Victoria, +who had then been on the throne of the United Kingdom for sixty +years, occurred on the 20th June, 1897, and several of the British +Colonies, as on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary, considered it fitting +to celebrate the event with a commemorative issue of postage stamps. Probably +no proprieties would be violated were it observed, sub rosa, that the pecuniary +gains connected with such issues were probably more of a factor in +determining their birth than the superabundance of jubilation over the auspicious +occurrence. Such a suspicion is quite readily aroused when considering +all the facts in connection with the special set of stamps that Canada +felt it necessary to put forth at this time.</p> + +<p>But the story runs a little farther back and hinges on other changes. +What proved a prophetic utterance appeared under "Canadian Notes" in the +<i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i> of August 1, 1896, as <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>For the first time in 18 years a Liberal, or Reform government has +full control of the Dominion.... Mr. William Mulock, J. C., of Toronto, +is the new Postmaster General and I am informed that considerable +pressure is being brought to bear upon him to have an entirely +new set of stamps issued to replace those which have been in use in +Canada for something over a quarter of a century.</p></div> + +<p>Under the same "Notes" in the issue of the above paper for January +23, 1897, we find the result of the "pressure":—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The British American Bank Note Company, which for so many +years have had the contract for printing Canada's paper currency and +postage stamps, have been notified that their services will no longer +be required. The shareholders in that company were not of the right +political stripe for the new Government. The contract has now been +given to the American Bank Note Company of New York. This company +will have to establish a branch office at Ottawa and all the work +will have to be done in Canada.</p></div><p><!-- Page 146 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i> gives further details in a clipping from +the <i>Montreal Herald</i>, dated "Ottawa, Jan. 11," [1897]:<a name="FNanchor_121" id="FNanchor_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The contract for the Government engraving, for which tenders were +called two months ago, has been awarded to the American Bank Note +Company, of New York, for a period of five and a quarter years. The +contract is worth $600,000, and may be renewed for a similar period. +The work consists of engraving Dominion bank notes, revenue and +postage stamps, postal cards, etc. At present the British American +Bank Note Company, better known as Burland and Company, formerly +of Montreal, have the contract. They tendered this time, but the New +York company was the lowest. The New York company is one of the +largest and best known in the world. The firm engraves notes for +some of the banks in Canada, including the Canadian Bank of Commerce. +Under the terms of the new contract, the Company will require +to establish a place in Ottawa to do the work, where the Government +can have supervision of it. As compared with the prices paid +under the Burland contract, the Government will effect a saving of +$120,000 by the new contract.</p></div> + +<p>The next step appears in the <i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i> of January 30, 1897, +where we read under "Canadian Notes":—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Many suggestions are being made and many plans laid for the fitting +celebration of the sixtieth year of Her Majesty's reign. In Canada +this celebration is being coupled with that of the four hundredth anniversary +of Cabot's discovery of America. Tn this connection a proposal +has been made and an agitation started for the issue of a commemorative +set of postage stamps by the Dominion government.... It has been +suggested that the new stamps be made a trifle larger than the present +ones, that a somewhat recent picture of Her Majesty replace the present +one, and that the figures and colors be made more pronounced. If +possible some reference to the combined celebrations will likely be +made. The agitation for a new issue is quite pronounced and is by no +means confined to philatelists. There appears to be general desire on +the part of the people to have a change.</p></div> + +<p>A step further is recorded in the <i>Era</i> for March 27th, as <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The <i>Toronto World</i> in its edition of March 15th. contained the following +as one of its leaders: "Here is good news for postage stamp collectors. +The Postmaster-General proposes, as far as his department is +concerned, to commemorate Her Majesty's diamond jubilee by the issue +of a new 3-cent postage stamp appropriate to the occasion. It will have<!-- Page 147 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> +a limited circulation only, probably for a period of months covering the +jubilee celebrations during the coming summer. When the sale is +stopped the present 3-cent stamp will be put in circulation again.... +So far the design of the new stamp has not been made public although +the Hon. Mr. Mulock, the Postmaster-General, has sent a sketch of it +to the British-American [<i>sic</i>] Bank Note Company to be engraved. It +it said to be oblong and nearly as large as the Columbian issue".</p></div> + +<p>If only this original intention had been adhered to!</p> + +<p>More precise information finally appeared in the <i>Era</i> for May <span class="nobreak">29th:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>During the last week the Canadian papers have been full of Canada's +Jubilee issue, which has now been definitely decided upon.</p> + +<p><i>The Toronto Evening Telegram</i> of a few days ago has perhaps the +most to say concerning the stamps, and it is to that paper that your +correspondent is indebted for the following. The new Jubilee stamp +will be issued in another month. The design represents Her Majesty +at two important eras in her life, namely at her accession on the 20th +of June, 1837, and within a few weeks of her Jubilee in 1897. The +first vignette, showing her on her coronation day, is from a well +known portrait of that period. It is a full faced portrait and her +Majesty wears the crown. Looking at the stamp this vignette is at the +left side. To the right is a picture of Her Majesty as she appears today; +the face is profile looking toward the vignette of 1837. The latter +picture represents Her Majesty wearing the Empress crown. Between +and above the two vignettes is a beautifully executed copy of the Imperial +crown of England and under it the letter "V" with the letters +"R. I." in the fork of the "V". The three letters meaning Victoria +Regina (Queen), Imperatrix (Empress). In the semi-circle or upper +part of the vignette are the words "Canada Postage" and underneath +these are respectively the dates 1837-1897 and between the vignettes are +ornamentation of maple leaves, while in the lower corners of the stamps +are also maple leaves, and between these and at the base of the stamp +is its denomination in black letters on a white ground. There will be +sixteen varieties of the new stamp and a post card.</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p> + +<p>The first set of stamps printed will be sent to H. R. H. the Prince +of York [<i>sic</i>], who is an enthusiastic stamp collector. The second set +will be presented to Her Excellency Lady Aberdeen (wife of the Canadian +Governor General).</p></div> + +<p>The same paper credits the suggestion of the general idea of the Jubilee +design to Mr. Pareira, an official of the Interior Department.</p> + +<p>A few days later the matter of the proposed issue came up in Parliament, +and the Postmaster General was interpellated in the House of Commons. His<!-- Page 148 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> +reply was published in the <i>Canadian Hansard</i>, the official record, of 20th May, +1897, as <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The Postmaster-General (Mr. Mulock): It is the intention of the +Government to issue a set of Jubilee postage stamps. Such stamps will +be put into public use by being delivered to postmasters throughout +Canada for sale to the public in the same manner as ordinary postage +stamps are sold. There will be a limit to the quantity to be issued. +The denominations of Jubilee stamps, and the total number of such +Jubilee stamps to be issued, are set forth in the following <span class="nobreak">schedule:—</span></p> + +<p>Schedule showing the Denominations and Total Number of Jubilee +Stamps to be issued:</p></div> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="right">Number to be issued.</td><td align="center" colspan="2">Denomination.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">150,000</td><td align="right">½ c.</td><td align="center">stamps</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">8,000,000</td><td align="right">1 c.</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">2,500,000</td><td align="right">2 c.</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">20,000,000</td><td align="right">3 c.</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">750,000</td><td align="right">5 c.</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">75,000</td><td align="right">6 c.</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">200,000</td><td align="right">8 c.</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">150,000</td><td align="right">10 c.</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">100,000</td><td align="right">15 c.</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">100,000</td><td align="right">20 c.</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">100,000</td><td align="right">50 c.</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">25,000</td><td align="right">$ 1 00</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">25,000</td><td align="right">$ 2 00</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">25,000</td><td align="right">$ 3 00</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">25,000</td><td align="right">$ 4 00</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">25,000</td><td align="right">$ 5 00</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">7,000,000</td><td align="right">1 c.</td><td align="center">post cards.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Total value of one stamp of each kind, $ 16.21½.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>As soon as the total number of stamps mentioned in said schedule +is issued the plates from which they will have been engraved will be destroyed +in the presence of the head and two officers of the department. +On the 10th June the Post Office Department will proceed to supply +Jubilee postage stamps to the principal post offices in Canada, and +through them the minor post offices will obtain their supply until the +issue is exhausted. If this Jubilee issue were to wholly displace the +ordinary postage stamps it would supply the ordinary wants of the +country for between two and three months, but as the use of the ordinary +postage stamps will proceed concurrently with that of the Jubilee +stamps, it is expected that the Jubilee stamp will last beyond the +three months. Inasmuch as the department is already receiving applications +for the purchase of Jubilee stamps, it may be stated that the +department will adhere to the established practice of supplying them +only to postmasters, and through them to the public, who may purchase +them on and after the 19th June, 1897.</p></div> +<p><!-- Page 149 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></p> + +<p>Promptly, "as advertised", the stamps were placed on sale throughout +the Dominion on the morning of Saturday, the 19th of June. The natural +result followed: an expectant populace, for various reasons but with one main +object, literally besieged the post offices for the coveted treasures. The advance +publication of the quantities of the various denominations to be issued +gave speculators the hint as to the most desirable values to "corner", and as +a result the ½ cent and 6 cent stamps were a special mark in all quarters. +This action seems to have been more or less anticipated, for these values were +doled out in very small quantities, if at all, in spite of the large orders that +were everywhere given for them. This was doubtless largely due to the following +circular, sent out with the initial supply of the stamps to all +postmasters:<a name="FNanchor_122" id="FNanchor_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>N. B.—Requisitions for <i>full sets</i> of the Jubilee stamps will be filled +until the issue is exhausted.—E. P. S.</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 10em;">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 12.5em;">POSTAGE STAMP BRANCH,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 26em;">OTTAWA, <i>June</i>,1897.</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—I am directed by the Postmaster-General to send you herewith +a supply of the Jubilee stamps and 1 c. post card, equal to one +month's ordinary requirements of your office. Should this quantity +prove insufficient it will, on your requisition addressed to this branch, +be supplemented; but as the Jubilee issue is limited, it would be necessary +for you to apply early in order to secure further supplies of +the same.</p> + +<p>I am also to instruct you not to sell any of the accompanying +stamps or post cards before the opening of your office at the regular +office hours on the 19th June instant—the eve of the anniversary they +are intended to commemorate.</p> + +<p>These stamps and cards are, of course, like the ordinary issues, to +be sold at face value.</p> + +<p>I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 14.5em;"><span class="smcap">E. P. Stanton</span>, <i>Superintendent</i>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">THE POSTMASTER.</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>P. S.—As there appears to be a somewhat general desire on the +part of many persons to purchase, for souvenir purposes, complete sets +of the Jubilee stamps, it is hoped that you will so manage the sale of +such stamps that persons applying to purchase full sets may be able to +get them.</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 14em;">E. P. S.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p><!-- Page 150 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>The conditions that developed when the stamps were actually issued +seem to have surprised the Department, and caused additional measures to +be taken for an equable distribution. We quote Mr. F. W. Wurtele:<a name="FNanchor_123" id="FNanchor_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The experience of the first day's sale convinced our government +that halves and sixes would very soon be bought up by speculators unless +some action was taken to further restrict their sale; they therefore +came to the conclusion that those persons who were willing to +contribute to the revenues of the Canadian Government to the extent +of $16.22 for a complete set of jubilee stamps were entitled to protection, +and decided that they at least should not pay more than face +value for their ½ and 6. In consequence the following circular was +issued by the post-office department, and no more of these values could +be obtained from any licensed vendor.</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 9em;">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 11.5em;">POSTAGE STAMP BRANCH,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 23em;">OTTAWA, 26th June, 1897.</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—With reference to the numerous demands upon this office for +the ½ c. and 6c. Jubilee stamps, I am directed to explain that the respective +quantities of Jubilee stamps ordered bear, relatively, the same +proportions to the actual requirements of the Postal Service, but the +tendency to exhaust the HALVES and SIXES has increased to such a +degree, that it has become necessary to restrict their sale to the purchasers +of full sets. Hence I am to express the Postmaster-General's +regret that he is unable, having regard to the limited character of the +Jubilee issue, to comply with any requests for the ½c or 6c denomination, +apart from those for full sets. These sets may be obtained as +long as the series of Jubilee stamps lasts, but as the demands upon it +are unusually heavy, it would be advisable to apply for full sets at the +earliest possible moment.</p> + +<p>When Postmasters obtain such sets to fill orders actual or prospective +at their respective offices, they must not, in any case, break +the sets.</p> + +<p>I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 16.5em;">E. P. STANTON, <i>Superintendent</i>.</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>P. S.—Under no circumstances will there be any issue of Jubilee +stamps, beyond the limits mentioned in the accompanying extract +from Hansard, containing the Postmaster-General's statement on the +subject.</p></div> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It was necessary to print 3,000 copies of the foregoing circular in +order to reply to all the demands on the department at Ottawa for +½ c. and 6 c.</p></div> + +<p><!-- Page 151 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p> + +<p>Not only were the sales of the ½ and 6 cent stamps thus restricted, but +notices were posted in the offices that none of the ½c., 6c., 8c., $1.00, $2.00, +$3.00, $4.00, or $5.00 stamps would be sold unless the whole set were taken. +This proceeding naturally resulted in considerably more protest on the part +of stamp collectors and the public (?). Rumor had it just after the issue +was placed on sale that the 8 cent stamp had been withdrawn, which probably +accounts for the "run" upon that value and its inclusion in the above +restrictions. In fact a correspondent of <i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i>, writing +from Winnipeg, Man., on 25th June, stated that "a sensation was caused +amongst those interested by the government on Tuesday [22nd June] recalling, +by wire, all the 8c. stamps of the new issue on hand at this office." This +was later explained by a letter published in the <i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i>:<a name="FNanchor_124" id="FNanchor_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a>—</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 9em;">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 11.5em;">POSTAGE STAMP BRANCH,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 23em;">OTTAWA, 29th July, 1897.</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>SIR,—In reply to your letter of the 26th inst., I am directed to +say that the question of issuing partial sets of Jubilee stamps is now +under the consideration of the Department. In respect to the recall of +the 8 c. Jubilee stamps, I may say that it was but a partial one, and +intended to render possible a re-distribution of that stamp on a basis +more in accordance with the actual demand therefor.</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">I am, Sir,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 12.5em;">Your obdt. servant,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 14.5em;">E. P. STANTON,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 17em;">Superintendent.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<p>Under date of 31st July it was announced from Ottawa that "the demand +for complete sets has been very large, about nine thousand sets having already +been issued".<a name="FNanchor_125" id="FNanchor_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a> The "partial sets" referred to in the above letter were the +next step in the unbending process, the decision to put them on sale +having been reached on 31st July, and their issue to the public beginning on +4th August. Concerning this concession Mr. Donald A. King says:<a name="FNanchor_126" id="FNanchor_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>So soon as the demand for these [complete] sets was, to some +extent satisfied, the department yielding to another class of enquiries +and requests for sets up to and including the 50 cents and $1.00 respectively, +made a distribution of such sets, the numbers being appor<!-- Page 152 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span>tioned +upon a basis of the revenue of each money order office throughout +the Dominion. Between 30,000 and 40,000 sets were thus distributed, +and rapidly sold, as a very large number of requests for +further supplies came in from the different offices. The following is +the circular sent to postmasters regulating the sale of these partial +sets:</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 9em;">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT. CANADA,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 11.5em;">POSTAGE STAMP BRANCH,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 24em;">OTTAWA, [August] 1897.</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>SIR.—I am directed to transmit to you the accompanying partial +sets of Jubilee stamps. These sets consist of two kinds: one from a +½c. to $1.00 (value $2.20½), the other from ½c. to 50c. (value $1.20½). +You are instructed to sell these stamps as sets, and as sets only, representations +having been made to the department that in various parts +of the Dominion there is a desire to obtain such sets for souvenir purposes. +You must not, under any circumstances, break a set; for, besides +the disappointment that such a course would cause, you would +render yourself liable to loss, the department having decided not to +allow credit for any broken sets returned to it by a postmaster who, +notwithstanding the instructions herein given, sells any denominations +of the stamps making up a set apart from the rest.</p> + +<p>I am also to ask you to use your best judgment in the sale of these +sets, checking, as far as possible, any attempt on the part of speculators +to monopolize them, and thus securing as general a distribution +of such sets in your vicinity as the circumstances may permit. To +enable you to make change in connection with the sale of the enclosed +sets I include a sufficient quantity of ordinary ½ c. postage stamps.</p> + +<p>I may add that the accompanying supply has been based strictly +upon the annual revenue of your office, and, having regard to the total +number of sets available and the extent of their distribution, represents +that proportion to which you are entitled.</p> + +<p>I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 12em;">E. P. STANTON, <i>Superintendent</i>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">THE POSTMASTER.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>For disingenuousness, for pathetic regard for the public and the postmaster, +and yet withal a keen eye for the "interests" of the department, this +circular is a model which should be preserved for posterity—and "businesslike" +post office departments.</p> + +<p>Mr. King <span class="nobreak">continues:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The demand for the small sets was so great that the supply was +exhausted almost all at once, and in reply to repeated requests for more +sets the department issued the following <span class="nobreak">circular:—</span></p></div><p><!-- Page 153 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 9em;">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(<i>Office of the Superintendent of the Postage Stamp Branch</i>).</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 27em;">Ottawa,... 1897.</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>SIR,—The partial sets of Jubilee stamps already issued to your +office constituted its share of these sets, having regard to their limited +number and the area of their distribution, which comprised all the +money order offices in the Dominion.</p> + +<p>Except a reserve for complete sets (from ½c. to $5.00 inclusive, +cost $16.20½) there is not a Jubilee stamp left in the department—all +having been issued to postmasters. The plates, I may add, were destroyed +on the 10th September instant.</p> + +<p>I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,</p> + +<p> +E. P. STANTON, <i>Superintendent</i>.<br /> +THE POSTMASTER.<br /> +</p> +</div> + +<p>Such is the history of the Diamond Jubilee set of Canadian stamps. We +make no comment on it—it seems as if none were necessary and that the +presentation is amply sufficient for each to judge for himself concerning it. +We will only add Major Evans sapient remark<a name="FNanchor_127" id="FNanchor_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a>: "All the trouble was the +natural result of pretending to treat a commemorative and limited issue as if it +had been an ordinary and permanent one. Ordinary common sense should have +suggested the issue of large supplies of the lowest value, and a certain number +of all values to every office."</p> + +<p>To revert to the stamps themselves. We have already given a description +of the design in one of our previous quotations, but it needs to be amended in +one or two particulars. The portrait of Queen Victoria labelled "1837" on +the stamp will be recognized as identical with that on the old 12 pence and +later 7½ pence values. In fact Mr. Wurtele tells us<a name="FNanchor_128" id="FNanchor_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a> that a prominent Montreal +collector, whose advice was asked when the issue was under consideration, +gave the government a magnificent unused copy of the 7½d. green, to be +used in engraving the picture. It does not, as stated, show Her Majesty on +her coronation day, but is from the painting representing her on the occasion +of the prorogation of Parliament, on 17th July, 1837, as already described.<a name="FNanchor_129" id="FNanchor_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> +The portrait labelled "1897" is from a full length painting executed by command +in 1886 by Prof. Von Angelo of Vienna. It represents Her Majesty +as she appeared on the assumption of the title "Empress of India", and the +curious may find the entire figure copied on the 3 pence post card of Great<!-- Page 154 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> +Britain issued in 1889, and also on the 1 penny card of 1892. This State +portrait of the Queen is now in Buckingham Palace. The crown at the top +center of the stamp is not the Imperial State Crown of Great Britain but the +so-called Tudor Crown. The Imperial Crown is well illustrated on the 3 +pence and 5 cent "beaver" stamps, and a comparison with the Jubilee issue +will plainly show the difference in the "style" of these two crowns.</p> + +<p>Our illustration (No. 34 on <a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>) shows a sample of the whole set, +the only variation, outside of the color, being the denomination in the label +at the bottom. This is in each case expressed in words. The stamps are beautifully +engraved on steel as usual, and are printed on stout wove paper and +perforated 12. The values from ½ cent through 5 cents were printed in +sheets of 100, ten rows of ten. Above the 5 cent, that is from 6 cents through +5 dollars, they were printed in sheets of 50, ten horizontal rows of five stamps +each. The marginal inscriptions are very meagre, consisting merely of +"OTTAWA—No—1" (or some other plate number) in hair-line Roman capitals +2½ mm. high, at the top of the sheet only. The inscription is 40 mm. +long, being centered over stamps 5 and 6 of the top row in the sheets of 100, +and over stamp number 3 in the sheets of 50. This is the first time that +plate numbers appear on the sheets of Canadian postage stamps, and it is well +to record them. Taking them serially we find the plates of the various values +were made as <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="right">Plate 1</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">cents</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">3</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">4</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">6</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">7</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">8</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">9</td><td align="right">½</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">11</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">13</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">14</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">16</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">17</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="center">cents</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">18</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">19</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">8</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">21</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">22</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="center">dollars</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">23</td><td align="right">50</td><td align="center">cents</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">24</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">dollars</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">25</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">26</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">27</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">28</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">cents</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">29</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">30</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">31</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The colors, which will be found in the Reference List, are quite constant, +as would be expected. The principal variation is only one of tone in +a few values.<!-- Page 155 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p> + +<p>A newspaper despatch from Ottawa tells us that "A return brought down +to-day shows that the cost of printing the jubilee stamp was 20 cents per +thousand."<a name="FNanchor_130" id="FNanchor_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a></p> + +<p>Considerable criticism was naturally aroused by the inclusion of the +values from one to five dollars, and outside of the palpable attempt to "make +capital" from stamp collectors and others, it was claimed that the four and +five dollar values were useless, as the "highest amount that can <i>possibly</i> be +required on a parcel sent by mail from Canada is $3.59 (including registration). +This owing to limitations of weight, etc., and the highest amount that +can be required on a letter is $1.65".<a name="FNanchor_131" id="FNanchor_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a> +An "official" replied<a name="FNanchor_132" id="FNanchor_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a> that "very frequently +parcels leave the Toronto Post Office with $15 and $20 postage on +them, and in some cases the postage has reached the amount of $63. There +is another way in which the $4 and $5 stamps may be used, viz.:—in second +class rate books. Canada does not issue Newspaper or Periodical stamps so +these two high values can be used in this way."</p> + +<p>Someone wrote the Postmaster General, quoting the above letter and asking +further particulars. The reply stated<a name="FNanchor_133" id="FNanchor_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a> that "the regulations do not fix any +limit to the weight of letters.... According to the regulations of this Department +'Second Class Matter' comprises newspapers and periodicals addressed +to regular subscribers, (including sample copies) and that, postage +being payable upon such matter at a bulk rate of 1c. per lb., the stamps required +for prepayment are not affixed to the packages, but are placed in small +books and cancelled. The books for this purpose are supplied by the Department +to all Post Offices where they are required." This was analogous +to the practice in the United States, only regular postage stamps were employed +instead of special newspaper and periodical stamps. As a matter of +fact the high value Jubilee stamps, which later became a drug on the market, +were largely used for this purpose. Mr. King confirms the fact of large +postage payments:<a name="FNanchor_134" id="FNanchor_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a> "I have seen packages originating at and passing through +the post office here [Halifax] that had from $12.00 to $15.00 postage on +them ... and the case can be recalled of a letter on which $40 was prepaid."</p> + +<p>The question of the unlimited validity of the Jubilee stamps for postage +was also brought up, doubtless because of the temporary nature of their issue,<!-- Page 156 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> +and a special circular was issued touching this point, of which the following +is a copy:<a name="FNanchor_135" id="FNanchor_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a>—</p> + + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 9em;">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 11.5em;">POSTAGE STAMP BRANCH.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 23em;">OTTAWA, 24th June, 1897.</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>SIR—I am directed to send you for your information and guidance, +the following statement, which has just been given to the press:</p> + +<p>"Enquiry having been made at the Post Office Department as to +whether the Canadian Jubilee Postage Stamps would continue good as +postage for a limited period only, it has been officially stated that the +Jubilee stamp will remain valid for postage purposes so long as they +may continue in circulation. <i>They will not, however, be redeemed by +the Department, a distinction being drawn in this respect between them +and the ordinary postage stamps.</i>"</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">I am Sir,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 7em;">Your obedient Servant,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 9em;">E. P. STANTON,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 11.5em;">Superintendent.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<p>A curious case of splits is recorded from the <i>Sussex, N. B., News</i>:<a name="FNanchor_136" id="FNanchor_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The <i>Railway News</i> last week on account of not receiving permission +from the Post-Master General to allow papers to go through the +mails free, was compelled to pay postage. No half cent stamps being +available, the post office department allowed one cent stamps to be cut +in halves for postage. This is the first time on record we believe where +such was allowed and the stamps have been eagerly sought after, one +dollar being paid for a single stamp with the post office stamp on it. +The <i>News</i> will pay twenty-five cents each for the one cent Jubilee +stamps cut in halves bearing the post office stamp of November 5th, +6th, or 8th, which was allowed to pass through the mails on that date +owing to there being no regular half cent stamps obtainable.</p></div> + +<p>The 1 cent ordinary also did duty at some offices for like reasons, but +the practice was not approved from headquarters, as postmasters were officially +instructed in such cases to use whole 1 cent stamps and get a refund on the +difference in value.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>It may be recalled that one of our quotations stated that the first set of +Jubilee stamps printed would be presented to the "Prince of York"—a slip +for the "Duke of York," afterwards Prince of Wales, and now His Most<!-- Page 157 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> +Gracious Majesty King George V. An account of this presentation set may +not be without interest here:<a name="FNanchor_137" id="FNanchor_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>A very unique and handsome piece of work is the postal portfolio +which is to be presented to His Royal Highness, the Duke of York, by +the Dominion Government, and which is on exhibition in the window +of Kyrie Brothers, Jewelers, Toronto. The portfolio is in the form +of an album, the cover of which is of royal blue morocco leather, +handsomely decorated in gold. In the center of the front cover is a +raised shield in white on which are the words in gold letters, "Dominion +of Canada, Diamond Jubilee Postage Stamps, 22nd June, 1897." +The corners of the portfolio are decorated with guards of Canadian +gold made from British Columbia and Ramey district ore. The right +hand upper corner decoration is a design of maple leaves, and the +lower corner of English oak leaves and acorns. The portfolio is fastened +with a clasp of Canadian gold in the form of oak leaves, while the +bracket on the front holding the clasps in position is entwined with +maple leaves with the monogram of H. R. H. the Duke of York—G. +F. E. A.—George Frederick Ernest Albert. On the third page is the +inscription, "This collection of postage stamps issued at Ottawa by the +Dominion of Canada in commemoration of the Diamond Jubilee of Her +Most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria is presented to H. R. H. the +Duke of York, K. G., by the Government of Canada, 1897." The last +page of this unique stamp album will contain the certificate of the +destruction of the dies and plates in the presence of Hon. Wm. Mulock, +postmaster-general of Canada.... This is probably the dearest stamp +album in the world, and contains only a single specimen of each denomination +of the jubilee issue.</p></div> + +<p>It will be noted that the Superintendent's last circular concerning the +exhaustion of the Jubilee stamps stated that the plates had been destroyed. +An eye witness sent <i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i> (X: 166) an account of +the process which is interesting enough to reproduce.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>On Friday afternoon, Sept. 10th, ... I presented myself at the +Post-Office Department and joined a party who were just leaving the +building to go over to the American Bank Note Co's. building, a couple +of blocks away.... Arriving, we were conducted to the top floor by the +manager. The plates, dies, etc., were brought out by those in charge, +and the seventeen original dies after inspection by those present were +placed one by one under a press and an obliterating roller passed over +them several times: proofs were then pulled which faintly showed the +outline of the ovals, etc., but the words showing the value could not +even be made out. Next the rolls for transferring the impression from +the dies to the plates came in for their share of attention. There were +nineteen of them, and a few burns from an emery wheel quickly put<!-- Page 158 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> +each one "out of sight". The plates, 31 in number, were subjected to the +same treatment as the dies and the total time occupied in the destruction +of the various parts occupied almost two hours.</p></div> + +<p>The Postmaster General's Report for the 30th June, 1897, reprints the +extract from the <i>Canadian Hansard</i> of 20th May, which we have already +given.<a name="FNanchor_138" id="FNanchor_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a> The stamp accounts show a few curious things. In the first place +the announcement of the issue gave the quantity of 8 cent stamps as 200,000. +The accounts for 1897 give the number received from the manufacturers as +240,000, and we find in the column headed "Returned by Postmasters as unfit +for use," 40,000 copies, and in the column headed "Stamps destroyed as unfit +for use", a like amount! When the Post Office Department estimates for the +ensuing year were being discussed in Parliament in May, 1898, the following +interpellation occurred and was replied to by the Postmaster General:<a name="FNanchor_139" id="FNanchor_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Mr. Ingram.</i> I notice that 40,000 eight cent stamps were returned +by the postmasters as unfit for use, and that 40,000 were destroyed as +unfit for use.</p> + +<p><i>The Postmaster-General.</i> The explanation of that is this: The total +number issued was limited to the schedule mentioned in the answer +that I gave to Parliament. By a mistake a larger quantity was delivered +to the department, and before it was discovered the department +had distributed a larger quantity than was mentioned in the schedule.<a name="FNanchor_140" id="FNanchor_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> +They discovered it when the mail had gone out, and at once recalled the +over-issue. Of course they were at once destroyed, so as to keep the +amount within the figure named by Parliament.</p> + +<p><i>Mr. Ingram.</i> Then it was not through stamps being unfit?</p> + +<p><i>The Postmaster-General.</i> I do not know how it is worded there; +"Unfit for use" is not a proper description. There was not one stamp +in excess of the limit stated in Parliament that got into the hands of +the public. There was that little error I speak of, but it was detected +at once and corrected, and of course the extra amount was at once +destroyed—I suppose by the Auditor-General and by Mr. Stanton of +the stamp department.</p></div> + +<p>Well, perhaps the excess did not reach the public, but the stamp accounts +exhibit a peculiar coincidence in connection therewith. The tables of receipt +and issue of stamp supplies for 1897, as already stated, contain the memos of +the return of 40,000 8 cent stamps, by postmasters, and their destruction. The<!-- Page 159 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> +tables for 1898 contain two columns, one of stamps returned by postmasters, +"unfit for use", and the other "fit for use". The former were supposed to be +destroyed, the latter placed in stock again. Now note: the values from ½ +cent to 50 cents inclusive, "fit for use", were returned in quantities varying +from 200 to 250 copies, with two exceptions; the dollar values in quantities +from 400 to 675. The two exceptions were the 6 cent at 1,148 copies, <i>and +the 8 cent at 42,300 copies</i>!! This last figure looks so familiar that we cannot +help wondering whether a second call had been sent out for the return of +40,000 <i>more</i> of the 8 cent, subsequent to the closing of the 1897 accounts, or +if (which seems more probable) the first return had not been slipped into +stock instead of being actually destroyed, and reappeared thus in the 1898 +accounts! <i>Quien sabe?</i></p> + +<p>All the other values to and including the 2 dollars, were received in their +proper amounts and were all issued to postmasters, the last record of the +series from ½ cent to 1 dollar, inclusive, appearing in the 1900 Report. The +figures for the dollar values prove rather interesting so we give them <span class="nobreak">here:—</span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><th colspan="2"> </th> +<th>1897.</th> +<th>1898.</th> +<th>1899.</th> +<th>1900.</th> +<th>1901.</th> +<th>Total.</th> +<th>1905 <br />On hand.</th> +<th>Ret'd and<br /> Destroyed.</th></tr> +<tr><td align="right">$1.00</td><td align="left">received</td><td align="right">7,500</td><td align="right">15,000</td><td align="right">2,400</td><td align="right">100</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="right">25,000</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="right">94</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="left">issued</td><td align="right">5,830</td><td align="right">16,771</td><td align="right">3,599</td><td align="right">500</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="right">26,700</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">$2.00</td><td align="left">received</td><td align="right">7,500</td><td align="right">5,000</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="right">6,000</td><td align="right">6,500</td><td align="right">25,000</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="right">66</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="left">issued</td><td align="right">5,830</td><td align="right">4,334</td><td align="right">888</td><td align="right">7,225</td><td align="right">8,775</td><td align="right">27,052</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">$3.00</td><td align="left">received</td><td align="right">7,500</td><td align="right">5,000</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="right">500</td><td align="right">1,000</td><td align="right">14,000</td><td align="right">2,650</td><td align="right">1,835</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="left">issued</td><td align="right">5,830</td><td align="right">4,044</td><td align="right">591</td><td align="right">1,700</td><td align="right">1,250</td><td align="right">13,415</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">$4.00</td><td align="left">received</td><td align="right">7,500</td><td align="right">5,000</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="right">500</td><td align="right">2,000</td><td align="right">15,000</td><td align="right">3,050</td><td align="right">2,013</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="left">issued</td><td align="right">5,830</td><td align="right">3,945</td><td align="right">640</td><td align="right">1,675</td><td align="right">1,775</td><td align="right">13,865</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">$5.00</td><td align="left">received</td><td align="right">7,500</td><td align="right">5,000</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="right">500</td><td align="right">3,000</td><td align="right">16,000</td><td align="right">2,100</td><td align="right">1,240</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="left">issued</td><td align="right">5,830</td><td align="right">3,844</td><td align="right">689</td><td align="right">2,075</td><td align="right">3,325</td><td align="right">15,763</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>Comment:—The three highest dollar values were apparently never delivered +to their full requisition—25,000 each. All but the 1 dollar were +issued in goodly numbers in 1901,—four years after their first appearance! +The 1 and 2 dollar stamps were both issued to an amount of about 2,000 more +than were received from the manufacturers, but this excess is easily explained +by the reissue of stamps returned by postmasters and placed again in stock.<!-- Page 160 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> +The entire issue drops out of sight with the 1901 Report, but the 1905 Report +suddenly presents the figures given for the three high values still on hand, +and records 30 of the 5 dollar stamps turned in for destruction. Once more, +in the 1909 Report, we find 1,783 of the 3 dollar, 1,954 of the 4 dollar and +1,151 of the 5 dollar stamps returned for destruction, so that allowing for +the total number destroyed and the amount on hand (which may be) we have +for the actual issue of the three high values, instead of 25,000 each, but +9,515 of the 3 dollar, 9,937 of the 4 dollar and 12,660 of the 5 dollar stamps.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121" id="Footnote_121"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, IX: 25.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122" id="Footnote_122"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VIII. 177.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123" id="Footnote_123"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, X: 54.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124" id="Footnote_124"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era, XI: 416.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125" id="Footnote_125"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XI: 78.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_126" id="Footnote_126"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VIII: 178.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_127" id="Footnote_127"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VIII: 230.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_128" id="Footnote_128"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, X: 63.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129" id="Footnote_129"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_33">page 33</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130" id="Footnote_130"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> Post Office, IX: 37.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_131" id="Footnote_131"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era, XI: 383.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132" id="Footnote_132"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> ibid., XI: 406.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_133" id="Footnote_133"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> ibid., XI: 426.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_134" id="Footnote_134"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VIII: 177.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_135" id="Footnote_135"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era XII: 210.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_136" id="Footnote_136"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> ibid., XII: 96.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_137" id="Footnote_137"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, X: 28</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_138" id="Footnote_138"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_148">page 148</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_139" id="Footnote_139"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VIII: 230.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_140" id="Footnote_140"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> The stamp accounts show that 223,600 8 cent stamps had been +"issued to postmasters" previous to 30th June, 1897.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr class="long" /> +<p><!-- Page 161 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII<br /> +<br /> +THE "MAPLE LEAF" ISSUE OF 1897</h2> + + +<p>Rumors of a new issue, as we know, had been "in the air" ever since +the change in the contractors for supplying stamps had been announced. +Of course the Jubilee issue was a special affair, and for a time sidetracked +other considerations. A new permanent series was not forgotten, +however, and under "Ottawa Notes" in the <i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i> for October +9, 1897, we find the following advance information concerning <span class="nobreak">it:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>A new general issue of Canadian postage stamps is imminent, being +necessitated by the fact that the present Liberal government has entered +into a new contract for engraving and printing Dominion treasury +notes, postage and revenue stamps, and in short, all government +matter. The previous contractors were the British American Bank +Note Co. of Montreal.... When the bids for a renewal of the engraving +contract were opened last winter, it was found that the American +Bank Note Company of New York were the lowest bidders, and that +they bound themselves in the event of the acceptance of their tender to +build and equip a printing establishment in Ottawa, in compliance with +the conditions of the bids. Their tender was accepted and they have +carried out their undertaking by building a commodious and fully +equipped establishment near that of their rivals on Wellington Street. +Of the new presses the Jubilee issue of postage stamps were the first +fruits. The impending general issue will be required as soon as the +existing stock of the current issue is exhausted, and it is rumored that +the supply of some values is running low.</p> + +<p>This much is announced,—that the design for the new issue has +been decided upon; that the center of the stamp will contain a portrait +of the Queen taken at the time of the Jubilee, approved and signed by +the Queen as the best existing likeness of her, and that our national +emblem, the maple leaf, will appear in the corners—not the unnatural +and misshapen leaf that appears on the Jubilee issue, but the real article, +copied from actual leaves gathered on Parliament hill. This would +indicate that there will be only one die for all the values, but I have as +yet no information as to size, colours, or details.</p></div><p><!-- Page 162 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span></p> + +<p>A couple of weeks later a circular was sent to postmasters announcing +the new stamps, etc., of which the following is a copy:<a name="FNanchor_141" id="FNanchor_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Circular to Postmaster.</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">NEW ISSUE OF POSTAGE STAMPS, ETC.</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The Postmaster-General has made arrangements for a new issue of +postage stamps, letter cards, stamped envelopes, post cards and post +bands. These will be supplied to postmasters in the usual way.</p> + +<p>Postmasters are, however, instructed not to sell the stamps of any +denomination of the new issue until the stamps of the corresponding +denomination of the present issue are disposed of. The filling of requisitions +by the Postage Stamp Branch will be regulated by the same +principle—that is to say, no item of the proposed issue will be sent out +until the corresponding item of the present issue has been exhausted.</p> + +<p>To conform to the requirements of the International Postal Union, +the color of the new 1c. stamp will be green and that of the 5c. stamp +a deep blue.</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 17em;">R. M. COULTER,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;">Deputy Postmaster-General.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Post-Office Department, Canada.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Ottawa, 25th October, 1897.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>These instructions were followed out, and the issue of the new series +was thus stretched over a considerable length of time. The first to appear was +the ½ cent, two weeks after the date of the above circular. The circumstances +of its début are told under "Ottawa Notes" in the <i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i>:<a name="FNanchor_142" id="FNanchor_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The half cent stamp of the new issue was placed on sale today +[9th November, 1897], its appearance having been precipitated by +events over which the postal authorities had no control.... The philatelists, +anticipating an early exhaustion of the old half cent stamp, +helped the thing along by quietly but assiduously buying in every copy +in sight. As a consequence the stock ran down much faster than that +of other values, and a few weeks ago orders were issued that no more +were to be sold to the public, but that publishers entitled to the half +cent rate should take their papers to the post-offices and there have the +stamps affixed by the staff. Even that did not save the distance [<i>sic</i>]. +I hear that in Montreal it was found necessary to use cent stamps to +prepay the half cent rate.