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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Canada: Its Postage Stamps and Postal
+Stationery, by Clifton Armstrong Howes
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Canada: Its Postage Stamps and Postal Stationery
+
+
+Author: Clifton Armstrong Howes
+
+
+
+Release Date: September 17, 2011  [eBook #37457]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANADA: ITS POSTAGE STAMPS AND
+POSTAL STATIONERY***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Simon Gardner, Adrian Mastronardi, The Philatelic
+Digital Library Project (http://www.tpdlp.net), and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made
+available by Internet Archive (http://www.archive.org)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the numerous original illustrations.
+      See 37457-h.htm or 37457-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/37457/37457-h/37457-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/37457/37457-h.zip)
+
+
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030133122
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+      Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
+
+      Text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face (=bold=).
+
+      Small caps typeface is shown as ALL UPPER CASE.
+
+      Footnotes are presented after the paragraph in which the
+      anchor appears.
+
+      The ordinal superscript symbol is represented by ^o.
+
+      The extensive block quotations within this book feature rows
+      of closely spaced asterisks (* * * * *) which function as an
+      ellipsis (unquoted or missing material). This is distinct
+      from the "thought break", indicating a change of subject.
+
+      Changes to the text have been limited to correction of
+      typographical errors which have been listed at the end.
+
+
+
+
+
+CANADA
+ITS POSTAGE STAMPS AND POSTAL STATIONERY
+
+by
+
+CLIFTON A. HOWES, B. Sc., F. R. P. S. L.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Published by
+The New England Stamp Co.
+Boston, U. S. A.
+1911
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: 1852-1857
+
+THICK HARD WOVE PAPER. DULL PURPLE. IMPERF.
+
+THICK SOFT WOVE PAPER RED-VIOLET.
+
+Specimen Page From the Collection of Charles Lathrop Pack Esq.]
+
+
+
+
+CANADA
+ITS POSTAGE STAMPS AND POSTAL STATIONERY
+
+by
+
+CLIFTON A. HOWES, B. Sc., F. R. P. S. L.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Published by
+The New England Stamp Co.
+Boston, U. S. A.
+1911
+
+Copyright 1911
+By the New England Stamp Co.
+Boston, Mass.
+
+Press of
+Newcomb & Gauss
+Salem, Mass.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                                  Page
+  KEY TO PLATES                                                      4
+  FOREWORD                                                           9
+  INTRODUCTION                                                      11
+  CHAPTER       I. Preliminary Matters                              18
+      "        II. The Issue of 1851                                28
+      "       III. The Remaining Pence Issues                       46
+      "        IV. The Perforated Pence Issues                      68
+      "         V. The Cancellations of the Early Issues            77
+      "        VI. The Issue of 1859                                82
+      "       VII. The Dominion of Canada--Preliminary              94
+      "      VIII. The Issue of 1868                               106
+      "        IX. The Small "Cents" Issue, 1870-1882              122
+      "         X. The Supplementary Values of 1893                138
+      "        XI. The Jubilee Issue of 1897                       145
+      "       XII. The "Maple Leaf" Issue of 1897                  161
+      "      XIII. The "Numerals" Issue of 1898-1902               167
+      "       XIV. The "Christmas" Stamp of 1898                   179
+      "        XV. The "King's Head" Issue of 1903-1908            188
+      "       XVI. The "Tercentenary" Issue of 1908                199
+      "      XVII. The "Registration" Stamps                       205
+      "     XVIII. The Postage Due Stamps                          215
+      "       XIX. The Special Delivery Stamp                      217
+      "        XX. The Officially Sealed Labels                    221
+      "       XXI. The Stamped Envelopes                           224
+      "      XXII. The Wrappers                                    243
+      "     XXIII. The Post Cards                                  249
+      "      XXIV. The Letter Cards                                263
+      "       XXV. Official Stationery                             267
+      "      XXVI. Precancellation and Permits                     272
+  REFERENCE LIST                                                   277
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO PLATES
+
+
+PLATE I.
+
+  No. 1.  6 pence,     1851.
+      2. 12   "          "
+      3. 10   "        1855.
+      4.  1/2 penny,   1857.
+      5.  7-1/2 pence, 1857.
+      6.  3       "    1851.
+      7.  1/2 penny,   1859.
+      8.  6 pence,       "
+      9.  3   "          "
+     10.  1 cent,        "
+     11.  2 cents,       "
+     12. 10   "          "
+     13. 12-1/2 "        "
+     14. 17   "          "
+     15.  5   "          "
+     16.  1 cent,      1868.
+     17.  1/2 "          "
+     18.  2 cents,       "
+     19.  5   "        1859, variety.
+     20.  3   "        1868.
+     21.  5   "        1875.
+     22.  6   "        1868.
+     23. 12-1/2  "       "
+     24. 15   "          "
+
+
+PLATE II.
+
+  No. 25. 1 cent,       1870.
+      26. 2 cents,      1872.
+      27. 1/2 cent,     1882.
+      28. 3 cents,      1870.
+      29. 5   "         1876.
+      30. 6   "         1872.
+      31. 8   "         1893.
+      32. 10 cents,     1874.
+      33. 20  "         1893.
+      34. 1/2 cent,     1897, "Jubilee."
+      35. 50 cents,     1893.
+      36. 1/2 cent,     1897, "Maple Leaf."
+      37. 2 cents on 3 cents, "Port Hood Provisional."
+      38. 2 cents,      1898, "Map."
+      39. 1 cent on 3 cents (pair), "Port Hood Provisional."
+      40. 1/2 cent, 1898, "Numeral."
+      41. 2 cents on 3 cents, 1899, "Maple Leaf."
+      42. 2   "   "  3   "      "   "Numeral."
+      43. 1 cent, 1903, "King's Head."
+      44. 2 cents on 3 cents, 1899, inverted, "Numeral."
+      45. 2   "   "  3   "      "      "      "Maple Leaf."
+
+
+PLATE III.
+
+  No. 46. 1/2 cent, 1908, "Tercentenary."
+      47.  1    "     "          "
+      48.  2  cents,  "          "
+      49.  5    "     "          "
+      50.  7    "     "          "
+      51. 10    "     "          "
+      52. 15    "     "          "
+      53. 20    "     "          "
+      54.  2    "   1875, Registration.
+      55.  5    "     "          "
+      56.  8    "     "          "
+      57. 10    "   1898, Special Delivery.
+      58.  1  cent, 1906, Postage Due.
+      59.  2  cents,  "      "     "
+      60.  5    "     "      "     "
+
+
+PLATE IV.
+
+  No. 61.  6 pence,     1851, pair.
+      62. 12   "          "   pair from Pack collection.
+      63.  6 pence,     1851, pair.
+      64.  6   "          "    "
+      65. 12   "          "   from Worthington collection.
+      66.  6 pence,     1851, thick soft paper, from Pack collection.
+      67.  7-1/2 pence, 1857, wide oval.
+      68.  7-1/2   "      "   narrow oval.
+      69.  7-1/2   "      "   pair.
+      70. 10       "    1855, pair, wide oval.
+      71. 10       "      "    "    narrow oval.
+      72.  6       "    1859, from Pack collection.
+      73.  6       "    1851, strip of 3 on very thick soft paper,
+                                from Worthington collection.
+      74. 10 cents,     1859, black brown, from Pack collection.
+
+
+PLATE V.
+
+  No. 75.  6 pence, 1851.
+      76.  6   "      "
+      77.  3   "      "  pair.
+      78.  6   "      "
+      79.  6   "      "
+      80.  6   "      "  strip of 3 on very thick hard paper,
+                           from Pack collection.
+      81.  7-1/2 pence, 1857, strip of three.
+      82. 12       "    1851, pair from Pack collection.
+      83. 12       "      "     "    "    "       "
+      84. 12       "      "   from Pack collection.
+      85. 12       "      "   pair from Worthington collection.
+      86. 12       "    1851, wove paper, from Pack collection.
+      87.  6     pence, 1851, split, used on piece, from Pack collection.
+      88.  3     pence, 1851, ribbed paper, from Pack collection.
+      89. 12-1/2 cents, small, from Worthington collection.
+
+
+PLATE VI.
+
+  No. 90. 12 pence, 1851, on cover, from Worthington collection.
+      91. 12 pence, 1851, on cover, from Pack collection (originally in
+                              Seybold collection.)
+
+
+PLATE VII.
+
+  No. 92.   6 pence, 1851, very thick soft paper, split, used on cover,
+                             from Pack collection.
+      93.  10 pence, 1855, pair, narrow oval.
+      94.  10   "      "   block of 4, wide oval.
+      95.  10   "      "   strip of 3, narrow oval.
+      96.   5 cents, 1859, block of 7, upper right corner stamp is
+                             variety. From Pack collection.
+      97.   5 cents, 1859, pair and split, used on piece,
+                             from Worthington collection.
+
+
+PLATE VIII.
+
+  No. 98.   6 cents, 1868, split, used on cover,
+                             from Worthington collection.
+      99.  10 cents, 1859, black brown, split, used on cover,
+                             from Worthington collection.
+
+
+PLATE IX.
+
+  No. 100.  1     cent, 1859, block of 4 imperforate.
+      101.  5     cents,  "     "   "  4     "
+      102.  2       "     "     "   "  4     "
+      103. 12-1/2   "     "     "   "  4     "
+      104. 10       "     "     "   "  4     "
+      105. 17       "     "     "   "  4     "
+      106. 20       "   1893,   "   "  4     "
+      107. 15       "   1868,   "   "  4     "
+      108. 50       "   1893,   "   "  4     "
+
+    The above blocks were selected from the Pack and Worthington
+    collections and some in the possession of the New England Stamp Co.
+
+
+PLATE X.
+
+  No. 109. 10 cents, 1874, block of 4 imperforate.
+      110.  8   "    1893,   "   "  4    "
+      111.  6   "    1872,   "   "  4    "
+      112.  5   "    1897, "Maple Leaf," block of 4, imperforate.
+      113.  2   "    1898, "Map,"          "   "  4      "
+      114.  2   "    1903, block of 4 imperforate.
+      115.  5   "    Registered, pair imperforate.
+      116. "Officially Sealed" Label, 1905.
+      117.     "         "       "    1879.
+
+    The above blocks of imperforates were from the same sources as noted
+    for Plate IX.
+
+
+PLATE XI.
+
+  No. 118. 10  cents, 1874, strip of 10, marginal imprints.
+      119. 1/2 cent,  1868,   "   "  3,     "       "
+      120.  3  cents, 1870,   "   "  3,     "       "
+      121.  1  cent,  1870, block of 8,     "       "
+      122.  3  cents, 1870, strip of 3,     "       "
+
+    The above are all from the Worthington collection.
+
+
+PLATE XII.
+
+  No. 123.   1  cent,  1870, block of 12  imperforate.
+      124.   2  cents, 1872,   "   "   4      "
+      125.   3    "    1870,   "   "   4      "
+      126.   5    "    1876,   "   "   4      "
+      127. 1/2 cent,   1882,   "   "  12      "
+
+    Nos. 123 and 127 are from the Worthington collection and the other
+    three from the Pack collection.
+
+
+PLATE XIII.
+
+  No. 128. 3 pence, 1875 (?) perforated 14, pair used on cover,
+                               from Pack collection.
+      129. 2 cents, 1872, pair imperforate used on cover,
+                               in possession of New England Stamp Co.
+
+
+PLATE XIV.
+
+  No. 130. Stamped Envelope,  5 cents, 1860.
+      131.    "        "     10   "      "
+
+    Both the above were in the Seybold collection.
+
+
+PLATE XV. (Frontispiece).
+
+A page of six pennies from the collection of Charles Lathrop Pack.
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+Twenty years ago the Philatelic Society, London, brought out their work
+on "The Postage Stamps, Envelopes, Wrappers and Post Cards of the North
+American Colonies of Great Britain." This, of course, included Canada,
+but since that time no special work, treating exhaustively of the postal
+emissions of this important Colony, has been placed before the
+philatelic public. It seems opportune, therefore, particularly in view
+of the general popularity of the stamps of the Dominion, to present this
+volume for the favor of the stamp collecting fraternity and especially
+of that considerable portion which is interested to the extent of
+specializing in the beautiful issues that Canada has given us.
+
+This work had its inception in the now popular handbook idea, but in
+looking over the ground it was soon realized by the author that there
+was need of and material enough for a much more extended treatment of
+the subject than could be encompassed in the limits of the usual
+brochure. Plans were therefore laid for a thorough study of all
+available material, and in furtherance of this it was found necessary to
+make a special trip to Ottawa, where, in the library of the House of
+Commons, is to be found the only complete set available of the Reports
+of the Postmasters General of Canada. These naturally proved a mine of
+first hand information which was availed of to its full extent; and in
+this connection must be expressed the deep appreciation of the
+assistance rendered the author by his friend M. Henri R. Landry, through
+whose influence and untiring interest the way was made easy for
+convenient and rapid examination of these invaluable files. Thanks are
+also due Mr. Edward Y. Parker of Toronto, for notes and specimens
+furnished, as well as Mr. A. McKechnie of Ottawa.
+
+But documents and descriptions are not enough for the thorough study of
+any subject which concerns tangible objects, and three famous
+collections were inspected for first hand information upon the stamps
+themselves. To Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack of Lakewood, N. J., Mr. George
+H. Worthington of Cleveland, Ohio, and the lamented Mr. John F. Seybold,
+late of Syracuse, N. Y., are due not only the author's fullest thanks
+for opportunities freely given to examine their magnificent collections
+of Canada, but the debt extends to philatelists in general for thus
+being enabled to share, through study, description, listing and
+pictorial reproduction, in the results of their specializing. Mr. Pack's
+wonderful array of rarities, beautiful copies and remarkable series of
+shades has been largely used in the compilation of the stamp lists. This
+collection though since much enlarged and improved, obtained the gold
+medal at the International Philatelic Exhibition in London, 1906. Mr.
+Worthington's fine collection has also been used in the same way and has
+furnished much information concerning plate numbers and marginal
+imprints. Mr. Seybold's covers were particularly interesting in showing
+the actual use of the stamps, the cancellations employed, and various
+other features to be gleaned from the study of original covers,
+particularly of early date. Selections for illustrative purposes were
+made from all three collections, as will be noted.
+
+Mr. John N. Morse and Mr. Edwin F. Sawyer, both of Boston, have very
+kindly placed their collections of post cards and envelopes,
+respectively, at our disposal for purposes of study.
+
+Again, the philatelic press has been diligently searched for articles,
+stray notes, etc., which would illumine the pathway, particularly by
+throwing side lights on various phases of the subject. Prominent among
+these were the articles on Canada by Messrs. C. B. Corwin, D. A. King
+and J. R. Hooper in the _Metropolitan Philatelist_ for 1890-91, and by
+Mr. Donald A. King in Stanley Gibbons' _Monthly Journal_ for 1896-97.
+
+It can readily be seen from the foregoing that the limits of a handbook
+were soon passed, and the question really became one of a pretentious
+volume which should be all that thorough research could offer and ample
+means produce. A glance at the present work shows that this was no small
+proposition, and to any one with experience in philatelic publishing it
+was apparent that the desired production would mean a heavy balance on
+the wrong side of the ledger. The author does not pose as a
+philanthropist, but he feels he has discovered such in the publishers of
+this volume. With the broad-minded policy that whatever helps Philately
+benefits all, even indirectly, the New England Stamp Company of Boston,
+having become greatly interested in the monograph, accepted the burden
+and became responsible for the publication of the work. The advantages
+of the co-operation of such a well-known firm are manifest, and the
+author takes great pleasure in acknowledging his indebtedness to this
+Company, through whose munificence it has been possible to produce this
+volume in its present form.
+
+                                     C. A. HOWES, B. Sc., F. R. P. S. L.
+
+  Boston, U. S. A.
+    December, 1910.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+The Dominion of Canada, as we know it to-day, is a confederation of the
+former British Colonies and unorganized territories of North America
+which lie to the northward of the United States. The single exception is
+the Colony of Newfoundland, which so far has resisted all overtures
+looking to its absorption. The Dominion was formed in 1867 by the union
+of the then Colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, to which
+the others were added subsequently. At that time the Colony of Canada
+consisted of two provinces, Ontario and Quebec, known also as Upper and
+Lower Canada respectively. It is with these two provinces that our
+philatelic story of Canada begins.
+
+But first let us delve a bit into earlier times and trace the
+development of the territory we are going to consider, as it may prove
+interesting for its historical value. Passing by the claims of the
+Norsemen in the tenth century to a somewhat vague exploration of the
+eastern American coast, we come to the discovery of Newfoundland by John
+Cabot in 1497, and it is upon this fact, in part, that England
+subsequently based her claim to the whole of North America. But for the
+most part the territory included within the well populated portion of
+the present Dominion was explored and settled by the French. In 1534
+Jacques Cartier entered the St. Lawrence River and took possession of
+the country in the name of France, and in 1608 the first permanent
+settlement was made at Quebec by Samuel de Champlain. The name of the
+colony was apparently furnished by the Indians, for in the manuscript
+narrative of Cartier's second voyage,[1] under "Vocabulary of the
+natives," is found: "They call a town--Canada." Baxter says: "There can
+be no doubt that the word Canada is derived from _Kannata_, which in
+Iroquois signifies a collection of dwellings, in other words a
+settlement."[2] French control continued until the middle of the
+eighteenth century when, in the war with England, the decisive victory
+of Wolfe over Montcalm at Quebec, in 1759, practically brought it to a
+close, and by the treaty of Paris in 1763 Canada was permanently ceded
+to Great Britain.
+
+[1] In the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris.
+
+[2] =A Memoir of Jacques Cartier=, by J. P. Baxter, p. 135.
+
+Tracing the development of the Colony under English rule, we find that
+by the so-called "Quebec Act" of 1774 it was placed under the
+administration of a Governor and Legislative Council appointed by the
+Crown. Following the American Revolution, however, there was a large
+immigration of former colonists into Ontario, and because of their
+English stock, while Quebec was French, a separation was deemed
+advisable. By the "Constitutional Act" of 1791 this was effected and two
+Colonies, Upper Canada (or Canada West) and Lower Canada (or Canada
+East) were constituted, each with its own separate government. Just
+fifty years later, in 1841, they were reunited under the single name of
+Canada. This brings us near the opening of our philatelic history. The
+united provinces had an area of about 350,000 square miles and a
+population, in 1850, of some 1,800,000 people. The Governor was
+appointed by the Crown and chose his own Executive Council; a
+Legislative Council of life members was also appointed by the Crown; and
+a Legislative Assembly was elected consisting of an equal number of
+representatives for each province. The Governor was made
+Governor-General of British North America.
+
+The advantages of the union of Upper and Lower Canada gradually became
+so manifest, that a convention was held at Quebec in 1864 for the
+purpose of considering the advisability of uniting all the provinces.
+The result bore fruit in the passage of an Act of Union by the British
+Parliament on March 29, 1867, under which Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick
+and Nova Scotia were formally united as the Dominion of Canada, the
+actual event being consummated on July 1, 1867. Subsequently, on July
+20, 1871, the Colony of British Columbia, and on July 1, 1873, the
+Colony of Prince Edward Island, were added to the Dominion. In 1869 the
+vast territories of the Hudson's Bay Company were acquired by purchase,
+and out of them the province of Manitoba was formed and admitted to full
+privileges in the Dominion on July 15, 1870.
+
+The absorption of the Company's Territories is interesting for, as we
+all know, this was a trading concern whose sole commodity was fur. The
+Arctic and sub-Arctic regions of the continent were the mecca of hunters
+and trappers, and their chief prey from the time the first French
+explorers began to search the Canadian lakes, and later when the
+Hudson's Bay Company succeeded to the French domain, was the beaver. In
+fact the early history of Canada was largely bound up with beaver
+catching and the sale of the skins, and for nearly a century the
+northern territories, both under French and English rule, were
+organized with a view to this traffic. In the early days of the Company
+the "standard of trade" of the Northwest was a beaver skin. Thus the
+beaver naturally became emblematic, which resulted later in its use as
+the "crest" of the Canadian coat-of-arms, a place that it retains to the
+present day over those of the Dominion. In this connection it would be
+unjust to omit a mention of that other symbol dear to the Canadian
+heart--the maple leaf. Like the rose, the thistle and the shamrock of
+the Mother land, the beautiful tree of the Colony, so widespread, so
+useful, and so gorgeous in its autumn coloring of red and gold--the
+blazon of the English arms--became a favorite emblem of the people. The
+particular variety that is so used is of course the rock or sugar maple
+(_acer saccharinum_).
+
+Turning now to early postal history, it is necessary to go back to the
+reign of Queen Anne, although Canada was not then under British
+dominion. In the year 1710 an Act was passed by the British Parliament
+"For establishing a General Post-Office in all Her Majesty's Dominions,"
+which not only repealed all previous enactments but placed the
+postoffice establishment on a new basis. A "General Post and
+Letter-Office" was established in London "from whence all letters and
+packets whatsoever may be with speed and expedition sent into any part
+of the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to North America and the
+West Indies, or any other of Her Majesty's dominions, or any country or
+kingdom beyond the seas," and "at which office all returns and answers
+may be likewise received." For the better "managing, ordering,
+collecting, and improving the revenue," and also for the better
+"computing and settling the rates of letters according to distance, a
+chief office is established in Edinburgh, one in Dublin, one at New
+York, and other chief offices in convenient places in Her Majesty's
+colonies of America, and one in the islands of the West Indies, called
+the Leeward Islands." "The whole of these chief offices shall be under
+the control of an officer who shall be appointed by the Queen's Majesty,
+her heirs and successors, to be made and constituted by letters patent
+under the Great Seal, by the name and stile of Her Majesty's
+_Postmaster-General_." "The Postmaster-General shall appoint deputies
+for the chief offices in the places named above." The rates to New York
+under this Act were fixed at 1 shilling per single letter. Other rates
+were charged to other parts of the American continent according to the
+distance from New York.
+
+In 1753 Benjamin Franklin received the royal commission as Deputy
+Postmaster-General for the American Colonies. No man in America had
+been so identified with the interests of the Colonial postoffice as he,
+and from 1737 he had been postmaster of Philadelphia. All his energies
+were devoted to his new work and when Canada passed by treaty to Great
+Britain in 1763, as already mentioned, his jurisdiction was extended to
+cover the new territory. It is thus curious to record that the
+(afterwards) first Postmaster-General of the United States was also the
+first Postmaster-General of Canada.
+
+In the evidence given by Franklin before the House of Commons in the
+year 1766, in regard to the extent of the post-office accommodation in
+North America, he made the following statement:--
+
+    The posts generally travel along the sea coasts, and only in a few
+    cases do they go back into the country. Between Quebec and Montreal
+    there is only one post per month. The inhabitants live so scattered
+    and remote from each other in that vast country, that the posts
+    cannot be supported amongst them. The English Colonies, too, along
+    the frontier, are very thinly settled.
+
+By 1774, however, Franklin, then in England as the Representative of the
+Colonies, had become obnoxious to the British Government, and on January
+31st of that year was removed from his office. After the Declaration of
+Independence, Mr. Hugh Finlay, who had previously been postmaster at
+Quebec, received the appointment of "Deputy Postmaster-General of His
+Majesty's Province of Canada." He had in 1791 eleven post-offices under
+his management, one as far west as Mackinaw and one as far east as the
+Baie des Chaleurs. There was a weekly mail between Quebec and Montreal
+and a monthly mail for the Western country. From a Quebec almanac of
+1796 it appears that there were seven post-offices in Upper Canada and
+five in Lower Canada. At that time mails were despatched monthly to
+England, and semi-weekly between Quebec and Montreal, or Halifax. At the
+Baie des Chaleurs the visits of the postman must have been few and far
+between, as they were only favored with a mail "as occasion offered."
+
+In 1800 Mr. George Heriot succeeded Mr. Finlay. At this time New
+Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island were all under the
+authority of the Canadian administration. The number of post-offices was
+increased to twenty-six.
+
+The following is taken from the advertising column of the _Upper Canada
+Gazette_ in 1807:--
+
+    The mail for Upper Canada will be despatched from the post-office at
+    Montreal, on the following days, to wit:
+
+    Monday, 14th January.
+
+    Monday, 12th February.
+
+    Monday, 10th March.
+
+    Monday, 7th April--the last trip.
+
+    A courier from Kingston may be looked for here in 14 or 15 days from
+    the above periods, where he will remain 2 or 3 days, and then return
+    to Kingston.
+
+    Another courier will proceed from this with the Niagara mail, via
+    Messrs. Hatts', where the Sandwich [So. Essex] letters will be left,
+    both from Niagara and this, 'till the courier comes from there to
+    return with them.
+
+    Letters put into the post-office will be forwarded any time by
+
+             W. ALLAN,
+  Acting Deputy-Postmaster.
+
+Mr. Heriot resigned in 1816 and was succeeded by Mr. Daniel Sutherland
+who, on his accession to office found Nova Scotia and Prince Edward
+Island withdrawn from Canadian charge. New Brunswick, however, continued
+to be included, but appears to have been withdrawn in 1824, so that from
+that year until the federation of the Provinces in 1867 the
+Postmaster-General was concerned only with Canada proper. Mr. Sutherland
+established a daily mail between Quebec and Montreal and a weekly mail
+between Montreal and Toronto. In 1827 there were 101 post-offices and
+2,368 miles of established post-route, the number of miles of
+mail-travel being 455,000 per annum. The letters that year were
+estimated at 340,000 and the newspapers at 400,000.
+
+The following extract from the _Quebec Mercury_, published on July 18,
+1829, conveys some idea of the postal communication with England at that
+period:--
+
+    No later advices have been received from Europe since our last. Some
+    further extracts from the London papers, to 31st May, inclusive,
+    brought to New York by the _Corinthian_, will be found in another
+    part of this number.
+
+In the _Montreal Courant_, dated September 2nd, 1829, was the following
+paragraph, showing the improvement which had been effected in the
+communication between Prescott and that city:--
+
+    EXPEDITIOUS TRAVELLING:--On Saturday last, the Upper Canada line of
+    stages performed the journey from Prescott to this city in about 17
+    hours, leaving the former place at a little before 3 a. m., and
+    arriving here a few minutes before 8 in the evening. Not many years
+    ago this journey occupied two, and sometimes three days, but owing
+    to the great improvements made by Mr. Dickinson, the enterprising
+    proprietor, by putting steam-boats on the lakes St. Francis and St.
+    Louis, and keeping his horses in excellent condition, it is now
+    performed in little more than one-third of the time.
+
+Even so late as 1833, newspaper proprietors found it (particularly in
+the Upper Province) better to employ their own couriers. As a proof of
+this we transcribe from the _Queenstown_ (Niagara) _Colonial Advocate_
+of that year, the following advertisement:--
+
+    POST-RIDER WANTED IMMEDIATELY.
+
+    The proprietor of this newspaper wishes to contract with a steady
+    man (who can find and uphold his own horse) to deliver it to the
+    subscribers once a week during the winter, on the route between York
+    and Niagara, viâ Ancaster.
+
+Mr. Thos. A. Stayner succeeded Mr. Sutherland in 1831, at which time
+there were 151 post-offices. Through Mr. Stayner's recommendation a
+uniform rate of 1s. 2d. sterling, per half ounce, was adopted in 1841
+between any place in Canada and the mother country. This resulted from
+the establishment of regular steam communication across the Atlantic in
+1840, by means of the Cunard Line between Liverpool and Halifax.
+
+During all this period the carrying of letters was a profitable
+business. There was, for example, a profit of $21,000 in 1824 and of
+$47,000 in 1831, all which sums were duly remitted to England to swell
+the Imperial revenue. The rates, however, were exceedingly high. It cost
+eighteen cents to send a letter from Toronto to Kingston, and thirty
+cents to send one to Montreal. The charge for sending a weekly paper
+through the mails was a dollar a year, as much as the paper now costs,
+and the postage on a daily was over two dollars a year.[3]
+
+[3] Most of the foregoing information is taken from extracts from the
+Canadian Postal Guide, published in the =Stamp Collector's Magazine= for
+Aug. 1, 1868, and the Halifax Philatelist, II: 138.
+
+The net revenues of the post-office given for 1831 must have dropped
+considerably, for we find that in 1845 the surplus of the Canadian
+Post-office was but £7184 ($35,000) against the $47,000 given above for
+fourteen years earlier. This amount rose to £22,188 ($110,000) in 1848,
+fell to £15,725 ($78,500) the next year, and had risen again to a basis
+of £20,000 ($100,000) in the year previous to the introduction of
+postage stamps and the reduction of rates. The inland postage rates then
+in force, as charged under the Imperial Laws, were, for a letter not
+exceeding 1/2 ounce in weight:
+
+  For any distance not exceeding 60 miles,                            4d.
+  For any distance exceeding 60 miles and not exceeding 100 miles     6d.
+  For any distance exceeding 100 miles and not exceeding 200 miles    8d.
+  And for every additional 100 miles or fraction an additional        2d.
+
+
+
+For one hundred and forty years Great Britain had managed her colonial
+posts, or at least directed them, when on 28th July, 1849, the British
+Parliament passed an "Act for enabling Colonial Legislatures to
+establish Inland Posts."[4] This was the signal for the voluntary
+withdrawal of most of the colonial postal systems then under Imperial
+direction, and for the establishment of local systems where none had
+previously existed. Because of its historical interest we quote from the
+provisions of the Act as follows:--
+
+    Whereas under or by virtue of [_various Acts_] Her Majesty's Post
+    Master General has, by himself or his Deputies, the exclusive
+    Privilege of establishing Posts, collecting, conveying, and
+    delivering Letters, and collecting Postage, within Her Majesty's
+    Colonies, and the Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury have
+    Authority from Time to Time to fix the Rates of Postage to be
+    charged within such Colonies: And whereas the said Postmaster
+    General and Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury respectively
+    have, in exercise of such Privilege and Authority, established Posts
+    and fixed Rates of Postage in certain of such Colonies: And whereas
+    it is expedient to Authorize the Establishment of Posts and Postage
+    Rates in Her Majesty's Colonies by the Legislatures of such
+    Colonies: Be it enacted, therefore.... That it shall be lawful for
+    the Legislatures or proper Legislative Authorities of Her Majesty's
+    Colonies, or any of them, by Acts, Laws, or Ordinances to be from
+    Time to Time for that Purpose made and enacted in the Manner and
+    subject to the Conditions by Law required in respect of Acts, Laws,
+    or Ordinances of such Legislatures or Legislative Authorities, to
+    make such provisions as such Legislatures or Legislative Authorities
+    may think fit for and concerning the Establishment, Maintenance, and
+    Regulation of Posts or Post Communications within such Colonies
+    respectively, and for charging Rates of Postage for the Conveyance
+    of Letters by such Posts or Post Communications, and for
+    appropriating the Revenue to be derived therefrom.
+
+    II. [_Where the Postmaster General has actually established posts
+    and his power has not "determined," such colonial acts, etc., shall
+    not take effect until approved by Her Majesty and Privy Council, nor
+    until such time as the assent may be proclaimed in the Colony, or
+    such subsequent time as may be signified._]
+
+    III. [_After the establishment of Posts by Colonial Legislatures the
+    powers of the Postmaster General shall cease._]
+
+    IV. [_The Acts of Colonial Legislatures are to apply only to Posts
+    within the limits of the Colony and to rates of postage within such
+    limits._]
+
+[4] 12^o & 13^o Vict. Cap. LXVI.
+
+Canada lost no time in taking advantage of the above Act, and in the
+next year (1850) passed the required ordinances for the transfer of its
+domestic postal system to the control of its own Government. The next
+chapter will therefore start the Canadian postal history proper.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+PRELIMINARY MATTERS
+
+
+The most important of the British North American Colonies in 1850 were
+Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. Though not united politically,
+they yet had the common bonds of fatherland, of race, of mercantile
+interest, and the mutual dependence that comes, or should come, from
+propinquity under these conditions. It is not surprising, therefore,
+that all three should make provision for assuming control of their
+domestic postal systems in the same year, nor that they should adopt
+practically identical ordinances for this purpose, and should make
+common postal rates for their internal and inter-colonial mail matter.
+Still less surprising is it when we recall that it was but the breaking
+up into sections of what had previously been a homogeneous postal system
+for the whole of British North America, operated under the Imperial Laws
+as detailed in the last chapter.
+
+While the project of turning over local postal systems to the colonies
+was taking shape in the British Parliament, Canada "took time by the
+forelock" and made preparations for obtaining its own postage stamps.
+
+    "In the Journal of May 21, 1849, there is a message to the
+    legislative assembly of Canada relating to the establishing of a
+    general post-office for the Province, when handed over by the
+    Imperial government. A resolution was brought up in the assembly on
+    May 22, 1849, 'That postage stamps for prepayment be allowed and
+    that Colonial stamps be engraved.' This finally passed the assembly
+    on May 25, 1849, and received the assent of the legislative council
+    on the 26th."[5]
+
+[5] =Metropolitan Philatelist=, I: 253.
+
+A year later, after the passage of the enabling act by the British
+Parliament, which has been already quoted, the Canadian Parliament took
+up the consideration of the main subject and on the 10th August, 1850,
+passed what is known briefly as _The Post Office Act_, the provisions of
+which that are of most interest to us being such as follow:--
+
+    13^o & 14^o Victoriae., Cap. XVII.
+
+    An Act to provide for the transfer of the management of the Inland
+    Posts to the Provincial Government, and for the regulation of the
+    said Department.
+
+    Whereas by the Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, passed
+    in the Session held in the twelfth and thirteenth years of Her
+    Majesty's Reign, and intituled, _An Act for enabling Colonial
+    Legislatures to establish Inland Posts_, the Legislatures or proper
+    legislative authorities of Her Majesty's Colonies are empowered ...
+    to make such provisions as [they] may think fit for and concerning
+    the establishment, maintenance, and regulation of Posts and Post
+    Communications within such Colonies respectively, and for charging
+    rates of postage for the conveyance of letters by such Posts and
+    Post Communications, and for appropriating the Revenue to be derived
+    therefrom: ... And whereas it is expedient that a uniform and cheap
+    rate of postage should be established throughout the several
+    Colonies of British North America, and with a view to the
+    establishment thereof, the Local Governments of the said Colonies
+    have agreed upon certain conditions hereinafter mentioned and
+    forming a part of the provisions of this Act, and it is therefore
+    expedient to exercise the powers so vested as aforesaid in the
+    Legislature of this Province: ...
+
+    II. And be it enacted, That the Inland Posts and Post Communications
+    in the Province shall, so far as may be consistent with the Acts of
+    the Parliament of the United Kingdom in force in this Province, be
+    exclusively under Provincial management and control; the Revenue
+    arising from the duties of postage and other dues receivable by the
+    Officers employed in managing such Posts and Post Communications
+    shall form part of the Provincial Revenue, unless such moneys belong
+    of right to the United Kingdom or to some other Colony, or to some
+    foreign state; and the expenses of management shall be defrayed out
+    of Provincial Funds....
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    V. And be it enacted, That the Provincial Post Master General shall
+    be appointed by Commission under the Great Seal of the Province, and
+    to hold his office during pleasure, but the Post Masters and other
+    Officers of the Department shall be appointed and may be removed by
+    letter from the proper Officer communicating the Governor's
+    pleasure.
+
+    VI. [_All privileges, powers and authority of Her Majesty's Deputy
+    Post Master General are transferred to and vested in the Provincial
+    Post Master General._]
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    VIII. And in conformity to the agreement made as aforesaid between
+    the Local Governments of the several Colonies of British North
+    America, Be it enacted, That the Provincial Postage on letters and
+    packets not being of Newspapers or Printed Pamphlets, Magazines or
+    Books, entitled to pass at lower rate, shall not exceed the rate of
+    three pence currency, per half ounce, for any distance whatsoever
+    within this Province, any fraction of a half ounce being chargeable
+    as a half ounce: that no transit postage shall be charged on any
+    letter or packet passing through this Province or any part thereof
+    to any other Colony in British North America, unless it be posted in
+    this Province and the sender choose to pre-pay it; nor on any letter
+    or packet from any such Colony if pre-paid there: that two pence
+    sterling the half ounce shall remain as the rate in operation as
+    regards letters by British Mails, to be extended to Countries having
+    postal conventions with the United Kingdom, unless Her Majesty's
+    Government in the United Kingdom shall see fit to allow this rate to
+    be changed to three pence currency:
+
+    That the pre-payment of Provincial Postage shall be optional:
+
+    That all Provincial Postage received within the Province shall be
+    retained as belonging to it, and that all Provincial Postage
+    received within any other of the British North American Colonies,
+    may be retained as belonging to such Colony:
+
+    That the British Packet Postage and other British Postage collected
+    in this Province shall be accounted for and paid over to the proper
+    authorities in the United Kingdom; but the Colonial Postage on the
+    same letters or packets shall belong to the Colony collecting it, or
+    if pre-paid to the British Post Office, it may be credited to the
+    Colony to which such letters or packets are addressed:
+
+    That no privilege of franking shall be allowed as regards Provincial
+    Postage:
+
+    That Provincial Stamps for the pre-payment of postage may be
+    prepared under the orders of the Governor in Council, which stamps
+    shall be evidence of the pre-payment of Provincial Postage to the
+    amount mentioned on such stamp, and that such stamps prepared under
+    the direction of the proper authorities in the other British North
+    American Colonies, shall be allowed in this Province as evidence of
+    the pre-payment of Provincial Postage in such other Colonies
+    respectively, on the letters or packets to which they are affixed,
+    and which have been mailed there:
+
+    That the Provincial Postage on Newspapers, Pamphlets, Magazines and
+    Printed Books, shall remain such as it now is until it be altered by
+    regulation under this Act.... Provided always, that one copy of each
+    newspaper published in this Province may be sent free from postage
+    to any Publisher of another Newspaper in this Province, that all
+    printed documents addressed to the Publisher of any Newspaper in
+    this Province shall be delivered to him free, and that all
+    Newspapers published in this Province and addressed to Subscribers
+    in the United States, shall pass free to the Provincial line, under
+    such regulations as the Governor in Council shall make to prevent
+    the abuse of the privileges hereby granted:
+
+    And, subject to the foregoing provisions of this section and to the
+    other express provisions of this Act, the Governor in Council shall
+    have full power and authority ... for establishing the rates of
+    postage on Newspapers and Printed Pamphlets, Magazines and Books,
+    and for declaring what shall be deemed such, or directing that in
+    any case or class of cases they be free of postage, either in the
+    first instance or the case of their being re-mailed, ... for the
+    preparing and distributing of Provincial stamps for pre-payment, for
+    limiting the weight and dimensions of letters or packets to be sent
+    by Post ... for prescribing the conditions and circumstances under
+    which letters, accounts and papers relating solely to the business
+    of the Post Office, and addressed to or sent by some officer
+    thereof, shall be free from Provincial Postage, ... for providing,
+    when he shall think it expedient, means for avoiding the risk of
+    transmitting small sums of money through the Post, by establishing a
+    system of money orders to be granted by one Post Master or officer
+    of the Department on another, and fixing the terms on which such
+    orders may be obtained, for establishing a system for the
+    Registering of letters and the charge[6] be made for such
+    registration, ... for the delivery of letters and packets in the
+    larger and more populous Cities and Towns, at the residences of
+    parties to whom they are addressed, and fixing the limits within
+    which such delivery shall take place, and the rates to be paid by
+    the parties who shall prefer to have their letters and packets so
+    delivered, rather than apply for them at the Post Office: ... and
+    generally to make such regulations as may be deemed necessary for
+    the due and effective working of the Post and Postal business and
+    arrangements, and for carrying this Act fully into effect:
+
+    IX. And be it enacted, That subject always to the provisions and
+    regulations aforesaid, the Provincial Post Master General shall have
+    the sole and exclusive privilege of conveying, receiving,
+    collecting, sending and delivering letters within this Province; and
+    that any person or party who shall (except in the cases hereinafter
+    excepted) collect, send, convey or deliver, or undertake to convey
+    or deliver any letter within this Province, or who shall receive or
+    have in his possession any letter for the purpose of conveying or
+    delivering it, otherwise than in conformity with this Act, shall for
+    each and every letter so unlawfully conveyed or undertaken to be
+    conveyed, received, delivered or found in his possession, incur a
+    penalty not exceeding five pounds currency: [_exceptions are letters
+    taken by friends journeying, by special messengers, Court
+    Commissions, etc._]
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    XI. And be it enacted, That as well the Colonial, British or Foreign
+    as the Provincial Postage on any letter or packet shall (if not
+    pre-paid) be payable to the Provincial Post Master General by the
+    party to whom the same shall be addressed, or who may lawfully
+    receive such a letter or packet, which may be detained until the
+    same be paid: ... and if any letter or packet be refused, or if the
+    party to whom it is addressed cannot be found, then such postage
+    shall be recoverable by the Provincial Post Master General from the
+    sender of such letter or packet: ... and that all postage may be
+    recovered with costs, by civil action in any Court having
+    jurisdiction to the amount, or in any way in which duties are
+    recoverable.
+
+    XII. And for avoiding doubts, and preventing inconvenient delay in
+    the delivery of letters, Be it declared and enacted, That no Post
+    Master shall be bound to give change, but the exact amount of the
+    postage on any letter or packet shall be tendered or paid to him in
+    current coin or in Provincial Postage stamps.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    XIV. [_Letters of Soldiers, Seamen, etc., shall be charged a certain
+    fixed sum in place of all British or Provincial postage._]
+
+    XV. [_Posted letters to be property of party addressed._]
+
+    XVI.... To forge, counterfeit or imitate any Postage Stamp issued or
+    used under the authority of this Act, or by or under the authority
+    of the Government or proper authority of the United Kingdom, or of
+    any British North American Province, or of any Foreign Country, or
+    knowingly to use any such forged, counterfeit or imitated stamp, or
+    to engrave, cut, sink or make any plate, die or other thing whereby
+    to forge, counterfeit or imitate such stamp or any part or portion
+    thereof, except by the permission in writing of the Provincial Post
+    Master General, or of some officer or person who under the
+    regulations to be made in that behalf, may lawfully grant such
+    permission, or to have possession of any such plate, die or other
+    thing as aforesaid, without such permission as aforesaid, or to
+    forge, counterfeit or unlawfully imitate, use or affix to or upon
+    any letter or packet, any stamp, signature, initials, or other mark
+    or sign purporting that such letter or packet ought to pass free of
+    postage, or at a lower rate of postage, or that the postage thereon
+    or any part thereof hath been pre-paid or ought to be paid by or
+    charged to any person, department or party whomsoever, shall be
+    felony, punishable by imprisonment in the Provincial Penitentiary
+    for life.
+
+[6] sic.
+
+The passage of the above Act and its approval by the Queen in Council
+gave opportunity for preparations to be made to carry out its
+provisions, the date being set for the 6th April, 1851. Three weeks
+previous to the appointed time the following notice was sent out to
+postmasters in anticipation of the transfer.
+
+
+NOTICE TO POSTMASTERS.
+
+  GENERAL POST OFFICE,
+  MONTREAL, 14TH MARCH, 1851.
+
+    SIR:--
+
+    I am commanded by His Excellency the Governor General, to
+    communicate to you the following Instructions, for your guidance in
+    the performance of your duties, under the New Post Office Law of the
+    13th and 14th Vict., chap. 17, passed at the last Session of the
+    Provincial Parliament, which will take effect, and supersede the
+    Imperial Post Office Acts, hitherto in force in Canada, on and from
+    the 6th day of April next:
+
+    1. From the above date, all Letters transmitted by the Post in
+    Canada, with the exception of Packet Letters to and from the United
+    Kingdom, will be liable to a uniform rate of _Three_ Pence,
+    currency, per half-ounce, for whatever distance conveyed:
+    pre-payment will be optional: the charge increasing according to the
+    weight of the Letter, one single rate for every additional
+    half-ounce, counting the fraction of a half-ounce as a full rate,
+    thus:
+
+    A Letter, weighing not exceeding 1/2 ounce, will be liable to 3d.
+    Postage.
+
+    A Letter, weighing more than 1/2 ounce, and not exceeding 1 ounce,
+    will be liable to 6 d. Postage.
+
+    A Letter, weighing more than 1 ounce, and not exceeding 1-1/2
+    ounces, will be liable to 9d. Postage.
+
+    A Letter, weighing more than 1-1/2 ounces, and not exceeding 2
+    ounces, will be liable to 1 s. Postage.
+
+    A Letter, weighing more than 2 ounces, and not exceeding 2-1/2
+    ounces, will be liable to 1 s., 3 d. Postage, and so on.
+
+    It will be observed that the above scale differs from that now
+    followed, in advancing one rate for each half-ounce after the first
+    ounce.
+
+    2. The single Packet rate for Letters by the Atlantic Steam Packet
+    Mails to and from England, viâ the United States, of 1s. 2d.
+    sterling, if _un-paid_, and 1s. 4d. currency if _pre-paid_, as also
+    the rate on Letters by those mails, viâ Halifax, of 1s. [missing
+    value] sterling, if _un-paid_, and 1s. 1-1/2 d. currency, if
+    _pre-paid_, remain unaltered, and the present scale of weights is to
+    remain in force as regards such Letters.
+
+    Post Masters must be very careful to observe this distinction when
+    taxing Letters, weighing over one ounce, intended for the English
+    Mails.
+
+    3. The regulations now in force with regard to Letters to and from
+    Soldiers and Sailors in Her Majesty's Service, by which under
+    certain conditions such Letters pass through the Post on pre-payment
+    of a penny only, will remain unaltered.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    5. Letters addressed to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward's
+    Island, or Newfoundland, are to be rated with the uniform rate of
+    3d. per half-ounce.
+
+    6. Letters to and from the United States will be liable to the
+    uniform rate of 3d. per half-ounce, between the Frontier Line and
+    the place of posting or place of destination in Canada; and until
+    further arrangements can be made, this charge on Letters from Canada
+    to the United States must be pre-paid at the time of posting.
+
+    7. [_Rates and regulations for Newspapers, Pamphlets, etc., to
+    remain as at present._]
+
+    8. [_Printed matter addressed to Editors is free._]
+
+    9. The charge on Letters posted at an Office for delivery in the
+    same City, Town, or Place, and any additional charge made on Letters
+    delivered at the residences of parties to whom they are addressed,
+    are to remain as at present, until further instructions.
+
+    10. No Franking Privilege is allowed under the New Act except with
+    regard to Letters and Packets on the business of the Post Office,
+    addressed to or transmitted by the Post Master General.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    13. Stamps for the pre-payment of Postage are being prepared, and
+    will be distributed for the use of the public at an early date.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    16. [_Letters, etc., to Deputy Post Master General to pass free._]
+
+         T. A. STAYNER.
+  _Deputy Post Master General._
+
+[*] [Transcriber's Note: 2 or 3 characters here are unreadable.]
+
+Meanwhile, under the authority given the Governor in Council by _The
+Post Office Act_, an agreement had been drawn up between the post office
+Departments of Canada and the United States for the purpose of
+establishing and regulating the interchange of mails between the two
+countries. This was signed on the 25th March, 1851, and was communicated
+to the Canadian post-masters by the first department order, as
+follows:--
+
+    DEPARTMENT ORDER [NO. 1.]
+
+    LETTERS, ETC., BETWEEN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES, INCLUDING
+    CALIFORNIA AND OREGON.
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT,
+            TORONTO, _2nd April_, 1851.
+
+    Commencing on and from the 6th instant, Letters, Newspapers, &c.,
+    will pass through the Mails between Canada and the United States,
+    including California and Oregon, at the Rates of Postage and under
+    the Regulations herein mentioned.
+
+    1. Letters posted at any Office in Canada, addressed to any place in
+    the United States, except California and Oregon, are to be rated
+    with a uniform rate of six-pence, currency, per half-ounce.
+
+    2. Letters posted in any part of the United States, except
+    California and Oregon, addressed to Canada, will be rated there with
+    a uniform charge of ten cents, equal to six-pence, currency, per
+    half-ounce.
+
+    3. The Postage Rate on Letters passing between Canada and California
+    and Oregon, will be a uniform charge of nine-pence, currency, equal
+    to fifteen cents per half-ounce.
+
+    4. It is to be understood that the above rates include the whole
+    charge for the transmission of a Letter between any place in Canada
+    and any place within the United States, including California and
+    Oregon.
+
+    5. The scale for computing the charge upon Letters weighing more
+    than 1/2 ounce, will be the same as that for Letters passing within
+    the Province.
+
+    6. Pre-payment of Letters passing between Canada and any place
+    within the United States, including California and Oregon, will, in
+    all cases, be optional.
+
+    7. Newspapers, Pamphlets, &c., posted in Canada, addressed to the
+    United States, including California and Oregon, are, ... to be
+    forwarded through the Post at the same rates of charge as if
+    addressed to a place within the Province; the said rates must,
+    however, be _pre-paid_--as, if the ordinary Canada Rate is not paid
+    at the time of posting a Newspaper or Pamphlet, &c., it cannot be
+    forwarded to the United States.
+
+    8. United States Newspapers, Pamphlets, &c., addressed to places in
+    Canada, will be received in the Province with the American Postage
+    thereon pre-paid--leaving the ordinary Canada Rate of charge from
+    the Frontier Line to the place of destination, to be ... collected
+    by the Post Master who may deliver the same in Canada.
+
+    9.-10.-11. [_Copies of newspapers or printed documents sent by or to
+    publishers or editors are free of Canadian postage._]
+
+    12. The Canada Postage Stamps, when used, will be taken in the
+    United States as evidence of pre-payment of Postage on Letters going
+    from Canada to the United States, and in like manner the United
+    States Postage Stamps on Letters coming into Canada, are to be taken
+    by Post Masters in this Province as evidence of pre-payment having
+    been made in the United States.