<a name="FNanchor_143" id="FNanchor_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a> Fortunately for the reputation of Canadian +stamps, these stamps were not over-printed with new value, and we +have been spared a surcharge. However, the postal authorities hurried<!-- Page 163 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> +forward the printing and circulation of the new issue, in that value +at least, and it is an accomplished fact.</p></div> + +<p>The next value to appear was the 6 cent, which was announced in the +<i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i> under date of 4th December, 1897 as having been put +in circulation. Following closely upon this came the 1, 2, 5 and 8 cent stamps, +and in January, 1898 the 3 and 10 cent.</p> + +<p>The new stamps were very simple in design, the central oval containing +a portrait of Queen Victoria copied from a photograph by W. & D. Downey +of London, taken at the time of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations. CANADA +POSTAGE and the value in words only appear in Egyptian capitals on the +oval frame to the portrait, and each spandrel is occupied by a maple leaf. +Much criticism was engendered by the fact that the portrait was too large +for its frame, making the design appear cramped and thus giving a disappointing +effect to what otherwise might have proved a most neat and effective +stamp. [Illustration No. 36 on <a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>].</p> + +<p>The stamps were as usual line engraved on steel, and printed on the same +stout white wove paper that was employed for the Jubilee issue, as well as on +a thinner and more brittle quality. The 5 cent, for the first time in Canadian +philatelic history, appeared on a colored paper, the stock having a decidedly +bluish tint. The perforation was the regulation gauge 12. But one irregularity +seems to be known, and that is the 5 cents imperforate, a block of four +of which we are able to illustrate as No. 112 on <a href="#Plate_X">Plate X</a>.</p> + +<p>The sheet arrangement was intended to be the usual block of 100 impressions, +ten by ten, but the Ottawa correspondent of the <i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i> +tells us that in the case of the ½ cent stamp the first plate was twice this size.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>By some misunderstanding the contractors, the American Bank +Note Co., set the sheet up with 200 stamps, and the first five hundred +sheets were so printed. The sheets were afterwards cut in two through +the imprint, and we have these half sheets with a close imperforated +margin on either the left or right edge. Afterwards sheets of 100 +stamps were issued, all the stamps perforated on all four sides. Plate +number collectors will find the earliest sheets difficult to obtain. Both +sheets bear the plate number 1.<a name="FNanchor_144" id="FNanchor_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a></p></div> + +<p>The imprint on the sheets was the same as that on the Jubilee sheets, +OTTAWA—No—1, etc., but instead of numbering the plates all consecutively,<!-- Page 164 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> +each denomination began its own series with "No 1." The imprint is placed +in the top margin only, over the middle two stamps (5 and 6) of the top row. +In the case of the 14 cent stamps each style of the first two plates was numbered +"1". The plate of 200 impressions was arranged in ten horizontal rows +of twenty stamps each, thus bringing the imprint over stamps 10 and 11 of +the top row, and as it was between these that the large sheets were severed, the +imprint was cut in two in the process. All the other values were made up in +sheets of 100 only.</p> + +<p>For the information of plate number collectors we give a list of such +numbers as we have been able to ascertain.</p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="right">½</td><td align="center">cent,</td><td align="left">No.</td><td align="left">1 (2 plates).</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">Nos.</td><td align="left">1, 2.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">Nos.</td><td align="left">1, 2, 3.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">Nos.</td><td align="left">1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">No.</td><td align="left">1,.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">6</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">No.</td><td align="left">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">8</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">No.</td><td align="left">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">No.</td><td align="left">1.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>The quantity of each value issued before they were replaced by the stamps +with numerals is stated to have been as follows:<a name="FNanchor_145" id="FNanchor_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a>—</p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="right">½</td><td align="center">cent</td><td align="right">2,000,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">34,000,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">12,000,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">44,000,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">3,500,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">6</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">500,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">8</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">1,400,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">500,000</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>A similar variation is found in the dimensions of these stamps to that +occurring in the 7½ d. and 10d. stamps and the issue of 1868, and has caused +quite a little comment from those unfamiliar with this phenomenon. As +much as ½ mm. in the vertical measurements can be found between many +stamps. The cause is of course the uneven shrinking of the dampened paper +when drying after being printed upon. This was fully discussed in an earlier +chapter.<a name="FNanchor_146" id="FNanchor_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a> As the paper in the present instance is very similar in quality to<!-- Page 165 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> +that used for printing the United States stamps, in which the same peculiarity +occurs, we will quote Mr. Melville's comment on the subject:<a name="FNanchor_147" id="FNanchor_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>As we have said, the paper is impressed when damp.... This wetting-down +business has another effect which has always puzzled philatelists. +The wet paper is taken into a hot room to dry, and in drying +it contracts. The contraction is not uniform and the philatelist in +trying to prove the existence of more than one original die will pin +his faith to the idea that if the varieties noticeable were due to contraction +of the paper the contraction would be proportionate on all +sides of the stamp. This is not the case however.</p> + +<p>Paper, when absorbing moisture, expands more in one direction +than the other. The direction of greater expansion is what is technically +known as the "cross direction", and is the direction <i>across</i> the +flow of pulp in the paper making machine. During the flow of the pulp +the bulk of the fibres lie parallel with the movement of the wire gauze, +and it is a scientific fact that the diameter of a fibre is increased by +absorption of water much more than is the length. The subsequent +shrinking on drying also is uneven.</p></div> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The Postmaster General's Report for 1897 <span class="nobreak">says:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The contract with the British American Bank Note Company expired +on the 22nd April, 1897, and a contract was entered into with the +American Bank Note Company for the manufacture and supply of +postage stamps &c. An estimate of the probable ordinary requirements +for the next fiscal year and the comparison based thereon between the +old and the present rates show that, under the new contract, stamp +supplies will cost the department, say, $10,000 per annum less than under +the old contract, a reduction in outlay of about 20%.</p></div> + +<p>It is also noted that during 1896-7 electric cancelling ("mail marking") +machines were introduced, six of which were rented and installed in the Montreal +Post Office and one at Ottawa.</p> + +<p>The reduction in the domestic letter rate from 3 cents to 2 cents per ounce +is forecasted, as well as a proposed reduction from 5 cents to 2 cents per ½ +ounce on letters between Great Britain and many of her colonial possessions. +This will be more thoroughly discussed later.</p> + +<p>Concerning the postal changes we have been considering the report <span class="nobreak">says:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Owing to the change of contract for the manufacture and supply of +postage stamps, a new series of stamps became necessary at the begin<!-- Page 166 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span>ning +of the present fiscal year. New stamps ranging in value from the +½ cent to the 10 cent denomination (inclusive) were printed, and the +first supplies thereof sent out to postmasters as the corresponding denominations +of the old stamps became exhausted. A considerable quantity +of the higher values of that series (15 cents, 20 cents and 50 cents) +remaining over from the late contract, these three stamps continued to +be issued, so that the department, previous to the introduction of the +same denominations in the new series, might, in accordance with the +universal practice, dispose of the old stamps in each case before issuing +any of the new. The design of the new stamps is of a uniform character, +and consists of an engraved copy (reduced) of an authorized +photograph of Her Majesty taken during the Diamond Jubilee year. +This, placed within an oval bearing the usual inscriptions, is enclosed +in a rectangular frame, a maple leaf on a lined ground occupying each +of the triangular spaces between the two frames. To conform to the +regulations of the Universal Postal Union, the colour of the new 1 cent +stamp is green, and that of the 5 cents a deep blue. This necessitated +corresponding changes in the colours of the other stamps of the new +series; for example, purple, instead of green, being selected for the 2 +cent denomination, and orange instead of slate for the 8 cent.</p></div> + +<p>The special delivery system was also introduced, and will be treated of +later.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_141" id="Footnote_141"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> American Journal of Philately, 2nd Series, X: 502.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_142" id="Footnote_142"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era, XII: 86.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_143" id="Footnote_143"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_156">page 156</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_144" id="Footnote_144"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era, XII: 132.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_145" id="Footnote_145"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, X: 117.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_146" id="Footnote_146"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_53">page 53</a> et seq.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_147" id="Footnote_147"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> United States Postage Stamps, 1894-1910, page 16.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr class="long" /> +<p><!-- Page 167 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII<br /> +<br /> +THE "NUMERALS" ISSUE, 1898-1902</h2> + + +<p>Hardly had the "maple leaf" issue gotten generally into use before +complaints began to be heard about the difficulty of distinguishing +the different values. The <i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i> for June 4, 1898, +quotes a plaint of this character as <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The Toronto <i>World</i> says: "We take the liberty of suggesting to the +Postmaster-General that we have a large figure indicating the value +in cents of the various issues of Canadian stamps. It is hard to make +them out at present."</p> + +<p>This is only one of the numerous complaints made daily against +our new issue. Some changes ought to be made.</p></div> + +<p>But the <i>Metropolitan Philatelist</i> in its issue for April 2, 1898, had +already given information of an impending change which in the main proved +correct. It <span class="nobreak">says:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Much dissatisfaction is expressed by the French speaking inhabitants +of the rural parts at the lack of figures of value on the stamps, +the denomination in all cases being printed in English which they are +unable to understand. It has, therefore, been decided to alter the new +stamps by removing the maple leaves from the lower corners and inserting +large numerals of value in their place. The space occupied by +the head will also be somewhat enlarged and the value will be placed +on a straight band below.</p></div> + +<p>All of which transpired save the placing of the value on the "straight +band". In the issue of the <i>American Journal of Philately</i> for June 1, 1898, +a Canadian correspondent reported: "I saw yesterday the proof of the new +Canadian stamps. The frame is slightly changed and the value in figures +is at the bottom on each side of the stamp, in place of the maple leaves." No +date is given, but it was doubtless early in May. Finally <i>Mekeel's Weekly +Stamp News</i> reported the actual issue of the 1 cent and 3 cent stamps, stating +that a Montreal correspondent had purchased them at the post office on June +21st, which was doubtless their approximate date of issue.</p> + +<p>No further news of the numeral set is recorded until the issue of the<!-- Page 168 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> +<i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i> for September 17th, wherein its Toronto correspondent +says that "Last week the 2c. purple with numerals in lower corners made its +debut, a few days later the ½c arrived similarly altered, followed closely by +the 6c." This evidently puts the issue of these three values within the first +ten days of September. The 8 cent was recorded in the same paper for October +15th, so that it must have been issued about the first of the month. The +10 cent did not make its appearance until November, being noticed under +the "Toronto Letter" in the <i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i> for November 19th, so +that again it was doubtless the early part of the month that saw its advent.</p> + +<p>For six months nothing further was heard of new "numeral" stamps, +when finally the 5 cent, which was the one value lacking to complete the set +in its altered form, made its appearance on July 3, 1899, according to a correspondent +of <i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i>.<a name="FNanchor_148" id="FNanchor_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a></p> + +<p>The new type of stamp, as already stated, was merely an alteration of +the preceding "maple leaf" design, due to two criticisms—that no numerals +were shown, making it often difficult without a close look to tell the denomination, +and bothersome to the large population of French origin who did not +speak English; and that the portrait was too large for its oval frame, giving +a somewhat cramped effect. In the new design, illustrated as number 40 on +<a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>, the first objection was met by placing the proper numerals in small +squares in the lower corners, which necessitated the removal of the maple +leaves from the lower spandrels; and the second objection was met by enlarging +the oval frame containing the portrait, thus giving a much better effect. +To do this the oval was extended to the outside of the stamp, cutting the +rectangular border lines instead of lying wholly within them, as in the design +it superseded.</p> + +<p>The stamps were of course line engraved on steel and printed in the +usual sheets of 100, ten rows of ten. The imprint was the same as on the last +issue, and the plates again began with No. 1 for each denomination. As far +as we have been able to ascertain, the plate numbers are as <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="right">½</td><td align="center">cent</td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="left">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">1, 2, 3, 4.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">1, 2, 3, 4.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">1, 2, 3.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">6</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">8</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">1.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">1.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><!-- Page 169 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span></p> + +<p>There were of course many more plates of the 1 cent stamp, at least, +which remained in use for five years, and probably several more of the 2, 3, +and 10 cent, but there seems to have been very little interest in Canada in +keeping track of these.</p> + +<p>But during the life of this series there were important changes taking +place which were reflected in the stamp issues, and we must keep track of +them.</p> + +<p>In the first place, the Hon. William Mulock, the Canadian Postmaster-General, +was a firm believer in and an active agitator for Imperial Penny +Postage. At the Imperial Conference on Postal Rates in London, in July, +1898, the project was carried through, and a rate of one penny (2 cents) per +half ounce established by certain colonies in connection with the Mother +Country, to take effect on Christmas Day of 1898. Concerning this we shall +have more to say in the next chapter; but meanwhile Canada's domestic rate +stood at 3 cents per ounce or fraction, in spite of attempts to reduce it, particularly +since the United States had lowered its internal rate in 1883. The +anomaly would be presented under such conditions of a letter mailed from +one town to another in Canada costing three cents, even if weighing a half +ounce or less, while the same letter could cross to Great Britain and travel +to Cape Colony, for instance, on payment of but two cents postage.</p> + +<p>The agitation and the London conference evidently had their effect, for +on the 13th June, 1898, a bill<a name="FNanchor_149" id="FNanchor_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a> in amendment of the Post Office Act was +assented to in Parliament which substituted 2 cents for 3 cents as the domestic +postage rate per ounce weight. It also provided that the new rate should not +take effect until a date to be named by the Governor General. After the date +for the inauguration of Imperial Penny Postage was fixed, the Governor +General named New Year's day following as the date for the change in Canada's +domestic rate. The following notice was published in the <i>Canada +Gazette</i>:<a name="FNanchor_150" id="FNanchor_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a>—</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Order in Council,</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 9.5em;">Post Office Department.</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>By Proclamation dated the 29th day of December, 1898, in virtue +of the Act further to amend the Post Office Act (61 Victoria, chapter +20) and of an Order in Council in accordance therewith, it was declared +that the postage rate payable on all letters originating in and trans<!-- Page 170 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>mitted +by post for any distance in Canada for delivery in Canada, +should be one uniform rate of two cents per ounce weight, from the +1st January, 1899.</p></div> + +<p>This of course had the immediate effect of vastly increasing the consumption +of 2 cent stamps and also of rendering the 3 cent stamps practically +useless. Another point would be that whereas the Postal Union requirements +named red as the color for the stamp used for domestic postage, and the 3 +cent had been in its proper hue, the stamp for the new internal rate was +printed in purple and would therefore have to be changed. This change was +not forced, however, the Post Office Department as usual preferring to use up +the stock on hand of the current 2 cent stamp before issuing the new one. It +took considerable time to do this, so that the 2 cent carmine did not make its +appearance until the 20th August, according to a correspondent of <i>Mekeel's +Weekly Stamp News</i>.<a name="FNanchor_151" id="FNanchor_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a> It was of course the same stamp as before but printed +in the color of the 3 cent value, and we have to record plate numbers 3, 4, 5, +6 and 7, though there were doubtless many more.</p> + +<p>But the 3 cent stamp still remained on hand in large quantities, and in +order to use them up more quickly and perhaps save confusion between them +and the new 2 cent stamps, the Post Office Department decided upon surcharging +the stock on hand down to 2 cents, thus making Canada's first +offence in this line. The notice concerning this change and some others that +were decided upon was as <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Department Circular</i>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 10em;">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 23.5em;">OTTAWA, 1st July, 1899.</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Owing to the reduction in the Domestic letter rate of postage, the +issue of the 3 c. letter-card, the 3c. stamped envelope and the 3 cent +postage stamp from the Department has ceased. Any unused 3c. letter-cards, +3c. stamped envelopes or 3c. stamps, still extant, will, however, +continue available for postage purposes, or may be exchanged at any +Post Office, at their full face value, for postage stamps of other denominations.</p> + +<p>The color of the Domestic-rate postage stamp, as prescribed by +the Universal Postal Union, is red, and it is intended to discontinue +the issue of the ordinary two cents purple colored stamps as soon as the +present supply on hand is exhausted. This will be about the 20th July, +1899. Thereafter the Department will issue two cents stamps in red,<!-- Page 171 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> +first, however, surcharging down to two cents the unissued remnant of +the three cents stamps in red, now in the possession of the Department, +and as soon as the supply of such surcharged <i>threes</i> is exhausted, the +issue of two cents stamps in red will begin. The surcharged stamps +will be issued to Postmasters as 2c. postage stamps and be recognized +as postage stamps of that denomination.</p> + +<p>Postmasters are requested to exchange, as above mentioned, all +unused 3c. letter-cards, 3c. stamped envelopes and 3c. stamps which may +be offered them to be exchanged for other postage stamps of an equal +value.</p> + +<p>Postmasters, who as a result of such exchange, may find the 3c. +stamps, etc., unsaleable, are at liberty, in the case of an <i>Accounting +Post Office</i>, to send them direct to the Department for credit; and in +the case of a <i>Non-Accounting Post Office</i>, to send them to the City +Post Office from which it obtains its supplies, asking in lieu of those +returned other stamps to an equal value.</p> + +<p>It is especially requested that, in the case of stamps sent direct to +the Department, under this authority, that is to say, <i>by Accounting +Post Offices</i>,—Postmasters will be so good as to carry out the following +<span class="nobreak">instructions:—</span></p> + +<p>(1) Each transmission should be registered, and accompanied +with a brief memorandum, plainly stamped with the date stamp of the +Post Office, and indicating the number and value of the 3c. stamps, +etc., claimed to be enclosed. If other stamps are required to replace +those returned, a separate requisition therefor (not enclosed in the +package) should be sent direct to the Department in the usual way.</p> + +<p>(2) Single stamps, and stamps that are not in complete sheets, +should be pasted on alternate pages of separate sheets of paper, with +<i>not more than one hundred stamps on each page</i>. Any stamps that have +stuck together whilst in the possession of the Postmaster, must be +taken apart (which can easily be done by immersing them for a few +minutes in water) and then pasted on sheets of paper as above directed.</p> + +<p>Postmasters of <i>Non-Accounting</i> Offices are particularly asked to +bear in mind that any 3c. letter-cards, 3c. stamped envelopes or 3c. +postage stamps which conformably to this instruction, they may receive +from the public in exchange for other stamps and find unsaleable, +<i>must be returned, as above directed, to the City Post Offices from which +they respectively obtain their supplies</i>, and not to the Department.</p> + +<p><i>As only the unused remnant of 3c. stamps now in the Department +will be surcharged</i>, Postmasters must not send in, with a view to their +surcharge, any 3c. stamps in their possession nor accept 3c. stamps +from the public for that purpose.</p> + +<p>Postmasters must distinctly understand that the exchange of +stamps herein permitted applies <i>only</i> to the 3c. letter-card, the 3c. +stamped envelope and 3c postage stamp.</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 18.5em;">R. M. COULTER,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 18.5em;"><i>Deputy Postmaster General</i>.</span><br /> +</p> +<p><!-- Page 172 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></p> + +<p>As a matter of fact the 2 cent purple seems to have lasted about a week +longer than was anticipated in the above circular, so that the surcharged 3 +cent stamps were not issued until the 28th July.<a name="FNanchor_152" id="FNanchor_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a> A correspondent of the +<i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i>, in its issue for 22nd July, said: "I learn that the 3c +numeral and some 3c with the four maple leaves will be surcharged," which +proved correct; those first issued on the date mentioned above were of the numeral +type, while on the 8th August<a name="FNanchor_153" id="FNanchor_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a> the "maple leaf" 3 cent made its appearance +with the same surcharge.</p> + +<p>Illustrations of the two stamps will be found as numbers 41 and 42 on +<a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>. It is stated that the surcharge was made up in its peculiar form so +as to prevent counterfeiting by the use of ordinary type. At any rate the +graded height of the numeral and letters, giving the concave effect to the top +of the surcharge, shows it to have been specially prepared. There is some variation +in the thickness of the surcharge, due perhaps to inking and to wearing +of the plates. The overprinting was done in full sheets of one hundred from +a special plate, in black ink, and should normally be horizontally across the +bottom of the stamps. Poor registering of the sheets in printing caused the position +to vary even up to about the middle of the stamp in some cases, and of +course there had to be some inverted surcharges in both varieties. The number +of these has not been published. Illustrations of the inverts will be found +as numbers 44 and 45 on <a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>.</p> + +<p>The quantity of 3 cent stamps surcharged was reported by the Ottawa +correspondent of the <i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i><a name="FNanchor_154" id="FNanchor_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a> as "variously stated to be +9,000,000 to 11,000,000," while <i>Stanley Gibbons Monthly Journal</i> is more +definite<a name="FNanchor_155" id="FNanchor_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a> in saying that "there are some 9,000,000 of 3c. stamps in stock, of +which about 6,000,000 are of the four leaves type, and the rest have the numerals +in the lower corners." Just where these figures were obtained does +not appear, but the Postmaster General's report for 30th June, 1900, makes +the following statement:—"Included in the stamp output of the year was +$123,600 worth of 3 cent stamps, which constituted the unissued remnant +of 3 cent stamps in the possession of the department; on the occasion of the +reduction of the domestic letter rate of postage they were surcharged and issued +as 2 cent stamps." The figures quoted account for only 4,120,000 of the 3<!-- Page 173 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> +cent stamps, and this quantity is confirmed in the Report for 1901, which +says:—"In 1899-1900 3 cent stamps to the number of 4,120,000 were included +in the output solely with a view to surcharging them down to 2 cents +and transference to that column." The two varieties, however, are not separated +in the accounts, but inasmuch as the catalogue prices are now, after +ten years, at the same figure for each, it is reasonable to suppose that one is +as common as the other and that therefore they must have been issued in approximately +equal amounts.</p> + +<p>Plate numbers for the surcharges seem to be again recorded in only a +half hearted way. But one reference has been found to those of the numeral +type, plates 5 and 6<a name="FNanchor_156" id="FNanchor_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a>, and none for the "maple leaf" type.</p> + +<p>The reduction in the domestic rate of postage was also the cause of another +provisional, but of quite a different character. <i>Stanley Gibbons Monthly +Journal</i> for January 31, 1899, <span class="nobreak">says:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In some offices 1c. and 2c. stamps ran short, and their places were +supplied by one-third and two-thirds portions of 3c. stamps divided +vertically. In some places, our correspondent says, these divided +stamps were employed without further alteration, but in others we +regret to hear that they were surcharged with a figure "2", in +<i>purple</i>, upon the figure "3" of the larger portion, or the word "one" +in <i>green</i>, upon the smaller part; or, to further complicate matters, +when thirds of two adjoining stamps were used for 2c. each part was +impressed with a figure "2". Our informant's letter is franked in part +by ⅔ of a 3c. stamp surcharged "2" so we fear that this horrible tale +is founded on fact.</p></div> + +<p>In the <i>Journal</i> for March 31, 1899, is further <span class="nobreak">light:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The surcharged fractions appear to have been used only at the +office at Port Hood, N. S., where the Postmaster apparently did not +consider it safe to use divided stamps without some distinguishing +mark. We have seen other copies since, and find that a figure "1" was +struck upon the smaller portion; not the word "one" as previously +stated.</p></div> + +<p>Again in the <i>Journal</i> for April 29, 1899, we <span class="nobreak">find:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In reference to the cut and surcharged 3c. stamps, a correspondent +sends us the following extract from a letter from the postmaster +of Port <span class="nobreak">Hood:—</span></p> + +<p>"When the change in Canadian postage was made—of which we +got notice by wire—I had only very few two cent stamps in stock, +so that before I got my supply from Ottawa I ran completely out of<!-- Page 174 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> +them, and, to keep my account straight, I was compelled to cut threes. +This was for one day only, and not over 300 stamps were cut. I would +say about 200 '2' and 100 '1' were used. Those stamps I put on letters +for delivery within the county as much as possible. About 100 '2' and +probably nearly as many '1' were marked with the figures 3 and 1 as +you describe, and were placed on letters for delivery in towns throughout +the Dominion. Those were the only provisional stamps used by +this office."</p></div> + +<p>Mr. Horsley reports having a copy on the original cover with the postmark +of Port Hood dated 5 January, 1899, which is doubtless the "one day" +that they were employed.</p> + +<p>A Canada correspondent, writing in <i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i><a name="FNanchor_157" id="FNanchor_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a> +concerning these "splits", says that "the Dominion Government has announced +that they were not authorized and letters having them on for postage should +have been charged double rate when delivered." They may be interesting +as curiosities, but they are assuredly not worthy of any great attention from +collectors. Illustrations of the "2" cent and a pair of the "1" cent will be +found as Nos. 37 and 39 respectively on <a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>.</p> + +<p>Nothing further in the line of novelties is to be reported until the 29th +December, 1900, when a new 20 cent stamp suddenly made its appearance as +a companion in design to the rest of the "numeral" series. The large 20 +cent stamp of 1893 had finally been exhausted, and the new comer in its neat +olive green was a welcome addition to the current set. It of course conformed +to the others in engraving, sheet arrangement, etc., and had the plate number +1. An examination of the stamp accounts during its term of life make it +appear probable that approximately 500,000 were issued.</p> + +<p>Finally the long heralded 7 cent stamp, which was supposed to take the +place of the 8 cent stamp after the reduction of domestic postage, made its +appearance nearly four years late! It was announced in a despatch to the +<i>Toronto Mail and Empire</i> as <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Ottawa, Dec. 18th, [1902].—The Post Office Department announces +that on the 24th instant it will be in a position to supply a seven-cent +postage stamp to accounting post offices throughout Canada. +This stamp, which is of a yellow color, will be especially convenient +for postage and registration fee on single rate letters, while it may +also be used for other postage purposes to the extent of its face value. +Non-accounting offices can obtain their supply through the city post +offices. This new stamp will bear the Queen's head, the department +not having yet decided on the design for the King's head issue.</p></div> +<p><!-- Page 175 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span></p> + +<p>The Postmaster General's Report for 1903, however, gives the issue of +7 cent stamps as occurring on the 23rd December, 1902. The stamp, as was +the case with the 20 cent, conformed in all respects to the others of the +numeral issue, but was printed in a hideous shade of olive yellow. There +was but one plate number, No. 1. It seems probable that about one million +copies constituted its total issue.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The above completes the issues of the numeral type stamps with the +Queen's head. Glancing over the Reports of the Postmaster General, as +usual, for the period during which they were in issue, we find the following +items of interest.</p> + +<p>In the Report for 30th June, 1899, the introduction of "Domestic Penny +Postage" is thus <span class="nobreak">recorded:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>On the 1st January, 1899, the letter rate within Canada was reduced +from 3 to 2 cents per ounce. This change has been accompanied +by such a marked and continuous increase in the number of domestic +letters being transmitted through the mails, as to warrant the conclusion +that the loss of revenue consequent on such reduction will +soon be overcome.</p> + +<p>As a result of the reduction in the Domestic Letter rate of postage, +the issue of the 3c. letter card, 3c. stamped envelope and 3c. postage +stamp has been discontinued, unused quantities of these, however, +continuing available for postage purposes or exchangeable at any post +office for their equivalent in postage stamps of other denominations.</p></div> + +<p>On the 1st January, 1899, also, the provisions of the Act which reimposed +postage payment on newspapers and periodicals went into effect. This +was <i>An Act further to amend the Post Office Act</i> (assented to 13th June, +1898)<a name="FNanchor_158" id="FNanchor_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a> which we have already quoted as being the Act authorizing the +reduction in the domestic postage rate to 2 cents per ounce. The third section +of this Act repealed section 26 of the <i>Post Office Act</i> and substituted the +following <span class="nobreak">therefor:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>26. On and after the first day of January, one thousand eight +hundred and ninety-nine, newspapers and periodicals, printed and +published in Canada, mailed by the publisher in the post office at the +place where they are published and addressed to regular subscribers<!-- Page 176 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> +or newsdealers in Canada, resident elsewhere than in the place of publication, +shall be transmitted by mail to their respective addresses as +<span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + +<p>If they are required to be transmitted by mail a distance within +twenty miles from the place of publication or within a circular area of +a diameter not exceeding forty miles, and if their publication is of no +greater frequency than once a week, they shall be so transmitted free +of postage within one or other of such areas to be selected by the +publisher in accordance with regulations in that behalf to be established +by the Postmaster General; if they are required to be transmitted +a greater distance, or if their publication is of greater frequency +than once a week, then in either of such cases postage +thereon shall be paid on and after the said first day of January, and +until and inclusive of the thirtieth day of June next following, at the +rate of one-quarter of one cent, and thereafter at the rate of one-half +of one cent, for each pound weight or any fraction of a pound weight, +which shall be prepaid by postage stamps or otherwise, as the Postmaster +General from time to time directs; provided that—</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>(<i>a</i>) such newspaper or periodical is known and recognized as a +newspaper or periodical in the generally received sense of the +word, and consists wholly or in great part of political or +other news or of articles relative thereto or to other current +topics, and is published regularly at intervals of not more +than one month;</p> + +<p>(<i>b</i>) the full title, place and date of publication, and the distinguishing +number of the issue are printed at the top of the +first page, and every subsequent page, and also on any paper, +print, lithograph or engraving purporting to be a supplement +to it and sent with it;</p> + +<p>(<i>c</i>) it is addressed to a <i>bonâ fide</i> subscriber, or to a known news-dealer +in Canada; and—</p> + +<p>(<i>d</i>) it is delivered into the post office under such regulations as +the Postmaster General, from time to time, makes for that +purpose.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>2. For the purpose of determining the weights of such newspapers +or periodicals, each newspaper or periodical transmitted separately +through the mails shall be held to weight not less than one-half +of one ounce.</p> + +<p>3. [<i>The Postmaster General to decide whether any publication +comes under this section, and whether the requirements have been +complied with in any case.</i>]</p> + +<p>4. [<i>Books for the blind transmitted free of Canadian postage.</i>]</p></div> + +<p>One other item, not strictly philatelic perhaps, but interesting to record +here, is the announcement of the issue of postal notes, the system having been +inaugurated throughout Canada on the 4th August, 1898. It was intended<!-- Page 177 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> +mainly to obviate the need of remitting small sums by mail in postage stamps, +with the consequent difficulty to the recipient of disposing of any quantity. +The notes were for certain fixed values, odd amounts between values being +made up by affixing postage stamps.</p> + +<p>Their denominations and dates of issue are recorded as <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left"> 4th August</td><td align="left">issued notes of 25, 50 and 70 cents.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">23rd August</td><td align="left">issued notes of $1, $2.50 and $5.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">21st October</td><td align="left">issued notes of 40 cents, $1.50 and $2.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">25th November</td><td align="left">issued notes of 20, 30, 60 and 80 cents.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">23rd January, 1899</td><td align="left">issued notes of 90 cents, $3. and $4.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In the Report for 1900 we find mention of the issue of stamp books.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In the month of June, 1900, the department commenced the issue +to Postmasters, of a small book of 2 cent postage stamps, containing +12 stamps, disposed on two sheets of 6 stamps each, and interleaved +with wax paper to prevent adhesion of the sheets. The size of the +book is such as to make it convenient to be carried in the pocket or +pocket-book. Printed on the cover is postal information calculated +to be of interest to the public. The price at which the book is issued +is 25 cents, one cent over the face value of the stamps being charged +to cover the cost of binding, etc.</p></div> + +<p>The stamp accounts give the date of issue of the stamp books as 11th +June, 1900. That they have proved popular is evidenced by the increase in +the number issued to postmasters from some 320,000 in 1901 to about +1,400,000 in 1910.</p> + +<p>The books are about two by three inches in size, with stiff cardboard +covers which are bound together by red cloth. The coat-of-arms of Canada +with the words CANADA POSTAGE beneath are engraved in red on the +front cover, while inside are four pages of postal information and the two +sheets of six stamps each—three horizontal pairs—backed by leaves of paraffined +tissue paper.</p> + +<p>Notice is also given of the discontinuance of two denominations of postage +stamps, the old 15 cent of 1868 passing quietly away at the age of 31 +years, 1 month and 1 day—or on the 2nd November, 1899, to be exact. The +6 cent stamp, for which there was but little call since the reduction of the +letter postage to 2 cents, was discontinued on the 10th February, 1900.</p> + +<p>From the Report of 1901 we learn that the last issue of the $1 Jubilee +stamps took place on 27th June 1900, but nothing is said of dates for the<!-- Page 178 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> +cents values, all of which appear for the last time in the "issued to postmasters" +column in amounts of 700 or 800, and even 2000 in the case of +the ½ cent.</p> + +<p>The Report of 1902 notes the last issue of the 3 cent stamp in March, +1901, and of the 8 cent stamp, which had been of but little use since the reduction +of postage, on the 16th December, 1901.</p> + +<p>The Report of 1903 announces the issue of the new King Edward +stamps, and of the prepayment of printed matter in cash, instead of by +stamps, under the "permit" system. Both of these subjects will be considered +in their proper chapters.</p> + +<p>Though the Report for 1904 takes us into the period of the King Edward +stamps, yet we find it noted therein that the last issue of 6 cent and 8 cent +stamps (Queen's head) took place on the 4th September, 1902. Both these +values had already been disposed of apparently, but it seems that 100,000 +of the 6 cent and 125,000 of the 8 cent were "received from +manufacturers" and "issued to postmasters", according to the stamp accounts +of 1902-3, and rumor has it that some large concern ordered them for the +mailing of catalogues. The date, 4th September, was probably that of delivery +to the purchasers.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_148" id="Footnote_148"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XIII: 265.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_149" id="Footnote_149"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> 61 Vict. Chap. 20.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_150" id="Footnote_150"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> Canada Gazette, XXXII: 1223.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_151" id="Footnote_151"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XIII: 324.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_152" id="Footnote_152"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> Monthly Journal, X: 35.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_153" id="Footnote_153"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XIII: 308.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_154" id="Footnote_154"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era, XIII: 393.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_155" id="Footnote_155"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> Monthly Journal, X: 35.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_156" id="Footnote_156"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era, XIII: 400, 403.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_157" id="Footnote_157"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XIII: 187.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_158" id="Footnote_158"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> 61 Vict. Chap. 20.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr class="long" /> +<p><!-- Page 179 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV<br /> +<br /> +THE "CHRISTMAS" STAMP OF 1898</h2> + + +<p>Ocean Penny Postage, which became the dream of Postal Reformers +almost from the date of the adoption of the plan of +Rowland Hill, is at length within measurable distance of becoming +an accomplished fact. It is true that it is not yet to be the Universal +Penny Postage, or even the Imperial Penny Postage so perseveringly advocated +by Mr. Henniker-Heaton; but these will come in time, and an +immense step in the desired direction has been taken by the adoption of the +partial scheme, which is to come into force within a few months." So wrote +Major Evans in July, 1898,<a name="FNanchor_159" id="FNanchor_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a> upon the conclusion of the Imperial Conference +on Postal Rates which took place in London during that month.</p> + +<p>Many of our readers may have seen the illustrated envelopes, in various +designs, which were issued some fifty or sixty years ago in advocacy of an +"Ocean Penny Postage." Great Britain, having committed herself to domestic +penny postage in 1840, after the herculean labors of Sir Rowland Hill in that +behalf, seems to have been looked to by succeeding postal reformers to furnish +over-sea transportation along the same lines. Chief among these advocates +was Elihu Burritt, the "learned blacksmith" of New Britain, Conn., who +not only published documents on the subject but went to England and delivered +addresses in support of the idea. Major Evans says:<a name="FNanchor_160" id="FNanchor_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a>—"What appears +to have been the first pamphlet on 'Ocean Penny Postage', issued by +Elihu Burritt, was probably published quite at the end of 1848, or early in +1849. It contains a poem dated Christmas, 1848, which may give us approximately +the date of publication." This proves extremely interesting, inasmuch +as Imperial Penny Postage was put into effect on Christmas, 1898, +just a half century later to a day.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 180 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> +But Burritt's proposal was not that which was accomplished so long +afterward. In his own words:<a name="FNanchor_161" id="FNanchor_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>By the term "<i>Ocean Penny Postage</i>" we mean simply this:—That +the single service of transporting a letter, weighing under half-an-ounce, +from any port of the United Kingdom to any port beyond the +sea, at which the British mail-packets may touch, shall be performed +by the British Government for <i>one penny</i>; or one penny for its mere +conveyance from Folkestone to Boulogne, Liverpool to Boston, &c., +and <i>vice versa</i>. Thus the entire charge upon a letter transmitted from +any town in the United Kingdom to any port beyond the sea, would +be two pence;—one penny for the inland rate, and the other for the +ocean rate.</p></div> + +<p>Of course this does not reckon in what might be added for an inland +rate at the "port beyond the sea", but the main point was the transportation +on the ocean part of the journey at a uniform rate of one penny.</p> + +<p>This was practically accomplished—and even bettered—by the establishment +of the Universal Postal Union in 1875; for where Burritt wrote:<a name="FNanchor_162" id="FNanchor_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a>— +"It would meet the terms of our proposition if every letter under half an +ounce, from any town in Great Britain to any town in the Colonies, should +pay <i>three pence</i>; one penny for the home inland rate, another penny for the +ocean, and the third for the colonial inland rate, and <i>vice versa</i>" the Postal +Union fixed a charge of but twopence halfpenny as the standard rate between +<i>all</i> countries that subscribed to its provisions.</p> + +<p>To quote further:<a name="FNanchor_163" id="FNanchor_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The later discussion in England on the extension of Penny Postage +across the seas has alternated between the proposals for Universal +Penny Postage and Imperial Penny Postage. Mr. Henry Fawcett, +who was Postmaster-General in 1880, was keenly interested in endeavouring +to get the Colonies to accept a lower postal rate to and from +the Mother Country, but the Colonies were afraid to lower their rates.... +Mr. Henniker-Heaton brought up the subject in the House of +Commons in 1885 by moving for the opening of negotiations with other +Governments, with a view to establishing Universal Penny Postage.... +In 1890 the Jubilee of the introduction of Uniform Penny Postage was +celebrated in London and throughout the United Kingdom, and public +interest in postal matters received a new stimulus.... The long sus<!-- Page 181 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span>tained +agitation for Imperial Penny Postage was at last brought to a +definite issue at the Imperial Conference on Postal Rates in 1898. The +London <i>Standard</i> of 13th July, 1898, <span class="nobreak">stated:—</span></p> + +<p>"We are authorized by the Postmaster-General to state that, as +the result of the Imperial Conference on Postal Rates, it has been +agreed, on the proposal of the Representative of the Dominion of +Canada, that letter postage of one penny per half-ounce should be +established between the United Kingdom, Canada, Newfoundland, the +Cape Colony, Natal, and such of the Crown Colonies as may, after communication +with, and approval of, Her Majesty's Government, be willing +to adopt it. The date on which the reduction will come into effect +will be announced later on. The question of a uniform reduced rate +for the whole Empire was carefully considered; but it was not found +possible to fix upon a rate acceptable to all the Governments concerned. +A resolution was therefore adopted, leaving it to those parts +of the Empire which were prepared for penny postage to make the +necessary arrangements among themselves".</p> + +<p>The Postmaster-General who had the distinction of issuing this +important communication was the Duke of Norfolk, and the representative +of Canada was the Hon. (now Sir) William Mulock, LL. D., +Q. C., Postmaster-General of Canada, who gave the chief credit for the +reform to the British Empire League.</p></div> + +<p>Nevertheless, Mr. Mulock had been interested not only in the scheme of +Imperial Penny Postage but also in endeavoring to obtain a reduction of the +Canadian domestic postage to the penny (2 cents) basis. The inland letter rate, +it may be remembered, was made 3 cents per half ounce throughout the new +Dominion on the 1st April, 1868. Not until the 2nd May, 1889, did legislative +enactment raise the limit of weight to one ounce. Meanwhile the +United States, on the 1st October, 1883, had lowered its inland rate, which +also applied to letters for Canada, to 2 cents per ounce. Agitation for the +same reduction had naturally taken place in Canada, but instead of this it +was proposed late in 1897<a name="FNanchor_164" id="FNanchor_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a> to reduce the Postal Union rate of 5 cents per half +ounce to the domestic rate of 3 cents per ounce on letters to Great Britain and +the Colonies. An Order in Council was actually passed announcing a rate of +3 cents per half ounce to any place in the British Empire, to take effect on +1st January, 1898, but the Imperial authorities objected to it as exceeding +Canada's powers as a member of the Postal Union, and it was necessarily +abandoned.</p> + +<p>Finally legislative enactment was passed on the 13th June, 1898, making<!-- Page 182 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> +the long desired reduction in the domestic rate to 2 cents, but not to come +into operation until the date named by the Governor-General<a name="FNanchor_165" id="FNanchor_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a>. Within a +month, as we have already detailed, the Imperial Conference in London decided +on a penny (2 cent) rate for the British Empire and in November it +was decided to put this in operation on Christmas day of 1898. Thus the +anomaly was created of a 2 cent rate from Canada to England or Africa, +but a 3 cent rate from one town to another in Canada. This was remedied +a week later, as we have seen, by the proclamation putting the domestic 2 +cent rate into force from 1st January, 1899.</p> + +<p>As a leader in the final adoption of Imperial Penny Postage, Canada +could look with pride upon its accomplishment and may be pardoned for its +mild celebration of the event in the guise of a <i>single</i> commemorative stamp. +It was unnecessary, of course, and no other Colony attempted it, but Mr. +Mulock recognized the opportunity and rose to the occasion. The following +clipping from the <i>Ottawa Evening Journal</i><a name="FNanchor_166" id="FNanchor_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a> gives some interesting <span class="nobreak">details:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The new Imperial Penny Postage Stamp, to be used between Great +Britain and a number of her colonies after Christmas Day next, has +been designed by the Postmaster-General and is ready to be issued. +It is not to be a special issue, but will take its place among the +regular issues. When Mr. Mulock was in Britain he was surprised to +notice that the great mass of the people did not appreciate the value +of the greatness of the British possessions abroad. This was especially +true of Canada. The idea therefore suggested itself to him, when +he was considering a new stamp, to prepare something that would +show the dimensions of Great Britain compared with all other +countries. Mr. Mulock asked for some designs from a few artists when +he came back to Canada, but they did not meet with his views, and he +roughly sketched out something himself and passed it over to an artist +to have it touched up.</p> + +<p>The feature of the new stamp is a neatly executed map in miniature +of the world, showing the British possessions as compared with +all other countries. The empire is distinguished from the possessions +of the other powers by being in red. Surmounting this map is a representation +of the crown, underneath which is a bunch of oak and +maple leaves, symbolizing the unity of the Mother Country and +Canada. At the upper edge of the stamp are the words "Canada Postage" +in a neat letter. Underneath the map is placed "Xmas, 1898", so +that the date of the inauguration of Imperial Penny Postage shall +be a matter of record. On the lower corners are the figures "2", indicating +the denomination of the stamp, and at the lower edge is this<!-- Page 183 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> +suggestive passage taken from the works of one of our patriotic +poets: "We hold a vaster empire than has been". Mr. Mulock will be +able to claim the credit of giving the public the cheapest map of the +world ever issued. The size of the stamp is about the same as the +Jubilee issue.</p></div> + +<p>A reproduction of this <i>multum in parvo</i> composition is shown as No. 38 +on <a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>.</p> + +<p>This remarkable stamp caused no end of criticism, at home and abroad, +not only because of its novel and startling design, but also because of the +bombastic legend which appeared upon it. The following clipping from the +<i>Chicago Tribune</i><a name="FNanchor_167" id="FNanchor_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a> explains the origin of the <span class="nobreak">motto:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The motto chosen by Mr. Mulock, "We hold a vaster empire than +has been," is from the jubilee ode of Sir Lewis Morris, entitled a +"Song of Empire", with the date, June 20, 1897, as a subtitle, indicating +its tone and purpose. An excerpt from the last stanza, from which +the motto was taken, is as follows:</p></div> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"We love not war, but only peace,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Yet never shall our England's power decrease!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Whoever guides our helm of state,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Let all men know it, England shall be great!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">We hold a vaster empire than has been!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nigh half the race of man is subject to our Queen!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nigh half the wide, wide earth is ours in fee!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And where her rule comes all are free.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And therefore 'tis, O Queen, that we,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Knit fast in bonds of temperate liberty,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Rejoice to-day, and make our solemn jubilee!"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>In consequence of the peculiar legend, the stamp has been dubbed, not +ineptly, the "has been" stamp.</p> + +<p>We learn from a despatch to the <i>Toronto Telegram</i> that the printing of +the stamp began on the 1st <span class="nobreak">December:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Ottawa, Dec. 2, 1898.—(Special)—The Governor-General and Hon. +William Mulock, Postmaster-General, presided yesterday at the printing +of the first copies of the new imperial penny postage stamp. The +design is Mr. Mulock's own<a name="FNanchor_168" id="FNanchor_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a>.</p></div> + +<p>It was thus brought into the world under distinguished patronage—that +of its official father and god-father, so to speak. Its baptism came on the 7th +December, rather earlier than expected, but explained by the following newspaper +clipping<a name="FNanchor_169" id="FNanchor_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a>:<!-- Page 184 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Ottawa, Ont., Dec. 5—It having been stated in some newspapers +that the new two-cent Imperial stamp would not become available +until Christmas day, inquiry made at the Post Office Department today +to ascertain the truth of this statement elicits the fact that, +although it was the original intention of the department that the new +stamp should not come into use until the 25th inst., the demand from +the public for it has become so pressing that the department has decided +to issue it at once, and permit its immediate use to the extent +of its face value for all postage purposes. In other words, as soon as +it reaches the public it may, if preferred by the purchaser, be used +instead of the ordinary two-cent stamp. The two-cent inter-Imperial +rate does not, of course, come into effect until Christmas Day.</p></div> + +<p>In the <i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i>, the Canadian correspondent discourses +upon its advent as follows, under date of 7th December<a name="FNanchor_170" id="FNanchor_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a>:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The new Imperial stamps referred to in past numbers of the <i>Era</i> +were issued this morning, and although the new Imperial rate does not +come into effect until Xmas-day, and they bear that inscription, they +are receivable for ordinary postage now.</p> + +<p>The general design has already been described, but it may be well +to say that the stamps are printed in three colours. The frame is in +black with white letters, the seas are in a pale blue, or rather a lavender, +and the British possessions are in a bright red. The map of the +world is on Mercator's projection, which magnifies high latitudes; +consequently the Dominion of Canada, which occupies the middle of +the upper part of the stamp, looks bigger than all the other British +possessions put together. The border of the stamp is of cable pattern +and measures 32 mm. in width by 22½ in height. The stamp is printed +on medium, machine-wove, white paper, similar to that used for the +Jubilee and subsequent Canadian issues, and is perforated 12.</p></div> + +<p>The above quotation settles the fact that the first color in which the +"seas" were printed was lavender. There has been some discussion on this +point. Again, a correspondent of the <i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i> wrote under +date of "Dec. 20th" that "A government official of Canada states that the 2c +Imperial postage stamp is to be changed in color from a lavender to a blue. +One of your contemporaries states that the color is to be green<a name="FNanchor_171" id="FNanchor_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a>." Under +date of "Ottawa, Dec. 29," another correspondent of the same paper +writes<a name="FNanchor_172" id="FNanchor_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a>:—"The first issue of these geographical stamps, on the 7th instant, +had the sea coloured a light lavender. About the 20th, I cannot fix the exact<!-- Page 185 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> +day, a second supply had the sea coloured a light blue, as nearly as I can judge +Prussian blue. And now I am told the third lot are to have the seas much +darker in colour, but that is only a rumour." A clipping from the <i>Winnipeg +Free Press</i>, however, states that "the second shipment, which arrived on Dec. +13th, were of an entirely different print, although the fact passed unnoticed +for some days. The sea on these stamps—and on all the thousands received +since—is printed in pale green!" The first shipment is noted as "lavender +or pale blue" as usual. Evidently the change in color took place within the +first week or ten days after printing began. A dark shade of green is apparently +as common as the pale green, and a cancelled copy dated January 13, +1899, is noted in <i>Ewen's Weekly Stamp News</i>. Doubtless it was issued much +earlier. The lavender shade seems to have been reverted to in the later issues +of the stamp, for it is noted in chronicles as having been received from Canada +in February and March, 1899, and the stamp was considered obsolete in +April. We venture to think, however, that it was not a reversion to lavender +in the printing of the stamp, but rather the remainder of the first printings—for +it is well known that when bundles of stamp sheets are placed in stock +some of the first packages received may remain at the bottom of the pile for +years, while the later ones, placed on top, are used to fill orders.</p> + +<p>The stamps were printed in the usual sheet arrangement of 100, ten rows +of ten. The black portion was from line engraved plates, but the red and +lavender (or green) portions were doubtless printed on the sheets by lithography +previous to the impression of the main design of the stamp in black. +There are four marginal imprints reading AMERICAN BANK NOTE CO. +OTTAWA in Roman capitals ½ mm. high, the inscription being about 29 mm. +long, (see illustration number 113 on <a href="#Plate_X">Plate X</a>). They are placed above the +third and eighth stamps of the top row and beneath the corresponding stamps +of the bottom row. A plate number, in hair line figures about 4 mm. high, is +placed over the division between the fifth and sixth stamps of the top row, +and higher up than the imprints. Plates 1, 2, 3 and 5 are known, but we +have been unable to find plate 4 recorded, though it would be presumed to +exist. All four known plates come with the lavender sea, and probably all +four were used with the light green and dark green seas, although we have +only been able to find record of plate 1 with the former and plate 2 with the +latter.<a name="FNanchor_173" id="FNanchor_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a></p> + +<p><!-- Page 186 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> +Mr. Ewen, in his exhaustive article on these stamps,<a name="FNanchor_174" id="FNanchor_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a> notes an apparent +retouching of one of the plates. He says:—"Readers will have noted that the +stamps are each surrounded by what appears to be a rope. On the sheet of +plate 3 before us, the outer edge of this rope on the stamps at the end of each +row (right hand side of each sheet) has worn away and has been replaced by a +straight line engraved on the plate, except on stamp No. 80, which still shows +the very defective nature of the rope." Much space is also given to a description +of minor varieties in the red portions of the stamp—omission of islands, +extra islands, peninsulas instead of islands, etc., etc. The chief variety, however, +occurs in the two dots representing two islands in mid-Pacific: in the +normal stamps these two lie one above and one below the "equator", if properly +placed; in the variety, which is the sixth stamp in the fifth row (No. +46 in the sheet) both islands lie horizontally just below the equator.</p> + +<p>A further variety is the stamp in imperforate condition, of which we are +able to illustrate a block of four from the Worthington collection as number +113 on <a href="#Plate_X">Plate X</a>. This occurs with the bluish, the pale green and the deep +green oceans.</p> + +<p>It would be interesting to know the number of stamps printed in each of +the distinct shades, but we do not know even the total issue of the map stamps. +The only reference is in the <i>London Philatelist</i>,<a name="FNanchor_175" id="FNanchor_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a> where it is remarked that +"we understand [it] has been issued to the number of sixteen millions." They +were not separated in the stamp accounts, but were reckoned in with the ordinary +2 cent stamps, and the above figure may very likely be the correct one +as the number must have been large. We find from a newspaper clipping +that the cost of manufacture of these stamps was 45 cents per thousand.<a name="FNanchor_176" id="FNanchor_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a></p> + +<p>In closing this account of the Christmas stamp it may be interesting to +record the story of the first letter sent from Canada at the new rate and bearing +the commemorative stamp in prepayment. It is taken from a Toronto newspaper.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Penny ocean postage came into force at midnight on Saturday. The +first letter to be posted was one by Mr. J. Ross Robertson, written to +Mr. Edward Letchworth, the Grand Secretary, at Freemason's Hall, +Great Queen-street, London.... The letter was received at the +General Post-Office, Adelaide-street, Toronto, at one second past 12 +o'clock on the morning of Sunday, Dec. 25th, by Mr. John Carruthers, +the Assistant Postmaster, who certified to the posting with his signa<!-- Page 187 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span>ture +on the envelope. At five seconds past 12 it was handed to Mr. +H. S. Allen, chief of the night staff, who, at twelve seconds past the +hour, dropped it into one of the electric stamping machines, and at fifteen +seconds past midnight it came out in due and proper form, bearing +the Toronto postmark of Dec. 25, and the new two-cent stamp in +the right-hand corner, duly cancelled, so that it was all ready for the +London mail bag, waiting for it and succeeding letters going by the +next British mail.</p> + +<p>On the envelope was the name of the sender in the upper left-hand +corner and the following endorsation in the lower left-hand +corner.</p> + +<p>"This is to certify that this letter was mailed at the Toronto Post-Office +at one-quarter of a minute past 12 o'clock on the morning of +Dec. 25, 1898, and is the first letter to be posted and cancelled at the +Toronto postoffice, bearing the new imperial penny postage stamp, +addressed to Great Britain, (signed) John Carruthers, assistant postmaster."</p> + +<p>And under this:</p> + +<p>"Received at Freemason's Hall, London, Eng., at ... o'clock, +... day of January, 1899.</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 10em;">...</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 10em;">"Grand Secretary."</span><br /> +</p> + + +<p>This is probably the first time in philatelic history that race-track timing +has been employed on the passage of mail matter through the post!</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_159" id="Footnote_159"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> Monthly Journal, IX: 1.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_160" id="Footnote_160"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> Stamp Lover, I: 263.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_161" id="Footnote_161"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> A Penny All the Way, Melville, p. 23.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_162" id="Footnote_162"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> ibid., page 22.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_163" id="Footnote_163"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> ibid., page 36.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_164" id="Footnote_164"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era, XII: 129.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_165" id="Footnote_165"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_169">page 169</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_166" id="Footnote_166"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> Monthly Journal, IX: 87.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_167" id="Footnote_167"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XIII: 76.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_168" id="Footnote_168"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> Ibid., XII: 206.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_169" id="Footnote_169"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> Ibid., XII. 213.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_170" id="Footnote_170"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era, XIII: 105.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_171" id="Footnote_171"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> ibid., XIII: 121.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_172" id="Footnote_172"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> ibid., XIII: 129.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_173" id="Footnote_173"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> Ewen's Weekly Stamp News, II: 122.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_174" id="Footnote_174"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> Ewen's Weekly Stamp News, II: 122.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_175" id="Footnote_175"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> London Philatelist, VIII: 79.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_176" id="Footnote_176"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> Post Office, IX: 37.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr class="long" /> +<p><!-- Page 188 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV<br /> +<br /> +THE "KING'S HEAD" ISSUE OF 1903-1908</h2> + + +<p>The death of the beloved Queen Victoria on January 22, 1901, portended +momentous changes in the multitude of stamps bearing her +effigy throughout the Empire. Canada of course was expected to make +the proper substitution of the portrait of the new ruler, King Edward the +Seventh, but as time went on seemed in no hurry to do so. In fact it was +nearly two years and a half after the Queen's death before the King Edward +stamps appeared, and in the meantime but little could be learned concerning +Canada's intentions in the matter.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>About the first of January, 1903, it was reported in the newspapers that +Postmaster-General Mulock had announced "that designs had been submitted, +and it has been decided to select one bearing an excellent likeness of His Majesty." +In its issue for 18th April, 1903, the <i>Metropolitan Philatelist</i> again +gave advance information concerning Canadian stamp matters in the following +detailed <span class="nobreak">account:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The King's head series of Canadian stamps will probably shortly +make its appearance. The die has been received by the Post Office +Department and approved of. The stamp will be very similar to the +present stamp except that the maple leaf in each of the upper corners +will be replaced by a crown. The figures of value will appear in the +lower corner as at present and the value will be spelled out as at present +in the oval frame which surrounds the portrait. This frame will +be as in the present stamp. The portrait of the King shows him three-quarters +to the right—head and shoulders, as the Queen is in the present +stamp, but there is no crown on his head. The portrait is an exceptionally +nice one and it is understood that Royalty has had something +to do with its selection. The die was made in England, +although the American Bank Note Co. are contractors for the government +work.</p></div><p><!-- Page 189 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p> + +<p>The details given proved correct. The official announcement of the forthcoming +issue was given in a circular to postmasters dated 10th June and +signed by the Deputy Postmaster-General:<a name="FNanchor_177" id="FNanchor_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Postmasters are hereby informed that a new issue of postage +stamps, bearing the portrait of His Majesty King Edward VII., and +comprising five denominations (1c., 2c., 5c., 7c., and 10c.), is about to +be supplied to Postmasters for sale in the usual way, but none of these +stamps are to be sold until the first of July, 1903.</p> + +<p>The colours of the forthcoming series will be the same respectively, +as those now used for the denominations specified, except that the +shade of the 7c. will be slightly deeper.</p> + +<p>Postmasters will please bear in mind that, notwithstanding the +new issue, they are not to return to the Department any of the old +stamps on hand, but will sell them in the ordinary way. At first, the +public may prefer getting new stamps, and if so, there is no objection +to this wish being acceded to, but it is also desirable to work off in due +course all remnants of old stamps.</p> + +<p>A change in the design of the stamp of the present series of +post-cards, post-bands and stamped envelopes, to correspond with that +above referred to, will be made as soon as the present stock of these +items shall have been exhausted.</p></div> + +<p>The new stamps were accordingly issued on "Dominion Day" (July 1st) +of 1903. Their actual appearance brought forth the following interesting +account of their preparation in the <i>London Philatelist</i>:<a name="FNanchor_178" id="FNanchor_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Although for a long time past we have been aware of the circumstances +attending the preparation of the new postage stamps for Canada, +and in a position to illustrate the approved design, we have refrained +from publishing the facts in compliance with the desire of the +authorities that no details should be made public until the stamps had +been completed and were ready to be put into circulation.</p> + +<p>We believe that the delay which has taken place in bringing out +the new issue has been due to questions arising out of the existing contract +under which the postage stamps of the Dominion are produced, +and that even after the approval of the design and the receipt of the +die some difficulties were experienced in connection with the preparation +of the plates by the contractors.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 150px;"> +<a href="images/i190.jpg"><img src="images/i190_tn.jpg" width="150" height="176" +alt="Design of the 1 cent "King's Head" issue of 1903-1908" +title="[Linked to larger image of "King's Head" design]" /></a> +</div> + +<p>These have happily been surmounted, and now that the issue is +an accomplished fact it is with much gratification that we illustrate<!-- Page 190 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> +the design of the new stamp, our illustration, prepared some time back, +being taken from a proof from the steel die engraved +by Messrs. Perkins, Bacon and Co., of London, +and used in the manufacture of the plates of +the several values issued by the Canadian postal +authorities on the 1st. instant. By comparing our +illustration with the stamp as issued it will be +seen that the contractors or the postal authorities +have made some alterations in the design, which, +in our judgement, are by no means improvements. +The leaves in the lower corners have been redrawn on a smaller scale, +and hardly impinge upon the frame; their drawing is vastly inferior, +and the graceful effect of the broken circle is lost. The numerals of +value are in colour on a white ground, reversing the original design, +the labels being larger and the figures taller and thinner; this also +detracting materially from the charming homogeneity of the stamp as +first proposed. The greatest alteration, and the worst, is the substitution +of heavy diagonal lines for horizontal ones in the background. +The latter were finely drawn and delicately shaded, leaving the King's +Head in clear outline, and <i>framed</i> by the dark oval band containing the +inscriptions. The background and frame no longer present this artistic +effect, and the whole design materially suffers thereby.</p> + +<p>The circumstances connected with the inception of the issue are +as gratifying as they are novel, and will be hailed with acclamation +by the Philatelists of the British Empire.</p> + +<p>The Postmaster of Canada, Sir William Mulock, being one of the +many distinguished visitors to this country during the Coronation +festivities, took the opportunity afforded by his visit of approaching +the Prince of Wales, and of meeting His Royal Highness's suggestions +and advice in the preparation of a new die for the Canadian stamps. +The Prince, with his characteristic energy and courtesy, cheerfully undertook +the task, and it will be seen from our illustration with absolute +and conspicuous success. H. R. H. wisely decided, in the first instance, +that it is advisable to have some continuity of design in +succeeding issues, and therefore adopted the frame and groundwork +of the then current stamps as a basis. In selecting a portrait of His +Majesty the Prince decided to rely upon a photograph giving a true +likeness of the King as we know him, in lieu of an idealised representation +by an artist. The photograph eventually chosen, with the full +approval of His Majesty, was one taken shortly before the Coronation.</p> + +<p>The likeness is undoubtedly what is termed a speaking one, and +with the addition of the Coronation robes represents as faithful and +as pleasing a picture of the King, at the time of his accession to the +throne, as it is possible to find. The introduction of the Tudor +crowns in the upper angles, which was another of the Prince's innovations, +obviates the difficulty that has so often made "the head that +wears a crown" lie "uneasy" on a postage stamp. These emblems of<!-- Page 191 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> +sovereignty, taken in conjunction with the Canadian maple leaves in +the lower angles, complete a design that for harmony, boldness, and +simplicity has assuredly not been excelled by any hitherto issued +stamps of the British Empire. It is palpable, on analyzing the stamp, +(1) that the attractiveness of the design has in no way been allowed +to militate against its utility, for its country of origin and denomination +are clearly expressed; (2) that the boldness of the design has not +been detracted from (as is so often the case) by superfluous ornamentation, +and that the design has been artistically balanced by the introduction +of the <i>right-sized portrait</i> and the proper treatment of light +and shade.</p></div> + +<p>We think it will be obvious, on comparing the illustration of the original +design above with the issued stamps, that the modifications introduced into +the lower corners by the American Bank Note Co. did not improve the appearance +of the design. [Illustration No. 43 on <a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>.]</p> + +<p>As stated in the Post Office circular, the colors followed those of the +Queen's head stamps, except that the 7 cent value was given a darker shade, +more of an olive than before and an improvement on its predecessor. The stamps +were of course line engraved and printed in the usual sheet arrangement of +ten rows of ten. The imprint was the same as on the Queen's head plates, +being placed only over stamps 5 and 6 of the top row. The plate numbers +began as before at No. 1 for each stamp, and up to the present writing, (Dec. +1910) there have been recorded the <span class="nobreak">following:—</span></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">cent</td><td align="left">—1-10, 13, 14, 18, 19, 22, 24, 25, 34, 47, 48, 51, 52, 55, 58</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">cent</td><td align="left">—1-30, 35-40, 47, 53-59, 62, 63, 67-74, 78</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">cent</td><td align="left">—1, 2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">7</td><td align="center">cent</td><td align="left">—1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">cent</td><td align="left">—1, 2</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Over a year elapsed before any additions were made to the above set. +Finally <i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i><a name="FNanchor_179" id="FNanchor_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a> published in its chronicle the following +note from a correspondent:—"On Tuesday, 27th September, [1904] +the last sheets of the 20c numerals were issued to the distributing offices, +and the first issue of the 20c King's Head was made on the same day." The +stamp of course corresponds in all particulars with the others of the set and +continues the fine olive green color of its predecessor. But one plate number, +1, has so far appeared. The amount delivered by the manufacturers since its +appearance has averaged about 400,000 per year.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 192 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span>The remaining value of the regular Canadian series, the 50 cent, because +of its limited use and the stock of the 1893 issue still on hand, had +escaped being included in either of the Queen's Head issues. But the old +stock at last ran out in 1908 and on the 19th November, according to <i>Mekeel's +Weekly Stamp News</i>,<a name="FNanchor_180" id="FNanchor_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a> this value appeared in the King's Head type, printed +in a rich violet and making a very handsome addition to the series. It conforms +in all respects to the other values, and bears the plate number 1. The +supply of the stamp received up to 31st March, 1910, was 300,000 copies.</p> + +<p>It may have been noticed, however, that no ½ cent stamp has appeared +in the King's head design. Trouble over this value seems to have begun to +brew with the Jubilee stamps. We have already detailed the story as far +as that issue is concerned, and also the manner in which the ½ cent "maple +leaf" was forced to appear before the authorities reckoned. Primarily intended +for prepaying the rate on transient newspapers, this value was supposed +to be employed only in that way, though its use had never been so restricted. +Its yearly issue to postmasters had gradually increased from some +300,000 in 1869 to 900,000 in 1895. In 1898 the latter number had doubled, +and by 1902 had only fallen to about 1,200,000. The trouble seemed to be +partly due, at least, to the fact that stamp collectors were buying them up, +and using them largely on their letter mail. This came to the attention of +the Post Office Department, and resulted in the following Department Circular, +published in the <i>Montreal Star</i> for the 6th December, 1902:<a name="FNanchor_181" id="FNanchor_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The attention of postmasters is drawn to the fact that the postal +necessity for the ½ cent stamp, as such, is now confined to one purpose—prepayment +of newspapers and periodicals posted singly, and +weighing not more than one ounce each (see Postal Guide, page xii, +section 47). As publications of the kind referred to must, in the nature +of things, be few, and as in the case of their being mailed to subscribers +by the office of publication, the bulk rate of postage would be far +cheaper and more convenient for the publisher, the demand for the ½ +cent stamp throughout the Dominion must be appreciably diminished +as a result of this restriction of its use. While, of course, any number +of ½ cent stamps on an article of correspondence will be recognized +to the full extent of their aggregate face value, it is not the wish of +the Department to supply them except for the sole specific purpose +above mentioned, and an intimation to that effect should be given by +postmasters to patrons of their office who are in the habit of buying ½ +cent stamps for other postal purposes.</p></div> + +<p><!-- Page 193 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>This circular seems to have had the desired effect, at least in good measure, +for the stamp accounts in the Reports for succeeding years showed an +average issue to postmasters of approximately 400,000 ½ cent stamps, being +a reduction of two-thirds. Finally, on the 19th May, 1909, an amendment<a name="FNanchor_182" id="FNanchor_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a> to +the Post Office Act was passed which repealed the provision granting the ½ +cent rate to newspapers and periodicals weighing less than one ounce, when +posted singly. This placed them in the one cent per ounce class and sounded +the death knell of the ½ cent stamp. The stamp accounts in the 1910 Report +show 1,700 ½ cent stamps on hand April 1, 1909, and 600,000 more received +from the manufacturers. These were all issued to postmasters and a foot-note +finishes the story: "Discontinued June 10, 1909."</p> + +<p>Just why the ½ cent stamp never was issued in the King's head type cannot +be stated. All the other values then in use in Canada had made their appearance +in this design, the 20 cent and 50 cent even having delayed their advent +until the stock of previous types had been exhausted; but the ½ cent Queen's +Head with numerals was regularly received from the printers and distributed +to postmasters down to the middle of 1909, six years after the King's Heads +first made their appearance. With the end of its usefulness at that time, of +course, disappeared all hope of ever seeing it in the King's Head set.</p> + +<p>In the issue for October 10, 1908, <i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i> published +the following <span class="nobreak">editorial:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We are enabled to report the existence of the two-cent Canada, +current issue, imperforate, a reader having-shown us a sheet of one +hundred of these varieties bearing the plate number 18. This is a discovery +of momentous interest which must attract much attention not +alone from specialists but from collectors, as we may say for the sake +of distinction, as well. The fact that the pane bears so early a plate +number removes it from any inclusion in the theory that the Canadian +authorities propose to issue stamps in imperforate sheets in the manner +that has been employed by the United States. Without doubt, the sheet +under notice was regularly prepared for issue in the accepted way and +it is the belief from information at hand that a sheet of four hundred +of the stamps was printed and reached the public.</p></div> + +<p>This announcement created some comment and was made the subject +of enquiry of the Post Office Department at Ottawa. The officials repudiated +the idea that any such irregularity could have happened, but finally took<!-- Page 194 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> +steps to authenticate the report. In the issue of February 20, 1909, of the +paper already quoted, is the full story of the "find", which has a peculiar +interest, as will be seen later.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The sheet as found was not of 400 stamps but of over 200 stamps, +as the right hand half of the sheet on which our report was based and +which was not before us when we wrote, contained a pane of 100 +stamps, plate number 14 and an irregularly torn part of plate number +13, showing about fifteen whole stamps and parts of others. Assuming +that the lower pane in the left half was torn approximately in the +manner of the right lower pane, or plate number 13, the find consisted +originally of 230 stamps, more or less. This reckoning agrees, we believe, +with the recollection of the person who rescued the imperforates +from oblivion, in a philatelic sense. The plate numbers on the sheet +that gave authority for the chronicling of the stamps by the <i>Weekly</i> +are 13 and 14, respectively, and not 18 as first printed.</p> + +<p>A. N. Lemieux of Chicago is the man who found the stamps. +While in Ottawa five years ago or so<a name="FNanchor_183" id="FNanchor_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a>, when he was in business in that +city, he saw the stamps just within the iron fence that has been described +as surrounding the establishment of the bank note company +that prints the Canadian stamps. The day was a rainy one and the +sheet had evidently been blown out of the window. Mr. Lemieux apparently +attached no value to the sheet of over two hundred stamps +which was in a wet, crumpled condition and without gum. Mr. +Lemieux was under the impression, no doubt, that, gum had been on the +sheet but had been washed off by the rain.... Before he showed the +stamps to the <i>Weekly</i>, Mr. Lemieux had disposed of the left half of +the sheet or about 115 whole stamps to a collector ... on an exchange +basis.... Mr. Lemieux was informed that the stamps still in his +possession had no little philatelic interest as curiosities and he sold +the specimens to Mr. Severn.</p></div> + +<p>Mr. Severn subsequently submitted the stamps to the officials at Ottawa, +who pronounced them "printer's waste" and stated that "they seemingly had +been trampled upon and subjected to the usage that would be given such cast +off material. Further, it was said that they had been blown or thrown out of +a window, no doubt. It was suggested that the stamps be returned to Ottawa +and that there were moral grounds for such a course on the part of the holders. +The description of 'printer's waste' seems to be correct and the inference is +that the stamps never had been gummed. They belong to that class of curiosities +that appeals strongly to the specialist but which the ordinary collector +regards as something apart from his collecting policy."<a name="FNanchor_184" id="FNanchor_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a></p> + +<p><!-- Page 195 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>But now mark the result. The stamps very naturally did not go back to +Ottawa, so Ottawa took pains to "get back" at the stamps! In the <i>Weekly</i> +of May 22, 1909, a correspondent <span class="nobreak">writes:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It may be of interest to know that the last supplement to the +Canadian Post Office Guide contains the following: "In view of representations +which have been made to the Department, it has been decided +to permit the sale of the 2-cent denomination of Canadian postage +stamps of the current issue, in sheets of 100, <i>without the usual +perforation</i>." I at once asked for a sheet of 2-cent and incidentally +said I would take a sheet of the other denominations if available. A +reply came today informing me that only the 2-cent would be available, +and then, not for some time, as the department intends to make +a separate printing of these stamps, to supply whatever demand may +occur.</p></div> + +<p>The quotation from the <i>Guide</i> appeared in the supplement for April, +1909, and concluded with the sentence:—"Applications for the same should +be made to the Postmaster at Ottawa."</p> + +<p>It might be inferred, perhaps, from the announcement in the <i>Guide</i>, +that the activities of the mailing machine companies had induced the Canadian +Post Office Department to cater to their convenience, as had been done +in the United States, by issuing sheets of stamps, only purchaseable as such, +in imperforate form. But no! The Department gave itself away! Note +the following points:—Mr. Severn sent the original imperforates to Ottawa +for examination. They had the plate numbers 13 and 14 on them. They +were returned with the intimation that "it would be safer not to dispose of +the sheet in view of the circumstances under which it reached the public. It +was suggested that Mr. Severn might be 'recouped' the amount that he paid +for the stamps if he relinquished them."<a name="FNanchor_185" id="FNanchor_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> Naturally the stamps did not +again see Ottawa. Six months later the Department placed on sale the 2 +cent stamp in imperforate sheets of 100, BUT—it was announced that they +could only be procured from the Postmaster at Ottawa; that only the 2 cent +would be available; that the Department intended to make a <i>separate printing</i> +of the stamps; and when collectors obtained them they were found to be from +the identical plates 13 and 14 of the "irregular" imperforates that Mr. Severn +held, although the regular issues of 2 cent stamps at that time were being +printed from plates numbered at least up to 62. We said "identical plates,"<!-- Page 196 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> +but in view of the early plate numbers and the delay in issuing the imperforates, +the suspicion is strong that new plates may have been made and given +the old numbers.</p> + +<p>As no other values have since been issued imperforate, and as no other +plate numbers have appeared in the 2 cent imperforate except the original +13 and 14, there is but one explanation for this "special printing" on these +early plates, and that is an attempt to checkmate the holder of the originals +and "to destroy what may be called an accidental monopoly of a stamp, the +issue of which was not intended previously." As a clincher we make one +more quotation:—"Now that Mr. Lemieux, the finder of the imperforates, +has received the Quarterly Supplement alluded to, containing the order creating +the imperforates neatly blue-pencilled, it is assumed that the issue of +the stamps in this form has been made with the idea of rendering the sheet that +escaped the department of no value. Thus philately plainly has its influence +in this new emission ... and an interesting variety has been added to the +philatelic supply by reason of the refusal to return the sheet that accidentally +escaped some years ago."</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The Postmaster General's Reports for the several years of the King's +Head issue (1903 to date) have but little of special interest. The Report +of 30th June, 1903, says:—"Towards the end of the fiscal year a new +series of postage stamps, bearing the portrait of His Majesty King Edward +VII, and comprising five denominations was supplied to Post Masters so as +to be on sale throughout the Dominion on the 1st July, 1903."</p> + +<p>The Report of 1905 states that a Postal Convention between Canada and +Mexico came into operation on 1st July, 1905 by which first, second and third +class matter can be sent from either country to the other at the domestic rates +of the country of origin.</p> + +<p>The fiscal year was once more changed from the 1st July to the 1st April +of each year, so that the Reports of the Postmaster General have been made +up to the 31st March since 1907. The Report of 1908 states that "for some +time past the provisions of the Postal Convention between Canada and the +United States relative to the postage on newspapers and periodicals passing +between the two countries were felt to be unsatisfactory, and an amendment +was made to the Convention (taking effect on 8th May, 1907) by which the +rate was fixed at 1 cent for each 4 ounces, calculated on the weight of each<!-- Page 197 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> +package of newspapers or periodicals, and prepaid by means of postage stamps +affixed. The amendment was subsequently modified: and copies of legitimate +daily newspapers posted from the office of publication addressed to regular subscribers +and newsdealers, can now be sent from Canada to the United States and +from the United States to Canada at the rate of 1 cent per pound. Newspapers +and periodicals published less frequently than daily are still subject to the rate +of 1 cent per 4 ounces."</p> + +<p>The issue of the "6c. International Reply Coupon" is recorded as having +taken place on the 5th October, 1907. A supply of 500,000 was received +from Berne, and of these 62,625 were distributed. The Report for 1909 +gives but 2,475 issued from headquarters, and the 1910 Report 14,050.</p> + +<p>The 1908 Report also notes the extension of free delivery of letters by +carrier to the following places: in Ontario:—Peterboro, Guelph, Berlin, Stratford, +Windsor, St. Catherines; in Quebec:—Sherbrooke, St. Hyacinthe, +Trois Rivičres; in Prince Edward Island:—Charlottetown; in Manitoba:—Brandon; +in Alberta:—Calgary, Edmonton.</p> + +<p>The Report for 1909 states that "a greatly desired reduction was made +in August 1908, in the rate of postage on letters posted for local delivery +in cities and other places having free letter carrier delivery service. The +former rate was two cents per ounce; the present rate is one cent per ounce."</p> + +<p>Further changes in newspaper regulations are noted as <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Some changes have been made in the regulations respecting newspapers +and periodicals posted from the office of publication addressed +to regular subscribers and newsdealers. (1) The former rate of ½ cent +per pound applicable to newspapers and periodicals which required to +be transmitted a distance in Canada exceeding three hundred miles, +or which were addressed for delivery in a place having Free Letter Carrier +Delivery service has been abolished; and now all newspapers and +periodicals published not less frequently than once a month can be +posted from the place of publication to any place in Canada at the bulk +rate of a quarter of a cent per pound. (2) The extent of the circular +area in Canada within which newspapers and periodicals published no +more frequently than weekly and no less frequently than monthly can +be sent free of postage to regular subscribers has been increased from +an area having a radius of 20 miles to an area having a radius of 40 +miles, the center of which may either be the place of publication or +some place not more than 40 miles distant therefrom, according to +the wish of the publisher.</p></div> + +<p>The following places are given as having had the system of free delivery +of letters by carrier extended to them: in Ontario:—Chatham, Fort<!-- Page 198 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> +William, Port Arthur, Sarnia, St. Thomas; in New Brunswick:—Moncton; +in Saskatchewan:—Regina; in British Columbia:—New Westminster.</p> + +<p>The Report for 1910 contains nothing special. New Parcels Post regulations +are noted with the United Kingdom, British West Indies, British Guiana +and Mexico, by which the rate is made 12 cents per pound or fraction, with a +limit of 11 pounds.</p> + +<p>In closing the chapter on the King Edward stamps, doubtless ere long +to be superseded by "King George" stamps, it may be well to record the +following statistics in order to note the progress made in the Post Office Department +for the period we have been considering.</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><i>31st. Mar. '03.</i></td><td align="right"><i>31st. Mar. '10.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Number of Post Offices,</td><td align="right">10,150</td><td align="right">12,887</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Number of letters and post cards annually,</td><td align="right">262,437,000</td><td align="right">501,189,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Number of registered letters annually,</td><td align="right">5,470,000</td><td align="right">10,465,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Number of pieces of 3rd class matter annually,</td><td align="right">46,794,000</td><td align="right">87,237,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Number of packets and parcels annually,</td><td align="right">3,790,740</td><td align="right">7,112,660</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Mileage travelled on mail routes annually,</td><td align="right">35,752,087</td><td align="right">46,773,727</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Net revenue,</td><td align="right">$4,366,127.75</td><td align="right">$7,958,547.72</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>A very important fact is also to be found on examining the financial reports +of the Department—that from a deficit (as usual for many years) of +$416,183.99 in 1901, and a wee surplus of $5,109.14 in 1902, there has grown +to be a surplus of $743,210.25 in 1910. Evidently Canada's Post Office Department +is at least run efficiently and economically!</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_177" id="Footnote_177"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XVII: 254.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_178" id="Footnote_178"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> London Philatelist, XII: 162.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_179" id="Footnote_179"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XVIII: 338.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_180" id="Footnote_180"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XXII: 414.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_181" id="Footnote_181"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> ibid., XVI: 471.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_182" id="Footnote_182"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> 8-9 Edward VII, Chap. 30.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_183" id="Footnote_183"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> This was later corrected to June, 1906.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_184" id="Footnote_184"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XXIII: 66.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_185" id="Footnote_185"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XXIII: 190.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr class="long" /> +<p><!-- Page 199 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVI" id="CHAPTER_XVI"></a>CHAPTER XVI<br /> +<br /> +THE "TERCENTENARY" ISSUE OF 1908</h2> + + +<p>It may be remembered, perhaps, that in our introductory chapter we noted +the fact that the first permanent settlement in Canada was made by Champlain +at Quebec in 1608. As the year 1908 approached, the idea of celebrating +in proper manner the three hundredth anniversary of this event was +strongly agitated, particularly by the French population of the Province of +Quebec. Plans were formed and materialized in the shape of fetes, historical +pageants, etc., which took place at Quebec in July, 1908, and to be present at +which the Prince and Princess of Wales made a special trip across the Atlantic +in one of Britain's most powerful warships.</p> + +<p>In view of former precedents it was to be expected that the Canadian Post +Office Department would also celebrate in a fitting way, and although a new +Postmaster General had taken the place of Sir William Mulock, he nevertheless +arose to the occasion as the following newspaper despatch <span class="nobreak">shows:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Quebec</span>, March 31.—Hon. Rudolphe Lemieux, Postmaster Gen. of +Canada, announces that a series of postage stamps commemorative of +the Champlain tercentenary will be issued at Ottawa on the third of +July, which marks the exact anniversary of the foundation of Quebec +by Champlain.</p></div> + +<p>No sooner was this fact made known than the Postmaster General was +showered with suggestions of all kinds as to the designs of stamps appropriate +to the occasion. But after the first announcement the Post Office Department +was very reticent in regard to the matter, and letters of enquiry concerning the +proposed issue were answered as evasively as possible.</p> + +<p>At last the veil was lifted and the following despatch to the <i>Toronto Globe</i><a name="FNanchor_186" id="FNanchor_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a> +gave definite information concerning the proposed <span class="nobreak">issue:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Ottawa</span>, July 3, (Special).—Postmaster-General Lemieux has given +instructions to issue a series of postage stamps commemorating the +tercentenary.<!-- Page 200 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span></p> + +<p>They are eight in number. Four of them bear portraits of persons +dear to Canada, or whose names recall great events. The first represents +the Prince and Princess of Wales; the second the King and Queen. +Next come Cartier and Champlain, and then, in connection with the +battlefields park scheme, Wolfe and Montcalm.</p> + +<p>The second part of the issue represents Cartier's arrival before +Quebec. On the calm waters of the mighty St. Lawrence stand in bold +relief three ships of the discoverer of Canada, flying the fleur-de-lys.</p> + +<p>As a sequel to the above is a very picturesque tableau. In Champlain's +narrative of his third voyage to Canada is found the following +passage:</p> + +<p>"With our canoes laden with provisions, our arms and some merchandise +to be given as presents to the Indians, I started on Monday, +May 27, from the Isle of Saincte Hélaine, accompanied by four Frenchmen +and one Indian. A salute was given in my honor from some small +pieces of artillery."</p> + +<p>The artist, under the inspiration of these few lines, has depicted +Champlain's departure for the west. There stand two canoes. In one +Champlain's companions have already taken their places, paddle in +hand, whilst the great explorer is still on shore, bidding good-bye to a +few friends. The picture is full of life. The legend underneath reads +as follows: <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">"Partement de Champlain pour L'ouest."</span> The word <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">"partement"</span>, +now obsolete, is the one used by Champlain for the modern one +<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">"départ."</span></p> + +<p>The same note of old France is used in connection with a view of +the first house in Quebec, indeed in Canada, Champlain's habitation, +which is called in his narrative <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">"l'abitation de Québecq."</span> This stamp is +a clear reproduction of a cut from Champlain's work.</p> + +<p>Quebec as it was in 1700 is the next view, copied from +Bacqueville de la Potherie's <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">"Histoire de la Nouvelle France."</span> It is a +quaint picture of the old city, showing steeples here and there, the fort +on the river front and in faint lines the Laurentide Mountains in the +background.</p> + +<p>All stamps bear with the words "Canada Postage" the line <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">"IIIe +centenaire de Québec."</span></p> + +<p>The postmaster-general has given special attention to the selection +of portraits and historical scenes to be represented. His choice has been +an excellent one.</p> + +<p>The carrying out of the engraving part of the plan has been entrusted +to Mr. Machado, of the American Bank Note Co., who, with keen +artistic sense, has performed his part of the work with great success.