+
+    13. The following are appointed to be the Offices in Canada through
+    which the Post communication with the United States will be
+    maintained, and to which Post Masters are to forward their Mail
+    matter for the United States, according to the relative position of
+    their several Offices:
+
+  PORT SARNIA,                                         |
+  WINDSOR,                                             | KINGSTON,
+  FORT ERIE,                                           |
+                                                       | BROCKVILLE,
+  QUEENSTON,       { Intended in the mean time to      |
+                   { be the Channel of Communication   | PRESCOTT,
+                   { with the United States for the    |
+                   { Country West of Toronto.          | MONTREAL,
+                                                       |
+  NIAGARA,                                             | ST. JOHN'S,
+  TORONTO,                                             |
+                                                       | DUNDEE,
+  COBOURG,         { A Communication during Summer     |
+                   { only, by Steamer to Rochester.    | STANSTEAD,
+
+  By Command,
+    W. H. GRIFFIN.
+
+Both the _Post Office Act_ and the above Department Order treat of the
+disposition of periodicals and other printed matter without giving the
+rates of postage required thereon. A subsequent Order gives us these
+rates:--
+
+    DEPARTMENT ORDER, [NO. 3.]
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT,
+       TORONTO. _17th April_, 1851.
+
+    _Printed Circulars, Price Currents, Handbills, Pamphlets,
+    Periodicals, Books, and other Printed Matter transmitted by Post in
+    Canada._
+
+    1. Upon each Printed Circular, Price Current or Handbill, and other
+    Printed matter of a like description, when unconnected with any
+    manuscript or written communication and of no greater weight than
+    one ounce, there shall be charged One penny; and for each additional
+    ounce or fraction of an ounce, One penny additional.
+
+    2. Upon each Periodical or Magazine, Pamphlet and Book, bound or
+    unbound, there shall be charged a rate of One half-penny per ounce.
+
+    3. Pre-payment of the foregoing rates will be optional, except when
+    the Printed matter is addressed to the United States, and in that
+    case the charge must invariably be pre-paid.
+
+    4. On such Printed matter received into Canada by Mail from the
+    United States, the above Canada Rates will always remain to be
+    collected on delivery in this Province.
+
+    5.[_Exchange of one copy between publishers is free._]
+
+    6. [_Must be unsealed; if writing is enclosed will be treated as a
+    letter._]
+
+    7. No Book or packet of Periodicals, Magazines, &c., can be
+    forwarded through the Post, if exceeding the weight of forty-eight
+    ounces.
+
+  JAMES MORRIS. _Post Master General._
+
+
+It is of course understood that the above does not apply to newspapers,
+which were charged to a nominal rate of 1/2d. each, the term _newspaper_
+being considered to aply to periodicals issued not less often than once
+a week.
+
+A supplementary order was issued, a couple of days later than the
+preceding, which announces a book post with England. It is a bit curious
+as prohibiting the use of postage stamps in prepayment of the charges,
+at a time when their introduction was supposed to be an improvement in
+the postal service.
+
+    SUPPLEMENTARY ORDER.
+
+    POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT.
+
+    TORONTO, 19_th April_, 1851.
+
+    _Book Post with England._
+
+    Under the authority of Her Majesty's Government, an arrangement will
+    take effect on the fifteenth day of May next, under which Printed
+    Books, Magazines, Reviews, or Pamphlets, whether British, Colonial,
+    or Foreign, may be sent through the Post, between Canada and the
+    United Kingdom, at the Following Rates of Postage:
+
+  [S] = Sterling
+                                                    | [S] |   Currency
+  For a single volume,                              |     |
+    _i.e._, Book, Magazine, Review, or Pamphlet,    |     |
+    not exceeding half lb. in weight                | 6d. | Equal to 7-1/2d.
+                                                    |     |
+  For a single volume, &c.,                         |     |
+    exceeding half lb. and not exceeding one lb.    | 1s. |   "   to 1s. 3d.
+                                                    |     |
+  For a single volume, &c.,                         |     |
+    exceeding one lb. and not exceeding two lbs.    | 2s. |   "   "  2s. 6d.
+                                                    |     |
+  For a single volume, &c.,                         |     |
+    exceeding two lbs. and not exceeding three lbs. | 3s. |   "   "  3s. 9d.
+
+    The above charge must always be pre-paid, on printed Books, &c.,
+    &c., sent to the United Kingdom under this Regulation, at the time
+    of posting in Canada; and the pre-payment must be made in money, and
+    cannot be taken in Canada Postage Stamps.
+
+    Postmasters, as with pre-paid Letters for England must rate the
+    Books, &c., posted under this Regulation, in _red ink_, with both
+    the sterling rate and its equivalent in currency, ...--thus, a Book,
+    &c., weighing 3-1/2 pounds, will be rated:--
+
+    "Paid 4s. sterling--equal to 5s. currency."
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    JAMES MORRIS, _Post Master General._
+
+The Department Circular No. 5, published from Toronto on 20th June,
+1851, contains but one paragraph of interest to us.
+
+    Post Masters are informed that the transfer of the Post Office in
+    the Provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia to Provincial
+    control, will take place on the 6th July next, and that from that
+    date the uniform rate of 3d. per 1/2 ounce will form the sole charge
+    on a Letter transmitted between any place in Canada and any place in
+    New Brunswick, or Nova Scotia. Pre-payment will be optional.
+
+On the 30th August, 1851, the Canadian Parliament passed an _Act to
+Amend the Post Office Act_. The only section of any particular interest
+to us is the following:--
+
+    14^o & 15^o Vict. Cap. LXXI.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    XV. And be it enacted, That the Post Master General shall be
+    authorized, whenever the same may be proper for the accommodation of
+    the public in any city, to employ Letter Carriers for the delivery
+    of letters received at the Post Office in such city, excepting such
+    as the persons to whom they are addressed may have requested, in
+    writing addressed to the Postmaster, to be retained in the Post
+    Office, and for the receipt of letters at such places in the said
+    city as the Postmaster General may direct, and for the deposit of
+    the same in the Post Office; and for the delivery by Carrier of each
+    letter received from the Post Office, the person to whom the same is
+    delivered shall pay not exceeding One Penny, and for the delivery of
+    each newspaper and pamphlet One Halfpenny, and for every letter
+    received by a Carrier to be deposited in the Post Office, there
+    shall be paid to him, at the time of the receipt, not exceeding One
+    Half-penny:--all of which receipts, by the Carriers in any city,
+    shall, if the Postmaster General so direct, be accounted for to the
+    Postmaster of the said city, to constitute a fund for the
+    compensation of the said Carriers, and to be paid to them in such
+    proportions and manner as the Postmaster General may direct.
+
+But in the meantime the postage stamps, which will now be our main
+study, were issued to the public, and we will therefore turn back to the
+period of their birth and trace their history, together with the
+development of the post that accompanies it, through the nearly sixty
+years that have since elapsed.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE ISSUE OF 1851
+
+
+According to all good catalogues, the date of the first issue of stamps
+for Canada is the year 1851. If we find some more precise statement put
+forth in a special article on the subject, the date is apt to be given
+as the 6th April, 1851. If we go back into the dusty archives of the
+Canadian Post Office Department, we find the circular announcing the
+forthcoming stamps is dated a fortnight later than the hitherto supposed
+correct date for their issue. We reproduce it here in its entirety:--
+
+    DEPARTMENT ORDER [NO. 4.]
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT,
+       TORONTO, _21st April_, 1851.
+
+    _Stamps for the pre-payment of Postage on Letters._
+
+    Postage Stamps are about to be issued, one representing the Beaver,
+    of the denomination of Three pence; the second representing the head
+    of Prince Albert, of the denomination of Six pence; and the third,
+    representing the head of Her Majesty, of the denomination of One
+    shilling; which will shortly be transmitted to the Post Masters at
+    important points, for sale.
+
+    Any Post Master receiving Stamps from this Department will, by the
+    next mail, acknowledge the receipt of the amount. At the expiration
+    of each Quarter, and with his Quarterly Postage Accounts, he will
+    render an account of Stamps on a form which will be hereafter
+    supplied, charging himself therein with any amount which remained on
+    hand at the close of the preceding Quarter, and with the amounts
+    received during the Quarter just ended, and crediting himself with
+    the amount then remaining on hand. The balance of the account so
+    stated, representing the amount of Stamps he has sold or disposed
+    of, the Post Master will add to the balance due on his Return for
+    the same Quarter of Postages.
+
+    Any Letter or Packet, with one or more Stamps affixed, equal in
+    amount to the Postage properly chargeable thereon, may be mailed and
+    forwarded from any office as a pre-paid Letter or Packet; but if the
+    Stamps affixed be not adequate to the proper Postage, the Post
+    Master receiving the Letter or Packet for transmission will rate it
+    with the amount deficient in addition.--This Regulation concerning
+    Letters short paid has reference only to Letters passing within the
+    Province.
+
+    Stamps so affixed are to be immediately _cancelled_ in the office in
+    which the Letter or Packet may be deposited, with an instrument to
+    be furnished for that purpose. In Post Offices not so furnished, the
+    stamps must be cancelled by making a cross [X] on each with a pen.
+    If the cancelling has been omitted on the mailing of the Letter, the
+    Post Master delivering it will cancel the stamp in the manner
+    directed, and immediately report the Post Master who may have been
+    delinquent, to the Department. Bear in mind that Stamps must
+    invariably be cancelled before mailing the Letters to which they are
+    affixed.
+
+    Letters and Packets pre-paid by Stamps must be entered in the
+    Letter-Bill separately from other pre-paid Letters,--and in like
+    manner in the Monthly Sheets.
+
+  J. MORRIS, _Post Master General_.
+
+From the above it is plainly evident that the new stamps were _not_
+placed in use on April 6th, the day of the transfer of the Post Office
+to Provincial control, as is usually stated. Furthermore, as this order
+announcing them states that the stamps are "about to be issued," it is
+evident that they did not appear concurrently with the order, which is
+dated April 21st.[7] As a matter of fact the first supply of the 3 pence
+stamps was only received by the Department from the manufacturers on
+April 5th, the day before the transfer, and the second supply on April
+20th, the day before the above circular was issued; while the 6 pence
+and 12 pence stamps did not arrive until May 2nd and May 4th,
+respectively.[8] In a letter to Mr. Donald A. King,[9] dated 2d March,
+1904, from Mr. William Smith, Secretary of the Department at Ottawa, the
+latter states "that postage stamps were issued to the public for the
+first time on 23rd April, 1851." This agrees with the other known facts,
+and can doubtless be taken as the correct date for the 3d. stamp. The
+6d. stamp we have no further details for, but it was doubtless in use by
+the middle of May. For the 12d. stamp we have, fortunately, all the
+details, as will appear subsequently, and can give the exact date of
+issue as June 14, 1851.
+
+[7] This correction of the date must be noted, for in Mr. King's article
+in the Monthly Journal, VII: 7, it is wrongly given as 1st April, which
+might lead to erroneous conclusions. In the Article by Messrs. Corwin
+and King, (Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 149), the date is correctly
+given.
+
+[8] Metropolitan Philatelist, XVII: 83.
+
+[9] London Philatelist, XIII: 153.
+
+At the time of the transfer, the Postmaster General issued a lengthy set
+of _Regulations and Instructions for the Government of the Post Office
+Department in Canada_, and it is perhaps best to reproduce here such
+sections as may prove of interest in connection with the use of the
+stamps, various rates of postage, etc., etc.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    20. Letters posted to be sent by Mail are to be carefully postmarked
+    on the face or address side, with the name of the Post Office, the
+    month and the day of the month in which they are posted, and, except
+    when they are Prepaid by Postage stamps, with the Rate of Postage in
+    plain figures. In performing these operations great care must be
+    used to avoid interference with the address.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    22. If the Postage is Paid in Money when the Letter is posted, stamp
+    or write the word "_Paid_" against the Postage rate, and mark the
+    rate in _red ink_; but if the Letter is "_Unpaid_" the rate is to be
+    marked in _black ink_.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    42. Should the Receiving Postmaster find that any of the Letters
+    have been under-rated, that is, not charged with sufficient
+    Postage,--if for example, a Letter weighing an ounce has only been
+    charged with one rate, he will mark the additional Postage with the
+    words "_More to pay_," and his initials on the Letter.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    44.... Letters are to be postmarked on the back or seal side with
+    the date of the day on which they arrive....
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    58. On Letters not exceeding 1/2 oz. in weight between any place in
+    Canada and any other place in British North America, including
+    Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Cape
+    Breton, the rate is a uniform charge of 3d.
+
+    For every additional weight of half an oz., or any fractional excess
+    of half an oz., there shall be charged an additional rate of 3d.
+
+    59. On Letters deposited at an Office for delivery in the same
+    place, called Drop or Box Letters, the rate is One half-penny each,
+    to be brought to account by Postmasters.
+
+    60. On Letters between any place in Canada and any part of Great
+    Britain or Ireland, if conveyed in the Weekly closed Mails through
+    the United States, the rate is a uniform charge of 1s. 2d. sterling,
+    equal to 1s. 4d. currency, on a Letter not exceeding 1/2 oz., in
+    weight.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    62. On Letters between Canada and the United Kingdom, conveyed by
+    the semi-monthly Mails by way of Quebec, New Brunswick and Halifax,
+    the rate is:
+
+    On Letters not exceeding 1/2 oz., 1s. 0d. sterling equal to 1s.
+    1-1/2d. currency.
+
+    On Letters not exceeding 1 oz., 2s. 0d. sterling equal to 2s. 3d.
+    currency.
+
+    On Letters not exceeding 2 oz., 4s. 0d. sterling equal to 4s. 6d.
+    currency.
+
+    63. On Letters between any place in Canada and any part of the
+    United States, except California and Oregon, the rate is a uniform
+    charge of 6d., equal to 10c. per 1/2 oz. weight.
+
+    64. On Letters to California and Oregon, the rate is 9d., equal to
+    15c. per 1/2 oz.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    67. Letters to Newfoundland may be sent via Quebec and Halifax at a
+    Postage rate of 7-1/2d. per 1/2 oz.
+
+    68. Letters to British West Indies via Quebec, Halifax and Bermuda
+    will be charged the Canada rate of 3d. and in addition the Packet
+    rate for sea conveyance between Halifax and Bermuda of 4-1/2d.
+    currency, making on a letter not weighing more than 1/2 oz. a rate
+    of 7-1/2d.
+
+    69. Letters may also be sent from Canada to the British West Indies
+    and Havanah by the ordinary United States Mails to New York, and
+    from thence by British Steam Packet to destination, on Prepayment in
+    Canada of 9d. equal to 15c. per 1/2 oz.
+
+    70. Mails are made up at Montreal every fortnight for Halifax, Nova
+    Scotia, and despatched for conveyance to Halifax with the Mails by
+    the Royal Mail Steamers from Boston to Halifax and Liverpool by
+    which Letters may be sent to the following places at the rates
+    mentioned:
+
+    Letters to Halifax and Nova Scotia         7-1/2d. currency.
+    Letters to Newfoundland                        1s. currency.
+    Letters to Bermuda and British West Indies     1s. currency.
+
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    74--75--76. [_Almost identical with first three paragraphs of_
+    Department Order No. 4. _describing and prescribing use of postage
+    stamps_. Vide supra.]
+
+    77. If the Stamps affixed to a Letter addressed to any place in
+    British North America or to the United Kingdom be not adequate to
+    the proper Postage, the Post Master receiving the Letter for
+    transmission will rate it with the amount deficient in addition.
+
+    78. On Letters for the United States when Stamps are affixed
+    representing less than the amount of Postage to which the Letters
+    are liable, the Stamps are to be cancelled and the Letters rated
+    with the full rate as Unpaid.
+
+    79--80--81. [_Identical with last two paragraphs of_ Department
+    Order No. 4. _concerning cancelling, omission of same, and accounts
+    of stamped letters_.]
+
+    82. Stamps affixed to Letters coming from either of the British
+    North American Provinces, the United Kingdom or the United States,
+    and recognized as equivalent to pre-payment at the Office where the
+    Letter has been posted--are to be allowed in Canada as evidence of
+    pre-payment accordingly, on the Letters to which they have been
+    affixed.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    84. [_Postage Stamps must be taken when offered in payment of
+    postage on delivery of Unpaid Letters._]
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    88. [_Non-Commissioned Officers, Embodied Pensioners, Seamen and
+    Soldiers, while employed in Her Majesty's Service, can send and
+    receive letters at a rate of 1d. each, which must be paid at time of
+    posting, and letter must not exceed 1/2 oz. in weight._]
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    95. [_Rate on circulars, price currents, hand bills, etc., 1d. per
+    ounce or fraction._]
+
+    96. [_Rate on pamphlets, periodicals, magazines and books, 1/2d. per
+    ounce._]
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    100. [_Limit of weight for periodicals, etc., (§96) is 48 oz._]
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    103. [_Book post to England is 6d. sterling (7-1/2d. currency) for
+    1/2lb., 1s. sterling (1s. 3d. currency) for 1 lb., and at 1s. per
+    lb., rate thereafter._]
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    112. [_Postage on newspapers in Canada is 1/2d. except on exchange
+    copies, which are free._]
+
+It strikes one as curious, in glancing over the above, to note the
+several half penny and one penny rates, as well as two at 7-1/2 pence,
+and to realize that no stamp of the lowest value, at least, should have
+been arranged for whereby these amounts could have been prepaid by means
+of stamps. To be sure, the 7-1/2d. rate could be obtained by halving a
+three penny stamp in conjunction with a 6d. stamp as was the common
+practice in Nova Scotia, but no such combination is known on a Canada
+cover.
+
+Of the three stamps issued, the first and most typical of Canada was the
+3d. which was designed, so Mr. C. N. Robertson of Ottawa tells us, by
+Sir Sanford Fleming, a civil engineer and draughtsman. The central
+feature is a representation of the beaver in its native haunts, above
+which is the royal crown of England resting on a rose, thistle and
+shamrock, with the letters V and R (_Victoria Regina_) at either side. A
+reference to figure 6 on Plate I makes further description unnecessary.
+The normal color was a bright red.
+
+A quite marked variety of this stamp occurs in what is generally known
+as a "double strike" or "shifted transfer." It is _not_ due to
+accidental light contact of the sheet in printing, previous to the
+heavier impression in a slightly changed position, as is often
+suggested, but is a true plate variety, caused by a slight impression of
+the transfer roller in the wrong position on the plate previous to the
+heavy impression sunk in the proper position. This fact is shown by its
+being found in pairs and blocks with the normal stamp. It is recognized
+by the letters EE PEN being "doubled" at the top, making it appear as if
+a line had been drawn through the words and giving it the name,
+occasionally used of the "line through threepence" variety. The figure 3
+also appears doubled at the bottom. Its position in the sheet has not
+been determined, but it occurs on all papers.
+
+The 6d. stamp is in the usual upright form, containing a portrait of
+Albert, the Prince Consort. It has been impossible to trace the original
+of the picture, though diligent search has been made. The rose, thistle
+and shamrock again appear on the stamp, at either side of the oval frame
+and separating the inscriptions. Figure 1 of Plate I gives an excellent
+reproduction of this value. The normal color may be said to have been a
+slate violet.
+
+The 12d. stamp is very similar in design to the 6d. stamp, but contains
+a portrait of Queen Victoria. This beautiful head, so often seen upon
+the early British Colonial stamps, was taken from the full length
+painting by Alfred Edward Chalon, R. A., which was ordered by the Queen
+for her mother, the Duchess of Kent, as a souvenir of Her Majesty's
+first visit to the House of Lords. The occasion was the prorogation of
+Parliament, on July 17, 1837, and the Queen is portrayed in her robes of
+state, because of which fact the painting is sometimes described as "in
+Coronation Robes," but this is erroneous.[10] The stamp is illustrated
+as figure 2 on Plate I, and it will be noticed that the inscriptions in
+the oval frame are this time separated on either side by the royal
+crown. The color is black.
+
+[10] London Philatelist, VI: 147.
+
+The peculiarity in the expression of the value of this stamp as "Twelve
+Pence" instead of "One Shilling," which would seem to be the natural
+form for such an amount in English money, was long a moot question
+amongst collectors. It was even suggested as an "error" of the American
+manufacturers of the stamp! But the controversy has been practically
+settled by reference to the monetary conditions of the period. A glance
+back at the rates of postage we have already quoted will show that it
+was generally necessary to give them in two forms, "currency" and
+"sterling." The somewhat depreciated Canadian currency required fifteen
+pence, as will be noted, to equal the shilling sterling--a point that is
+brought out on the two stamps issued subsequently for the British Packet
+rates. Add to this the fact that in New England the "shilling" was a
+current expression for 16-2/3 cents (10 pence currency), while in New
+York it represented 12-1/2 cents (7-1/2 pence currency) and we can
+readily see that in Canadian territory contiguous to these sections the
+number of pence to a "shilling" might often be a debatable quantity. As
+a matter of fact the French Canadians of Lower Canada made general use
+of the "shilling" as reckoned at 10 pence (20 cents) in the old
+currency, while the "York shilling" was extensively used in Upper
+Canada.[11] "Twelve pence" was without doubt wholly intentional,
+therefore, as the designation of the stamp, and was a happy solution of
+any ambiguity in its use, even if it has proved a stumbling block to the
+understanding of latter day collectors.
+
+[11] Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 170.
+
+An interesting essay for this stamp is in existence, being a companion
+for the 3 pence "beaver," inasmuch as the shape of the stamp and the
+central design are the same, though on a larger scale; the inscriptions,
+however, are on an octagonal frame around the picture instead of an
+elliptical one, and the value is expressed as "one shilling," with "1s"
+in each spandrel. It was doubtless also a conception of Sir Sanford
+Fleming, the designer of the 3 pence, and it would be interesting to
+know what the companion 6 pence may have been.
+
+The three issued stamps were ordered from and engraved on steel by
+Messrs. Rawdon, Wright, Hatch and Edson of New York, who, it will be
+interesting to note, were the engravers of the 1847 issue of United
+States stamps--a fact which very likely may have had its influence on
+the Canadian authorities. The stamps were printed in sheets of 100, ten
+rows of ten, and had eight marginal imprints, two on each side. The
+imprint reads, "Rawdon, Wright, Hatch & Edson, New York.", in minute
+letters of the size known as "diamond" in the printing office, and it is
+placed opposite the third and eighth stamps of the horizontal or
+vertical row, as the case may be, but always with the bottom of the
+imprint next the stamps. This causes the imprints to read up on the
+left, down on the right, and upside down on the bottom margins of the
+sheets.
+
+We have found but one item in the departmental accounts for the fiscal
+year 1851-2 referring to the stamps. This reads:--
+
+    Rawdon, Wright & Co., for engraving postage stamps, £31.8.2
+
+This was doubtless simply a bill for printing, as it is altogether too
+small an amount to account for the engraving of three stamp dies and the
+making of three printing plates.
+
+The first delivery of the stamps from the manufacturers took place on
+April 5, 1851, according to a valuable summary from official records,
+published in the _Metropolitan Philatelist_,[12] when 100,000 of the 3
+pence value were received by the Canadian Government. A second lot,
+numbering 150,200 of the 3 pence, arrived on April 20th. The 6 pence
+value followed on May 2nd, to the number of 100,400; and the 12 pence
+two days later, on May 4th, when the only consignment ever received from
+the printers, numbering 51,400, was delivered.
+
+[12] =Metropolitan Philatelist, XVII=: 83.
+
+The paper on which the stamps were printed was a thin, tough, grayish
+white variety which we should probably call bond paper, but which at
+that time is said to have been known as bank note paper. It was
+doubtless handmade, and therefore varies considerably in thickness, the
+two extremes being usually listed as _medium_ or _ordinary_, and _very
+thin_ or _almost pelure_.
+
+It has been the custom to assume that the first deliveries of the stamps
+were probably all upon _laid_ paper, which was borne out by dates on
+covers or postmarked specimens of the stamps used during the first year
+of issue. But by June of 1852, at least, according to Messrs. Corwin and
+King,[13] the stamps were beginning to appear on paper which was simply
+_wove_, without any trace of the laid lines, though in all other
+respects similar to the first supplies. Of course a minor detail of
+manufacture like this would have no official cognizance, so there is
+nothing for us to go by in determining the quantities printed on one or
+the other kind of paper, or the dates of issue, save for what can be
+gleaned from dated covers and deductions to be drawn from them. The two
+varieties of paper, however, have been as productive of controversy in
+the case of the 12 pence stamp as the peculiar expression of its value
+proved.
+
+[13] =Metropolitan Philatelist, I=: 149.
+
+But before discussing this question, let us see what we have to work on.
+The first annual report of the Postmaster General, for the year ending
+5th April, 1852, contains the following information concerning the new
+stamps:--
+
+    Postage Stamps for the pre-payment of letters of the respective
+    values of 3d., 6d. and 1s. were procured and issued immediately
+    after the transfer, and have been kept for sale to the public at all
+    the principal Post Offices in the Province; the demand, however, has
+    not been great, as will be seen by the following statement, and the
+    sales of the last quarter of the year would seem to demonstrate that
+    the use of these Stamps in pre-payment of letters, is rather
+    diminishing than gaining ground in the community. There were
+    procured from the manufacturers, Messrs. Rawdon, Wright, Hatch &
+    Co., of New York, during the year ended 5th April 1852:
+
+                             Value.
+      250,200 3d. Stamps   £3127 10 0
+      100,400 6d. Stamps    2510  0 0
+       51,000 1s. Stamps    2550  0 0
+      _______              __________
+      401,600              £8187 10 0
+
+    Of these have been issued to Postmasters for sale, to the same date:
+
+                            Value.
+      217,300 3d. Stamps   £2716 5 0
+       63,400 6d. Stamps    1585 0 0
+          820 1s. Stamps      41 0 0
+      _______               ________
+      281,520              £4342 5 0
+
+The succeeding annual reports of the Postmaster General, for the years
+ending 31st March, 1853-6, give the following table of postage stamp
+statistics:--
+
+Postage stamps issued for sale as follows:--
+
+  REPORT OF 31ST. MARCH, 1853.
+
+                                      3d. Stamps  6d. Stamps   1s. Stamps
+
+    On hand 5th April, 1852              32,900      37,000        50,180
+    Since received from Manufacturers   250,000
+                                        _________________________________
+                                        282,900      37,000        50,180
+    Issued for sale during year         163,000       2,575           100
+                                        _________________________________
+    On hand 31st March, 1853            119,900       34,425       50,080
+
+  REPORT OF 31ST. MARCH, 1854.
+
+    Received from Manufacturers         250,000          ...          ...
+                                        _________________________________
+                                        369,900       34,425       50,080
+    Issued for sale during year         240,700       10,825          325
+                                        _________________________________
+    On hand 31st March, 1854            129,200       23,600       49,755
+
+  REPORT OF 31ST. MARCH, 1855.
+
+    Received from Manufacturers         250,000       50,000          ...
+                                        _________________________________
+                                        379,200       73,600       49,755
+    Issued for sale during year         355,000       25,800          265
+
+    On hand 31st. March, 1855            24,200       47,800       49,490
+
+  REPORT OF 31ST. MARCH, 1856.
+
+    Received from Manufacturers         600,300          ...          ...
+                                        _________________________________
+                                        624,500       47,800       49,490
+    Issued for sale during year         368,700       38,419          ...
+                                        _________________________________
+    On hand 31st. March, 1856           255,800        9,381       49,490
+
+In this annual report of 31st March, 1856, is the last account of the
+12d. stamp, from which it appears that none were issued to postmasters
+during the fiscal year. It does not mean that none were sold or used
+during that period, however, for with the increasing use of stamps this
+was quite probable. But it is evident from the tables given that the
+stamp was disbursed from headquarters in very limited quantities during
+the four years from 1851 to 1855 only; and we are quite fortunate in
+being able to give the exact details of this distribution. An anonymous
+article was published in the _Metropolitan Philatelist_ in 1902,[14]
+from which we have already quoted, that contained a "_Valuable summary
+of the first issue of postage stamps used in this Colony._" The
+statement is made that "it is taken from official records and is
+absolutely accurate." We quote here the information concerning the
+
+    CANADA ONE SHILLING POSTAGE STAMP.
+
+      Total number rec'd. from Contractors          51,000
+      Total number issued to postmasters             1,510
+                                                    ------
+      Balance (destroyed)                           49,490
+
+    NOTE.--On May 4, 1851, the first and only consignment of the Canada
+    1 shilling postage stamp, to the number of 51,000 (value £2,550),
+    was received by the Post Office Department, Canada, from the
+    Contractors, Messrs. Rawdon, Wright, Hatch & Edson, New York.
+
+    The issue of this stamp began on June 14, 1851, and concluded on
+    December 4, 1854, when the stamp was discontinued. During its issue
+    1510 stamps of that denomination were sent out to postmasters,
+    leaving a balance on hand of 49,490, which, on May 1st. 1857, were,
+    in accordance with the practice of the Department in cases of the
+    discontinuance of stamps, destroyed. As has already been observed,
+    there was only the one lot of this stamp received from the
+    contractors.
+
+    DETAILS OF ISSUE.
+
+      Date of Issue.      Name of Office.  Name of P. M.    No.
+
+      June  14, 1851      Hamilton         E. Ritchie       300
+      Oct.  17, 1851      Chippewa         W. Hepburn       100
+      Nov.  13, 1851      Thorold          J. Keefer         20
+      Nov.  25, 1851      Toronto          C. Berchy        200
+      Mar.   8, 1852      Montreal         J. Porteous      200
+      Sept. 14, 1852      Ingersoll        D. Phelan        100
+      Apr.   5, 1853  [15]Bytown           G. W. Baker      100
+      Oct.  20, 1853      Sherbrooke       Wm. Brooks        15
+      Jan.  13, 1854      Smith's Falls    Jas. Shaw         50
+      Jan.  20, 1854      Bytown           G. W. Baker      100
+      Feb.   8, 1854      L'Islet          Ballantyne        15
+      Feb.  27, 1854      Ingersoll        Chadwick          20
+      Mar.  22, 1854      Sault S. Marie   Jos. Wilson       25
+      May   15, 1854      Port. du Fort    McLaren           15
+      Oct.  21, 1854      Rowan Mills      de Blaquiere      50
+      Oct.  26, 1854      Melbourne        Thos. Tait        50
+      Oct.  27, 1854      Montreal         A. La Rocque     100
+      Dec.   4, 1854      Smith's Falls    Jas. Shaw         50
+                                                          -----
+                                     Total number issued, 1,510
+
+[14] =Metropolitan Philatelist, XVII=: 83.
+
+[15] Now Ottawa, Capital of Dominion of Canada.
+
+From the above it is seen that Hamilton and Montreal each received a
+total of 300 copies, Toronto and Bytown each 200, Ingersoll 120,
+Chippewa and Smith's Falls each 100, and so on down.
+
+So much for the 12d. stamp. The tables of the Post Office reports tell
+us also that the issues of the 6d. stamp to postmasters for these same
+four years totalled 102,600, or only 2200 more than the original number
+delivered, the second delivery of the 6d. not having taken place until
+March 21, 1855,[16] at the end of the last fiscal year of the four. If,
+then, the entire first printings of the 6d. and 12d. stamps were on laid
+paper, as is usually claimed, there would be no such thing as a 12d. on
+wove paper, and the 6d. stamp in the same state would not be found
+_used_ (provided proper postmark evidence were forthcoming) before the
+end of March, 1855. During the same period there were at least five
+deliveries of the 3d. stamp, so that several things may have happened to
+that value. But, curiously enough, it is the other two stamps that
+furnish us with our best evidence.
+
+[16] Metropolitan Philatelist, XVII: 83.
+
+We now come literally to the "nigger in the wood-pile." The 12d. stamp
+_does_ exist on the _wove_ paper! Mr. Worthington and Mr. Pack each
+possess an unused copy, and careful examination by the writer has failed
+to disclose any appreciable difference in the color, quality or
+appearance of the paper, save for the impossibility of discovering the
+laid lines, between these copies and those possessing proper credentials
+as the regular laid paper 12d. of 1851. The color of the stamp and its
+general appearance give no hint of the supposed irregularity, and a
+letter to Mr. Worthington from the well known expert, Mr. John N. Luff,
+gives his approval to the specimen in Mr. Worthington's collection. It
+was formerly considered that the supposed 12d. on wove paper was merely
+a proof, and in the "_Catalogue for Advanced Collectors_" we find the
+following note concerning it under Canada.[17]
+
+[17] American Journal of Philately, 2d. Series, III: 121.
+
+    Although the 12p is catalogued by some as existing on thin wove
+    paper, we do not believe in it as in every copy on wove paper sent
+    to us for examination some traces of the word _specimen_ were to be
+    discovered thus showing them all to be merely proofs.
+
+As far as the writer has seen them, specimen copies have been on India
+paper, which is quite distinct from the regular paper of the issue, and
+they have been overprinted with the word "SPECIMEN" in carmine ink,
+either diagonally or vertically upward. The copies referred to in the
+paragraph just quoted probably had been treated with chemicals to remove
+the red ink overprint.
+
+Of course the desideratum for the settlement of the whole question is
+to find a copy of the stamp used on cover; but inasmuch as up to the
+present time but three copies of the 12d. on laid paper are known in
+this condition, it seems a hopeless quest. Nevertheless there appear to
+be several _used_ copies of the wove paper 12d. known, the first mention
+we find of one being in the report of the proceedings of the Philatelic
+Society of London for 4th May, 1888,[18] which reads: "The business of
+the evening consisted in the revision of the Society's reference list of
+the Stamps of Canada, which was concluded, Mr. F. Ransom showing an
+undoubted postmarked specimen of the 12d. first issue, printed upon
+stout wove paper." Mr. W. H. Brouse, the eminent Canadian philatelist,
+also possessed a cancelled copy of this stamp, which later adorned the
+Ayer collection, it is understood. An editorial in the _Dominion
+Philatelist_ thus speaks of it:[19]--"We have received from W. H.
+Brouse, of Toronto, a photograph of ... 12 pence Canada on _wove paper_
+[which] appears to be a beautiful specimen with fine margin and light
+cancellation." Two fine copies, one unused and one used, were sold in
+the auction of the Mirabaud collection at Paris, in April, 1909.
+
+[18] Philatelic Record, X: 124.
+
+[19] Dominion Philatelist, No. 34, p. 8.
+
+From the above it is plainly evident that the 12d. on wove paper
+properly exists, in spite of the "first [and only] printing on laid
+paper" theory, which is usually laid down as an _a priori_
+consideration. Also it appears that it is found in a used condition,
+though this cannot be taken as an absolute test, because of the
+uncertainty that may lurk in a cancellation on a detached specimen of a
+stamp. Only the discovery of a copy properly used on the original cover,
+as already intimated, can effectually settle the question of its actual
+issue and use. But there is a fact which doubtless furnishes the clue to
+the seeming mystery of its being. We have already noted that the laid
+paper first used varied considerably in thickness, and also that the
+wove paper next used was in all respects similar to the former, but of
+course without the laid lines. Now it happens sometimes that it is quite
+difficult to distinguish the laid paper, a very careful scrutiny or even
+the extreme resort to the benzine cup being necessary to bring out the
+watermarked lines, and perhaps then only in a half suspicious way. If
+such be the case, it is only a step further to the entire disappearance
+of these "laid lines," and lo, the wove paper!
+
+Writing to Mr. F. C. Young concerning the 12d. stamp, Mr. John N. Luff
+says:[20]--"It is my opinion that both the wove and laid papers are
+quite genuine and I think it is possible that both varieties might
+occur though there was only one lot sent out by the printers. It does
+not, of course, follow that the entire batch was printed on the same day
+or that two varieties of paper might not have been used. The early
+printers were not always very particular about their paper, provided it
+was somewhat alike in a general way. Some collectors claim that laid
+paper is often of such nature that the lines do not show in some parts
+of the sheet, and I believe there is evidence to support this theory."
+Finally Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack, in some notes sent the _London
+Philatelist_, sums matters up in these words:[21]--"After a very careful
+investigation I believe that the 12d., on wove paper, was issued, and
+that the stamp was on sale at the Post Office, in Hamilton, Canada
+West." Mr. Pack writes us further:--"When I was a boy I went to school
+at St. Catherines, Ontario. There were keen stamp collectors in St.
+Catherines at that time, not only among boys, but among grown people.
+That was about 1869 or 1870. I was told that part of the 12d. Canada
+which had been on sale at the Hamilton post office were on wove paper
+and I was convinced that that was the case."
+
+[20] Canada Stamp Sheet, IV: 142.
+
+[21] London Philatelist, XVI: 144.
+
+Concerning the laid and wove papers of this issue Mr. King writes as
+follows:[22]--"The texture of these papers is virtually the same, and it
+is indeed often difficult, particularly in the case of the 6d., to
+distinguish between the _laid_ and _wove_ papers. The lines in the
+_laid_ paper are of a most peculiar character, and cannot, as a rule, be
+brought fairly out by holding the stamp between one's eyes and the
+light. The best way to test these two papers is to lay the stamps, face
+down, on a black surface, and let the light strike them at about an
+angle of fifteen degrees, when the _laid_ lines are brought most plainly
+into view. It is necessary, however, to place the specimens so that the
+light will strike them parallel to their length, as the _laid_ lines run
+horizontally in the 3d., and vertically in the 6d. and 12d."
+
+[22] Monthly Journal, VII: 9.
+
+We now come to the most interesting and confirmatory part of our
+evidence. We have already referred to the fact that Messrs. Corwin &
+King give June, 1852, as the date when the wove paper appeared, and 1852
+is given in all catalogues and lists as the year of issue for all three
+stamps on this paper. In their article on British North America, the
+above gentlemen, in discussing early dates established by entire covers
+for the varieties of paper that they describe, remark under the caption
+"_Series IV_." (the _thin wove_ paper): "We took a six-pence from a
+letter dated June 25th, 1852."[23] This statement can hardly be
+questioned, after the careful and minute study that they gave to the
+papers of this issue, and it therefore means just one thing: _the 6d. on
+wove paper came in the first lot delivered_, for we have seen that the
+second supply did not arrive until 1855. The fact is therefore
+established that the first deliveries of stamps in April and May, 1851,
+included the wove paper, and we therefore have here what amounts to the
+proper credentials for the appearance and even use of the 12d. on wove
+paper.
+
+[23] Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 149.
+
+As the 3d., having been delivered first, was undoubtedly printed first,
+this value may have been entirely upon the laid paper, particularly as
+it seems to be not especially rare on this paper and has not been
+recorded on wove paper used earlier than the receipt of the 1852
+supplies. But this of course is negative evidence, and this value may
+yet be found to have been printed upon the wove paper along with the
+other two values in 1851.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We have remarked that there were but three covers known bearing copies
+of the 12d. stamp. It is with great satisfaction, therefore, that we are
+able to present reproductions of two of them for the benefit of our
+readers. The earliest date is on the cover numbered 90 on Plate VI,
+which is in the Worthington collection. This bears the postmark of
+"Montreal, L. C. JY 21, 1852" in red. The stamp is a little heavily
+cancelled by the concentric rings type of obliteration in black. The
+word CANADA within the curved frame and the word PAID are stamped in red
+on the cover. This was a requirement of the first postal convention
+between Canada and the United States, signed on March 25, 1851. Section
+9 reads:--
+
+    "The Offices designated for the despatch and receipt of Canadian
+    Mails on the side of the United States will stamp 'U. States' upon
+    all letters sent into Canada for delivery; and the Offices
+    designated for the despatch and receipt of United States mails on
+    the side of Canada will stamp 'Canada' upon all letters sent into
+    the United States for delivery."
+
+The other two covers were both the property of the late John F. Seybold,
+but the one upon which the stamp appears in finest condition now
+ornaments the collection of Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack. This is
+illustrated as No. 91 on Plate VI and bears the postmark of "Hamilton,
+C. W. NO 23, 1853." The stamp is cancelled with the concentric rings in
+blue, and an additional handstamp appears in red reading "CANADA--PAID
+20 Cts" in two lines. The "20" is made over from "10" by the use of a
+pen in changing the first figure. In this connection it will be
+remembered that 6d. currency, equal to 10 cents, was the single rate for
+1/2oz. letters between Canada and the United States.[24]
+
+[24] See 63 on page 30.
+
+The third cover is in all respects a companion piece of the second,
+bearing the same marks and (probably) the same address originally, but
+dated from Hamilton on "DE 8, 1853."
+
+All three of these covers show the particular use of the 12d.
+stamp--simply as a multiple of the 3d. and 6d. in currency rates. That
+it was _not_ issued with any intention of being especially used for the
+British packet rate must be evident, as we have seen that this was 1s.
+4d. currency if prepaid and sent via the United States, or 1s. 1-1/2d.
+currency if prepaid and sent via Halifax[25]--rates that could not be
+made up by means of the three stamps first issued.
+
+[25] See Secs. 60 and 62 on page 30.
+
+On the other hand the stamp was quadruple the domestic rate, double the
+rate to the United States, and the single rate for the fortnightly mails
+from Montreal viâ Boston to Newfoundland, Bermuda and the British West
+Indies.[26] Probably letters in the first category were not common, and,
+as it happens, all our specimens fall in the second. The third category
+doubtless did not entail a large correspondence, particularly as the
+more direct route to the places mentioned, viâ Quebec and Halifax, was
+at the lesser rate of 7-1/2d.[27] For the above reasons, then, the
+covers as we find them evidently exemplify the usual use to which the
+12d. stamp was put, and explain why more were not used, as surely would
+have been the case had the stamp been convenient for prepaying the
+packet rate to England, with which there was a large correspondence.
+
+[26] See Sec. 70 on page 31.
+
+[27] See Secs. 67 and 68 on page 30.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Having now described the two main varieties of paper common to the three
+values of this issue, let us look at some further varieties of the stock
+used for the 3d. and 6d. values, which, because of their long term of
+use, were subject to quite a number of printings and therefore gave
+opportunity for the variation in paper which is a characteristic of this
+issue. We have already given the statistics of the receipt and issue of
+3d. and 6d. stamps for the five years from 1851 to 1856,[28] and find
+they total 1,600,500 for the 3d. and 150,400 for the 6d. From succeeding
+reports of the Postmaster General we cull the following:--
+
+[28] See pages 35-36.
+
+  REPORT OF 30TH SEPT., 1857, [including 1 year 6 months, by statute.][29]
+
+                                                     3d. stamps  6d. stamps
+
+    Balance on hand 31st March, 1856                    255,800       9,381
+    Received from Mfrs. in half-year to 30th. Sept.                  50,000
+                                                      ---------   ---------
+      Total                                             255,800      59,381
+    Issued for sale during half-year                    186,200      24,781
+                                                      ---------   ---------
+    Balance 1st October, 1856                            69,600      34,600
+    Received from Mfrs. year ending 30th Sept., 1857    600,000      50,078
+                                                      ---------   ---------
+      Total                                             669,600      84,678
+    Issued for sale during yr. ending 30th Sept., 1857  587,900      60,600
+                                                      ---------   ---------
+    Balance on hand                                      81,700      24,078
+
+  REPORT OF 30TH. SEPT., 1858.
+
+    Received from Mfrs. year ending 30th Sept., 1858    900,000     100,000
+                                                      ---------   ---------
+      Total                                             981,700     124,078
+    Issued for sale during year                         717,200      82,500
+                                                      ---------   ---------
+    Balance on hand 30th Sept., 1858                    264,500      41,578
+
+  REPORT OF 30TH. SEPT., 1859.
+
+    Rec'd from Mfrs. during 9 mos. to 30th June, 1859   449,900      70,000
+                                                      ---------   ---------
+      Total                                             714,400     111,578
+    Issued for sale during above 9 months               692,700      94,000
+                                                      ---------   ---------
+    Balance on hand 30th June, 1859                      21,700      17,578
+
+[29] 20^o Vict. cap. XXV. Sec. VII; see page 61.
+
+On July 1, 1859 the stamps in decimal currency were issued, so the above
+remainders represent the last of the 3d. and 6d. stamps. Adding the
+receipts from the manufacturers in the above tables, therefore, to the
+totals already given for the years 1851-6, and then deducting the
+remainders (which were later destroyed), we have for the total issue of
+the 3d. stamp 3,528,700, and of the 6d. stamp 402,900. In these figures
+are of course included the perforated stamps, which we will consider
+later.
+
+It will be seen from the tables that there were at least eight
+deliveries of the 3d. stamps and at least six deliveries of the 6d.
+stamps, but inasmuch as these are totalled by years, and as some of the
+amounts are quite large (_e. g._ 900,000 of the 3d. in 1858), it seems
+certain that there were even more deliveries and consequently more
+printings of the stamps than is indicated. In no other way can we
+account for the variety in the paper used, and also the variety in the
+color of the 6d. stamp. The 3d. does not vary so much, probably because
+its shade of red did not require much mixing of inks and the ingredients
+were such that slight variations in the proportions did not greatly
+affect the tone. The normal color being a bright red, we find it running
+to a deeper, almost brick red in one direction, and to a vermilion in
+the other. As to the normal color of the 6d. it would be almost
+impossible to hazard a guess, if we had simply a series of one stamp of
+each distinct variation in color or shade in which it is found. The
+common run of shades is from a slate violet to a slate or "near black"
+with a "cast" of violet, of brown, or even green. What can one do in
+trying to describe the "color" of such a chameleon stamp with such an
+uncertain basis to work upon? The check list gives the nearest
+approximation to the various shades that we have been able to translate
+into color names, but it is almost impossible to so describe some of
+them as to convey the proper idea of the exact shade to the reader.
+
+For papers used, Mr. King describes no less than fourteen.[30] Four of
+these are the two grades of the laid and wove "bank-note" paper already
+mentioned. A third variety of laid paper is described by him as entirely
+different, being a stout white paper in which "the _laid_ lines are most
+distinct, while the paper is of a different texture and color from the
+regular grey shade." Mr. Pack states: "This paper is very rare, and I
+have never seen but very few copies."[31] Mr. King's sixth variety is
+described as "hard, stout, grayish wove," but we have included it with
+the ordinary wove paper in the check list, of which it is but a little
+heavier manifestation. The same may be said of his varieties XII and
+XIII, described as "medium" and "thick, hard, white wove paper, very
+slightly ribbed," respectively, which we have classed under "stout,
+hard, white wove paper." There is an extreme case in the 6d. stamp,
+which comes on a _very_ thick hard paper, concerning which Mr. Pack
+says:--"The unused 6d. on very thick, hard paper is one of the greatest
+rarities of Canada. It is as rare as the 12d. unused. Curiously enough,
+this stamp in used condition is very rare in a pair or strip. So far as
+I know there are only two or three strips or pairs in existence. It is
+my understanding that the very thick _hard_ paper stamps were printed
+previous to those on the _soft_ paper." The last remark refers to the
+very thick, soft paper, almost a card board (Mr. King's variety XIV)
+which is now well known as an exceedingly rare variety. It is distinct,
+both in paper and color, from any other variety of the 6d. stamp, the
+shade being a dull purple. The same may be said of the thick _hard_
+paper stamp, which appears to be in a very even shade of slate violet.
+
+[30] Monthly Journal, VII: 9.
+
+[31] London Philatelist, XVI: 144.
+
+Mr. King's varieties X and XI are both peculiar, the former being a
+"very soft, thin, cream wove which is quite fragile and will not bear
+much handling," and the latter a "soft, thick, coarse white wove paper;
+the surface presents a sort of hairy appearance, and the quality is
+better than series X." The 3d. is the only value occurring in these two
+varieties, which we have placed under "soft white wove paper" in the
+check list.
+
+Lastly comes the ribbed paper. The first variety is a very soft, thin
+paper on which the 3d. appears. This is Mr. King's variety VII, and he
+makes a variety VIII of the same paper in a "cream" tone. The same value
+comes on a thicker, hard paper, Mr. King's variety IX, and he lists a
+6d. in violet black as well.
+
+From the foregoing it will be seen that the first issue of Canadian
+stamps furnishes plenty of material for study, and is an extremely
+difficult series to work out and put into proper form for a reference
+list. Mr. King truly says:--"If the papers and shades of this series of
+stamps are thoroughly studied, there are more varieties than in all the
+other British North American stamps put together; in many cases they are
+minute, in others more decided, but in every case distinct." Some
+criticism may be made of our not using _in extenso_, the excellent
+"Reference List"[32] prepared by Messrs. King and Corwin, but it has
+seemed wise, in working with the specialized collections already alluded
+to, to condense this list to some extent; nor do we think its
+correctness and usefulness have been impaired thereby.
+
+[32] Monthly Journal, VII: 9.
+
+We have spoken of the three values of stamps already treated as the
+"first issue" of Canada. Some may cavil at this, for there are three
+more values belonging to the pence series which may be regarded as part
+of the "first issue," inasmuch as they were complementary as well as
+supplementary to the original three. But they did not appear until
+nearly four or more years later, and therefore escaped the laid paper
+varieties. For this reason, and because there appears another important
+question to solve in connection with two of them, we have reserved a
+separate chapter for these three. We may also say that as one of them
+appears in the perforated series of pence values we have left the
+consideration of these latter stamps until the next following chapter.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+THE REMAINING PENCE ISSUES
+
+
+A resume of the chief happenings of the year and other items of interest
+is given in the annual reports of the Postmasters General, and a brief
+summary of these first few years will not be without its importance
+here. It will be recalled that the Provincial Government took over the
+control of its posts on the 6th April, 1851, and by the _Act to Amend
+The Post Office Act_, passed 30th August, 1851,[33] the Postmaster
+General was required by statute to "report to the Governor General of
+the Province annually, for the purpose of being laid before Parliament
+at each Session, _First_. A report of Finances, Receipts and Expenditure
+of the Post Office Department for the year ending on the fifth day of
+April previous," etc., etc. Accordingly the first annual report of the
+Postmaster General was rendered on the 5th April, 1852. In it we find
+the following information:--
+
+[33] 14^o & 15^o Vict., cap. LXXI, sec. 12.
+
+    Upon the transfer of the control of the Post Office Department in
+    this Province, by the Imperial Post Office Authorities to the
+    Provincial Government, on the 6th April, 1851, the number of Post
+    Offices in operation was found to be 601--the number of miles of
+    established Post Route, 7595--over which the annual transportation
+    of the Mails was 2,487,000 miles--and the Gross Revenue raised under
+    the authority of the Imperial Post Office, at the high tariff of
+    rates then prevailing, had been for the year preceding the transfer
+    £93,802 currency, including in that sum the collections in Canada of
+    British Packet Postage, estimated to have amounted to £10,000
+    sterling.