</p></div> + +<p>Excellent reproductions of this attractive series will be found as Nos. +46-53 on <a href="#Plate_III">Plate III</a>.</p> + +<p>The stamps were placed on sale at Ottawa on the 16th July. They are of +the same shape as the Jubilee issue, though the dimensions are 1 mm. higher<!-- Page 201 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> +and nearly 3 mm. longer. The designs are as already described, except that +the legend "Partement pour l'ouest" does not have Champlain's name in it, +and the dates 1608 and 1908 are placed in the upper corners. The colors do +not wholly correspond with the regular set; the 1, 2 and 5 cent naturally conform, +but the ½ cent is in a black-brown and the 7 cent in the fine olive green +of the regular 20 cent. The 10 cent is also changed to a handsome violet, +while the 15 cent is in orange and the 20 cent in a dark brown.</p> + +<p>The stamps are beautifully engraved, as usual, and printed in sheets of +100, ten rows of ten. Above the 5th and 6th stamps of the top row is the regular +marginal imprint: "OTTAWA—No.—" and the figure representing the +plate number. A peculiar variety has been recorded, however, in the sheets of +the 2 cent value, some of those with plate numbers 3 and 4 having the imprint +<i>inverted</i> in the <i>bottom</i> margin of the sheet.<a name="FNanchor_187" id="FNanchor_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a> As it occurs both ways, the only +explanation seems to be that the plates may have printed <i>two panes</i>, which were +afterwards separated into post office sheets of 100 stamps each, and that by +error, perhaps, the imprint was inverted on one of these panes.</p> + +<p>The plate numbers of the several values are as <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">Plate No. 1.</td><td align="right">½c., 7c., 10c., 15c., 20c.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Plate Nos. 1, 2.</td><td align="right">5c.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Plate Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4.</td><td align="right">1c., 2c.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The stamps are on stout white wove paper and perforated 12.</p> + +<p>It may not be out of place to further describe some of the designs of these +stamps because of their historical interest. Of course the portraits of the British +Royal Family are familiar, that of the Princess of Wales being the one used +on the handsome 4 cent stamp of Newfoundland, and that of the Prince of Wales +being from a photograph taken by W. and D. Downey of London, just before +the Prince's journey to India in 1906. The portrait of Cartier will also be +recognized as the one that appeared on the early 10d. stamp of the Province of +Canada.</p> + +<p>Concerning the picture on the 20 cent stamp, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">"Arrivée de Cartier, Québec +1535,"</span> we find some interesting details given by M. Th. Lemaire:<a name="FNanchor_188" id="FNanchor_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In 1533 Jacques Cartier obtained from Philippe de Chabot, Admiral +of France, authority to arm ships "to voyage, discover and conquer in<!-- Page 202 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> +New France, as well as to find, by the North-west, the passage to Cathay." +On his first voyage he touched Newfoundland, but the advanced +season obliged him to return to France. King Francis I thereupon ordered +him, as a "royal pilot", to arm three vessels for a second voyage. +On the 19th of May, 1535, the flotilla set out from St. Malo. It was +composed of two ships, the <i>Grande-Hermine</i> of 120 tons and the +<i>Petit-Hermine</i> of 80 tons, and a galley, the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Hémerillon</i>, of 40 tons. +These are the ones shown on the stamp. The ships were built with the +high bows and sterns of those days, and were armed with "falconets" +(small cannon) along the sides and "culverins" (long cannon) in a battery +on the bridge. The galley was long and narrow, low in the water, +and was propelled both by sails and oars; it was armed with two small +cannon forward and a dozen large arquebuses. The complement of the +three ships comprised in all—officers, gentlemen, volunteers, chaplains, +sailors, workmen, servants—a hundred and ten men.</p> + +<p>On the 14th September, Cartier arrived at an Indian village, +Stadaconé, called also by the natives Canada (or <i>the town</i>), the residence +of the chief Donnacona. This village was built on the bay which +the river St. Charles forms where it flows into the St. Lawrence, +against the steep flank of a mountain, on the spot where now is built +the south-eastern section of Quebec. The 20-cent stamp represents this +arrival of Cartier at Stadaconé, the future Quebec.</p> + +<p>Samuel de Champlain, whose effigy figures on the 1 cent stamp beside +that of Cartier, was sent by Henri IV in 1603 to found a settlement +in Canada. On his first voyage he sailed up the St. Lawrence river and +established friendly relations with the native chiefs. On the second +expedition, in 1608, he disembarked on the 3d July at the foot of +the promontory of Stadaconé, accompanied by only thirty men.</p> + +<p>His first care was to find a favorable place to built a "habitation" +with a view to wintering there. "I could find nothing more convenient +or better situated, said he, than the point of Québecq, so called by the +savages, which was filled with walnut trees." It was on the same spot +where, seventy-three years before, Cartier had constructed a fort of +tree trunks.</p> + +<p>Thanks to the activity displayed by all, the "habitation" was quickly +finished. It was composed of three main houses of two stories, each +measuring fifteen by eighteen feet. The magazine was thirty-six by +eighteen feet, with a six foot cellar. Champlain lodged in the same +building with part of the workmen, but on the first story. The other +buildings served for the workmen and for storing the arms and munitions. +In an ell back of Champlain's quarters, several artisans slept +beside their forge. All around the buildings a gallery six feet wide +served as a promenade. A ditch fifteen feet wide and six feet deep +served to protect the colonists from the aggressions of the savages. +Champlain had several breastworks thrown up outside the ditch where +he placed his cannon. There remained, between the habitation and +the river, only a strip of land about twenty-five feet wide, and behind,<!-- Page 203 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> +on the side of the cape, a plot of cultivated ground about 100 to 120 +paces by 60 paces. There Champlain had wheat and rye planted and +also set out vines.</p></div> + +<p>As with the Jubilee stamps, some special sets were made up for presentation +purposes. The following press clipping gives the details:<a name="FNanchor_189" id="FNanchor_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>As the Prince of Wales is an enthusiastic collector of stamps, His +Royal Highness will no doubt be very pleased to receive the set of the +special tercentenary stamps which will be presented to him at Quebec. +The stamps will be held in small gold boxes, enclosed in a handsome +large box of Morocco leather. A second set accompanies the gift in a +special gold box. On the cover of the large box is the Prince's crest +and a gold plate inscribed as follows: "Set of Canadian postage stamps +issued upon the occasion of the Quebec tercentenary, 1908. Presented +to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales by Hon Rodolphe Lemieux, +Postmaster-General of Canada." Sets of these stamps, in boxes with +appropriate crests and monograms, will be presented to Earl Grey, +Sir Wilfred Laurier and Hon. Rodolphe Lemieux.</p></div> + +<p>Unlike the Jubilee issue, no advance information concerning quantities +printed was given out. Many attempts were made to get this interesting detail, +but without result. Even an interpellation of the Postmaster-General in the +House of Commons was unproductive, as witness the following excerpt:<a name="FNanchor_190" id="FNanchor_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr. McKechnie sends us information regarding the issue, indicating +that there is to be no such vexatious limits set upon the number +to be printed as was the case with the Jubilee ½c. Postmaster-General +Lemieux is reported, in the <i>Canadian Hansard</i>, to have said in answer +to a query as to the number printed of each denomination: "Since the +arrangements as to the respective quantities comprising the series are +thus far of a necessarily tentative character, being largely dependent +upon the demand therefor that may arise, no final estimate has been +made of the number to be issued in each denomination."</p></div> + +<p>All of which was simply a parliamentary way of saying "mind your own +business", as the full quota of stamps was doubtless printed and delivered at +that time. At any rate, a <i>Memorandum for the Postmaster</i>, issued from headquarters +under date of 12th September, 1908, states that "With the exception +of the 10c, 15c and 20c stamps, all of the Tercentenary postage stamps are now +exhausted." However, the question of the quantity issued was again brought up +in the House of Commons, after some time, and the following two questions propounded +by a member:<a name="FNanchor_191" id="FNanchor_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a><!-- Page 204 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>1. What was the total amount received by the Post Office Department +from the sale of the special Tercentenary stamps? 2. What part +of this sum would probably have been received as ordinary revenue +if there had been no special issue of stamps?</p> + +<p>To these questions the Hon. Rodolphe Lemieux, Postmaster-General, +responded: The following was the issue to Postmasters of the Tercentenary +postage stamps:</p></div> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><th align="right">Denominations.</th><th align="right">Quantities.</th><th align="right">Value.</th></tr> +<tr><td align="right" class="in1r">½ cent</td><td align="right">2,000,000</td><td align="right">$10,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" class="in1r">1 cent</td><td align="right">22,530,000</td><td align="right">225,300</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" class="in1r">2 cent</td><td align="right">35,100,000</td><td align="right">702,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" class="in1r">5 cent</td><td align="right">1,200,000</td><td align="right">60,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" class="in1r">7 cent</td><td align="right">700,000</td><td align="right">49,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" class="in1r">10 cent</td><td align="right">500,000</td><td align="right">50,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" class="in1r">15 cent</td><td align="right">300,000</td><td align="right">45,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right" class="in1r">20 cent</td><td align="right">304,200</td><td align="right">60,840</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Totals,</td><td align="right" class="bt">62,634,200</td><td align="right" class="bt">$1,202,140</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The department has no knowledge whether the stamps in question +have all been sold, as during their issue the ordinary postage stamps +were also on sale, both issues being in use as preferred by the public. +The proceeds derived from the sale of stamps of the two issues were +not kept separately, but treated as arising from a common source. It +is, therefore, impossible to state to what extent the issue of the Tercentenary +postage stamps may have affected the ordinary revenue.</p></div> + +<p>The Report of 1909, in referring to this issue, had the following <span class="nobreak">remarks:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>To meet what appeared to be a general wish a special series of +postage stamps, which has come to be known as the Tercentenary +Series, was introduced as a feature of the celebration in July, 1908, of +the three hundredth anniversary of the founding of Quebec by Champlain. +The first supply of these stamps was sent out to Postmasters +about the middle of that month, and was on sale to the public by the +time His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales reached Quebec for the +celebration. The demand for the new stamps was extraordinary, and +for the better part of a month was steadily kept up. The interest +taken in them was, in no small measure, due to the historic associations +with which in design they were so happily linked, the subjects depicted +in the several denominations of the series being in variety and +appropriateness admirably adapted to the end in view,—popular +recognition of an epoch-making event.</p></div> + +<p>The Report of 1910 notes that the last issue of the Tercentenary stamps +was on Oct. 14, 1908,—apparently the 15 cent denomination. The whole +issue was thus exhausted in three months' time.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_186" id="Footnote_186"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> Ewen's Weekly Stamp News, No. 462.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_187" id="Footnote_187"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> Ewen's Weekly Stamp News, Nos. 478, 480.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_188" id="Footnote_188"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> Journal des Philatélistes, 5th Series, page 298.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_189" id="Footnote_189"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XXII: 265.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_190" id="Footnote_190"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> Canadian Hansard, 31st March, 1909, page 3754.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_191" id="Footnote_191"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> Ibid., XXII: 256.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr class="long" /> +<p><!-- Page 205 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVII" id="CHAPTER_XVII"></a>CHAPTER XVII<br /> +<br /> +THE REGISTRATION STAMPS</h2> + + +<p>The first mention that we find concerning the registration system in +Canada is in the Postmaster General's report for the year ending 31st +March, 1856, in the following words:—"The number of letters passing +through the Post under the Registration System commenced in May +1855, is very great, and is rapidly increasing." The number of letters is +given in even figures as 350,000 during the first year. The Report states +further:—"In October 1856, an agreement with the Post Office Department +of the United States took effect for a system of Registration to be applied to +letters passing between the two countries. Under this arrangement a person +posting a letter on either side can, by the pre-payment of a fee of 3d. in addition +to the ordinary postage, secure a continuous record of its transmission +from the place of posting to the place of destination, where a receipt will be +taken and preserved of the due delivery of the letter so registered." Further +details are found in the postal section of the Canadian Directory for 1857-8, +as <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Persons transmitting letters, which they desire should pass through +the post as "registered letters," must observe that no record is taken +of any letter unless specially handed in for registration at the time of +posting. Upon all such letters, with the exception of those addressed +to the United States, one penny must be prepaid as a registration +charge. If addressed to the United States, the ordinary postage rate +on the letters to that country <i>must be prepaid</i>, and in addition a registration +charge of 3d. per letter. The registry thus effected in Canada +will be carried on by the United States Post office until the letter arrives +at its destination.</p> + +<p>In like manner, letters addressed to Canada may be registered at +the place of posting in the United States, and the registry made there +will accompany the letter to the place of delivery in Canada.</p> + +<p>A certificate of registration will be given by the postmaster if required.</p> + +<p>The registration system can be applied to the letter portion of the +mail only....</p> + +<p><i>[The Postal Department is not liable for the loss of any registered +letters.</i>]</p></div><p><!-- Page 206 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span></p> + +<p>The next year's Report gives the number of registered letters posted +annually as computed at 500,000. The Report of 30th September, 1858 also +says: "About 500,000 letters were registered last year", and goes on to state:—"It +is also considered that it would be an improvement on the system if the +charge for registration were made pre-payable by a stamp, instead of by money +as at present." From this it is evident that the postage stamps were not then +used for indicating the payment of the registration fee. Just when they were +permitted to be so employed does not appear, but it was doubtless within a +comparatively short time thereafter, as we have seen a cover with stamp so +used which was dated in 1862; in fact it seems probable that arrangements +for using stamps to indicate the payment for registration may have accompanied +the introduction of the decimal stamps in 1859.</p> + +<p>Further remarks upon the registration system are found in the Report +for 1860, as <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>A rate of charge for Registration so low as, in no probable degree, +to operate as a motive, with persons posting letters of value, to deny +themselves the advantage of securing from the Post Office an acknowledgement +of the receipt of the specific letter, has always been considered +to be a cardinal point in the Canadian Registration System.</p> + +<p>The Registration fee, or charge, has, therefore, under the influence +of this consideration, been maintained at 2 cents, though it is doubtful +whether such a rate of charge covers the actual cost of the process; +the address of the Registered Letter having, in the course of +transmission, to be entered on an average not less than six times, and +forms of certificate or receipt, and Books in which to preserve permanent +records at each Post Office, to to supplied.</p></div> + +<p>From the above it is evident that the domestic rate of registration was +2 cents in 1860, the equivalent of the 1 penny rate already noted as being +in force in 1857, and doubtless the original rate when the system was inaugurated +in 1855—certainly a remarkably cheap fee for the service. Of course +the rate for letters to the United States, which had been fixed at 3 pence in +1856, was held at the equivalent of 5 cents upon the change to decimal currency +in 1859.</p> + +<p>Nothing further of special interest is found until the Report of 1864, +in which the following dissertation <span class="nobreak">occurs:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>When a letter is <i>registered</i>, that is to say marked and recorded +in the Post Office so as to individualize it from the bulk of ordinary +letter correspondence, its presence in the Post Office can be identified<!-- Page 207 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> +and its course of transmission traced, and a registered letter is thus +secured from the chance of abstraction by an unfaithful messenger employed +to post it (as it is always open to proof whether the letter was +posted for registration or not), from risk of loss by accidental misdirection +on the part of the sender, and from mistakes in the Post +Office—such as mis-sending or delivery to a wrong party. Against actual +dishonesty on the part of the Post Office employés, a registered letter +is incomparably more secure than an unregistered one, for an unregistered +money-letter leaves no trace behind it whilst passing in the +great stream of ordinary correspondence, though its presence as a +money-letter and the nature of its contents are, to any person accustomed +to handle letters, as manifest as though the letter had been singled +out and marked by the registered stamp. Moreover, the safety +of an unregistered letter in dependent on the integrity of a Post Office +Clerk during the whole time that it remains in his custody, frequently +for hours or even days; whilst a registered letter will almost invariably +have to be acknowledged at the moment of its passing into an officer's +hands, and cannot thereafter be suppressed without leaving him individually +accountable for its disposal.</p></div> + +<p>In the Report for 1865 it is stated that "there has been a reduction in the +charge on Registered letters" between Canada and the United Kingdom, but we +are left in the dark as to the amount of the reduction or the new rate, as far +as the Report goes, but in a <i>Post Office Directory for 1866</i> (dated October 1, +1865) we find the following table which gives us the information <span class="nobreak">desired:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>REGISTRATION OF LETTERS.</p> + +<p>The charge for Registration, in addition to the Postage, is as +follows, viz.:</p></div> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">On Letters to any other place in Canada, or British North America</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">cents</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">On Letters for the United States</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">On Letters for the United Kingdom</td><td align="right">12½</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">On Letters for British Colonies or Possessions, sent <i>via</i> England</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="center">"</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">On Letters for France and other Foreign Countries, <i>via</i> England, an amount equal to the postage rate.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Both the postage charge and registration fee must in all cases be +prepaid.</p></div> + +<p>The <i>Post Office Act</i> 1867 made the domestic registration of letters containing +valuables compulsory, the Postmaster General being empowered to +prescribe and enforce regulations "in respect to the registration by the officers +of the Post Office of letters unquestionably containing money or other valuable +enclosure when posted without registration by the senders of the same,<!-- Page 208 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> +and to imposing a rate of two cents registration charge upon such letters."<a name="FNanchor_192" id="FNanchor_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a></p> + +<p>The Report for 1868, which was the first of the Dominion of Canada, +gave the statistics of registered letters as 640,000 for Ontario and Quebec +(the former Province of Canada), 24,700 for New Brunswick, and 40,000 +for Nova Scotia, a total registered correspondence of 704,700. The next +year's Report especially notes the increase in the use of the registration system, +the total having advanced to 850,000 pieces, while the Report for 1870 +records an even million.</p> + +<p>Finally in the Report for 1872, we find the first hint of special stamps +for registration purposes, as <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It seems expedient to adopt some distinctive postage stamp to be +used only in prepayment of the Registration charge, both to make it +clear that this charge has been duly paid and accounted for in every +case, and to diminish the risk which is occasionally felt at points of +distribution of omitting to carry on the Registration in cases where +the ordinary Registration postmark is not as distinct and calculated to +arrest attention as it should be.</p> + +<p>It has always been the policy of the Canadian Post Office to admit +letters to Registration at a low rate of charge for the additional security +thus given, so as to leave no adequate motive, on the score of cost, +for sending valuable letters through the mails unregistered; and, doubtless, +the very large proportion of such letters offered for registration +demonstrates a gratifying measure of success in attaining the desired +object.</p></div> + +<p>We have here the reason for the extremely cheap domestic registry fee +of 2 cents—a reason which might, possibly with profit, even, enter more deeply +into the calculations and published rates of even larger countries than Canada.</p> + +<p>The above recommendation did not bear immediate fruit, but after a +delay of three years the suggested special stamps made their appearance on +November 15, 1875. The Report of that year says of <span class="nobreak">them:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Registration stamps have been issued, to be used by the public in +prepaying the registration charges on letters passing within the Dominion, +or to the United Kingdom or United States, each destination +being distinguished by a different colour in the stamp, as well as by a +variation in the amount of registration charge and corresponding value +of the stamp.</p> + +<p>There is a red stamp of the value of two cents for prepayment of +the registration charges on letters within the Dominion.<!-- Page 209 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span></p> + +<p>There is a green stamp of five cents value for registered letters addressed +to the United States.</p> + +<p>There is a blue stamp of eight cents value for registered letters +addressed to the United Kingdom.</p> + +<p>These stamps are to apply exclusively to the registration charges, +and the postage rates on registered letters are to be prepaid by the +ordinary postage stamps.</p> + +<p>It is believed that the use of these distinctive stamps for the registration +charges, will tend to give registered letters additional security +against the risk which is sometimes felt of the registration escaping +observation, when such letters are dealt with hurriedly or handled at +night, whilst passing through the post.</p></div> + +<p>The special registration stamps are too well known to need any particular +description, especially as they are excellently illustrated as Numbers 54, +55 and 56 on <a href="#Plate_III">Plate III</a>. Like the ordinary postage stamps, they are engraved +on steel and were originally printed in sheets of 50, ten horizontal +rows of five stamps each, which made a sheet of nearly the same size, only +turned through an angle of 90°, as the ordinary sheet of 100 postage stamps. +The imprint was the same as the second type employed for the "small" cents +issue—"British American Bank Note Co. Montreal" in a pearled frame—and +likewise appeared four times on the sheet, as already fully described in +the chapter dealing with that issue.<a name="FNanchor_193" id="FNanchor_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a> The denomination of the stamp was +also expressed as TWO CENTS, in the shaded Roman capitals which we +found in the case of the postage stamps, over the first stamp in the top row of +that value, but with the 5 cent the word FIVE alone appears. The 8 cent +we have not seen. On the 2 cent there is also a large numeral 2, 7½ mm. +high, over the last stamp in the top row (number 5) but the 5 cent has none.</p> + +<p>The normal colors for the stamps <span class="nobreak">were:—</span></p> + +<ul> +<li>2 cents, orange varying through orange red to vermilion.</li> +<li>5 cents, a slightly yellow green varying from pale to dark.</li> +<li>8 cents, both bright and dull blue.</li> +</ul> + +<p>The stamps were printed upon the same ordinary white wove paper as +was used for the contemporary postage stamps. The variation from thin to +thick quality is found in the case of the 2 cent and 5 cent stamps, but very +little variation in the 8 cent stamp. This is explained by the fact that there +were probably but two printings of the latter stamp, 100,000 having been +delivered by the manufacturers according to the Postmaster General's Report +for 30th June, 1875, and 25,000 more according to the next year's report.<!-- Page 210 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></p> + +<p>The stamps were normally perforated 12, but the 2 cents in orange and +the 5 cents in dark green are both known in imperforate condition, the latter +having been chronicled in the <i>Halifax Philatelist</i> for November, 1888. A +vertical pair of the 5 cent is shown as illustration No. 115 on <a href="#Plate_X">Plate X</a>.</p> + +<p>In the Report for 1877 we find the following:—"The Registration charge +on registered letters between the United Kingdom and Canada has been reduced +from 8 cents to 5 cents by the Post Offices of the United Kingdom." +This naturally dealt a heavy blow at the use of the 8 cent stamp. The <i>Stamp +Journal</i> for February, 1878, said:—"Mr. E. Burpee states that the 8 cent +'Registered' stamps have been called in, and that hereafter the fee to Great +Britain and foreign countries will be the same as to the United States—5 +cents." The next issue, however, corrected this:—"After January, 1878, +the cost of registering letters to Great Britain has been fixed at 5 c, the same +as to the United States.... To foreign countries the rate is as before, 8 +cents, and therefore there is no suppression of the 8 cent registered stamps."</p> + +<p>Nevertheless, the rate to foreign countries must have been reduced not +long after, as the statistics for stamps issued to postmasters between the 1st +July, 1878 and the 1st July, 1879 give but 25 of the 8 cent registered stamp, +which must therefore have been sent out early in the fiscal year. The total +issues to postmasters, according to the Reports, were as <span class="nobreak">under:—</span></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">1876</td><td align="right">71,950</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1877</td><td align="right">17,200</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1878</td><td align="right">9,400</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1879</td><td align="right">25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Total</td><td align="right" class="bt">98,575</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The number returned as "unfit for use" and presumably destroyed during +the several years was 8,872. This gives a total issue of 89,700 for the +8 cent stamp, according to the Reports; but the Canadian correspondent of +<i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i> stated:<a name="FNanchor_194" id="FNanchor_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a>—"In 1878 a little over 75,000 of +these [original 125,000] were destroyed by order of the Postmaster-General." +This probably means that the stamps were called in after their usefulness +ceased, and allowing for the amount destroyed during the period of issue gives +us perhaps 40,000 as the number actually issued to the public from post +offices.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 211 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> +The 2 cent and 5 cent stamps remained in use, but when the general +revision of rates took place in 1889 the domestic rate was raised to 5 cents, +and the 2 cent stamp lost its usefulness, the 5 cent alone remaining. We have +already reproduced the circular announcing these changes,<a name="FNanchor_195" id="FNanchor_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a> and will only +repeat here the paragraph relating to the registration <span class="nobreak">fee:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The fee for the registration of a letter or other article of mail +matter will be five cents upon all classes of correspondence passing +within the Dominion. For the present, and until further instructed, +the registration fee may be prepaid by using the <i>2 cent Registration +stamps and postage stamps to make up the amount</i>.</p></div> + +<p>This notice was dated 8th May, 1889, and the Report of 30th June following +remarks <span class="nobreak">further:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The charge for the registration of a letter, parcel, book or other +articles of mail matter was also made uniform, and fixed at 5 cents +for all classes of matter. The frequent delay consequent upon the prepayment +of a wrong registration fee will no longer take place.</p></div> + +<p>The removal of the British American Bank Note Co. from Montreal to +Ottawa, which we have already noted as resulting in some marked changes +in the shades of the regular postage stamps,<a name="FNanchor_196" id="FNanchor_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a> was not without its effect upon +the registration stamps. Apparently the same ink used for printing the ordinary +3 cent stamp was used for the 2 cent registration, for we find both +stamps chronicled in the <i>Halifax Philatelist</i> for October, 1888, as having +appeared in a "bright carmine." The usual catalog designation for this 2 +cent registration stamp is "scarlet vermilion", but we think that "brick red" +best describes the ordinary shade in which these Ottawa printings are found, +though the <i>Halifax Philatelist</i> recorded a "dull rose" tint in March, 1889.</p> + +<p>The 5 cent stamp was also noted in blue green in the November, 1889, +issue of the <i>Philatelic Record</i>, a few months after the regular 2 cent postage +stamp appeared in the same shade, again apparently showing the use of the +same ink in printing both stamps.</p> + +<p>During its regular currency the 2 cent stamp had risen from an issue +to postmasters of 937,000 in 1876 to 2,800,000 in 1889, but the change in +rates caused a drop to 600,000 in 1890, 14,850 in 1891, and 100 in 1892, +while a straggling lot of 400 appeared in 1896.<!-- Page 212 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span></p> + +<p>The 5 cent stamp was distributed to the amount of about 232,000 in +1876, but ran up gradually from 135,000 in the next year to half a million +in 1889. The increase in rates jumped it to nearly three times this amount +in 1890, and by 1893, when the regular 8 cent stamp was issued for combined +postage and registration, the annual output of the 5 cent registration stamp +was 2,260,000.</p> + +<p>It may be remembered that after the removal of the engraving company +from Montreal to Ottawa certain of the low value postage stamps appeared +printed from plates of two hundred impressions instead of the ordinary one +hundred. In like manner we find that new plates of double size were made +for the 5 cent registration stamp also, these being in one hundred impressions, +ten rows of ten, but without the "Ottawa" imprint which appeared on +the enlarged plates of the regular postage stamps, according to the <i>Dominion +Philatelist</i>, which noted the new sheet arrangement in October, 1892.</p> + +<p>On the 1st August, 1893, the regular 8 cent stamp was issued to prepay +the combined postage and registration fee, and the notice we have already +quoted in that connection stated<a name="FNanchor_197" id="FNanchor_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a> that when the supply of the 5 cent registration +stamp on hand was exhausted no more would be issued. The Report +for 1894 states that 307,900 were issued to postmasters for the year ending +30th June, and as over two and a half millions had been issued in the previous +twelve-month, the probability is that the supply was exhausted about +the time of the appearance of the 8 cent postage stamp, and therefore the +stock in the hands of postmasters must have been pretty well used up by 1894.</p> + +<p>There is one point left in connection with the registration stamps that +deserves mention, as it has so frequently been a bone of contention. The 2 +cent stamp was formerly listed in <i>brown</i>, and quantities of printer's ink and +valuable space have been wasted in discussing its merits. Mr. Donald A. +King seems to have been the discoverer of the variety, according to the <i>Halifax +Philatelist</i>,<a name="FNanchor_198" id="FNanchor_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a> where it was exploited in an article which is worth quoting +here for its historical value.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><h5>THE CANADIAN ERROR.</h5> + +<p>The Canada 2c. brown registration is at this time mentioned frequently +in the <i>Figaro</i> and several other philatelic publications. As +there seems to be considerable doubt as to the origin, and as I was in +the main instrumental in introducing them to the philatelic public, I<!-- Page 213 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> +have decided to give the information I possess on this subject to them.</p> + +<p>About the beginning of January, 1887, I was shown a registered +letter received from Miscou Light House Post Office in New Brunswick. +It had a BROWN 2c. registration stamp on it—a clear unmistakable +dark brown. I immediately wrote the postmaster there for information +relative to them. He answered and said that he had 23 on hand. +That he had originally received 50 from the P. O. Dept. at Ottawa, and +that they were BROWN when he received them. This he stated positively. +I then sent to him for them, but before my letter reached him +he had used two of them so that I received only 21.</p> + +<p>Those stamps I showed to several philatelists, and could not get +two to agree as to their origin. Some said the change in color was +due to the gum, others to chemical changes, others again said it was +due to the atmosphere from the salt water. Very few would allow a +misprint. In the meantime Mr. F. C. Kaye also came across another +registered letter with brown registration stamp. This time it was from +the P. O. of New Ross in Lunenberg Co., N. S. From this office about 50 +were obtained. The postmaster at this office was also positive as to +having received them from the Dept. at Ottawa in brown. The same +objections were raised to those as to the others, as to whether they +were a genuine misprint or not. In this case the atmosphere of salt +water was not the cause as New Ross is in the interior. If the gum was +the cause of their changing color, it is peculiar that we do not get +more of them. Changes by chemical means were also tried. The only +thing which would turn the red of the genuine color to brown, was +sulphuric acid mixed with water, and this did not give a good clear +color, having a somewhat greyish shade in it. Those experiments have, +in my opinion, confirmed their genuineness. And now as if to make assurances +in regard to their genuineness more sure, we find a third post +office with them. This was Beauly, in Antigonish Co., N. S. There were, +however, only 6 received from there, the postmaster had the same story +as the others, he had received them from the Dept. at Ottawa in a +brown color.</p> + +<p>The Department at Ottawa was written to in regard to them, +but as was to be expected, knew nothing of them whatsoever. No doubt +if they had been seen they would not have been allowed to be issued to +the public.</p></div> + +<p>Again we find some details given in <i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i><a name="FNanchor_199" id="FNanchor_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a> under +"Canadian Notes" which evidently refer to another <span class="nobreak">lot:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In this color the stamps were first issued in 1885, and were distributed +to a number of small towns in Ontario. Some months later +the attention of the Postmaster at Toronto was called to this stamp, +and as he had received no official notification of an emission in this<!-- Page 214 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> +color, he caused inquiry to be made as to the authenticity of these +stamps. A number of offices that had them on hand were communicated +with, and all the answers were positive in the statement that the +color of the stamps when received had been a decided brown, and had +not undergone the slightest change by the action of either time or +chemicals. A number of these letters are in the hands of a collector +here, and are proof positive that this stamp was issued in a brown +color.</p></div> + +<p>In spite of this brave showing, however, it is practically certain that the +stamps are not a misprint but color changelings caused by oxidation, or rather +"sulphuretting" to be more exact, an effect peculiarly liable to take place +with stamps printed in red or orange. The same thing is found to occur in +other Canadian stamps, the 3 pence and 5 cent of the Beaver type, the first +issues of Newfoundland and the 3 cent, 1851, of the United States, as well +as some of the red and orange colored revenue stamps of the Civil War period. +In fact the change is carried almost to a black, at times, but can +be restored to the original color by the application of hydrogen peroxide.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_192" id="Footnote_192"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> 31<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. X. Sec. 10, par. 11. See <a href="#Page_96">page 96</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_193" id="Footnote_193"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_125">page 125</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_194" id="Footnote_194"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, II: 45:2.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_195" id="Footnote_195"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_136">page 136</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_196" id="Footnote_196"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_128">page 128</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_197" id="Footnote_197"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_143">page 143</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_198" id="Footnote_198"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> Halifax Philatelist, II: 8.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_199" id="Footnote_199"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, VI: 96.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr class="long" /> +<p><!-- Page 215 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVIII" id="CHAPTER_XVIII"></a>CHAPTER XVIII<br /> +<br /> +THE POSTAGE DUE STAMPS</h2> + + +<p>Canada managed for years, like many other countries, to collect the +postage due on insufficiently prepaid mail matter by merely marking +the amount on the cover. The use of stamps as checks on those responsible +for making the collections seems not to have been appreciated, or +more probably was not deemed necessary. At last the advantages of such a +system seem to have become manifest, and in the Postmaster General's Report +for the 30th June, 1906, we find the <span class="nobreak">following:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>A system of accounting for short paid postage collected by Postmasters, +by means of special stamps known as "Postage Due" stamps, +has been adopted by the Department. These stamps are to be affixed to +short paid mail matter and cancelled by Postmasters when such matter +is delivered to the addressee, and are not to be used for any other +purpose. They cannot be used for the payment of ordinary postage, +nor are they to be sold to the public.</p> + +<p>The denominations of these stamps are 1, 2 and 5 cents.</p></div> + +<p>The first issue of the stamps to postmasters was on the 1st June, 1906, but +the system did not come into operation until a month later. The following is +the official notice with the technical portions <span class="nobreak">omitted:—</span></p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 10em;">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 23.5em;">OTTAWA, 1st June, 1906.</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Circular to Postmasters of Accounting Offices.</i></p> + +<p>Commencing on the 1st July, 1906, the present system of collecting +unpaid postage will be discontinued and thereafter the following +arrangements will supersede the regulations now in <span class="nobreak">force:—</span></p> + +<p>(1) The Department will issue a special stamp which will be +known as the "POSTAGE DUE" stamp and on delivery of any article +of mail matter on which unpaid or additional postage is to be collected +the Postmaster will affix and cancel as ordinary stamps are cancelled, +postage due stamps to the amount of extra postage charged on such +article.<!-- Page 216 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span></p> + +<p>(2) The short paid postage must be collected from the addressee +before postage due stamps are affixed; otherwise the Postmaster is +liable to lose the amount of such postage.</p> + +<p>(3) Postmasters will obtain postage due stamps on requisition to +the Department but the initial supply will be furnished without requisition, +so that the new system may go into operation on the date +above mentioned. When a new form is ordered "postage due" stamps +will be included in the printed list, but it is proposed to use the stock +on hand at present which would otherwise have to be destroyed. The +denominations of the new stamps will be 1, 2 and 5 cents.</p></div> + +<p>The new stamps were of the same size as the regular postage stamps, but +with the longer dimension horizontal. A large numeral in a central tablet +flanked by an acanthus scroll at each side, CANADA above, CENTS below, +and POSTAGE DUE in block letters along the bottom, all on an engine-turned +groundwork, make a very neat and effective design for the purpose +intended. [Illustrations Nos. 58, 59 and 60 on <a href="#Plate_III">Plate III</a>.] The engraving +is of course in the usual steel plate process, and the sheets are of 100 stamps +in ten rows of ten. The marginal imprint is at the center of the top of the +sheet and is the same as for the later postage issues, "OTTAWA—No—1" or +"2". So far there have appeared the following plate <span class="nobreak">numbers:—</span></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">1 cent</td><td align="left">No. 1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 cent</td><td align="left">No. 1 and 2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">5 cent</td><td align="left">No. 1</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The numbers printed, according to the Reports, have been as <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><th align="left"></th><th align="center">1906</th><th align="center">1907</th><th align="center">1908</th><th align="center">1909</th><th align="center">1910</th></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 cent</td><td align="right">500,000</td><td align="right">700,000</td><td align="right">300,000</td><td align="right">600,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 cent</td><td align="right">1,100,000</td><td align="right">500,000</td><td align="right">900,000</td><td align="right">900,000</td><td align="right">1,300,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">5 cent</td><td align="right">200,000</td><td align="right">200,000</td><td align="right">200,000</td><td align="right">200,000</td><td align="right">400,000</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>All three values were printed in the same shade of dark violet, but in +1909 the 5 cent was reported in a red violet.</p> + + + +<hr class="long" /> +<p><!-- Page 217 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIX" id="CHAPTER_XIX"></a>CHAPTER XIX<br /> +<br /> +THE SPECIAL DELIVERY STAMP</h2> + + +<p>The Postmaster General's Report for 30th June, 1898, contained the +following <span class="nobreak">announcements:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The calendar year has witnessed the introduction of the special +delivery stamp, whereby on the payment of a delivery fee of 10 cents +in addition to the ordinary postage, a letter immediately upon its arrival +at the office of destination is sent by special messenger for delivery +to the addressee.</p> + +<p>A special-delivery stamp of the face-value of 10 cents was prepared, +and the first supplies thereof were sent out sufficiently early to +Postmasters to permit of the inauguration of the special delivery service +on the 1st July, 1898. The object of this service is to secure special +and prompt delivery of a letter on which a special-delivery stamp, in +addition to the ordinary postage, has been affixed.</p></div> + +<p>The following circular gives the details of the new <span class="nobreak">system:—</span></p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 9em;">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 19.5em;"><span class="smcap">Ottawa</span>, 7th June, 1898.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Circular to Postmasters.</i></span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The Postmaster General has approved of arrangements whereby, on +and from the first of July proximo, the senders of letters posted at any +Post Office in Canada and addressed to a City Post Office now having +Free Delivery by Letter Carriers shall, on prepayment by Special Delivery +stamps of the face-value of ten cents, affixed one to each letter, +in addition to the ordinary postage to which the same are liable, secure +their special delivery to the persons to whom they are addressed +within the limits of Letter Carrier Delivery at any one of the following +Post Offices in Cities, viz:—Halifax, St. John, N. B., Fredericton, +Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa, Kingston, Toronto, Brantford, Hamilton, +London, Winnipeg, Victoria and Vancouver. The hours of delivery to be +within 7 a. m. and 11 p. m. daily, except Sunday. These hours are subject +to change as dictated by local circumstances.</p> + +<p>Drop-letters posted for local delivery, and bearing Special-Delivery +stamps, in addition to the postage, will also be entitled to special de<!-- Page 218 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span>livery +in the same manner as letters received at the Post Office by mail.</p> + +<p>Registered letters may likewise come under the operations of this +scheme of Special Delivery, in the same way as ordinary letters, provided +they bear Special-Delivery stamps, in addition to the full postage +and the registration fee fixed by law, and the regulations respecting +the record and receipting of registered matter are observed. In +despatching registered letters that bear Special-Delivery stamps, the +Postmaster should write prominently across the registered-package +envelope the words "For Special Delivery". When Special-Delivery +letters (unregistered) number five or more for any one office the Postmaster +should make a separate package of them, marking it "For +Special Delivery"; if such letters are fewer than five, he should place +them immediately under the "facing-slip" of the letter-package which +he makes up, either directly or indirectly, for the Special-Delivery office +for which they are intended, so that the most prompt attention may +be secured therefor.</p> + +<p>Special-Delivery stamps will be sold at all Money Order Post Offices +in Canada, (which may secure a supply of such stamps in the same +way as ordinary stamps are obtained,) for which the Postmasters will +have to account as they do for ordinary stamps, and on the sales of +which a total commission of 10 per cent, shall be allowed to Postmasters, +except to Postmasters having fixed salaries. For the present +Postmasters will use the existing forms of requisition in applying for +Special-Delivery stamps. (The usual discount may be allowed to a +licensed stamp vendor at the time that he purchases Special-Delivery +stamps from the Postmaster). Special-Delivery stamps are to be cancelled +as postage stamps are cancelled. Stamps intended for Special +Delivery are not available for any other purpose, and the article upon +which one is affixed must have, besides, the ordinary postage prepaid +by postage stamps. Under no circumstances will Special-Delivery +stamps be recognized in payment of postage or of registration fee, +nor can any other stamp be used to secure Special Delivery, except the +Special-Delivery stamp. Special-Delivery stamps are not redeemable.</p> + +<p>Letters intended for Special Delivery at any one of the City Post +Offices above mentioned, and prepaid as directed, may be mailed at any +Post Office in Canada.</p> + +<p>The regulations relating to First Class Matter (Inland Post) apply +also and equally to Special-Delivery letters, the only difference being +the special treatment which the latter receive with a view to accelerating +their delivery.</p> + +<p>The object sought by the establishment of Special Delivery,—namely, +the special delivery of letters transmitted thereunder,—will +be much promoted if the senders of all such letters are careful to +address them plainly and fully, giving, if possible, the street and number +in every case. Such care will serve not only to prevent mistakes, +but also to facilitate delivery.<!-- Page 219 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span></p> + +<p>All employees of the Post Office are enjoined to expedite, in every +way in their power, the posting, transmission and delivery of letters intended +for Special Delivery.</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 23em;">R. M. COULTER,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 21em;"><i>Deputy Postmaster General</i>.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>For a description of the stamp itself we cannot do better than quote the +<i>Montreal Witness</i>:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The Special Delivery stamp differs materially in design and size +from the ordinary series, the dimensions of the engraved work being +1¼ inches long by ⅞ of an inch wide [31 × 23 mm.]. The advantage of +such a contrast is obvious. The letter to which a Special Delivery +stamp is affixed can thus be at once picked out by those handling the +mails including it, and its delivery greatly hastened. The design of the +Special Delivery stamp is without any vignette, and consists substantially +of a panel across the top containing the words "CANADA POST +OFFICE", with a lathe-work border round the other three sides of +the stamp. The center of the stamp is occupied by an oval containing +lathe-work, with the word "TEN" in the center, and the phrase +"SPECIAL DELIVERY WITHIN CITY LIMITS" in a white letter, on +a solid panel encircling the word "TEN". On each side of the stamp, +connecting the oval with the border, is a circle with the numeral "10"; +the space between the oval and the border is occupied by ornamental +work. At the bottom of the stamp, in the lathe-work border, appears +a white panel with the words "TEN CENTS".</p></div> + +<p>The stamp is illustrated as Number 57 on <a href="#Plate_III">Plate III</a>. It is line engraved +and printed in sheets of 50, ten rows of five. The usual imprint, +OTTAWA—No.—1, is found in the margin at the top of the sheet, over the +third stamp. But one plate number has yet appeared. The color was at first a deep +green which in 1908 took on a bluish cast. The paper used is the thick white +wove ordinarily employed for the regular postage series, and the stamp has +also appeared on the toned paper on which the 1 cent postage is known. The +annual requisitions from the manufacturers have increased from 25,000 in +1898 to 112,500 in 1910.