+
+    The Provincial Act of the 12th and 13th Vic. cap. 66, providing for
+    the management of the Department after the transfer, reduced the
+    Postage charges in Canada upon all letters passing between places
+    within the Province, or within British North America generally, to a
+    uniform rate of 3d. per 1/2 oz.; whereas under the tariff in force
+    previous to the transfer, the average charge on each letter was
+    computed to have been as nearly as possible 9d. per 1/2 oz.; the
+    reduction therefore consequent upon the introduction of the uniform
+    3d. rate was equivalent to 2/3, or 66-2/3 per cent, on the former
+    average letter Postage charge.
+
+    The Postage charge on Box or Drop Letters, and the additional charge
+    on letters delivered in the Cities by Letter Carriers, have in each
+    case been reduced to one half penny, being one half the former
+    rates.
+
+    With regard to newspapers, the Postage charge has been altogether
+    taken off upon several important branches of newspaper circulation,
+    and papers to and from the other British North American Provinces,
+    papers sent to the United States, and Editors' exchange papers, pass
+    free of all Postage charge whatever. The rates on printed papers,
+    circulars, pamphlets, books, &c., have also been modified and
+    reduced.
+
+The gross receipts of the Department for the year under review are given
+as £71,788 18s. 5d. currency, a drop of over £20,000 from the previous
+year; but this is a good showing after all, for when it is remembered
+that the new uniform rate of postage was but one third the former
+average rate, it is readily figured out that correspondence nearly
+doubled under the new tariffs. This is confirmed by the following
+comparative statement of pieces mailed:--
+
+One week preceding 5th April, 1851, No. of letters, 41,000; papers,
+90,000.
+
+One week preceding 5th April, 1852, No. of letters, 86,051[34]; papers,
+101,000.
+
+[34] This is explained in the report for 1853 as being "a clerical error
+for 71,726."
+
+There were 243 new post offices added during the year and 1023 miles of
+post routes.
+
+"An agreement was concluded with the Post Master General of the United
+States, which has continued in satisfactory operation since April, 1851,
+under which letters pass between any place in Canada, and any place in
+the United States, at a Postage rate of 6d. currency, per half oz.,
+except to and from California and Oregon, when, the distance being over
+3,000 miles, the rate is 9d. per half oz. Letters are posted on either
+side, paid or unpaid, at the option of the sender."
+
+The total correspondence passing between the two countries is given as
+having a postage rating of $85,636.97.
+
+The second annual report of the Postmaster General is dated the 31st
+March, 1853, and contains little of interest but statistics. 176 new
+post offices were established and 504 miles of new post routes added.
+The gross revenue of the Department for the fiscal year is given as
+£84,866.6.11-1/2. and the total postage on the correspondence passing
+between Canada and the United States was $104,966.40.
+
+The third report, of 31st March, 1854, speaks of a large reduction in
+the postal charges upon newspapers circulating within the Province and
+on certain classes of periodical prints, which took place on Feb. 1,
+1854, but gives no further details. Concerning the British packet
+postage, however, the report says:--
+
+    In March, 1854, the charge on packet letters passing between Canada
+    and the United Kingdom and most foreign countries was reduced by the
+    Imperial Government from 1s. 2d. sterling to 8d. sterling per 1/2
+    oz. when sent in closed mails through the United States, and from
+    1s. to 6d. when sent direct from a Provincial Port, Quebec or
+    Halifax.
+
+Further on are the following recommendations:--
+
+    Should no further change be likely soon to take place in the charges
+    on the correspondence with England, it would promote the public
+    convenience to procure Postage stamps of the value of 10d. and 7-1/2
+    d. respectively to correspond with the present packet letter
+    charges.
+
+And again:--
+
+    Much unnecessary labor and waste of time is occasioned to this
+    Department by the practice now followed of rating and collecting
+    Postage on all Government and Legislative correspondence, and it
+    would be an improvement, in my belief, very worthy of adoption, to
+    authorize by enactment the transmission of all such matter through
+    the mails, under proper regulations, free of Postage charge, and
+    that in lieu thereof, a certain fixed annual sum estimated to be
+    equivalent to the aggregate of the Postage arising upon such
+    correspondence, should be paid by the Receiver General to the Post
+    Office, to be accounted for as Post Office Revenue.
+
+Perhaps the most pregnant remark is one short statement:--"The use of
+stamps has materially increased"; for it will be remembered that the
+first annual report of the Postmaster General was pessimistic with
+regard to the employment of stamps, fearing that their use was
+diminishing.
+
+The accounts accompanying the report contain but one item concerning
+stamps:--
+
+  Rawdon, Wright & Co., Postage Stamps furnished Post Office
+  Department                                        £12.11.3
+
+This amount was of course only for printing supplies, evidently for the
+250,000 3d. stamps received during the fiscal year.
+
+In the fourth report, of 31st March, 1855, there are several items of
+interest. The lowering of the British packet rates proved a popular
+step, naturally, and the report states that "Notwithstanding the
+important reduction granted by the Imperial Government in the postage
+rate between this country and the United Kingdom in March, 1854," the
+results were as follows:--
+
+British Packet Postage collected in Canada in year ending 31 March, 1855
+(postage rate 8d. sterling) £16,449.14.3-1/2.
+
+British Packet Postage collected in Canada in year ending 31 March, 1854
+(postage rate 1s. 2d. sterling) £17,495.1.4-1/2. which was a drop of but
+six per cent. in receipts upon a reduction of over forty per cent. in
+the postal charge.
+
+Again:--
+
+    In March, 1855 the Imperial Post Office authorized a reduction in
+    the charge on letters passing through the English Posts between
+    Canada and France, from 2s. 8-1/2d. Currency to 1s. 8d. Currency per
+    1/4 oz. letter.
+
+The suggestions contained in the report for 1854 concerning the franking
+of official mail matter, and the payment of a fixed annual sum to the
+Post Office Department on this account, were acted upon, and the report
+states:--
+
+    In July last the Act of last Session came into effect, removing
+    altogether the Postage charge on the circulation of Provincial
+    Newspapers and according a franking privilege to the correspondence
+    of the Legislature and of the Public Departments of the Government.
+
+The Act referred to was doubtless the following:--
+
+    18^o Vict. Cap. LXXIX.
+
+    An act to abolish Postage on Newspapers published within the
+    Province of Canada, and for other purposes connected with the Post
+    Office Department of this Province.
+
+    [_Assented to_ 19th May, 1855.]
+
+    WHEREAS papers devoted to the advancement of Education, Temperance,
+    Science, Agriculture and other special objects, are now exempt from
+    postage; And whereas it would further materially aid the diffusion
+    of useful knowledge to remove all postal restrictions on the
+    transmission of Newspapers in general, published within this
+    Province, and of all documents printed by order of either House of
+    Parliament: Be it therefore enacted by the Queen's Most Excellent
+    Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative
+    Council and the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada, * *
+    * * and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, as
+    follows:
+
+    I. All Newspapers published within the Province of Canada, shall be
+    transmitted by mail free of Postage.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    IV. All Letters and other mailable matter addressed to or sent by
+    the Governor of this Province, or sent to or by any Public
+    Department at the seat of Government, shall be free of Provincial
+    Postage under such regulations as may be directed by the Governor in
+    Council.
+
+    V. All Letters and other mailable matter addressed to or sent by the
+    Speaker or Chief Clerk of the Legislative Council or of the
+    Legislative Assembly, or by or to any Member of either of said
+    branches of the Legislature during any Session of the Legislature,
+    shall be free of Provincial Postage.
+
+    VI. All public documents and printed papers may be sent by the
+    Speaker or Chief Clerk of the Legislative Council or of the
+    Legislative Assembly, to any Member of either of the said branches
+    of the Legislature of Canada, during the recess of Parliament, free
+    of Postage.
+
+    VII. Members of either branch of the Legislature of Canada may send
+    during the recess of Parliament by mail, free of Postage, all papers
+    printed by order of either branch of the Legislature of Canada.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    IX. This Act shall come into effect on and after the first day of
+    July, eighteen hundred and fifty-five.
+
+There is a bit of conflict here. The "enactment clause" of the above Act
+makes it operative unequivocally on July 1, 1855. Yet the Postmaster
+General's report, just quoted, which is supposed to be for the fiscal
+year ending 31st March, 1855, distinctly states that the provisions of
+the above Act came into effect "in July last," which would seem to be
+July, 1854. The Act itself is not in error, so the discrepancy must lie
+in the Postmaster General's report. Probably the report was written much
+later in the year than March 31st, as it was not presented to Parliament
+until the fall session, and therefore gave opportunity to refer back to
+happenings in July.
+
+The growth of the Department during the first four years under
+Provincial control is illustrated by the following table:--
+
+                  Post       Miles    Letters                    Correspondence
+        Date      Offices    of       mailed  Gross Revenue           with
+                  in         Routes.  per                           the U. S.
+                  operation.          week
+
+  6th April, 1851    601     7,595    41,000  £ 93,802
+  5th April, 1852    840     8,618    71,726  £ 71,788.18. 5       $ 85,636.97
+  31st Mar., 1853  1,016     9,122    81,896  £ 84,866. 6. 11-1/2  $104,966.40
+  31st Mar., 1854  1,166    10,027    98,350  £ 98,495. 6. 7       $129,921.67
+  31st Mar., 1855  1,293    11,192   116,671  £110,747.12. 9-1/2   $145,377.69
+
+
+
+The number of post offices had more than doubled; the length of the post
+routes had increased by fifty per cent; and although the revenue had
+dropped one quarter during the first year, owing to the reduction in
+postage rates, it had increased by half in the next three years; while
+the total correspondence between Canada and the United States had
+increased by two thirds in the same three years.
+
+But the item that interests us particularly in this report reads:--
+
+    To promote the general convenience in prepaying letters to the
+    United Kingdom at the new rate, postage stamps of the value of 10d.
+    Currency, equal to 8d. sterling, were procured and issued for sale
+    to the public.
+
+Thus part of the recommendation contained in the report for the
+preceding year was carried out.
+
+In the accounts for the fiscal year we find the following entries:--
+
+  1st. Quarter, Rawdon, Wright & Co., Postage Stamps
+    for P. O. Dept.                                  £12.12.6
+
+  3rd. Quarter, Rawdon, Wright & Co., Making Stamps   42.18.6
+
+  4th. Quarter, Rawdon, Wright & Co., Postage Stamps
+    for P. O. Dept.                                   17.13.6
+
+From this it would appear that the bill for engraving ("making") the new
+10d. stamp was paid in the third quarter of the fiscal year,
+corresponding to the last quarter of 1854. According to the table of
+receipts from manufacturers in the "summary" already quoted,[35] the
+10d. stamp was first received by the Post Office Department on Jan. 2,
+1855. In Mr. King's "Reference List,"[36] however, the date "Dec. 5,
+1854" is given as being "taken from used stamps on the original covers,"
+but this must certainly be a mistake. The "summary" also gives the
+quantities issued to postmasters by quarters, and there were none issued
+(naturally) in the quarter ending Dec. 31, 1854. In the next quarter,
+ending Mar. 31, 1855, there were 16,200 issued to postmasters, so that
+the first issue probably took place soon after receipt, that is, in
+January, 1855. The total number received from the manufacturers in this
+first delivery was 100,080.
+
+[35] Metropolitan Philatelist, XVII: 83.
+
+[36] Monthly Journal, VII: 9.
+
+The plate for this stamp is stated to have been made up for printing
+sheets of 100 impressions in ten rows of ten, like the three values of
+1851, and also to have had the eight marginal imprints. But there are
+reasons for thinking it may have been made to print 120 impressions,
+ten rows of twelve each, concerning which more will be said later.
+Suffice it to remark here that the number delivered (100,080) is exactly
+divisible by 120, making 834 full sheets, which is not the case if 100
+is used. The normal color of the stamp is a very deep blue.
+
+The design of the new 10d., illustrated as No. 3 on Plate I, corresponds
+in general style to the 6d. and 12d. of 1851, but the portrait in the
+central oval is of Jacques Cartier, the explorer and founder of Canada.
+There has been some discussion over the identity of the original, it
+having been claimed that the subject was Sebastian Cabot, the
+discoverer, just as the portrait on the 6d. stamp has been assigned to
+Lord Elgin, Governor-General of Canada from 1846 to 1854.[37]
+Unfortunately no circular announcing the issue of the stamp has come to
+hand, and, as seen from the quotation already given, the report of the
+Postmaster General does not give us the information. It is nevertheless
+a fact that the portrait represents Cartier, the original being a
+three-quarter length painting in the Hotel de Ville at St. Malo, France,
+the birthplace of Cartier. The inscriptions in the oval frame are in
+this case separated by a small picture of the beaver at the right, and
+three maple leaves at the left. The value is expressed as TEN PENCE,
+with the numerals "10" in the lower spandrels, followed by the letters
+"cy" for "currency." In the upper spandrels is the corresponding value
+in sterling money, expressed as "8d stg". The relation between sterling
+and currency values and their equivalents in the decimal coinage of the
+United States was fixed by law, and the matter seems important enough to
+reproduce the statute here.
+
+[37] Philatelic Record, X: 50.
+
+
+    16^o Vict. Cap. CLVIII.
+
+    An Act to regulate the Currency. [Assented to 14th June, 1853.]
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    II. And be it enacted, That the denominations of money in the
+    Currency of this Province, shall be pounds, dollars, shillings,
+    pence, cents and mills: the pound, shilling and penny shall have,
+    respectively, the same proportionate values as they now have, the
+    dollar shall be one-fourth of a pound, the cent shall be
+    one-hundredth of a dollar, and the mill one-tenth of a cent....
+
+    III. And be it enacted, That the Pound Currency shall be held to be
+    equivalent to and to represent one hundred and one grains and three
+    hundred and twenty-one thousandths of a grain Troy weight of Gold of
+    the Standard of fineness now prescribed by Law for the Gold Coins of
+    the United Kingdom; and the Dollar Currency shall be held to be
+    equivalent to and to represent one fourth part of the weight
+    aforesaid of Gold of the said Standard....
+
+    IV. And be it enacted, That the Pound Sterling shall be held to be
+    equal to one pound, four shillings and four pence, or four dollars,
+    eighty-six cents and two-thirds of a cent, Currency....
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    IX. And be it enacted, That ... the Gold Eagle of the United States,
+    coined after [1st. July, 1834], ... and weighing ten penny weights,
+    eighteen grains, Troy weight, shall pass current and be a legal
+    tender in this Province for ten Dollars or two pounds ten shillings
+    currency....
+
+Further supplies of the 10d. stamp were not needed for three years, the
+next lot, numbering 72,120, having been delivered during the year ending
+30th Sept., 1858, according to the table of stamp statistics. These two
+lots were the only ones delivered, and the balance on hand when the
+decimal stamps appeared being 31,200, we find a total issue for the 10d.
+stamp of 141,000.
+
+Puzzling questions seem to be the rule with this first series of
+Canadian stamps, and the 10d. is no exception. The stamp occurs, to all
+appearances, in at least _two sizes_, one of which has been termed the
+"wide oval" and the other the "narrow oval." These are well brought out
+by illustrations Nos. 70 (wide) and 71 (narrow) on Plate IV. Very likely
+the peculiarity was noticed much earlier, but it seems to have been
+brought to the attention of collectors generally for the first time by
+Mr. W. H. Brouse, in a paper read before the London Philatelic Society
+on Feb. 3, 1894.[38] We quote this entire:--
+
+[38] London Philatelist, III: 34.
+
+    "I have carefully read such Philatelic articles or publications
+    relating to British North American stamps as have come under my
+    notice, but have as yet not come across anything relating to the
+    difference in Canadians that is to be found in the 7-1/2d. Canadian
+    currency (6d. sterling), green, and the 10d., blue, and so concluded
+    that it may have passed my observation, or, if not, has not yet been
+    'written up.' Will you therefore pardon a short note on the subject?
+
+    "Of the 10d., blue, there are three distinct varieties in design,
+    viz.,
+
+      First  (_a_) the long and narrow;
+      Second (_b_) the long and broad: and
+      Third  (_c_) the short and broad.
+
+    "The outside edges or ornaments are in all three cases the same, but
+    the difference lies in the fact of the oval or frame around the head
+    having been, as the case may be, elongated or contracted, or
+    sometimes widened out.
+
+    "The extreme variation in length is about one-sixteenth of an inch,
+    which is considerable in a postage stamp. I doubt very much if this
+    happened through intention, but rather think that it is the result
+    of what might be termed 'engravers' license.' However, whatever it
+    may be, the result is that there are three distinct varieties.
+
+    "It will, I think, be found that the earlier one of these is the
+    long and narrow, on thinnish paper; then the long and broad (which
+    is the most common), on thicker paper; and lastly, the short and
+    broad, on medium paper. The latter is the scarcer, and consequently
+    the most valuable.
+
+    "I have for a long time known of the above differences, and at first
+    thought it only an optical delusion, owing to some of the copies
+    having had their sides closely trimmed, but on closer observation
+    the distinct differences, as I have mentioned, were manifest. What
+    is said of the 10d. may also be said of the 7-1/2d. (but to a lesser
+    degree of variation), only the latter are generally found in the
+    long and broad frame or oval. A slight difference also occurs in the
+    6d., violet; no variation appears in the length of the stamp, though
+    I have two specimens in which the oval or frame shows a contraction
+    in width to the extent of about one-forty-eighth of an inch, and is
+    quite noticeable.
+
+    "This may be 'piper's news' to some of the members of the Philatelic
+    Society, London, but to others it may be of interest, and for that
+    reason I beg your indulgence."
+
+    Mr. Castle, in reading the foregoing paper at the meeting of the
+    London Philatelic Society, shewed specimens of the stamps described
+    by Mr. Brouse, and added a few remarks as under.
+
+    "I venture to think the modest disclaimer on the part of Mr. Brouse,
+    in his closing sentence, is hardly borne out in view of the
+    interesting communication he has made. To me the information was
+    certainly novel, and I could hardly credit that there should exist
+    such differences in size until I had verified the fact by
+    examination of specimens. Owing to the kindness of Messrs. Stanley
+    Gibbons, Limited, and Mr. W. H. Peckitt, I was enabled to inspect a
+    number of these pence issues, and I have tabulated the measurements
+    as nearly as I  can:--
+
+                  HALFPENNY.
+
+              Size.                              Paper.
+
+      (_a_) 22 × 18-1/2 mm.                  Medium thick
+      (_b_) 22-1/2 × 18 mm.                  Medium thick
+
+                  THREEPENCE.
+
+      (_a_) 22 (full) × 18 mm.             Very thin wove
+      (_a_) 22 × 18mm.                     Very thin laid
+      (_b_) 22-1/2 × 17-1/2 mm.                      Thin
+      (_c_) 22-3/4 × 17-1/2 mm.                     Thick
+
+                  SIXPENCE.
+
+      (_a_) 22 × 18 mm.                         Thin wove
+      (_a_) 22 × 18 mm.                         Thin Laid
+      (_b_) 22-3/4 × 17-3/4 mm.                     Thick
+
+                  SEVENPENCE-HALFPENNY.
+
+      (_a_) 22-1/4 × 18-1/2 mm. (bare)         Med. thick
+      (_a_) 22-1/2 × 18-1/2 mm.              Medium thick
+      (_a_) 22-3/4 × 18 mm.                  Medium thick
+      (_a_) 22-3/4 × 18-1/2 mm.              Medium thick
+
+                  TENPENCE.
+
+      (_a_) 22-3/4 × 17-1/2 mm.         Thin to very thin
+      (_b_) 22-1/2 × 18 mm. (full)                  Thick
+      (_b_) 22-3/4 × 18-1/2 mm. (bare)              Thick
+      (_c_) 22 × 18 mm.                              Thin
+
+    "The varieties of the Tenpence are those described by Mr. Brouse as
+    (_a_) long and narrow, (_b_) long and broad, and (_c_) short and
+    broad. I may add that in the case of this value I have examined and
+    measured some forty copies, including a strip of three, as also a
+    proof on very thin India paper, which corresponds exactly in
+    measurement with variety (_b_) on the thick paper (22-3/4 ×
+    18-1/2mm.). It is obvious that to be absolutely accurate beyond a
+    half mm. with an ordinary gauge is hardly possible, but in several
+    of the given cases I have averaged the sizes of several that very
+    closely approximated.
+
+    "As will be seen, I have gone somewhat beyond the lines of Mr.
+    Brouse's paper in including the 1/2d., the 3d., and 6d., the
+    variation in the former being slight, but in the two latter
+    noteworthy. The question how these varieties have arisen is an
+    interesting one, nor can I see that they can be accounted for by
+    shrinkage of the paper, as in the case of the 10d. proof above
+    cited, which is on all fours with the ordinary stamp on thick paper.
+    In the case of the strip of this value I found all three stamps
+    measured the same, and the fact remains that variety (_c_) is short
+    _and_ broad. In any case the existence of these varieties is
+    palpable, the question of their origin a genuine philatelic problem,
+    and I think that the thanks of us all are therefore due to Mr.
+    Brouse for his interesting paper."
+
+This may have been the first record of the peculiarity in the case of
+the Canadian stamps, but it was at least not the first time that
+variation in the dimensions of certain line engraved stamps, supposed to
+have been produced from the same original die, had been noted and
+discussed. We refer to the case of the early Ceylon stamps, which
+furnished food for contention in the philatelic press for many years.
+The first mention of a difference in the length of these seems to have
+been in December, 1864.[39] Ten years later the reference list of Ceylon
+prepared by the London Philatelic Society[40] noted the fact that the
+stamps of 1863 on unwatermarked paper were in general about a millimeter
+shorter in the vertical dimension than the succeeding issue on paper
+watermarked Crown C C, although the engraved designs were otherwise
+absolutely identical. Major Edw. B. Evans, in his catalogue,[41] appends
+a note on the unwatermarked stamps of 1863 as follows:--
+
+    These stamps are apparently (indeed, we may say certainly) from the
+    same plates as the other issues, but at the same time the
+    impressions on this paper are about 1-16 inch shorter than those on
+    other papers. This can only have been occasioned by the paper having
+    shrunk to some extent since the stamps were printed....
+
+[39] The Stamp Collectors' Magazine, II: 191.
+
+[40] The Philatelist, IX: 10.
+
+[41] A Catalogue for Collectors, page 39.
+
+Later, in 1887, Mr. T. K. Tapling, writing in _Le Timbre-Poste_,[42]
+claims the difference cannot be due to shrinkage of paper because the
+stamps have all shrunk evenly, and attributes it to some defect in the
+process of making the plates. He reasons thus:--
+
+    Les timbres sur les feuilles de n'importe quelle valeur étaient tous
+    identiques comme type. Ils furent gravés sur acier, je pense par MM.
+    Perkins Bacon et Co., chaque timbre par un procédé de réduplication,
+    étant reproduit d'une matrice; la planche étant ensuite durcie pour
+    l'impression. Il n'y a par conséquent pas de variété de types, les
+    lignes des gravures sur les timbres courts étant les mêmes que
+    celles sur les timbres longs, excepté qu'elles sont un tant soit peu
+    contractées.... Il me semble plus que probable que la différence en
+    longeur des exemplaires puisse être attribuée à un léger défaut dans
+    le procédé de réduplication des planches de la matrice originale.
+
+[42] =Le Timbre-Poste=, Numéro Jubilaire, page XXXV.
+
+As a matter of fact the stamps did not shrink evenly, but very unevenly.
+Mr. W. B. Thornhill, writing on these same stamps in 1889,[43]
+says:--"You can hardly find two stamps of exactly the same measurements
+in the same value, though the difference in many cases is too small to
+signify"; and he proceeds to show the extreme variations in a carefully
+prepared table including every value on every variety of paper for
+issues from 1855 to 1867. The greatest variation in the vertical
+dimension seems to be about 1 mm. in 26 mm., or roughly 4%, and in the
+horizontal dimension about 1/4 to 1/2 mm. in 19 mm. or roughly 1-1/4 to
+2-1/2%. These dimensional differences being so palpably existent,
+therefore, what factors are we to consider in looking for their cause?
+There seem to be but three: first, an original die or matrix for each
+different size; second, one original die only, whose impressions on the
+printing plate show variations resulting from the process of
+transferring them; third, a printing plate with all the impressions
+exact duplicates of the one original die, but whose reproductions in ink
+on dampened paper are varied by the shrinkage of the paper in drying.
+
+[43] =Philatelic Record=, XI: 71.
+
+Mr. Thornhill convinces himself by inspection that the first proposition
+is untenable; in fact its absurdity is at once apparent on a little
+thought, for the engraving of the original die is a laborious and costly
+piece of work, and that very fact, coupled with the comparative ease of
+exact reduplication by mechanical processes on the printing plate,
+furnishes the chief reason for the employment of this method of
+producing stamps. Since there is such a variety in the size of the
+stamps, therefore, the first theory would indicate many original dies,
+and this we know was not the case. Its refutation indeed is seen in the
+stamps themselves; for each original die, if differing in size from its
+fellows, meant a separate engraving, and it is humanly impossible to
+make these separate engravings exact duplicates, whereas, on the other
+hand, no appreciable variation in line or dot can be detected on the
+same stamp in its different sizes save the general expansion or
+contraction of the design, which is proportionate in all its parts. The
+different die or matrix theory is therefore thrown out on grounds of
+impracticability and absurdity.
+
+Accepting the one original die proposition, then, Mr. Thornhill agrees
+with Mr. Tapling in turning down the shrinkage of paper theory and
+favoring the second supposition, that the variation comes on the plates
+and is due to the process of transference. Let us glance at this a
+moment. The original die is engraved on a block of soft steel of very
+fine and even quality. When finished it is tempered to a very great
+degree of hardness. Next the engraving is transferred by tremendous
+pressure to a transferring roller of similar soft steel, which is in
+turn hardened. In this process there might be an opportunity for a
+slight variation in the size of the transferred impression, due to the
+expansion and contraction of the steel in the tempering process. Next,
+this hardened transfer roller is impressed upon the printing plate of
+soft steel as many times as there are copies desired. These naturally
+all agree among themselves and with the transfer roller impression in
+size. Now when the printing plate in turn receives its hardening, there
+may again be a chance for a slight difference between the transfer
+roller and the plate impressions; _but_ it is wholly unlikely that the
+plate impressions will vary much among themselves, otherwise the
+perfection of Mr. Jacob Perkins' invention, the chief merit of which was
+exact reduplication, would be impaired. As a matter of fact, the high
+grade and even quality of the steel necessarily employed, and the care
+naturally taken in hardening the plate, preclude any other than an even
+variation, if any, due to the tempering process. This means that such
+variations would be practically constant over the printing surface of
+the plate, and that therefore the impressions would still remain
+practically identical in size.
+
+Where, then, does this bring us? With such numerous and well defined
+variations in dimensions in the printed stamps, we should look for the
+cause in the simplest and most natural method by which they could
+readily be produced, which is furnished by the third theory presented.
+Concerning this we quote from the London Philatelic Society's work on
+Ceylon:[44]--
+
+    In reference to the variations in the size of the stamps of Issues
+    III and V [no watermark and Crown CC], Major Evans, who was the
+    first to propound the theory that these variations were due to
+    differences in the nature of the paper employed, writes as
+    follows:--
+
+    "The theory of the expansion and contraction of the paper being now
+    pretty generally accepted, as accounting for the variations observed
+    in the size of the stamps of the early issues of Ceylon, it seems
+    necessary to explain exactly what that theory is, and how these
+    differences are supposed to arise. Previous to printing from plates
+    engraved in _taille-douce_ the paper is wetted, which, as is well
+    known, causes it to expand; the amount of expansion varies, no
+    doubt, considerably in different kinds of paper, and it must also
+    vary with the amount of moisture in the same kind of paper, for as
+    the paper dries it returns to its original dimensions, and,
+    therefore, up to a certain point, the wetter it is the greater will
+    be the expansion. In any case the paper is in a state of expansion
+    at the time of printing, both from being wetted and from being
+    stretched out flat and pressed, and the impression when first
+    printed is then, and then only, in all cases the size of the
+    engraving upon the plate. It then dries, and in so doing contracts,
+    and the greater the amount of expansion the greater will be the
+    amount of the subsequent contraction, so that the smallest stamps
+    are those printed on the paper which expanded most, and the largest
+    those on the paper which expanded least. The minor variations of
+    size may be due to the paper being more or less damp when used, but
+    probably a very slight difference in the thickness or density of the
+    paper would cause some variation in its expansion. The marked
+    difference in size of the stamps on thin, unwatermarked paper, which
+    were the first to attract the attention of Philatelists, is no doubt
+    due to that particular variety of paper, which is very tough and
+    elastic, and which has been found to expand very greatly on being
+    wetted and stretched."
+
+[44] =Postage Stamps, &c., of British India and Ceylon=, page 69.
+
+So much for the Ceylon stamps, which we have discussed _in extenso_; but
+we have only to substitute in every case a reference to the first
+Canadian issues, particularly the 10d. which we started out with, to
+make the discussion apply with equal force in this case as in the other.
+The question is the same--the variations occur in the same way, the
+method of engraving and reproduction is the same, and the varieties in
+the paper are very similar.
+
+Major Evans, in a reply to Mr. Thornhill's paper,[45] states that he
+tried some experiments in wetting a thin, tough note paper, and found an
+expansion of three per cent., while by stretching it he increased the
+expansion to eight per cent, without difficulty! Yet the greatest
+variation in Mr. Thornhill's table was only four per cent. Major Evans
+then tried some of the 1863 Newfoundland stamps, which he judged were
+on paper of almost the same nature as that of the unwatermarked Ceylons
+of the same year, and they gave precisely similar results.
+
+[45] =Philatelic Record=, XI: 158.
+
+Mr. Frank C. Young, who was in the printing business, also tells of
+similar experiments which he carried still further.[46]
+
+    Having provided some twenty-five sheets of paper of different
+    qualities and thicknesses, each was cut into sixteen pieces.
+    Selecting a common half tone cut which measured exactly 100 × 69 mm.
+    and dampening the sheets of paper to different degrees of wetness I
+    proceeded to impress the cut on each sheet, using a common roller
+    proof press. After the printed sheets had been allowed to dry it
+    became a matter of a good millimeter gauge and careful measurements
+    of the printed impressions, not the paper.
+
+    ... Hardly two sheets of the whole lot were identical in size, nor
+    was I able to formulate any table as to how much or how little or
+    which way of the paper shrinkage would occur. The only general rule
+    which seemed to come out clearly was that thin paper would
+    invariably shrink more than thick. In many of the sheets the
+    difference was barely noticeable, while, on the other hand, such
+    measurements as 96 × 68, 97 × 68-1/2, 99 × 67-1/2, 98 × 68 mm. were
+    fairly common, and one sheet, after several very careful
+    measurements, was undeniably 95-1/2 × 69 mm., thus showing a
+    shrinkage of 4-1/2 per cent, one way and none at all the other. This
+    was very thin laid linen paper.
+
+    Contrary to all expectations, more than one impression measured more
+    than either the cut or those printed on dry paper, one on thin wove
+    paper being fully 101 mm. long.
+
+[46] =Canada Stamp Sheet=, IV: 173.
+
+Looking back now at Mr. Castle's tables,[47] we find his greatest
+variations in length amount to 3/4 mm. in 22 mm., or roughly 3-1/2%, and
+in width 1 mm. in 18 mm., or roughly 5-1/2%--results entirely within
+bounds according to Major Evans' and Mr. Young's experiments, and
+doubtless settling once and for all the reason of the "three distinct
+varieties in design" of Mr. Brouse.
+
+[47] See page 54.
+
+As for the paper actually used for the printing of the 10d. stamp, we
+find it a hard, white wove variety varying very much in thickness from a
+very thin, almost pelure quality, through which the design is quite
+plainly evident, to a medium and finally a considerably thicker quality.
+The pelure paper seems naturally to be the one on which the greatest
+variation in dimensions occurs, the _long_ and _broad_ size of the stamp
+coming principally on the thicker paper,[48] which is supposed to shrink
+the least upon drying and therefore keeps the printed impression nearest
+the size of the plate impression. The _long_ and _narrow_ impression,
+being the commoner variation, was probably due to the paper being fed
+to the press the same way of the "grain" as a rule, while the _short_
+and _broad_ variation, which is much scarcer, occurred by an occasional
+sheet of paper being fed the other way of the "grain." That paper has a
+"grain" is readily proved by tearing a piece in one direction and then
+tearing it at right angles to the first tear; one will be found much
+easier of accomplishment generally than the other, and this "grain"
+doubtless has its due effect in the amount of shrinkage in one way or
+the other upon drying a dampened sheet.
+
+[48] See page 56.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+One further variety we have to record in the 10d. stamp, this being a
+"shifted transfer" variety similar to that occurring in the 3d. value.
+In this case we find the letters A D A and S of "Canada Postage," and P
+E N of "Pence" showing a distinct doubling at the bottom, the transfer
+roller evidently having been set a little too high at first and a very
+slight impression made on the plate. The stamp has not been seen in a
+pair to prove its character absolutely, but it bears all the ear-marks
+of being a proper plate variety and not due to a careless impression
+when printing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To continue again with the Postmaster General's reports. We find in that
+for 31st March, 1856, a note to the effect that the postage on letters
+to France had been once more reduced, this time to 10d. currency per 1/4
+oz., which gave further employment to the new 10d. stamp. There is also
+some information concerning the registry system, but this will be
+treated later under that head. One item is found in the accounts to
+interest us:--
+
+    Rawdon, Wright, Hatch & Edson, for printing 300,000 postage
+  stamps for Post Office Department £15.2.3.
+
+As only 3d. stamps were received during the year, this of course refers
+to that value, and the price charged is found to be practically one
+shilling, currency, per thousand, or twenty cents American money.
+
+In June of 1857 the Canadian Parliament made further changes in the
+newspaper rates, etc., according to the following Act:--
+
+
+    20^o Vict. Cap. XXV.
+
+    An Act to Amend the Post-Office Laws of this Province.
+
+    [Assented to 10th June 1857.]
+
+    Whereas it is expedient to amend the Post-Office Laws, in the manner
+    hereafter provided: Therefore, Her Majesty, by and with the advice
+    and consent of the Legislative Council and Assembly of Canada enacts
+    as follows:--
+
+    I. [Repeals sections I and V of 18^o Vict. Cap. 79.][49]
+
+    II. Newspapers printed and published within this Province and
+    addressed from the Office of Publication, shall be transmitted from
+    the Post-Office where mailed to any other Post-Office in Canada, or
+    to the United Kingdom, or to any British Colony or Possession, or to
+    France, free of Canadian Postage.
+
+    III. Newspapers printed and published in the United Kingdom, or in
+    any British Colony or Possession, or in France, when received in
+    mails addressed to this Province, and directed to any place in
+    Canada, shall pass through the Post and be delivered at the
+    Post-Office addressed, free of Canadian postage.
+
+    IV. For the purposes of this Act, the word "newspapers" shall be
+    held to mean periodicals published not less frequently than once in
+    each week, and containing notices of passing events, or any such
+    newspaper published fortnightly or monthly at the time of the
+    passage of this Act.
+
+    V. Periodicals printed and published in this Province other than
+    newspapers, when specially devoted to Religious and to General
+    Education, to Agriculture or Temperance, or to any branch of
+    Science, and addressed directly from the Office of Publication,
+    shall be transmitted from the Post-Office where mailed to any other
+    Post-Office in this Province free of postage.
+
+    VI. Letters and other mailable matter addressed to or sent by the
+    Speaker or Chief Clerk of the Legislative Council or of the
+    Legislative Assembly, or to or by any Member of the Legislature at
+    the seat of Government, during any session of the Legislature, or
+    addressed to any of the Members or Officers in this section
+    mentioned, at the seat of Government as aforesaid, during the ten
+    days next before the meeting of Parliament, shall be free of
+    postage.
+
+    VII. So much of the twelfth section of the Post-Office Act, passed
+    in the session held in the 14th and 15th years of Her Majesty's
+    Reign and chaptered 71, as requires the Postmaster General to make
+    to the Governor General of this Province, annually, certain Reports
+    for the purpose of being laid before the Provincial Parliament at
+    each Session thereof, for the year ending the fifth day of April
+    previous to such Session, is hereby repealed; and it shall,
+    hereafter, be the duty of the Postmaster General to furnish such
+    Reports annually so that they may be laid before the Provincial
+    Parliament within ten days after the assembling thereof, and such
+    Annual Reports shall be made up to the thirtieth day of September
+    previous to each Session.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    X. This Act shall take effect on and from the first day of August
+    next.
+
+[49] See page 50.
+
+Although the enactment clause made the above Act operative on 1st
+August, 1857, because of which we should not expect it to affect the
+Postmaster General's report for the year ending 31st March, 1857, yet we
+find this report dated 30th September, 1857, thus including the year
+and a half from 1st April, 1856. Among other items of interest in this
+report we find the following:--
+
+    There is very material economy of labor to the Department in dealing
+    with letters pre-paid by stamp as compared with letters on which the
+    postage is collected in money, as well as a manifest gain to the
+    public, in the increased facilities which pre-payment by stamp
+    enables the Post Office to afford for posting and delivering letters
+    so pre-paid.
+
+    It is gratifying, therefore, to observe that the use of stamps is
+    gradually gaining ground, encouraging as it does the hope that it
+    may be found practicable and expedient ere long to make prepayment
+    by stamp the prevailing rule in Canada, as it has for some time been
+    in the United Kingdom, in France, and in the United States.
+
+    A reduction in the charge of Book Post Packets, when not exceeding 4
+    oz., in weight between Canada and the United Kingdom, of one half
+    the former rate has been made.
+
+    To facilitate the pre-payment of letters passing from Canada to
+    England by the Canadian steamers, a new stamp bearing value at 6
+    pence sterling, or 7-1/2 pence currency, being the Canadian Packet
+    rate, has been secured and put in circulation.
+
+    A new stamp has also been introduced of the value of one halfpenny
+    to serve as the medium for prepaying transient Newspapers.
+
+The above is the only reference we have to the issue of the 7-1/2d.
+stamp. The accounts for the fiscal year ending 30th September, 1857,
+contain the following item:--
+
+      "Rawdon, Wright and Co., Postage Stamps, £165.9.6"
+
+which must include the cost of dies and plates for the two new values.
+There is no record of the date of issue of the 7-1/2d. stamp, as far as
+our research has gone. The London Society's work[50] gives it as June 2,
+1857, but upon what authority is not stated. It will be recalled that a
+stamp of this value was suggested, in company with the 10d., in the
+Postmaster General's report for 31st March, 1854, as being the reduced
+rate granted in that same month on letters sent "direct from a
+Provincial Port, Quebec or Halifax," to England. The _Halifax
+Philatelist_ states:[51]--"This stamp was rendered necessary on account
+of the contract between the Canadian Government and the Allan Line of
+Steamers in regard to carrying the mails, and by which contract the
+postage was reduced." It hardly seems to have been very "necessary" when
+it took three years at least to bring the Postmaster General's
+suggestion to a realization. Besides, the Allan Line steamers began
+their service over a year before the appearance of the stamp, and the
+rate it represented had even then been in force for two years, nor was
+it reduced for many years thereafter.
+
+[50] The Postage Stamps, etc., of the North American Colonies of Great
+Britain, page 14.
+
+[51] Halifax Philatelist, II: 74.
+
+The Postmaster General's Report for 1856 says:--
+
+    The month of May, 1856, was marked by the first voyage to the St.
+    Lawrence of the line of Canadian Mail Steamers, under the contract
+    between Mr. Hugh Allan of Montreal, and the Provincial Government.
+    These vessels have performed the service for which they were bound,
+    with laudable punctuality, and have crossed the Atlantic at an
+    average speed which compares successfully with the performances of
+    the steamers of the Cunard and Collins lines from New York and
+    Boston.
+
+The average time of passage is given as--Westward, 12 days, 20-1/2
+hours; Eastward, 11 days, 2 hours.
+
+The design of the stamp was simply adapted from that of the discarded
+12d. stamp, as will readily be seen from the illustration (No. 5 on
+Plate I). The inscriptions were changed to CANADA PACKET POSTAGE, which
+of course referred to the fast mail steamers then known as "packets,"
+and not to any "parcel post" as is sometimes erroneously stated; and SIX
+PENCE STERLING, a new departure in labeling a Canadian stamp. Like the
+10d. that preceded it, however, the corresponding values were inserted
+in the spandrels, "6d. stg." in the left hand pair and "7-1/2d. cy." in
+the right hand pair. The stamp is generally listed under its "currency"
+value to conform with the rest of the set and avoid confusion with the
+regular "six pence" stamp. The normal color of the stamp is a dark
+green.
+
+The 7-1/2d. stamp is known to have been arranged on the plate for
+printing sheets of 120 stamps, ten rows of twelve stamps each, this
+being to facilitate the reckoning in English money. The eight marginal
+imprints appeared as on the other values. There was but one supply
+received, on the first order, of 100,080 stamps which, if we divide by
+120, gives an even 834 sheets. Now, if we but glance back at the first
+supply received of the 10d. stamp[52] we find exactly the same number,
+evenly divisible by 120 but not by 100. The second supply of the 10d.
+stamp works out in exactly the same way,--72,120 makes an even 601
+sheets at 120 per sheet. Is it not probable to suppose, therefore, in
+the absence of entire sheets or horizontal rows of the 10d. stamp, that
+the latter was also printed in sheets of 120, as previously suggested,
+instead of sheets of 100 as stated in Mr. King's article?[53]
+
+[52] See page 51.
+
+[53] =Monthly Journal=, VII: 8.
+
+When the issue of the decimal stamps took place, on July 1, 1859, there
+were 17,670 of the 7-1/2d. stamps on hand, so that the total issue of
+this value was 82,410 copies.
+
+As will be gathered from Mr. Brouse's paper, which we quoted in
+connection with the 10d. stamp, a similar variation in the width of the
+oval is to be found in the case of the 7-1/2d. stamp, but the extremes
+are not so great and it is therefore not so noticeable. A glance at the
+table of measurements[54] will show that the variation in width is
+confined to a half millimeter and that in height to practically the same
+amount. Of course the discussion and conclusions detailed at length
+under the 10d. stamp apply with equal force in the present instance, and
+the fact that the 7-1/2d. stamp is not found on the very thin paper
+probably accounts for the lack of extreme variations. It was printed
+upon paper of the same kind as used for the 10d., but only on the medium
+and thicker qualities. A pair of the stamps in juxtaposition, showing
+the wide oval and the narrow oval, will be found as numbers 67 and 68
+respectively on Plate IV.
+
+[54] See page 54.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The last--and also least--of the pence issues was the half-penny stamp.
+There had been a need for this value since the introduction of stamps,
+for there were several rates that were impossible to make up with the
+denominations that were issued and which therefore had to be paid in
+money. Among these were the 1/2d. charge on newspapers from 1851 to
+1855, the same charge per ounce on magazines and books during the entire
+period, the 1/2d. and 1d. carrier's fees, the 1d. rate on circulars and
+on soldier's letters, and the several 7-1/2d. rates for letters and for
+the book post with England. But the Act last quoted,[55] which restored
+a charge on transient newspapers, seems to have been the direct cause of
+the belated issue of the half-penny stamp. The circular announcing its
+issue is as follows:[56]--
+
+    POSTAGE ON NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS.
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT,
+      TORONTO, 18th July, 1857.
+
+    Under the Post Office Law of last Session, taking effect from 1st.
+    August, 1857, Newspapers printed and published in Canada, and
+    mailed direct from Office of Publication, will pass free of Canadian
+    Postage.
+
+    Periodicals so printed, published, and mailed when specially devoted
+    to Religious and to General Education, to Agriculture, or
+    Temperance, or to any branch of Science, will pass free from any one
+    Post-Office to another within the Province.
+
+    Transient and re-mailed Papers and Periodicals will pass by Post if
+    pre-paid by Postage stamp--one halfpenny on each Newspaper, and on
+    each Periodical, one halfpenny, if not exceeding 3 oz., in weight,
+    and 2d. if over 3 oz.
+
+    Postage Stamps of the value of one halfpenny each will be sold to
+    the public at all the principal Post Offices (including all Money
+    Order Offices), with a discount of 5 per cent upon purchases of not
+    less than twenty stamps, and will be available in prepayment of
+    Newspapers and Periodicals, and of Drop and Town Letters.
+
+    R. SPENCE, _Postmaster-General_.
+
+[55] See pages 60-61.
+
+[56] =Canada Stamp Sheet=, IV: 184.
+
+The London Society's work gives the date of issue of the 1/2d. value as
+18th July, 1857, and it is clearly seen from the preceding notice where
+the date was obtained. But it is more likely that the stamp was issued
+on 1st. August, the day the new rates took effect.
+
+The new stamp was very plain, as will be seen from the illustration, No.
+4 on Plate I. The profile head of Queen Victoria was quite evidently
+taken from the head on the British penny stamp. The usual inscription,
+CANADA POSTAGE, occupies the upper part of the oval frame, and ONE HALF
+PENNY the lower part, but the value is not expressed by numerals in the
+corners, as on all the other stamps of the issue, the spandrels being
+merely filled in with a reticulated pattern. The stamp was printed in
+sheets of 100, ten rows of ten, with the eight marginal imprints as
+described for the series of 1851.
+
+The tables of statistics in the Postmaster General's reports give the
+number of 1/2d. stamps received previous to 1st. October, 1857, as
+1,341,600; during the next fiscal year 1,258,920 were received; and
+between 1st. October, 1858 and 30th June, 1859, when they were
+superseded, 850,100 more arrived, making a total stock of 3,450,620. The
+balance on hand when the decimal series was issued was 60,660, which
+makes the total issue of the 1/2d. stamp 3,389,960.
+
+The normal color of the stamp is a deep rose. It is found printed on a
+soft ribbed paper, with the ribbing both horizontal and vertical, as
+well as on the ordinary hard white wove paper of this issue in both the
+thin and thicker qualities.
+
+The London Society's work has the following remarks:[57]--
+
+    Two _soi-disant_ provisionals have been chronicled; viz., the
+    Halfpenny surcharged in black--one with an Arabic numeral "1," and
+    the other with "8d. STG." The Society can furnish no information
+    concerning these two stamps; but supposing the surcharges to be
+    genuine, they are probably only notifications of insufficient
+    postage applied after the letters were posted.
+
+[57] =The Stamps, etc., of the North American Colonies of Great
+Britain=, page 14.
+
+We find that the original chronicle of these varieties was in _Le
+Timbre-Poste_ in 1869. Concerning them M. Moens writes as follows:--
+
+    Un de nos correspondants nous annonce qu'il possède un timbre rose
+    1/2 penny, surchargé de la marque: 8 _d. stg._ Cette émission,
+    provisoire sans doute, doit être le résultat de la penurie
+    momentanée de timbres 10 pence, dans un ou plusieurs bureaux
+    secondaires.[58]
+
+[58] =Le Timbre-Poste=, VII: 82.
+
+And in the next issue of the paper:--
+
+    On nous a montré le 1/2 p. rose, non dentélé, surchargé en noir, du
+    chiffre 1, de 20 mm. environ et placé dans le sens horizontal. C'est
+    probablement encore un timbre émis provisoirement, pour une raison
+    qui nous échappe, le 1 penny n'ayant jamais existé. Quant au timbre
+    dont nous avons parlé le mois dernier, le chiffre 8 et la lettre S
+    ont pour dimension 16 mm.[59]
+
+[59] =ibid.= VII: 94.
+
+We think all idea of a "surcharge" can be at once dismissed, as the
+raising of the value, particularly to 8d., would be a very foolish and
+doubtless wholly unnecessary proceeding, and certainly some record of
+such procedure would have been found ere this. The impressions were
+probably from rating stamps that were accidentally struck on the postage
+stamps, or possibly used purposely as cancellations.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The report of the Postmaster General for the 30th Sept. 1858, notes the
+fact that previous to 1854 all newspapers were rated at 1/2d. each, but
+in that year were granted free transmission. Concerning the new
+regulations it continues:--
+
+    In pursuance of the Act of 1857, limiting free transmission to such
+    as are posted directly from the office of publication, a halfpenny
+    rate, pre-payable by postage stamps, has been taken since 1st.
+    August, 1857 on all transient newspapers--that is, papers posted by
+    individuals other than the Publishers.
+
+
+
+The same report states:--"The Department has, from 1st. January, 1859,
+put in operation an arrangement for the conveyance of Parcel Packets
+between any two Post Offices in Canada with the ordinary mails." The
+charge was fixed at 1s. 3d. per pound with a maximum weight of two
+pounds, and prepayment was enforced.
+
+In the Department accounts we find the following:--
+
+    Rawdon, Wright, Hatch & Co., Supply of letter and newspaper
+  stamps                                                £99.6.6
+
+which was simply a printing bill. The last payment for the pence issue
+of stamps appears in the report for 30th Sept., 1859, and is for the
+deliveries during the nine months from 30th. Sept. 1858 to 30th June,
+1859, when the pence stamps were retired. The charge is given in decimal
+currency:--
+
+  Rawdon, Wright & Co., supply of letter and newspaper stamps
+                                                      $238.69
+
+The report for 1858 gives an interesting table showing the growth of the
+postal business by decades for the thirty years previous. The remarkable
+increase during the last period, within which the Province assumed
+control and the use of stamps was introduced, is to be noted:--
+
+         Number of   Miles of   Gross    Letters   Newspapers
+  Year  P. Offices  P. Routes  Postage   Annually   Annually
+
+  1828     101        2,368    £15,000    340,000     400,000
+  1838     380        5,486     35,000  1,000,000   1,250,000
+  1848     539        6,985     65,000  2,000,000   3,000,000
+  1858   1,566       13,600    151,000  9,800,000  13,500,000
+
+The year 1859 brings us to the end of the pence issues, but before
+leaving them there is still one more question to consider, that of the
+perforated varieties, which will form the subject of the next chapter.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE PERFORATED PENCE ISSUES
+
+
+The perforated series of the pence issues of Canada furnishes another
+one of those knotty problems for which these stamps are noted. The first
+intimation of the improvement that was announced officially appears in
+the Report of the Postmaster General for 30th September, 1857, in these
+words:--
+
+    Moreover, the Department has been led, by the increasing use of
+    Postage Stamps, to take measures for obtaining the Canadian Postage
+    Stamps on sheets perforated in the dividing lines, in the manner
+    adopted in England, to facilitate the separation of a single stamp
+    from the others on a sheet when required for use.