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>To return to the Postmaster General's Reports. That of the 30th June, +1899, states:—"The 10 cent Special-Delivery stamp, to which reference was +made in the last report, came into use at the beginning of the current fiscal +year, simultaneously with the commencement of the Special-Delivery Service, +and of this stamp 52,940 were issued to meet the demands, which would go<!-- Page 220 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> +to show that the service is being availed of to a considerable extent throughout +the country." The date of the first issue of the special delivery stamp to +postmasters is given as the 28th June, 1898.</p> + +<p>No further mention is made of the service until the Report dated 31st +March, 1908, which says that the special delivery service had been extended +to thirteen places where free carrier service had been installed,<a name="FNanchor_200" id="FNanchor_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a> and +further that "the regulations respecting special delivery have been so modified +that it is no longer necessary for a person despatching a letter, which he desires +to have delivered immediately, to provide himself with the 'special delivery' +stamp issued by the department. He may now place upon his letter +ordinary postage stamps to the value of ten cents in addition to the stamps +required for prepayment of postage and write across the corner of the envelope +the words 'special delivery'. This will ensure the special delivery of the +letter as provided for in the regulations."</p> + +<p>The Report for 1909 states that the service has been extended to the eight +places where free letter delivery by carrier had been installed during the +year.<a name="FNanchor_201" id="FNanchor_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_200" id="Footnote_200"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_197">page 197</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_201" id="Footnote_201"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> Ibid.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr class="long" /> +<p><!-- Page 221 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XX" id="CHAPTER_XX"></a>CHAPTER XX<br /> +<br /> +THE "OFFICIALLY SEALED" LABELS</h2> + + +<p>Strictly speaking, the so-called "officially sealed stamps" are not +stamps, as that term is technically employed in philately. To the uninitiated +any design impressed upon a label, whether gummed and perforated +or not, may be termed a stamp; but the ordinarily accepted use of the +term has been restricted, at least in philatelic lore, to the label that represents +a value, collected or chargeable, in the service in which it is employed. There +may therefore be postal, telegraph or fiscal stamps, and because of the identity +in use—to show that <i>no</i> fee is required,—we can stretch our definition +to include franking labels, such as are often used officially. But the "officially +sealed" label performs no such function, and is, as its name implies, simply +a <i>seal</i> which fulfils that purpose alone and therefore does not properly belong +in the company of postage stamps. Our only reason for touching upon these +labels here is that they have been included in some of the catalogs for years +and many collectors possess them; consequently it seems desirable to give their +history along with that of their more worthy prototypes.</p> + +<p>The label figured as Number 117 on <a href="#Plate_X">Plate X</a>, seems to have been first +reported in <i>Le Timbre-Poste</i> for October, 1879, and its date of issue is usually +given as that year. But little seems to have been known about it for some time, +which perhaps was partly due to its scarcity and partly because it did not +attract the notice that a regular postage stamp issue would have.</p> + +<p>The London Society's book quoted a somewhat ambiguous explanation +of the use to which the label was put, which had appeared in the <i>Halifax +Philatelist</i>;<a name="FNanchor_202" id="FNanchor_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a> but it remained for Major Evans to clear up the matter in the +columns of the <i>Philatelic Record</i>.<a name="FNanchor_203" id="FNanchor_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a> We cannot do better than quote this in +<span class="nobreak">full:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>With reference to what is said about the Canadian <i>officially-sealed</i> +label in the London Society's new book, I am glad to be able to throw +some light upon the question as to the manner of its employment.<!-- Page 222 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span></p> + +<p>When I was in Canada last July [1889] I made special enquiries +about these labels, as there appeared to be some mystery about their +use. Everyone agreed that they were not placed upon <i>all</i> letters opened +at the Dead Letter Office and returned to their senders, and no two persons +seemed to have quite the same theory as to the rules for their employment +or non-employment in any particular case. Even gentlemen +connected with the Post-Office at Halifax, such as Mr. King and others, +could give me no definite information. I therefore determined to see +what I could do at the head-quarters at Ottawa.</p> + +<p>Fortunately, I was able, through a collector in an official position, +to obtain an introduction to the Deputy Postmaster-General, who most +kindly gave me the following particulars, which show that the employment +of the <i>officially sealed</i> labels is very restricted, thus accounting +for their rarity.</p> + +<p>Letters in Canada, as in the United States, very frequently have on +the outside the well-known notice containing the address of the sender, +and a request that the letter may be returned if not delivered within +a certain time. These of course are not opened at the Dead Letter Office, +and in fact, I think, are ordered not to be sent there, but are returned +direct from the office to which they were originally addressed +or from the head office of the district. On the other hand, those that +have no indication of the address of the sender on the outside are +sent to the Dead Letter Office, and there necessarily opened; but +neither of these classes thus properly dealt with is considered to require +the <i>officially-sealed</i> label. It is only if one of the former class, +having the sender's name and address on the outside, is sent to the +Dead Letter Office and there opened in <i>error</i> that the <i>officially-sealed</i> +label is applied, to show that such letter has been opened officially, +and not by any unauthorized person. Whether these pieces of gummed +paper ever had a more extended use or not I cannot say, but I was assured +that the above was the substance of the regulations as to their +employment.</p> + +<p>The Deputy Postmaster-General further stated that there had been +so many requests for specimens of these labels that the Department +had been obliged to make it a rule to turn a deaf ear to all of them.</p> + +<p>In any case they are not <i>postage stamps</i>, properly speaking, at all. +They indicate neither postage paid nor postage due, but simply that the +letters to which they are attached have been opened by proper authority, +and they at the same time afford a means for reclosing them.</p></div> + +<p>The labels are of relatively large size, being 25½ by 38 mm. The design +is mostly engine-turned work, with the words OFFICIALLY SEALED on +a label across the center; above this appears, in a curve, POST OFFICE +CANADA, and beneath likewise DEAD LETTER OFFICE. The label +is a fine piece of line engraving, but we have been unable to ascertain the size of<!-- Page 223 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> +the sheets in which it was printed. Doubtless the usual four marginal imprints +were employed, being the "Montreal" type in pearled border.</p> + +<p>It seems to be the general idea that the first printing of the labels, which +were in a dark red-brown, was the only one, but no information is at hand +concerning the quantity delivered. At any rate in the Canadian Notes in +<i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i> for November 30, 1892 we read that:—"From +a reliable source it is learned that the old die of the Canada official seal stamp +has been spoiled or rather destroyed for further use by the Bank Note Company, +who have possession of it." We suggest that the words "spoiled" and +"destroyed" have been transposed in the original, the meaning evidently +being that the die had been defaced as of no further use.</p> + +<p>The labels were normally perforated the usual 12, but the same journal +for April 13, 1892 reports that a whole sheet had been seen in an imperforate +condition.</p> + +<p>Though various rumors that the use of these labels was to be discontinued +are to be found in the late "90's" and early "00's", and though the defacing +of the die would perhaps indicate such intention, yet a new issue in +changed design made its appearance about 1905, which was of course engraved +by the American Bank Note Co., who then held the contract for furnishing +stamps. This handsome label, figured as Number 116 on <a href="#Plate_X">Plate X</a>, +was adapted from the magnificent "Law Stamps" of the "series of 1897", +which stand as some of the finest fiscal stamps ever issued. The central vignette, +with its portrait of Queen Victoria at the time of the Diamond Jubilee, +the word CANADA arched above, and the engine-turned border, are reproduced +in their entirety from the fiscal stamp; DEAD LETTER OFFICE +and more engine-turned work replace the LAW STAMP inscription of the +prototype beneath the vignette, and OFFICIALLY SEALED is filled in in +block letters of varying heights at the top.</p> + +<p>The labels are of course line engraved and perforated 12, but the sheet +arrangement or details of quantity printed cannot be given. They were +issued at first on a pale blue paper, but subsequently, about 1907, appeared +on plain white paper.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_202" id="Footnote_202"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> North American Colonies of Great Britain, page 19; Halifax Philatelist, I: 15.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_203" id="Footnote_203"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> Philatelic Record, XI: 210.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr class="long" /> +<p><!-- Page 224 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXI" id="CHAPTER_XXI"></a>CHAPTER XXI<br /> +<br /> +THE STAMPED ENVELOPES</h2> + + +<p>In its issue for June, 1904, the <i>London Philatelist</i><a name="FNanchor_204" id="FNanchor_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a> illustrated a cover, submitted +by Mr. E. B. Greenshields of Montreal, which had the appearance +of a provisional 3d. envelope. Concerning it Mr. Greenshields said:—"This +letter was posted in New Carlisle, Gaspé, Lower Canada, on April 7th, 1851, +and was stamped 'Three Pence' in two lines, inside a square, with a black +border of neat design round the sides. Across this was written 'Letter R. W. +Kelly Apl. 1851'. The letter was addressed to Toronto, C. W., and on the +other side was stamped the date the letter was received, 'Apl. 16, 1851.'" +The design was printed on the right upper corner of the envelope, "Three +Pence" being in script type of a style then in vogue, and the border being a +common type of loops. No stamp appeared on the cover nor the word PAID.</p> + +<p>On enquiry of the Post Office Department at Ottawa the following reply +was <span class="nobreak">sent:—</span></p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 18em;"><span class="smcap">Ottawa</span>, <i>2nd. March</i>, 1904.</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—I am directed to acknowledge receipt of your communication +of the 26th ultimo, inquiring whether R. W. Kelly was Postmaster of +New Carlisle, Co. Gaspé, Quebec, in 1851, and in reply am directed to inform +you that R. W. Kelly, doubtless the same man, was Postmaster +of New Carlisle in 1851....</p> + +<p>As regards your inquiry as to whether postage stamps were used +on the 7th April, 1851, and your statement that you have an envelope +sent on that date from New Carlisle to Toronto with "Three Pence" +printed on it, inside a fancy border, I have to say that postage stamps +were issued to the public for the first time on the 23d April, 1851, and +that stamped envelopes were not issued until some years later. The +stamped envelope to which you refer may have been an envelope so +stamped on the prepayment in the New Carlisle Post Office of three +pence, the required charge for postage.</p> + +<p>I am, sir, your obedient servant,</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 12.5em;"><span class="smcap">William Smith</span>, <i>Secretary</i>.</span><br /> +</p> +<p><!-- Page 225 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span></p> + +<p>Inasmuch as the impression is type-set and printed, it was doubtless a +scheme of the Postmaster to prepare the envelopes and save stamping them +with the office seals afterwards, as would be necessary if no adhesive stamp +were attached. The cover in question was evidently used for his own convenience, +but its use as a stamped envelope would depend upon whether it +was sold to the public for their convenience as a prepaid cover. Under +such conditions it would assume a character akin to the Postmaster's Provisionals +of the United States, but no such evidence has been forthcoming, +nor are other copies known. It is an interesting cover, particularly because +of the lack of the word PAID, which should have been stamped upon it as +well as the indication of the amount, according to the rules in force before +adhesive stamps were used to indicate prepayment in themselves; but it had +no government sanction, and has not yet been shown to have even the rank +of a "semi-official issue."</p> + +<p>Although following closely upon the heels of the United States in issuing +postage stamps, less than four years having intervened, Canada was not so +eager to introduce the stamped envelope, for she waited over six years before +following the example of her big neighbor. The first reference to the innovation +is found in the Postmaster General's Report for 30th September, +1859 (although the Report is actually dated 20th February, 1860), and +reads as <span class="nobreak">follows:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>For the promotion of public convenience by facilitating the prepayment +of letters, Stamped Envelopes bearing Medallion Stamps of +the postage value of 5c. and of 10c. respectively have been procured +and issued for sale to the public, at an advance of ½ a cent on the value +of each stamp, to cover the cost of the envelope, and of engraving the +stamp, &c.</p></div> + +<p>The precise date of issue does not seem to be on record, but the year +1860 is always given. From the stamp accounts, quoted below, we find the +quantity issued for sale is qualified by the remark "during 8 months to Sept. +30", which would indicate that the envelopes were issued about the 1st February, +1860; and we have therefore assigned this date to them until a more +authoritative one is produced.</p> + +<p>The next reference to the envelopes, including the accounts, appears in +the Report for the year ending 30th September, 1860, as follows:<!-- Page 226 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span>—</p> + + +<h5>STAMPED ENVELOPES.</h5> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><th align="left"></th><th align="center">5c.</th><th align="center">10c.</th><th align="center">Value</th></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Received from Mfrs.</td><td align="right">200,000</td><td align="right">100,000</td><td align="right">21,500.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Issued for sale during 8 months to Sept. 30,</td><td align="right">136,177</td><td align="right">45,651</td><td align="right">12,283.09</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">Remaining,</td><td align="right" class="bt">63,823</td><td align="right" class="bt">54,349</td><td align="right" class="bt">9,216.91</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The number of Stamped Envelopes, actually used by the public, +has been but small, as a considerable proportion of those issued remain +in the hands of Postmasters.</p></div> + +<p>The cost of manufacture of the stamped envelopes was included, as we +have already seen,<a name="FNanchor_205" id="FNanchor_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a> in the payments made to the American Bank Note Co. +for stamps, etc., in 1860, so that they were obtained from that firm. They +were not manufactured by them, however, but by George F. Nesbitt & Co. of +New York, who at that time held the contract for supplying the United States +Government with stamped envelopes. The similarity of the stamped impression, +both in size and general arrangement, to the United States envelope +dies of 1860 will be noted, and the paper used for the envelopes will be found +to be similar, even to the watermark, while the two "knives" used for cutting +the envelope blanks will be found to agree with numbers 2 and 11 of the +Tiffany, Bogert and Rechert catalog. It was evidently a case of the Bank +Note Co. subletting the contract to Nesbitt, who was regularly in the +business.</p> + +<p>Nothing further appears in the Reports in regard to the stamped envelopes, +except the tables of statistics, until the Report of 30th June, 1864, which +says:—"In order to promote the use of the Stamped Envelopes a reduction +in the price to the public was made from 1st October, 1864, from $5.50 per +100 for the five cent and $10.50 per 100 for the ten cent envelopes, to $5.30 +and $10.30 per 100 respectively." But even this bait did not attract, for +the next year's Report remarks:—"The recent reduction in the price of +stamped envelopes has not led to any material increase in the demand." For +two years longer the accounts are given, but with the first Report of the Dominion +of Canada, for the year ending 30th June, 1868, they disappear, the +envelopes evidently having been given up as a bad investment at the close of +the accounts of the Province of Canada, when it was merged into the Dominion.</p> + +<p>We have already quoted the figures for the first supplies received and +the quantities first issued to postmasters. It may be well to give the entire +record for its historical value:<!-- Page 227 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span>—</p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><th align="left"></th><th align="right">5 cent.</th><th align="right">10 cent.</th></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Balance on hand, 30th Sept. 1860,</td><td align="right">63,823</td><td align="right">54,349</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Returned by Post Masters, unsold,</td><td align="right">1,529</td><td align="right">1,905</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" class="bt">65,352</td><td align="right" class="bt">56,254</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Issued for sale during year,</td><td align="right">20,700</td><td align="right">806</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Balance on hand, 30th Sept. 1861,</td><td align="right" class="bt">44,652</td><td align="right" class="bt">55,448</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Returned by Post Masters, unsold,</td><td align="right">251</td><td align="right">314</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" class="bt">44,903</td><td align="right" class="bt">55,762</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Issued for sale during year,</td><td align="right">9,595</td><td align="right">844</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Balance on hand, 30th Sept. 1862,</td><td align="right" class="bt">35,308</td><td align="right" class="bt">54,918</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Returned by Post Masters, unsold,</td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" class="bt">35,308</td><td align="right" class="bt">54,922</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Issued for sale during year,</td><td align="right">15,200</td><td align="right">900</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Balance on hand, 30th Sept. 1863,</td><td align="right" class="bt">20,108</td><td align="right" class="bt">54,022</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Returned by Post Masters, unsold,</td><td align="right">5,000</td><td align="right">2,997</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" class="bt">25,108</td><td align="right" class="bt">57,019</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Issued during 9 months,</td><td align="right">14,800</td><td align="right">850</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Balance on hand, 30th June, 1864,</td><td align="right" class="bt">10,308</td><td align="right" class="bt">56,169</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Returned by Post Masters, unsold,</td><td align="right">6,444</td><td align="right">5,632</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Received from manufacturers,</td><td align="right">25,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" class="bt">41,752</td><td align="right" class="bt">61,801</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Issued for sale during year,</td><td align="right">23,583</td><td align="right">5,698</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Balance on hand 30th June, 1865,</td><td align="right" class="bt">18,169</td><td align="right" class="bt">56,103</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Returned by Post Masters, unsold,</td><td align="right">382</td><td align="right">225</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" class="bt">18,551</td><td align="right" class="bt">56,328</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Issued to 30th June, 1866,</td><td align="right">16,225</td><td align="right">625</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Balance 30th June, 1866,</td><td align="right" class="bt">2,326</td><td align="right" class="bt">55,703</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Returned by Post Masters, unsold,</td><td align="right">193</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" class="bt">2,326</td><td align="right" class="bt">55,896</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Deduct envelopes short received,</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" class="bt">2,316</td><td align="right" class="bt">55,896</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Issued to 30th. June, 1867,</td><td align="right">2,270</td><td align="right">172</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Balance 30th. June, 1867,</td><td align="right" class="bt">46</td><td align="right" class="bt">55,724</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><!-- Page 228 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span></p> + +<p>These figures are the last that appear concerning the first issue of envelopes, +the next Report, as already stated, having no mention of them at +all. It was very probably because there were not enough to supply the added +Provinces of the Dominion, in the case of the 5 cent envelopes, and principally +because they did not seem to be popular enough to warrant continuing +their use that the envelopes did not remain in issue under the Dominion +Government.</p> + +<p>An inspection of the above table shows that the 5 cent envelopes were +apparently issued at an average rate of perhaps 15,000 a year, while 800 +only of the 10 cent were ordinarily put forth. This might indicate a fair +consumption of the lower value by the public, particularly as the total receipt +from the manufacturers was 225,000 and but 46 remainders are given at the +close of the account. But it must be remembered that the table gives the +quantities "issued to postmasters" and not the sales to the public by the postmasters. +We know the public did not take particularly to the use of the +envelopes, so that there were doubtless large quantities of them in postmaster's +hands when their sale was discontinued. These would naturally be returned +to the Department and destroyed, which would of course materially +reduce the quantity issued as taken from the tables. Unfortunately these +latter figures have not been obtainable; but it is certain from the rarity of used +copies that nothing like 224,954 of the 5 cent and 44,276 of the 10 cent +envelopes could have been sold to the public. We are able to illustrate an +entire used copy of each value as Numbers 130 and 131 on <a href="#Plate_XIV">Plate XIV</a>.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 150px;"> +<a href="images/i228.jpg"><img src="images/i228_tn.jpg" width="150" height="178" +alt="Embossed envelope stamp design." +title="[Linked to larger image of embossed envelope stamp design.]" /></a> +</div> + +<p>As already stated, the envelope stamps were very similar in size and +style to the United States envelope dies of 1860. The inscription CANADA +POSTAGE is in the frame above the head and the value below, reversing +the United States arrangement, and there are no stars separating the legends. +The embossed head of Queen Victoria was evidently copied from the profile +used on the 1 cent stamp of 1859. The 5 cent stamp is printed +in vermilion and the 10 cent in dark brown. There was but one +size of envelope, 5½ × 3¼ inches (140 × 83 mm.), and but +one quality of paper for the first order—a white laid paper +with a slightly yellowish tone, watermarked with the letters Ca +over POD (Canada Post Office Department) which appears about twice in +each envelope. The paper was cut so that the laid lines run diagonally, +and the knife used was that numbered 2 in the Tiffany, Bogert and Re<!-- Page 229 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span>chert +catalog of United States envelopes, with rounded flap and yellowish +gum, extending nearly the length of the flap.</p> + +<p>In the table given it will be noticed that 25,000 more 5 cent envelopes +were received from the manufacturers in 1865. These latter were on a white +paper of similar quality with a slightly bluish tone, and a slightly different +knife had been used in cutting the blanks, which corresponds to that numbered +11 in the catalog quoted. The difference consists mainly in a more +pointed flap than the first knife.</p> + +<p>The <i>London Philatelist</i> for December, 1896, contained the following +startling announcement under the head of CANADA:<a name="FNanchor_206" id="FNanchor_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr. L. Gibb, of Montreal, kindly submitted to his fellow members +of the London Philatelic Society, at a recent meeting, a curious variety +among the stamps of the Colony he resides in. The specimen in question +was the 10 c. envelope of 1860 impressed in vermilion, instead of +its normal colour—brown, and being presumably printed in error in +the color of the 5c. The stamp was unfortunately cut round, but was +on the diagonally laid paper usual to the Issue, duly postmarked, and, +in the opinion of the members present, had every appearance of authenticity, +although surprise was expressed that so marked a variety should +never have been noted before.</p></div> + +<p>Nothing further has apparently been learned about it since, but in the +face of the above statements and opinions it seems necessary to record it.</p> + +<p>Both values were reprinted<a name="FNanchor_207" id="FNanchor_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a> by the Nesbitt Company in 1868 on pieces +of white wove paper and also vertically laid buff paper, the 5 cent copying +the color of the original, but the 10 cent being in a dark red brown instead of +black brown. They were also printed in the same colors on entire envelopes +of white and buff laid paper with the POD over US watermark of the regular +United States stationery. These were a size smaller than the regular Canadian +envelopes, being 137×77 mm. A further variety is noted in the <i>Catalogue +for Advanced Collectors</i>,<a name="FNanchor_208" id="FNanchor_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a> as follows:—"There is also a second type +of the 5c to be found on the same papers as above reprints which was probably +struck off in the same year. The stamp is a trifle larger and the head +smaller than on the accepted die; this is probably a die prepared by Nesbitt +but refused by the Canadian Government."</p> + +<p><!-- Page 230 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> +The Dominion Government, which discarded the Provincial stamped +envelopes from the beginning, did not essay anything in that line for nearly +ten years. Finally the following notice was sent <span class="nobreak">out:—</span></p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 10em;">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;"><span class="smcap">Ottawa</span>, 6th October, 1877.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 13em;">STAMPED ENVELOPES.</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>1. Letter envelopes bearing an impressed postage stamp of one +cent, and three cents respectively, are ready for issue to Postmasters +and through their agency to Stamp Vendors for sale to the public.</p> + +<p>2. These envelopes when issued to Postmasters will be charged to +them, and will have to be accounted for by them at the following rates:</p></div> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">One cent envelopes,</td><td align="right">$1.30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Three cent envelopes, No. 1 size,</td><td align="right">3.30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Three cent envelopes, No. 2 size,</td><td align="right">3.35</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>3. The three-cent envelopes are of two sizes, No. 2 being larger +than No. 1 and Postmasters, when asking at any time for a supply, will +be careful to state how many of each size they want.</p> + +<p>4. Postmasters and Stamp Vendors will be required to sell these +envelopes at the above rates per hundred to the public, and when a request +is made for a single envelope, or for any number less than a hundred, +the charge for the same must be made by the Postmaster or +Stamp Vendor, as near the exact proportionate value, as compared with +the above rates per hundred, as the fraction will permit without loss +to the Postmaster or Stamp Vendor, thus ten of the three-cent envelopes, +No. 1 size, should be sold for thirty-three cents, five for seventeen +cents, and two for seven cents.</p> + +<p>5. When used these envelopes will represent the pre-payment of +postage to the amount of the stamp impressed thereon, and when used +for letters weighing more than ½ an oz., or on which the pre-payment +is required of more than is represented by the impressed stamp, the +difference may be affixed by ordinary postage stamps.</p> + +<p>6. The impressed stamp must be carefully cancelled by Postmasters +when the envelopes are posted.</p> + +<p>7. An impressed stamp cut from an envelope cannot be used for +pre-payment of postage in any shape, and when detached from the envelope +on which it was impressed, it loses all value as a postage stamp.</p> + +<p>8. In the accounts rendered by Postmasters, the amounts of +stamped envelopes received from the Department and sold to the public +or to Vendors, are to be added to the postage stamp items.</p> + +<p>* * * * *</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 19.5em;">L. S. HUNTINGTON,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 21em;"><i>Postmaster General.</i></span><br /> +<!-- Page 231 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Memo.</i>—Stamped Envelopes are to be sold to the public at the following +prices by Postmasters and Stamp <span class="nobreak">Vendors:—</span></p></div> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><th align="left"></th><th align="center">Per Hundred.</th><th align="center">Per Ten.</th><th align="center">For Single Envelopes.</th></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Cent Envelopes</td><td align="center">$1.30</td><td align="center">13 cents</td><td align="center">2 cents, or 3 cents for 2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">3 Cent Envelopes No. 1 size</td><td align="center">$3.30</td><td align="center">33 cents</td><td align="center">4 cents, or 7 cents for 2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">3 Cent Envelopes No. 2 size</td><td align="center">$3.35</td><td align="center">34 cents</td><td align="center">4 cents, or 7 cents for 2</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>Curiously enough no mention is made in the Postmaster General's Report +of either the issue of the stamped envelopes or their reception by the +public, such as was the case with their predecessors in 1860. We find from +the stamp accounts, however, that the first supplies received from the manufactures +were 554,250 of the 1 cent; 1,257,000 of the 3 cent size 1; and +564,250 of the 3 cent size 2. Further supplies of the 1 cent were not needed +until two years later, of the 3 cent size 1 until three years later, and of the +3 cent size 2 until four years later, so it is evident that no great popular demand +sprang up for them.</p> + +<p>The 1 cent envelope, which was intended for the local or "drop letter" +rate, was issued in numbers averaging about 150,000 a year up to 1889, +when the Post Office Act of that year, which increased the limit of weight +of the single rate letter from ½ to 1 ounce and fixed the drop letter rate at +2 cents per ounce for cities having a free delivery service,<a name="FNanchor_209" id="FNanchor_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a> caused a falling +off in the issue to 62,000 in the 1890 Report, and this gradually diminished +to about 25,000 per annum in the Report for 1897, when the stamp under discussion +was superseded by a new design.</p> + +<p>The 3 cent envelopes, being the regular letter rate, had a larger use; +nevertheless the issue of the No. 1 size fell gradually from some 250,000 in +1879 to about 50,000 in 1897. The No. 2 size proved more popular, though +the demand was somewhat erratic. The issue went from 78,000 in 1879 to +116,000 in 1884; then averaged about 85,000 for three years; next averaged +about 120,000 for four years; and finally returned to the 85,000 mark for +the next six years, when a new issue took its place.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 150px;"> +<a href="images/i232.jpg"><img src="images/i232_tn.jpg" width="150" height="166" +alt="Design of embossed envelope stamp." +title="[Link to larger image of embossed envelope stamp design.]" /></a> +</div> + +<p>The design of these envelope stamps is in all respects similar to the +early type, but they are about half again as large. The embossed head of<!-- Page 232 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> +the Queen is copied from the profile on the "large" cent stamps of 1868 and +is tilted forward rather awkwardly in the frame. The 3 +cent is printed in bright red varying to rose, but the 1 +cent instead of following the yellow color of the adhesive +is printed in blue, which varies from quite pale to very +dark. The envelopes were manufactured by the British +American Bank Note Co. from white laid unwatermarked +paper, and have a pointed flap with gum extending nearly the whole +length. The smaller sized envelope was also issued with the flap rounded into +a tongue, but the larger sized envelope is not known in this form. These +"tongued flap" envelopes were apparently an early variety, as the <i>Philatelic +Monthly</i> records the 3 cent in its issue for April, 1878. The 1 cent, however, +does not seem to have been noted until the June, 1884 issue of <i>Le +Timbre-Poste</i>.</p> + +<p>The earlier printings of the envelopes were upon a laid paper that had +the "cross vergures", or single laid lines that regularly cross the general +run, at a spacing of 18 mm. from each other. About 1888 another paper +came into use which had these "cross vergures" spaced 24 mm. apart, and +in some cases 27 mm. The two papers can be told at a glance as they varied +in tone, the latter variety having a slight cream tint and the former being a +pure white. These two varieties are of course more noticeable in the entire +envelope than in cut squares, and have been listed as "rosy white" and "bluish +white" papers, but we feel unable to distinguish them thus as the terms seem +wholly inapplicable.</p> + +<p>The 1 cent envelope was chronicled in ultramarine in April, 1897, of +course on the small sized envelope and the cream toned laid paper.<a name="FNanchor_210" id="FNanchor_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a></p> + +<p>In May, 1896, the <i>Philatelic Record</i> stated<a name="FNanchor_211" id="FNanchor_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a> that "Our publishers have +the envelope of the 3 cents red value with stamp roughly lithographed instead +of being embossed. Mr. J. B. Lewis, of Ottawa, says only 110 were +printed." This was a somewhat startling statement, and Major Evans thus +comments on it:<a name="FNanchor_212" id="FNanchor_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>There have been reports of late, in various quarters, of a certain +number of the 3c. envelopes, of the current type, having had the stamp +impressed upon them by lithography instead of in the usual manner.<!-- Page 233 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span></p> + +<p>The story goes that the embossing die was lost, or mislaid, that a +small supply of envelopes was wanted immediately by a business firm, +and that a few hundreds were lithographed to fill this demand. The +whole story sounds somewhat doubtful, to any one who knows how +stamped envelopes are produced, but until quite recently we had not +seen a specimen of the supposed lithographed envelopes, and therefore +would not express any opinion upon them. A copy has lately been sent +to our publishers, and we find it to be practically identical, as far as +<i>almost</i> entire absence of embossing is concerned, with some specimens +which we obtained in Canada a few years ago; the embossing, in the +copy shown us, is not absolutely invisible, there being slight traces of +it about the head, and especially the chignon; and if any envelopes +have been lithographed, which we greatly doubt, this is not one of +them.</p></div> + +<p>The lithographing of a comparatively few envelopes by a country like +Canada appears somewhat incredulous on the face of it, and even more so +does the "loss" or "misplacing" of the embossing die; the true explanation of +the occurrence is doubtless found in the use of a much worn die, or more likely +a defective "counter-die" or "bed-plate" which backs the paper.</p> + +<p>In the issue for January 1895, the <i>American Journal of Philately</i> had +this statement:—"Mr. G. A. Lowe informs us that the 3c envelope exists on +wove paper and was issued in 1891, probably in error." Referring to this, +the <i>Monthly Journal</i> for May 1895, <span class="nobreak">states:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr. King tells us that he found some packets of this variety in the +Post-office at Halifax, and that he thinks that they may be a new edition, +on a better paper than the last. He is not certain yet about this, +as the great majority of the stock consisted of the <i>laid</i> paper envelopes, +and therefore the use of the wove may have been unintentional or temporary.</p></div> + +<p>Again in the August 1895 issue, the last quoted paper <span class="nobreak">says:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In further reference to the 3c envelopes on <i>wove</i> paper, Mr. King +sends us replies which he received from the P. O. Department to his +enquiries on the subject. The replies are vague, if not evasive, but +show plainly that no intentional change was made in the paper used; +they seemed to indicate, however, that the contractors are not restricted +to a particular nature of paper, so long as the envelopes supplied +are of sufficiently good quality.</p></div> +<p><!-- Page 234 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span></p> + +<p>The references to Mr. King in 1895 seem to show that he discovered the +envelopes at about that time, so if the first statement about their appearing +in 1891 is correct there must have been two lots issued at two different periods. +That they were errors seems to admit of no doubt, as the usual paper +for these envelopes was of the laid variety. They were only found in the +large size envelope, known officially as No. 2.</p> + +<p>In the issue for September 1899, the <i>American Journal of Philately</i> +noted two unusual <span class="nobreak">varieties:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr. Charles A. Benedict of Brantford has sent us samples of two +envelopes with stamp of the 1877 type, which have not as yet been +chronicled and which should probably be classed as printed-to-order +envelopes. They are said to be used by a certain firm in Brantford for +circulars and letters, and are printed on large manila amber envelopes.</p></div> + +<p>The size of the envelopes is given as 265×113 mm., and both the 1 cent +and 3 cent stamps were impressed upon them. No further information +seems to have been obtained concerning these curiosities, which must have +been issued previous to the termination of the contract with the British +American Bank Note Co. in 1897.</p> + +<p>Although the rate on "drop letters" at free delivery offices was fixed +at 2 cents per ounce by the Post Office Act of 1889, in place of the previous +1 cent per half ounce, it did not occur that a 2 cent envelope might be desirable +until about five years later. In the Postmaster General's Report of +30th June, 1894, we read:—"It is proposed to issue for use for drop letters, +that is for letters passing within the limits of a free delivery in cities, a 2 +cent envelope which will no doubt be found a convenience to the public."</p> + +<p>In the next year's Report we find:—"The 2 cent envelopes, used mainly +for drop letters, that is, for letters passing within the limits of a free delivery +in cities, and referred to in the report for last year, have been issued +during the year. Judging from the demand made for these envelopes +already, they are likely to prove a convenience to the public."</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 200px;"> +<a href="images/i235.jpg"><img src="images/i235_tn.jpg" width="200" height="208" +alt="2 cent envelope stamp design." +title="[Linked to larger image of 2 cent envelope stamp design.]" /></a> +</div> + +<p>The new denomination was issued on the 14th June, 1895,<a name="FNanchor_213" id="FNanchor_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a> on the +larger sized envelope, the paper being the cream toned laid. It is a rather<!-- Page 235 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> +bizarre production, being circular in form with a medallion of the Queen's +head in the center, and a beaver perched outside the +design at the top, while the sides are broken by maple +leaves. The inscriptions are in colored letters, and the +numeral of value appears for the only time on a Canadian +envelope stamp. In spite of the "demand" for +these envelopes, a total supply of 94,970 received from +the manufacturers was found sufficient to last until +the new type was issued from the Government Printing Bureau in 1899, after +the contract with the British American Bank Note Co. had expired.</p> + +<p>The Postmaster General's Report for 30th June, 1898, <span class="nobreak">says:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>New stamped envelopes also came into use, and the price thereof +<i>above the face value</i> as compared with the old envelopes of the same +size, was reduced by 10 cents per 100, a reduction of 33⅓ %. A further +concession given the public was that a blank form of request (to +return letter if not delivered within the specified time) is printed without +extra charge on the envelope, so that at the option of the purchaser +stamped envelopes with or without this form of request may be obtained. +Whilst the three denominations of stamped envelopes (1 cent, 2 +cents and 3 cents) are retained, it was deemed advisable to have only +one size instead of two as was the case with the old envelopes,—the +small size of the latter (known as No. 1) being discontinued because of +the tendency on the part of the mercantile community to use envelopes +of the larger size (known officially as No. 2) or what in the commercial +world is classed as No. 7. The latter is now the uniform size of the +new stamped envelopes.</p></div> + +<p>The stamped envelopes referred to at the beginning of the above quotation +were the 3 cent envelopes, the first value to appear in a new design, and +the price, as stated, was reduced from the former rate of $3.30 per hundred +to $3.20 per hundred. But this apparently applied only to the new style, +for the old style envelopes returned to the department as "unfit for use" in +1898, 1899 and 1900 were credited at the old rates, while the new style +envelopes in the same condition were credited at the new rates in these same +years. The Report for 1899 states that the old style envelopes in their two +sizes were discontinued on 31st March, 1898.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 150px;"> +<a href="images/i236.jpg"><img src="images/i236_tn.jpg" width="150" height="178" +alt="3 centa envelope stamp design" +title="[Linked to larger image of 3 cents envelope stamp design.]" /></a> +</div> + +<p>The new stamp, while perhaps not as bizarre as the 2 cent of 1895, was +yet a conspicuously ugly production by reason of the profile portrait of Queen +Victoria that was employed. The die was engraved by Messrs. De La Rue<!-- Page 236 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> +& Co., of London, and outside of the embossed head is a very neat design of +engine turned work, with POSTAGE in small white letters +above the inner oval and THREE CENTS beneath. The +word CANADA was added, apparently as an afterthought, +in colored letters <i>outside</i> the design at the top of the stamp, +where it breaks the colored line surrounding the oval! The +impression is in a bright red on a white wove paper of a +slightly cream tone, and the flap is rounded, with gum extending its full +length. The return request referred to in the Report is printed in black +in the upper left hand corner and <span class="nobreak">reads:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>If not called for in ten days +return to....</p></div> + +<p>It seems that the American Bank Note Co., upon taking the contract +for supplying the Canadian stamps in 1897, asked to be excused from printing +the stamped envelopes as well, because such a small number were used. +This work was therefore given to the Government Printing Bureau at Ottawa,<a name="FNanchor_214" id="FNanchor_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a> +which accounts for the dies having been furnished by Messrs. De La +Rue & Co. The stamp accounts give the number of 3 cent envelopes furnished +in the new type as 110,000 in 1898 and 70,000 in 1899, a total of 180,000; +but the reduction of the domestic letter rate from 3 cents to 2 cents on the +1st January, 1899, made the 3 cent envelope useless, and large quantities +were surcharged with the new rate, so that it is impossible to tell what proportion +of the amount given is now represented by each variety. If catalog +pricing is any criterion, the unsurcharged issue of the envelope should be +perhaps 80,000.</p> + +<p>The Report for 1899 <span class="nobreak">states:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>As a result of the reduction in the Domestic Letter rate of postage, +the issue of the 3c. letter card, 3c. stamped envelope and 3c. postage +stamp has been discontinued, unused quantities of these, however, +continuing available for postage purposes, or exchangeable at any post +office for their equivalent in postage stamps of other denominations.</p></div> + +<p>The Report does not give the date of issue of the 3 cent stamped envelope, +but it was chronicled in <i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i> for May 5, 1898, and<!-- Page 237 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> +therefore was probably issued sometime in April. The date of discontinuance +is given, however, as December, 1898, so that it had a life, unsurcharged, of +only about nine months.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 150px;"> +<a href="images/i237.jpg"><img src="images/i237_tn.jpg" width="150" height="181" +alt="One cent envelope stamp design, 1898." +title="[Linked to larger image of one cent envelope stamp design, 1898.]" /></a> +</div> + +<p>But meanwhile the 1 cent envelope was being prepared, and evidently +because of the dissatisfaction expressed over the embossed head of the Queen +on the 3 cent value, the new envelope appeared with the +familiar youthful profile similar to that used on the British +envelope dies for so many years. This improved the appearance +of the stamp, which otherwise corresponded in design +with the 3 cent and was likewise engraved by Messrs. De +La Rue & Co. It was printed in a dark green on paper like +that of the 3 cent value, and in the same size and cut of +envelope. The new type was issued on July 22, 1898, according to the 1899 +Report, and was sold at $1.20 per hundred. The distribution of the old +style 1 cent envelopes was discontinued in the same month, according to the +stamp accounts.</p> + +<p>Following the 1 cent envelope came the 2 cent, being identical in every +respect save the expressed value and color, and emanating from the same +source as its two predecessors. The Report of 1899 gives the date of issue +of this envelope as the 2nd January, 1899, and, as the corresponding value +in the adhesive set was a deep violet, we should expect the envelope stamp +to follow suit. This it did, but was almost immediately followed by an issue +in bright red, because of the reduction of the domestic letter rate from 3 +cents to 2 cents. It will be remembered that when Imperial Penny Postage +was inaugurated on December 25, 1898, it was almost immediately announced +that the internal postage in Canada would be reduced to the 2 cent rate on +and from the 1st January, 1899. As the Postal Union requirements called +for carmine as the color of the stamp for the domestic letter rate, the change +from violet was necessary in the Canadian 2 cent stamp, but owing to the +large stock of the violet stamps on hand and the surcharging of the 3 cent +stamps down to 2 cent value, the change in color from violet to carmine did +not take place in the adhesives for some eight months. Not so with the +envelopes; the new 2 cent ones were about to be issued and had been printed +to the amount of 10,000 in dark violet. But with the change in rates and +therefore in color requirements, orders were given to print further supplies +of the 2 cent envelope in red, and the latter color therefore appeared about a +week after the violet stamp.<!-- Page 238 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span></p> + +<p>We have gone thus into detail in the matter in order to make it evident +why the violet stamp was so short lived, and why the change was made. This +seems necessary because such a furor was created at the time, when it became +known that the issue of violet envelopes was small, and speculation ran high; +the Government was accused of speculating in them and of putting them in the +hands of favored ones, and finally, as in the case of the alleged speculation +in the Jubilee stamps, the matter came up in Parliament. The following +is an extract from the official report of the debates in the House of Commons +at Ottawa:<a name="FNanchor_215" id="FNanchor_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a>—</p> + +<p class="center"> +ISSUE OF STAMPED ENVELOPES.<br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr. Hughes asked: 1. When will the present 2 cent purple stamped +envelope cease to be issued, and the red issued in its place? 2. How +many 2 cent purple envelopes were issued, and how many distributed? +At what offices were they distributed, how many at each office? Are +there any more to be distributed, and if so, where will they be distributed? +3. Is it the intention of the Government to issue an entire +new set of stamped envelopes to replace those at present in use? If +so, when? * * *</p> + +<p>The Postmaster-General (Mr. Mulock): The issue of 2 cent purple-stamp +envelopes ceased when the supply thereof in the department became +exhausted, the last issue having been made on the 7th January, +1899. The subsequent issue of 2-cent stamped envelopes was in red, in +accordance with the recommendation of the Postal Convention. *</p> + +<p>* * The schedule hereto annexed shows the names of the +post offices supplied with such purple-stamp envelopes and the respective +quantities so supplied them.</p> + +<p>List of Post Offices to which 2c. purple envelopes +were issued, and the quantity in each case.</p></div> + + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><th>Post Office.</th><th>Quantity.</th></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Belleville, Ont.</td><td align="right">500</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">St. Catherine's, Ont.</td><td align="right">500</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Toronto, Ont.</td><td align="right">2000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Corinth, Ont.</td><td align="right">100</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Haliburton, Ont.</td><td align="right">100</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Mount Albert, Ont.</td><td align="right">100</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Tamworth, Ont.</td><td align="right">500</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hagersville, Ont.</td><td align="right">100</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hamilton, Ont.</td><td align="right">500</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Loring, Ont.</td><td align="right">100</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Newton, Ont.</td><td align="right">100</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ottawa, Ont.</td><td align="right">700</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">St. Casimir, Que.</td><td align="right">100</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sherbrooke, Que.</td><td align="right">500</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Montreal, Que.</td><td align="right">1000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Rigaud, Que.</td><td align="right">100</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Maitland, N. S.</td><td align="right">100</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Truro, N. S.</td><td align="right">100</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Yarmouth, N. S.</td><td align="right">100</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Andover, N. B.</td><td align="right">200</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Centreville, N. B.</td><td align="right">100</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Shoal Lake, Man.</td><td align="right">100</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Winnipeg, Man.</td><td align="right">2000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">New Westminster, B. C.</td><td align="right">100</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Greenwood, B. C.</td><td align="right">200</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><!-- Page 239 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> +Further questioning by the same gentleman, in an effort to show that +"inside" information had been given concerning the remainder of the 2 cent +green envelopes at Toronto and the limited issue of the so-called "purple" +ones, in order that favored parties might "corner" them, resulted in nothing +definite except that in replying to the question "Was the issue of the 2c. +purple stamped envelopes done by mistake?" the Postmaster-General said: +"There was no mistake whatever made in the issue of said envelopes, but, +on the contrary, the issue took place in the ordinary course of business, and +was made on requisitions in the usual way, coming from postmasters." Considering +the date of their issue, the cause of the change in color and the +above reply of the Postmaster-General, in connection with an examination +of the table of distribution of the 2c. violet envelopes, we must say that it seems +clear that the whole business, as far as the Department was concerned, was +legitimate and straightforward, and the aspersions cast upon the issue of this +envelope were only animated by a spirit of jealousy or revenge on the part +of those who unfortunately did not happen to get any, whether "tipped off" +by friends in or out of the post-office, or not.</p> + +<p>The 2 cent envelope in red may have been issued on the 8th January, +1899, or within a day or two of that date, and corresponds of course with the +one in violet and the 1 cent envelope in all respects. It was sold at $2.20 +per hundred.</p> + +<p>We have already spoken of the 3 cent envelope, issued in April, 1898, +as having been surcharged. This was due, of course, to the same reduction +in the domestic rate of postage that operated to change the 2 cent envelope +from violet to red, and which also rendered the 3 cent envelope practically +useless. In order to utilize the stock of the latter envelopes, therefore, the +Department decided on surcharging them down to a 2 cent value. This was +done sometime during the week of 6-11 February, 1899, and we can do no +better than quote the letter of a Canadian correspondent in the <i>Weekly Philatelic +Era</i><a name="FNanchor_216" id="FNanchor_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a> for details concerning it.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<span class="smcap">Ottawa</span>, 17th Feb'y, 1899.<br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Our weekly sensation was duly on tap last week, in the shape of +surcharges, Canada's first offence, but an aggravated case. The Post +Office Department announced that any holders of 3c. envelopes or letter +cards might send them in to the postage stamp branch, and have them +surcharged, and re-issued as 2c. emissions, the difference in value being<!-- Page 240 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> +made good by an additional supply of surcharged stationery or in some +other equivalent stamps.</p> + +<p>It was not anticipated that a very large supply of 3c. stationery +was on hand, and consequently the arrangements for surcharging are +of the most primitive description. Stamps of soft rubber bearing the +figures 2c. are provided, and the surcharge is put on by hand, the +stamps being inked on black pads. The consequence is that the work +is ill done, and we have as many varieties of surcharge as there are +impressions, with quantities<a name="FNanchor_217" id="FNanchor_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a> of ink varying from a black blue to a +light grey. I have seen one envelope with the surcharge on sidewise +reading from bottom to top.</p> + +<p>Independently of the variations in printing, there are two types of +surcharge. In the first, which I shall christen the "capital surcharge", +the figure 2 is 10½ mm. high by 8 wide, the heavy parts of the figure +being 2 mm. thick, the thin parts ¾ mm. The C is a capital letter +4½ × 3½ mm. There was only one stamp of this type, and when it +had been in use for two or three days the difference in type was noticed +and the stamp was destroyed. Any stationery surcharged with it +will be exceedingly rare.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 200px;"> +<img src="images/i240.jpg" width="200" height="159" +alt="2 cents "lower case surcharge"" title="2 cents "lower case surcharge"" /> +</div> + +<p>The other type, which I suggest should be called the "lower case +surcharge", has a similar figure 2 but the C is a heavy face lower case +letter 4 × 3½ mm. It is possible that there may be varieties +of this type, as there are several stamps in use, but the +printing is so badly done, and the stamps so subject to distortion +by pressure, that one cannot depend on either inspection or +measurement, a change in pressure in printing altering the appearance +of the surcharge very materially.</p></div> + +<p>In the same issue of the <i>Era</i> appeared further notes from another correspondent. +In regard to the then current 3 cent envelopes (the so-called +"Bureau print") he says:—"The P. O. Department has surcharged the stock +on hand, a few thousand. * * * Some of the old British American Bank +Note 3c envelopes were also surcharged, but it is understood that there were +very few of them on hand,—less than a thousand."</p> + +<p>The opportunity given the public, however, to have 3 cent envelopes in +their possession surcharged, as well as the stock held by postmasters, which +was returned to a considerable extent (15,848 of the 3c. 1898 returned 1899-1901; +6,788 of the 3c. No. 1, 1877, returned 1899-1900; and 3,081 of the 3c. +No. 2, 1877, returned 1899) and doubtless reissued in surcharged condition, +has made these provisional envelopes fairly common. No details of the +numbers so treated are available, but if the catalogue value is any criterion +the 3 cent of 1898 surcharged is half again as common as the unsurcharged<!-- Page 241 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> +variety, or, as before remarked, the numbers issued may be divided up roughly +as perhaps 100,000 of the former to 80,000 of the latter. Of the old envelopes +of 1877, both sizes of which are found surcharged, it is impossible to +hazard any guesses, save that a considerable number—several thousands of +each size at least—must have been operated upon to render them as reasonable +in catalogue price as we find them.</p> + +<p>The surcharge in its first type, as described in the quotation given, with +the capital C, has only been found on the 3 cent envelope of 1898, which was +the one in the reserve stock of the Department when the reduction in postage +took effect; but the second type, with the "lower case" C is found not only +on this envelope but also on both sizes of the old "Burland & Co." envelopes +of the 1877 issue.</p> + +<p>It will be remembered that it took considerably more than two years +after the death of Queen Victoria before the change to King's head adhesives +was made in Canada. It took even longer for the change in the envelope dies, +as the first one to appear, the 2 cent, was not issued until the beginning of +1905. It was thus described in <i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i>:<a name="FNanchor_218" id="FNanchor_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr. Wm. P. Anderson writes that the 2c Canada envelope, Queen's +Head, is now obsolete, and that a new issue bearing the King's Head +was first sent out Jan. 12. It is very similar to the existing type—same +colour, shape and size and same description of paper and size of +envelope. The bust of the King, a profile to the left, is larger, filling +more of the central oval than did that of the young Queen. It is a very +beautifully cut piece of embossing, the work of Wyon, the celebrated +London die sinker. The engine turned border is not, Mr. Anderson +thinks, so neat as that on the old stamp, from which it differs in detail. +The word Canada has been removed from outside the frame to +the upper label, which now reads Canada Postage. This and the value, +two cents, on a label below the bust, are in white letters on a ground of +solid colour. The lettering is very thin, which is the only blemish in a +very neat and effective design.</p></div> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 150px;"> +<a href="images/i241.jpg"><img src="images/i241_tn.jpg" width="150" height="170" +alt="2 cents "King's Head" envelope stamp design, 1905." +title="[Linked to larger image of 2 cents "King's Head" envelope stamp design, 1905.]" /></a> +</div> + +<p>The size of the envelope was not exactly the same as +the previous issue, for it measures 152 x 90 mm., about 4 +mm. longer than before and 3 mm. wider, the rough measurements +being 6 x 3⅝ inches. The paper is a very white +wove variety, and the color of the impression is in carmine.</p> + +<p>The 1 cent envelope did not appear until about two months later, the<!-- Page 242 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> +exact date not being available, but being very close to the 1st March, 1905. +It is in all respects the same as the 2 cent envelope except that it is printed +in a deep green.</p> + +<p>The use of stamped envelopes in Canada, though never so popular as in the +United States, yet seems to be largely on the increase in the last twelve years, +the 1 cent having risen in number from 85,500 in 1899 to 1,360,100 in 1910, +and the 2 cent from 262,000 to 2,928,400 during the same period.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_204" id="Footnote_204"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> London Philatelist, XIII: 153.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_205" id="Footnote_205"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_90">page 90</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_206" id="Footnote_206"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_206"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> London Philatelist, V: 345.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_207" id="Footnote_207"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> American Journal of Philately, 2nd Series, III: 165.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_208" id="Footnote_208"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> Ibid.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_209" id="Footnote_209"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_136">page 136</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_210" id="Footnote_210"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_210"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VII: 175.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_211" id="Footnote_211"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_211"><span class="label">[211]</span></a> Philatelic Record, XVIII: 135.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_212" id="Footnote_212"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_212"><span class="label">[212]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VI: 188.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_213" id="Footnote_213"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_213"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> American Journal of Philately, 2nd Series, VIII: 365.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_214" id="Footnote_214"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era, XI: 308.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_215" id="Footnote_215"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era, XIII: 285.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_216" id="Footnote_216"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_216"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era, XIII: 204.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_217" id="Footnote_217"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> Query: "qualities"?</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_218" id="Footnote_218"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XIX: 22.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr class="long" /> +<p><!-- Page 243 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXII" id="CHAPTER_XXII"></a>CHAPTER XXII<br /> +<br /> +THE NEWSPAPER WRAPPERS</h2> + + +<p>In the Postmaster General's Report for the 30th June, 1875, we find the +following:—"Post bands bearing an impressed stamp of one cent each +have been issued for sale to the public, at the rate of four for five cents, +to be used in putting up newspapers and such other transmissions requiring +to be prepaid one cent, for which they may be found convenient."</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 150px;"> +<a href="images/i243.jpg"><img src="images/i243_tn.jpg" width="150" height="168" +alt="1 cent newspaper wrapper stamp design, 1875." +title="[Linked to larger image of 1 cent newspaper wrapper stamp design, 1875.]" /></a> +</div> + +<p>The issue took place in May, 1875, and consisted of a wrapper of light +buff wove paper measuring 9½ inches in height by 5 inches in width (235 × +127 mm.), with the stamp impressed at the right side, about 2½ inches +from the top. The sheet is cut square and gummed along the top on the back +side. The stamp is typographed, and consists of an upright oval containing +the head of Queen Victoria copied from that on the adhesive stamps, CANADA +POSTAGE above, ONE CENT below, and the figure 1 in a circle at each +side. In this first type of the wrapper stamp these circles +containing the numerals are surrounded by foliations of +acanthus pattern, and each has a little quatrefoil ornament +in the label beneath it. There is also a thin, colored, wavy +line which follows the border of the inner oval, giving a +scalloped effect, and serves as the distinguishing feature of +the first type. The impression is in dark blue. The stamp accounts give the +receipts from the manufacturers as 554,000 during 1875, and 918,000 during +1876. No further supplies were received until 1879 so these figures +doubtless represent the total supply printed on the buff paper, as the small +supply received in 1879 is probably otherwise accounted for.<a name="FNanchor_219" id="FNanchor_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a></p> + +<p>In its issue for June 1, 1878, the <i>Philatelic Monthly</i> states that "We +have received specimens of the newspaper wrappers with the stamp on the +left and half way from the top." M. Moens lists it in his catalogue, where +he gives the dimensions as 290 × 165 mm., or about 11½ × 6½ inches. This +is somewhat larger than the previous size and we have been unable to confirm<!-- Page 244 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> +it by a specimen, but the accuracy of M. Moens' observations is seldom to be +questioned. The London Society's work states that this wrapper is unknown +to the members of the Society, but a cancelled copy, used by a business +firm, is recorded in the <i>Monthly Journal</i> in 1892.<a name="FNanchor_220" id="FNanchor_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a> Evidently this variety +was an error in the cutting of the sheet.</p> + +<p>In the <i>Philatelic Record</i> for December, 1881,<a name="FNanchor_221" id="FNanchor_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a> a change is noted in the +wrapper itself, the paper being described as white instead of buff; but in +Moens' catalogue it is listed as "very pale buff" and in fact is what we might +call "cream toned", being more correctly described later in the <i>Philatelic +Record</i> as "almost white".<a name="FNanchor_222" id="FNanchor_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a> The wrapper was also cut to a new size, 11 × 5 +inches or 280 × 127 mm. It is very probable that this wrapper comes from +the lot of 197,000 received according to the stamp accounts for 1880—the +first since 1876, barring the small lot in 1879.<a name="FNanchor_223" id="FNanchor_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 150px;"> +<a href="images/i244.jpg"><img src="images/i244_tn.jpg" width="150" height="169" +alt="1 cent newpaper wrapper stamp design, 1882." +title="[Linked to larger image of 1 cent newpaper wrapper stamp design, 1882.]" /></a> +</div> + +<p>Again, in its issue for June 1, 1882, the <i>Philatelic Monthly</i> illustrates +a new variety in the stamp for the wrapper, stating that the color is light blue. +The distinguishing features of the new die are the removal of the wavy line +from the inner border of the oval, the removal of the foliations +from around the circles enclosing the numerals, and the +replacing of the little quatrefoil ornament beneath these +circles by an inverted triangular ornament. This wrapper +was presumably of the usual light buff tint as no mention +is made of its color; but in the issue of the same paper for +October 1, 1882, it is recorded that "We have received specimens of the newspaper +wrapper, stamp of latest type, on yellow-buff paper." The same wrapper +is chronicled in the <i>Philatelic Record</i> which was issued the latter part of +September as upon "straw-colored wove paper," so it had doubtless appeared as +early as August, 1882. The size was the same as the last wrapper, 11 × 5 inches.</p> + +<p>From 1882 on the wrappers have been issued in numbers approaching +half a million per year, and as no note is made in the stamp accounts even of +changes in design, it is of course impossible to estimate the quantities printed or +issued of any one variety.</p> + +<p>In an article in the <i>Dominion Philatelist</i> upon the postal stationery of +Canada,<a name="FNanchor_224" id="FNanchor_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a> the "yellow paper" wrapper is given as the first issued, in 1882,<!-- Page 245 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> +and the date 1883 is given the ordinary "pale buff" paper. The chronicles +we have quoted, however, show that both were doubtless issued in 1882 and +that the straw colored paper was not the first. The wrapper also appears +on a cream paper, and the year of issue in the article quoted is given as 1885, +but we have been unable to find any contemporary chronicle to confirm this.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 150px;"> +<a href="images/i245a.jpg"><img src="images/i245a_tn.jpg" width="150" height="170" +alt="1 cent newspaper wrapper stamp design, 1887." +title="[Linked to larger image of 1 cent newspaper wrapper stamp design, 1887.]" /></a> +</div> + +<p>Once again, in 1887, we find a change in the impressed stamp. This +time the first design is reverted to, but with slight modifications which readily +distinguished the new type; these are the absence of the wavy line running +around the border of the inner oval, and the coarser shading +on the face and neck—dotted in the first type and composed +of lines in this third type. The new variety seems to have +been chronicled first in the <i>Philatelic Monthly</i> for June 1, +1887, but nothing is said about the color of the wrapper. The +article in the <i>Dominion Philatelist</i>, however, gives it as thin +white paper with a variety in "very thin tough white paper, fine quality." +The same article under date of 1888 gives this wrapper in cream toned paper +of both thick and thin quality, and in manila paper. The size of all these +wrappers was the usual one of 11 × 5 inches.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 150px;"> +<a href="images/i245b.jpg"><img src="images/i245b_tn.jpg" width="150" height="176" +alt="1 cent newspaper wrapper stamp design, 1892." +title="[Linked to larger image of 1 cent newspaper wrapper stamp design, 1892.]" /></a> +</div> + +<p>Five years of the third type seemed to be sufficient, for in 1892 a fourth +variety made its appearance. This, curiously enough, reverts to the second +type in similarity, for the foliations around the numerals again disappear +and the only distinguishing feature is the ornaments beneath +the numerals—now little quatrefoils instead of the +triangular ornaments found on the second type. This +fourth type seems to have been first noted in the <i>Canadian +Philatelist</i> for March, 1892, and is more fully described +in the <i>Monthly Journal</i> for 30th April, 1892, as being +upon "thin, surfaced, straw coloured paper." This wrapper was cut to a +slightly smaller size, 10¾ × 5 inches. The article in the <i>Dominion Philatelist</i> +lists it upon "cream colored paper" alone, but both varieties exist, though +it would seem that the straw colored one was perhaps the first issued.</p> + +<p>There is one variety analogous to the "stamp at left" wrapper of the +first type, and which is also doubtless due to faulty cutting of the sheets; this +has the stamp at the usual distance from the top of the wrapper, but nearly +in the middle as far as the spacing from the sides goes. The impression is +in dark blue on the straw colored paper.<!-- Page 246 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span></p> + +<p>In its issue for 31 March, 1894, the <i>Monthly Journal</i> chronicles a change +in the color of the wrapper stamp (fourth type) from blue to "grey-black", +the wrapper itself remaining a "straw" color as before. We find +the impression to be a plain black, though if lightly inked it might show as +gray black. Besides the pale straw colored wrapper there exists a cream +toned one and also one of stouter paper in a very light brown tone. All these +are cut to the last size noted, viz., 10¾ × 5 inches.</p> + +<p>All the preceding wrappers were the product of the British American +Bank Note Co., but when their contract for supplying stamps ceased in 1897 +a new issue was naturally looked for. This did not materialize until June +or July, 1898, when a new wrapper of the usual size and of light manila +paper made its appearance with an impression of the 1 cent adhesive stamp +(maple leaves in the four corners) in dark green. Unlike the stamped envelopes, +it was manufactured by the American Bank Note Co., but the die for +stamping it, instead of being a reproduction of the adhesive, was newly engraved +for typographic work and is therefore much coarser in appearance than +the adhesive stamps.</p> + +<p>No change was made in the wrapper die to include the numeral of value +until the new issue with head of King Edward took place. As before, the +design of the adhesive was copied but the die was engraved for surface printing +and is coarser in its lines. The new wrapper probably appeared early in +October, 1903, as we find it recorded in <i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i> for the +24th October of that year. The size was as before and the paper a light +manila.</p> + +<p>As a result of the changes in newspaper rates, due to the amending of the +Postal Convention with the United States in 1907,<a name="FNanchor_225" id="FNanchor_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a> we find a set of special +wrappers issued in that year, concerning which the Postmaster General's Report +for 1908 <span class="nobreak">says:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>To facilitate the mailing of second class matter sent by publishers +to their subscribers in the United States, special newspaper wrappers of +the 1 cent, 2 cents and 3 cents denominations were introduced. As a result +of the reduction in rate of this class of matter, made in February, +so far as daily editions of newspapers were concerned, the demand for +2c. and 3c. wrappers ceased, and their issue was, accordingly, discontinued.</p></div> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 150px;"> +<img src="images/i247.jpg" width="150" height="175" +alt="1 cent surcharge on newspaper wrappers, 1907." +title="1 cent surcharge on newspaper wrappers, 1907." /> +</div> + +<p><!-- Page 247 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span>The first issue of these wrappers is given as the 11th July, 1907, and a +reference to the Report of 1908, already quoted,<a name="FNanchor_226" id="FNanchor_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a> shows the reason for their +appearance. The rate on periodicals had been raised to 1 cent per 4 ounces +when sent to the United States, which in turn had made provision for a like +rate on periodicals addressed to Canada, at the latter's behest. This move on +Canada's part was aimed principally to prevent the flooding of Canadian +mails with cheap American monthlies. But such a protest went up against +this heavy increase, that the rates were lowered, in February 1908, to 1 cent +per pound on newspapers only, which of course rendered any wrappers save +the 1 cent of but little use. With becoming thrift, however, the +unissued remainder of the two discarded values was surcharged +"1c." in large block type in black and used up in that way.</p> + +<p>The quantities of these special wrappers delivered to the +Department are given in the stamp accounts <span class="nobreak">as:—</span></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="center"><i>1908.</i></td><td align="center"><i>1909.</i></td><td align="center"><i>1910.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 cent</td><td align="right">1,501,000</td><td align="center">353,000</td><td align="center">884,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 cent</td><td align="right">367,000</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">3 cent</td><td align="right">54,000</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Of the 2 cent wrapper the accounts give 300,300 as issued in 1908 and +of the 3 cent wrapper 15,600. But during 1908 and 1909 213,546 of the +former and 13,790 of the latter were returned "fit for use" by postmasters, +and 4,574 2 cent and 790 3 cent "unfit for use" were destroyed. It would +appear from this that the actual issue to the public of these two wrappers +was 82,180 of the 2 cent and but 1,020 of the 3 cent! The 1909 tables, however, +record the issue to postmasters of the total quantity of these wrappers +then on hand, and the 1910 tables explain this by the statement:—"Withdrawn +from issue and surcharged one cent, June 18, 1908." The quantities of the +surcharged wrappers are therefore 280,246 of the 1 c. on 2 cents, and 52,190 +of the 1c. on 3 cents. As these wrappers were not on sale to the general public +but only to publishers, who were obliged to purchase in quantity, their use +was considerably restricted; and as the wrappers often enclosed papers in +quantity, addressed to any one post office, they were removed in the United +States post offices before distributing the papers, and very many probably +lost sight of there as waste paper.<!-- Page 248 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span></p> + +<p>While the usual newspaper wrappers are designated officially as "Post +Bands," these we have been describing are called "Special Wrappers." They +were of stout manila paper, cut to 15 × 6½ inches (378 × 165 mm.) in size for +the 1 cent and 2 cent, and 13 × 8 inches (308 × 223 mm.) for the 3 cent, and +ungummed. The stamp occupied the usual position, but at its left was the +following two line legend in block letters, printed in the same color as the +stamp, and occupying a length of 92 <span class="nobreak">mm:—</span></p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>THIS WRAPPER TO BE USED ONLY BY PUBLISHERS AND FOR THE SOLE<br /> +PURPOSE OF MAILING SECOND CLASS MATTER TO THE UNITED STATES.</b><br /> +</p> + +<p>The 1 cent value was printed in dark green, the 2 cent in carmine, and +the 3 cent in a slate violet. The surcharges were first noted in <i>Mekeel's +Weekly Stamp News of</i> 12th September, 1908, though they were probably +issued soon after the date quoted above. The overprint in each case is in shiny +black ink, the figure being 13 mm. high and the "c" 6 mm. high, with a period +after it.</p> + +<p>One curious circumstance has been noted in connection with the use of +these wrappers—large numbers have been used without the Post Office authorities +taking the trouble to cancel them, while in other cases they have been +cancelled in the usual manner.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_219" id="Footnote_219"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_270">page 270</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_220" id="Footnote_220"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> Monthly Journal, III: 3.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_221" id="Footnote_221"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_221"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> Philatelic Record, III: 205; corrected, III: 227.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_222" id="Footnote_222"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> ibid., IV: 142.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_223" id="Footnote_223"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_223"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_270">page 270</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_224" id="Footnote_224"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> Dominion Philatelist, V: 130.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_225" id="Footnote_225"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_196">page 196</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_226" id="Footnote_226"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_196">page 196</a>.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr class="long" /> +<p><!-- Page 249 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIII" id="CHAPTER_XXIII"></a>CHAPTER XXIII<br /> +<br /> +THE POST CARDS</h2> + + +<p>We have already remarked that Canada lagged behind the United +States in adopting adhesive stamps and also stamped envelopes, +but when we come to post cards we find the United States to be the +laggard by nearly two years. In the Postmaster General's Report for 30th +June, 1870, we find the <span class="nobreak">following:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The introduction of what are known as "post cards" in the United +Kingdom, and the convenience which is stated to have attended their +use, have induced the Department to make arrangements for the manufacture +of similar post cards for the use of the public in Canada. +These post cards will be sold at one cent each, and may be posted for +any address within the Dominion—and will be conveyed to destination, +and be delivered in like manner with letters—the one cent covering the +cost both of the card and of postage.</p> + +<p>They may be used for any communication, which can advantageously +be written and sent by such a medium; and, it would seem unquestionable, +must, in Canada as in England, prove to be extremely convenient +for many objects and purposes.</p></div> + +<p>The next year's Report states:—"Post Cards have been issued to the +public from June, 1871, and it is believed have been found to be of material +convenience. The number issued up to the 31st December was 1,470,600."</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/i249.jpg"><img src="images/i249_tn.jpg" width="400" height="244" +alt="Post card, 1871." +title="[Larger image of post card, 1871.]" /></a> +</div> + +<p>These cards were cut to a size approximately 4⅝ × 3 inches (116 × 75 +mm.). The design consists of an engine turned border set about 3/16 of an +inch in from the edge, with the stamp in the upper right corner of the enclosed +space. This stamp shows +a medallion bearing the head of +Queen Victoria that appears on +the "large" cents issue of 1868, +surrounded by a frame that +makes a roughly rectangular +outline. The arrangement and +style of the inscriptions on the +card are shown by the illustration. +At the bottom, just above the frame, is the imprint in letters of "diamond"<!-- Page 250 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> +size, "British American Bank Note Co. Montreal & Ottawa." The card is not +of particularly heavy stock, has a somewhat rough surface, and is of a light buff +tint that varies some in tone. The printing was done in sheets of several impressions +and the engravings were separated by thin colored lines running the +whole length between them. The color of the impression is a deep blue, though +specimens in a lighter tone are not uncommon.</p> + +<p>In the Postmaster General's Report for 1872 we learn that on the 1st +November of that year, amongst other changes in connection with rates to +Newfoundland, the exchange of post cards at the ordinary domestic rate was +provided for. In the Report for 1873 we read:—"By arrangement with the +United States Post Office, the post cards of Canada and of the United States +have, from the 1st July 1873, passed freely to destination between the two +countries on prepayment of 2 cents each, by affixing a 1 cent postage stamp +to the card in addition to the one cent stamp printed thereon." The postal +arrangement concluded between Canada and the United States in 1874,<a name="FNanchor_227" id="FNanchor_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a> +however, by which mail matter was to be exchanged between the two countries +at the domestic rates of each, obviated the necessity of the extra cent on the +post cards from the 1st January, 1875.</p> + +<p>It may be remembered that the marginal imprints on the sheets of adhesive +stamps began to be changed in 1875 and that the word "Ottawa" was +dropped. The same change took place in the post card some time during +1876, it being first noted in <i>Le Timbre-Poste</i> for January, 1877. The new +card had the imprint at the bottom reading "British American Bank Note +Co. Montreal" in letters slightly larger than on the first type. The frame of +the card also seems to have been re-engraved as slight differences can be detected, +and the outside or "over all" measurements are found to be about 1½ +mm. greater each way. Otherwise the appearance of the card is the same, +but it is cut a little larger, measuring 4¾ × 3 inches (120 × 75 mm.), and +the stock is a little heavier than the first card and of a slightly paler buff. +The engravings on the plate were this time separated by short lines of color +at the center of the sides of the cards. The color of the impression was the +same as before and at times the front of the card was tinted bluish because of +imperfectly wiped plates during printing.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/i251a.jpg"><img src="images/i251a_tn.jpg" width="400" height="133" +alt="Two cents post card, 1877." +title="[Linked to larger image of 2 cents post card, 1877.]" /></a> +</div> + +<p>Although Canada failed to obtain entrance into the Universal Postal +Union on its establishment in 1875, as already detailed,<a name="FNanchor_228" id="FNanchor_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_228" class="fnanchor">[228]</a> yet she was granted<!-- Page 251 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> +the new rates in her correspondence with the Mother Country. This included +a 2 cent rate for post cards, and on the 1st January, 1877, a 2 cent post card +made its appearance which was intended particularly for British correspondence +as is shown by the +sub-heading "TO UNITED +KINGDOM." It was quite +similar in design to the 1 cent +card, with the same medallion +portrait of Queen Victoria on the stamp. The frame of the card is of engine-turned +work but of different pattern from the 1 cent card, and has corner +pieces. The arrangement of the inscriptions is shown by the illustration. The +card is cut to the same size as the 1 cent (4¾ × 3 inches) and is of medium +thickness and of a very light yellowish buff. The impression is in a deep +yellow green.</p> + +<p>Of these 2 cent cards the stamp accounts give 200,000 as having been delivered +in 1877 and 5000 more in 1879. But the issues to postmasters are +given as 98,300 in 1877, 6090 in 1878, and 13,680 in 1879, a total of 118,070; +and as there is a record of the return of but 35, it seems fair to assume that the +remaining 87,000 were destroyed.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/i251b.jpg"><img src="images/i251b_tn.jpg" width="400" height="127" +alt="Two cents "Postal Union" post card design, 1878." +title="[Linked to larger image of two cents "Postal Union" post card design, 1878.]" /></a> +</div> + +<p>Canada was finally admitted to the Postal Union on the 1st July, 1878, +and consequently the 2 cent +rate on post cards became applicable +to all the other Postal +Union countries. We therefore +find the "United Kingdom" +card altered to conform to the new conditions, the words "Union Postale Universelle" +now appearing at the top as shown in the illustration. The stamp has +also been re-engraved, the frame being changed and the words CANADA and +POSTCARD added in small capitals above and below the medallion. The card +is of the same size as before, on good stock of a very pale yellowish tone and +with a smooth surface, and the impression is in a strong yellow green.</p> + +<p>This card appeared early in 1879 and continued in use until 1896. Its +issue to postmasters increased from 27,300 in 1879, to 67,400 in 1892, though +it dropped to 47,000 in 1895.<!-- Page 252 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/i252.jpg"><img src="images/i252_tn.jpg" width="400" height="103" +alt="Post card design, 1882." +title="[Linked to larger mage of post card design, 1882.]" /></a> +</div> + +<p>All the previous cards had been line engraved on steel plates and of artistic +appearance and fine workmanship. +Beginning with +1882, however, a cheaper +form of production began to +be employed, the impression being typographed probably from electrotypes. +The frame of the card is now omitted, the design consisting simply of a curved +banderole bearing the words CANADA POST CARD with the instructions +beneath, and at the right the oval stamp which, from now on, corresponds to the +contemporary stamp of the newspaper wrapper.</p> + +<p>The <i>Philatelic Monthly</i> for 1st May, 1882, chronicled a new one cent card +as having just appeared, but did not describe it. It doubtless appeared early in +April and was of the design detailed in the last paragraph, the stamp being +that of the second type of the newspaper wrapper, which lacked the foliations +around the numerals and had the inverted triangular ornaments beneath the +circles containing the figures "1". The impression was in blue or in ultramarine +on a very light buff card of stout quality and cut to 5⅛ × 3 inches (129 +× 76 mm.)</p> + +<p>About the end of the same year a reply card made its appearance concerning +which the following notice was <span class="nobreak">issued:—</span></p> + +<p class="center">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 20em;"><span class="smcap">Ottawa</span>, 13th December, 1882.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Departmental Order</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6.5em;">No. 27</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>* * * * *</p> + +<p><i>Reply Post Cards.</i></p> + +<p>2. For the convenience of correspondence by Post Card within the +Dominion, a double Post Card has been prepared and is now ready for +issue, which will afford to the original sender of this form of Card the +means of sending with his communication, a blank prepaid Post Card +to be used in reply. Each half of the double card will bear a one-cent +postage stamp impressed thereon in prepayment.</p> + +<p>The ordinary Post Card regulations will apply to these reply cards, +both when originally posted, and with respect to the reply half when +re-posted.</p> + +<p>The reply or double Post Cards, will be issued at two cents each, +and are to be sold to the public at that rate by Postmasters and stamp +vendors.</p> + +<p>Canada reply Post Cards, to be used in correspondence with the +United Kingdom, will also be supplied at an early date, and when Post +Cards of this description originating in the United Kingdom and bear<!-- Page 253 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span>ing +the impressed postage stamp thereof on both halves, have been received +here by mail, the reply half may be re-posted in Canada, for +return <i>to an address in the United Kingdom</i>, as a prepaid Post Card, +and may be forwarded to destination without requiring the addition of +any Canada postage stamp or other postage prepayment in Canada.</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 27em;">JOHN CARLING,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 25.5em;"><i>Postmaster General.</i></span><br /> +</p> + +<p>Judging by the date of the circular the reply card was probably issued the +middle of December, 1882, although it was not reported in the stamp journals +until the next February. The stock used was the same as that for the single +cards and cut so as to be the same size as the latter when folded. The design +was the same as the single cards but printed in a gray black on the first and +third faces of the folded card. The reply half is only distinguished by the word +"(REPLY.)" placed between the banderole and the line of instructions.</p> + +<p>Considerable interest was aroused among philatelists in 1891-2 by a controversy +that sprung up over a reported "error" in this reply card, which +occurred with the stamp at the left side and the inscriptions to the right. Curiously +enough, this card had been chronicled as a new issue in the <i>Philatelic +Monthly</i> for March, 1885, where we read:—"We are indebted to Mr. De Wolf +for the first specimen of a new double 1 cent card we have seen. It is slightly +smaller than those first issued and the stamp is placed on the left side instead +of the right." The fact of its existence had apparently lain dormant, except +among post card specialists, until the Canadian correspondent of <i>Mekeel's +Weekly Stamp News</i> rose to remark<a name="FNanchor_229" id="FNanchor_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a> that they could be produced by manipulating +an uncut sheet of the regular cards. This called forth a rejoinder from +Mr. A. Lohmeyer<a name="FNanchor_230" id="FNanchor_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a> who <span class="nobreak">wrote:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In the first place, the <i>Error Cards</i>, for such they are, do not exist +among the 1 cent cards, but only among the 1-1 cent of 1882, or reply-paid +cards. Of this issue a comparatively small quantity were printed +with the stamp in the upper left corner, and the <i>error</i> was not discovered +until after a number of post-offices had been supplied with them, +whereupon they were recalled, withdrawn from circulation and destroyed. +This accounts for the great scarcity of these error cards, +which have, in reality, been in circulation, for I have several used specimens +(halves) in my collection.</p> + +<p>I will now proceed to prove the absurdity of the manipulation described +in the article referred to by facts and figures: The space be<!-- Page 254 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span>tween +the stamp and the points of the ribbon bearing the inscription +"Canada Post Card" on the correct issue, where the cards would have +to be cut to manufacture Canadensis' error (?) cards, is 4 millimeters. +If this space is equally divided in cutting the sheet, it would leave a +margin to the left of the stamp and to the right of the ribbon, after +being cut, of 2 millimeters, while the space between the right side of +the stamp and the ribbon would be 10 millimeters.</p> + +<p>Now take an error card, and you will find the latter space to measure +only 3 millimeters, and the outer margin to the left of the stamp +and the right of the ribbon to be respectively 5 millimeters.</p> + +<p>"Figures do not lie".</p></div> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 12em;">A. Lohmeyer.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baltimore, Oct. 31, 1891.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>This would seem conclusive proof, and also serve as a means of detecting +any false error cards which might possibly be made from an uncut sheet as +printed—but which have never been found. Yet six months later we find the +<i>Monthly Journal</i> making inquiries along practically the same lines. This +brought out the following reply in <i>The Postal Card</i>:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>By referring to our paper No. 55, issued on the 14th of May, 1890, +you will find there a copy of a letter received by us, from the Secretary +of the Post Office Department at Ottawa regarding this very card +as follows:</p> + +<p>"I am directed to acknowledge your letter stating that you have in +your possession a Canadian reply post card, upon which the stamp appears +in the upper left-hand corner, and inquiring whether this stamp +was officially issued by the department, or whether the position of the +stamps was due to a mistake in cutting the sheets.</p> + +<p>"In reply, I am to say that the position of the stamp on the card +to which you refer (a certain number of specimens of which were inadvertently +issued by this Department) was due to a mistake in printing."</p> + +<p>We have never seen one of these cards which could have been produced +by wrong cutting.</p> + +<p>If any Error cards <i>have</i> been made by such a manipulation, either +by accident or design, we do not know it. However, the difference between +a wrongly cut card and a genuine error is so apparent that it +can be detected even without the use of a millimetre scale.</p> + +<p>The distance of the stamp from the end of the scroll on the error +card is 4 mm., while if produced by wrong cutting of a sheet of the correct +issue (stamp at right), the distance will be 14 mm.</p> + +<p>To prove this we take two of the latter cards (in the absence of an +uncut sheet which we have never seen), place them end against end, +measure the distance from the left end of the scroll on one card to the<!-- Page 255 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> +outer circle enclosing the figure "1" on the other card, and the result +will be as stated above.</p> + +<p>This fact and the letter from the Canadian P. O. Department, +quoted above, removes all doubts as to the true character of this rarity, +known as the "Canada Error Card".</p> + +<p>We have several used specimens in our collection.</p></div> + +<p>The <i>Monthly Journal</i><a name="FNanchor_231" id="FNanchor_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a> later received a copy of the error card which was +postmarked in September, 1884, and which is the earliest date that has been +recorded for it.</p> + +<p>Direct evidence is given in a letter from H. F. Ketcheson to <i>Mekeel's +Weekly Stamp News</i>; he writes as follows:<a name="FNanchor_232" id="FNanchor_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_232" class="fnanchor">[232]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Regarding the Canadian reply card (error with stamp on upper +left hand corner) issued in 1884 (not 1885) would say that I purchased +a quantity of them from various post-offices. I was at that +time an employe of the Canada Post-Office Department and saw a +number of these passing through the mails and writing to the offices +at which they were posted found that they had received a supply from +Ottawa, and one office informed me at the same time that they had re-received +instructions to forward all they had on hand to Ottawa as they +had been issued in error.</p></div> + +<p>The cards were identical in every respect with the regular ones, except +for the peculiarity, and therefore call for no further description than has +already been given them.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/i255.jpg"><img src="images/i255_tn.jpg" width="400" height="97" +alt="Post card design, 1887." +title="[Linked to larger image of post card design, 1887.]" /></a> +</div> + +<p>In the <i>Philatelic Monthly</i> for March, 1887, is noted a change in the +stamp on the single post card, which otherwise remained as before. The +new stamp has the foliations +around the numerals +and is identical with Type 3 +of the wrapper stamps, already +described, and which +it preceded, in fact, by two or three months. As was to be expected, the reply +card followed with the same change in the stamps, but no particular notice +seems to have been taken of it in the contemporary magazines. The article +in the <i>Dominion Philatelist</i> records it as having appeared in 1887 in "black" +and in 1888 in "dark green", but the only chronicles that seem to have noted +it were the <i>Philatelic World</i> for January, 1888, which says merely that<!-- Page 256 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> +"the stamp on the reply paid card has been slightly altered," and the <i>American +Journal of Philately</i> for February, 1888, which says a new reply card +in "gray on buff" has just been issued. The information is added that the +inscription "Postage" had been changed to "Postcard", but inasmuch as this +was a hoax which apparently started with <i>Le Timbre-Poste</i> in the fall of 1887<a name="FNanchor_233" id="FNanchor_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a> +and went the rounds of the philatelic press, the value of the rest of the information +is considerably lessened in consequence and we shall therefore take the dates +as given in the <i>Dominion Philatelist</i>, which seem in the main to be correct. +The wrapper stamp of 1875, with wavy line inside the oval, illustrated by +<i>Le Timbre-Poste</i> as appearing on the cards in May, 1888, was never employed. +It was probably confounded with the third type.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/i256.jpg"><img src="images/i256_tn.jpg" width="400" height="92" +alt="Post card design, 1891." +title="[Linked to larger image of post card design, 1891.]" /></a> +</div> + +<p>The next change in the cards was likewise due to a new variety in the +stamp, which once more lost its foliations and had only a quatrefoil ornament +beneath the numerals, as +described for Type 4 of +the wrappers, which it +again preceded by a couple +of months. The new card +was apparently first noted in the <i>Canadian Philatelist</i><a name="FNanchor_234" id="FNanchor_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_234" class="fnanchor">[234]</a> as having been issued +at London, Ont., on the 7th December, 1891. This of course may not have been +its earliest date of issue but is doubtless not far from it. The normal color +of the impression is a dull ultramarine, but the <i>Dominion Philatelist</i> chronicled +it in January, 1892, in a "very light skim milk shade of blue", which +may be listed as a very pale ultramarine.</p> + +<p>The reply card in the new type is again an uncertainty. <i>Le Timbre-Poste</i> +for June, 1892, chronicled it in <i>blue</i>, which it never appeared in. <i>The +Philatelic Monthly</i> for July, 1892, noted that the reply card had appeared +in the latest type, but gave no color; probably the item was borrowed from +the French Journal without credit. Meanwhile the <i>Dominion Philatelist</i> +for June, 1892, merely mentions that "the reply cards of Canada are now +appearing on a glazed thin card; design same as before," which would indicate +no change from the current type 3. In December, 1892, however, the +<i>Philatelic Journal of America</i> reported that it had received from Toronto +"one of the new Canadian reply cards. The message card bears a stamp the +same type as that of the current 1 cent postal card, but on the reply card the<!-- Page 257 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> +stamp is of the old type. Perhaps this is an error as the former double card +had the same die on both." It may have been an error but it troubled no one +but the philatelist. The <i>Monthly Journal</i> for 31st January, 1893, also notes +the receipt of a similar copy from Mr. D. A. King. The account says:—"The +specimen was found in a packet of reply-paid cards, the remainder of +which had the stamp of the now obsolete type upon both halves." It would +seem that the end of 1892 was therefore about the time of the "semi-appearance" +of the stamp of type 4 upon the reply cards; nor does it appear that +the double card with stamp of type 4 on both halves was issued <i>before</i> the +"half-breed" card, as the latter continued to be used for nearly two years, +the card with type 4 alone not being definitely chronicled until the issue of +30th November, 1894, of the <i>Monthly Journal</i>.</p> + +<p>The next change recorded was the issue of a large sized card for business +purposes, which took place, according to the <i>American Journal of Philately,</i><a name="FNanchor_235" id="FNanchor_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_235" class="fnanchor">[235]</a> +on the 17th February, 1893, in company with the two high value +postage stamps and the letter card. The new card was of the usual light buff +stock and measured 6 × 3⅛ inches (152 × 92 mm.). The design was the +same as for the ordinary card, the stamp being of the wrapper type 4 but at +a slightly greater distance from the end of the banderole—4 mm. in the small +card and 12 mm. in the large card. The impression was in black. This new +card was designated as No. 1, and the ordinary small card became known as +No. 2. The small sized card, 5 × 3 inches, soon followed the large one in +the color of its impression, appearing in a very dark slate that was almost a +black and being first chronicled in the <i>Monthly Journal</i> for 31st July, 1893.</p> + +<p>In the Postmaster General's Report for 1893 we find the following:—"The +introduction of the large size post card has not met with the success +which was anticipated, and it has been found expedient in Canada, as in the +United States, where the experiment has also been tried, to return to the +former practice, and for the future to have only one size which will be somewhat +smaller than the large card and a little larger than that first issued." +As the stamp accounts kept the number of large sized cards separate from +the small sized, we are able to give the amount received from the manufacturer, +which was 5,396,000. The number issued is given as 4,983,900, but +nothing is said about the disposition of the remaining 412,100.</p> + +<p>The new medium sized card, which took the place of both the large and +the small sized cards, was apparently issued about February, 1894, as it was<!-- Page 258 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> +chronicled in the <i>Monthly Journal</i> for 31st March, 1894. The new card +measured 5½ × 3⅜ inches (140 × 85 mm.) and the stock was of a lighter +tone than before—almost a cream. The impression was in black and the distance +between the banderole and the stamp was changed to 8 mm.</p> + +<p>Whether issued especially for advertising purposes or not, this new card +appeared on a heavier stock of rough surface and straw color early in 1896, +being chronicled in <i>Meheel's Weekly Stamp News</i> for 30th April, 1896, as +on a "thin card board."</p> + +<p>In its issue for 30th May, 1896, the <i>Monthly Journal</i> chronicles the receipt +of the reply card in black on a very smooth buff card. This indicates +that the better grade of stock first used for the medium sized single card was +being employed for the reply card, and that the latter was being printed in +the dead black ink used for the medium card instead of the dark slate color +previously employed.