+
+One would naturally suppose that the stamps would be ordered in this
+condition from the manufacturers, and we think they were; but no further
+light is thrown upon the matter by the Reports, and other facts that
+persist in intruding themselves have given rise to a theory that the
+Department either bought perforating machines of its own and operated
+upon the stock on hand, or engaged some local concern to perforate the
+stock in question. This _might_ have been done, but if so why were the
+7-1/2 and 10 pence stamps omitted? Again, had such been the case, it is
+passing strange that the 1/2 penny, issued unperforated but two months
+before the date of the report, should be approximately twice as common
+in that state as perforated. In the case of the 3d., taking stock on
+hand the 30th September, 1857, and subsequent deliveries, two-fifths of
+the entire issue should have been perforated, which would make the
+latter stamps almost as common as the earlier issues; while in the case
+of the 6d., under similar conditions, almost the same ratio holds, the
+figures being a trifle more in favor of the perforated series. This does
+not conform with facts at all, and it can hardly be explained by
+supposing that a relatively small stock of but three values was operated
+upon in 1857 and the improvement then dropped for a couple of years.
+
+For further proof of the incorrectness of this theory we think the
+following fact speaks for itself. Appended to each Postmaster General's
+Report are various tables of expenditures. One of these statements is
+headed:--
+
+"Sums paid in discharge of Tradesmen's Bills," and in it are found the
+amounts paid to various parties named for all kinds of supplies
+furnished the Department. This is where the payments to the engravers of
+the stamps appear, as well as items for cancelling stamps, post-marks,
+etc. Now a careful examination of all items for the years 1857, 1858 and
+1859 fails to disclose any payment either for purchase of a perforating
+machine or for having the stamps perforated by outside parties. This may
+be "negative evidence" but we feel that it has its due weight.
+
+Nevertheless, we find at least two other perforations on stamps of this
+issue besides the regulation gauge 12, which has made it appear to some
+that the Department might have experimented with means of separation
+before settling definitely on the type adopted. The stamp operated upon
+was the 3d., probably as being the most commonly employed value, which
+would naturally be the case were the perforations the efforts of private
+parties. The first "irregular" perforation was listed by Major Evans[60]
+as gauging 13, and the London Society's work lists it as well, probably
+following the earlier catalog. But Messrs. Corwin and King
+state:[61]--"This perforation is totally unknown in America, and we
+doubt its existence." Neither the Pack nor the Worthington collection
+contains a copy and we think it can be passed by.
+
+[60] A Catalogue for Collectors, page 33.
+
+[61] Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 226.
+
+The next perforation is of gauge 14, and this is well known though of
+extreme rarity. Messrs. Corwin and King did not know of over twenty
+specimens in 1891. We are fortunate in being able to illustrate a fine
+used pair on piece of cover from the Pack collection as No. 128 on Plate
+XIII. Most unfortunately, however, as will be noted, some vandal cut the
+cover, though perhaps unwittingly, just so as to destroy most of the
+postmark and thus lose forever the date and place of mailing. Messrs.
+Corwin and King state:[62]--
+
+[62] ibid. I: 275.
+
+    We have lately seen a pair of 3d. perf. 14, upon the original cover,
+    but which, unfortunately, presents a most indistinct dating stamp,
+    and, although endorsed by the recipient with date of writing, May
+    30, date of receipt and date of reply, all three year dates are so
+    indistinctly written that one is unable to tell whether it is 1857
+    or 1859, although we think the former was the date. Should this be
+    the case it would seem as though the perf. 14 and another curious
+    perforation just discovered ... were experimental, or provisional,
+    pending the receipt from the makers of those perf. 12. Most of the
+    few stamps perf. 14 which we have seen, appear cut on one or more
+    sides with the shears, as though the users were not familiar with
+    the advantages of perforation as a means of separating the stamps,
+    and adhering in a measure to the old methods. This is one of the
+    reasons which lead us to believe that these stamps, perf. 14, were
+    issued before those perf. 12, because the latter are almost
+    invariably separated by tearing apart as is proper.... The writer
+    has in his collection seven copies of the 3d. perf. 14, and of these
+    four specimens show double perforation on one or more sides. It is a
+    rare occurrence when a double perforation is found upon any of the
+    stamps so treated by the American Bank Note Co. or their
+    predecessors, and when we find four out of seven specimens in that
+    condition, we are justified in stating that these stamps, gauging
+    14, were never perforated by the makers.
+
+In another part of the article just quoted is the following:[63]--
+
+    The American Bank Note Co. and Rawdon, Wright, Hatch and Edson,
+    their predecessors, have never, according to official information
+    from them, employed any other gauge than 12, in fact they call 12
+    their standard and only perforation. Allowing that they did
+    perforate the ones found perf. 12 (which are the rule, while those
+    perf. 14 are the exception), then those perf. 14 must have been
+    certainly operated upon elsewhere than in the shops of the Bank Note
+    Co., where this perforation is unknown.
+
+[63] Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 226.
+
+From all the foregoing we can seem to make but one deduction for the 3d.
+perforated 14 and that is--unofficial. The dated cover, if 1859, would
+be but a month before the issue of the decimal stamps, and the regular
+"perf. 12" stamps were plentifully supplied at that time. It would
+therefore seem that the date must have been 1857, as suggested, which
+would have been well ahead of the appearance of the "perf. 12" issues as
+we shall see later. Then the fact that the manufacturers cannot be held
+responsible for this perforation, and the Department accounts furnish no
+item of expenditure directly traceable to such work, make it seem wholly
+probable that it was done by private parties for their own or customers'
+convenience.
+
+The "curious perforation" alluded to as just discovered was announced by
+the Scott Stamp & Coin Co. as follows:[64]--
+
+    CANADA.--In a large lot of pence issues purchased by us lately, we
+    have found two copies of 3 pence on grayish wove paper perforated 13
+    with oblique parallel cuts. This seems to confirm the theory that
+    the pence issues of Canada were not perforated by the manufacturers,
+    but either by the Canadian Government or by some persons authorized
+    by them, who most likely experimented with different perforating
+    machines, finally selecting the one perforating 12.
+
+[64] American Journal of Philately, 2d. Series, IV: 23.
+
+With regard to the deductions given, we think that what we have already
+presented concerning the unofficial character of the gauge 14
+perforation applies with even more force in the present instance, and we
+unhesitatingly put these two curios in the "privately perforated" class.
+
+Messrs. Corwin and King give further details as follows:[65]--
+
+    As one of them has passed into the possession of the writer, we are
+    able to particularize somewhat with reference to this particular
+    perforation.... Our specimen is from the bottom of the sheet, or
+    else the shears have been used, so that we find the perforation as
+    it originally existed between each stamp, before separation. This
+    perforation consists of oblique _curved_ parallel cuts; they are not
+    straight, but show a very decided curve from right to left, looking
+    at the face of the stamp. The other sides of our specimen present,
+    having been torn from the stamp on either side, a very well defined
+    saw-tooth perforation, very much like that found on the Bremen
+    stamps, but much coarser, clearly gauging 13. It occurs to us that,
+    perhaps, this is the 13 perforation listed by the London Society,
+    although, had a specimen been before the society when the reference
+    list was compiled, the peculiarity of this style of perforation
+    would surely have been noted by them.
+
+[65] Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 277.
+
+To return to the general subject, Mr. Donald A. King in his own article
+says:[66]--
+
+    It is an open question whether these stamps were delivered to the
+    Canadian Post Office Department in a perforated condition or not.
+    The manufacturers are wholly unable to throw any light on the
+    subject; and while there is much to be said in favor of their having
+    perforated the stamps, there are points against it almost as strong.
+    In favor of it there is the fact that, at the date that these stamps
+    were issued, it was more than probable that a firm like the
+    manufacturers would have perforating machines. The normal gauge of
+    the perforated set is 12, that being the only size of perforation
+    ever used by the manufacturers, or their successors, the American
+    Bank Note Company; indeed, they call 12 their standard and only
+    gauge.
+
+[66] Monthly Journal, VII: 9.
+
+The stamps in issue from the time of the announcement of perforation in
+the Report of 1857, to the appearance of the decimal stamps in 1859,
+were the 1/2d., 3d., 6d., 7-1/2d., and 10d. values, but only the first
+three appeared with perforations. The first supply of the 10d. stamp, as
+we know, was received in January 1855, and was naturally unperforated.
+The first and only supply of the 7-1/2d. stamp was received probably in
+the second quarter of 1857, and these were all unperforated. The first
+supply of the 1/2d. stamp was doubtless delivered about midsummer of
+1857, and these were evidently all unperforated. The other supplies
+received in the fiscal year of 1857 were 300,000 of the 3d. in September
+1856, and the same number again in March 1857, together with the 50,078
+of the 6d.[67] Evidently these were still in the unperforated class, as
+they were delivered before either the 7-1/2d. or 1/2d. supplies. We must
+therefore look to the supplies delivered _after_ the 30th September,
+1857, as a basis for reckoning up the perforated series. The values and
+quantities given in the stamp accounts (already quoted) are as
+follows:--
+
+                                           1/2d.       3d.     6d.    10d.
+
+  Rec'd, yr. ending 30th Sept. 1858      1,258,920   900,000 100,000 72,120
+  Rec'd. half-yr. end'g 30th June, 1859    850,100   449,900  70,000
+                                         --------- --------- ------- ------
+      Total,                             2,109,020 1,349,900 170,000 72,120
+  Balance on hand 30th June, 1859           60,660    21,700  17,578 31,200
+         (destroyed)
+                                         --------- --------- ------- ------
+  Issued                                 2,048,360 1,328,200 152,422 40,920
+
+The first thing that confronts us here is a second supply of the 10d.
+stamp in this supposed "perforated period," over half of which was
+issued for sale, and yet the 10d. stamp is practically unknown in a
+perforated condition! We say practically, because the London Society's
+work[68] remarks:--"The Seven Pence Halfpenny, green, and Ten Pence,
+blue, perforated, exist in the collection of a well known Parisian
+collector. The authenticity, however, of the perforations appears to be
+doubtful." We think it is more than doubtful, as it is practically
+certain that neither value was ever issued in this condition. Messrs.
+Corwin and King state:[69]--"We agree with the Society in doubting the
+authenticity of the 7-1/2d. and 10 pence, perforated, as these stamps,
+thus treated, have never been seen in America, nor can anything be
+ascertained from the makers of the Stamps or the Canadian Post Office
+Department concerning them." The last statement is hardly convincing,
+for neither party referred to can give any more information concerning
+the other three values that we know _were_ issued. We can heartily
+subscribe to the next remark, however:--"We have no hesitation in
+pronouncing them impostors."
+
+[67] Metropolitan Philatelist, XVII: 83.
+
+[68] North American Colonies of Great Britain, page 15.
+
+[69] Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 226.
+
+The date usually assigned to the appearance of the perforated stamps is
+January 1858. The London Society gave simply "1857," which is apparently
+set down merely because they have just quoted the announcement from the
+Postmaster General's Report for that year. Evans and Moens, in their
+catalogs, both name the date as November 1858. Unfortunately no more
+authoritative statement has been found, except that in Messrs. Corwin
+and King's article[70] they say "Mr. Hooper positively states that it
+took place in January, 1858." Mr. John R. Hooper was at that time [1890]
+connected with the Canadian Post Office Department at Ottawa and took
+pains to look up much information for the above-mentioned gentlemen. His
+reasons for the "positive statement" are not given, and inasmuch as he
+is quoted elsewhere as saying that "the records of the Post Office
+Department are silent as to where this perforation was performed and by
+whom,"[71] and also seems a little uncertain in some other details, we
+feel that further confirmation is needed.
+
+[70] =Metropolitan Philatelist, I=: 275.
+
+[71] =ibid. I=: 226.
+
+In our table above we have given the supplies received after the 30th
+September, 1857, and deducted the remainders so as to have the actual
+number issued. The 10d. has already proved a stumbling block, for it was
+not perforated at all! Next we find the 6d. to the number of 150,000,
+when the total issue, including the laid paper, was but 400,000; yet the
+catalog value of the imperforates is some $6 for each variety, and of
+the perforated stamp at least $30! Can anyone doubt that all these
+150,000 6d. stamps were _not_ perforated? In the case of the 3d. we have
+one and a third millions to compare with a total issue of three and a
+half millions--about a third in the supposed perforated class. Yet the
+catalog value of the latter is $2.50 against 36 cents for the wove paper
+imperforate alone. With the 1/2d. stamp there are two millions against a
+total of three and a third millions, or about two to one in favor of the
+supposed perforated stamps, yet the latter are double the catalog price
+of the former! The only conclusion to be drawn from these regularly
+appearing inconsistencies in each value is that all the supplies after
+30th September, 1857 were _not_ perforated, as the 10d. stamp very
+glaringly intimates!
+
+If this be so, is it not possible that the order to perforate new
+supplies was given to the manufacturers much later than has hitherto
+been thought to be the case? It hardly seems likely that this
+improvement would be ordered for a few supplies and then dropped, only
+to reappear a year and a half later as a permanent feature of the new
+set. Once adopted it was more than likely to be retained.
+
+Let us see, then, just for curiosity's sake, what the supplies of the
+last six months of issue yield us for data. For the 1/2d. we find
+850,000, roughly, with 60,000 remainders. Call it 800,000 issued which,
+if perforated, would be a quarter of the total issue of 1/2d. stamps, or
+a ratio to the imperforates of one to three. This is not so far away
+from the catalog ratio of two to one (inversely, of course) in the value
+of the perforated stamps. With the 3d. stamp we have 450,000, roughly,
+with 20,000 remainders, say 430,000 issued. Of a total issue of
+3,500,000 this represents one-eighth, or a ratio of one to seven. The
+inverse ratio of seven to one for catalog value comes pretty close when
+we compare $2.50 with 36 cents! In the case of the 6d. there are 70,000
+less 17,500 remainders, or 52,500. This is approximately one-eighth the
+total issue of 400,000, or again a ratio of one to seven. The inverse
+ratio of seven to one for a catalog value would make the perforated
+stamp list $42 with the imperforate at $6. But both laid and wove paper
+6d. stamps list at approximately $6, whereas if all had been issued on
+but one variety of paper we might find perhaps a single list price of
+say $4. With this as a basis, the catalog value of $30 for the
+perforated 6d. is in as close agreement with our supposition as are the
+others. And, best of all, the second supply of the 10d. stamp is
+disposed of without any difficulty whatever under this hypothesis!
+
+It may be argued that reasoning thus from catalog prices is too
+uncertain to prove of value. Granted in many cases. But here is an issue
+from fifty to sixty years old; the stamps were regularly used in
+increasing numbers during their years of issue; they have always been
+popular and eagerly collected, so that the stock in existence has been
+pretty well handled and pretty well distributed. Under these conditions
+the catalog prices should by this time reflect fairly accurately the
+_relative_ rarity of the main varieties of each stamp at least; and it
+is this relative rarity that we are after in order to approximate the
+original supplies of the main varieties. The result is certainly of more
+than mere interest, the agreement being such that we are tempted to lay
+down the following propositions in regard to the perforated stamps for
+further proof or disproof:--
+
+_First._ The regular perforation (gauge 12) was done by the
+manufacturers and applied to the last requisitions previous to the
+change to decimal stamps.
+
+_Second._ The date of the supposed issue of the perforated stamps should
+be changed from January 1858, to November 1858 or January 1859.
+
+_Third._ The quantities of perforated stamps issued are placed
+approximately at:--1/2d., 789,440; 3d., 428,200; 6d., 52,422.
+
+In further support of the above postulates, we must say that every cover
+bearing any one of the three perforated stamps which we have been able
+to get a satisfactory date from has been postmarked in _1859_! Not one
+has yet been seen which bore a date in 1858 even, and one 6d. from the
+Seybold collection, which was dated at Brantford, Dec. 29, 1857, turned
+out to be bad. Of course perforated pence stamps are hard to find on
+original covers, but it is curious that so far not one has upset the
+theory we have laid down.
+
+There is one point left which perhaps needs some attention. The London
+Society's work lists a 6d. on _laid_ paper, perforated 12, and Mr. King
+has followed by including it in his reference list. This would imply
+that the Canadian Government had perforated its stock on hand, in which
+might be a few remainders of the early laid paper issue, and naturally
+would go far toward confirming that view of the origin of the perforated
+series. But this stamp seems to be an unknown quantity, almost as much
+so as the 3d. "perforated 13" of Major Evans' Catalogue. Mr. Pack
+says:[72]--"I have never heard of the 6d. perforated, on laid paper. It
+is catalogued in the Society's publication, but a copy, so far as I can
+learn, has never been seen in Canada or in the United States."
+
+[72] =London Philatelist, XVI=: 144.
+
+We have been interested to track this stamp, and have apparently found
+the original located in the Tapling collection, now housed at the
+British Museum. In a catalog of the Canadian portion of this collection
+by Gordon Smith,[73] we find two unused copies listed on _laid_ paper,
+one marked "perf. 12" and the other "forged perf." The sequel is found
+in the _American Journal of Philately_ for 1891[74] in the following
+note:--
+
+    There is no longer any mystery in regard to the origin of that
+    _great rarity_! the perforated 6 pence on laid paper, these stamps
+    having been perforated for four or five years in the shops of
+    Messrs. Benjamin Sarpy & Co., Cullum street, London, who openly
+    boast of having manufactured and sold those in the collection of the
+    late Hon. T. K. Tapling and other prominent collectors.
+
+[73] =The Stamp News, X=: 43.
+
+[74] =American Journal of Philately=, 2d. Series, IV: 365.
+
+The paper upon which the perforated pence series is found seems to give
+further confirmation to the theory that they came from but one or
+possibly two printings. Outside of the two lower values on ribbed paper,
+which are rare, the series seems to be entirely on a hard, white wove
+paper, varying in thickness from a medium to a thicker quality, which is
+in every way similar to the paper employed for the succeeding cents
+issue. On the thin ribbed paper the London Society (1889) and Messrs.
+Corwin and King (1891) list the 1/2d. stamp, but this is not found in
+the catalog of the Tapling collection already referred to, nor in the
+Pack or Worthington collections; we have therefore listed it with a
+query. The 3d. stamp we have seen, however, and Mr. Pack says it "is a
+scarce stamp even in used condition, but in unused condition I find it
+one of the great rarities of Canada."[75]
+
+[75] =London Philatelist, XVI=: 144.
+
+As noted under Chapter II,[76] the use of split stamps was not usual, as
+in Nova Scotia, but Mr. King chronicles the 6d. perforated, in dark
+violet, split diagonally and used as a 3d. in like manner to its
+unperforated predecessor.
+
+[76] See page 32.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE CANCELLATIONS OF THE EARLY ISSUES
+
+
+A rather interesting study, particularly for the collector of entires,
+is that of postmarks and cancellations, and sometimes much assistance in
+the solution of knotty questions is rendered by these often despised and
+neglected adjuncts to the proper use of postage stamps.
+
+The early cancellations of Canada have been the subject of some
+attention, more so, in fact, than the postmarks, as they were required
+to be used on the stamps while the postmark was struck on the cover,
+where the date and place of mailing would be plainly visible. In one of
+the early volumes of reports it is stated that "Office Stamps and Seals
+were supplied from England on 21st July, 1851." It is presumed that this
+included postmarks and cancellations.
+
+It will be remembered, perhaps, that in the circular announcing the
+issue of stamps in 1851[77] it was ordered that "Stamps so affixed are
+to be immediately _cancelled_ ... with an instrument to be furnished for
+that purpose." The first one so supplied was the "concentric rings"
+cancellation, consisting of seven concentric circles and having an outer
+diameter of 18 mm. This is the most common of all, being found from the
+very earliest dates down to 1870, at least, as it occurs on the early
+shades of the "small" cents issue. It was generally struck in black ink,
+but may occasionally be found in a dull blue. A good illustration of
+this cancellation is seen on the cover numbered 90 on Plate VI.
+
+[77] See page 28.
+
+By 1855, at least, a modified form of the concentric ring cancellation
+was introduced. This had a number in the center in large figures, some 8
+mm. high, with four concentric circles enclosing it, the outside
+diameter being about 23 mm. This type was generally struck in black, but
+is sometimes found in a dull blue also. It can be seen on the strip of
+stamps numbered 81 on Plate V. The numbers, of course, were placed in
+the cancellations with a definite purpose, and a little study of entire
+covers shows that certain numbers were assigned to certain post
+offices, as might be suspected. Number 21, for instance, is the most
+common one and will be found to be connected with Montreal. Further
+study will reveal the fact that the names of the post offices were taken
+in alphabetical order, and the numbers assigned to them consecutively in
+that way. Still further inspection develops the fact that most of the
+post offices were those in Upper Canada (or Canada West), while but a
+few of the most important ones were included from Lower Canada (or
+Canada East.)
+
+Mr. Edgar Nelton seems first to have made a study of these numbers in an
+attempt to identify their corresponding post offices, and he published a
+list of some twenty-two as the result of his examination of many
+original covers.[78] The numbers run up to 52 at least, and using the
+facts that we have deduced concerning the arrangement of the names, we
+have endeavored to fill out his skeleton list with such offices as it
+seems possible may yet be identified with the corresponding numbers. We
+have done this with some assurance for the following reasons:--
+
+[78] =Chicago Collectors' Monthly, II=: 21.
+
+We were fortunately able to examine a Canada Directory for 1857-8, and
+on looking up the postal information given therein, found a list of the
+money order offices then existing. This was in two sections, the first
+containing the names, alphabetically arranged, of 31 offices in "Class
+No. 1," which included most of the principal cities and towns; and the
+second a lengthy alphabetical list of offices in "Class No. 2." The
+first section had a somewhat familiar appearance, and inspection showed
+that a majority of the names on Mr. Nelton's list of numbered
+cancellations were there in proper order! But 21 more names were needed,
+according to the cancellation numbers, to fill out the latter series.
+The second section was therefore examined for such towns as had the
+largest populations and were presumably most important. The result
+enabled more than one name, already on Mr. Nelton's list, to be fitted
+in its proper place! Here, then, was apparently the solution of the
+first series of numbered cancellations, and we hazard a guess that the
+52 names are the original list of money order offices, arranged when the
+money order system was instituted in February, 1855.
+
+The subjoined table gives the list of post offices and their
+corresponding numbers, which has been worked out along the lines above
+mentioned. It is offered in the hope that more will be done to determine
+positively the correspondence between the two. The names in ordinary
+type are those that have been identified without any reasonable doubt;
+those that have been fitted in tentatively are in italics. The Roman
+numeral following indicates the Class to which the Money Order Office
+belongs.
+
+
+LIST OF NUMBERED CANCELLATIONS.
+
+   1. _Barrie, U. C._              I
+   2. Belleville, U. C.            I
+   3. _Berlin, U. C._              I
+   4. Bowmanville, U. C.           I
+   5. Brantford, U. C.             I
+   6. _Brighton, U. C._           II
+   7. _Brockville, U. C._          I
+   8. Chatham, U. C.               I
+   9. _Clinton, U. C._            II
+  10. _Cobourg, U. C._             I
+  11. _Cornwall, U. C._            I
+  12. _Dundas, U. C._              I
+  13. Galt, U. C.                  I
+  14. _Goderich, U. C._            I
+  15. _Guelph, U. C._              I
+  16. Hamilton, U. C.              I
+  17. _Ingersoll, U. C._          II
+  18. Kingston, U. C.              I
+  19. London, U. C.                I
+  20. Melbourne, L. C.            II
+  21. Montreal, L. C.              I
+  22. Napanee, U. C.              II
+  23. _Napierville, L. C._        II
+  24. _Newcastle, U. C._          II
+  25. _Niagara, U. C._             I
+  26. _Oakville, U. C._           II
+  27. Ottawa, U. C.                I
+  28. _Paris, U. C._               I
+  29. Perth, U. C.                II
+  30. Peterborough, U. C.          I
+  31. Picton, U. C.               II
+  32. _Port Dover, U. C._         II
+  33. _Port Hope, U. C._           I
+  34. Port Sarnia, U. C.          II
+  35. Prescott, U. C.              I
+  36. _Preston, U. C._            II
+  37. Quebec, L. C.                I
+  38. St. Catherines, U. C.        I
+  39. _St. Hyacinthe, L. C._      II
+  40. _St. Johns, L. C._          II
+  41. _St. Thomas, U. C._          I
+  42. _Sherbrooke, L. C._         II
+  43. Simcoe, U. C.               II
+  44. _Smith's Falls, U. C._      II
+  45. Stanstead, L. C.            II
+  46. Stratford, U. C.             I
+  47. Three Rivers, L. C.          I
+  48. _Toronto, U. C._             I
+  49. Whitby, U. C.               II
+  50. _Windsor, U. C._             I
+  51. _Woodstock, U. C._           I
+  52. _York, U. C._               II
+
+It will be noticed, if Mr. Helton's list is compared with the above,
+that there are a few discrepancies. He assigns Toronto to No. 24, which
+is manifestly out of place. Owen Sound is given to No. 26, while 28
+should be its location; the latter must be reserved for Paris, however,
+which is a first class office where Owen Sound is but second class.
+Richmond is given as No. 42, but as St. Catherines, a first class
+office, has been identified as No. 38, there seems no place for the
+second class office of Richmond, which should precede it alphabetically.
+Niagara has been assigned to No. 23, but in such case it would
+necessitate two blanks preceding Ottawa, so it seems that the proper
+number should be 25. With these few exceptions no further trouble was
+experienced in working out the list, and since it was drawn up Numbers
+2, 4, 8, 38 and 49 have been identified and tallied exactly with it!
+Such proof has gone far toward confirming our propositions in regard to
+it, and we hope for more.
+
+A third cancellation, which was apparently used mainly for newspapers
+and packages, consisted of nine somewhat thick diagonal bars, the whole
+impression having a square outline. This was generally struck in black,
+but occasionally in dull blue.
+
+Postmarks were supposed to be used only on the cover, where they would
+plainly exhibit the story they were to tell, while the cancellation
+marks were intended to deface the stamp. But sometimes the postmarks are
+found used for the latter purpose. They seem to be mostly of two
+varieties, both circular in outline, a larger one having the town name
+in a curve above, with U. C., L. C., C. W., or C. E., at the bottom, and
+arcs of two concentric circles filling in the outline between; a second
+being smaller with a single arc of a circle filling in the outline. The
+first variety is plainly shown on the cover numbered 90 on Plate VI, and
+the second on the cover numbered 130 on Plate XIV. The date in the
+center seems always to be given in full--month, day and year. The
+postmarks are generally in black, as usual, but sometimes in dull blue.
+
+Penmarked specimens are sometimes met with, but not often.
+
+With the issue of 1859 the duplex mark seems to have been adopted, with
+the postmark (the ordinary complete circle with the usual arrangement of
+name, abbreviation of province and date) and the cancellation mark (a
+series of parallel lines with a circular outline) on the same instrument
+so as to be struck on the letter together.
+
+With the 1868 issue for the Dominion we of course find the cancellations
+of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, then British Columbia and finally
+Prince Edward Island, all of which introduce complications. A new
+cancellation, which seems to have been for the Dominion as a whole,
+consisted of two heavy concentric circles containing a number. It is one
+of this kind that Mr. Nelton refers to in his article as having the
+number 627. A notable cancellation is one in the shape of a large maple
+leaf.
+
+An interesting and rare postmark which was found on the 3 cent of the
+1868 issue, is thus written up by Mr. F. G. Bing[79]:--
+
+[79] =The Postage Stamp, VII=: 6.
+
+    The stamp had been obliterated with a small thick lined circle in
+    which appear the words "WAY LETTER" in large type. Eventually a
+    full account of the matter was obtained from the Canadian postal
+    authorities.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.
+
+    OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE POSTAGE STAMP BRANCH.
+
+  OTTAWA, 13th March, 1908.
+
+    DEAR SIR:--Replying to your enquiry on the subject, as to the object
+    of the post office mark consisting of a rather thick circle in which
+    are the words "WAY LETTER" only, impressed upon a Canada postage
+    stamp (3c.) similar to the one you enclosed, and which I herewith
+    return, I find on enquiry that previous to the Confederation of the
+    Dominion of Canada in 1867, there was in Nova Scotia and New
+    Brunswick a regulation requiring mail couriers on the coach roads to
+    accept letters for mailing, when these were offered them at a
+    distance of not less than one or two miles from the nearest post
+    office, to place them in a locked leather pouch provided for the
+    purpose, and to post them at the first post office, the Postmaster
+    of which was instructed to stamp these with the words "WAY LETTER."
+    After Confederation this postmark lingered at some of the offices in
+    the provinces named, when it was used for general cancellation
+    purposes, if not for its primary purpose. It has now, however,
+    wholly disappeared. Some think it lasted up to 1887 or 1891, but I
+    am sorry I cannot furnish you with a more definite date as to its
+    extinction.
+
+   Very truly yours,
+  E. P. STANTON, _Superintendent_.
+
+    It will be seen from this interesting letter that the postmark was
+    in the first instance applied to the postage stamps of Nova Scotia
+    and New Brunswick, and it is quite possible that only upon the
+    stamps of these two provinces does it possess its full original
+    significance. At the same time it does not follow that the
+    regulations under which this cancellation was in use were
+    immediately withdrawn with the Confederation of the Dominion of
+    Canada; and it is more than probable that the custom based upon
+    these regulations of accepting letters from the public at a distance
+    from a post office, and applying the special obliteration, would
+    continue long after that date, as it is evident that the use of the
+    "Way Letter" postmark was never definitely prohibited by the
+    Canadian postal authorities, or the date of its extinction would not
+    have been in doubt. It is, however, quite certain that only a
+    comparatively small number of letters would be entitled to receive
+    this special mark, and its rarity is therefore indisputable.
+
+Various new varieties came with the "small" cents issue and later,
+concerning which there is not so much of interest as in the earlier
+years of the postal service; we therefore pass them by, remarking only
+on the special "jubilee" machine cancellation which was used at Montreal
+in 1897. This was of the "flag" form and somewhat ornate, bearing the
+name "VICTORIA" and the dates "1837" and "1897."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE ISSUE OF 1859
+
+
+With two valuations placed upon the cumbrous English monetary system
+inherited by Canada from the Mother Country--"sterling" and
+"currency"--and with the practical illustration of the advantages of the
+decimal system manifest in all the transactions with its great southern
+neighbor, whose currency was already legalized in the Province,[80] it
+was only a question of time when Canada would adopt a decimal system of
+its own. This was done, but all that interests us is the Decimal Postage
+law resulting, which is as follows:--
+
+[80] See page 52.
+
+    22^o Vict. Cap. XVII.
+
+    An Act to amend the Post Office Laws.
+
+    [_Assented to 4th May, 1859._]
+
+    Whereas it is expedient to amend the Post Office Laws, in the manner
+    hereinafter provided: Therefore, Her Majesty, by and with the advice
+    and consent of the Legislative Council and Assembly of Canada,
+    enacts as follows:
+
+    1. There shall be payable on all Newspapers sent by Post in Canada,
+    except "Exchange Papers" addressed to Editors and Publishers of
+    Newspapers, such rate of Postage, not exceeding one cent on each
+    such Newspaper, as the Governor in Council shall from time to time
+    direct by regulation, and such rate shall be payable on all such
+    Newspapers posted on or after the first day of July next.
+
+    2. So much of any Act as provides that Newspapers posted within this
+    Province shall pass free of Postage, in cases other than those in
+    which they will be free under this Act, is hereby repealed.
+
+    3. In order to adapt the operations of the Post Office to the
+    Decimal Currency, the internal letter postage rate shall be changed
+    from three pence to its equivalent of five cents, per half
+    ounce--the charge for advertising a dead letter from three farthings
+    to two cents--the charge for returning a dead letter to the writer,
+    from one penny to three cents; and in all cases where a one
+    half-penny or penny rate of Postage is chargeable, these rates shall
+    be changed to one cent and two cents respectively.
+
+    4. To promote simplicity and economy in the business of the Post
+    Office, all letters posted in Canada for any place within the
+    Province, and not prepaid, shall be charged seven instead of five
+    cents per half ounce on delivery; and on letters posted for the
+    British Mails, for the other British North American Provinces, or
+    for the United States, when not prepaid, there shall be charged such
+    addition to the ordinary rate, not in any case exceeding a double
+    rate, as the Post Master General may agree upon with the Post Office
+    Authorities of those Countries, for the purpose of enforcing
+    prepayment.
+
+    5. The Post Master General may establish a Parcel Post and parcels
+    other than letters and not containing letters, may be sent by such
+    Parcel Post, and when so sent shall be liable to such charges for
+    conveyance and to such regulations as the Governor in Council shall
+    from time to time see fit to make.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    8. [_To inclose a letter in a parcel or a newspaper, posted as such,
+    is a misdemeanor._]
+
+From the above Act we see that the transmission of newspapers has again
+been subjected to revision looking toward an increase of revenue, all
+free transmission by post being now limited to exchange copies between
+editors or publishers. The making of prepayment by stamps obligatory was
+another step which had been quite strongly recommended in the last
+Postmaster General's report in these terms:--
+
+    No single improvement would be so valuable to the Post Office
+    service as the introduction of the system of the pre-payment of
+    letters by stamp. It is not recommended that pre-payment of letters
+    should be made absolutely compulsory, but where stamps are readily
+    procurable, pre-payment in that form should be insisted on, and the
+    principle of pre-payment should be enforced by imposing an
+    additional charge on letters posted unpaid.
+
+By referring to the Act subsequently passed we see that these
+recommendations were carried out to the letter.
+
+In regard to the fifth section of the Act, concerning the Parcel Post,
+we come across another example of the curious shuffling of dates and
+apparent _ex post facto_ law making which we have previously noted. In
+quoting the Postmaster General's report for _30th Sept., 1858_,[81] we
+found it stated that the Parcel Post had been in operation "from _1st
+January, 1859_," and now we have the Legislative Act providing for it
+passed under date of _4th May, 1859_! This is going it one better on
+"reading history backward" by actually making it backward! The reports
+at least, as we previously deduced, were evidently written some time
+after the dates given them and did not confine their record to
+happenings previous to those fictitious dates. Confirmation of this is
+furnished by the Postmaster General's report that we have to consider,
+that of the Hon. Sydney Smith for the year ending 30th September, 1859,
+the report being actually dated 20th February, 1860.
+
+[81] See page 67.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Further details concerning the Parcel Post are not given until the
+Report for 30th June, 1864, where we read:--
+
+    By means of the Parcel Post a parcel may be sent within the Province
+    to or from any place, however remote from the ordinary lines of
+    traffic conveyance, on prepayment of a postage rate of 25 cents per
+    lb., provided that the weight or size of the parcel does not exceed
+    the carrying capacity of an ordinary mail bag; and provided that the
+    contents of the parcel are not of a character to injure the rest of
+    the mail.
+
+The rate is given in decimal currency, then in use, but at the time of
+the establishment of the Parcel Post the equivalent rate would have been
+1s. 3d. currency. In the Report for 1865 it is stated that:--
+
+    The provisions of the Parcel Post have been extended to parcels
+    passing between Canada and New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and
+    parcels not containing letters may now be forwarded by post from one
+    end of British North America to the other, on prepayment of a
+    uniform rate of 25 cents per lb.
+
+In the report for 1859, mentioned above, we find the following:--
+
+    The Law of last Session directing the conversion of all postage
+    rates into decimals, and the collection of postage in the new
+    decimal currency, was put in operation on the 1st July.... Decimal
+    stamps of the value of 1 cent, 5 cents, and 10 cents for ordinary
+    correspondence, and of 12-1/2 cents for Canadian, and of 17 cents
+    for British Packet Postage Rates were obtained in readiness for the
+    commencement of the Decimal Postage Law in July, 1859, and have from
+    that date been issued in lieu of the stamps previously in use.
+
+The cents issue of Canadian stamps therefore dates from July 1, 1859.
+The stamps themselves were merely an adaptation of the designs of the
+pence series to the corresponding values of the decimal currency. The
+ONE CENT stamp was unchanged from the half-penny except for the
+substitution of the new for the former value. The FIVE CENTS stamp had
+these words in place of the old denomination, with a quarterfoil
+ornament separating them at each side from CANADA and POSTAGE. Oblique
+figures 5 were placed in the spandrels on a cross-hatched ground
+instead of the upright figures 3 on foliations. A similar change was
+made in the TEN CENTS, Roman numerals X being placed obliquely in the
+spandrels on a cross-hatched ground where upright figures 6 were
+previously on foliations; while the new denomination was substituted for
+the old. The sole change in the 12-1/2 cent stamp was to substitute
+"12-1/2c." in the spandrels for the former values in sterling and
+currency. The 17 cent stamp had the value in words replacing TEN PENCE,
+but the new value was so much longer that the emblems between the old
+value and CANADA POSTAGE were removed and replaced by two small elliptic
+ornaments. "8d. stg." still occupies the upper spandrels, but figures 17
+are placed in each of the lower ones. The central designs in each of the
+above stamps are absolutely identical with those of the pence stamps
+that preceded them--indeed the portrait and surrounding oval with
+inscriptions on the 12-1/2 c. are all unchanged. From this it is evident
+that the new dies were "built up" from the old ones, the central
+portions being transferred and the required changes in surrounding
+inscriptions, etc., being newly engraved. This was easy enough of
+accomplishment since the American Bank Note Co., who furnished the new
+stamps, were the successors of Messrs. Rawdon, Wright, Hatch and Edson,
+the firm name having been changed on May 1, 1858, and the dies of the
+pence issue were of course in their possession. Illustrations of the
+five values will be found as Nos. 10, 15, 12, 13 and 14, respectively,
+on Plate I.
+
+There was one addition to the list of values in this set during its
+period of use--a 2 cent stamp. In the Postmaster General's Report for
+30th June, 1864, it is noted:--"A new Postage Stamp, of the value of two
+cents, was added to the other denominations supplied, from the 1st.
+August last [1864]." The Report for the succeeding year has this further
+to say:--"A provision has been made for the transmission and delivery of
+Canadian periodicals, addressed to the United Kingdom, at the reduced
+rate of two cents each," and it was evidently largely on account of this
+that the new stamp was ordered. Its design was unmistakably "built up"
+as with the rest of the set, the 1 cent stamp serving as the model,
+figures 2 being placed in ovals in the spandrels and the wording of the
+value being changed to correspond. (Illustration No. 11 on Plate I). The
+stamp was issued as stated on the 1st August, 1864.
+
+All the stamps of this issue were, as before, line engraved and printed
+in sheets of 100, ten rows of ten. The same style of marginal
+inscriptions as in the first issue is found--"American Bank Note Co.
+New-York" in minute letters of the type known as "diamond," repeated
+twice in each margin, reading up on the left, down on the right, and
+inverted at the bottom of the sheet. In the 1, 2, 5 and 12-1/2c. stamps
+the imprint is placed against the third and eighth stamps of each
+marginal row of ten, but from a block of 10c. at hand the inscriptions
+in the case of this value are apparently "centered" over the space
+between the third and fourth and the seventh and eighth stamps of each
+marginal row, thus bringing them over two stamps instead of one.
+Curiously enough, the 17c. value has no marginal inscriptions at all.
+
+The same plate variety that occurs in the 3d. stamp--the "shifted
+transfer" or "double strike"--is repeated in its successor, the 5c.
+stamp. That it is a true plate variety is abundantly proved by the fine
+block of seven stamps illustrated as No. 96 on Plate VII. The variety
+will be found in the upper right corner stamp, and the doubling of the
+frame lines at the left and of the oval frame line above CANADA will be
+readily apparent. A single copy is illustrated as No. 19 on Plate I. It
+seems to have been first noted by Mr. R. Wuesthoff in the _American
+Journal of Philately_ for June, 1892.
+
+A minor variety of the 5c. stamp printed from a worn plate is also to be
+noted, in which the fine lines of the groundwork have almost
+disappeared.
+
+The entire series comes regularly perforated 12, the identical normal
+perforation of the pence stamps that immediately preceded it, and which
+we have endeavored to trace to the same source. The abnormal varieties
+in this series are of course the imperforate ones, and of these we
+present cuts of a full set in blocks of four, numbered 100 to 105 on
+Plate IX. That the stamps were actually issued and used in this
+condition is proved by copies of several with the proper postmarks of
+the period in the Pack collection. Mr. Pack writes of them[82]:--
+
+    I have the 1c. and 5c. postmarked in 1860 and 1861 at Toronto and
+    Prescott, Canada West. I also believe that these varieties were on
+    sale at Kingston, Canada West, at about that time. I have also the
+    2c. and 10c. in undoubtedly early used condition.
+
+[82] =London Philatelist, XVI=: 144.
+
+Further varieties are formed by "split" stamps, as before, though these
+were never authorized and seldom used. We are fortunate in being able to
+illustrate two five cent stamps used with half of a third to make up the
+12-1/2c. packet rate. This is No. 97 on Plate VII. The postmark is
+unfortunately mostly torn away, but is evidently "Montreal," and the
+last numeral in the year figures seems to be an "8," which would mean
+"1868." A 10c. stamp also split and used for a 5c. is shown on the
+entire as No. 99 on Plate VIII. The postmark is "Bowmanville, U.C., Feb.
+15, 1860."
+
+The normal colors for the stamps of this series may be given as 1 cent
+deep rose, 2 cents dull rose, 5 cents deep red, 12-1/2 cents deep green,
+and 17 cents Prussian blue. It will be noticed that we have omitted the
+10 cents--and with reason. If the 6 pence stamp of the preceding issue
+was difficult to select a normal color for, how shall we find one for
+its successor? Messrs. Corwin and King say[83]:--"The most surprising
+fact about this issue is the vast number of colors and shades to be
+found in the 10 cents. We have several hundreds of them in our
+collection, and are continually adding new color varieties." They run
+all the way from a bright red lilac through shades of violet and brown
+to a black brown, which is so dark and distinct that it has for years
+been catalogued separately.
+
+[83] =Metropolitan Philatelist, II=: 3.
+
+The paper on which these stamps were printed does not show as much
+variation as in the previous issue. Mr. King[84] gives a list of five
+varieties, all of which vary considerably in thickness. It seems
+sufficient for our purposes, however, to list them under three heads as
+ordinary wove paper, a thick, hard wove paper, and ribbed paper.
+
+[84] =Monthly Journal, VII=: 32.
+
+These stamps were in issue from the 1st July 1859, until the series
+issued for the new Dominion of Canada appeared on 1st April, 1868. The
+stamp accounts in the various Postmaster General's Reports give the
+quantities received and issued, and we present here a summary of these
+tables as their reproduction entire would serve no useful purpose unless
+to show the increase in the consumption of stamps from year to year as
+the postal business increased.
+
+  _Received from_
+     _manufacturers_:       1c.         5c.        10c.     12-1/2c.    17c.
+  quarter ending
+       30th Sept. 1859   1,000,400   1,000,089    200,000    200,000   50,000
+  year ending
+       30th Sept. 1860   2,000,050   2,499,986    300,000    300,000   50,000
+  year ending
+      30th Sept. 1861    2,200,100   3,400,300    499,998    199,996   50,000
+  year ending
+      30th Sept. 1862    2,799,900   3,300,350    400,000    399,996   50,000
+  year ending
+       30th Sept. 1863   3,500,200   4,300,450    600,050    300,000  100,000
+  9mos. ending
+       30th June 1864    3,000,000   3,999,999    800,000    399,990   49,999
+  year ending
+       30th June 1865    3,064,800   4,890,598    700,000    676,600  100,000
+  year ending
+      30th June 1866     3,910,000   8,100,000    800,000    400,100   50,000
+  year ending
+       30th June 1867    5,100,000   5,100,500    999,650    299,950  100,000
+  year ending
+       30th June 1868   (?)900,000   3,199,900    400,000       ?      ......
+                        ----------   ---------    -------  ---------  -------
+     Totals             27,475,450  39,792,172  5,799,698  3,176,632  599,999
+
+The yearly supplies of the 2 cent stamps, first appearing in the 1865
+accounts, were as follows:--
+
+  1865   360,000
+  1866   300,000
+  1867   200,500
+  1868    50,000(?)
+         -------
+  Total  910,500
+
+Unfortunately the stamp accounts for 1868 do not separate the supplies
+received in the old and new designs, so that in the case of the 1, 2 and
+12-1/2 cent stamps, which appear in both issues, the quantity delivered
+by the manufacturers is a total which we cannot divide with certainty.
+An approximation may perhaps be made, particularly with the 2 cent
+stamp. The balance of this value on hand 30th June, 1867, was 171,000,
+and the deliveries in the year ending 30th June, 1868, were 2,050,000.
+Inasmuch as the yearly issue of this value had been some 250,000, the
+probability is that the odd 50,000 delivered belonged to the 1859
+series, as this would make 221,000 for the nine month's supply to 1st
+April; the even two millions were doubtless the order for the new
+series. The yearly issue of the 1 cent had been some 3-1/2 to 4
+millions; if from the 2,900,000 received, according to the 1868 Report,
+we take the odd 900,000, we find it makes 3,308,900 when combined with
+the balance on hand in 1867. This gives a sufficient supply for the nine
+months of the old issue and leaves an even two millions again for the
+new series. The 12-1/2 cent presents a slightly different aspect. The
+yearly issue had been some 400,000, and the amount on hand in 1867 was
+385,750--without doubt a plentiful supply for the nine months preceding
+the issue of the new stamps. It must be remembered, also, in all these
+cases, that the "amount on hand" was that of the Department's stock, and
+that the postmasters were of course in possession of local stocks. It
+therefore seems probable that the 500,000 12-1/2 cent stamps received in
+1868 were of the new series alone. The 5 and 10 cent stamps, however,
+which are lacking in the new set, can at once be added to their
+preceding deliveries, and it will be noted that no further supplies of
+the 17c. stamp were required during the year.
+
+We find in the Department accounts that the American Bank Note Co. was
+paid $1331.70 for "engraving postage stamps" during the fiscal year,
+which was the final settlement with that Company.
+
+What became of the remainder of the old issue does not appear, but it
+seems probable that they were largely used up in the course of regular
+business, as no object would be gained by turning in the relatively
+small quantities remaining, for accounting and destruction, unless it be
+the 17 cent value, which had become rather useless. Curiously enough,
+the stamp accounts _do_ separate the old and new issues in the "balance
+on hand, 30th June, 1868," which was three months after the appearance
+of the new set. These figures are as follows:--
+
+   1 cent        319,900
+   2 cents           700
+   5 cents       138,400
+  10 cents        60,650
+  12-1/2 cents    68,750
+  17 cents        33,876
+
+Glancing now over the Postmaster General's reports for the years
+1859-1868, during which the above issue was in use, and which were the
+last years of the strictly provincial control, we find many items of
+interest.
+
+In the report for 1859 it is noted that "the issue and use by the public
+of Postage Stamps has increased with great rapidity since last return,"
+and the issue of stamped envelopes "for the promotion of public
+convenience" is announced. These will be treated of by themselves in a
+later chapter. We find the experiment was made of placing street letter
+boxes in Toronto, and "with very encouraging results as to the extent to
+which the number of letters posted in these boxes would appear to
+demonstrate their usefulness. These Pillar Boxes are visited, at least
+twice each day, at suitable hours, by Post Office Messengers, in order
+to convey the letters deposited in them to the Post Office."
+Preparations were also being made to install letter boxes in Montreal
+and Quebec.
+
+The Department accounts have the following entries:--
+
+  Rawdon, Wright & Co., supply of letter and newspaper stamps     $238.69
+  American Bank Note Co., engraving letter and newspaper stamps   1487.40
+
+Of course the amounts all went to the same concern, as the firm name had
+been changed on May 1, 1858, as already noted.
+
+The report for 1860 contains interesting statistical information
+concerning the growth of the Department, which it may be well to put on
+record:--
+
+  Year  No. of   Miles of  No. of letters  Postal Revenue     Remarks
+       Offices.    Post      by Post       (deducting
+                  Route.     per annum.    dead letters.)
+  1851   601      7,595      2,132,000
+
+  1852   840      8,618      3,700,000    $230,629.00   {First year of
+                                                        { account under
+                                                        { Provincial control.
+  1853  1016      9,122      4,250,000     278,587.00   {Charge on
+                                                        { newspapers
+                                                        { reduced one-half.
+  1854  1166     10,027      5,100,000     320,000.00
+
+  1855  1293     11,192      6,000,000     368,166.00   {Newspapers conveyed
+                                                        { without charge.
+  1856  1375     11,839      7,000,000     374,295.00
+
+  1857  1506     13,253      8,500,000     462,163.00
+
+  1858  1566     13,600      9,000,000     541,153.00
+
+  1859  1638     13,871      8,500,000     678,426.98
+
+  1860  1698     14,202      9,000,000     658,451.99   {Additional 2c. rate
+                                                        { on unpaid letters
+                                                        { and charge
+                                                        { made on newspapers.
+
+The Report continues:--
+
+    From the experience of the past, the confident hope may be
+    entertained that, by a wise and judicious economy, (and without
+    withholding from newly settled portions of the country, the Postal
+    accommodations without which the settlement of the country cannot
+    advance), in a comparatively short space of time the Postage upon
+    letters may be reduced from the present five cent to a _three cent
+    rate_, as near an approach to the Penny sterling postage system of
+    the Mother Country as the relative value of our currency will
+    conveniently permit.
+
+It was eight years before these hopes were realized, however.
+
+The "epistolary intercourse with the United States" is given for the
+same period, but we need only note that the postal value of the total
+correspondence exchanged was $83,630.97 in 1852, had increased to
+$187,469.59 in 1857, and then dropped gradually to $178,132.39 in 1860.
+The Report says:--
+
+    The prepayment of letters passing between the two countries
+    continues optional on either side, at the combined rate of 10 cents
+    per 1/2 oz. from any place in Canada to any place in the United
+    States and _vice versa_, except to or from the States on the
+    Pacific, California and Oregon, when the rate is 15 cents per 1/2
+    oz.