</p> + +<p>It may be of interest to note here that on the 1st January, 1895, regulations +went into force in Canada providing for the admission to the mails +of advertising cards with a 1 cent stamp attached. This was very likely due +to the failure of the Department's large sized card which was intended to fill +such a want. As a sort of "rider" upon the circular dealing with the special +delivery service and stamps, issued by the Department on 7th June, 1898, +there is a paragraph <span class="nobreak">headed:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">PRIVATE POST CARDS.</p> + +<p>Postmasters are informed that, as regards Private Post Cards +posted in Canada addressed to places in Canada, the words "Private +Post Card" may either be placed thereon or omitted according to the +option of the sender. Private Post Cards addressed to other countries +must, however, in every case bear on the address side the words "Private +Post Card."</p></div> + +<p>It is understood, however, that only in the domestic mails were private +cards allowed to pass at the usual post card rate. If addressed to a foreign +country a private card, if in writing, would be taxed at letter rates. In the +<i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i> for 19th November, 1898, however, it is announced +that the Postmaster General had issued an order admitting private mailing +cards into the foreign mails provided the size conformed to that of the official +post cards.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/i259a.jpg"><img src="images/i259a_tn.jpg" width="400" height="84" +alt="Postal Union post card design, 1896." +title="[Linked to larger image of Postal Union post card design, 1896.]" /></a> +</div> + +<p>The next official card that we have to consider is a new Postal Union +card which made its appearance suddenly in the latter part of 1896. This is +one of the most striking cards that Canada has produced, being beautifully<!-- Page 259 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> +engraved on steel and printed in a brilliant orange red. There is no frame, +such as bordered the +previous 2 cent card, +and the stamp in the +upper right corner +much resembles in size and design the large 2 cent adhesive of the 1868 issue, +except that the head of the Queen is turned to the left. The inscriptions follow +out, in a way, the general style of British Colonial Postal Union cards, a small +reproduction of the British arms with supporters occupying the center at the +top. The arrangement will be seen from the illustration.</p> + +<p>The card is approximately 5⅛ × 3⅛ inches (130 × 80 mm.) in size and +printed on a very light buff stock. A variety in shade occurs, of some degree of +rarity, printed in carmine. The card was first chronicled in the <i>American +Journal of Philately</i> for 1st November, 1896, and was the last "new issue" +put forth by the British American Bank Note Co. before its long contract +was closed. The card was noted in the Postmaster General's Report for 1897 +as follows:—"During the year a Universal Postal Union Card, conforming +more closely to the regulations of the Union was introduced, thus superseding +the old card." The new dimensions of the card, the removal of the frame, +and the completing of the inscriptions in both English and French were among +these requirements.</p> + +<p>The American Bank Note Co., as we all know, began its work for the +Canadian Government by the production of the Jubilee Issue. As will be +seen by reference to the prospectus of this series already given,<a name="FNanchor_236" id="FNanchor_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a> there +was included a special post card of 1 cent to the number of 7 millions. These +were delivered and all issued with the exception of 3000 on hand as shown +by the stamp accounts in 1903. They do not appear in the 1904 accounts, so +it is not known what became of them.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/i259b.jpg"><img src="images/i259b_tn.jpg" width="400" height="93" +alt="Post card design with Jubilee stamps, 1897." +title="[Linked to larger image of post card design with Jubilee stamps, 1897.]" /></a> +</div> + +<p>The cards were issued with the Jubilee stamps on the 19th June, +1897.<a name="FNanchor_237" id="FNanchor_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a> They were the size of the ordinary 1 cent cards and on the same +quality of stock. The +stamp is a reproduction +of the 1 cent adhesive +of the Jubilee +issue, but engraved for<!-- Page 260 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> +typographic printing. "Canada Post Card" is enclosed in a fancy frame +at the left and the usual instructions are found beneath it.</p> + +<p>A curious variety of this card was noted in the <i>Metropolitan Philatelist</i> +for August, 1897, as follows:—"We have seen the new jubilee card bearing +the stamp only. This is an error caused by the design being in two pieces +and in this case the inscription has dropped out."</p> + +<p>The regular post cards produced by the new contractors did not make +their appearance until several months after the first adhesives of the new +type were out. The two cent card was the first issued, having been reported +by the Canadian correspondent of the <i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i> under date of +4th December, 1897, as just out. It was a copy of the 2 cent card of 1896 +in every respect except the stamp, which was naturally of the new maple leaf +type, and the color was a deeper shade of orange red.</p> + +<p>The 1 cent card does not appear to have been chronicled until the +number for 1st February, 1898, of the <i>American Journal of Philately</i>, so +that it doubtless appeared early in January or possibly the latter part of +December, 1897, following closely the 2 cent card. It was also of the usual +size and same stock as before and, like the Jubilee card, had a copy of the +1 cent adhesive printed in the corner. This was of the maple leaf type, +engraved for typographic printing and therefore of rather coarser appearance +than its prototype. The inscriptions were simply CANADA POST +CARD in plain Gothic letters, with the usual line of instructions beneath, all +printed in black; while the stamp was printed in dark green.</p> + +<p>Early in December, 1897, the following news item appeared in the +Canadian daily <span class="nobreak">press:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Postmaster-General Mulock has formulated a scheme with respect +to postal cards which he has been thinking over for some time and +which he has now got so far into shape as to be ready for publication. +It is to remove the restriction which has hitherto existed with respect +to using the address side of the card for any purpose other than the address. +It is intended to allow pictures, ads., etc., on the face of the +card so long as there is room for the address. This will enable a business +man to advertise his business and will no doubt be appreciated +by both the advertiser and the public. It is intended the cards shall +be printed in sheets instead of singly for the benefit of printers and +lithographers.</p></div> +<p><!-- Page 261 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span></p> + +<p>The following was the official <span class="nobreak">announcement:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">NOTICE TO THE PUBLIC.</p> + +<p>Regulations under which designs, illustrations, portraits, sketches, +or other forms of advertisement may be engraved, lithographed, printed, +etc., on the "address" side of the one-cent Post-Card.</p> + +<p>1. A clear space of, at least, a quarter of an inch shall be left +along each of the four sides of the postage stamp.</p> + +<p>2. There shall be reserved for the address a clear space at the +lower right hand corner on the "address" side of the card immediately +below the words "The space below is reserved for address only," such +space so reserved for the address being, at least, 3¼ inches long by 1½ +inches wide.</p> + +<p>N. B. It is in the interest of both the Department and those availing +themselves of the privilege hereby, granted that the spaces in question +should be unconditionally reserved for the purposes intended. If +any printing, engraving, or other matter appears on the spaces thus +reserved, the Post-Cards cannot be permitted to pass through the +mails.</p> + +<p>Post-Cards may be ordered in sheets of sixteen or less, as desired, +or singly; orders therefor, specifying quantity of cards required and +number to the sheet, to be given in writing to the nearest Postmaster.</p></div> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">Post-Office Department, Canada.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Ottawa</span>, 9th December, 1897.</span><br /> +</p> + + +<p>These "advertisement" cards were issued by the Post Office Department +singly, or printed in sheets of eight or sixteen. The single cards came in +packages of 100 like the ordinary cards; the eight card sheets were made up +in packages of 125 sheets, or 1000 cards all told; and the sixteen card sheets +also in packages of 125 sheets, or 2000 cards all told. The reason for this +is seen in the requirement that orders for these cards should be for not less +than 1000. It is seen from the stamp accounts that the eight card sheets +have proven the most popular, about six times as many sheets of this size as +of the larger size having been issued in 1910, while the number of cards +represented was five times the number of single cards issued.</p> + +<p>The stock is the same as used for the ordinary cards and the size of the +single card is the same, while the arrangement on the sheets and the regulations +require that they be cut up into cards of the proper size. The +stamp is impressed in the right hand upper corner and is the same as for the +ordinary card but printed in carmine. The only other thing on the card as +issued is the directions, printed in small black Gothic capitals:—THE SPACE +BELOW IS RESERVED FOR ADDRESS ONLY. This is placed about<!-- Page 262 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span> +midway between the top and bottom of the card and about as far to the right +as it will go.</p> + +<p>The last of the Queen's head cards were chronicled in the <i>Monthly +Journal</i> for 30th July, 1898. These were the reply card and the Postal Union +card in a change of color. The reply card was of the usual size, 5 × 3 inches, +and had printed inscriptions in black like the single card, save that the word +REPLY is placed between the two lines on the card for answer. The stamp +is from the same die as the single card but printed in black instead of green. +The stock is the usual pale buff.</p> + +<p>The same paper for 31st March, 1899, notes an error of impression +in this card, the reply portion being printed on the back of the message card, +so that the second card has no impression at all upon it.</p> + +<p>The Postal Union card was identical with the one it superseded, except +that it was printed in deep blue, and the card is of a cream tint rather than a +buff. The cause of the sudden change in color is not known.</p> + +<p>The King's head cards soon followed the adhesives. <i>Mekeel's Weekly +Stamp News</i> reported the 1 cent in its issue for 5th September, 1903. It +needs no further description than to say it is a counterpart of the preceding +Queen's Head card, the stamp as before being a copy of the adhesive engraved +for typographic work. The impression is in green for the stamp and +black for the inscriptions.</p> + +<p>The advertising card or "Business Post-Card" was the next to appear, +having been issued early in December, 1903. Again it is in every way similar +to its predecessor save that the impression of the stamp is lighter—rather +a pink than a carmine.</p> + +<p>Finally, in its issue for 20th February, 1904, <i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp +News</i> reports the issue of the reply card in its usual form and the Postal +Union card, identical with the former save for the stamp, which is of course +line engraved on this card. The issue of cards in 1910 comprised over +26 millions of the 1 cent, 430,000 of the reply cards and 70,000 of the Postal +Union cards.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_227" id="Footnote_227"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_227"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_120">page 120</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_228" id="Footnote_228"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_228"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_108">page 108</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_229" id="Footnote_229"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_229"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, I: 43: 1.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_230" id="Footnote_230"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> ibid., I: 44: 2.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_231" id="Footnote_231"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> Monthly Journal, IV: 171.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_232" id="Footnote_232"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, VI: 216.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_233" id="Footnote_233"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> Le Timbre-Poste, XXV: 94.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_234" id="Footnote_234"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_234"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> Canadian Philatelist, I: 49.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_235" id="Footnote_235"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> American Journal of Philately, 2nd Series, VI: 102.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_236" id="Footnote_236"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_236"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_148">page 148</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_237" id="Footnote_237"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> Ibid.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr class="long" /> +<p><!-- Page 263 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIV" id="CHAPTER_XXIV"></a>CHAPTER XXIV<br /> +<br /> +THE LETTER CARDS</h2> + + +<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/i263.jpg"><img src="images/i263_tn.jpg" width="400" height="256" +alt="Letter card design, 1893." +title="[Linked to larger image of letter card design, 1893.]" /></a> +</div> + +<p>The Postmaster General's Report for 1892 contained the following +announcement:—"Letter cards, similar to those in use in Great Britain, +Austria, and other European countries, are being prepared, and +will be issued to the public in a short time." Only one value was issued, the +3 cents, and it appeared in company with the 20 and 50 cent adhesives and +large sized post card on the 17th February, 1893. Artistically it is a pretty +poor production, the stamp being apparently a rough wood-cut imitation of +the stock type used +by Messrs. De La +Rue & Co. at that +time for British Colonial +stamps. The +profile of the Queen +is on a solid ground +within an octagonal +frame, and the labels +at top and bottom +contain the +words POSTAGE +and THREE +CENTS respectively. At the left of the stamp, in two lines, is CANADA—LETTER +CARD, the first being in Gothic, the second in Roman capitals. +The entire impression is in carmine. The size of the card, opened out, is +5½ × 7 inches (138 × 175 mm.), the longer dimension being reduced one +half by folding of course. The perforation gauges 12 and is in Form A of +Senf's catalogue (both lines crossing at the corner intersections). The margin +outside the perforations measures ⅜ inch (10 mm.) and is gummed only +around the third face of the folded card. The stock is of fair quality and of +a light greenish-blue tint.</p> + +<p>The Postmaster General's Report for 1894 says that "so far the demand<!-- Page 264 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> +for these letter cards has not equalled the expectations of the Department." +On looking at the stamp accounts we find that from their date of issue to the +30th June, 1893, 265,350 of the letter cards were distributed; but during the +whole of the next fiscal year but 104,650 were issued and for the third year +the amount had dropped to 77,750. The Postmaster General's plaint was +therefore justified.</p> + +<p>It is perhaps best to record here a curious semi-official issue of what might +be termed a "letter sheet" for the use of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It +was first noted in the <i>Monthly Journal</i> for 31st January, 1894, as "a sheet +stamped with the current 1 cent wrapper die, upon which is printed the monthly +statement of receipts and expenditure for transmission to shareholders." Perhaps +for the reason that the wrapper stamp was impressed upon it, this variety has +been listed under the newspaper wrappers, but such it is not. The circular was +printed upon a stout gray-blue paper, and had the wrapper stamp of type 4 impressed +upon the back in black. Above the stamp appears the inscription +"Printed Matter Only," while in the lower left corner of the address side of the +folded sheet are two lines <span class="nobreak">reading:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p> +Canadian Pacific Ry.<br /> +Monthly Statement of Earnings and Expenses.<br /> +</p> +</div> + +<p>Three guide lines are printed for the address, as upon the old post cards. +The sheet must have been issued in 1893 subsequent to the appearance of the +large post card with the stamp of type 4 in black. It is stated to have been +issued as an experiment and was in use but a short time. A second variety +is known, however, on white laid paper, which was probably issued subsequently +to the blue variety, but at what date is not known. Both sheets are rare so +the experiment evidently was not carried on for long.</p> + +<p>Returning to the regular letter cards we find again in the Postmaster +General's Report for 1895 that "arrangements have been made for the issue +of letter cards of the denominations of 1, 2 and 3c. for the use of banks in +transmitting certain notices to their customers, as well as for ordinary letters +within those postal limits to which their denominations respectively apply." +The next year's Report explains their use a little more <span class="nobreak">fully:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>During the year the 1 and 2 cent letter cards were introduced—the +former to serve the purpose of the "drop letter" (<i>i. e.</i>, a letter +posted at, and delivered from, the same office) in places where there is +no free delivery by letter carrier; the latter to meet a similar object in<!-- Page 265 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span> +cities where there is such a delivery. Already this extension of postal +facilities appears to be appreciated—more especially by banks, which +largely use these cards in transmitting notices to their customers.</p></div> + +<p>The 2 cent letter card is chronicled in the <i>Monthly Journal</i> for 31st October, +1895, and the 1 cent in the same paper for the 30th November, 1895. +Both were doubtless issued the early part of October. They conformed in all +respects to the 3 cent letter card issued two years and a half previously, except +for the stamp. If the 3 cent was wretched, the two new ones were hideous. +They were not only more poorly engraved, which was needless, but the label +at the bottom was enlarged by extending it at either side. The 1 cent was +printed in black and the 2 cent in green—inscription and stamp in the same +color in each case.</p> + +<p>In 1903 the <i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i> published the following:<a name="FNanchor_238" id="FNanchor_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_238" class="fnanchor">[238]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>A correspondent in Vermont sends Mr. Lohmeyer a 1c. letter card +of the first issue, which he discovered in a Canadian post office recently, +it being the only copy there and damaged at that, the perforated +margin on the right hand side being torn off. In the lower left corner +the bottom perforation runs to the left side perforation only, instead +of crossing it, as on all Canadian letter cards previously seen.</p></div> + +<p>This is the style of perforation designated as C in Senf's catalogue—in +which the horizontal line does not project beyond the vertical lines at either +side. We have seen a perfect copy of the above described 1 cent letter card, +which seems to be unlisted; but the 3 cent card with this perforation, listed +and priced in Senf, we have not ourselves seen. It is possible that if two of +these cards exist with perforation C, the third one—the 2 cent—will some day +come to light.</p> + +<p>The change in the stamp contractors in 1897 and the use of a new design +naturally brought changes in the letter cards as well as the other postal requisites. +The new 2 cent letter card was chronicled in the <i>Monthly Journal</i> for +31st January, 1898, so it is safe to assume that it appeared in December, 1897. +The 1 cent and 3 cents are chronicled in the same paper for 28th February, +1898, and must therefore have been issued as early as January, 1898. The +new letter cards were in all respects the counterparts of the previous ones save +the stamp, which was now the same as that used for the new post cards and +wrappers, viz., a copy of the "maple leaf" Queen's head type engraved for<!-- Page 266 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span> +typographic work. These three letter cards are known only with the perforation +A.</p> + +<p>The reduction in domestic postage to the 2 cent rate on the 1st January, +1899, rendered the 3 cent letter cards useless as well as the envelopes of like +denomination. We have already recounted the story of the surcharged envelopes +and the two types of the handstamp which were used in doing the +work.<a name="FNanchor_239" id="FNanchor_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_239" class="fnanchor">[239]</a> Suffice it to say, therefore, that we have but to add the letter cards to +the same story to make it complete. Both the 3 cent letter cards of 1893 and +1898 were turned in for surcharging purposes, and the former not only received +both types of the rubber hand-stamped surcharge in the usual blue-black +or gray-black color, but is found also with the second and common type in a +violet color.<a name="FNanchor_240" id="FNanchor_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_240" class="fnanchor">[240]</a> The surcharging was begun and the letter cards so treated were +issued as early as February, 1899. The perforation, so far as known, is always +A.</p> + +<p>In its issue for 27th January, 1900, the <i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i> notes the +receipt of the 1 cent and 2 cent letter cards of the maple leaf type in new +colors, conforming with the requirements of the Postal Union, the one cent in +green instead of black and the 2 cent in carmine instead of green. In all +other respects these letter cards conformed to their predecessors. They were +doubtless issued early in January, 1900.</p> + +<p>The letter cards had been used in considerable quantities each year, particularly +after 1895, when the 1 cent and 2 cent values were added to the +previous 3 cent; but in 1902 they were withdrawn without any particular +reason having been given that we have been able to discover. The stamp accounts +for the Report of 1902 give the numbers issued in that fiscal year as +195,100 for the 1 cent and 352,000 for the 2 cent. The only item of information +we have to quote concerning their demise is confined to the dates: the +last issue of the 1 cent letter card is recorded as the 4th April, 1902, and of +the 2 cent letter card as the 28th June, 1902.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_238" id="Footnote_238"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_238"><span class="label">[238]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era, XVII: 149.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_239" id="Footnote_239"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_239"><span class="label">[239]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_240">page 240</a>.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_240" id="Footnote_240"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_240"><span class="label">[240]</span></a> Monthly Journal, IX: 175.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr class="long" /> +<p><!-- Page 267 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXV" id="CHAPTER_XXV"></a>CHAPTER XXV<br /> +<br /> +OFFICIAL STATIONERY</h2> + + +<p>Outside of the Dead Letter Office seals the Canadian Government +has issued no official adhesive stamps. An attempt, however, to foist +a series of official stationery upon an unsuspecting philatelic public +was made by one Henry Hechler, a stamp collector and dealer, who thought +he saw his opportunity in the Indian troubles which broke out in the Canadian +Northwest in 1884-5. Mr. Hechler belonged to the Militia and accompanied +the troops that were sent to quell the disturbance. He took it upon himself +to have a quantity of envelopes, post cards and wrappers surcharged OFFICIAL +or SERVICE and evidently expected they would be accepted without +question.</p> + +<p>The first news of these surcharges seems to have come, very strangely, +from Germany. The <i>Philatelic Record</i> for December, 1884,<a name="FNanchor_241" id="FNanchor_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241" class="fnanchor">[241]</a> <span class="nobreak">says:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Der Philatelist</i> chronicles, on the faith of a correspondent, Herr +Von Jerzabek, of Temesvar, a set of the adhesives with Queen's head +..., two envelopes, and the 1 cent post card, all surcharged in +black, with the word OFFICIAL. It is alleged that they were prepared +and issued in 1877, but after a short time were called in again. +The surcharges are in some cases oblique, and in others perpendicular. +It is at least strange that, considering our intercourse with Canada, +our first knowledge of the issue of official stamps so far back as 1877 +should reach us from Temesvar, wherever that may be.</p></div> + +<p>The Secretary of the Philatelic Society, London, whose official journal +the <i>Philatelic Record</i> then was, wrote direct to the Canadian Government to +inquire into the authenticity of these so-called official issues, and received +the following reply:<a name="FNanchor_242" id="FNanchor_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_242" class="fnanchor">[242]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="center"> +POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.</p> +<p><span style="margin-left: 23.5em;">OTTAWA, <i>18th May</i>, 1885.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>:—I am directed by the Postmaster-General to acknowledge +receipt of your letter of the 29th ult., inquiring whether postage<!-- Page 268 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> +stamps bearing the word "<i>Official</i>" on their face are in circulation in +the Dominion of Canada, and beg, in reply, to say that no such stamp, +card, newspaper wrapper, or envelope has <i>ever</i> been issued by this department.</p> + +<p> +I am, sir, your obedient servant,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 11.5em;">(<i>Signed</i>) Wm. White, <i>Secretary</i>.</span><br /> +</p></div> + +<p>This would ordinarily seem to have been enough of a disclaimer, but +like Banquo's ghost the official stationery would not down, though the stamps +seem to have been lost sight of. Not only were the envelopes of 1 cent and +3 cents of the 1877 issue, but the newspaper wrappers of 1875 and 1882, and +the post card of 1882, surcharged across the stamp with the word "OFFICIAL" +or "Service" in black, blue or red ink, but sometimes the arms of +Great Britain were added at the left of the stamp, and also, in the lower +left corner, the words</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">"63RD. RIFLES" or</td> +<td align="left">HEADQUARTERS,<br /> 63RD. RIFLES.</td> +<td align="left" style="font-size:250%">}</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The lack of uniformity, or rather attempt at variety, was enough in itself +to condemn the articles. Yet in the <i>American Philatelist</i> for June, 1888, +we find an attempted defence of them. We quote:<a name="FNanchor_243" id="FNanchor_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_243" class="fnanchor">[243]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Henry Hechler writes us as follows: "When the Indian outbreak +in the Northwest occurred in 1885, and some of the militia of the various +provinces were hurriedly ordered out for active service, stringent +measures for notifying the men calling for prompt attention had to +be adopted. To distinguish them from ordinary mail matter by showing +their official character they were stamped across the "adhesive" +with the word <i>Service</i> and at the lower left corner <i>O. [H.] M. S. only</i>. +Some were thus printed in black, others in blue, and yet others in red. +They served for that purpose only, until an Act of Parliament was +passed to carry all military mail matter on active service free."</p> + +<p>Mr. Hechler was captain of one of the companies of the Halifax +Battalion, and, therefore, in a position to obtain definite information.</p></div> + +<p>In other words Mr. Hechler knew all about these "official" stamps and +the Postmaster-General and his secretary, as we have seen, knew absolutely +nothing about them! This seems to tell its own story. In fact another letter +from the Post Office Department, dated 13th April, 1888, and published in +this same volume of the <i>American Philatelist</i>,<a name="FNanchor_244" id="FNanchor_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244" class="fnanchor">[244]</a> reiterates the denials of the +previous letter which we have already quoted. The <i>Philatelic Record</i> re<!-- Page 269 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span>ceived +later,<a name="FNanchor_245" id="FNanchor_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245" class="fnanchor">[245]</a> from the Postmaster of Halifax, the information that Mr. +Hechler had had this stationery surcharged and that it was neither issued nor +recognized by the Government of Canada. The <i>Record</i> says:—"It was a +smart notion of Mr. Hechler to turn his military duties into the direction of +his business as a stamp dealer." Mr. Hechler "came back" at this in the columns +of the <i>Philatelic Journal of America</i><a name="FNanchor_246" id="FNanchor_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246" class="fnanchor">[246]</a> with the statement that "the Post +Office Inspector here referred the question to headquarters, and, in reply, +was instructed to allow such matter to pass through the mails without question +or delay." The communication was enclosed in one of the envelopes in +question, but the Editor's remarks on this are <span class="nobreak">conclusive:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The surcharging has not impaired the postal value of the envelope +and they are permitted to pass through the Canadian mails, but as to +their value from a philatelic standpoint it is quite another thing.</p> + +<p>The printing in this case is of no more importance than any notice +or inscription that might be placed on an envelope bearing a regular +government stamp that in itself is sufficient to pay the postage.</p> + +<p>In fact the above writer admits that the surcharge had no other +value than to enable the recipient to distinguish the letter from his +other mail. They are of no philatelic value whatever.</p></div> + +<p>It was a private speculation, pure and simple, in spite of any claims of +"recognition", and of the fact that copies passed the post. The only other +quotation to make in the case is from Shakespeare—<i>Exeunt</i>.</p> + +<p>We now come to an actual official issue in the shape of a newspaper wrapper. +It seems to have been first noted in <i>Le Timbre-Poste</i> for February, 1883, but +is stated to have been issued in 1879. The stamp is of the 1875 issue (type +1) and at its left is printed in blue the <span class="nobreak">following:—</span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/i269.jpg"><img src="images/i269_tn.jpg" width="400" height="156" +alt="Official Issue newspaper wrapper design, 1879(?)." +title="[Linked to larger image of Official Issue newspaper wrapper design, 1879(?).]" /></a> +<p class="center">[<a href="#Alt_text_269">Link to text version of figure.</a>]</p> +</div> + +<p><!-- Page 270 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span></p> + +<p>Above the English inscription is its counterpart in French. The wrapper +itself is of a cream tone and measures 280 × 132 mm.</p> + +<p>The history of this wrapper does not seem to be known, save that it is +accredited to be what it purports to be. It is quite rare, and as far as we +have been able to find out is not known used. No mention is made of it in +the Department reports, but it happens that the stamp accounts for 1879, the +year of its supposed issue, give only 8,000 wrappers as received from the +manufacturers. None had been received the two years previously, as there +were plenty on hand, and 192,000 were received the next year. It would thus +appear, on the face of it, that this small lot of 8,000 was quite probably the +order of the Inland Revenue wrappers. If so, it was probably the only lot +ever received and though they may have been used, the chances seem somewhat +against any such number having actually been issued.</p> + +<p>One other official issue comes in the form of a Customs' post card notice. +It was first chronicled in the <i>American Philatelist</i> for 10th May, 1888, +as having been issued in connection with the parcel post system just then inaugurated +with the United States. Postmasters received instructions to forward +these cards free through the mails, although there was no stamp or notice +on the address side. It is of manila card, 130 × 88 mm., blank on one +side and having printed on the <span class="nobreak">other:—</span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/i270.jpg"><img src="images/i270_tn.jpg" width="400" height="255" +alt="Customs post card notice, 1888." +title="[Linked to larger image of Customs post card notice, 1888.]" /></a> +<p class="center">[<a href="#Alt_text_270">Link to text version of figure.</a>]</p> +</div> + +<p>In its September, 1888, number the <i>Halifax Philatelist</i> notes that the +blank address side has been supplied with three dotted lines for the address, and<!-- Page 271 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span> +inscriptions reading, in the upper left corner, "<i>Advice Note</i>", and in the upper +right corner, "<i>Free, by order of the Post Master General</i>."</p> + +<p>One further official variety is somewhat unusual. The <i>American Philatelist</i> +for September, 1889,<a name="FNanchor_247" id="FNanchor_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_247" class="fnanchor">[247]</a> <span class="nobreak">says:—</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"We are indebted to Donald A. King ... for information concerning +what is certainly a novelty in the postal line, namely, an unpaid letter stamped +envelope. When a letter is returned from the dead-letter office the sender is +required to pay the regular postage and these envelopes have been prepared of +various values. The only one we have seen is the 3 cent value. It is about +175 × 120 mm., and is made of manila paper. In the place for the stamp is +a figure 3 about 23 mm. high. In the left hand upper corner RETURNED +DEAD LETTER; in the lower corner—</p></div> + +<p class="center"> +POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA,<br /> +DEAD LETTER OFFICE.<br /> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>On the reverse, <i>The enclosed Dead Letter is returned by order of the +Postmaster-General for the reasons thereon assigned</i>. The following values +are said to exist:</p></div> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="right">3</td><td align="left">cents, black on</td><td align="center">manila.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">6</td><td align="left">cents, black on</td><td align="center">?</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">9</td><td align="left">cents, black on</td><td align="center">?</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="left">cents, black on</td><td align="center">?</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">18</td><td align="left">cents, black on</td><td align="center">?</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We have no further information concerning them.</p></div> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_241" id="Footnote_241"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_241"><span class="label">[241]</span></a> Philatelic Record, VI: 210.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_242" id="Footnote_242"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_242"><span class="label">[242]</span></a> Ibid., VII: 84.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_243" id="Footnote_243"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_243"><span class="label">[243]</span></a> American Philatelist, II: 207.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_244" id="Footnote_244"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_244"><span class="label">[244]</span></a> Ibid., II: 173.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_245" id="Footnote_245"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_245"><span class="label">[245]</span></a> Philatelic Record, XI: 44.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_246" id="Footnote_246"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_246"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> Philatelic Journal of America, V: 202.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_247" id="Footnote_247"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_247"><span class="label">[247]</span></a> American Philatelist, III: 350.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><a name="Alt_text_269" id="Alt_text_269"></a> +<hr /> +<p class="center">[Text alternative to illustration on <a href="#Page_269">page 269</a>.]</p> +<p> +Inland Revenue, Canada.<br /> +<br /> +WEIGHTS & MEASURES SERVICE.<br /> +<br /> +<i>Official Circular.</i><br /> +<br /> +<i>To</i><br /> +<br /> +This band is to be used <b>On Her Majesty's Service</b> only and must have no writing<br /> +thereon but the name and address.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<hr /> +<a name="Alt_text_270" id="Alt_text_270"></a> +<p class="center">[Text alternative to illustration on <a href="#Page_270">page 270</a>.]</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Customs Postal Package Office.</h4> +<p style="text-align:right">...........................188</p> + +<p><i>There has arrived at this office by mail from the United States, +addressed to you as over, the following dutiable package, which will +be delivered or forwarded to you on the receipt of the duty payable +and the return of this card.</i></p> + +<table> +<tr><th class="bt-double">NO. OF <br />MANIFEST.</th> +<th class="bt-double-l">NO. OF <br />PACKAGE.</th> +<th class="bt-double-l" align="center" style="padding-left:4em; padding-right:4em">DESCRIPTION.</th> +<th colspan="2" class="bt-double-l" style="padding-left:2em; padding-right:2em">DUTY <br />PAYABLE.</th></tr> +<tr><td class="bt"> </td><td class="bt-l"> </td><td class="bt-l"> </td> +<td align="center" class="bt-l">$</td> +<td align="center" class="bt-l">cts.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td class="bl"> </td><td class="bl"> </td><td class="bl"> </td><td class="bl"> </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td class="bl"> </td><td class="bl"> </td><td class="bl"> </td><td class="bl"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="bb"> </td><td class="bbl"> </td><td class="bbl"> </td><td class="bbl"> </td><td class="bbl"> </td></tr> +</table> + +<p>E. 14.</p> +<p style="text-align:right">................<i>Collector</i>.</p> +</div> +</div> + + + + +<hr class="long" /> +<p><!-- Page 272 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVI" id="CHAPTER_XXVI"></a>CHAPTER XXVI<br /> +<br /> +PRECANCELLATIONS AND PERMITS</h2> + + +<p>As a matter of record and without any attempt at lists of varieties, +which would prove futile, we deem it interesting and important to +give such information as is at hand concerning the precancellation +of stamps for use on large quantities of identical mail matter, and of the more +recent substitute for the precancelled stamp which is known as the "permit". +Both ideas were of course borrowed from the United States, which was the +originator of this form of labor saving expedient.</p> + +<p>The <i>London Philatelist</i> for April, 1892, quoted a letter from Mr. L. +Gibb of Montreal which enclosed "a specimen used on the letter, but with the +obliteration on the stamp only, and also portions of sheets gummed and unsevered, +but neatly postmarked with horizontal wavy lines." Mr. Gibb +wrote:<a name="FNanchor_248" id="FNanchor_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_248" class="fnanchor">[248]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Sometime back I received the enclosed stamp paying the postage +on an open envelope containing a circular from Toronto; it has not +been moved from its original place, and one could see it had not been +obliterated on the envelope. After some little trouble I found the P. O. +would, upon receiving whole sheets of stamps, cancel them, and then +hand them back to any known firm to be placed on letters in quantity, +these letters are then taken to a private part of the office in bulk, and +are allowed to pass through the post without further marking.</p></div> + +<p>The system in the United States made use of a cancellation giving the +town and state name, printed on the sheets by a press; but the Canadian precancellation +was of simpler form, being of two fairly heavy horizontal lines +with a wavy line between. No name occurs in the cancellation and it was +applied with a roller, thus making a universal style which is more convenient +in application than the type set form, varying for every post office.</p> + +<p>Further information in regard to this cancellation is found in <i>Mekeel's +Weekly Stamp News</i><a name="FNanchor_249" id="FNanchor_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249" class="fnanchor">[249]</a> where we read:—"The Canadian one-cent stamp can<!-- Page 273 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span>celled +on circulars is obliterated by a revolving self-inking canceler and is +issued for use on the 5th class matter, i. e. parcels, etc., to post offices with an +annual revenue of $3000 and over."</p> + +<p>In 1904 precancelled stamps began to appear with the town name and +that of the province, separated by two horizontal bars. In answer to an inquiry +concerning them the Department replied as follows:<a name="FNanchor_250" id="FNanchor_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_250" class="fnanchor">[250]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The main conditions governing the case are the quantities required +for a given mailing and the limitation of the use of precancelled stamps +to the particular kind or class of mail matter for which they have +been issued. The minimum quantity in each such case is 25,000 pieces.... +As requisitions for precancelled stamps necessarily take longer +to fill than the ordinary, postmasters are expected to send requisitions +for them to the Department a few days in advance of actual +needs.</p></div> + +<p>It is evident that the latter form of printed precancellation was the only +one intended to be employed by the Department, and that the earlier form of +impression from the roller canceller was unauthorized, for the following circular +was issued to make matters plain for postmasters:<a name="FNanchor_251" id="FNanchor_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251" class="fnanchor">[251]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="center">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 20.5em;">OTTAWA, 16th September, 1904.</span></p> + +<p class="center">PRE-CANCELLATION OF POSTAGE STAMPS.</p> + +<p>The use of pre-cancelled stamps (or stamps cancelled before actually +used for payment of postage) is permitted in some of the larger +cities under very stringent regulations and only when required for +any one mailing in quantities of not less than 25,000 stamps, but postage +stamps cancelled with the small roller canceller have been observed +on letters and other matter passing in the mails, and Postmasters +are accordingly instructed that UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES are +they permitted to precancel postage stamps. The roller canceller is reserved +for the cancellation of postage stamps on Second, Third and +Fourth Class Matter and must be used only on stamps after being +ACTUALLY AFFIXED to such matter.</p> + +<p>ANY POSTMASTER FOUND TO BE PRECANCELLING STAMPS +IN ANY WAY OR SELLING STAMPS PRE-CANCELLED WITHOUT +AUTHORITY WILL BE HELD RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FULL +VALUE OF SUCH CANCELLED STAMPS.</p> + +<p>It is proper to explain that the authorized pre-cancelled stamps are +struck with a special die bearing the name of the mailing office and are<!-- Page 274 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> +sold only to the largest mailing concerns under conditions which it +is considered preclude any danger of such stamps being used a second +time for postage. Such conditions would not attend the use of stamps +pre-cancelled with the ordinary roller stamp, and in consequence the +use of the roller stamps for such a purpose is strictly forbidden, under +the penalty above mentioned.</p> + +<p>Requisitions for pre-cancelled stamps must be made direct to the +Department (Stamp Branch). No request for pre-cancelled stamps +can be considered where the number of pieces to be prepaid thereby is +less than 25,000.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 20em;">R. M. COULTER,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 21em;">Deputy Postmaster General.</span><br /> +</p> +</div> + +<p>Not long afterward the bars were lowered somewhat on the size of the +mailing required for the use of precancelled stamps, as the following circular +shows:<a name="FNanchor_252" id="FNanchor_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252" class="fnanchor">[252]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="center">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 21.5em;">OTTAWA, 29th October, 1904.</span></p> + +<p class="center">PRECANCELLED STAMPS.</p> + + +<p>(Amending Departmental Circulars of 11th March and 16th +September.)</p> + +<p>It is desired that the use of precancelled stamps should be attended +with every possible degree of precaution and security and for that purpose +only requisitions for precancelled stamps to cover mailings of +<i>25,000 pieces at a time</i> have been allowed. It is considered, however, +in the light of experience, that this limit is somewhat high, and in future, +therefore, postmasters will be allowed to make requisition for +precancelled stamps for mailings of <i>10,000 pieces at a time</i>.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 20.5em;">R. M. COULTER,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;">Deputy Postmaster General.</span><br /> +</p> +</div> + +<p>The style of cancellation which is employed by the Department at Ottawa, +where all the pre-cancelling is evidently done, is a three line one—the town +name above and the province name below, separated by two parallel lines. It +is applied in black ink. Evidently considerable mail is sent out under this +method for the precancelled stamps are fairly common. One other variety +comes from Montreal with "FOR-THIRD-CLASS-MATTER-ONLY", (a +line for a word) beneath MONTREAL and separated from it by two thin +parallel lines.</p> + +<p>The issuing of "Permits" was an outgrowth of the precancelled stamp +system, it being in effect a <i>stamped cover</i> fulfilling the same purpose as a<!-- Page 275 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span> +cover with a precancelled adhesive affixed to it. The idea was again borrowed +from the United States. The circular issued to postmasters will fully +explain the methods adopted under this new plan:<a name="FNanchor_253" id="FNanchor_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_253" class="fnanchor">[253]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="center">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 21.5em;">OTTAWA, 2nd February, 1903.</span></p> + +<p class="center">PREPAYMENT OF THIRD-CLASS (PRINTED) MATTER IN CASH.</p> + + +<p>The Postmaster General in order to facilitate the posting of printed +matter mailed in considerable quantities addressed for delivery at post-offices +within the Dominion of Canada, has decided that prepayment +of postage on same may be effected in cash (instead of postage stamps) +in conformity with the following</p> + +<p class="center">REGULATIONS.</p> + +<p>1. Each lot of mail matter which is posted under this arrangement +must be accompanied by a Permit, which has been obtained from the +Postmaster of the office at which it is posted. The application must +be made in writing on one of the forms provided for the purpose, in +which shall be stated approximately the number of pieces it is intended +to mail, and the postage on each piece at the rate of one cent per two +ounces or fraction thereof.</p> + +<p>2. The articles posted must be of an uniform weight, and must be +put up in such a way as to admit of their being readily counted. The +weight and number must be verified beyond doubt. Circulars to be put +up in packages of 50, 75 or 100, with addressed sides faced all one way. +Catalogues must be tied up in neat bundles.</p> + +<p>3. Each article must have printed upon its wrapper or cover an +impression of an official stamp, a fac-simile of which is here given, +which shall be furnished by the Postmaster of the office of posting, +mentioning the name of the office at which posted, and stating that +the postage was prepaid in cash.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/i275.jpg"><img src="images/i275_tn.jpg" width="400" height="245" +alt="Official stamp for cash pre-payment, 1903." +title="[Linked to larger image of Official stamp for cash pre-payment, 1903.]" /></a> +<p class="center">[<a href="#Alt_text_275">Link to text version of figure.</a>]</p> +</div> + +<p>4. The lowest amount which may be received in payment for matter +mailed under these regulations is $25.00.</p> + +<p>5. Under these regulations payment may be made only by marked<!-- Page 276 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> +cheque drawn in favour of the Postmaster of the office of posting for +deposit to the credit of the Receiver General. The cheque must accompany +the mail matter at the time it is posted. The cheque is to be +drawn as follows:</p> + +<p>"Pay to the Postmaster of ... for deposit to credit of +Receiver General."</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 20em;">R. M. COULTER.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;">Deputy Postmaster General.</span><br /> +</p> +</div> + +<p>Electrotypes of the "stamp" shown were furnished to all offices where +there was a large output of the class of matter described, and the permit number +was printed in with the impression when the order under which it was +issued was being struck off. The "stamp" is usually printed in black, but has +been seen in dark blue.</p> + +<p>In the stamp account for the year ending 30th June, 1903, no returns +were given for mailings under these "Permits", but in 1904 we find that +"Postage Paid in Cash on 3d Class (Printed) Matter" is given as $53,970.47, +while in 1910 it had risen to $256,468.20—a quite respectable amount for the +use of the "Permits".</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_248" id="Footnote_248"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_248"><span class="label">[248]</span></a> London Philatelist. I: 100.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_249" id="Footnote_249"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_249"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XIII: 388.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_250" id="Footnote_250"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_250"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XVIII: 131.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_251" id="Footnote_251"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_251"><span class="label">[251]</span></a> Ibid., XVIII: 322.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_252" id="Footnote_252"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_252"><span class="label">[252]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XVIII: 402.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_253" id="Footnote_253"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_253"><span class="label">[253]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era, XVIII: 63.</p></div> + +<hr /><a name="Alt_text_275" id="Alt_text_275"></a> +<p class="center">[Text alternative to illustration on <a href="#Page_275">page 275</a>.]</p> +<p class="center"> +POSTAGE PAID IN CASH<br /> +At OTTAWA, Canada<br /> +Authorized under Permit No.<br /> +ANYBODY USING THIS STAMP WITHOUT AUTHORITY<br /> +WILL RENDER HIMSELF LIABLE TO PROSECUTION<br /> +</p> +</div> + + + + +<p><!-- Page 277 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="REFERENCE_LIST" id="REFERENCE_LIST"></a>REFERENCE LIST</h2> + + + +<h3>PROVINCE OF CANADA</h3> + +<p class="center">1st. SERIES. Engraved and printed by Messrs. Rawdon, Wright, Hatch &<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edson, New York. Unperforated.</span><br /></p> + +<table class="tableleft" summary="Reference list for Province of Canada, first Series."> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="2" class="heading1">1851.</td><td align="center">THIN GRAYISH LAID PAPER.</td></tr> + +<tr><td></td><td align="left"> April 23.</td> <td align="left" class="in0">3 pence, deep red, red, vermilion.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>double strike</i>, deep red, red, vermilion.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td> <td align="left">May 15 (?)</td> <td align="left" class="in0">6 pence, black violet, deep brown violet, slate.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>diagonal half</i> used as 3d.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td> <td align="left"> June 15.</td> <td align="left">12 pence, black.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2" class="heading1"></td> <td align="center">STOUT WHITE LAID PAPER.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">3 pence, red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">6 pence, dull purple.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left" colspan="2" class="heading1">1851-7.</td><td align="center">GRAYISH WOVE PAPER, THIN TO STOUT.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">3 pence, deep red, red, vermilion.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>double strike</i>, deep red, red, vermilion.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">6 pence, black brown, brownish black, greenish black, slate, slate violet, deep violet.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">12 pence, black.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="center" class="heading1">SOFT WHITE WOVE PAPER.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">3 pence, deep red, red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>double strike</i>, deep red, red.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="center" class="heading1">STOUT HARD WHITE WOVE PAPER.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">3 pence, deep red, red, vermilion.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">6 pence, deep violet, slate violet, brown violet.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="center" class="heading1">VERY THICK HARD PAPER.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">6 pence, slate violet.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="center" class="heading1">VERY THICK SOFT PAPER.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">6 pence, dull purple.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>diagonal half</i> used as 3d.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="center" class="heading1">THIN SOFT RIBBED PAPER.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">3 pence, red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>double strike</i>, red.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="center" class="heading1">STOUT HARD RIBBED PAPER.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">3 pence, red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>double strike</i>, red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">6 pence, black violet.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1855,</td> <td align="left">Jan.</td><td align="center" class="heading1">THIN WOVE PAPER.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">10 pence, deep blue, Prussian blue.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>wide impression.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>narrow impression.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>double strike.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td><!-- Page 278 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="center" class="heading1">STOUT HARD WOVE PAPER.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">10 pence, deep blue, Prussian blue.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>wide impression.</i></td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1857,</td> <td align="left">June 2 (?)</td> <td align="center" class="heading1">THIN WOVE PAPER.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">7½ pence, dark yellow green.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>wide impression.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>narrow impression.</i></td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="center" class="heading1">STOUT HARD WOVE PAPER.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">7½ pence, dark yellow green.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>wide impression</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1857,</td> <td align="left">Aug. 1.</td> <td align="center" class="heading1">THIN WOVE PAPER.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">½ penny, deep rose.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="center" class="heading1">STOUT HARD WOVE PAPER.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">½ penny, deep rose.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="center" class="heading1">THIN SOFT RIBBED PAPER.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">½ penny, deep rose.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>horizontal ribbing.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>vertical ribbing.</i></td></tr> +</table> + +<p>Same as before, but perforated 12 by the American Bank Note Co. (?)</p> + +<table class="tableleft" summary="Reference list for Province of Canada, first series, perforated 12."> +<tr><td align="left">1859,</td> <td align="left">Jan. (?)</td><td align="center">STOUT WOVE PAPER.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">½ penny, deep rose.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">3 pence, red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>double strike.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">percé en scie 13</i>, (unofficial).</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>perforated 14</i>, (unofficial).</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">6 pence, black violet, slate violet, deep brown violet, black brown.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="center">THIN RIBBED PAPER</td></tr> +<tr><td></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">½ penny, deep rose (?)</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">3 pence, red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>double strike.</i></td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="center">2nd. SERIES. Engraved and printed by the American Bank Note Co., New York. Perforated 12. Wove paper.<br /></p> + +<table class="tableleft" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">1859,</td> <td align="left">July 1.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">1 cent, dull red, rose red, rose carmine.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, rose red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>thick hard paper</i>, rose red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>ribbed paper</i>, dull red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">5 cents, bright red, brick red, deep red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>double strike</i>, bright red, red, deep red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>worn plate</i>, red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>worn plate imperforate</i>, red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>ribbed paper</i>, red, deep red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>diagonal half</i> used as 2½c., red.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">10 cents, bright red violet, dull red violet, deep red violet, + deep violet, slate violet, <br />brown violet, yellowish + brown, brown, dark brown, black brown, gray brown.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, red violet, violet.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>ribbed paper</i>, deep red violet, brown violet, brown + (light to dark).</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>diagonal half</i> used as 5c., red violet, black brown.<!-- Page 279 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span></td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">12½ cents, light yellow green, deep yellow green, green, + blue green.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, blue green.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>ribbed paper</i>, light yellow green.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">17 cents, deep blue, Prussian blue.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, Prussian blue.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>ribbed paper</i>, Prussian blue.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1864,</td> <td align="left">Aug. 1.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">2 cents, rose red, dull red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, rose red, dull red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>ribbed paper</i>, rose red.</td></tr> +</table> + + +<h3>DOMINION OF CANADA</h3> + +<p class="center">3rd. SERIES. <span class="smcap">Large Stamps</span>. Engraved and printed by the British American +Bank Note Co., Montreal & Ottawa. Perforated 12, Wove paper.</p> + +<table class="tableleft" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">1868,</td> <td align="left">April 1.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">½ cent, gray black, black.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>horizontal pair, imperforate between.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>very thin paper.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">1 cent, brown red, deep brown red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>watermarked</i>, brown red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>laid paper</i>, brown red, deep brown red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>very thin paper</i>, deep brown red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">2 cents, pale yellow green, pale green, green, deep yellow green, + deep blue green.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>watermarked</i>, green.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>very thin paper</i>, deep yellow green.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">3 cents, vermilion, bright red, deep red, brown red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>watermarked</i>, brown red, red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>laid paper</i>, vermilion, bright red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>very thin paper</i>, deep red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>very thick paper</i>, brown red.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">6 cents, pale brown, brown, deep brown, gray brown, pale yellow + brown, deep yellow brown.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>watermarked</i>, deep brown.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>very thin paper</i>, deep brown.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>diagonal half</i> used for 3c., deep brown.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">12½ cents, dull blue, deep blue, pale blue.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>watermarked</i>, deep blue.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>very thin paper</i>, dull blue.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">15 cents, mauve, deep mauve, lilac gray, gray violet, + deep gray violet, blue gray, slate blue, + greenish blue.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>watermarked</i>, lilac gray, gray violet.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>thin laid paper</i>, mauve.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>ribbed paper</i>, lilac gray.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>very thick paper</i>, mauve, slate blue, purple.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, brown violet.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1869,</td> <td align="left">Jan.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">1 cent, yellow, pale orange, orange yellow, orange.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, yellow.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1875,</td> <td align="left">Oct. 1.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">5 cents, light olive gray, dark olive gray.</td></tr> +</table> +<p><!-- Page 280 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center">4th SERIES. <span class="smcap">Small Stamps.</span> Engraved and printed by the British American +Bank Note Company, Montreal & Ottawa. Perforated 12. Thin to +thick wove paper.</p> + +<table class="tableleft" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">1870,</td> <td align="left">Jan. (?)</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">3 cents, dull rose red, deep rose red, rose carmine (1888), + brown red, red, bright red, vermilion, orange red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, dull red, vermilion.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>ribbed paper</i>, red.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1870,</td> <td align="left">Mar. (?)</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">1 cent, orange, orange yellow, deep yellow, bright yellow, + pale yellow, olive yellow.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, bright yellow.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>ribbed paper</i>, yellow.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>vertical half</i>, used for ½c.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1872,</td> <td align="left">Jan. (?)</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">6 cents, pale yellow brown, brown, dark yellow brown; + (1888) pale chestnut, deep chestnut.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, deep chestnut.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>ribbed paper</i>, deep chestnut.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>vertical half</i>, used for 3c.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1872,</td> <td align="left">Feb. (?)</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">2 cents, pale green, green, deep green; (1888) blue green, + deep blue green.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, green.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>ribbed paper</i>, green.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>vertical half</i>, used for 1c.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1874.</td> <td align="left">Nov. 1. (?)</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">10 cents, pale lilac, lilac, mauve, red violet, violet; + (1888) dull rose red, dull rose, salmon red, + brown red, indian red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, brown red, indian red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>ribbed paper</i>, dull rose red, dull rose.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1876,</td> <td align="left">Feb. 1. (?)</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">5 cents, pale olive gray, olive gray, dark olive gray; + (1888) gray, brownish gray, brownish black.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, brownish gray.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>ribbed paper</i>, brownish black.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1882,</td> <td align="left">July.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">½ cent, gray black, black.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>horizontal pair, imperforate between.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>vertical pair, imperforate between.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>ribbed paper.</i></td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="center">5th SERIES. Engraved and printed by the British American Bank Note Co., +Ottawa. Perforated 12. Wove paper.</p> + +<table class="tableleft" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">1893,</td> <td align="left">Feb. 17.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">20 cents, bright red, vermilion.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, vermilion.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">50 cents, deep blue.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, black blue.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1893,</td> <td align="left">Aug. 1.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">8 cents, bluish gray, bluish slate, slate violet, dark slate, + black violet, gray black.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, bluish gray.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 281 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center">6th SERIES. <span class="smcap">Jubilee Issue</span>. Engraved and printed by the American Bank +Note Co., Ottawa. Perforated 12. Wove paper.</p> + +<table class="tableleft" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">1897,</td> <td align="left">June 19.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">½ cent, gray black, black.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">1 cent, yellow orange, orange, deep orange.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>vertical half</i>, used for ½c.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">2 cents, green, deep green.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">3 cents, carmine.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">5 cents, deep blue.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">6 cents, deep brown, deep yellow brown.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">8 cents, slate violet.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">10 cents, brown lilac.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">15 cents, bluish slate.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">20 cents, vermilion, bright scarlet.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">50 cents, ultramarine.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">1 dollar, carmine lake.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">2 dollars, deep violet.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">3 dollars, orange brown.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">4 dollars, violet.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">5 dollars, olive green.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="center">7th SERIES. "<span class="smcap">Maple Leaf</span>" <span class="smcap">Issue</span>. Engraved and printed by the American +Bank Note Company, Ottawa. Perforated 12. Wove paper.</p> + +<table class="tableleft" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">1897,</td> <td align="left">Nov. 9.</td> <td align="left" class="in0">½ cent, gray black, black.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left">Dec. 1. (?)</td> <td align="left" class="in0">6 cents, deep brown.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left">Dec.</td> <td align="left" class="in0">1 cent, dark blue green.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">2 cents, red violet, violet, deep violet.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">5 cents, dark blue on <i>bluish</i> + (<i>pale</i> and <i>strong</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, dark blue on + <i>pale bluish</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">8 cents, yellow orange, deep orange.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1898,</td> <td align="left">Jan.</td> <td align="left" class="in0">3 cents, deep carmine.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">10 cents, brown lilac.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="center">8th SERIES. "<span class="smcap">Numerals</span>" <span class="smcap">Issue</span>. Engraved and printed by the American +Bank Note Co., Ottawa. Perforated 12. Wove paper.</p> + +<table class="tableleft" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">1898,</td> <td align="left">June.</td> <td align="left" class="in0">1 cent, blue green, deep blue green. + <i>toned paper</i>, deep green.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">3 cents, carmine, deep carmine.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left">Sept.</td> <td align="left" class="in0">½ cent, gray black, black.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">2 cents, purple, pale violet, violet, deep violet.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">6 cents, deep yellow brown, dark brown.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left">Oct.</td> <td align="left" class="in0">8 cents, yellow orange, orange, deep orange.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left">Nov.</td> <td align="left">10 cents, brown violet, deep brown violet.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1899,</td> <td align="left">July, 3.</td> <td align="left" class="in0">5 cents, dark blue on <i>bluish + (pale</i> and <i>strong).</i></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left">Aug. 20.</td> <td align="left" class="in0">2 cents, rose carmine, carmine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1900,</td> <td align="left">Dec. 29.</td> <td align="left">20 cents, olive green.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1902,</td> <td align="left">Dec. 23.</td> <td align="left" class="in0">7 cents, olive yellow.</td></tr> +</table> +<p><!-- Page 282 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center">9th SERIES. <span class="smcap">Imperial Penny Postage Issue.</span> Engraved and printed by +the American Bank Note Co., Ottawa. Perforated 12. Wove paper.</p> + +<table class="tableleft" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">1898,</td> <td align="left">Dec. 7</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="4"></td><td align="left" rowspan="4">2 cents,</td><td rowspan="4"><span class="tallbrace2">{</span></td><td align="left">black, red and lavender.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">black, red and bluish.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">black, red and greenish blue.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">black, red and green.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"></td><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>imperforate.</i></td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="3"></td><td align="left" rowspan="3">2 cents,</td><td rowspan="3"><span class="tallbrace">{</span></td><td align="left">black, red and bluish.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">black, red and greenish blue.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">black, red and green.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"></td><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>Unofficial Provisional.</i> Used at Port Hood only.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1899,</td> <td align="left">Jan. 5.</td> <td align="left">1 cent,</td><td colspan="2">greenish surcharge on vertical third of 3c. 1898.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left">2 cents,</td><td colspan="2">purple surcharge on vertical two-thirds of 3c. 1898.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"></td><td align="left" colspan="2">(These two occur as both "lefts" and "rights")</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="center">10th SERIES. <span class="smcap">Provisionals.</span> Surcharge typographed in black.</p> + +<table class="tableleft" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">1899,</td> <td align="left">July 28.</td> <td align="left">2 cents on 3 cents, 1898, <i>carmine</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>inverted surcharge</i>, carmine.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left">Aug. 8.</td> <td align="left">2 cents on 3 cents, 1897, carmine.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>inverted surcharge</i>, carmine.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="center">11th SERIES. <span class="smcap">King's Head Issue.</span> Engraved and printed by the American +Bank Note Co., Ottawa. (Portrait engraved by Perkins, Bacon +& Co., London). Perforated 12. Wove paper.</p> + +<table class="tableleft" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">1903,</td> <td align="left">July 1.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">1 cent, blue green, deep blue green.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>toned paper</i>, deep yellow green.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">2 cents, rose carmine, carmine.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, rose carmine.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">5 cents deep blue on <i>bluish</i> + (<i>pale</i> and <i>strong</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2">indigo on <i>bluish</i> + (<i>pale</i> and <i>strong</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">7 cents, deep olive yellow.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left">10 cents, brown lilac, brown violet, deep brown violet.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1904,</td> <td align="left">Sept. 27.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left">20 cents, deep olive green.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1908,</td> <td align="left">Nov. 19.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left">50 cents, violet.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="center">12th SERIES. <span class="smcap">Quebec Tercentenary Issue.</span> Engraved and printed by +the American Bank Note Co., Ottawa. Perforated 12. Wove paper.</p> + +<table class="tableleft" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">1908, July 16.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">½ cent, black brown, brown.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">1 cent, deep blue green.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">2 cents, carmine.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">5 cents, deep blue.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">7 cents, olive green.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left">10 cents, deep violet.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left">15 cents, red orange.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left">20 cents, deep brown.</td></tr> +</table> +<p><!-- Page 283 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span></p> + +<table class="tableleft" summary=""> +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center" class="heading1">STAMP BOOKS.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">Manufactured by American Bank Note Co., Ottawa. 12-2 cent stamps.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1900,</td> <td align="left">June 11.</td> <td align="left" class="in0">2 cents, issue of 1898.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1904,</td> <td align="left">(?)</td> <td align="left" class="in0">2 cents, issue of 1904.</td></tr> + + +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center" class="heading1">REGISTRATION STAMPS.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1875,</td> <td align="left">Nov. 15.</td> <td align="left">Engraved and printed by the British American Bank Note Co., +Montreal and Ottawa. Perforated 12. Thin to thick wove paper.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">2 cents, orange, orange red, vermilion; (1888) brick red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, orange.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">5 cents, yellow green, green, dark green; (1888) deep blue green.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, dark green.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">8 cents, bright blue, dull blue.</td></tr> + + +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center" class="heading1">POSTAGE DUE STAMPS.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1906,</td> <td align="left">July 1.</td> <td align="left">Engraved and printed by the American Bank Note Co., Ottawa. +Perforated 12. Wove paper.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">1 cent, deep violet.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">2 cents, deep violet.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">5 cents, deep violet, red violet.</td></tr> + + +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center" class="heading1">SPECIAL DELIVERY STAMP.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1898,</td> <td align="left">July 1.</td> <td align="left">Engraved and printed by the American Bank Note Co., Ottawa. +Perforated 12. Wove paper.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left">10 cents, deep green, deep blue green.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>toned paper</i>, deep green.</td></tr> + + +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center" class="heading1">OFFICIALLY SEALED LABELS.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">Engraved and printed by the British American Bank Note Co., +Montreal. Perforated 12. Wove paper.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1879 (?)</td><td></td> <td align="left">(<i>no value</i>), dark brown.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i> (?)</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">Engraved and printed by the American Bank Note Co., Ottawa. +Perforated 12. Wove paper.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1905 (?)</td> <td></td><td align="left">(<i>no value</i>), black on <i>light green.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1907 (?)</td><td></td> <td align="left">(<i>no value</i>), black.</td></tr> + + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="center" class="heading1">STAMPED ENVELOPES.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="center" class="heading1"><span class="smcap">Province of Canada</span>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">Laid paper, watermarked Ca / POD Size 5½ × 3¼ inches (138 × 83 mm.)</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1860,</td> <td align="left">Feb. 1.(?)</td> <td align="left"><i>Cream toned paper</i>, flap rounded.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">5 cents, bright red.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left">10 cents, black brown.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>error</i>(?)</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left">10 cents, bright red.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1864</td> <td align="left">(?)</td> <td align="left"><i>Very white paper</i>, flap more pointed.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">5 cents, bright red. + +<!-- Page 284 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span></td></tr> + + +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center" class="heading1">UNOFFICIAL REPRINTS, 1868.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left"><i>On pieces of white wove or vertically laid buff paper.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0"><i>5 cents, bright red.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left"><i>10 cents, dark red brown</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center"><i>On diagonally laid white or buff envelopes, watermarked</i> POD / US</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>Size 5½ × 3 inches (138 × 77 mm).</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0"><i>5 cents, bright red.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left"><i>10 cents, dark red brown</i>.</td></tr> +</table> + +<hr /> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Dominion of Canada</span>.</h4> + +<table class="tableleft" summary=""> +<tr><td>Sizes:</td> <td align="left">A—5½</td> <td align="left">× 3⅛ inches (138 × 79 mm.)</td></tr> +<tr><td></td> <td align="left">B—6</td> <td align="left">× 3⅜ inches (150 × 85 mm.)</td></tr> +<tr><td></td> <td align="left">C—9⅝</td> <td align="left">× 4½ inches (265 × 113 mm.)</td></tr> +<tr><td></td> <td align="left">D—5⅞</td> <td align="left">× 3½ inches (148 × 87 mm.)</td></tr> +<tr><td></td> <td align="left">E—6</td> <td align="left">× 3⅝ inches (152 × 90 mm.)</td></tr> +</table> + +<table class="tableleft" summary=""> +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">Laid paper, cross vergures 18 mm. apart. Pointed flap.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1877,</td> <td align="left">Oct. 6.</td><td>White paper.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td> <td align="left">Size A:</td><td>1 cent, pale blue, deep blue.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">3 cents, red, rose.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td> <td align="left">Size B:</td><td>3 cents, red, rose.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td> <td align="left" colspan="2">Same paper, tongued flap.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td> <td align="left">Size A:</td><td>1 cent, blue.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">3 cents, red.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">Laid paper, cross vergures 24 mm. apart. Pointed flap.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1888</td> <td></td><td align="left">(?) Cream toned paper.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td> <td align="left">Size A:</td><td>1 cent, blue, deep blue.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">3 cents, red, carmine.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td> <td align="left">Size B:</td><td>3 cents, red, carmine.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">Same paper, cross vergures 27 mm. apart.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td> <td align="left">Size A:</td><td>1 cent, deep blue.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">White wove paper.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1895</td> <td align="left">(?) Size B:</td><td>3 cents, carmine.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">Laid paper, cream toned.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1895,</td> <td align="left">June 14.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td> <td align="left">Size B:</td><td>2 cents, blue green.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1896</td> <td align="left">(?) Size A:</td><td>1 cent, ultramarine.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">Manila amber paper.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1896</td> <td align="left">(?) Size C:</td><td>1 cent, ultramarine.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">3 cents, red.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">Wove paper, cream toned.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1898,</td> <td align="left">Apr. 1 (?)</td><td>Size D: 3 cents, bright red.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1898,</td> <td align="left">July 22.</td><td>Size D: 1 cent, dark green.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1899,</td> <td align="left">Jan. 2.</td><td>Size D: 2 cents, deep violet.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1899,</td> <td align="left">Jan. 8 (?)</td><td>Size D: 2 cents, bright red, vermilion. +<!-- Page 285 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1899,</td> <td align="left">Feb. 6. (?)</td><td>Surcharged 2c in blue-black.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left">Type 1.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td> <td align="left">Size D:</td><td>2 c. on 3 cents, red, of 1898.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left">Type 2.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td> <td align="left">Size A:</td><td>2c. on 3 cents, red, of 1877; white paper, pointed flap.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">2c. on 3 cents, red, of 1888 (?) cream toned paper.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td> <td align="left">Size B:</td><td>2c. on 3 cents, red, of 1888 (?) cream toned paper.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td> <td align="left">Size D:</td><td>2c. on 3 cents, red, of 1898.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1901</td> <td align="left">(?) Size D:</td><td>1 cent, dark green.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">2 cents, bright red.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">Very white wove paper.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1905,</td> <td align="left">Jan. 12.</td><td>Size E: 2 cents, bright red.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left">Mar. 1 (?)</td><td>Size E: 1 cent, deep blue green.</td></tr> +</table> + + +<table class="tableleft" summary=""> + +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center" class="heading1">WRAPPERS.</td></tr> + +<tr><td></td><td><span class="smcap">Type</span> 1.</td> <td>Size 9½ × 5 inches (235 × 127 mm.).</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1875,</td><td> May</td> <td>1 cent, dark blue, <i>light buff paper</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td>1 cent, <i>variety</i>, stamp at left. + [Size 11½ x 6½ inches (290 x 165 mm.)]</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td>Size 11⅛ × 4⅞ inches (285 × 124 mm.).</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1881,</td> <td>Nov. (?)</td> <td>1 cent, dark blue, blue, <i>cream paper</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td></td><td><span class="smcap">Type</span> 2.</td><td> Size as last.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1882,</td> <td>May (?)</td> <td>1 cent, pale blue, <i>light buff paper</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td> <td>Aug.(?)</td> <td>1 cent, blue, <i>straw paper</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1885,</td> <td></td> <td>1 cent, ultramarine, <i>cream paper</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td></td><td><span class="smcap">Type</span> 3.</td> <td>Size as last.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1887,</td> <td> May (?)</td> <td>1 cent, ultramarine, <i>thin white paper</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1888,</td> <td></td> <td>1 cent, ultramarine, <i>cream paper</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td>1 cent, ultramarine, <i>light manila paper</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td></td><td><span class="smcap">Type</span> 4.</td> <td>Size 10⅜ × 4⅞ inches (264 × 124 mm.).</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1892,</td><td>Feb. (?)</td> <td>1 cent, dark blue, <i>thin straw paper</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td>1 cent, <i>variety</i>, stamp half way across wrapper.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td>1 cent, blue, <i>cream paper</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td>Size 10¾ × 4⅞ inches (272 × 125 mm.).</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td>1 cent, dark blue, <i>straw paper</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1894,</td> <td>Feb. (?)</td> <td>1 cent, black, <i>light buff paper</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td>1 cent, black, <i>light brown paper</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1898,</td> <td>June (?)</td> <td>1 cent, dark green, <i>manila paper</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1903,</td> <td>Oct. (?)</td> <td>1 cent, dark green, <i>manila paper</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td>Size 15 x 6½ inches (378 × 165 mm.). Inscription.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1907,</td><td> July 11.</td> <td>1 cent, dark green, <i>manila paper</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td>2 cent, carmine, <i>manila paper</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td>Size 13 × 8 inches (308 × 223 mm.). Inscription.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td>3 cents, slate violet, <i>manila paper</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1908,</td> <td>June 18 (?)</td> <td>Last two wrappers, surcharged.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td>1 c. on 2 cents, carmine.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td>1 c. on 3 cents, slate violet.</td></tr> +</table> +<p><!-- Page 286 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span></p> + + + + +<table class="tableleft" summary=""> +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center" class="heading1">POST CARDS.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">Size 4⅝ × 3 inches (116 × 75 mm.). Imprint "Montreal & Ottawa."</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1871. </td> <td>June </td> <td>1 cent, dull blue, deep blue, <i>light buff + and pale buff card</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">Size 4¾ × 3 inches (120 × 75 mm.). Imprint "Montreal" only.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1876. </td> <td>(end) </td> <td>1 cent, dull blue, deep blue, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2">Inscribed "To United Kingdom."</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1877. </td> <td>Jan. 1. </td> <td>2 cents, deep yellow green, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2">Inscribed "Union Postale Universelle."</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1879, </td><td></td> <td>2 cents, yellow green, <i>pale yellowish card</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2">Size 5 × 3 inches (127 × 76 mm.). No frame.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><span class="smcap">Type</span> 2 of wrapper stamp.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1882, </td> <td>Apr. (?) </td> <td>1 cent, light blue, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td> <td>Dec. (?) </td> <td>1 plus 1 cent, slate, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>Error</i>, stamps at left.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1884, </td> <td>Sept. (?) </td> <td>1 plus 1 cent, slate, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><span class="smcap">Type</span> 3 of wrapper stamp.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1887, </td> <td>Feb. (?) </td> <td>1 cent, dull blue, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td> <td>(?)</td> <td>1 plus 1 cent, slate, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1888, </td> <td>(?) </td> <td>1 plus 1 cent, slate green, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><span class="smcap">Type</span> 4 of wrapper stamp.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1891, </td> <td>Dec. (?) </td> <td>1 cent, dull ultramarine, pale ultramarine, + <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1892, </td> <td>Dec. (?) </td> <td>1 plus 1 cent, slate green, (Type 3 on reply card), + <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1894, </td> <td>Oct. (?) </td> <td>1 plus 1 cent, gray black, (Type 4 on each card), + <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2">Size 6 × 3⅝ inches (152 × 92 mm.).</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1893, </td> <td>Feb. 17. </td> <td>1 cent, black, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2">Size 5½ × 3⅜ inches (140 × 85 mm.).</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1894, </td> <td>Feb. (?) </td> <td>1 cent, black, <i>pale yellowish card</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1895, </td> <td>Apr. (?) </td> <td>1 cent, black, <i>rough straw card</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2">Size 5⅛ × 3⅛ inches (130 × 80 mm.).</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1896, </td> <td>Oct. (?) </td> <td>2 cents, orange red, carmine, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2">Size 5½ × 3⅜ inches (140 × 85 mm.).</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1897, </td> <td>June 19. </td> <td>1 cent, black, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left"> </td> <td>1 cent, <i>variety</i>, inscriptions lacking.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2">Size 5⅛ × 3⅛ inches (130 × 80 mm.).</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1897, </td> <td>Dec. 1 (?) </td> <td>2 cents, deep orange red, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2">Size 5½ × 3⅜ inches (140 × 85 mm.).</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1898, </td> <td>Jan. (?) </td> <td>1 cent, green, dark green, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left"> </td> <td>1 cent, carmine, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2">Size 5 × 3 inches (127 × 76 mm.).</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1898, </td> <td>June (?) </td> <td>1 plus 1 cent, black, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left"> </td> <td>1 plus 1 cent, <i>variety</i>, reply printed on back of message card.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2">Size 5⅛ × 3⅛ inches (130 × 80 mm.).</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1898, </td> <td>June (?) </td> <td>2 cents, deep blue, <i>cream card</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2">Size 5½ × 3⅜ inches (140 × 85 mm.).</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1903, </td> <td>Aug. (?) </td> <td>1 cent, green, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left"> Dec. (?) </td> <td>1 cent, rose, <i>pale buff card</i>. +<!-- Page 287 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2">Size 5 × 3 inches (127 × 76 mm.).</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1904, </td> <td>Feb. (?) </td> <td>1 plus 1 cent, black, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2">Size 5⅛ × 3⅛ inches (130 × 80 mm.).</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1904, </td> <td>Feb. (?) </td> <td>2 cents, deep blue, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr> + + + +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center" class="heading1">LETTER CARDS.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1893.</td> <td>Feb. 17.</td> <td>3 cents, carmine, <i>blue-green card</i>. Perf. A. and C.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1895,</td> <td>Oct. (?)</td> <td>1 cents, black, <i>blue-green card</i>. Perf. A and C.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left"> </td> <td>2 cents, green, <i>blue-green card</i>. Perf. A.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1897,</td> <td>Dec. (?)</td> <td>2 cents, black, <i>blue-green card</i>. Perf. A.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1898,</td> <td>Jan. (?)</td> <td>1 cents, black, <i>blue-green card</i>. Perf. A.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left"> </td> <td>3 cents, carmine, <i>blue-green card</i>. Perf. A.</td></tr> + +<tr><td></td><td colspan="2" align="left" class="in2">Surcharged "2c." in blue-black.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1899,</td> <td>Feb. (?)</td> <td>2 cents on 3 c. card of 1893, type 1.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left"> </td> <td>2 cents on 3 c. card of 1893, type 2.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left"> </td> <td>2 cents on 3 c. card of 1898, type 2.</td></tr> + +<tr><td></td><td colspan="2" align="left" class="in2">Surcharged in violet.</td></tr> + +<tr><td></td><td align="left"> </td> <td>2 cents on 3 c. card of 1893, type 2.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1900,</td> <td>Jan. (?)</td> <td>1 cent, green, <i>blue-green card</i>. Perf. A.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left"> </td> <td>2 cents, carmine, <i>blue-green card</i>. Perf. A.</td></tr> + + + +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center" class="heading1">LETTER SHEET.</td></tr> + + +<tr><td align="left">1894</td> <td>(?)</td> <td>1 cent, black, <i>gray blue laid paper</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left"> </td> <td>1 cent, black, <i>white laid paper</i>.</td></tr> + + + +<tr><td colspan="3" align="center" class="heading1">OFFICIAL STATIONERY.</td></tr> + + +<tr><td align="left"></td> <td colspan="2">Inland Revenue Wrapper, Size 11 × 5⅛ inches (280 × 132 mm.).</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1879</td> <td>(?)</td> <td>1 cent, dark blue, <i>cream paper</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left"></td> <td colspan="2">Customs Post Card, Size 5⅛ × 3⅛ inches (130 × 88 mm.).</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1888</td> <td>(?)</td> <td>[plain front], <i>manila card</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left"> </td> <td>[inscriptions on front], <i>manila card.</i></td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left"></td> <td colspan="2">Returned Dead Letter Envelopes. Size 6⅞ × 4¾ inches (175 × 120 mm.).</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">1889</td> <td>(?)</td> <td>3 cents, black, <i>manila paper</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td align="left"> </td> <td>? ? ?</td></tr> +</table> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 497px;"> +<a name="Plate_I" id="Plate_I"></a> +<a href="images/plate1.jpg"><img src="images/plate1_tn.jpg" width="497" height="600" +alt="Plate I" +title="[Linked to larger image of Plate I.]" /></a> +<span class="caption">Plate I</span> +<p class="center">[<a href="#Plate_I_Key">Key to Plate I</a>.]</p> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 442px;"> +<a name="Plate_II" id="Plate_II"></a> +<a href="images/plate2.jpg"><img src="images/plate2_tn.jpg" width="442" height="600" +alt="Plate II" +title="[Linked to larger image of Plate II]" /></a> +<span class="caption">Plate II</span> +<p class="center">[<a href="#Plate_II_Key">Key to Plate II</a>.]</p> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 496px;"> +<a name="Plate_III" id="Plate_III"></a> +<a href="images/plate3.jpg"><img src="images/plate3_tn.jpg" width="496" height="600" +alt="Plate III" +title="[Linked to larger image of Plate III.]" /></a> +<span class="caption">Plate III</span> +<p class="center">[<a href="#Plate_III_Key">Key to Plate III</a>.]</p> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 486px;"> +<a name="Plate_IV" id="Plate_IV"></a> +<a href="images/plate4.jpg"><img src="images/plate4_tn.jpg" width="486" height="600" +alt="Plate IV" +title="[Linked to larger image of Plate IV.]" /></a> +<span class="caption">Plate IV</span> +<p class="center">[<a href="#Plate_IV_Key">Key to Plate IV</a>.]</p> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 476px;"> +<a name="Plate_V" id="Plate_V"></a> +<a href="images/plate5.jpg"><img src="images/plate5_tn.jpg" width="476" height="600" +alt="Plate V" +title="[Linked to larger image of Plate V.]" /></a> +<span class="caption">Plate V</span> +<p class="center">[<a href="#Plate_V_Key">Key to Plate V</a>.]</p> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 487px;"> +<a name="Plate_VI" id="Plate_VI"></a> +<a href="images/plate6.jpg"><img src="images/plate6_tn.jpg" width="487" height="600" +alt="Plate VI" +title="[Linked to larger image of Plate VI.]" /></a> +<span class="caption">Plate VI</span> +<p class="center">[<a href="#Plate_VI_Key">Key to Plate VI</a>.]</p> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 472px;"> +<a name="Plate_VII" id="Plate_VII"></a> +<a href="images/plate7.jpg"><img src="images/plate7_tn.jpg" width="472" height="600" +alt="Plate VII" +title="[Linked to larger image of Plate VII.]" /></a> +<span class="caption">Plate VII</span> +<p class="center">[<a href="#Plate_VII_Key">Key to Plate VII</a>.]</p> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 488px;"> +<a name="Plate_VIII" id="Plate_VIII"></a> +<a href="images/plate8.jpg"><img src="images/plate8_tn.jpg" width="488" height="600" +alt="Plate VIII" +title="[Linked to larger image of Plate VIII.]" /></a> +<span class="caption">Plate VIII</span> +<p class="center">[<a href="#Plate_VIII_Key">Key to Plate VIII</a>.]</p> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 463px;"> +<a name="Plate_IX" id="Plate_IX"></a> +<a href="images/plate9.jpg"><img src="images/plate9_tn.jpg" width="463" height="600" +alt="Plate IX" +title="[Linked to larger image of Plate IX.]" /></a> +<span class="caption">Plate IX</span> +<p class="center">[<a href="#Plate_IX_Key">Key to Plate IX</a>.]</p> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 513px;"> +<a name="Plate_X" id="Plate_X"></a> +<a href="images/plate10.jpg"><img src="images/plate10_tn.jpg" width="513" height="600" +alt="Plate X" +title="[Linked to larger image of Plate X.]" /></a> +<span class="caption">Plate X</span> +<p class="center">[<a href="#Plate_X_Key">Key to Plate X</a>.]</p> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="Plate_XI" id="Plate_XI"></a> +<a href="images/plate11.jpg"><img src="images/plate11_tn.jpg" width="600" height="487" +alt="Plate XI" +title="[Linked to larger image of Plate XI.]" /></a> +<span class="caption">Plate XI</span> +<p class="center">[<a href="#Plate_XI_Key">Key to Plate XI</a>.]</p> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 441px;"> +<a name="Plate_XII" id="Plate_XII"></a> +<a href="images/plate12.jpg"><img src="images/plate12_tn.jpg" width="441" height="600" +alt="Plate XII" +title="[Linked to larger image of Plate XII.]" /></a> +<span class="caption">Plate XII</span> +<p class="center">[<a href="#Plate_XII_Key">Key to Plate XII</a>.]</p> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 510px;"> +<a name="Plate_XIII" id="Plate_XIII"></a> +<a href="images/plate13.jpg"><img src="images/plate13_tn.jpg" width="510" height="600" +alt="Plate XIII" +title="[Linked to larger image of Plate XIII.]" /></a> +<span class="caption">Plate XIII</span> +<p class="center">[<a href="#Plate_XIII_Key">Key to Plate XIII</a>.]</p> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<a name="Plate_XIV" id="Plate_XIV"></a> +<a href="images/plate14.jpg"><img src="images/plate14_tn.jpg" width="450" height="600" +alt="Plate XIV" +title="[Linked to larger image of Plate XIV.]" /></a> +<span class="caption">Plate XIV</span> +<p class="center">[<a href="#Plate_XIV_Key">Key to Plate XIV</a>.]</p> +</div> + + + + +<div class="trans-note"> +<h4><a name="Transcribers_Notes" id="Transcribers_Notes"></a>Transcriber's Notes</h4> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_21">21</a>: changed "or" to "of" ( ... from the sender of such letter or packet ...)</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_23">23</a>: unreadable value in original ( ... the rate +on Letters by those mails, viâ Halifax, of 1s. [missing value] sterling, if <i>un-paid</i>, ...)</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_90">90</a>: changed "setttled" to "settled" ( ... newly settled portions of the country ...)</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_99">99</a>: changed "fradulent" to "fraudulent" (To remove with fraudulent intent from any letter, +newspaper or other mailable matter ...)</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_141">141</a>: changed "(C)" to "(D)" ((D) Limits of weight to Austria-Hungary, ...)</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_149">149</a>: changed "beseiged" to "besieged" ( ... literally besieged the post offices for the coveted treasures.)</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_149">149</a>: changed "neceessary" to "necessary" ( ... it would be necessary for you to apply early ...)</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_154">154</a>: duplicate word "in" deleted (The principal variation is only one of tone in a few values.)</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_196">196</a>: changed "monoply" to "monopoly" ( ... an accidental monopoly of a stamp, ...)</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_202">202</a>: changed "promotory" to "promontory" ( ... he disembarked on the 3d July at the foot of the promontory of Stadaconé, ...)</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_228">228</a>: changed "Qneen" (with inverted "u") to "Queen" (The embossed head of Queen Victoria was evidently copied ...)</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_238">238</a>: changed "suppy" to "supply" ( ... when the supply thereof in the department became exhausted, ...)</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_256">256</a>: changed "uncertainity" to "uncertainty" (The reply card in the new type is again an uncertainty.)</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_286">286</a>: corrected "130 × 80" to "140 × 85" (Size 5½ × 3⅜ inches (140 × 85 mm.).)</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANADA: ITS POSTAGE STAMPS AND POSTAL STATIONERY***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 37457-h.txt or 37457-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/7/4/5/37457">http://www.gutenberg.org/3/7/4/5/37457</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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