+
+The accounts present a charge in favor of the American Bank Note Co. of
+$1697.95 "for engraving Letter and Newspaper stamps and Stamped
+Envelopes." Of the latter we shall have more to say in their proper
+place.
+
+The Reports of 1861 and 1862 contain nothing special, and the accounts
+show payments of $1451.87 and $1583.63 respectively to the American Bank
+Note Co.
+
+The Report of 1863 states that in November of that year an agreement
+was entered into with the United States for the transmission between the
+two countries of seeds, bulbs, etc., at 1 cent per ounce, and also book
+manuscripts, printers' proof sheets, maps, prints, etc., at the same
+rate.
+
+In January 1864, the Imperial Post Office extended to the mails between
+Canada and the United Kingdom regulations conceding patterns of
+merchandise and trade samples at the same rates as books and printed
+matter.
+
+The American Bank Note Co. was paid $1946.62.
+
+The next Report is dated 30th June, 1864, instead of the usual 30th
+September, and is therefore for nine months only. This was done to bring
+the fiscal year of the Post Office Department to correspond with the
+financial year of the General Government.
+
+The enactment which was the cause of the change follows:--
+
+
+    27^o--28^o Vict. Cap. VI.
+
+    An Act to amend the Law respecting the Public Accounts, and the
+    Board of Audit.
+
+    (_Assented to 30th June, 1864_)
+
+    10. It shall be the duty of the Board of Audit to prepare and submit
+    to the Minister of Finance the Public Accounts to be annually laid
+    before Parliament.
+
+    11. The said Public Accounts shall include the period from the
+    thirtieth of June in one year to the thirtieth of June in the next
+    year, which period shall constitute the Financial Year....
+
+There is nothing particular in the Report for these nine months to quote
+here, except the payment of the relatively small sum of $619.25 to the
+American Bank Note Co.
+
+The Report for 1865 states that "Regulations have been adopted
+establishing a sample and pattern post in Canada, and packets of trade
+samples, or patterns of merchandise, may be sent by post between any
+places within this Province, on prepayment of one cent per ounce, under
+certain conditions to prevent an abuse of the privilege." It further
+announces that "Street Letter boxes are being placed in all the
+principal streets of Montreal."
+
+The Reports of 1866 and 1867 were published together, but contain little
+of interest beyond the statistics we have already used. Payments to the
+American Bank Note Co. were $2630.11 in 1866 and $1699.03 in 1867. The
+final payment to the American Co., which we have already quoted from the
+1868 report, was $1331.70. We read that "The street letter boxes put up
+in the city of Montreal have worked satisfactorily. The number of
+letters and papers posted therein weekly, appeared from returns taken
+to be, Letters 2400, Papers 500, or at the rate of 150,000 letters and
+papers per annum."
+
+Authority to establish letter boxes was given by an Act of Parliament
+which contains several other matters of interest and which we therefore
+quote.
+
+    29^o--30^o Vict. Cap. XI.
+
+    An Act to amend the Post Office Act.
+
+    [_Assented to 15th August, 1866._]
+
+    Whereas the more effectually to prevent frauds upon the Post Office
+    Revenue, it is expedient to amend the Post Office Act: Therefore,
+    Her Majesty, by and with the consent of the Legislative Council and
+    Assembly of Canada, enacts as follows:
+
+    1. If any person uses or attempts to use in payment of postage on
+    any letter or mailable thing posted in this Province, any postage
+    stamp which has been before used for a like purpose, such person
+    shall be subjected to a penalty of not less than Ten and not
+    exceeding Forty dollars for every such offense, and the letter or
+    other mailable thing on which such stamp has been so improperly used
+    may be detained, or in the discretion of the Postmaster General
+    forwarded to its destination charged with double the postage to
+    which it would have been liable if posted unpaid.
+
+    2. [_To enclose a letter in a parcel, packet of samples or
+    newspaper, posted an such, shall be an offense punishable by a fine
+    of not less than ten or more than forty dollars in each case._]
+
+    3. The Postmaster General may grant licenses, revocable at pleasure,
+    to Agents, other than Postmasters, for the sale to the Public, of
+    Postage Stamps and Stamped envelopes, and may allow to such Agents a
+    commission not exceeding five per cent, on the amount of their
+    sales;--and it shall not be lawful for any person to exercise the
+    business of selling Postage Stamps or Stamped envelopes to the
+    Public unless duly licensed to do so by the Postmaster General and
+    under such conditions as he may prescribe: and any person who shall
+    violate this provision by selling Postage Stamps or Stamped
+    envelopes to the public without a license from the Postmaster
+    General, shall on conviction before a Justice of the Peace, incur a
+    penalty of not exceeding forty dollars for each offence.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    5. The Postmaster General may, when in his judgment the public
+    convenience requires it, establish Street Letter Boxes or Pillar
+    Boxes for the reception of letters and other mailable matter in the
+    streets of any City or Town in this Province, and from the time that
+    a letter is deposited in any such Street Letter Box or Pillar Box it
+    shall be deemed to be a Post Letter within the meaning of the Post
+    Office Act.
+
+    6. [_Wilfully injuring such letter boxes is a misdemeanor._]
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    8. The Governor in Council may, by regulations to be from time to
+    time made, provide for the transmission through the Mails of this
+    Province, of patterns and samples of merchandise and goods for
+    sale, and of packages of seeds, cuttings, bulbs, roots and scions or
+    grafts, on such terms and conditions as may be set forth in such
+    regulations.
+
+    9. [_Wilfully destroying, damaging or detaining any of above
+    articles is a misdemeanor._]
+
+The only other item to quote from the report of 1867 is the
+following:--"On 1st July, 1867 the Union Act came into operation, and
+brought under one central administration the Postal Service throughout
+the Dominion." With this statement we close the account of the Postal
+history of the Province of Canada, and in the next chapter open up the
+larger one of the Dominion of Canada, whose later issues, though not
+without interest, still lack the charm that time can never tear from the
+simple, yet dignified and beautiful stamps of the Province.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+THE DOMINION OF CANADA
+
+
+PRELIMINARY.
+
+As outlined in our Introductory Chapter, the union of Upper and Lower
+Canada into the single Province of Canada had been so manifestly
+advantageous that it started an agitation for the union of all the
+British North American provinces. The result was a convention, held at
+Quebec in 1864, which drafted a proposed Constitution that was later
+embodied by the British Parliament in "An Act for the Union of Canada,
+Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and the Government thereof,"[85] which
+was passed on the 29th March, 1867. The preamble recites that "the
+provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick have expressed their
+desire to be federally united into One Dominion under the Crown of the
+United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with a Constitution similar
+in Principle to that of the United Kingdom." The Act is cited in brief
+as "The British North America Act 1867," and provides that the Dominion
+of Canada shall be divided into four provinces named Ontario, Quebec,
+Nova Scotia and New Brunswick; that there shall be a Governor General
+who may select his own Privy Council; that there shall be a Parliament
+consisting of a Senate, with members appointed by the Governor General
+for life, and a House of Commons of elected representatives; that the
+seat of Government shall be at Ottawa; that each Province shall have a
+Lieutenant Governor appointed by the Governor General and a local
+legislature similar to the Dominion Parliament; and making provision for
+the admission of Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, British Columbia
+and Rupert's Land and the North-western Territory. The Act took effect
+on the 1st July, 1867, which day is annually observed as "Dominion Day."
+
+[85] 30^o--31^o Vict. Cap. III.
+
+The first Parliament of Canada, which convened at Ottawa on November 6,
+1867, was naturally largely concerned in revising and consolidating the
+laws of the various Provinces, and among these of course appeared the
+Post Office Laws. A number of changes were introduced, but many of the
+provisions of former Acts were embodied almost as they stood in the new
+statute. We reproduce its most important features in our line of
+inquiry.
+
+    31^o Vict. Cap. X.
+
+    An Act for the regulation of the Postal Service.
+
+    [_Assented to 21st. December_, 1867.]
+
+    Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and
+    House of Commons of Canada, enacts as follows:
+
+
+    PRELIMINARY--INTERPRETATION.
+
+    1. This Act shall be known and may be cited as _The Post Office Act_
+    1867; and the following terms and expressions therein shall be held
+    to have the meaning hereinafter assigned to them....
+
+    The term "Letter" includes Packets of Letters;
+
+    The term "Postage" means the duty or sum chargeable for the
+    conveyance of Post Letters, Packets and other things by Post;
+
+    The term "Foreign Country" means any country not included in the
+    dominions of Her Majesty;
+
+    The term "Foreign Postage" means the postage on the conveyance of
+    Letters, Packets or other things, within any Foreign Country or
+    payable to any Foreign Government;
+
+    The term "Canada Postage" means the postage on the conveyance of
+    Letters, Packets and other things by Post within the Dominion of
+    Canada or by Canada Mail Packet;
+
+    The term "Mail" includes every conveyance by which Post Letters are
+    carried, whether it be by land or by water;
+
+    The term "British Packet Postage" means the postage due on the
+    conveyance of letters by British Packet Boats, between the United
+    Kingdom and British North America;--And the term "British Postage"
+    includes all Postage not being Foreign, Colonial or Canadian;
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    The term "Post Letter" means any letter transmitted or deposited in
+    any Post Office to be transmitted by the Post;--And a letter shall
+    be deemed a Post Letter from the time of its being so deposited or
+    delivered at a Post Office, to the time of its being delivered to
+    the party to whom it is addressed....
+
+    2. All Laws in force in the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia or New
+    Brunswick, at the Union thereof on the first of July, one thousand
+    eight hundred and sixty-seven, in respect to the Postal Service, and
+    continued in force by the "British North America Act 1867," shall be
+    and the same are hereby repealed.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL PROVISIONS.
+
+    7. There shall be at the seat of Government of Canada a Post Office
+    Department for the superintendence and management of the Postal
+    Service of Canada, under the direction of a Postmaster General.
+
+    8. The Postmaster General shall be appointed by Commission under the
+    Great Seal of Canada, and shall hold his office during pleasure.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    10. The Postmaster General may, subject to the provisions of this
+    Act:
+
+    1. Establish and close Post Offices and Post Routes;
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    3. Enter into and enforce all contracts relating to the conveyance
+    of the Mails or other business of the Post Office;
+
+    4. [_Make regulations concerning mailable matter and limits of
+    weight and dimensions of such._]
+
+    5. [_Establish rates of postage and conditions on matter not already
+    provided for._]
+
+    6. Cause to be prepared and distributed Postage Stamps, necessary
+    for the prepayment of Postages under this Act, also stamped
+    envelopes for the like purpose;
+
+    7. [_Make arrangements concerning Posts and Postal business with
+    postal authorities outside of Canada._]
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    11. Prescribe and enforce such Regulations as to letters directed to
+    be registered as to him may seem necessary, in respect to the
+    registration of letters and other matter passing by Mail, as well
+    between places in Canada, as between Canada and the United Kingdom,
+    any British Possession, the United States or any other Foreign
+    Country, and to the charge to be made for the same; and also in
+    respect to the registration by the officers of the Post Office of
+    letters unquestionably containing money or other valuable enclosure
+    when posted without registration by the senders of the same, and to
+    imposing a rate of two cents registration charge upon such letters;
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    14. Establish and provide Street Letter Boxes or Pillar Boxes or
+    Boxes of any other description for the receipt of letters and such
+    other mailable matter as he may deem expedient, in the streets of
+    any City or Town in Canada, or at any Railway Station or other
+    public place where he may consider such Letter Boxes to be
+    necessary;
+
+    15. Grant licenses revocable at pleasure, to Agents other than
+    Postmasters, for the sale to the Public of Postage Stamps and
+    Stamped Envelopes, and allow to such Agents a commission of not
+    exceeding five per cent, on the amount of their sales.
+
+    RATES OF POSTAGE.
+
+    19. On all letters transmitted by Post for any distance within
+    Canada, except in cases herein otherwise specially provided for,
+    there shall be charged and paid one uniform rate of three cents per
+    half ounce in weight, any fraction of an ounce being chargeable as a
+    half ounce, provided that such three cents postage rate be prepaid
+    by postage stamps or in current coin at the time of posting such
+    letters; and when such letters are posted without prepayment being
+    made thereon, then and in such case it shall be lawful to charge
+    upon letters so posted unpaid a rate of five cents per half ounce.
+
+    20. On letters not transmitted through the mails, but posted and
+    delivered at the same Post Office, commonly known as local or drop
+    letters, the rate shall be one cent, to be in all cases prepaid by
+    postage stamp affixed to such letters.
+
+    21. [_Seamen and Soldiers, etc. in Her Majesty's service, entitled
+    to receive and send letters on payment of a certain special sum in
+    lieu of all British postage, shall be freed likewise from Canadian
+    postage._]
+
+    22. The rate of postage upon newspapers printed and published in
+    Canada, and issued not less frequently than once a week, from a
+    known office of publication, and sent to regular subscribers in
+    Canada by mail, shall be as follows: upon each such newspaper, when
+    issued once a week, the rate for each quarter of a year, commencing
+    on the first of January, first of April, first of July, or first of
+    October of each year, shall be five cents, when issued twice a week,
+    ten cents, when issued three times a week, fifteen cents, when
+    issued six times a week, thirty cents, and in that proportion,
+    adding one rate of five cents for each issue more frequent than once
+    a week; and such postage must be pre-paid in advance from the first
+    day of the quarter from which the payment commences, for a term of
+    not less than a quarter of a year: ... provided, nevertheless, that
+    _Exchange Papers_, addressed by one editor or publisher of a
+    newspaper to another editor or publisher, may be sent by Post free
+    of charge.
+
+    23. On all newspapers sent by Post in Canada, except in the cases
+    hereinbefore expressly provided for, there shall be payable a rate
+    not exceeding two cents each, and when such newspapers are posted in
+    Canada this rate shall in all cases be prepaid by postage stamp
+    affixed to the same.
+
+    24. For the purposes of this Act, the word "Newspapers" shall be
+    held to mean periodicals published not less frequently than once in
+    each week, and containing notices of passing events.
+
+    25. The rate of postage upon periodical publications, other than
+    newspapers, shall be one cent per four ounces, or half a cent per
+    number, when such periodicals weigh less than one ounce and are
+    posted singly, and when such periodical publications are posted in
+    Canada, these rates shall in all cases be prepaid by postage stamps
+    affixed to the same.
+
+    26. On books, pamphlets, occasional publications, printed circulars,
+    prices current, handbills, book and newspaper manuscript, printer's
+    proof sheets whether corrected or not, maps, prints, drawings,
+    engravings, photographs when not on glass, in cases containing
+    glass, sheet music whether printed or written, packages of seeds,
+    cuttings, bulbous roots, scions or grafts, patterns or samples of
+    merchandize or goods, the rate of postage shall be one cent per
+    ounce; provided that no letter or other communication intended to
+    serve the purpose of a letter be sent or enclosed therein, and that
+    the same be sent in covers open at the ends or sides or otherwise so
+    put up as to admit of inspection by the Officers of the Post Office
+    to ensure compliance with this provision--and this postage rate
+    shall be prepaid by postage stamps in all cases when such articles
+    are posted in Canada.
+
+    27. [_Foregoing rates subject to such conditions as may be agreed
+    upon between Canada and any other country._]
+
+    28. [_Postage on unpaid letters is due from addressee, or if refused
+    may be recovered with costs by civil action from sender._ (See
+    13^o--14^o Vict. Cap. 17, Sec. 12.)]
+
+    29. In all cases where letters and other mailable matter are posted
+    for places without the limits of Canada, on which stamps for
+    pre-payment are affixed of less value than the true rate of Postage
+    to which such letters are liable,--or when stamps for prepayment are
+    affixed to letters addressed to any place as aforesaid for which
+    prepayment cannot be taken in Canada,--the Postmaster General may
+    forward such letters, charged with postage, as if no stamp had been
+    affixed.
+
+    30. And for avoiding doubts, and preventing inconvenient delay in
+    the posting and delivery of letters,--no Postmaster shall be bound
+    to give change, but the exact amount of the postage on any letter or
+    other mailable matter shall be tendered or paid to him in current
+    coin as respects letters or other things delivered, and in current
+    coin or postage stamps as the case may require in respect to the
+    letters or other things posted.
+
+    31. [_The Postmaster General may make reasonable compensation to
+    Masters of vessels not Post Office Packets for conveyance of ship
+    letters from foreign ports to Canada._]
+
+    32. [_Postmaster General has exclusive privilege of collecting,
+    conveying and delivering letters, etc._; $20 _penalty for
+    infraction_. (See 13^o--14^o Vict. Cap. XVII. Sec. 9.)]
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    35. [_The Postmaster General may employ Letter Carriers, and charge
+    two cents for delivery of a letter and one cent for a newspaper or
+    pamphlet._ (See 14^o--15^o Vict. Cap. LXXI. Sec. 15.)]
+
+    36. It shall be lawful for the Postmaster General, with the consent
+    of the Governor in Council, to establish in any city, when he shall
+    deem it expedient, a system of free delivery by Letter Carrier of
+    letters brought by mail and he may direct that from the time that
+    such system is established, no charge shall be made for the delivery
+    of such letters by Letter Carriers in such city, and further that on
+    drop or local letters when delivered by Letter Carrier in such city,
+    one cent only per half ounce shall be charged in addition to the
+    ordinary local or drop letter rate.
+
+    37. [_Postmaster General may establish a parcel post._ (See 22^o
+    Vict. Cap. XVII. Sec. 5.)]
+
+    38. [_Usual franking of official matter._ (See 18^o Vict. Cap.
+    LXXIX. Secs. 4, 5, 6, 7 and 24^o Vict. Cap. XXV. Sec. 6), _but
+    limited to transmission in Canada_.]
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    40. Letters, or other articles, which from any cause remain
+    undelivered in any Post Office, or which having been posted, cannot
+    be forwarded by post, shall under such regulations as the Postmaster
+    General may make, be transmitted by Postmasters to the Post Office
+    Department as Dead Letters, there to be opened and returned to the
+    writers on payment of any postage due thereon, with five cents
+    additional on each Dead Letter to defray the costs of returning the
+    same, or such Dead Letters may in any case or class of cases be
+    otherwise disposed of as the Postmaster General may direct.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    77. [_Stealing mail matter or forging stamps, etc._, (see 13^o--14^o
+    Vict. Cap. XVII. Sec. 16) _is a felony. Stealing or damaging printed
+    matter, package of merchandise, etc., or enclosing a letter in other
+    mail matter, or obstructing mails is a misdemeanor_.]
+
+    Sub. sec. 16. To remove with fraudulent intent from any letter,
+    newspaper or other mailable matter, sent by Post, any postage stamp
+    which shall have been affixed thereon, or wilfully, with intent
+    aforesaid remove from any postage stamp which shall have been
+    previously used, any mark which shall have been made thereon at any
+    Post Office, shall be a misdemeanor.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    81. If any person uses or attempts to use in prepayment of postage
+    on any letter or other mailable matter posted in this Province, any
+    postage stamp which has been before used for a like purpose, such
+    person shall be subject to a penalty of not less than Ten and not
+    exceeding Forty dollars for every such offense, and the letter or
+    other mailable matter on which such stamp has been so improperly
+    used may be detained, or in the discretion of the Postmaster General
+    forwarded to its destination charged with double postage.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    91. This Act shall come into operation on the first day of April,
+    one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight.
+
+Although the above Act gives most of the groundwork upon which the Post
+Office Department of Canada has since been operated, save of course the
+changes in detail that will be noted in their proper places, yet it
+seems advisable, in spite of some possible repetition, to quote the
+larger part of the Instructions sent out to Postmasters in preparation
+for the impending changes, because of additional details to be found
+therein.
+
+    TO ALL POSTMASTERS, AND OTHER PERSONS EMPLOYED IN THE POSTAL SERVICE
+    OF CANADA:
+
+    DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 2.
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT,
+      OTTAWA, 1ST MARCH, 1868.
+
+    The Post Office Act, passed on the 21st December, 1867, for the
+    regulation of the Postal Service, will come into operation
+    throughout the Dominion on and from the 1st April, 1868.
+
+    A copy of the Statute, and of the General Regulations founded
+    thereon, will be forwarded to every Postmaster, whether in charge of
+    a regular Post-Office, Way Office or Sub-Office, and to every
+    Railway Mail Clerk; meanwhile the following summary of the principal
+    provisions of the Act, as affecting the organization of the
+    Department, in relation to the several Provinces of the Dominion,
+    the postage rates to be charged from and after the 1st. April, etc.,
+    etc., is supplied for the information of Postmasters and other
+    persons employed in the Post Office Service of Canada.
+
+    ORGANIZATION OF THE DEPARTMENT.
+
+    1. The Superintendence and Management of the Postal Service of
+    Canada is vested in the Post Office Department, at the seat of
+    Government, Ottawa, under the direction of the Postmaster General of
+    Canada.
+
+    2. Subject to the directions of the Postmaster General, the general
+    management of the business of the Department will be with the Deputy
+    Postmaster General of Canada.
+
+    3. The local Superintendence of Post Office business, and
+    performance of such duties as are assigned to them by the Statute,
+    or entrusted to them from time to time by the Postmaster General,
+    will be confided to the Post Office Inspectors, of whom there are
+    seven, stationed and exercising their powers and functions in the
+    undermentioned Postal Divisions.
+
+        _Postal Division._                   _Post Office Address._
+
+      Nova Scotia                                       Halifax, N. S.
+      New Brunswick and the Bay
+        Chaleurs, Coast of Gaspé         Frederickton, for the present
+      Province of Quebec, as far West as Three Rivers           Quebec
+      Province of Quebec, from Three Rivers Westward          Montreal
+      Province of Ontario, as far as Cobourg                  Kingston
+      Province of Ontario, from Cobourg to Hamilton            Toronto
+      Province of Ontario, from Hamilton Westward               London
+      */
+
+      /#
+      4. All Postmasters, including Way Office and Sub-Office Keepers,
+      are continued in Office, and all Bonds and Mail Contracts continued
+      in force, subject to the ordinary conditions of such appointments and
+      engagements, and to the future action of the Department.
+
+      PRINCIPAL RATES OF POSTAGE.
+
+      LETTERS.
+
+      5. On letters passing between any two places within the Dominion
+      of Canada, a uniform rate, (irrespective of distance) of three
+      cents per 1/2 oz., if prepaid; and five cents per 1/2 oz., if posted
+      unpaid.
+
+      6. On letters between any place in the Dominion and any place in
+      the United States, 6 cents per 1/2 oz., if prepaid; and 10 cents per
+      1/2 oz., if posted unpaid.
+
+       7. On letters to or from the United Kingdom, in Mails by Canada
+      Packets, to or from Quebec in summer, or Portland in winter; or by
+      Mail Packet to or from Halifax, 12-1/2 cents per 1/2 oz.
+      #/
+
+      On do. in Mails via New York Packet                15 cents per 1/2 oz.
+      On letters to Prince Edward Island, if prepaid,     3   "    "  do
+                                    if posted unpaid,     5   "    "  do
+      On letters to Newfoundland, to be in all cases
+                                             prepaid, 12-1/2  "    "  do
+      On letters to British Columbia and Vancouver
+      Island, in all cases to be prepaid,                10   "    "  do
+        On letters to Red River,
+                          to be in all cases prepaid,     6   "    "  do
+        On letters to Red River,
+                          to be in all cases prepaid,     6   "    "  do
+
+    NEWSPAPER RATES.
+
+    8. Newspapers printed and published in Canada may be sent by Post
+    from the office of publication to any place in Canada at the
+    following rates, if paid quarterly in advance, either by the
+    Publisher, at the Post Office where the papers are posted or by the
+    subscriber, at the Post Office where the papers are  delivered:--
+
+      For a paper published once a week    5 cents per quarter of a year.
+            do              twice a week  10        do
+            do              three times   15        do
+            do              six times     30        do
+
+    If the above rates are prepaid by the Publisher, the Postmaster
+    receiving payment must be careful to have the papers so prepaid
+    separately put up, and marked, distinctly, as prepaid.
+
+    When the above rates are not prepaid in advance, by either the
+    Publisher at the Office of posting or by the subscriber at the
+    Office of delivery, the papers are to be charged one cent each on
+    delivery.
+
+    9. Canadian Newspapers, addressed from the Office of publication to
+    subscribers in the United Kingdom, the United States, Prince Edward
+    Island and Newfoundland, may be forwarded, on prepayment at the
+    Office in Canada where posted, at the above commuted rates,
+    applicable to such papers within the Dominion.
+
+    10. Exchange Papers passing between publishers in Canada, and
+    between publishers in Canada and publishers in the United States,
+    Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland, are to pass free--one copy of
+    each paper to each publisher.
+
+    11. Transient Newspapers include all Newspapers posted in Canada,
+    other than Canada Newspapers sent from the Office of publication,
+    and when addressed to any place within the Dominion, to the United
+    Kingdom, to the United States, Prince Edward Island or Newfoundland,
+    must be prepaid two cents each by postage stamp.
+
+    12. Newspapers coming into Canada will be subject to the following
+    charges on delivery:
+
+        If from the United Kingdom, by mail packet to Quebec, Halifax or
+        Portland--Free on delivery.
+
+        By mails viâ the United States (New York), Two cents each.
+
+        If from the United States, two cents each, to be rated at the
+        Canada Frontier, or exchange Office receiving mails from the
+        United States.
+
+        If from Prince Edward Island or Newfoundland, when received by
+        regular subscribers in Canada from the Office of publication,
+        the ordinary commuted rates applicable to Canada Newspapers.
+
+        Transient Papers--two cents each.
+
+    13. The Canada Postage rates on Newspapers coming or going to the
+    United Kingdom and the United States, will thus be the same as those
+    charged in the United Kingdom and the United States on Newspapers
+    there received from or sent to Canada.
+
+    14. Canada News Agents may post to regular subscribers in Canada,
+    British Newspapers free, and United States Newspapers unpaid, such
+    papers in the latter case, must be duly rated two cents each for
+    collection on delivery.
+
+    PRINTED PAPERS, CIRCULARS, PRICES CURRENT, HAND BILLS, BOOKS,
+    PAMPHLETS.
+
+    15. The rate on printed matter of this description posted in Canada,
+    and addressed to any place in Canada, Prince Edward Island,
+    Newfoundland or the United States, will be one cent per ounce, to be
+    prepaid by Postage Stamp; and a like rate will be payable on
+    delivery, when received from the United States, Prince Edward Island
+    or Newfoundland.
+
+    PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS.
+
+    16. When posted in Canada for any place in Canada, Prince Edward
+    Island, Newfoundland or the United States, the rate will be one cent
+    per four ounces.
+
+    17. A like rate will be payable on delivery in Canada, when received
+    from the United States, Prince Edward Island or Newfoundland.
+
+    18. Periodicals weighing less than one ounce per number, when posted
+    in Canada for any place within the Dominion, Prince Edward Island,
+    Newfoundland or the United States may, when put up singly, pass for
+    one half cent per number, to be prepaid by Postage Stamp.
+
+    19. As the Postage Rates on Periodicals, other than Newspapers, will
+    be payable in advance, and as certain classes of such periodicals,
+    printed and published in Canada, and sent from the office of
+    publication to regular subscribers, have for some time past been
+    exempted from postage where exclusively devoted to the education of
+    youth, to temperance, agriculture and science, or for other reasons,
+    it is ordered, that with respect to periodicals which do now enjoy
+    this privilege or exemption, the exemption shall continue until the
+    expiration of the current year--that is until the 31st December,
+    1868, and that from the 1st. January, 1869, all such special
+    exemptions and privileges shall cease.
+
+    PARCEL POST.
+
+    20. The rate on Parcels, by Parcel Post, will be 12-1/2 cents per 8
+    ounces, that is to  say:--
+
+      On a parcel not exceeding 8 oz          12-1/2 cents
+      Over 8 oz., and not exceeding 1 lb      25     cents
+      Over 1 lb., and not exceeding 24 oz     37-1/2 cents
+      And so on, to the limit of three lbs.
+
+    BOOK AND NEWSPAPER MANUSCRIPT, AND OTHER MISCELLANEOUS MATTER.
+
+    21. On Book and Newspaper Manuscript (meaning written articles
+    intended for insertion in a newspaper or periodical, and addressed
+    to the Editor or Publisher thereof, for insertion), Printers' Proof
+    Sheets, whether corrected or not, Maps, Prints, Drawings,
+    Engravings, Music, whether printed or written, packages of Seeds,
+    Cuttings, Roots, Scions or Grafts, and Botanical Specimens, the rate
+    will be 1 cent per ounce, when posted for any place in Canada or the
+    United States, and prepaid by Postage Stamp.
+
+    POSTAGE STAMPS.
+
+    22. To enable the Public to prepay conveniently by Postage Stamp the
+    foregoing rates, the following denominations of Postage Stamps for
+    use throughout the Dominion, have been prepared, and will be
+    supplied to Postmasters for sale:--#/
+
+      Half Cent           Stamps }
+      One cent                do }
+      Two cent                do }
+      Three cent              do } All bearing, as a device, the effigy
+      Six cent                do }    of Her Majesty.
+      Twelve and a half cent  do }
+      Fifteen cent            do }
+
+    23. The Postage Stamps now in use in the several Provinces may be
+    accepted, as at present, in prepayment of letters, etc., for a
+    reasonable time after the 1st of April; but from and after that date
+    all issues and sales to the public will be of the new denomination.
+
+    FRANKING AND FREE MATTER.
+
+    The following matter is exempt from Canadian Postage:--
+
+    24. All letters and other mailable matter addressed to or sent by
+    the Governor of Canada.
+
+    25. All letters or other mailable matter addressed to or sent by any
+    Department of the Government, at the seat of Government at Ottawa,
+    under such regulations as may from time to time be made by the
+    Governor in Council.
+
+    26. All letters and other mailable matter addressed to or sent by
+    the Speaker or Chief Clerk of the Senate or of the House of Commons,
+    or to or by any Member of either House, at the Seat of Government,
+    during any Session of Parliament--or addressed to any of the Members
+    or Officers in this section mentioned at the Seat of Government as
+    aforesaid, during the ten days next before the meeting of
+    Parliament.
+
+    27. All public documents and printed papers sent by the Speaker or
+    Chief Clerk of the Senate or of the House of Commons to any Member
+    of either House during the recess of Parliament.
+
+    28. All papers printed by order of either House sent by Members of
+    either House during the recess of Parliament.
+
+    29. Petitions and Addresses to either of the Provincial Legislatures
+    of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, or to any branch
+    thereof; and votes, proceedings and other papers, printed by order
+    of any such Legislature, or any branch thereof, during any Session
+    thereof,--provided such petitions and addresses, votes, proceedings
+    and other papers, are sent without covers, or in covers open at the
+    ends or sides, and contain no Letter or written communication to
+    serve the purpose of a Letter.
+
+    30. Letters and other mailable matter (except that provided for as
+    above) addressed to or sent by the Provincial Governments or
+    Legislatures of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, will
+    be liable to the ordinary rates of Postage.
+
+    31. Public documents and printed papers sent under the foregoing
+    clauses should bear, as part of the address, the bona fide
+    superscription of the Speaker, Chief Clerk, or Officer specially
+    deputed for this purpose to act for those functionaries, or of the
+    Member sending the same.
+
+    32. The privilege of free transmission, as above described, has
+    effect only as respects Canada Postage rates.
+
+    33. All letters and other mailable matter to and from the Postmaster
+    General and the Deputy Postmaster General, and all Official
+    communications to and from the Post Office Department, and to and
+    from the Post Office Inspectors, are to pass free of Canadian
+    Postage.
+
+    34. All letters and communications on the business of the Post
+    Office Department, intended for the Post Office Department at
+    Ottawa, should be invariably addressed to "The Postmaster General."
+    The branch of the Department for which the letter or communication
+    is intended should be written on the left hand upper corner of the
+    letter,  thus:--
+
+      "For Accountant"
+      "For Secretary"
+      [etc.]
+
+    as the case may be, but the main direction must be to the Postmaster
+    General, or Deputy Postmaster General.
+
+    35. All letters containing a remittance on account of the Public
+    Revenue sent by any Postmaster in Canada to a Bank or Bank Agency;
+    and all remittances or acknowledgements sent by a Bank or Bank
+    agency, on account of Public Revenue, to any Postmaster in Canada,
+    are to pass free through the Post, as respects both postage and
+    registration charge.
+
+    36. No change is made in the Way or Sub-Office system of Nova Scotia
+    and New Brunswick, Quebec or Ontario.
+
+    37. No change is made in the Money Order System.
+
+    38. A system of Post Office Savings Banks will be instituted on the
+    1st. April, and will be extended as quickly as practicable to all
+    the principal cities, towns and places throughout the Dominion.
+
+  A. CAMPBELL, _Postmaster General_.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THE ISSUE OF 1868
+
+
+A glance at the new regulations quoted in the last chapter will show
+that there is no five or seventeen cent prepaid rate, and but one at ten
+cents--to British Columbia and Vancouver Island; as a result these three
+denominations are not found in the new set of Dominion postage stamps.
+On the other hand the half cent transient newspaper rate, the three cent
+letter rate, with its double at six cents, and the new British Packet
+rate via New York of fifteen instead of seventeen cents, necessitated
+these four additional denominations in the new series.
+
+The stamps themselves are as usual line engraved on steel, and present
+more "continuity of design" throughout the set than before. The main
+feature of this design is a circular medallion bearing a diademed
+profile portrait of Queen Victoria to right, on a horizontally lined
+ground. Arched above this medallion are the words CANADA POSTAGE, and
+beneath it the value, both in words and Arabic numerals, a slightly
+different arrangement occurring on each denomination. Foliations of
+acanthus pattern fill in the remainder of the design, making the outline
+somewhat irregular. The stamps are fairly large, averaging 20 × 24 mm.
+in size, except the half cent, which is considerably smaller, being only
+17 × 21 mm. They will be found illustrated as Nos. 17, 16, 18, 20, 22,
+23 and 24 on Plate I.
+
+The stamps were printed in sheets of 100, ten rows of ten, and by the
+imprint we find they were the product of a new concern. This imprint
+appears in colorless capitals on a narrow strip of color with bossed
+ends, and reads BRITISH AMERICAN BANK NOTE CO. MONTREAL & OTTAWA. This
+strip is framed by a very thin parallel line, its entire width being but
+one millimeter, while its length is about 51 mm. It occurs but once on a
+side, being placed against the middle two stamps (numbers 5 and 6) of
+each row at a distance of about 3 mm. (see illustration 107 on Plate
+IX.) The inscription reads up on the left and down on the right, as
+before, but the bottom one is now upright, instead of being reversed.
+
+In the case of the half cent stamp at least, we find an additional
+marginal imprint over the second and third stamps of the top row. This
+consists of the words HALF CENT, in shaded Roman capitals 4 mm. high,
+the whole being about 40 mm. long, (illustration 119 on Plate XI).
+Presumably the same thing, varied for each denomination, occurs on other
+values of the series, as we find it does on the succeeding issue; but a
+strip from the top of a sheet of the 15 cent stamps proves that it was
+lacking on that value at least.
+
+The normal colors of the stamps of this series are approximately:--1/2
+cent, black; 1 cent, brown red; 2 cents, green; 3 cents, deep red; 6
+cents, dark brown; 12-1/2 cents, deep blue; 15 cents, mauve. We say
+approximately, since there is considerable variation as may be noted by
+a glance at the Reference List. Particularly is this the case with the
+15 cent stamp. The earliest tint is the one we have noted--mauve; but
+the stamp was in practically continuous use down to 1900, and the gamut
+of shades and colors through which it passed in that time is almost
+equal to the 10 cent stamp of the preceding issue.
+
+Of the approximate dates of issue of some of the more pronounced shades
+of the 15 cent stamp it is possible to give an idea through the
+chronicles of various contemporary magazines which noted them. The
+original stamp we know was in a mauve tint, and was so chronicled in the
+_Stamp Collector's Magazine_ for May 1868 (VI: 71). The _American
+Journal of Philately_ for April 20, 1868, (I:18) describes it as
+"lilac". The _Stamp Collector's Magazine_ in December, 1874 (XII: 182)
+says it has "just appeared in a dull deep mauve." Next M. Moens notes
+that it has become gray lilac, in _Le Timbre-poste_ for March, 1877.
+Again in the issue for June, 1880, he records it in bright violet, while
+in May, 1881, it is described as a dark slate color (_ardoise foncé_).
+In the July, 1888, issue of the _Halifax Philatelist_ the color is said
+to have reverted to the mauve tint of the first printings except that it
+was "more bluish", and once more in May, 1890, the _Dominion
+Philatelist_ states that "The Canada 15c. has again changed color. It is
+now bright violet." Finally, in _Mekeel's Weekly_ for March 12, 1896,
+under "Canadian Notes", we read that "quite a large stock is still on
+hand in the P.O. Department, but no more are being printed. What are
+going out now are the remainders of various batches. They are coming in
+all shades; some being almost the first issue colors."
+
+It remains to note two additions to this series. The first was a change
+in color:--the 1 cent and 3 cent stamps were quite naturally found to be
+too nearly alike in shade to properly differentiate them in the rush of
+post office business. Hence the 1 cent was changed to an orange yellow,
+appearing in its new dress in 1809. The exact date seems not to be
+available, but we find it first noted in _The Philatelist_ for April 1,
+1809, in these words:--"The 1 cent and 3 c. of this colony have been
+hitherto almost identical in hue; that anomaly is now rectified by the
+recent emission of the former value in bright orange." In the "Summary
+for the year 1809", the same paper credits the issue to January,
+1869.[86]
+
+[86] =The Philatelist=. IV: 42.
+
+The second addition was a 5 cent stamp, which is a bit of an anomaly
+inasmuch as it is a companion in size and design to the 1868 series, but
+was issued on October 1, 1875, after the series in reduced size, begun
+in 1870, had been practically completed. The explanation is simple: the
+die of this large 5 cent stamp had been engraved in 1867 with the other
+values of the first Dominion series,[87] but as there were no rates
+requiring such a denomination in the set, it was not issued. When in
+1875 the need for a 3 cent value arose, the unused die was employed to
+make a plate for temporary use, until a new die conforming in size and
+design with the small stamps could be prepared. The large 5 cent stamp
+is thus really in the nature of a provisional, for its smaller and
+permanent successor followed it in about four months.
+
+[87] In the first series of the =American Journal of Philately= for June
+1, 1868 (I: 25) we read: "The Canadian Government have had a 5 cent
+stamp prepared, engraved of the same type as the present set, the most
+noticeable difference being the circle round the head which is corded.
+The specimen sent us is printed in brown on India paper, bearing the
+Company's imprint underneath."
+
+The statement is often made that the 5 cent denomination was required
+because of Canada's entry into the Universal Postal Union, which was
+instituted on July 1, 1875. The statement has elements of truth in it,
+inasmuch as the indirect results of Canada's application produced the 5
+cent rate which required the new stamp; but the statement is not exact
+because Canada was not actually admitted to the Postal Union until three
+years later. The Postmaster General's Reports tell the story. The Report
+for 30th June, 1875 says:--
+
+    A treaty for the formation of a General Postal Union, and for the
+    adoption of uniform postage rates and regulations for International
+    correspondence, was arranged and signed at Berne, Switzerland, in
+    October, 1874, by the representatives of the Post Offices of the
+    chief Nations of the world. This agreement took effect between all
+    the countries which were directly parties to the Treaty, in July
+    last.
+
+    The Treaty did not include the British Possessions beyond the sea,
+    but Canada has, with the concurrence of the Imperial Government,
+    applied for admission as a member of this Postal Union. Meanwhile
+    the letter rate of postage between Canada and the United Kingdom
+    has, by arrangement with the Imperial Post Office, been reduced to
+    the International rate of 2-1/2 pence sterling--5 cents currency,
+    established by the Union regulations; and this reduction has also
+    been made applicable to correspondence passing by way of New York,
+    making the rate between Canada and the United Kingdom uniform at 5
+    cents by whatever route conveyed.
+
+From the Report of 30th June, 1876 we find that the application of
+Canada for admission to the Universal Postal Union was not successful
+owing to the opposition of France. Because of differences with Great
+Britain in regard to admitting Colonies beyond the seas at the same
+rates as European countries, British India and the French Colonies had
+been admitted with a reduced rate of 6 pence per half ounce letter, so
+as to include cost of sea transit. France contended that Canada should
+be kept to the same terms. From the Report of 30th June, 1877 we learn
+that Canada by treaty had obtained the Postal Union rate of 5 cents with
+Germany, including Prussia, Saxony, Hanover, Bavaria, Baden and
+Wurtemberg. The letter rate with Newfoundland had also been reduced from
+6 cents to 5 cents per half ounce.
+
+The Report for 30th June, 1878 brings matters to fruition:--
+
+    At the meeting of the International Postal Congress, which, under
+    the provisions of the Postal Treaty of Berne, concluded in October,
+    1874, took place at Paris in May, 1878, Canada was admitted to be a
+    member of the General Postal Union from the 1st July, 1878, and in
+    consequence the rate of letter postage between Canada and all Europe
+    became one uniform charge of 5 cents per half ounce. Newspapers and
+    other printed matter, and samples and patterns of merchandise also
+    became subject to uniform postage rates and regulations for all
+    destinations in Europe. Existing postal arrangements between the
+    United States and Canada were, by mutual agreement, allowed to
+    remain undisturbed by the entry of Canada into the Union, under a
+    provision of the General Postal Union Treaty applicable to such a
+    case.
+
+The last remark refers to the treaty which took effect on 1st February,
+1875, by which letters posted in Canada or the United States could be
+sent to the other country at the single domestic rate of three cents--of
+which more later.
+
+This large 5 cent stamp was of course line engraved like the rest of the
+series, and issued in sheets of 100, ten rows of ten. The sheet bore
+four marginal imprints, arranged as before, but of a slightly different
+type from the 1868 issue. This new imprint is in capitals and lower case
+letters on a colored strip 56 mm. long and 2-1/2 mm. wide, with a border
+of pearls, and reads: "British American Bank Note Co. Montreal."
+Doubtless the words "FIVE CENTS" in shaded Roman capitals would be found
+over the second and third stamps of the top row if one were fortunate
+enough to possess this portion of a sheet. The stamp is illustrated as
+No. 21 on Plate I, and the marginal imprint is of the type shown in
+illustration No. 118 on plate XI. The normal color of this 5 cent stamp
+is an olive gray, and it is perforated 12, as are all the other values
+of the set.
+
+The paper upon which the series of 1868 was printed was in general an
+ordinary white wove variety which varied considerably from a very thin,
+almost pelure quality to a quite hard and thick variety. Laid paper also
+makes its appearance again in this set. In Messrs. Corwin and King's
+article[88] we read:--"The 3 cents on laid paper was first brought to
+attention in the _Philatelic Record_ for March, 1882,[89] wherein it was
+stated that Mr. Tapling had a copy in his collection. The 1 cent was
+first mentioned in the _National Philatelist_ for January, 1883, by Mr.
+Corwin, its discoverer, in these words: 'Some time since I saw noted in
+the _Philatelic Record_ the existence of a 3 cent Canada stamp, emission
+of 1868, on laid paper. In looking through my Canadian varieties, after
+reading this note, I discovered also a copy of the one cent red, same
+emission, on laid paper'". The 1 cent yellow is likewise catalogued by
+the London Society,[90] but the following remark is added: "The One
+Cent, yellow, on laid paper, is not known to the Society. It is taken
+from _The Halifax Philatelist_ for July, 1888, page 74." Concerning this
+Messrs. Corwin and King state:[91] "This was inserted in the _Halifax
+Philatelist_ in error; so far as we know this stamp does not exist. The
+original sin of chronicling this stamp, however, rests with M. Moens,
+for in the _Philatelic Record_ for January, 1883, the fact is stated
+that M. Moens states that he knows of the existence of the 1c. orange on
+laid paper." Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack adds his testimony against this
+quondam stamp:[92] "I do not believe that the 1c, yellow, exists on
+laid paper, None of the large collectors of Canada or of this country
+have seen it, and I believe there is no real authority for listing it."
+There was none: and now that we have tracked it down, the laugh seems to
+be on the _Philatelic Record_, and M. Moens is absolved from his
+"original sin." In _Le Timbre-Poste_ for January, 1883, under the
+heading CANADA we read: "Semblable au 3 cents, 1868, sur papier _vergé_
+blanc, il existe: 1 cent, brun-orange." This was the information quoted
+in the _Philatelic Record_,[93] but the translator evidently mistook the
+proper rendering of the French color name as _orange-brown_, and
+translated it simply _orange_, whence the error spread. We can therefore
+dispose quite effectually of the question and of the phantom stamp in
+the same breath.
+
+[88] =Metropolitan Philatelist=, II: 57.
+
+[89] This is an error, for in =Le Timbre-Poste= for November, 1877 (XV:
+841). M. Moens says: "M. Fouré nous fait remarquer que le 3 cents [1868]
+a été imprimé exceptionnellement sur papier vergé."
+
+[90] =North American Colonies of Great Britain=, page 16.
+
+[91] =Metropolitan Philatelist=, II: 57.
+
+[92] =London Philatelist=, XVI: 144.
+
+[93] =Philatelic Record=. IV: 213.
+
+Concerning the laid paper stamps Messrs. Corwin and King say they "must
+have been among the first issued, as we have seen a copy of the 1 cent,
+red-brown, postmarked November 27, 1868."[94] That this must have been
+the case is proved by the existence of the 1 cent in brown-red and not
+in yellow, as would have been the case if the paper were used in 1869 or
+thereafter. _Mekeel's Weekly_[95] also records the 3 cent on a cover
+bearing date of August 31, 1868.
+
+[94] =Metropolitan Philatelist=, II: 57.
+
+[95] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, IX: 64.
+
+The 15 cent stamp was reported in the _American Journal of Philately_
+for October, 1892, in these words: "Mr. F. de Coppet has shown us a 15
+c. of the 1868 issue on thin paper, horizontally laid," and the stamp is
+described as "violet". We have not seen a copy, but if it was in the
+early "mauve" tint it probably was a companion of the 1 cent and 3
+cents, the latter being found on both thick and thin horizontally laid
+paper according to Messrs. Corwin and King's lists. If the "violet" was
+of the gray shades, it belonged to a later printing and not with the
+early stamps. Mr. Pack lists another variety still[96]: "I also have a
+copy of the 15 c. on distinctly soft ribbed paper." This stamp is in the
+lilac gray shade and therefore belongs to later printings as we shall
+see, for this ribbed paper is found in all values of the small stamps of
+the succeeding issue.
+
+[96] =London Philatelist=, XVI: 144.
+
+One other variety of paper needs our attention, and that is the
+watermarked paper. The fact of its use was early known to collectors,
+for in _The Philatelist_ for February, 1870, in an article on "British
+North America" by W. Dudley Atlee, after the "Issue for Confederation"
+is the following "Note.--There is also in the last series of adhesives
+a Three Cent printed on paper _watermarked_ with maker's name; these
+were most probably issued after the thin paper and before the usual
+stout paper emissions." Mr. H. F. Ketcheson, commenting on the above in
+1889,[97] remarks: "the one cent red also appears on same paper, as I
+have two specimens of each in my possession." The _Halifax
+Philatelist,_[98] in its contemporary issue, also happened to note the
+discovery of two more values: "Mr. F. C. Kaye has shown us the 2 cent
+and 6 cent of the 1868 issue, with large watermarked letters of the same
+type as those in the 1 cent and 3 cent." The 12-1/2 and 15 cent were
+later found, but the 1/2 cent and 1 cent yellow have never been
+discovered. This latter fact doubtless determines the period when the
+paper was used, for, like the laid paper, if employed in 1869 or later
+we should find the 1 cent yellow instead of brown red printed on it. On
+the other hand, it could not have been used when the first consignments
+were being printed, probably early in 1868, or the 1/2 cent would be
+included in the series. This is determined by the fact that the first
+supply of the 1/2 cent lasted until the fiscal year of 1871-2, before
+any further printings were made. The watermarked paper must therefore
+have been used sometime during the course of the year 1868, probably the
+middle, when supplies of all values except the 1/2 cent were printed.
+
+[97] =Dominion Philatelist=, I: 5.
+
+[98] =Halifax Philatelist=, III: 8.
+
+For the determination of the character of the watermark we are indebted
+to Mr. John N. Luff, whose thoroughness and acumen when delving into a
+philatelic problem are proverbial. The result of his study was published
+in 1895[99] and we take the following extracts from his interesting
+paper:--
+
+[99] =American Journal of Philately=, VIII: 77.
+
+    Most philatelic writers, when treating of the Canadian issue of
+    1868-75, give small space to the series watermarked with large
+    letters. Most of them make a few speculative remarks as to the
+    probable watermark and then drop the subject. So far as I am aware,
+    no one has taken the trouble to ascertain what the watermark
+    actually is. The London Society in the _North American Colonies of
+    Great Britain_ says: "Some of the stamps on wove paper have been
+    catalogued with a watermark, consisting of various letters. It is
+    probable that these letters are portions of the name of the
+    papermaker, which most likely exists in the margin of the sheets."
+    Other writers are equally superficial. The _Catalogue for Advanced
+    Collectors_ says: "Although we catalogue as varieties the stamps on
+    watermarked paper, it is very possible that these form a separate
+    issue. It may have happened that the printers, having-run short of
+    the regular paper, replaced it by some similar paper that they had
+    in stock, bearing this watermark"....
+
+    In the _Stamps of British North America_, by Messrs. C. B. Corwin
+    and Donald A. King (_Metropolitan Philatelist_, June 1891), this
+    watermark is given more attention. The possibility that it is the
+    words "Canada Postage" or "Canada Post Office Department" is
+    discussed and rejected, because the authors have found certain
+    letters and pairs of letters which do not occur in these words.
+
+    It has seemed to me that it would be of interest, probably of value,
+    to know exactly what this watermark is. I have therefore given the
+    matter considerable study, and now have the pleasure of presenting
+    the result to your readers. The extensive stock of the Scott Stamp &
+    Coin Co., being placed at my disposal, together with a quantity of
+    stamps from private sources ... I believe I have correctly
+    reconstructed the watermark.
+
+    As the broadest letter measures only 12 mm., and the stamps are
+    about 23mm. from center to center of perforations, there are usually
+    parts of two or three letters on each stamp. I have found a large
+    number of single letters, pairs, portions of three letters, and in
+    one instance, a pair and parts of two letters. Of many combinations
+    I have found several examples. I have also found quite a number of
+    stamps showing parts of two rows of letters, one above the other.
+
+    Taking these in sequence we reconstruct the watermark
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  E. & G. BOTHWELL
+    CLUTHA MILLS]
+
+    The reader will please bear in mind, that when the stamps are viewed
+    from the back, the letters read from right to left (at least when
+    the sheets were placed normally in the press) as is usual with the
+    Crown and CC, CA and other watermarks.
+
+    The letters are plain double lined capitals, except the third in the
+    first line, C, which is more fancy, having a decided hook at the end
+    of the lower curve and the upper curve ending in a point, instead of
+    being cut off squarely, as in the case of the other letters. The E
+    and C are followed by periods 2-1/2 mm. square. The initial capitals
+    E, C and B are 13 mm. high, the other letters 12-1/2 mm. The upper
+    row is about 140 mm. long, the lower about 122 mm., and the distance
+    between the rows 11-1/2 mm. The watermark will thus fall on twelve
+    stamps in each sheet of one hundred. But it cannot be argued from
+    this that the stamps with watermark are only eight times as rare as
+    those without, as we must take into consideration the
+    proportionately large number of sheets on ordinary unwatermarked
+    paper. The sheets were apparently placed on the press without much
+    care, as the letters are frequently found reversed and inverted. I
+    have not however found any placed vertically, nor have I found any
+    other letters than the above....
+
+    As to the position of the watermark in the sheets, I believe it to
+    be central. Its height, 37 mm., is great for a marginal watermark,
+    and the fact that none of the letters have been found vertically, as
+    is so frequently the case with marginal watermarks, is also in favor
+    of a central location. We might also expect to find stamps on
+    watermarked paper showing, as is not uncommon, the imprint of the
+    contractors above or below, if the watermark were marginal. I, at
+    least, have found none.
+
+Mr. Luff considers that the watermarked stamps "are on an unofficial
+paper used temporarily," which is without doubt the case, at least as
+far as the temporary nature goes. He says further: "Compared with the
+large number without watermark, they are sufficiently scarce to indicate
+a provisional use of the paper and at the same time there are enough of
+them to show that a considerable number of sheets were printed."
+
+For other varieties in this series we have the 1/2 cent on "bluish-white
+wove paper", listed by M. Moens in the sixth edition of his catalogue.
+Messrs. Corwin and King say this "corresponds to our grayish paper, the
+shade sometimes being quite intense." But they list the entire series on
+"thin, soft, grayish wove paper", as well as the 1/2 cent and 1 cent
+brown-red on "pelure grayish paper". It may be that imperfect wiping of
+the plates had left an extra grayish tint upon the paper of the specimen
+that Moens singled out for cataloguing, just as occurred in the case of
+most values of the Post Office Department stamps of the United States.
+
+Messrs. Corwin and King[100] give an extremely lengthy reference list of
+this issue on no less than _seventeen_ varieties of paper, with the
+remark that, "every variety we mention is distinct from any other", but,
+with Major Evans, we must remark that "we confess we are unable to
+follow our friend Mr. King through all the intricacies of these
+varieties of paper ... but the differences are, perhaps, more real than
+is indicted in the descriptions." On inspection the "seventeen
+varieties" seem to combine themselves into I: laid paper, of thick and
+thin qualities; II: watermarked paper; III: yellowish wove paper, very
+thin to very thick; and IV: grayish wove paper, from pelure to very
+thick. In both of the wove papers are found the differences due to the
+process of manufacture, the even texture of the plain wove variety and
+the mottled texture of the so-called "wire-wove" variety.
+
+[100] =Metropolitan Philatelist=, II: 55 and =Monthly Journal=, VIII:
+236.
+
+The paper used for this issue is responsible for variations in the size
+of the stamps similar in character and origin to those we have already
+thoroughly discussed in connection with the 7-1/2 and 10 pence stamps of
+1855-7. The design of the series is not calculated to render these
+variations so apparent as in the former case, but the extreme variations
+we have found have been carefully noted and are presented in the
+following list. It will be seen that the variation is confined to a half
+millimeter in each dimension.
+
+  1/2    cent,     16-3/4 × 21-1/2 mm.
+                   17     × 21     mm.
+  1      cent,     19-1/2 × 24-1/2 mm.
+                   20     × 24     mm.
+  2      cents,    19-1/2 × 24-1/2 mm.
+                   20     × 24     mm.
+  3      cents,    19-1/2 × 24-1/2 mm.
+                   20     × 24     mm.
+  5      cents,    19     × 24-1/2 mm.
+                    ?       ?
+  6      cents,    20     × 24-1/2 mm.
+                   20-1/2 × 24     mm.
+  12-1/2 cents,    19-1/2 × 24-1/2 mm.
+                   20     × 24     mm.
+  15     cents,    19-3/4 × 24-1/2 mm.
+                   20     × 24     mm.
+
+It is also stated that these stamps exist perforated 11-1/2 × 12,[101]
+as well as the usual 12 all around. As the perforation was done by
+guillotine machines, this would apparently indicate a machine of 11-1/2
+gauge used for the vertical perforations, and we should expect to find
+some stamps at least perforated 12 × 11-1/2, if not 11-1/2 all around.
+Such do not seem to have been reported and we have no further
+information concerning the variety mentioned.
+
+[101] =Monthly Journal=, IX: 125.
+
+For imperforate stamps in this series we find the 1 cent, yellow, and
+the 15 cents in a peculiar shade of brown violet. The former is known
+only in cancelled condition, we believe, but we are able to illustrate
+an unused block of four of the latter as No. 107 on Plate IX.
+
+The only case of the use of a split stamp in this issue that we have to
+record is of the 6 cent, cut diagonally and used for the ordinary 3 cent
+rate on a letter posted at "Annapolis, N. S. JY 2,1869." While having no
+more authorization than any other of the occasional Canadian "splits,"
+yet this cover is particularly interesting because of its hailing from
+Nova Scotia, where split stamps had been used and recognized for their
+fractional values when the local issue was employed. An illustration of
+this cover will be found as No. 98 on Plate VIII.
+
+Concerning the quantities issued of the various denominations in this
+series we cannot be quite as exact as in some of the previous cases. No
+distinction was made between the various issues in the tables of amounts
+received from the manufacturers, provided the denomination was the same.
+In the case of the 1/2, 3, 6 and 15 cent stamps, which were new values,
+the quantities given in the Report for 1868 can be used, but with the 1,
+2 and 12-1/2 cent stamps the last deliveries of the 1859 series and the
+first of the 1868 series are lumped together. We have already made a
+tentative division of the receipts for these latter values,[102]
+however, which we think is safe enough to use for our purposes. It must
+be recognized that we are approaching conditions in the business of the
+Post Office where the quantity of stamps used, particularly if they be
+of low value and are in service for a number of years, mounts to such an
+enormous total that the actual figures representing the numbers issued
+have practically no philatelic value. While interesting, therefore, the
+totals shown below may be "out" by several per cent without appreciably
+altering their usefulness--or lack of it.
+
+[102] See page 88.
+
+With these considerations as a basis, we can lay out the series up to
+certain limits as follows:--
+
+  RECEIVED FROM MANUFACTURERS.
+
+                         1/2c.          1c.            2c.          3c.
+
+  30th June, 1868      1,500,000     2,000,000(?)  2,000,000(?)  6,000,000
+   "     "   1869         ...        9,250,000     4,000,000    12,000,000
+   "     "   1870         ...        2,300,000     1,300,000    11,300,000
+   "     "   1871         ...           ...        1,800,000        ...
+   "     "   1872        500,000        ...        3,200,000        ...
+   "     "   1873-82   4,756,700        ...           ...           ...
+   "     "   1876-96      ...           ...           ...           ...
+                       ---------    ----------    ----------    ----------
+        Totals         6,756,700    13,550,000    12,300,000    29,300,000
+
+
+                           6c.         12-1/2c.      15c.
+
+  30th June, 1868       2,000,000      500,000(?)   212,500
+   "     "   1869       2,000,000    1,000,000      600,000
+   "     "   1870       2,230,000      300,000       ...
+   "     "   1871       3,070,000      734,000       ...
+   "     "   1872       2,325,000       ...          ...
+   "     "   1873-82       ...          ...          ...
+   "     "   1876-96       ...          ...       1,765,400
+                       ----------    ---------    ---------
+        Totals         11,625,000    2,534,000    2,577,900
+
+The above table shows that the first deliveries of the 1/2 cent were
+sufficient to last until 1872; from that time there were yearly
+deliveries approximating a half million up to the issue of the miniature
+1/2 cent in 1882. The figures for that year doubtless included a large
+quantity of this latter stamp, so we can safely approximate the quantity
+of the 1/2 cent of 1868 issued as 6-1/2 millions. The large 1 cent stamp
+was superseded about March 1870, so the above figures may very likely
+be reduced by say two millions in 1870, leaving 11-1/2 millions of the
+large stamps, but in both brown-red and yellow. A large part of the
+1868-9 deliveries must have been of the brown-red stamp, however, as the
+yellow one did not appear until January 1869, and from the catalog
+prices the former would seem to be twice as common as the latter. The
+large 3 cent was also superseded about January 1870, so that a
+considerable portion of the deliveries of 1869-70 were doubtless due its
+successor. Some 20 millions or more can without doubt be credited to the
+1868 stamp, nevertheless.
+
+The 2 cent and 6 cent were both superseded early in 1872, so their
+totals can be reduced probably to approximately 10-11 millions for the
+former and perhaps 10 millions of the latter.
+
+With the 12-1/2 and 15 cent stamps we find no successors, but we do find
+that none of the former was delivered after 1871, so that our total of
+2-1/2 millions is correct, barring our first approximation. From the
+lists of "Issues to Postmasters" it is evident that the stamp was
+regularly used, but in decreasing quantities, down to 1888, when the
+last figures "1100" appear. A summing up of these issues to postmasters
+(again allowing for the first approximation) gives us a total of
+1,944,100 issued; but of these there were 44,086 returned by the
+postmasters as unfit for use, the last return (84 copies) being received
+in 1893. The result for the 12-1/2 cent stamp is therefore approximately
+1,900,000 issued and used, and some 634,000 probably destroyed.
+
+The 15 cent stamp, after the amount received in the 1869 account, needed
+no further supplies until the 1875 account, although it was issued to
+postmasters each year. The changes in rates in 1875 made it again useful
+as a multiple of the 5 cent stamp and in connection with registration.
+From that time until 1893 it was regularly printed and delivered, but
+this was evidently the end of its usefulness, as the only receipt
+thereafter was of 400 in 1896--undoubtedly a small remainder which the
+engravers wanted to get rid of. It was regularly issued to postmasters,
+however, up to 1900, the last amount, 21,350 appearing in that year's
+accounts, though 70 copies were turned in for destruction in 1901. Some
+31,000 all told were returned as unfit for use, but the rest were
+probably all used in the course of business.
+
+Of the large 5 cent stamp we can only judge as with the preceding. The
+Report for 1876 includes the deliveries of both large and small stamps,
+the total being 2 millions. As succeeding deliveries of the small stamp
+averaged a million or more for several years thereafter, it is highly
+probable that the above total was evenly divided and that the large 5
+cent was at least printed to the number of a million copies.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Turning now to the Postmaster General's Reports for the several years
+during which the large sized stamps were the general issue, we find in
+the _First Report of the Dominion of Canada, for the Year ending 30th
+June, 1868,_ the following remarks concerning the new order:--
+
+    The Post Office Laws and Regulations of the several Provinces of the
+    Dominion, in force at the date of the Union, remained in operation
+    under the authority of the Union Act until superseded by the statute
+    known as "_The Post Office Act 1867_", passed in the first session
+    of the Dominion Parliament, for the regulation of the Postal
+    Service, and which general Act took effect from the 1st. April,
+    1868.
+
+    By this Act a uniform system of Post Office organization was
+    provided for, the ordinary rate of domestic letter postage was
+    reduced from five cents to three cents per half ounce, and the
+    charge on letters sent to and received from the United States was at
+    the same time lowered from ten to six cents per half ounce weight
+    (the latter being the combination of the three cent letter rates of
+    both Countries), and lastly, low rates of postage charge were
+    established for the conveyance of newspapers, periodicals, printed
+    papers, parcels and other miscellaneous matter by Post.
+
+    In Nova Scotia and New Brunswick the additional newspaper postage
+    collected under the new Statute, applying equal charges on newspaper
+    matter throughout the Dominion, approximately balanced the loss in
+    the reduction of the letter rates, in fact the collections in Nova
+    Scotia in the first fiscal year after the change in the postage
+    rates, shew a marked improvement on the revenue of the previous
+    year, and there has been a material increase in the number of
+    letters passing by Post in the Maritime Provinces, as well as in
+    Ontario and Quebec.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    Postage stamps of denominations corresponding to the reduced rates
+    of postage authorized by the Post Office Act of 1867, were prepared
+    by the British American Bank Note Co. at Ottawa, and distributed by
+    the Department throughout the Dominion for use on the 1st. April.
+    1868, from which date the new rates of postage came into operation.
+
+Some statistics are also given which it will not be out of place to
+quote here for future comparison.
+
+There were 87 new Post Offices established in Ontario and Quebec during
+the [fiscal] year and 74 Post Offices and Way Offices in New Brunswick
+and Nova Scotia. On the 1st January, 1869, there were 3638 Post Offices
+and Way Offices in the Dominion, and also:--
+
+                  _Miles of_      _Letters_   _Revenue_
+                  _Post Route_   _Annually_  (_fiscal year_)
+  Ontario & Quebec     18,716          14,750,000           $906,663.04
+  New Brunswick         3,379           1,350,000             53,827.80
+  Nova Scotia           5,579           2,000,000             64,219.77
+                       ------          ----------          ------------
+  Totals               27,674          18,100,000          1,024,710.61
+
+The total correspondence passing between the United States and Canada is
+given as $319,352.53, but with no returns from the Maritime Provinces.
+
+The next year's Report, dated 30th June, 1869, gives the revenue as
+$973,056, a drop of fifty thousand dollars, due to its being the first
+complete year since the reduction of the postage rates. The total
+correspondence with the United States is also given as $227,699.13, the
+drop having come through the reduction to a 6 cent rate, although the
+Maritime Provinces were included this time. The Report also notes that
+"From 1st January, 1870, the Postal rate to the United Kingdom was
+reduced from 12-1/2 to 6 cents per 1/2 ounce letter."
+
+The report for 1870 states that the Postal Packet rate was reduced on
+the 1st January, 1870, but does not give the new rate. It is also said
+that "measures will be taken to organize the whole postal system of the
+new Province of Manitoba on the same footing as the rest of Canada, from
+an early date."
+
+The Province of Manitoba, as we have already noted, was admitted to full
+privileges in the Dominion on July 15, 1870, and the former Colony of
+British Columbia came in on July 20, 1871. The Postmaster General's
+Report for 30th June, 1871 says of these:--
+
+    The rates of postage have been made uniform in both newly
+    confederated Provinces with those prevailing in the older sections,
+    as well in respect to correspondence passing between British
+    Columbia and Manitoba, and the rest of the Dominion, as in regard to
+    the transmissions within each of the said Provinces.
+
+    Arrangements have been made with the Post Office of the United
+    States, under which mails to and from British Columbia pass in
+    closed bags (through the United States mails) between Windsor
+    (Ontario) and Victoria (British Columbia), via San Francisco, for
+    the conveyance of which through the United States, a transit rate is
+    paid by the Dominion to the United States Post Office, as in the
+    case of similar closed mails passing to and from Manitoba.
+
+The report for 30th June 1872 states that:--
+
+    Arrangements between Canada and Newfoundland came into effect from
+    1st. November, 1872, establishing a uniform prepaid rate of 6 cents
+    per 1/2 ounce on letters passing between any Post Office in the
+    Dominion and any Post Office in Newfoundland, instead of 12-1/2
+    cents as before, and providing that Newspapers, Books, printed
+    matter and post cards shall be prepaid at ordinary Canadian rates
+    and vice versâ.
+
+The postal revenue for the year was $1,193,062, it being the first year
+that the postal business of British Columbia and Manitoba was included.
+The former was credited with 38 Post Offices and the latter with 27 Post
+Offices.
+
+It will be remembered that Prince Edward Island joined the Dominion on
+July 1, 1873, and the Report of that year credits the former Colony with
+180 Post Offices.
+
+The report of 30th June, 1874, states that "The System of free-delivery
+by letter-carriers in the principal cities, of letters and papers coming
+by mail has been commenced at Montreal and Toronto." This was under the
+authority of section 36 of _The Post Office Act_ 1867 which we have
+already quoted.[103] The text of a new postal treaty between Canada and
+the United States is given from which we make the following excerpts:--
+
+[103] See page 98.
+
+    POSTAL ARRANGEMENT
+
+    BETWEEN THE DOMINION OF CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES.
+
+    ART. I. Correspondence of every kind, written and printed, ...
+    [_mailed in each country and addressed to the other_], shall be
+    fully prepaid at the domestic postage rates of the country of
+    origin, and the country of destination will receive, forward and
+    deliver the same free of charge.
+
+    ART. II. Each country will transport the domestic mails of the other
+    by its ordinary mail routes in closed pouches through its territory,
+    free of charge.
+
+    ART. III. [_Patterns and samples, weighing not over 8 oz., unsealed,
+    10 cents each, prepayment obligatory._]
+
+    ART. IV. [_No further accounts to be kept between the two
+    countries._]
+
+    ART. VIII. The existing arrangements for the exchange of registered
+    letters between the two countries shall continue in full force; but
+    the registration fee on registered letters sent from the United
+    States to Canada shall be the same as the registration fee charged
+    in the United States for domestic registered letters.
+
+    ART. IX. This arrangement, except so far as it relates to letter
+    postage, shall take effect from the first of January, 1875. The
+    reduced letter rate will come into operation on the first of
+    February, 1875....
+
+    Done in duplicate and signed at Ottawa the 27th day of January,
+    1875.
+
+From the above it is seen that the double domestic postage rate on
+letters between the two countries, and the keeping of accounts of the
+total correspondence passing through the exchange offices, were done
+away with on the 1st February, 1875, and since that date all such mail
+matter has passed freely between the two countries at the ordinary
+domestic rates of each. The figures given in this Report were the last
+for the total correspondence between Canada and the United States, and
+were presumably for the seven months from 1st July, 1874, to 1st
+February, 1875: they were $478,516.91, which would represent some eight
+million letters were that the only class included, and all of them
+single letters; this would be at the rate of some thirteen million
+letters per year, a very respectable figure for the intercommunication
+of the two countries.
+
+Because of further postal changes which came in 1875 and also the fact
+that a new type of stamp had gradually been replacing the large sized
+first issue of the Dominion during the last few years, we will close
+this chapter with the 1874 Report.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+THE SMALL "CENTS" ISSUE, 1870-82
+
+
+In the _American Journal of Philately_ for August 20, 1869 we find the
+following: "Canada is shortly to have a new set of stamps. Taking
+lessons in economy from our own country, it seems they are about
+altering their stamps to make them smaller, so as to save paper. The
+head will still remain exactly the same as now, but the frame and margin
+around the head will be considerably less." The 1869 set of the United
+States was then in use, and it may well be that the smaller sized stamps
+appealed to the authorities in comparison with their own rather large
+sized productions, even though their suggested parsimony had nothing to
+do with it. The current 1/2 cent stamp was taken as the model, and the
+other values reduced in size to correspond with it, while keeping their
+former colors. The main features of the designs were therefore retained.
+
+No special announcement of the new series was made that we have been
+able to discover, and they were only introduced, apparently, as stocks
+of the large sized stamps on hand were used up. We find the first record
+of the change in the _American Journal of Philately_ for February 20,
+1870: "The stamps of the New Dominion have now made their appearance,
+altered as described by us last August." Though not specified, this
+referred to the 3 cent stamp, and its actual issue probably took place
+in January. _The Philatelist_ chronicles it in the issue of March 1,
+1870, as being of "the same colour and general description as before".
+[Illustration No. 28 on Plate II.]
+
+The next value to appear was the 1 cent, which was noted in the _Stamp
+Collector's Magazine_ for April 1, 1870; it was probably issued,
+therefore, some time in March, for the _American Journal of Philately_
+records it in its issue of April 20, 1870. [Illustration No. 25 on Plate
+II.]
+
+Two years then elapsed before further additions were made, and lent some
+color to the report in several European journals that the cause of the
+new issue was the destruction by fire in Montreal of the plates of the 1
+cent and 3 cent of 1868, and that the other values of the set would
+remain as before. The _American Journal of Philately_ learned, however,
+that only the press room of the Bank Note Co. was damaged, and that the
+plates were intact. At last the 6 cent in reduced size made its
+appearance and was chronicled in the _American Journal of Philately_ for
+February, 1872, to be followed in the March issue by the announcement of
+the 2 cent. The former value must therefore have been issued in January
+and the latter in February. [Illustrations Nos. 30 and 26 on Plate II.]
+
+Again in the _American Journal of Philately_ for November 20, 1874, we
+find it "reported" that Canada "has issued a 10c. rose", and the next
+issue says it "is printed in a peculiar pale rose, we can not call to
+mind any other stamp of this particular tint." The actual issue
+therefore, was probably about November 1, 1874. Just what called forth
+this new value in the Dominion series does not appear, unless it be the
+section in the Postal Treaty between Canada and the United States which
+fixed the rate on patterns and samples at 10 cents for not over 8 oz.,
+with prepayment obligatory.[104] This rate did not go into effect,
+however, until January 1, 1875. Of course as a multiple of the 5 cent
+rates which came into force on October 1, 1875, the new 10 cent stamp
+was very useful, but that was nearly a year subsequent to its issue. The
+new stamp is illustrated as No. 32 on Plate II.
+
+[104] See page 121.
+
+The next of the series to make its appearance was the 5 cent, which was
+noted in the _American Journal of Philately_ for February 20, 1876 as
+having "just been issued." [Illustration No. 29 on Plate II.] This
+doubtless means about the 1st February, so that its large sized
+predecessor had only about four months of life. There were now left in
+the large sized stamps only the 12-1/2 and 15 cents. In its issue for
+May, 1872, the _Stamp Collector's Magazine_ quoted from the _Canadian
+Philatelist_ as follows:--"It is unlikely that the 12-1/2 c. small size
+will be issued, as the large ones are very little used, and can now be
+bought at the post-office at 12 cents." This last statement is rather
+surprising. Nevertheless, it was announced in the _American Journal of
+Philately_ for October, 1879 that "Canada will shortly issue the 12-1/2
+and 15c. values of postals in small size, to correspond with the others
+of the series." This paper seemed to have been usually well informed
+concerning Canadian postal matters, but the expected new stamps did not
+materialize. The dies and plates were undoubtedly prepared, for the
+12-1/2 cent stamp at least exists in a finished state, but is very
+scarce. Proofs of both values were illustrated in _Le Timbre-Poste_ for
+November, 1888, with the following remarks: "On nous envoie les essais
+des futurs timbres 12-1/2 et 15 centavos qui doivent compléter un peu
+tardivement, la série des timbres à ce format. Nos exemplaires sont
+imprimés, le premier en lilas, le second en vert sur papier de la
+Chine." Commenting on this in the _American Philatelist_ for December,
+1888, Mr. W. C. Stone says: "We heard of these some ten or twelve years
+ago and saw them both last summer in New York." We have been fortunate
+enough to be able to illustrate the 12-1/2 cent (see No. 89 on Plate V)
+from the Worthington collection, and this finished copy, with full gum,
+is in a bright blue as we should expect. We regret that it was
+impossible to locate a copy of the reduced 15 cent to illustrate as a
+companion piece. The reasons that the plates of these two stamps were
+never actually brought into use, though evidently prepared with the
+other values in smaller size, were probably these: The 12-1/2 cent of
+1868, as we have seen, though issued to postmasters for several
+subsequent years, was not printed after 1871, nor was the old stock
+exhausted when its use was discontinued. There was therefore no call for
+any supply to be printed from the new plate. The 15 cent was not printed
+between 1869 and 1875, and after that in such relatively small
+quantities each year until 1896, that, unless we are greatly mistaken,
+the original plate never wore out, but was used without change to the
+end.
+
+The old adage that "history repeats itself" was again exemplified in
+Canadian stamps when in July, 1882, the 1/2 cent stamp, for fourteen
+years unaltered, was once more reduced to a smaller size than the
+regular series. The general effect of the design remained the same, but
+the foliate ornamentation gave place to angular outlines. The
+illustration will be found as No. 27 on Plate II.
+
+All of the above mentioned stamps, except the 1/2 cent as will be
+explained, were line engraved on steel and printed in sheets of 100, ten
+rows of ten. The marginal imprints turn out to be of three varieties in
+this series, and we have pieced together what information we can
+concerning them, for strips with marginal imprints are extremely hard to
+find now. The first plates made, including at least the 1, 2, 3, 5, and
+6 cent stamps, and probably the 10 cent as well, since that was engraved
+before the 5 cent, had the denomination in shaded Roman capitals, 4 mm.
+high, [Illustration No. 121 on Plate XI], over stamps 2 and 3 of the top
+row. Sometimes the shading is hardly apparent, as in our illustration,
+but it can be detected. Beginning over stamp 4, extending over stamps 5
+and 6, and ending over stamp 7, is the inscription we found on the
+series of 1868 (see illustration 107 on Plate IX), "BRITISH AMERICAN
+BANK NOTE CO. MONTREAL & OTTAWA" in colorless Roman capitals in the
+little strip of color 1 mm. wide and 51 mm. long. This imprint is also
+beneath the bottom row of stamps and at each side, reading up at the
+left and down at the right [Illustration No. 111 on Plate X]. We have so
+far not seen this inscription on the 5 cent and 10 cent sheets, and
+doubt if it exists on the former at least.
+
+About 1875 the engraving company seem to have dropped their Ottawa
+branch, for on the large 5 cent stamp, whose plate was made in that
+year, we find the new imprint "British American Bank Note Co. Montreal"
+in capitals and lower case letters on a colored strip 56 mm. long and
+2-1/2 mm. wide, having a pearled border. This imprint is found on all
+four sides of the sheet, as before, as reference to Plates X, XI and XII
+will show, and on the plates of all values. In the case of the 6 and 10
+cent stamps, and perhaps some others as well, the value SIX, TEN, etc.
+is now found in the shaded Roman capitals over stamp number 9 of the top
+row, but lacking the word CENTS. Over stamp number 2 of the top row is
+the figure of value, 6 mm. high, [Illustration No. 118, Plate XI]. A
+sheet of the small 5 cent stamps which we have seen, however, does not
+follow this arrangement but reverts to the first style with FIVE CENTS
+in the shaded Roman capitals over the first three stamps of the top row
+only, though having the four "Montreal" imprints. Again, a sheet of 3
+cent that we have examined has the word THREE alone in the shaded Roman
+capitals over the first two stamps of the top row, and the "Montreal"
+imprint at the center of the top and bottom rows only, there being
+nothing at the sides. A sheet of 1 cent presents still another style,
+having the "Montreal" imprint at top and bottom alone, and no other
+marginal inscriptions. We have seen no sheet or margin of the 2 cent
+stamp bearing the "Montreal" imprint, but it doubtless exists.
+
+Whether the arrangement of these marginal inscriptions is a special one
+for each value, or whether each style described exists in all values
+there does not seem to be material enough at hand to determine. Probably
+neither statement is wholly in accordance with facts, as there must have
+been a great many plates of the 1 cent and 3 cent stamps, with
+proportionately fewer for the less used values. There seems to have been
+no system of plate numbering, as far as we can discover, though some
+margins show reversed letters or figures about 3 to 4 mm. high in
+various positions; they do not appear to have any special significance,
+however.
+
+In regard to the 1/2 cent of 1882, which we excepted from the above
+statements, there is a special arrangement to consider. The stamp was
+of course line engraved on steel, as before, but the plate printed two
+panes of 100 impressions each, side by side. These panes were the usual
+10 × 10 arrangement, and were separated by a space of 11 mm. through
+which they were cut into two "post office sheets". The marginal
+inscriptions were simply the "Montreal" imprint [illustration No. 127 on
+Plate XII] which appeared six times--at the top and bottom of each pane,
+in the right margin of the right hand pane and the left margin of the
+left hand pane, there being no imprint in the space between the two
+panes. Over the top inscription of the right pane is the reversed figure
+1, 4 mm. high, and in the same position on the left pane the
+corresponding figure 2, evidently to designate the panes.
+
+Once again, and this time the fact was noted in some of the philatelic
+journals, the imprint was changed. The engraving company had been
+required by the Government to do its printing at Ottawa,[105] and under
+"Canada Notes" in _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_ for December 21, 1892,
+"Canadensis" reports: "The new plates of the Canada stamps now bear this
+imprint: 'British American Bank Note Co. Ottawa', instead of Montreal.
+The matrix being made from the old die are exactly like the previous
+issues." The new imprint is a copy of the first one we described, with
+"Montreal &" omitted. It is 40 mm. long and 1-1/2 mm. wide and is well
+shown in illustration No. 123 on Plate XII. These new plates were
+doubtless the ones heralded in the _Dominion Philatelist_ for September,
+1892, wherein it is stated that "the present issue of Canada 3 c. Stamps
+are being printed and issued in sheets of 200 instead of 100 as
+formerly." And again in the same paper for May, 1893: "The Canada 1c.,
+2c., and 3c. stamps are now being printed in sheets of 200." This new
+sheet arrangement consisted of ten horizontal rows of twenty stamps
+each. The "Ottawa" imprint appears three times, once in the middle of
+the top margin, over stamps 10 and 11, and twice in the bottom margin,
+beneath stamps 5 and 6, and again beneath stamps 15 and 16. There are no
+imprints at the sides. The denomination appears in the top margin at
+both right and left and in a new style of lettering on these larger
+plates. Thus we find ONE CENT or TWO CENT over stamps 2 and 3 as well as
+18 and 19, or THREE CENT over the first four and last four stamps in
+plain Egyptian capitals, (see illustration No. 120 on Plate XI).
+
+[105] See page 128.
+
+One other imprint was used on the 2 cent value at least, but we have so
+far seen it on no other. It was 49 mm. long and nearly 2 mm. wide, but
+otherwise is a duplicate of the smaller "Ottawa" imprint. A portion of
+it is seen in illustration No. 129 on Plate XIII. The sheet was in the
+10 × 10 form, and the imprint appeared at top and bottom only, there
+being no other marginal inscriptions. From the sheet form it would seem
+probable that it preceded the use of the sheets of 200 stamps.
+
+The colors of these small stamps were intended to be the same as those
+of the larger stamps they superseded, and in the main they were so. The
+orange and orange yellow shades of the 1 cent stamp appear to have been
+the earlier ones, while the yellow tints came in the later printings.
+The 2 cent follows the green of its predecessor very closely. The 3
+cent, as might be expected, is more prolific in the variety of shades
+presented. The _Philatelist_ chronicled it (March, 1870) in the "same
+colour as before," while Moens, in _Le Timbre-Poste_, was more specific
+and gave it as red-brown. In May, 1873, the _Stamp Collector's Magazine_
+lists it in orange-vermilion, while _The Philatelist_ says vermilion and
+_Le Timbre-Poste_ bright orange. The 5 cent stamp did not vary a great
+deal except in tone, though _Le Timbre-Poste_ notes it as "black-gray"
+in July, 1877. The 6 cent was also fairly constant in its brown shade.
+The 10 cent appeared at first in what, for want of a better name, may be
+called a rose-lilac. The _Stamp Collector's Magazine_ called it pale
+rose, and the _American Journal, of Philately_ said it was a "peculiar
+pale rose" which was a new tint. The latter paper notes it again in a
+"bright carnation" in March, 1876, while _Le Timbre-Poste_ in August of
+the same year chronicles it in "pale red instead of lilac."
+
+We have been thus particular in listing the record of early shades
+because of the changes which come later.
+
+In the January, 1888, issue of the _Halifax Philatelist_ we find the
+following note under "Canada":--"The plate of the 2 c. stamp has been
+re-engraved. Color is now dark green". No details of such re-engraving
+were forthcoming, but in the June, 1888, number of the _Philatelic
+Record_ is a paragraph which evidently refers to the same stamp:--"A
+correspondent has sent us a specimen of the 2 cents, green, which he
+calls a _new die_. We fail to see it; but what we do see is, that the
+stamp is printed from a lithographed transfer." This surprising
+statement seemed to excite no special comment save from the sagacious M.
+Moens, who remarks:[106] "Nous avons également reçu ce timbre qui parait
+lithographié, par suite d'usure de la planche, croyons-nous, car la
+feuille entière que nous avons annonce que l'impression a été faite,
+comme antérieurement, par la British American Bank Note Co. de Montreal
+et Ottawa, qui ne s'occupe pas d'impression lithographique que nous
+sachions."
+
+[106] =Le Timbre-Poste=, XXVI: 61.
+
+Without doubt M. Moens gave the correct explanation, for the imprint
+that he mentions will be recognized as the one to be found on the
+earliest plates of the small stamps, and 1888 was thirteen years at
+least after the second type of imprint with "Montreal" only had been
+introduced. Hence the stamp in question was probably a late print from a
+worn plate, which gave a rather flat and indistinct impression that
+might suggest lithography, though it is certain that Canada has never
+yet stooped to such a cheap means of postage stamp production. A similar
+case may be recalled with the 1/2 penny stamp of St. Helena which was
+issued in 1884, and which presented a like appearance.
+
+Whether the above incident had anything to do with the change of the
+printing company from Montreal to Ottawa, which we have already noted in
+describing the imprints, we cannot say, but it is certain that it was
+the beginning of changes, in shade at least, which affected the whole
+series of stamps. We have the authority of the Postmaster General's
+Report for 1889 that the "removal of the British American Bank Note Co.
+from Montreal to Ottawa" had taken place--evidently early in 1888, as
+will be seen later--so that the use of an old worn-out plate might have
+been a case of temporary necessity. Further details are given by the
+Canadian correspondent of the _Weekly Philatelic Era_[107] as follows:
+"About six years ago the Government insisted on their contractors doing
+their printing at the Capital, and the British American Bank Note Co.
+erected a handsome establishment on Wellington Street, where all postage
+stamps have since been printed. It may be remembered that the Ottawa
+printings were signalized by distinct varieties in shade from the
+earlier Montreal issues, varieties that have never been sufficiently
+distinguished in the standard catalogues."
+
+[107] =Weekly Philatelic Era=, XII: 23.
+
+These changes in the stamp shades were soon noted. In March, 1888, the
+_Philatelic Record_ described the 10 cent stamp as "now in carmine-red",
+while two months later it chronicled the 5 cent as changed "from
+bronze-green to greenish-grey." We have already noted the change in the
+15 cent to a color approximating its original mauve, "only more of a
+bluish tinge," which the _Halifax Philatelist_ recorded in July, 1888.
+The following October the same paper listed the 3 cent in a "bright
+carmine", and in July, 1889, announced the 2 cent in "blue green". The
+6 cent lagged behind the others and did not manifest itself until the
+_American Journal of Philately_ announced it in October, 1890, in a
+"rich brown." Once again, _Le Timbre-Poste_ for April, 1892, stated that
+the 5 cent had "since the 8th March, appeared in gray black". The 1 cent
+doubtless had its special hue of yellow along with the other changes,
+but it was not recorded, probably because not distinct enough from the
+usual run of variations in which it had been appearing.
+
+That the above changes were hardly of a character to warrant dignifying
+them as a "new issue," which is frequently done, is shown by a moment's
+consideration. The 1/2 cent and 1 cent stamps showed no appreciable
+difference in coloring and therefore caused no comment. The 2 cent did
+not maintain its blue green shade unaltered, and the 3 cent soon
+reverted to its former brilliant red hue, as the _Philatelic Journal of
+America_ for May, 1889, says that "the carmine color recently adopted
+has been dropped, and the stamps are printed in colors similar to the
+ones in use before the change was made." The 5, 6 and 10 cent stamps,
+however, made permanent changes, but only such as might readily be
+traceable to a new mixing of the inks in the case of the first two. The
+10 cent can hardly be so easily disposed of, as lake and brown-red are
+of quite different composition from a rose-lilac. But there can have
+been no official intention of altering the shades or colors or more
+definite and permanent changes would certainly have been made throughout
+the set. It remains, therefore, to classify them simply as shade
+varieties of the original set.
+
+Mr. King gives a list of eight varieties of paper[108] for the "small
+cents issues", but we have deemed it sufficient to note a thick and a
+thin white wove paper, and a closely ribbed paper. All values are
+reported as existing with the compound perforation (11-1/2 × 12) spoken
+of under the 1868 issue. We also find all values occurring in an
+imperforate condition. The 3 cent was first noted in the _Philatelic
+Record_ for December, 1882; the 15 cent we have already spoken of under
+the 1868 issue; and the 5, 6 and 10 cent at least, from the shades of
+the specimens we have seen, belong to the printings subsequent to the
+color modifications of 1888-90. Concerning these imperforates, we find
+in a paper on Canada, read before the Royal Philatelic Society by Mr. M.
+H. Horsley,[109] the following note:--
+
+    In my opinion, which I have had confirmed by several most competent
+    authorities, the various imperforated copies which I show you, some
+    used and some unused, are absolutely genuine varieties. Imperforated
+    copies of various values were sold over the Post-office counter in
+    Montreal about the years 1891-3, at their face value, and have been
+    good for postage whenever people cared to use them. The quantities
+    in this condition are, I believe, extremely small.
+
+[108] =Monthly Journal=, VIII: 237.
+
+[109] =London Philatelist=, XVI: 88.
+
+Supplementing this Mr. Pack writes:[110]--
+
+    I quite agree with Mr. Horsley in regard to the various imperforate
+    copies of the issues of 1882 to 1895. There are a good many
+    specimens of these stamps imperforate, and they were on sale at a
+    Canadian Post Office.
+
+[110] =London Philatelist=, XVI: 144.
+
+The above statements are correct, and we can vouch for them by
+documentary evidence. Not only were the various values of the series we
+are considering on sale in imperforate condition, but also the 8, 20 and
+50 cent stamps which we are next to consider, and the shade of the 8
+cent stamp shows it to have been among the earlier printings--probably
+in 1893. We are fortunate in being able to present illustrations of all
+these imperforates in blocks of four or more, which will be found on
+Plates IX, X and XII.
+
+That these imperforates are perfectly good for postage and are
+recognized by the Canadian Post Office to this day, equally with their
+perforated prototypes, has been proved to our satisfaction because we
+have employed some on registered matter addressed to the United States.
+As this class of mail requires to be fully prepaid, any irregularity
+would at once be detected and the covers would tell the story. We
+illustrate a pair of the 2 cent imperforate on a registered cover mailed
+at Como, Quebec, on March 20, 1905. [Plate XIII, No. 129.]
+
+As before, we find that a few stamps have been "split" and used for half
+their value, copies of the 2 cent and 6 cent having been cut vertically
+and doing unquestioned duty as 1 cent and 3 cent stamps respectively. As
+this practise is unauthorized they can be regarded mearly as freaks that
+have slipped through by carelessness--or favor.
+
+Turning once more to the Postmaster General's Reports, we begin with
+that of the 30th June, 1875. This notes that:--
+
+    The Act passed in the last Session of Parliament for the regulation
+    of the Postal Service of Canada, came wholly into force on the 1st
+    October, 1875.
+
+    1. Letters passing by mail at 3 cents per 1/2 oz.
+
+    2. Local or drop letters at 1 cent per 1/2 oz.
+
+    3. Post cards 1 cent each.
+
+    4. Canadian newspapers and periodicals, from office of publication
+    at 1 cent per pound of bulk weight.
+
+    5. Transient newspapers and periodicals, circulars, books,
+    pamphlets, etc., open, 1 cent per 4 oz.
+
+    6. Newspapers or periodicals weighing less than 1 oz. each, when
+    posted singly, 1/2 cent each.
+
+    7. Closed parcels not containing letters, 12-1/2 cents per 8 oz.
+
+The Act referred to was "An Act to amend and consolidate the Statute Law
+for the regulation of the Postal Service. [_Assented to 8th April,
+1875._]"[111] and was mainly a repetition of _The Post Office Act,
+1867_,[112] with certain amendments incorporated. The principal changes
+which interest us are as follows:--
+
+[111] 38^o Vict. Chap. 7.
+
+[112] 31^o Vict. Cap. X. See page 95.
+
+    1. This Act shall be known and may be cited as "The Post Office Act,
+    1875," etc., etc.
+
+    10.--6. Cause to be prepared and distributed postage and
+    registration stamps necessary for the prepayment of postages and
+    registration charges, under this Act; also stamped envelopes for the
+    like purpose and post-cards and stamped post bands or wrappers for
+    newspapers or other mailable articles not being post letters.
+
+    19. [_Letter rate of 3 cents per 1/2 oz._]: and such postage rate of
+    three cents shall be pre-paid by postage stamp or stamps at the time
+    of posting the letter, otherwise such letter shall not be forwarded
+    by post, except that letters addressed to any place in Canada and on
+    which one full rate of three cents has been so pre-paid, shall be
+    forwarded to their destination charged with double the amount of the
+    postage thereon not so prepaid, which amount shall be collected on
+    delivery.
+
+    20. [_Drop letter rate restricted to_ "one cent per half ounce
+    weight."]
+
+    22. The rate of postage on newspaper and periodical publications
+    printed and published in Canada, and issued not less frequently than
+    once a month from a known office of publication or news agency, and
+    addressed and posted by and from the same to regular subscribers or
+    news agents, shall be one cent for each pound weight, or any
+    fraction of a pound weight, to be prepaid by postage stamps or
+    otherwise as the Postmaster General may, from time to time, direct;
+    and such newspapers and periodicals shall be put into packages and
+    delivered into the post office, and the postage rate thereon prepaid
+    by the sender thereof, under such regulations as the Postmaster
+    General may, from time to time, direct.
+
+    23. Newspapers and periodicals weighing less than one ounce each may
+    be posted singly at a postage rate of half a cent each, which must
+    be in all cases prepaid by postage stamp affixed to each.
+
+    24. On all newspapers and periodicals posted in Canada, except in
+    the cases hereinbefore expressly provided for, and on books, etc.,
+    etc., [_repeats Sec. 26 of Act of 1867_], the rate of postage shall
+    be one cent for each four ounces or fraction of four ounces, ... and
+    this postage rate shall be prepaid by postage stamps or stamped post
+    bands or wrappers....
+
+    27. [_Repeats Sec. 29 of Act of 1867_] And when any letter or other
+    mailable matter is posted in Canada without prepayment, or
+    insufficiently prepaid, in any case in which prepayment is by this
+    Act made obligatory, the Postmaster General may detain the same, and
+    cause it to be returned, when practicable, to the sender.
+
+    28. [_Replaces Sec. 30 of Act of 1867_] And for avoiding doubts, and
+    preventing inconvenient delay in the posting and delivery of
+    letters,--no Postmaster shall be bound to give change, but the exact
+    amount of the postage on any letter or other mailable matter shall
+    be tendered or paid to him in current coin as respects letters or
+    other things delivered, bearing unpaid postage, as shall also the
+    exact value in current coin as respects postage stamps, registration
+    stamps, stamped envelopes or post cards, post bands or wrappers,
+    purchased from any Postmaster and the exact amount of postage
+    payable to any letter-carrier on any letter or mailable matter
+    delivered by him.
+
+    38. [_Repeats Sec. 40 of Act of 1867 concerning dead letters, but
+    lowers the charge for returning to three cents and allows for
+    deduction of postage prepaid in the case of insufficiently prepaid
+    matter._]
+
+    87. The foregoing sections of this Act shall come into force and
+    effect on the first day of October, in the present year one thousand
+    eight hundred and seventy-five, except only in so far as they relate
+    to the rates of postage on newspapers and periodicals sent to the
+    United States, as to which they shall come into force on the first
+    day of May now next....
+
+From the above quotations we see that the new Act made prepayment of
+letters by stamps obligatory, and imposed a fine of double the
+deficiency if insufficiently prepaid; that the unlimited weight of drop
+letters was restricted to 1/2 oz. per rate; that newspapers and
+periodicals were classed together and publishers given the low rate of 1
+cent per pound; that the rate of 2 cents on transient newspapers was
+reduced to 1/2 cent per ounce, and 1 cent up to four ounces; etc.
+
+The Report of 1875 further informs us that the free delivery of letters
+by carrier had been commenced in the following cities on the dates
+given:--
+
+      Montreal        1st October, 1874.
+      Toronto         1st March,   1875.
+      Quebec          1st April,     "
+      Ottawa          1st May,       "
+      Hamilton        1st  "         "
+      St. John, N.B.  1st  "         "
+      Halifax, N.S.   1st July,      "
+
+    Previous to the above dates a charge (in addition to the ordinary
+    postage) of two cents on each letter received by mail, of one cent
+    on each letter posted in the city, and of one cent on each
+    newspaper, was collected by the letter-carrier on delivery of the
+    same. Halifax was an exception, as letters and papers sent out for
+    delivery by letter-carrier had been delivered without extra charge
+    since 1851.
+
+The British American Bank Note Co. was paid for
+
+    Engraving and printing postage stamps for Post Office Department,
+    $22,675.50.
+
+The Report of 1876 contains no special items not already noted, but that
+of 1877 states that the letter rate of postage with Newfoundland had
+been reduced from 6 cents to 5 cents per 1/2 oz., and the same rate had
+been obtained with Germany from 1st April, 1877.
+
+The Report of 1878 announces the admission of Canada into the Universal
+Postal Union from the 1st July, as we have already detailed.[113] The
+Report of 1879 says: "A reduction has been made, from the 1st September
+last, in the postage rate on closed parcels sent by post within the
+Dominion, from 12-1/2 cents per 8 oz. of weight to 6 cents per 4 oz.
+Under this change small parcels not exceeding 4 ounces in weight are
+admitted to pass for 6 cents instead of 12-1/2 cents as before." This
+sounded the death knell of the 12-1/2 cent stamp, which dropped in the
+number issued to postmasters from 84,150 in 1879 to 13,400 in 1880 and
+4950 in 1881. It was issued in decreasing numbers down to 1888, when it
+disappears from the accounts.
+
+[113] See page 109.
+
+Nothing further of importance transpired until 1881, when a
+supplementary agreement touching certain points was signed with the
+United States Post Office Department:--
+
+    ADDITIONAL ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE DOMINION OF CANADA AND
+    THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+    For the purpose of affording to the public increased facilities for
+    the exchange of written correspondence, and also of preventing
+    evasions by publishers, of the postal laws and regulations of the
+    United States, the undersigned, duly authorized by their respective
+    Governments, have agreed upon the following additional articles to
+    the Postal Agreement of 27th January and 1st February, 1875:
+
+
+    Article I.
+
+    Insufficiently paid letters mailed in the United States and
+    addressed to Canada, or _vice versâ_, mailed in Canada and addressed
+    to the United States, on which a single rate of postage or more has
+    been prepaid, shall be forwarded charged with the amount of the
+    deficient postage, to be collected on delivery and retained by the
+    Post Department of the country of destination. The amount of such
+    deficient postage shall be indicated in figures, by the despatching
+    exchange office, on the upper left-hand corner of the address.
+
+
+    Article II.
+
+    When newspapers, periodicals and other printed matter, published or
+    originating in the United States, are brought into Canada and posted
+    there for destinations in the United States, apparently to evade the
+    postage rates or regulations applicable to such matter in the United
+    States, the Canada Post Office may require prepayment of the same to
+    be made at a rate equivalent to double the Canada domestic rates.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+
+    Article IV.
+
+    The present articles shall be considered additional to those agreed
+    upon between the two offices on the 27th January and 1st February,
+    1875, and shall come into operation on the 1st of May, 1881.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+The Report of June 30, 1882 states that newspapers and periodicals
+published in Canada (under certain conditions as to form and manner of
+posting) are transmitted free by Post within the Dominion when posted
+from the office of publication to regular subscribers, from 1st June,
+1882. This must have been due to a Department Order, as the Statutes of
+Canada reveal no such enactment at this time. The same Report announces
+the issue of reply post cards, but those will be dealt with later.
+
+Statistics make up most of the Reports until that of 1886, when an item
+of interest in connection with the completion of the Canadian Pacific
+Railway is found: "The first through train left Montreal on Monday the
+28th June, 1885, and arrived at Port Moody, the Pacific terminus of the
+road on the 4th July. Mails for British Columbia commenced to pass over
+the Canadian Pacific Railway by this first train." This marked the
+independence of Canada from the United States in the matter of
+transcontinental transportation of mails. The distance from Montreal to
+Port Moody is given as 2892 miles.
+
+In connection with this event the following note may be of
+interest:[114]--
+
+    Up to the time the Canadian Pacific Railway was built, nearly all
+    letters from the Northwest bore United States stamps. The Northwest
+    mounted police took their mail to Bismarck, Dak., and others were
+    sent to Fargo, from whence they were sent around to Detroit and
+    thence into Canada. The pony express was used in the Canadian
+    Northwest, but no system, no stamps and probably no stipulated
+    charges were made to get a letter to the frontier of the United
+    States.
+
+[114] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, II: 32: 2.
+
+The Report of 1887 says that:--
+
+    Provision has been made for the transmission by mail between all
+    places in Canada, from 1st February, 1888, of small articles of
+    ordinary goods and manufactures in packages, open to inspection, on
+    payment of a postage charge of 1 cent per oz. Also a new convention
+    with the United States Post Office providing that from the 1st
+    March, 1888, the same class of matter will be admitted to pass
+    between Canada and the United States, subject to Customs inspection.
+
+The Report of 1888 announces the extension of free delivery by letter
+carriers to Victoria, B. C. Since the list of free delivery offices
+given on page 133, there are to be added as well:--
+
+      London, Ontario        24th April, 1876.
+      Winnipeg, Manitoba,     1st April, 1882.
+      Kingston, Ontario,      1st July,  1882.
+
+The Report of 1889 states that "the Post Office Act of 1889 increased
+the limit of weight of a single rate letter from 1/2 ounce to 1 ounce.
+The rate on drop letters at the same time was fixed at 2 cents per
+ounce." The Act[115] referred to was an amendment to the Post Office
+Act, (assented to on the 2nd May, 1889), and the notice of the changes
+issued to the public was as follows:--
+
+    NOTICE TO THE PUBLIC.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    CHANGES IN POSTAGE RATES UNDER AUTHORITY OF POST OFFICE ACT 1889.
+
+    The rate of postage upon Letters posted in Canada, addressed to
+    places within the Dominion or in the United States, will be 3 cents
+    per ounce instead of 3 cents per half ounce as heretofore.
+
+    Upon Drop Letters posted at an Office from which letters are
+    delivered by Letter Carrier, the postage rate will be 2 cents per
+    ounce, instead of 1 cent per half ounce. The rate of postage upon
+    Drop Letters, except in the Cities where free delivery by Letter
+    Carrier has been established, will be 1 cent per ounce.
+
+    The fee for the Registration of a letter or other article of mail
+    matter, will be five cents upon all classes of correspondence
+    passing within the Dominion. For the present and until further
+    instructed, the registration fee may be prepaid by using the 2 cent
+    Registration Stamps and Postage Stamps to make up the amount.
+
+    Letters insufficiently prepaid will be charged double the deficiency
+    as heretofore, provided at least a partial prepayment has been made.
+
+    Letters posted wholly unpaid will be sent to the Dead Letter Office
+    for return to the writer.
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT,                                 JOHN G. HAGGART.
+   OTTAWA, 8th MAY, 1889                              _Postmaster General_
+
+[115] 52^o Vict. Chap. 20.
+
+The Act also made another change, not noted in the circular, by which
+section 24 of _The Post Office Act_, 1875, which provided a rate of 1
+cent per 4 ounces on printed matter, seeds, etc., and samples of
+merchandise, was amended so as to limit the weight of printed matter to
+2 ounces for the 1 cent rate.
+
+The 1889 Report also chronicles the "removal of the British American
+Bank Note Co. from Montreal to Ottawa," a fact which we have already
+commented upon at length in its results upon the stamps issued after the
+transfer.[116]
+
+[116] See page 128.
+
+In 1890 we find that "the complaints which were so prevalent some time
+since, of the want of adhesiveness in the postage stamps have almost
+entirely ceased. It is hoped, therefore, that the efforts of the
+manufacturer to remove the cause of complaint have been successful." And
+again in 1891: "Complaints of defective mucilage would be far less
+frequent if the public would kindly bear in mind that it is the
+_envelope_ of a letter, or the _cover_ of a packet, and _not the postage
+stamp_, which should be moistened when stamps are affixed in prepayment
+of postage. When a stamp is passed over the tongue the mucilage is
+frequently almost wholly removed." They should have had these
+instructions engraved on the margins of the plates, as did the British
+authorities with the old one penny black!
+
+The Report for 1892 announces the preparation of letter cards, which
+will be treated of later, and also says: "Postage stamps of the value of
+20 cents and 50 cents are about to be issued. These will be useful in
+prepayment of parcel post." And this brings us to our next chapter.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+THE SUPPLEMENTARY VALUES OF 1893
+
+
+Before proceeding with the subject matter of this chapter in detail, it
+may be well to reproduce here a synopsis of the Canadian Postal Rates
+and Regulations as set forth in the _Dominion Philatelist_ in December,
+1893, and taken from the then current _Canada Postal Guide_. This will
+give a comprehensive review of the results of the various Acts and
+Amendments and Department Orders that we have quoted--and of some of the
+last that we have been unable to obtain.
+
+    _1st. Class Matter._--Includes Letters, Post Cards, Legal and
+    Commercial Papers wholly or partially written, with the exception of
+    those specially exempted, and all matter of the nature of a letter
+    or written correspondence.
+
+    The letter rate for Canada, Newfoundland and the United States is 3
+    cents per oz., and for all other destinations 5 cents per 1/2 oz.
+
+    Insufficiently paid letters posted in and addressed to Canada are
+    charged with double the amount of the postage due thereon.
+
+    When posted wholly unpaid they will be sent to the Dead Letter
+    Office.
+
+    Insufficiently paid letters for or from the United States, are
+    charged with the deficient postage on delivery. Letters for the
+    United States must be prepaid at least one full rate, 3 cents.
+
+    Wholly unpaid letters for and from the United Kingdom and other
+    countries, are charged double postage on delivery, and
+    insufficiently prepaid letters double the deficiency.
+
+    Letters addressed to mere initials, or to fictitious names, will not
+    be delivered, unless a street address, the number of a box, or some
+    other definite direction is added.
+
+    Letters bearing mutilated stamps, or stamps so soiled and defaced as
+    to make it impossible for the sorting clerks to decide whether they
+    have been used before or not, will be sent to the Dead Letter
+    Office.
+
+    _Post Cards._ Nothing whatever may be attached to a post card, nor
+    may it be cut or altered in any way. A previously used post card,
+    bearing a 1 cent stamp, will not be accepted as a post card.
+
+    _2nd Class Matter.--For Canada, Newfoundland and the United
+    States._--Newspapers and Periodicals posted from the office of
+    publication, for regular subscribers in other places in Canada,
+    Newfoundland and the United States, pass free of postage.
+
+    Newspapers and periodicals issued less frequently than once a month,
+    and addressed to regular subscribers or news agents, and on all
+    specimen newspapers, one cent per pound or fraction of a pound.
+
+    British newspapers and periodicals brought by mail to Canadian
+    booksellers, or News Agents, for regular subscribers in Canada are
+    liable to 1 cent per lb. or fraction of a lb.
+
+    Newspapers from offices of publication for city delivery are subject
+    to ordinary transient newspaper rates.
+
+    _3rd Class Matter.--Addressed to Canada._--1. Transient newspapers
+    and periodicals. Rate, 1 cent per 4 oz.; prepayment compulsory;
+    limit of weight, 5 lbs. A single paper weighing not more than 1 oz.
+    may pass for 1/2 cent.
+
+    2. Book packets. Rate, 1 cent per 4 oz.; limit of weight, 5 lbs.,
+    except for a single book, in which case the limit is 7 lbs.
+
+    3. Miscellaneous matter. (_a_) Printed pamphlets, printed circulars,
+    etc., and also seeds, cuttings, bulbs, etc.; rate, 1 cent per 4 oz.
+    (_b_) Maps, lithographs, photographs, circulars produced by a
+    multiplying process easy to recognize, deeds, mortgages, insurance
+    policies, militia, school and municipal returns, printed stationery,
+    etc.; rate, 1 cent per 2 oz.
+
+    Circulars, Prices Current, etc., to pass at 1 c. rate must be
+    ENTIRELY PRINTED. Any insertion in ink is not permissible, except
+    the name and address of the addressee, the name of the sender and
+    the date of the circular itself.
+
+    Circulars type-written, or in such form as to resemble type-written,
+    are liable to letter rate.
+
+    All miscellaneous matter must be put up so as to admit of easy
+    inspection. The limit of weight is 5 lbs.
+
+    4. Patterns and samples. Rate, 1 cent per 4 oz.; limit of weight 24
+    oz.; must be securely put up and open to inspection, and boxes or
+    linen bags should be used for flour and similar matter.
+
+    _Miscellaneous Matter for the United States._--(_a_) Newspapers and
+    periodicals; rate 1 cent per 4 oz. (_b_) Other miscellaneous matter,
+    including books; rate, 1 cent per 2 oz., but a minimum prepayment of
+    5 cents is required for legal and commercial papers.
+
+    The limit of weight for patterns and samples is 8 oz., and for other
+    matter under this head 5 lbs.
+
+    _4th Class Matter.--Parcel Post for Canada._--Parcels must not
+    exceed five lbs. in weight nor two feet in length by one foot in
+    breadth or thickness. The postage is 6 cents per 4 oz., and the
+    parcel should be marked "by PARCEL POST." Parcels may be registered
+    by affixing a 5 cent Registration Stamp thereto, in addition to the
+    postage.
+
+    Insufficiently paid parcels may be forwarded charged with simply
+    the deficient postage, provided one full rate is paid and the
+    deficiency does not exceed one rate.
+
+    _5th Class Matter._--Comprises such articles of general merchandise
+    as are not entitled to any lower rate of postage. Postage 1 cent per
+    oz., or fraction of an ounce. Limit of weight, 5 lbs.; of size, two
+    feet in length by one foot in width or depth. Matter claiming to be
+    5th Class _must be open to inspection_ and there must be no
+    correspondence enclosed. Packages of 5th Class matter, including
+    Seeds, Bulbs, Cuttings, Roots, may be sent to the United States for
+    the same prepayment as required within the Dominion, but the
+    contents will be liable to Customs inspection and collection of duty
+    in the United States. Sealed tins containing fish, lobster,
+    vegetables, meats, &c., if put up in a solid manner and labelled in
+    such a way as to fully indicate the nature of their contents may be
+    sent as 5th Class Matter within the Dominion, but no sealed matter
+    can be forwarded to the United States under this head. Liquids, oils
+    and fatty substances may be sent to places in Canada and the United
+    States as 5th Class Matter, if put up in accordance with the ruling
+    referring to such articles in the Canada Postal Guide. Electrotype
+    blocks are included in this class. An insufficiently prepaid packet
+    of 5th Class Matter may be forwarded charged with double the
+    deficient postage, provided the deficiency does not exceed 5 cents.
+
+    _Parcel Post.--For the United Kingdom and the Countries and Colonies
+    with which the United Kingdom maintains Parcel Post relations, and
+    for Newfoundland, Barbados, British Guiana, Grenada, St. Lucia, St.
+    Vincent, Jamaica, Turks Island, Curacoa and Japan._--Parcels
+    securely and substantially packed and closed for the United Kingdom,
+    and other countries and colonies to which parcels may be sent via
+    England, and for Newfoundland, limited in size to 2 feet in length
+    by one foot in width or depth. The postage for the United Kingdom,
+    which must be prepaid, is 20c. for the first lb. and 16c. for each
+    additional lb. or fraction of a pound; the limit of weight is 11
+    lbs. For Japan the postage is 25c., the limit of weight is 7 lbs.
+    For Newfoundland, 15 c. per lb., or fraction of a pound. For
+    Barbados, British Guiana, Jamaica, Grenada, St. Lucia and St.
+    Vincent, 20 c. per lb. Parcels for Newfoundland are daily forwarded
+    on to Halifax, N.S. For Japan, on to Vancouver, B. C. For Barbados,
+    British Guiana, Grenada, St. Lucia and St. Vincent, on to St. John,
+    N.B., and for the United Kingdom and other countries and colonies by
+    the weekly mail and conveyed by the steamers of the Canadian Lines.
+    Parcels posted without the formalities required are sent to the Dead
+    Letter Office, Ottawa.
+
+    _Registration._--All classes of matter may be registered to places
+    in Canada, the United States and Postal Union Countries, and the
+    sender may entitle himself to an acknowledgement of delivery from
+    the party addressed by the payment of a fee of 5 cents in addition
+    to the registration fee.
+
+    (A) _Commercial Papers_, (B) _Books and_ (C) _Samples, for Postal
+    Union Countries_.
+
+    "Commercial papers" comprise all papers or documents, written or
+    drawn, wholly or partly by hand, (except letters or communications
+    in the nature of letters, or other documents having the character of
+    an actual and personal correspondence), documents of legal
+    procedure, Deeds drawn up by public functionaries, copies of, or
+    extracts from Deeds under private seal, Way-Bills, Bills of Lading,
+    Invoices and other documents of a mercantile character, documents of
+    Insurance and other public companies, all kinds of manuscript music,
+    the manuscript of books and other literary works, and other papers
+    of a similar description.
+
+    "Printed Papers" include periodical works, books, stitched or bound,
+    sheets of printed music, visiting cards, address cards, proofs of
+    printing with or without the manuscript relating thereto,
+    engravings, photographs, when not on glass or in frames containing
+    glass, drawings, plans, maps, catalogues, prospectuses,
+    announcements and notices of various kinds, printed, engraved,
+    lithographed, printed circulars.
+
+    (A) Limits of weight and size: 5 lbs. for the United Kingdom, and 4
+    lbs. for other countries, 18 inches in length and 12 inches in width
+    or depth.
+
+    (B) 5 lbs. for the United Kingdom, and 4 lbs. to other countries, 2
+    feet long and 1 foot wide or deep.
+
+    (C) United Kingdom, 5 lbs. in weight, 2 feet in length by 1 foot in
+    breadth or depth.
+
+    (D) Limits of weight to Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Egypt, France,
+    Hawaii, Italy, Portugal, Roumania and Switzerland, is 12 ozs., limit
+    of size 1 foot in length by 8 inches in width and 4 inches in depth.
+    If in form of a roll it may be 12 inches in length and 6 inches in
+    diameter.
+
+    The limit of weight to other Postal Union Countries is 8 ozs., limit
+    of size same as to Austria-Hungary, &c., &c.
+
+    _Matter Which Cannot be Forwarded Through the Post._--Liquids, Oils,
+    etc., not properly put up. Explosive Substances and other matter
+    likely to entail risk or injury to the ordinary contents of the
+    mail, cannot be sent by post.
+
+    Letters containing Gold or Silver Money, Jewels, or precious
+    articles, or anything liable to Customs duties, cannot be forwarded
+    by Post to any of the Postal Union Countries except the United
+    States.
+
+We see from the above postal packet rates where the use of a 20 cent
+stamp would be convenient, which accounts for the announcement of the
+new value in the Postmaster General's Report last quoted in the
+preceding chapter. The 50 cent stamp of course would serve a useful
+purpose in making up relatively large amounts of postage. The above
+rates also show that there was still use for the 15 cent stamp in
+payment of parcels to Newfoundland.
+
+We find notice of the issue of the new values in the _Dominion
+Philatelist_[117] as follows:--
+
+    As foreshadowed in the Postmaster General's report, there have
+    appeared Canada postage stamps of the value of 20c. and 50c.; the
+    20c. is a bright deep orange and the 50c. is indigo blue, they are
+    of similar design and resemble very much the third issue bill stamp
+    and may be described as follows: head and shoulders of Queen to
+    left, with widow's cap and chin resting on right hand, enclosed in a
+    circle; above the circle the words "Canada Postage", below the
+    circle at either side the value in figures and across the bottom the
+    value in words.... The above were all placed on sale Feb. 22nd. The
+    20c. and 50c. stamps were intended for parcel post.
+
+[117] =Dominion Philatelist=, V: 31.
+
+The somewhat ambiguous description will be more readily understood by
+reference to the illustrations, numbers 33 and 35 on Plate II.
+
+The stamps, as stated, are very evidently copied from the design of the
+dollar values of the Bill Stamps issued in 1868. The portrait of the
+Queen in her widow's weeds, in fact, is doubtless reproduced directly
+from the original die engraved twenty-five years previously. The stamps
+were of course line engraved on steel, and printed in the usual sheet
+arrangement of 100, ten rows of ten. The plates of course emanated from
+Ottawa, but bear a new imprint, similar to the second one used in
+Montreal. The colored strip is now 38 mm. long and 2-1/2 mm. high with
+square ends, and bears the legend: "British American Bank Note Co.
+Ottawa." within a pearled border. It appears only twice, in the center
+of the top and of the bottom margins, and can be seen in illustrations
+Nos. 106 and 108 on Plate IX. The colors are not exactly as described in
+our quotation, the 20 cent being a vermilion or bright red, similar to
+the colors of the 3 cent, and the 50 cent a deep blue, but not indigo.
+According to the advices of the _American Journal of Philately_ (VI:
+102) the stamps were issued on the 17th February--five days earlier than
+the above quotation states.
+
+Both values were printed on a medium white wove paper and perforated 12.
+Both were ordered to the number of half a million copies in 1893, and in
+1895 25,000 more of the 20 cent and 30,000 more of the 50 cent were
+delivered, with a final 200 copies of each in 1896. These quantities
+were sufficient to last until the 20 cent was superseded by the newer
+type in 1901, and the 50 cent by the King's head stamp in 1908. Some
+1500 of the 20 cent were returned for destruction and about 10,000 of
+the 50 cent!
+
+Both these stamps are found imperforate and in this condition are to be
+classed in the same category as the imperforates of the "small cents
+issue," which we have already considered.[118] Illustrations of blocks
+of four of each will be found as numbers 106 and 108 on Plate IX. The 50
+cent is in a peculiar black blue shade.
+
+[118] See page 130.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the preceding chapter we quoted a circular from the Postmaster
+General which called attention to the changes made by _The Post Office
+Act, 1889_. A uniform registration fee of 5 cents was one of these, and
+to enable the 2 cent registration stamps to be used up permission was
+given to make up the difference by postage stamps when registering mail
+matter. Four years later it was decided to discontinue the use of the
+special stamp for the registration fee, and to permit its prepayment by
+ordinary postage stamps. As the combined letter and registration rate
+was eight cents, a stamp of this value for use on registered letters was
+deemed advisable. We read under "Canadian Notes" in _Mekeel's Weekly
+Stamp News_ for August 10, 1893:--
+
+    The following orders were posted up in all the Canadian post-offices
+    on August 1st:
+
+    "A new postage stamp of the value of 8c. is now being put into
+    circulation. This stamp will be available for the prepayment either
+    of registration fee and postage combined, or of postage only. The
+    5c. registration stamp, when the present supply is exhausted, will
+    be withdrawn."
+
+The new stamp reverted to the small size and general design of the
+"small cents issue", but with the important difference that the head was
+turned to the _left_ instead of the right, as with all the others of
+that series. It was line engraved on steel, as usual, and the only
+entire sheet we have seen was of 200, in ten horizontal rows of twenty
+stamps, but without a sign of any marginal imprints. The perforation
+variety 11-1/2 × 12 is reported as occurring in this value also, as well
+as the regular gauge 12. The color was at first a bluish gray, which
+soon darkened and ran through a series of shades as if in emulation of
+the old 6 pence stamp. Mr. Horsley states[119] that it appeared in
+slate-blue in October of 1893, and slate in 1895. _Alfred Smith's
+Monthly Circular_ for December, 1895, records it in a "dark
+slate-black," and the _Weekly Philatelic Era_ for November 30, 1895,
+says that "a peculiar feature in connection with the new shade of the
+current eight cent Canada postage stamp is that upon being put in water
+and left there for a few minutes the paper becomes of a pinkish tint
+which after the stamp becomes dry still remains." This "new shade" was
+doubtless the dark slate color referred to, which must have been issued,
+therefore, in October or November of 1895. In December, 1897, the
+_Monthly Journal_ notes it in a "deep purple", similar in shade to the 8
+cent Jubilee stamp, and very likely printed from the same mixing of ink.
+
+[119] =London Philatelist=, XVI: 88.
+
+The stamp was printed upon a medium white wove paper, and is found in
+imperforate condition like the other values of the then current stamps,
+which we have already described.[120] The imperforates are in the early
+bluish gray color, so that it is fair to suppose they were from the
+first printings in 1893. A block of four is illustrated as number 110 on
+Plate X.
+
+[120] See page 130.
+
+The first delivery of these stamps--and of course the first
+printing--was of 100,000, as recorded in the stamp accounts for 1893. As
+these accounts were made up to 30th June, and there is no record of any
+"issue to postmasters," the stamps were doubtless delivered just before
+the accounts were closed, so that opportunity had not been given to
+distribute the new value. For the next few fiscal years the amount
+received from the manufacturers averaged over a million and a half
+annually, so that by the time it was superseded it had been printed to
+the number of at least 7-1/2 millions.
+
+There is nothing of special importance concerning postage stamps in the
+Postmaster General's Reports from 1893 to 1897, but we glean an item of
+interest from _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_ of December 3, 1896:--
+
+    A new regulation has been put in force by the Canadian post-office
+    department. Until a few days ago it was unlawful for any person to
+    sell unused current Canadian stamps without a government license [as
+    a stamp vendor]. Merchants and others who received a great many
+    unused stamps as remittances, have heretofore been compelled to send
+    them to the department at a discount of five per cent, or dispose of
+    them by illegitimate means, running the risk of being prosecuted for
+    selling without license. A great deal of complaint was made to the
+    department concerning this matter, and last week Hon. Mr. Mulock
+    announced that thenceforth, all unused Canadian stamps would be
+    cashed at one per cent. discount in amounts of over $1.00. The
+    stamps may be pasted on paper, as they will not be put in
+    circulation again.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+THE JUBILEE ISSUE OF 1897
+
+
+The so-called "Diamond Jubilee" of the accession of Queen Victoria, who
+had then been on the throne of the United Kingdom for sixty years,
+occurred on the 20th June, 1897, and several of the British Colonies, as
+on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary, considered it fitting to
+celebrate the event with a commemorative issue of postage stamps.
+Probably no proprieties would be violated were it observed, sub rosa,
+that the pecuniary gains connected with such issues were probably more
+of a factor in determining their birth than the superabundance of
+jubilation over the auspicious occurrence. Such a suspicion is quite
+readily aroused when considering all the facts in connection with the
+special set of stamps that Canada felt it necessary to put forth at this
+time.
+
+But the story runs a little farther back and hinges on other changes.
+What proved a prophetic utterance appeared under "Canadian Notes" in the
+_Weekly Philatelic Era_ of August 1, 1896, as follows:--
+
+    For the first time in 18 years a Liberal, or Reform government has
+    full control of the Dominion.... Mr. William Mulock, J. C., of
+    Toronto, is the new Postmaster General and I am informed that
+    considerable pressure is being brought to bear upon him to have an
+    entirely new set of stamps issued to replace those which have been
+    in use in Canada for something over a quarter of a century.
+
+Under the same "Notes" in the issue of the above paper for January 23,
+1897, we find the result of the "pressure":--
+
+    The British American Bank Note Company, which for so many years have
+    had the contract for printing Canada's paper currency and postage
+    stamps, have been notified that their services will no longer be
+    required. The shareholders in that company were not of the right
+    political stripe for the new Government. The contract has now been
+    given to the American Bank Note Company of New York. This company
+    will have to establish a branch office at Ottawa and all the work
+    will have to be done in Canada.
+
+_Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_ gives further details in a clipping from
+the _Montreal Herald_, dated "Ottawa, Jan. 11," [1897]:[121]--
+
+    The contract for the Government engraving, for which tenders were
+    called two months ago, has been awarded to the American Bank Note
+    Company, of New York, for a period of five and a quarter years. The
+    contract is worth $600,000, and may be renewed for a similar period.
+    The work consists of engraving Dominion bank notes, revenue and
+    postage stamps, postal cards, etc. At present the British American
+    Bank Note Company, better known as Burland and Company, formerly of
+    Montreal, have the contract. They tendered this time, but the New
+    York company was the lowest. The New York company is one of the
+    largest and best known in the world. The firm engraves notes for
+    some of the banks in Canada, including the Canadian Bank of
+    Commerce. Under the terms of the new contract, the Company will
+    require to establish a place in Ottawa to do the work, where the
+    Government can have supervision of it. As compared with the prices
+    paid under the Burland contract, the Government will effect a saving
+    of $120,000 by the new contract.
+
+[121] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, IX: 25.
+
+The next step appears in the _Weekly Philatelic Era_ of January 30,
+1897, where we read under "Canadian Notes":--
+
+    Many suggestions are being made and many plans laid for the fitting
+    celebration of the sixtieth year of Her Majesty's reign. In Canada
+    this celebration is being coupled with that of the four hundredth
+    anniversary of Cabot's discovery of America. Tn this connection a
+    proposal has been made and an agitation started for the issue of a
+    commemorative set of postage stamps by the Dominion government....
+    It has been suggested that the new stamps be made a trifle larger
+    than the present ones, that a somewhat recent picture of Her Majesty
+    replace the present one, and that the figures and colors be made
+    more pronounced. If possible some reference to the combined
+    celebrations will likely be made. The agitation for a new issue is
+    quite pronounced and is by no means confined to philatelists. There
+    appears to be general desire on the part of the people to have a
+    change.
+
+A step further is recorded in the _Era_ for March 27th, as follows:--
+
+    The _Toronto World_ in its edition of March 15th. contained the
+    following as one of its leaders: "Here is good news for postage
+    stamp collectors. The Postmaster-General proposes, as far as his
+    department is concerned, to commemorate Her Majesty's diamond
+    jubilee by the issue of a new 3-cent postage stamp appropriate to
+    the occasion. It will have a limited circulation only, probably for
+    a period of months covering the jubilee celebrations during the
+    coming summer. When the sale is stopped the present 3-cent stamp
+    will be put in circulation again.... So far the design of the new
+    stamp has not been made public although the Hon. Mr. Mulock, the
+    Postmaster-General, has sent a sketch of it to the British-American
+    [_sic_] Bank Note Company to be engraved. It it said to be oblong
+    and nearly as large as the Columbian issue".
+
+If only this original intention had been adhered to!
+
+More precise information finally appeared in the _Era_ for May 29th:--
+
+    During the last week the Canadian papers have been full of Canada's
+    Jubilee issue, which has now been definitely decided upon.
+
+    _The Toronto Evening Telegram_ of a few days ago has perhaps the
+    most to say concerning the stamps, and it is to that paper that your
+    correspondent is indebted for the following. The new Jubilee stamp
+    will be issued in another month. The design represents Her Majesty
+    at two important eras in her life, namely at her accession on the
+    20th of June, 1837, and within a few weeks of her Jubilee in 1897.
+    The first vignette, showing her on her coronation day, is from a
+    well known portrait of that period. It is a full faced portrait and
+    her Majesty wears the crown. Looking at the stamp this vignette is
+    at the left side. To the right is a picture of Her Majesty as she
+    appears today; the face is profile looking toward the vignette of
+    1837. The latter picture represents Her Majesty wearing the Empress
+    crown. Between and above the two vignettes is a beautifully executed
+    copy of the Imperial crown of England and under it the letter "V"
+    with the letters "R. I." in the fork of the "V". The three letters
+    meaning Victoria Regina (Queen), Imperatrix (Empress). In the
+    semi-circle or upper part of the vignette are the words "Canada
+    Postage" and underneath these are respectively the dates 1837-1897
+    and between the vignettes are ornamentation of maple leaves, while
+    in the lower corners of the stamps are also maple leaves, and
+    between these and at the base of the stamp is its denomination in
+    black letters on a white ground. There will be sixteen varieties of
+    the new stamp and a post card.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    The first set of stamps printed will be sent to H. R. H. the Prince
+    of York [_sic_], who is an enthusiastic stamp collector. The second
+    set will be presented to Her Excellency Lady Aberdeen (wife of the
+    Canadian Governor General).
+
+The same paper credits the suggestion of the general idea of the Jubilee
+design to Mr. Pareira, an official of the Interior Department.
+
+A few days later the matter of the proposed issue came up in Parliament,
+and the Postmaster General was interpellated in the House of Commons.
+His reply was published in the _Canadian Hansard_, the official record,
+of 20th May, 1897, as follows:--
+
+    The Postmaster-General (Mr. Mulock): It is the intention of the
+    Government to issue a set of Jubilee postage stamps. Such stamps
+    will be put into public use by being delivered to postmasters
+    throughout Canada for sale to the public in the same manner as
+    ordinary postage stamps are sold. There will be a limit to the
+    quantity to be issued. The denominations of Jubilee stamps, and the
+    total number of such Jubilee stamps to be issued, are set forth in
+    the following schedule:--
+
+    Schedule showing the Denominations and Total Number of Jubilee
+    Stamps to be issued:
+
+      Number to be issued.    Denomination.
+
+         150,000              1/2 c. stamps
+       8,000,000                1 c.   "
+       2,500,000                2 c.   "
+      20,000,000                3 c.   "
+         750,000                5 c.   "
+          75,000                6 c.   "
+         200,000                8 c.   "
+         150,000               10 c.   "
+         100,000               15 c.   "
+         100,000               20 c.   "
+         100,000               50 c.   "
+          25,000              $ 1 00   "
+          25,000              $ 2 00   "
+          25,000              $ 3 00   "
+          25,000              $ 4 00   "
+          25,000              $ 5 00   "
+       7,000,000                1 c. post cards.
+
+      Total value of one stamp of each kind, $ 16.21-1/2.
+
+    As soon as the total number of stamps mentioned in said schedule is
+    issued the plates from which they will have been engraved will be
+    destroyed in the presence of the head and two officers of the
+    department. On the 10th June the Post Office Department will proceed
+    to supply Jubilee postage stamps to the principal post offices in
+    Canada, and through them the minor post offices will obtain their
+    supply until the issue is exhausted. If this Jubilee issue were to
+    wholly displace the ordinary postage stamps it would supply the
+    ordinary wants of the country for between two and three months, but
+    as the use of the ordinary postage stamps will proceed concurrently
+    with that of the Jubilee stamps, it is expected that the Jubilee
+    stamp will last beyond the three months. Inasmuch as the department
+    is already receiving applications for the purchase of Jubilee
+    stamps, it may be stated that the department will adhere to the
+    established practice of supplying them only to postmasters, and
+    through them to the public, who may purchase them on and after the
+    19th June, 1897.
+
+
+
+Promptly, "as advertised", the stamps were placed on sale throughout the
+Dominion on the morning of Saturday, the 19th of June. The natural
+result followed: an expectant populace, for various reasons but with one
+main object, literally besieged the post offices for the coveted
+treasures. The advance publication of the quantities of the various
+denominations to be issued gave speculators the hint as to the most
+desirable values to "corner", and as a result the 1/2 cent and 6 cent
+stamps were a special mark in all quarters. This action seems to have
+been more or less anticipated, for these values were doled out in very
+small quantities, if at all, in spite of the large orders that were
+everywhere given for them. This was doubtless largely due to the
+following circular, sent out with the initial supply of the stamps to
+all postmasters:[122]--
+
+    N. B.--Requisitions for _full sets_ of the Jubilee stamps will be
+    filled until the issue is exhausted.--E. P. S.
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA,
+       POSTAGE STAMP BRANCH,
+                                  OTTAWA, _June_,1897.
+
+    SIR,--I am directed by the Postmaster-General to send you herewith a
+    supply of the Jubilee stamps and 1 c. post card, equal to one
+    month's ordinary requirements of your office. Should this quantity
+    prove insufficient it will, on your requisition addressed to this
+    branch, be supplemented; but as the Jubilee issue is limited, it
+    would be necessary for you to apply early in order to secure further
+    supplies of the same.
+
+    I am also to instruct you not to sell any of the accompanying stamps
+    or post cards before the opening of your office at the regular
+    office hours on the 19th June instant--the eve of the anniversary
+    they are intended to commemorate.
+
+    These stamps and cards are, of course, like the ordinary issues, to
+    be sold at face value.
+
+    I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,
+
+                             E. P. STANTON, _Superintendent_.
+
+  THE POSTMASTER.
+
+    P. S.--As there appears to be a somewhat general desire on the part
+    of many persons to purchase, for souvenir purposes, complete sets of
+    the Jubilee stamps, it is hoped that you will so manage the sale of
+    such stamps that persons applying to purchase full sets may be able
+    to get them.
+
+  E. P. S.
+
+[122] =Monthly Journal=, VIII. 177.
+
+The conditions that developed when the stamps were actually issued seem
+to have surprised the Department, and caused additional measures to be
+taken for an equable distribution. We quote Mr. F. W. Wurtele:[123]--
+
+    The experience of the first day's sale convinced our government that
+    halves and sixes would very soon be bought up by speculators unless
+    some action was taken to further restrict their sale; they therefore
+    came to the conclusion that those persons who were willing to
+    contribute to the revenues of the Canadian Government to the extent
+    of $16.22 for a complete set of jubilee stamps were entitled to
+    protection, and decided that they at least should not pay more than
+    face value for their 1/2 and 6. In consequence the following
+    circular was issued by the post-office department, and no more of
+    these values could be obtained from any licensed vendor.
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA,
+       POSTAGE STAMP BRANCH,
+                              OTTAWA, 26th June, 1897.
+
+    SIR,--With reference to the numerous demands upon this office for
+    the 1/2 c. and 6c. Jubilee stamps, I am directed to explain that the
+    respective quantities of Jubilee stamps ordered bear, relatively,
+    the same proportions to the actual requirements of the Postal
+    Service, but the tendency to exhaust the HALVES and SIXES has
+    increased to such a degree, that it has become necessary to restrict
+    their sale to the purchasers of full sets. Hence I am to express the
+    Postmaster-General's regret that he is unable, having regard to the
+    limited character of the Jubilee issue, to comply with any requests
+    for the 1/2c or 6c denomination, apart from those for full sets.
+    These sets may be obtained as long as the series of Jubilee stamps
+    lasts, but as the demands upon it are unusually heavy, it would be
+    advisable to apply for full sets at the earliest possible moment.
+
+    When Postmasters obtain such sets to fill orders actual or
+    prospective at their respective offices, they must not, in any case,
+    break the sets.
+
+    I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,
+
+  E. P. STANTON, _Superintendent_.
+
+    P. S.--Under no circumstances will there be any issue of Jubilee
+    stamps, beyond the limits mentioned in the accompanying extract from
+    Hansard, containing the Postmaster-General's statement on the
+    subject.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    It was necessary to print 3,000 copies of the foregoing circular in
+    order to reply to all the demands on the department at Ottawa for
+    1/2 c. and 6 c.
+
+[123] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, X: 54.
+
+Not only were the sales of the 1/2 and 6 cent stamps thus restricted,
+but notices were posted in the offices that none of the 1/2c., 6c., 8c.,
+$1.00, $2.00, $3.00, $4.00, or $5.00 stamps would be sold unless the
+whole set were taken. This proceeding naturally resulted in considerably
+more protest on the part of stamp collectors and the public (?). Rumor
+had it just after the issue was placed on sale that the 8 cent stamp had
+been withdrawn, which probably accounts for the "run" upon that value
+and its inclusion in the above restrictions. In fact a correspondent of
+_Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_, writing from Winnipeg, Man., on 25th June,
+stated that "a sensation was caused amongst those interested by the
+government on Tuesday [22nd June] recalling, by wire, all the 8c. stamps
+of the new issue on hand at this office." This was later explained by a
+letter published in the _Weekly Philatelic Era_:[124]--
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA,
+       POSTAGE STAMP BRANCH,
+                              OTTAWA, 29th July, 1897.
+
+    SIR,--In reply to your letter of the 26th inst., I am directed to
+    say that the question of issuing partial sets of Jubilee stamps is
+    now under the consideration of the Department. In respect to the
+    recall of the 8 c. Jubilee stamps, I may say that it was but a
+    partial one, and intended to render possible a re-distribution of
+    that stamp on a basis more in accordance with the actual demand
+    therefor.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+  I am, Sir,
+      Your obdt. servant,
+          E. P. STANTON,
+               Superintendent.
+
+
+[124] =Weekly Philatelic Era=, XI: 416.
+
+Under date of 31st July it was announced from Ottawa that "the demand
+for complete sets has been very large, about nine thousand sets having
+already been issued".[125] The "partial sets" referred to in the above
+letter were the next step in the unbending process, the decision to put
+them on sale having been reached on 31st July, and their issue to the
+public beginning on 4th August. Concerning this concession Mr. Donald A.
+King says:[126]--
+
+    So soon as the demand for these [complete] sets was, to some extent
+    satisfied, the department yielding to another class of enquiries and
+    requests for sets up to and including the 50 cents and $1.00
+    respectively, made a distribution of such sets, the numbers being
+    apportioned upon a basis of the revenue of each money order office
+    throughout the Dominion. Between 30,000 and 40,000 sets were thus
+    distributed, and rapidly sold, as a very large number of requests
+    for further supplies came in from the different offices. The
+    following is the circular sent to postmasters regulating the sale of
+    these partial sets:
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT. CANADA,
+       POSTAGE STAMP BRANCH,
+                                OTTAWA, [August] 1897.
+
+    SIR.--I am directed to transmit to you the accompanying partial sets
+    of Jubilee stamps. These sets consist of two kinds: one from a 1/2c.
+    to $1.00 (value $2.20-1/2), the other from 1/2c. to 50c. (value
+    $1.20-1/2). You are instructed to sell these stamps as sets, and as
+    sets only, representations having been made to the department that
+    in various parts of the Dominion there is a desire to obtain such
+    sets for souvenir purposes. You must not, under any circumstances,
+    break a set; for, besides the disappointment that such a course
+    would cause, you would render yourself liable to loss, the
+    department having decided not to allow credit for any broken sets
+    returned to it by a postmaster who, notwithstanding the instructions
+    herein given, sells any denominations of the stamps making up a set
+    apart from the rest.
+
+    I am also to ask you to use your best judgment in the sale of these
+    sets, checking, as far as possible, any attempt on the part of
+    speculators to monopolize them, and thus securing as general a
+    distribution of such sets in your vicinity as the circumstances may
+    permit. To enable you to make change in connection with the sale of
+    the enclosed sets I include a sufficient quantity of ordinary 1/2 c.
+    postage stamps.
+
+    I may add that the accompanying supply has been based strictly upon
+    the annual revenue of your office, and, having regard to the total
+    number of sets available and the extent of their distribution,
+    represents that proportion to which you are entitled.
+
+    I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,
+
+                      E. P. STANTON, _Superintendent_.
+  THE POSTMASTER.
+
+[125] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XI: 78.
+
+[126] =Monthly Journal=, VIII: 178.
+
+For disingenuousness, for pathetic regard for the public and the
+postmaster, and yet withal a keen eye for the "interests" of the
+department, this circular is a model which should be preserved for
+posterity--and "businesslike" post office departments.
+
+Mr. King continues:--
+
+    The demand for the small sets was so great that the supply was
+    exhausted almost all at once, and in reply to repeated requests for
+    more sets the department issued the following circular:--#/
+
+                POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.
+  (_Office of the Superintendent of the Postage Stamp Branch_).
+                                                    Ottawa,... 1897.
+
+    SIR,--The partial sets of Jubilee stamps already issued to your
+    office constituted its share of these sets, having regard to their
+    limited number and the area of their distribution, which comprised
+    all the money order offices in the Dominion.
+
+    Except a reserve for complete sets (from 1/2c. to $5.00 inclusive,
+    cost $16.20-1/2) there is not a Jubilee stamp left in the
+    department--all having been issued to postmasters. The plates, I may
+    add, were destroyed on the 10th September instant.
+
+    I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,
+
+                             E. P. STANTON, _Superintendent_.
+  THE POSTMASTER.
+
+
+
+Such is the history of the Diamond Jubilee set of Canadian stamps. We
+make no comment on it--it seems as if none were necessary and that the
+presentation is amply sufficient for each to judge for himself
+concerning it. We will only add Major Evans sapient remark[127]: "All
+the trouble was the natural result of pretending to treat a
+commemorative and limited issue as if it had been an ordinary and
+permanent one. Ordinary common sense should have suggested the issue of
+large supplies of the lowest value, and a certain number of all values
+to every office."
+
+[127] =Monthly Journal=, VIII: 230.
+
+To revert to the stamps themselves. We have already given a description
+of the design in one of our previous quotations, but it needs to be
+amended in one or two particulars. The portrait of Queen Victoria
+labelled "1837" on the stamp will be recognized as identical with that
+on the old 12 pence and later 7-1/2 pence values. In fact Mr. Wurtele
+tells us[128] that a prominent Montreal collector, whose advice was
+asked when the issue was under consideration, gave the government a
+magnificent unused copy of the 7-1/2d. green, to be used in engraving
+the picture. It does not, as stated, show Her Majesty on her coronation
+day, but is from the painting representing her on the occasion of the
+prorogation of Parliament, on 17th July, 1837, as already
+described.[129] The portrait labelled "1897" is from a full length
+painting executed by command in 1886 by Prof. Von Angelo of Vienna. It
+represents Her Majesty as she appeared on the assumption of the title
+"Empress of India", and the curious may find the entire figure copied on
+the 3 pence post card of Great Britain issued in 1889, and also on the
+1 penny card of 1892. This State portrait of the Queen is now in
+Buckingham Palace. The crown at the top center of the stamp is not the
+Imperial State Crown of Great Britain but the so-called Tudor Crown. The
+Imperial Crown is well illustrated on the 3 pence and 5 cent "beaver"
+stamps, and a comparison with the Jubilee issue will plainly show the
+difference in the "style" of these two crowns.
+
+[128] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, X: 63.
+
+[129] See page 33.
+
+Our illustration (No. 34 on Plate II) shows a sample of the whole set,
+the only variation, outside of the color, being the denomination in the
+label at the bottom. This is in each case expressed in words. The stamps
+are beautifully engraved on steel as usual, and are printed on stout
+wove paper and perforated 12. The values from 1/2 cent through 5 cents
+were printed in sheets of 100, ten rows of ten. Above the 5 cent, that
+is from 6 cents through 5 dollars, they were printed in sheets of 50,
+ten horizontal rows of five stamps each. The marginal inscriptions are
+very meagre, consisting merely of "OTTAWA--No--1" (or some other plate
+number) in hair-line Roman capitals 2-1/2 mm. high, at the top of the
+sheet only. The inscription is 40 mm. long, being centered over stamps 5
+and 6 of the top row in the sheets of 100, and over stamp number 3 in
+the sheets of 50. This is the first time that plate numbers appear on
+the sheets of Canadian postage stamps, and it is well to record them.
+Taking them serially we find the plates of the various values were made
+as follows:--
+
+  Plate 1    3 cents
+        2    3   "
+        3    3   "
+        4    3   "
+        5    1   "
+        6    1   "
+        7    2   "
+        8    2   "
+        9  1/2   "
+       10    5   "
+       11    3   "
+       12    3   "
+       13    3   "
+       14    3   "
+       15    1   "
+       16    1   "
+       17    6 cents
+       18   15   "
+       19   10   "
+       20    8   "
+       21   20   "
+       22    4 dollars
+       23   50 cents
+       24    3 dollars
+       25    5   "
+       26    2   "
+       27    1   "
+       28    3 cents
+       29    3   "
+       30    3   "
+       31    3   "
+
+The colors, which will be found in the Reference List, are quite
+constant, as would be expected. The principal variation is only one of
+tone in a few values.
+
+A newspaper despatch from Ottawa tells us that "A return brought down
+to-day shows that the cost of printing the jubilee stamp was 20 cents
+per thousand."[130]
+
+[130] =Post Office=, IX: 37.
+
+Considerable criticism was naturally aroused by the inclusion of the
+values from one to five dollars, and outside of the palpable attempt to
+"make capital" from stamp collectors and others, it was claimed that the
+four and five dollar values were useless, as the "highest amount that
+can _possibly_ be required on a parcel sent by mail from Canada is $3.59
+(including registration). This owing to limitations of weight, etc., and
+the highest amount that can be required on a letter is $1.65".[131] An
+"official" replied[132] that "very frequently parcels leave the Toronto
+Post Office with $15 and $20 postage on them, and in some cases the
+postage has reached the amount of $63. There is another way in which the
+$4 and $5 stamps may be used, viz.:--in second class rate books. Canada
+does not issue Newspaper or Periodical stamps so these two high values
+can be used in this way."
+
+[131] =Weekly Philatelic Era=, XI: 383.
+
+[132] =ibid.=, XI: 406.
+
+Someone wrote the Postmaster General, quoting the above letter and
+asking further particulars. The reply stated[133] that "the regulations
+do not fix any limit to the weight of letters.... According to the
+regulations of this Department 'Second Class Matter' comprises
+newspapers and periodicals addressed to regular subscribers, (including
+sample copies) and that, postage being payable upon such matter at a
+bulk rate of 1c. per lb., the stamps required for prepayment are not
+affixed to the packages, but are placed in small books and cancelled.
+The books for this purpose are supplied by the Department to all Post
+Offices where they are required." This was analogous to the practice in
+the United States, only regular postage stamps were employed instead of
+special newspaper and periodical stamps. As a matter of fact the high
+value Jubilee stamps, which later became a drug on the market, were
+largely used for this purpose. Mr. King confirms the fact of large
+postage payments:[134] "I have seen packages originating at and passing
+through the post office here [Halifax] that had from $12.00 to $15.00
+postage on them ... and the case can be recalled of a letter on which
+$40 was prepaid."
+
+[133] =ibid.=, XI: 426.
+
+[134] =Monthly Journal=, VIII: 177.
+
+The question of the unlimited validity of the Jubilee stamps for postage
+was also brought up, doubtless because of the temporary nature of their
+issue, and a special circular was issued touching this point, of which
+the following is a copy:[135]--
+
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.
+       POSTAGE STAMP BRANCH.
+                              OTTAWA, 24th June, 1897.
+
+    SIR--I am directed to send you for your information and guidance,
+    the following statement, which has just been given to the press:
+
+    "Enquiry having been made at the Post Office Department as to
+    whether the Canadian Jubilee Postage Stamps would continue good as
+    postage for a limited period only, it has been officially stated
+    that the Jubilee stamp will remain valid for postage purposes so
+    long as they may continue in circulation. _They will not, however,
+    be redeemed by the Department, a distinction being drawn in this
+    respect between them and the ordinary postage stamps._"
+
+  I am Sir,
+      Your obedient Servant,
+          E. P. STANTON,
+               Superintendent.
+
+
+[135] =Weekly Philatelic Era= XII: 210.
+
+A curious case of splits is recorded from the _Sussex, N. B.,
+News_:[136]--
+
+    The _Railway News_ last week on account of not receiving permission
+    from the Post-Master General to allow papers to go through the mails
+    free, was compelled to pay postage. No half cent stamps being
+    available, the post office department allowed one cent stamps to be
+    cut in halves for postage. This is the first time on record we
+    believe where such was allowed and the stamps have been eagerly
+    sought after, one dollar being paid for a single stamp with the post
+    office stamp on it. The _News_ will pay twenty-five cents each for
+    the one cent Jubilee stamps cut in halves bearing the post office
+    stamp of November 5th, 6th, or 8th, which was allowed to pass
+    through the mails on that date owing to there being no regular half
+    cent stamps obtainable.
+
+[136] =ibid.=, XII: 96.
+
+The 1 cent ordinary also did duty at some offices for like reasons, but
+the practice was not approved from headquarters, as postmasters were
+officially instructed in such cases to use whole 1 cent stamps and get a
+refund on the difference in value.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It may be recalled that one of our quotations stated that the first set
+of Jubilee stamps printed would be presented to the "Prince of York"--a
+slip for the "Duke of York," afterwards Prince of Wales, and now His
+Most Gracious Majesty King George V. An account of this presentation
+set may not be without interest here:[137]--
+
+    A very unique and handsome piece of work is the postal portfolio
+    which is to be presented to His Royal Highness, the Duke of York, by
+    the Dominion Government, and which is on exhibition in the window of
+    Kyrie Brothers, Jewelers, Toronto. The portfolio is in the form of
+    an album, the cover of which is of royal blue morocco leather,
+    handsomely decorated in gold. In the center of the front cover is a
+    raised shield in white on which are the words in gold letters,
+    "Dominion of Canada, Diamond Jubilee Postage Stamps, 22nd June,
+    1897." The corners of the portfolio are decorated with guards of
+    Canadian gold made from British Columbia and Ramey district ore. The
+    right hand upper corner decoration is a design of maple leaves, and
+    the lower corner of English oak leaves and acorns. The portfolio is
+    fastened with a clasp of Canadian gold in the form of oak leaves,
+    while the bracket on the front holding the clasps in position is
+    entwined with maple leaves with the monogram of H. R. H. the Duke of
+    York--G. F. E. A.--George Frederick Ernest Albert. On the third page
+    is the inscription, "This collection of postage stamps issued at
+    Ottawa by the Dominion of Canada in commemoration of the Diamond
+    Jubilee of Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria is presented to
+    H. R. H. the Duke of York, K. G., by the Government of Canada,
+    1897." The last page of this unique stamp album will contain the
+    certificate of the destruction of the dies and plates in the
+    presence of Hon. Wm. Mulock, postmaster-general of Canada.... This
+    is probably the dearest stamp album in the world, and contains only
+    a single specimen of each denomination of the jubilee issue.
+
+[137] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, X: 28
+
+It will be noted that the Superintendent's last circular concerning the
+exhaustion of the Jubilee stamps stated that the plates had been
+destroyed. An eye witness sent _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_ (X: 166) an
+account of the process which is interesting enough to reproduce.
+
+    On Friday afternoon, Sept. 10th, ... I presented myself at the
+    Post-Office Department and joined a party who were just leaving the
+    building to go over to the American Bank Note Co's. building, a
+    couple of blocks away.... Arriving, we were conducted to the top
+    floor by the manager. The plates, dies, etc., were brought out by
+    those in charge, and the seventeen original dies after inspection by
+    those present were placed one by one under a press and an
+    obliterating roller passed over them several times: proofs were then
+    pulled which faintly showed the outline of the ovals, etc., but the
+    words showing the value could not even be made out. Next the rolls
+    for transferring the impression from the dies to the plates came in
+    for their share of attention. There were nineteen of them, and a few
+    burns from an emery wheel quickly put each one "out of sight". The
+    plates, 31 in number, were subjected to the same treatment as the
+    dies and the total time occupied in the destruction of the various
+    parts occupied almost two hours.
+
+The Postmaster General's Report for the 30th June, 1897, reprints the
+extract from the _Canadian Hansard_ of 20th May, which we have already
+given.[138] The stamp accounts show a few curious things. In the first
+place the announcement of the issue gave the quantity of 8 cent stamps
+as 200,000. The accounts for 1897 give the number received from the
+manufacturers as 240,000, and we find in the column headed "Returned by
+Postmasters as unfit for use," 40,000 copies, and in the column headed
+"Stamps destroyed as unfit for use", a like amount! When the Post Office
+Department estimates for the ensuing year were being discussed in
+Parliament in May, 1898, the following interpellation occurred and was
+replied to by the Postmaster General:[139]--
+
+    _Mr. Ingram._ I notice that 40,000 eight cent stamps were returned
+    by the postmasters as unfit for use, and that 40,000 were destroyed
+    as unfit for use.
+
+    _The Postmaster-General._ The explanation of that is this: The total
+    number issued was limited to the schedule mentioned in the answer
+    that I gave to Parliament. By a mistake a larger quantity was
+    delivered to the department, and before it was discovered the
+    department had distributed a larger quantity than was mentioned in
+    the schedule.[140] They discovered it when the mail had gone out,
+    and at once recalled the over-issue. Of course they were at once
+    destroyed, so as to keep the amount within the figure named by
+    Parliament.
+
+    _Mr. Ingram._ Then it was not through stamps being unfit?
+
+    _The Postmaster-General._ I do not know how it is worded there;
+    "Unfit for use" is not a proper description. There was not one stamp
+    in excess of the limit stated in Parliament that got into the hands
+    of the public. There was that little error I speak of, but it was
+    detected at once and corrected, and of course the extra amount was
+    at once destroyed--I suppose by the Auditor-General and by Mr.
+    Stanton of the stamp department.
+
+[138] See page 148.
+
+[139] =Monthly Journal=, VIII: 230.
+
+[140] The stamp accounts show that 223,600 8 cent stamps had been
+"issued to postmasters" previous to 30th June, 1897.
+
+Well, perhaps the excess did not reach the public, but the stamp
+accounts exhibit a peculiar coincidence in connection therewith. The
+tables of receipt and issue of stamp supplies for 1897, as already
+stated, contain the memos of the return of 40,000 8 cent stamps, by
+postmasters, and their destruction. The tables for 1898 contain two
+columns, one of stamps returned by postmasters, "unfit for use", and the
+other "fit for use". The former were supposed to be destroyed, the
+latter placed in stock again. Now note: the values from 1/2 cent to 50
+cents inclusive, "fit for use", were returned in quantities varying from
+200 to 250 copies, with two exceptions; the dollar values in quantities
+from 400 to 675. The two exceptions were the 6 cent at 1,148 copies,
+_and the 8 cent at 42,300 copies_!! This last figure looks so familiar
+that we cannot help wondering whether a second call had been sent out
+for the return of 40,000 _more_ of the 8 cent, subsequent to the closing
+of the 1897 accounts, or if (which seems more probable) the first return
+had not been slipped into stock instead of being actually destroyed, and
+reappeared thus in the 1898 accounts! _Quien sabe?_
+
+All the other values to and including the 2 dollars, were received in
+their proper amounts and were all issued to postmasters, the last record
+of the series from 1/2 cent to 1 dollar, inclusive, appearing in the
+1900 Report. The figures for the dollar values prove rather interesting
+so we give them here:--
+
+                                                            1905     Ret'd and
+                 1897.   1898.  1899.  1900.  1901.  Total. On hand. Destroyed.
+  $1.00 received 7,500  15,000  2,400   100   ...    25,000    ...        94
+        issued   5,830  16,771  3,599   500   ...    26,700
+
+  $2.00 received 7,500   5,000    ...  6,000  6,500  25,000    ...        66
+        issued   5,830   4,334    888  7,225  8,775  27,052
+
+  $3.00 received 7,500   5,000    ...   500   1,000  14,000   2,650    1,835
+        issued   5,830   4,044    591 1,700   1,250  13,415
+
+  $4.00 received 7,500   5,000    ...   500   2,000  15,000   3,050    2,013
+        issued   5,830   3,945    640 1,675   1,775  13,865
+
+  $5.00 received 7,500   5,000    ...   500   3,000  16,000   2,100    1,240
+        issued   5,830   3,844    689 2,075   3,325  15,763
+
+Comment:--The three highest dollar values were apparently never
+delivered to their full requisition--25,000 each. All but the 1 dollar
+were issued in goodly numbers in 1901,--four years after their first
+appearance! The 1 and 2 dollar stamps were both issued to an amount of
+about 2,000 more than were received from the manufacturers, but this
+excess is easily explained by the reissue of stamps returned by
+postmasters and placed again in stock. The entire issue drops out of
+sight with the 1901 Report, but the 1905 Report suddenly presents the
+figures given for the three high values still on hand, and records 30 of
+the 5 dollar stamps turned in for destruction. Once more, in the 1909
+Report, we find 1,783 of the 3 dollar, 1,954 of the 4 dollar and 1,151
+of the 5 dollar stamps returned for destruction, so that allowing for
+the total number destroyed and the amount on hand (which may be) we have
+for the actual issue of the three high values, instead of 25,000 each,
+but 9,515 of the 3 dollar, 9,937 of the 4 dollar and 12,660 of the 5
+dollar stamps.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+THE "MAPLE LEAF" ISSUE OF 1897
+
+
+Rumors of a new issue, as we know, had been "in the air" ever since the
+change in the contractors for supplying stamps had been announced. Of
+course the Jubilee issue was a special affair, and for a time
+sidetracked other considerations. A new permanent series was not
+forgotten, however, and under "Ottawa Notes" in the _Weekly Philatelic
+Era_ for October 9, 1897, we find the following advance information
+concerning it:--
+
+    A new general issue of Canadian postage stamps is imminent, being
+    necessitated by the fact that the present Liberal government has
+    entered into a new contract for engraving and printing Dominion
+    treasury notes, postage and revenue stamps, and in short, all
+    government matter. The previous contractors were the British
+    American Bank Note Co. of Montreal.... When the bids for a renewal
+    of the engraving contract were opened last winter, it was found that
+    the American Bank Note Company of New York were the lowest bidders,
+    and that they bound themselves in the event of the acceptance of
+    their tender to build and equip a printing establishment in Ottawa,
+    in compliance with the conditions of the bids. Their tender was
+    accepted and they have carried out their undertaking by building a
+    commodious and fully equipped establishment near that of their
+    rivals on Wellington Street. Of the new presses the Jubilee issue of
+    postage stamps were the first fruits. The impending general issue
+    will be required as soon as the existing stock of the current issue
+    is exhausted, and it is rumored that the supply of some values is
+    running low.
+
+    This much is announced,--that the design for the new issue has been
+    decided upon; that the center of the stamp will contain a portrait
+    of the Queen taken at the time of the Jubilee, approved and signed
+    by the Queen as the best existing likeness of her, and that our
+    national emblem, the maple leaf, will appear in the corners--not the
+    unnatural and misshapen leaf that appears on the Jubilee issue, but
+    the real article, copied from actual leaves gathered on Parliament
+    hill. This would indicate that there will be only one die for all
+    the values, but I have as yet no information as to size, colours, or
+    details.
+
+A couple of weeks later a circular was sent to postmasters announcing
+the new stamps, etc., of which the following is a copy:[141]--
+
+    Circular to Postmaster.
+
+  NEW ISSUE OF POSTAGE STAMPS, ETC.
+
+    The Postmaster-General has made arrangements for a new issue of
+    postage stamps, letter cards, stamped envelopes, post cards and post
+    bands. These will be supplied to postmasters in the usual way.
+
+    Postmasters are, however, instructed not to sell the stamps of any
+    denomination of the new issue until the stamps of the corresponding
+    denomination of the present issue are disposed of. The filling of
+    requisitions by the Postage Stamp Branch will be regulated by the
+    same principle--that is to say, no item of the proposed issue will
+    be sent out until the corresponding item of the present issue has
+    been exhausted.
+
+    To conform to the requirements of the International Postal Union,
+    the color of the new 1c. stamp will be green and that of the 5c.
+    stamp a deep blue.
+
+                                R. M. COULTER,
+                                          Deputy Postmaster-General.
+  Post-Office Department, Canada.
+      Ottawa, 25th October, 1897.
+
+[141] =American Journal of Philately=, 2nd Series, X: 502.
+
+These instructions were followed out, and the issue of the new series
+was thus stretched over a considerable length of time. The first to
+appear was the 1/2 cent, two weeks after the date of the above circular.
+The circumstances of its début are told under "Ottawa Notes" in the
+_Weekly Philatelic Era_:[142]--
+
+    The half cent stamp of the new issue was placed on sale today [9th
+    November, 1897], its appearance having been precipitated by events
+    over which the postal authorities had no control.... The
+    philatelists, anticipating an early exhaustion of the old half cent
+    stamp, helped the thing along by quietly but assiduously buying in
+    every copy in sight. As a consequence the stock ran down much faster
+    than that of other values, and a few weeks ago orders were issued
+    that no more were to be sold to the public, but that publishers
+    entitled to the half cent rate should take their papers to the
+    post-offices and there have the stamps affixed by the staff. Even
+    that did not save the distance [_sic_]. I hear that in Montreal it
+    was found necessary to use cent stamps to prepay the half cent
+    rate.[143] Fortunately for the reputation of Canadian stamps, these
+    stamps were not over-printed with new value, and we have been spared
+    a surcharge. However, the postal authorities hurried forward the
+    printing and circulation of the new issue, in that value at least,
+    and it is an accomplished fact.
+
+[142] =Weekly Philatelic Era=, XII: 86.
+
+[143] See page 156.
+
+The next value to appear was the 6 cent, which was announced in the
+_Weekly Philatelic Era_ under date of 4th December, 1897 as having been
+put in circulation. Following closely upon this came the 1, 2, 5 and 8
+cent stamps, and in January, 1898 the 3 and 10 cent.
+
+The new stamps were very simple in design, the central oval containing a
+portrait of Queen Victoria copied from a photograph by W. & D. Downey of
+London, taken at the time of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations. CANADA
+POSTAGE and the value in words only appear in Egyptian capitals on the
+oval frame to the portrait, and each spandrel is occupied by a maple
+leaf. Much criticism was engendered by the fact that the portrait was
+too large for its frame, making the design appear cramped and thus
+giving a disappointing effect to what otherwise might have proved a most
+neat and effective stamp. [Illustration No. 36 on Plate II].
+
+The stamps were as usual line engraved on steel, and printed on the same
+stout white wove paper that was employed for the Jubilee issue, as well
+as on a thinner and more brittle quality. The 5 cent, for the first time
+in Canadian philatelic history, appeared on a colored paper, the stock
+having a decidedly bluish tint. The perforation was the regulation gauge
+12. But one irregularity seems to be known, and that is the 5 cents
+imperforate, a block of four of which we are able to illustrate as No.
+112 on Plate X.
+
+The sheet arrangement was intended to be the usual block of 100
+impressions, ten by ten, but the Ottawa correspondent of the _Weekly
+Philatelic Era_ tells us that in the case of the 1/2 cent stamp the
+first plate was twice this size.
+
+    By some misunderstanding the contractors, the American Bank Note
+    Co., set the sheet up with 200 stamps, and the first five hundred
+    sheets were so printed. The sheets were afterwards cut in two
+    through the imprint, and we have these half sheets with a close
+    imperforated margin on either the left or right edge. Afterwards
+    sheets of 100 stamps were issued, all the stamps perforated on all
+    four sides. Plate number collectors will find the earliest sheets
+    difficult to obtain. Both sheets bear the plate number 1.[144]
+
+[144] =Weekly Philatelic Era=, XII: 132.
+
+The imprint on the sheets was the same as that on the Jubilee sheets,
+OTTAWA--No--1, etc., but instead of numbering the plates all
+consecutively, each denomination began its own series with "No 1." The
+imprint is placed in the top margin only, over the middle two stamps (5
+and 6) of the top row. In the case of the 14 cent stamps each style of
+the first two plates was numbered "1". The plate of 200 impressions was
+arranged in ten horizontal rows of twenty stamps each, thus bringing the
+imprint over stamps 10 and 11 of the top row, and as it was between
+these that the large sheets were severed, the imprint was cut in two in
+the process. All the other values were made up in sheets of 100 only.
+
+For the information of plate number collectors we give a list of such
+numbers as we have been able to ascertain.
+
+  1/2 cent, No.  1 (2 plates).
+   1   "    Nos. 1, 2.
+   2   "    Nos. 1, 2, 3.
+   3   "    Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
+   5   "    No.  1,.
+   6   "    No.  1.
+   8   "    No.  1.
+  10   "    No.  1.
+
+The quantity of each value issued before they were replaced by the
+stamps with numerals is stated to have been as follows:[145]--
+
+  1/2 cent          2,000,000
+   1   "           34,000,000
+   2   "           12,000,000
+   3   "           44,000,000
+   5   "            3,500,000
+   6   "              500,000
+   8   "            1,400,000
+  10   "              500,000
+
+[145] =Metropolitan Philatelist=, X: 117.
+
+A similar variation is found in the dimensions of these stamps to that
+occurring in the 7-1/2 d. and 10d. stamps and the issue of 1868, and has
+caused quite a little comment from those unfamiliar with this
+phenomenon. As much as 1/2 mm. in the vertical measurements can be found
+between many stamps. The cause is of course the uneven shrinking of the
+dampened paper when drying after being printed upon. This was fully
+discussed in an earlier chapter.[146] As the paper in the present
+instance is very similar in quality to that used for printing the
+United States stamps, in which the same peculiarity occurs, we will
+quote Mr. Melville's comment on the subject:[147]--
+
+    As we have said, the paper is impressed when damp.... This
+    wetting-down business has another effect which has always puzzled
+    philatelists. The wet paper is taken into a hot room to dry, and in
+    drying it contracts. The contraction is not uniform and the
+    philatelist in trying to prove the existence of more than one
+    original die will pin his faith to the idea that if the varieties
+    noticeable were due to contraction of the paper the contraction
+    would be proportionate on all sides of the stamp. This is not the
+    case however.
+
+    Paper, when absorbing moisture, expands more in one direction than
+    the other. The direction of greater expansion is what is technically
+    known as the "cross direction", and is the direction _across_ the
+    flow of pulp in the paper making machine. During the flow of the
+    pulp the bulk of the fibres lie parallel with the movement of the
+    wire gauze, and it is a scientific fact that the diameter of a fibre
+    is increased by absorption of water much more than is the length.
+    The subsequent shrinking on drying also is uneven.
+
+[146] See page 53 =et seq.=
+
+[147] =United States Postage Stamps=, 1894-1910, page 16.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Postmaster General's Report for 1897 says:--
+
+    The contract with the British American Bank Note Company expired on
+    the 22nd April, 1897, and a contract was entered into with the
+    American Bank Note Company for the manufacture and supply of postage
+    stamps &c. An estimate of the probable ordinary requirements for the
+    next fiscal year and the comparison based thereon between the old
+    and the present rates show that, under the new contract, stamp
+    supplies will cost the department, say, $10,000 per annum less than
+    under the old contract, a reduction in outlay of about 20%.
+
+It is also noted that during 1896-7 electric cancelling ("mail marking")
+machines were introduced, six of which were rented and installed in the
+Montreal Post Office and one at Ottawa.
+
+The reduction in the domestic letter rate from 3 cents to 2 cents per
+ounce is forecasted, as well as a proposed reduction from 5 cents to 2
+cents per 1/2 ounce on letters between Great Britain and many of her
+colonial possessions. This will be more thoroughly discussed later.
+
+Concerning the postal changes we have been considering the report
+says:--
+
+    Owing to the change of contract for the manufacture and supply of
+    postage stamps, a new series of stamps became necessary at the
+    beginning of the present fiscal year. New stamps ranging in value
+    from the 1/2 cent to the 10 cent denomination (inclusive) were
+    printed, and the first supplies thereof sent out to postmasters as
+    the corresponding denominations of the old stamps became exhausted.
+    A considerable quantity of the higher values of that series (15
+    cents, 20 cents and 50 cents) remaining over from the late contract,
+    these three stamps continued to be issued, so that the department,
+    previous to the introduction of the same denominations in the new
+    series, might, in accordance with the universal practice, dispose of
+    the old stamps in each case before issuing any of the new. The
+    design of the new stamps is of a uniform character, and consists of
+    an engraved copy (reduced) of an authorized photograph of Her
+    Majesty taken during the Diamond Jubilee year. This, placed within
+    an oval bearing the usual inscriptions, is enclosed in a rectangular
+    frame, a maple leaf on a lined ground occupying each of the
+    triangular spaces between the two frames. To conform to the
+    regulations of the Universal Postal Union, the colour of the new 1
+    cent stamp is green, and that of the 5 cents a deep blue. This
+    necessitated corresponding changes in the colours of the other
+    stamps of the new series; for example, purple, instead of green,
+    being selected for the 2 cent denomination, and orange instead of
+    slate for the 8 cent.
+
+The special delivery system was also introduced, and will be treated of
+later.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+THE "NUMERALS" ISSUE, 1898-1902
+
+
+Hardly had the "maple leaf" issue gotten generally into use before
+complaints began to be heard about the difficulty of distinguishing the
+different values. The _Weekly Philatelic Era_ for June 4, 1898, quotes a
+plaint of this character as follows:--
+
+    The Toronto _World_ says: "We take the liberty of suggesting to the
+    Postmaster-General that we have a large figure indicating the value
+    in cents of the various issues of Canadian stamps. It is hard to
+    make them out at present."
+
+    This is only one of the numerous complaints made daily against our
+    new issue. Some changes ought to be made.
+
+But the _Metropolitan Philatelist_ in its issue for April 2, 1898, had
+already given information of an impending change which in the main
+proved correct. It says:--
+
+    Much dissatisfaction is expressed by the French speaking inhabitants
+    of the rural parts at the lack of figures of value on the stamps,
+    the denomination in all cases being printed in English which they
+    are unable to understand. It has, therefore, been decided to alter
+    the new stamps by removing the maple leaves from the lower corners
+    and inserting large numerals of value in their place. The space
+    occupied by the head will also be somewhat enlarged and the value
+    will be placed on a straight band below.
+
+All of which transpired save the placing of the value on the "straight
+band". In the issue of the _American Journal of Philately_ for June 1,
+1898, a Canadian correspondent reported: "I saw yesterday the proof of
+the new Canadian stamps. The frame is slightly changed and the value in
+figures is at the bottom on each side of the stamp, in place of the
+maple leaves." No date is given, but it was doubtless early in May.
+Finally _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_ reported the actual issue of the 1
+cent and 3 cent stamps, stating that a Montreal correspondent had
+purchased them at the post office on June 21st, which was doubtless
+their approximate date of issue.
+
+No further news of the numeral set is recorded until the issue of the
+_Weekly Philatelic Era_ for September 17th, wherein its Toronto
+correspondent says that "Last week the 2c. purple with numerals in lower
+corners made its debut, a few days later the 1/2c arrived similarly
+altered, followed closely by the 6c." This evidently puts the issue of
+these three values within the first ten days of September. The 8 cent
+was recorded in the same paper for October 15th, so that it must have
+been issued about the first of the month. The 10 cent did not make its
+appearance until November, being noticed under the "Toronto Letter" in
+the _Weekly Philatelic Era_ for November 19th, so that again it was
+doubtless the early part of the month that saw its advent.
+
+For six months nothing further was heard of new "numeral" stamps, when
+finally the 5 cent, which was the one value lacking to complete the set
+in its altered form, made its appearance on July 3, 1899, according to a
+correspondent of _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_.[148]
+
+[148] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XIII: 265.
+
+The new type of stamp, as already stated, was merely an alteration of
+the preceding "maple leaf" design, due to two criticisms--that no
+numerals were shown, making it often difficult without a close look to
+tell the denomination, and bothersome to the large population of French
+origin who did not speak English; and that the portrait was too large
+for its oval frame, giving a somewhat cramped effect. In the new design,
+illustrated as number 40 on Plate II, the first objection was met by
+placing the proper numerals in small squares in the lower corners, which
+necessitated the removal of the maple leaves from the lower spandrels;
+and the second objection was met by enlarging the oval frame containing
+the portrait, thus giving a much better effect. To do this the oval was
+extended to the outside of the stamp, cutting the rectangular border
+lines instead of lying wholly within them, as in the design it
+superseded.
+
+The stamps were of course line engraved on steel and printed in the
+usual sheets of 100, ten rows of ten. The imprint was the same as on the
+last issue, and the plates again began with No. 1 for each denomination.
+As far as we have been able to ascertain, the plate numbers are as
+follows:--
+
+  1/2 cent       No. 1.
+   1   "          "  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
+   2   "          "  1, 2, 3, 4.
+   3   "          "  1, 2, 3, 4.
+   5   "          "  1, 2, 3.
+   6   "          "  1.
+   8   "          "  1.
+  10   "          "  1.
+
+
+
+There were of course many more plates of the 1 cent stamp, at least,
+which remained in use for five years, and probably several more of the
+2, 3, and 10 cent, but there seems to have been very little interest in
+Canada in keeping track of these.
+
+But during the life of this series there were important changes taking
+place which were reflected in the stamp issues, and we must keep track
+of them.
+
+In the first place, the Hon. William Mulock, the Canadian
+Postmaster-General, was a firm believer in and an active agitator for
+Imperial Penny Postage. At the Imperial Conference on Postal Rates in
+London, in July, 1898, the project was carried through, and a rate of
+one penny (2 cents) per half ounce established by certain colonies in
+connection with the Mother Country, to take effect on Christmas Day of
+1898. Concerning this we shall have more to say in the next chapter; but
+meanwhile Canada's domestic rate stood at 3 cents per ounce or fraction,
+in spite of attempts to reduce it, particularly since the United States
+had lowered its internal rate in 1883. The anomaly would be presented
+under such conditions of a letter mailed from one town to another in
+Canada costing three cents, even if weighing a half ounce or less, while
+the same letter could cross to Great Britain and travel to Cape Colony,
+for instance, on payment of but two cents postage.
+
+The agitation and the London conference evidently had their effect, for
+on the 13th June, 1898, a bill[149] in amendment of the Post Office Act
+was assented to in Parliament which substituted 2 cents for 3 cents as
+the domestic postage rate per ounce weight. It also provided that the
+new rate should not take effect until a date to be named by the Governor
+General. After the date for the inauguration of Imperial Penny Postage
+was fixed, the Governor General named New Year's day following as the
+date for the change in Canada's domestic rate. The following notice was
+published in the _Canada Gazette_:[150]--
+
+  Order in Council,
+
+           Post Office Department.
+
+    By Proclamation dated the 29th day of December, 1898, in virtue of
+    the Act further to amend the Post Office Act (61 Victoria, chapter
+    20) and of an Order in Council in accordance therewith, it was
+    declared that the postage rate payable on all letters originating in
+    and transmitted by post for any distance in Canada for delivery in
+    Canada, should be one uniform rate of two cents per ounce weight,
+    from the 1st January, 1899.
+
+[149] 61 Vict. Chap. 20.
+
+[150] =Canada Gazette=, XXXII: 1223.
+
+This of course had the immediate effect of vastly increasing the
+consumption of 2 cent stamps and also of rendering the 3 cent stamps
+practically useless. Another point would be that whereas the Postal
+Union requirements named red as the color for the stamp used for
+domestic postage, and the 3 cent had been in its proper hue, the stamp
+for the new internal rate was printed in purple and would therefore have
+to be changed. This change was not forced, however, the Post Office
+Department as usual preferring to use up the stock on hand of the
+current 2 cent stamp before issuing the new one. It took considerable
+time to do this, so that the 2 cent carmine did not make its appearance
+until the 20th August, according to a correspondent of _Mekeel's Weekly
+Stamp News_.[151] It was of course the same stamp as before but printed
+in the color of the 3 cent value, and we have to record plate numbers 3,
+4, 5, 6 and 7, though there were doubtless many more.
+
+[151] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XIII: 324.
+
+But the 3 cent stamp still remained on hand in large quantities, and in
+order to use them up more quickly and perhaps save confusion between
+them and the new 2 cent stamps, the Post Office Department decided upon
+surcharging the stock on hand down to 2 cents, thus making Canada's
+first offence in this line. The notice concerning this change and some
+others that were decided upon was as follows:--
+
+
+  _Department Circular_.
+                    POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA,
+                                               OTTAWA, 1st July, 1899.
+
+    Owing to the reduction in the Domestic letter rate of postage, the
+    issue of the 3 c. letter-card, the 3c. stamped envelope and the 3
+    cent postage stamp from the Department has ceased. Any unused 3c.
+    letter-cards, 3c. stamped envelopes or 3c. stamps, still extant,
+    will, however, continue available for postage purposes, or may be
+    exchanged at any Post Office, at their full face value, for postage
+    stamps of other denominations.
+
+    The color of the Domestic-rate postage stamp, as prescribed by the
+    Universal Postal Union, is red, and it is intended to discontinue
+    the issue of the ordinary two cents purple colored stamps as soon as
+    the present supply on hand is exhausted. This will be about the 20th
+    July, 1899. Thereafter the Department will issue two cents stamps in
+    red, first, however, surcharging down to two cents the unissued
+    remnant of the three cents stamps in red, now in the possession of
+    the Department, and as soon as the supply of such surcharged
+    _threes_ is exhausted, the issue of two cents stamps in red will
+    begin. The surcharged stamps will be issued to Postmasters as 2c.
+    postage stamps and be recognized as postage stamps of that
+    denomination.
+
+    Postmasters are requested to exchange, as above mentioned, all
+    unused 3c. letter-cards, 3c. stamped envelopes and 3c. stamps which
+    may be offered them to be exchanged for other postage stamps of an
+    equal value.
+
+    Postmasters, who as a result of such exchange, may find the 3c.
+    stamps, etc., unsaleable, are at liberty, in the case of an
+    _Accounting Post Office_, to send them direct to the Department for
+    credit; and in the case of a _Non-Accounting Post Office_, to send
+    them to the City Post Office from which it obtains its supplies,
+    asking in lieu of those returned other stamps to an equal value.
+
+    It is especially requested that, in the case of stamps sent direct
+    to the Department, under this authority, that is to say, _by
+    Accounting Post Offices_,--Postmasters will be so good as to carry
+    out the following instructions:--
+
+    (1) Each transmission should be registered, and accompanied with a
+    brief memorandum, plainly stamped with the date stamp of the Post
+    Office, and indicating the number and value of the 3c. stamps, etc.,
+    claimed to be enclosed. If other stamps are required to replace
+    those returned, a separate requisition therefor (not enclosed in the
+    package) should be sent direct to the Department in the usual way.
+
+    (2) Single stamps, and stamps that are not in complete sheets,
+    should be pasted on alternate pages of separate sheets of paper,
+    with _not more than one hundred stamps on each page_. Any stamps
+    that have stuck together whilst in the possession of the Postmaster,
+    must be taken apart (which can easily be done by immersing them for
+    a few minutes in water) and then pasted on sheets of paper as above
+    directed.
+
+    Postmasters of _Non-Accounting_ Offices are particularly asked to
+    bear in mind that any 3c. letter-cards, 3c. stamped envelopes or 3c.
+    postage stamps which conformably to this instruction, they may
+    receive from the public in exchange for other stamps and find
+    unsaleable, _must be returned, as above directed, to the City Post
+    Offices from which they respectively obtain their supplies_, and not
+    to the Department.
+
+    _As only the unused remnant of 3c. stamps now in the Department will
+    be surcharged_, Postmasters must not send in, with a view to their
+    surcharge, any 3c. stamps in their possession nor accept 3c. stamps
+    from the public for that purpose.
+
+    Postmasters must distinctly understand that the exchange of stamps
+    herein permitted applies _only_ to the 3c. letter-card, the 3c.
+    stamped envelope and 3c postage stamp.
+
+  R. M. COULTER,
+  _Deputy Postmaster General_.
+
+
+
+As a matter of fact the 2 cent purple seems to have lasted about a week
+longer than was anticipated in the above circular, so that the
+surcharged 3 cent stamps were not issued until the 28th July.[152] A
+correspondent of the _Weekly Philatelic Era_, in its issue for 22nd
+July, said: "I learn that the 3c numeral and some 3c with the four maple
+leaves will be surcharged," which proved correct; those first issued on
+the date mentioned above were of the numeral type, while on the 8th
+August[153] the "maple leaf" 3 cent made its appearance with the same
+surcharge.
+
+[152] =Monthly Journal=, X: 35.
+
+[153] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XIII: 308.
+
+Illustrations of the two stamps will be found as numbers 41 and 42 on
+Plate II. It is stated that the surcharge was made up in its peculiar
+form so as to prevent counterfeiting by the use of ordinary type. At any
+rate the graded height of the numeral and letters, giving the concave
+effect to the top of the surcharge, shows it to have been specially
+prepared. There is some variation in the thickness of the surcharge, due
+perhaps to inking and to wearing of the plates. The overprinting was
+done in full sheets of one hundred from a special plate, in black ink,
+and should normally be horizontally across the bottom of the stamps.
+Poor registering of the sheets in printing caused the position to vary
+even up to about the middle of the stamp in some cases, and of course
+there had to be some inverted surcharges in both varieties. The number
+of these has not been published. Illustrations of the inverts will be
+found as numbers 44 and 45 on Plate II.
+
+The quantity of 3 cent stamps surcharged was reported by the Ottawa
+correspondent of the _Weekly Philatelic Era_[154] as "variously stated
+to be 9,000,000 to 11,000,000," while _Stanley Gibbons Monthly Journal_
+is more definite[155] in saying that "there are some 9,000,000 of 3c.
+stamps in stock, of which about 6,000,000 are of the four leaves type,
+and the rest have the numerals in the lower corners." Just where these
+figures were obtained does not appear, but the Postmaster General's
+report for 30th June, 1900, makes the following statement:--"Included in
+the stamp output of the year was $123,600 worth of 3 cent stamps, which
+constituted the unissued remnant of 3 cent stamps in the possession of
+the department; on the occasion of the reduction of the domestic letter
+rate of postage they were surcharged and issued as 2 cent stamps." The
+figures quoted account for only 4,120,000 of the 3 cent stamps, and
+this quantity is confirmed in the Report for 1901, which says:--"In
+1899-1900 3 cent stamps to the number of 4,120,000 were included in the
+output solely with a view to surcharging them down to 2 cents and
+transference to that column." The two varieties, however, are not
+separated in the accounts, but inasmuch as the catalogue prices are now,
+after ten years, at the same figure for each, it is reasonable to
+suppose that one is as common as the other and that therefore they must
+have been issued in approximately equal amounts.
+
+[154] =Weekly Philatelic Era=, XIII: 393.
+
+[155] =Monthly Journal=, X: 35.
+
+Plate numbers for the surcharges seem to be again recorded in only a
+half hearted way. But one reference has been found to those of the
+numeral type, plates 5 and 6[156], and none for the "maple leaf" type.
+
+[156] =Weekly Philatelic Era=, XIII: 400, 403.
+
+The reduction in the domestic rate of postage was also the cause of
+another provisional, but of quite a different character. _Stanley
+Gibbons Monthly Journal_ for January 31, 1899, says:--
+
+    In some offices 1c. and 2c. stamps ran short, and their places were
+    supplied by one-third and two-thirds portions of 3c. stamps divided
+    vertically. In some places, our correspondent says, these divided
+    stamps were employed without further alteration, but in others we
+    regret to hear that they were surcharged with a figure "2", in
+    _purple_, upon the figure "3" of the larger portion, or the word
+    "one" in _green_, upon the smaller part; or, to further complicate
+    matters, when thirds of two adjoining stamps were used for 2c. each
+    part was impressed with a figure "2". Our informant's letter is
+    franked in part by 2/3 of a 3c. stamp surcharged "2" so we fear that
+    this horrible tale is founded on fact.
+
+In the _Journal_ for March 31, 1899, is further light:--
+
+    The surcharged fractions appear to have been used only at the office
+    at Port Hood, N. S., where the Postmaster apparently did not
+    consider it safe to use divided stamps without some distinguishing
+    mark. We have seen other copies since, and find that a figure "1"
+    was struck upon the smaller portion; not the word "one" as
+    previously stated.
+
+Again in the _Journal_ for April 29, 1899, we find:--
+
+    In reference to the cut and surcharged 3c. stamps, a correspondent
+    sends us the following extract from a letter from the postmaster of
+    Port Hood:--
+
+    "When the change in Canadian postage was made--of which we got
+    notice by wire--I had only very few two cent stamps in stock, so
+    that before I got my supply from Ottawa I ran completely out of
+    them, and, to keep my account straight, I was compelled to cut
+    threes. This was for one day only, and not over 300 stamps were cut.
+    I would say about 200 '2' and 100 '1' were used. Those stamps I put
+    on letters for delivery within the county as much as possible. About
+    100 '2' and probably nearly as many '1' were marked with the figures
+    3 and 1 as you describe, and were placed on letters for delivery in
+    towns throughout the Dominion. Those were the only provisional
+    stamps used by this office."
+
+Mr. Horsley reports having a copy on the original cover with the
+postmark of Port Hood dated 5 January, 1899, which is doubtless the "one
+day" that they were employed.
+
+A Canada correspondent, writing in _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_[157]
+concerning these "splits", says that "the Dominion Government has
+announced that they were not authorized and letters having them on for
+postage should have been charged double rate when delivered." They may
+be interesting as curiosities, but they are assuredly not worthy of any
+great attention from collectors. Illustrations of the "2" cent and a
+pair of the "1" cent will be found as Nos. 37 and 39 respectively on
+Plate II.
+
+[157] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XIII: 187.
+
+Nothing further in the line of novelties is to be reported until the
+29th December, 1900, when a new 20 cent stamp suddenly made its
+appearance as a companion in design to the rest of the "numeral" series.
+The large 20 cent stamp of 1893 had finally been exhausted, and the new
+comer in its neat olive green was a welcome addition to the current set.
+It of course conformed to the others in engraving, sheet arrangement,
+etc., and had the plate number 1. An examination of the stamp accounts
+during its term of life make it appear probable that approximately
+500,000 were issued.
+
+Finally the long heralded 7 cent stamp, which was supposed to take the
+place of the 8 cent stamp after the reduction of domestic postage, made
+its appearance nearly four years late! It was announced in a despatch to
+the _Toronto Mail and Empire_ as follows:--
+
+    Ottawa, Dec. 18th, [1902].--The Post Office Department announces
+    that on the 24th instant it will be in a position to supply a
+    seven-cent postage stamp to accounting post offices throughout
+    Canada. This stamp, which is of a yellow color, will be especially
+    convenient for postage and registration fee on single rate letters,
+    while it may also be used for other postage purposes to the extent
+    of its face value. Non-accounting offices can obtain their supply
+    through the city post offices. This new stamp will bear the Queen's
+    head, the department not having yet decided on the design for the
+    King's head issue.
+
+
+
+The Postmaster General's Report for 1903, however, gives the issue of 7
+cent stamps as occurring on the 23rd December, 1902. The stamp, as was
+the case with the 20 cent, conformed in all respects to the others of
+the numeral issue, but was printed in a hideous shade of olive yellow.
+There was but one plate number, No. 1. It seems probable that about one
+million copies constituted its total issue.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The above completes the issues of the numeral type stamps with the
+Queen's head. Glancing over the Reports of the Postmaster General, as
+usual, for the period during which they were in issue, we find the
+following items of interest.
+
+In the Report for 30th June, 1899, the introduction of "Domestic Penny
+Postage" is thus recorded:--
+
+    On the 1st January, 1899, the letter rate within Canada was reduced
+    from 3 to 2 cents per ounce. This change has been accompanied by
+    such a marked and continuous increase in the number of domestic
+    letters being transmitted through the mails, as to warrant the
+    conclusion that the loss of revenue consequent on such reduction
+    will soon be overcome.
+
+    As a result of the reduction in the Domestic Letter rate of postage,
+    the issue of the 3c. letter card, 3c. stamped envelope and 3c.
+    postage stamp has been discontinued, unused quantities of these,
+    however, continuing available for postage purposes or exchangeable
+    at any post office for their equivalent in postage stamps of other
+    denominations.
+
+On the 1st January, 1899, also, the provisions of the Act which
+reimposed postage payment on newspapers and periodicals went into
+effect. This was _An Act further to amend the Post Office Act_ (assented
+to 13th June, 1898)[158] which we have already quoted as being the Act
+authorizing the reduction in the domestic postage rate to 2 cents per
+ounce. The third section of this Act repealed section 26 of the _Post
+Office Act_ and substituted the following therefor:--
+
+    =26.= On and after the first day of January, one thousand eight
+    hundred and ninety-nine, newspapers and periodicals, printed and
+    published in Canada, mailed by the publisher in the post office at
+    the place where they are published and addressed to regular
+    subscribers or newsdealers in Canada, resident elsewhere than in
+    the place of publication, shall be transmitted by mail to their
+    respective addresses as follows:--
+
+    If they are required to be transmitted by mail a distance within
+    twenty miles from the place of publication or within a circular area
+    of a diameter not exceeding forty miles, and if their publication is
+    of no greater frequency than once a week, they shall be so
+    transmitted free of postage within one or other of such areas to be
+    selected by the publisher in accordance with regulations in that
+    behalf to be established by the Postmaster General; if they are
+    required to be transmitted a greater distance, or if their
+    publication is of greater frequency than once a week, then in either
+    of such cases postage thereon shall be paid on and after the said
+    first day of January, and until and inclusive of the thirtieth day
+    of June next following, at the rate of one-quarter of one cent, and
+    thereafter at the rate of one-half of one cent, for each pound
+    weight or any fraction of a pound weight, which shall be prepaid by
+    postage stamps or otherwise, as the Postmaster General from time to
+    time directs; provided  that--
+
+        (_a_) such newspaper or periodical is known and recognized as a
+        newspaper or periodical in the generally received sense of the
+        word, and consists wholly or in great part of political or other
+        news or of articles relative thereto or to other current topics,
+        and is published regularly at intervals of not more than one
+        month;
+
+        (_b_) the full title, place and date of publication, and the
+        distinguishing number of the issue are printed at the top of the
+        first page, and every subsequent page, and also on any paper,
+        print, lithograph or engraving purporting to be a supplement to
+        it and sent with it;
+
+        (_c_) it is addressed to a _bonâ fide_ subscriber, or to a known
+        news-dealer in Canada; and--
+
+        (_d_) it is delivered into the post office under such
+        regulations as the Postmaster General, from time to time, makes
+        for that purpose.
+
+    2. For the purpose of determining the weights of such newspapers or
+    periodicals, each newspaper or periodical transmitted separately
+    through the mails shall be held to weight not less than one-half of
+    one ounce.
+
+    3. [_The Postmaster General to decide whether any publication comes
+    under this section, and whether the requirements have been complied
+    with in any case._]
+
+    4. [_Books for the blind transmitted free of Canadian postage._]
+
+[158] 61 Vict. Chap. 20.
+
+One other item, not strictly philatelic perhaps, but interesting to
+record here, is the announcement of the issue of postal notes, the
+system having been inaugurated throughout Canada on the 4th August,
+1898. It was intended mainly to obviate the need of remitting small
+sums by mail in postage stamps, with the consequent difficulty to the
+recipient of disposing of any quantity. The notes were for certain fixed
+values, odd amounts between values being made up by affixing postage
+stamps.
+
+Their denominations and dates of issue are recorded as follows:--
+
+   4th August        issued notes of 25, 50 and 70 cents.
+  23rd    "            "      "   "  $1, $2.50 and $5.
+  21st October         "      "   "  40 cents, $1.50 and $2.
+  25th November        "      "   "  20, 30, 60 and 80 cents.
+  23rd January, 1899   "      "   "  90 cents, $3. and $4.
+
+In the Report for 1900 we find mention of the issue of stamp books.
+
+    In the month of June, 1900, the department commenced the issue to
+    Postmasters, of a small book of 2 cent postage stamps, containing 12
+    stamps, disposed on two sheets of 6 stamps each, and interleaved
+    with wax paper to prevent adhesion of the sheets. The size of the
+    book is such as to make it convenient to be carried in the pocket or
+    pocket-book. Printed on the cover is postal information calculated
+    to be of interest to the public. The price at which the book is
+    issued is 25 cents, one cent over the face value of the stamps being
+    charged to cover the cost of binding, etc.
+
+The stamp accounts give the date of issue of the stamp books as 11th
+June, 1900. That they have proved popular is evidenced by the increase
+in the number issued to postmasters from some 320,000 in 1901 to about
+1,400,000 in 1910.
+
+The books are about two by three inches in size, with stiff cardboard
+covers which are bound together by red cloth. The coat-of-arms of Canada
+with the words CANADA POSTAGE beneath are engraved in red on the front
+cover, while inside are four pages of postal information and the two
+sheets of six stamps each--three horizontal pairs--backed by leaves of
+paraffined tissue paper.
+
+Notice is also given of the discontinuance of two denominations of
+postage stamps, the old 15 cent of 1868 passing quietly away at the age
+of 31 years, 1 month and 1 day--or on the 2nd November, 1899, to be
+exact. The 6 cent stamp, for which there was but little call since the
+reduction of the letter postage to 2 cents, was discontinued on the 10th
+February, 1900.
+
+From the Report of 1901 we learn that the last issue of the $1 Jubilee
+stamps took place on 27th June 1900, but nothing is said of dates for
+the cents values, all of which appear for the last time in the "issued
+to postmasters" column in amounts of 700 or 800, and even 2000 in the
+case of the 1/2 cent.
+
+The Report of 1902 notes the last issue of the 3 cent stamp in March,
+1901, and of the 8 cent stamp, which had been of but little use since
+the reduction of postage, on the 16th December, 1901.
+
+The Report of 1903 announces the issue of the new King Edward stamps,
+and of the prepayment of printed matter in cash, instead of by stamps,
+under the "permit" system. Both of these subjects will be considered in
+their proper chapters.
+
+Though the Report for 1904 takes us into the period of the King Edward
+stamps, yet we find it noted therein that the last issue of 6 cent and 8
+cent stamps (Queen's head) took place on the 4th September, 1902. Both
+these values had already been disposed of apparently, but it seems that
+100,000 of the 6 cent and 125,000 of the 8 cent were "received from
+manufacturers" and "issued to postmasters", according to the stamp
+accounts of 1902-3, and rumor has it that some large concern ordered
+them for the mailing of catalogues. The date, 4th September, was
+probably that of delivery to the purchasers.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+THE "CHRISTMAS" STAMP OF 1898
+
+
+Ocean Penny Postage, which became the dream of Postal Reformers almost
+from the date of the adoption of the plan of Rowland Hill, is at length
+within measurable distance of becoming an accomplished fact. It is
+true that it is not yet to be the Universal Penny Postage, or
+even the Imperial Penny Postage so perseveringly advocated by Mr.
+Henniker-Heaton; but these will come in time, and an immense step in the
+desired direction has been taken by the adoption of the partial scheme,
+which is to come into force within a few months." So wrote Major Evans
+in July, 1898,[159] upon the conclusion of the Imperial Conference on
+Postal Rates which took place in London during that month.
+
+[159] =Monthly Journal, IX=: 1.
+
+Many of our readers may have seen the illustrated envelopes, in various
+designs, which were issued some fifty or sixty years ago in advocacy of
+an "Ocean Penny Postage." Great Britain, having committed herself to
+domestic penny postage in 1840, after the herculean labors of Sir
+Rowland Hill in that behalf, seems to have been looked to by succeeding
+postal reformers to furnish over-sea transportation along the same
+lines. Chief among these advocates was Elihu Burritt, the "learned
+blacksmith" of New Britain, Conn., who not only published documents on
+the subject but went to England and delivered addresses in support of
+the idea. Major Evans says:[160]--"What appears to have been the first
+pamphlet on 'Ocean Penny Postage', issued by Elihu Burritt, was probably
+published quite at the end of 1848, or early in 1849. It contains a poem
+dated Christmas, 1848, which may give us approximately the date of
+publication." This proves extremely interesting, inasmuch as Imperial
+Penny Postage was put into effect on Christmas, 1898, just a half
+century later to a day.
+
+[160] =Stamp Lover, I=: 263.
+
+But Burritt's proposal was not that which was accomplished so long
+afterward. In his own words:[161]--
+
+    By the term "_Ocean Penny Postage_" we mean simply this:--That the
+    single service of transporting a letter, weighing under
+    half-an-ounce, from any port of the United Kingdom to any port
+    beyond the sea, at which the British mail-packets may touch, shall
+    be performed by the British Government for _one penny_; or one penny
+    for its mere conveyance from Folkestone to Boulogne, Liverpool to
+    Boston, &c., and _vice versa_. Thus the entire charge upon a letter
+    transmitted from any town in the United Kingdom to any port beyond
+    the sea, would be two pence;--one penny for the inland rate, and the
+    other for the ocean rate.
+
+[161] =A Penny All the Way=, Melville, p. 23.
+
+Of course this does not reckon in what might be added for an inland rate
+at the "port beyond the sea", but the main point was the transportation
+on the ocean part of the journey at a uniform rate of one penny.
+
+This was practically accomplished--and even bettered--by the
+establishment of the Universal Postal Union in 1875; for where Burritt
+wrote:[162]--"It would meet the terms of our proposition if every letter
+under half an ounce, from any town in Great Britain to any town in the
+Colonies, should pay _three pence_; one penny for the home inland rate,
+another penny for the ocean, and the third for the colonial inland rate,
+and _vice versa_" the Postal Union fixed a charge of but twopence
+halfpenny as the standard rate between _all_ countries that subscribed
+to its provisions.
+
+[162] =ibid.=, page 22.
+
+To quote further:[163]--
+
+    The later discussion in England on the extension of Penny Postage
+    across the seas has alternated between the proposals for Universal
+    Penny Postage and Imperial Penny Postage. Mr. Henry Fawcett, who was
+    Postmaster-General in 1880, was keenly interested in endeavouring to
+    get the Colonies to accept a lower postal rate to and from the
+    Mother Country, but the Colonies were afraid to lower their
+    rates.... Mr. Henniker-Heaton brought up the subject in the House of
+    Commons in 1885 by moving for the opening of negotiations with other
+    Governments, with a view to establishing Universal Penny Postage....
+    In 1890 the Jubilee of the introduction of Uniform Penny Postage was
+    celebrated in London and throughout the United Kingdom, and public
+    interest in postal matters received a new stimulus.... The long
+    sustained agitation for Imperial Penny Postage was at last brought
+    to a definite issue at the Imperial Conference on Postal Rates in
+    1898. The London _Standard_ of 13th July, 1898, stated:--
+
+    "We are authorized by the Postmaster-General to state that, as the
+    result of the Imperial Conference on Postal Rates, it has been
+    agreed, on the proposal of the Representative of the Dominion of
+    Canada, that letter postage of one penny per half-ounce should be
+    established between the United Kingdom, Canada, Newfoundland, the
+    Cape Colony, Natal, and such of the Crown Colonies as may, after
+    communication with, and approval of, Her Majesty's Government, be
+    willing to adopt it. The date on which the reduction will come into
+    effect will be announced later on. The question of a uniform reduced
+    rate for the whole Empire was carefully considered; but it was not
+    found possible to fix upon a rate acceptable to all the Governments
+    concerned. A resolution was therefore adopted, leaving it to those
+    parts of the Empire which were prepared for penny postage to make
+    the necessary arrangements among themselves".
+
+    The Postmaster-General who had the distinction of issuing this
+    important communication was the Duke of Norfolk, and the
+    representative of Canada was the Hon. (now Sir) William Mulock, LL.
+    D., Q. C., Postmaster-General of Canada, who gave the chief credit
+    for the reform to the British Empire League.
+
+[163] =ibid.=, page 36.
+
+Nevertheless, Mr. Mulock had been interested not only in the scheme of
+Imperial Penny Postage but also in endeavoring to obtain a reduction of
+the Canadian domestic postage to the penny (2 cents) basis. The inland
+letter rate, it may be remembered, was made 3 cents per half ounce
+throughout the new Dominion on the 1st April, 1868. Not until the 2nd
+May, 1889, did legislative enactment raise the limit of weight to one
+ounce. Meanwhile the United States, on the 1st October, 1883, had
+lowered its inland rate, which also applied to letters for Canada, to 2
+cents per ounce. Agitation for the same reduction had naturally taken
+place in Canada, but instead of this it was proposed late in 1897[164]
+to reduce the Postal Union rate of 5 cents per half ounce to the
+domestic rate of 3 cents per ounce on letters to Great Britain and the
+Colonies. An Order in Council was actually passed announcing a rate of 3
+cents per half ounce to any place in the British Empire, to take effect
+on 1st January, 1898, but the Imperial authorities objected to it as
+exceeding Canada's powers as a member of the Postal Union, and it was
+necessarily abandoned.
+
+[164] =Weekly Philatelic Era=, XII: 129.
+
+Finally legislative enactment was passed on the 13th June, 1898, making
+the long desired reduction in the domestic rate to 2 cents, but not to
+come into operation until the date named by the Governor-General[165].
+Within a month, as we have already detailed, the Imperial Conference in
+London decided on a penny (2 cent) rate for the British Empire and in
+November it was decided to put this in operation on Christmas day of
+1898. Thus the anomaly was created of a 2 cent rate from Canada to
+England or Africa, but a 3 cent rate from one town to another in Canada.
+This was remedied a week later, as we have seen, by the proclamation
+putting the domestic 2 cent rate into force from 1st January, 1899.
+
+[165] See page 169.
+
+As a leader in the final adoption of Imperial Penny Postage, Canada
+could look with pride upon its accomplishment and may be pardoned for
+its mild celebration of the event in the guise of a _single_
+commemorative stamp. It was unnecessary, of course, and no other Colony
+attempted it, but Mr. Mulock recognized the opportunity and rose to the
+occasion. The following clipping from the _Ottawa Evening Journal_[166]
+gives some interesting details:--
+
+    The new Imperial Penny Postage Stamp, to be used between Great
+    Britain and a number of her colonies after Christmas Day next, has
+    been designed by the Postmaster-General and is ready to be issued.
+    It is not to be a special issue, but will take its place among the
+    regular issues. When Mr. Mulock was in Britain he was surprised to
+    notice that the great mass of the people did not appreciate the
+    value of the greatness of the British possessions abroad. This was
+    especially true of Canada. The idea therefore suggested itself to
+    him, when he was considering a new stamp, to prepare something that
+    would show the dimensions of Great Britain compared with all other
+    countries. Mr. Mulock asked for some designs from a few artists when
+    he came back to Canada, but they did not meet with his views, and he
+    roughly sketched out something himself and passed it over to an
+    artist to have it touched up.
+
+    The feature of the new stamp is a neatly executed map in miniature
+    of the world, showing the British possessions as compared with all
+    other countries. The empire is distinguished from the possessions of
+    the other powers by being in red. Surmounting this map is a
+    representation of the crown, underneath which is a bunch of oak and
+    maple leaves, symbolizing the unity of the Mother Country and
+    Canada. At the upper edge of the stamp are the words "Canada
+    Postage" in a neat letter. Underneath the map is placed "Xmas,
+    1898", so that the date of the inauguration of Imperial Penny
+    Postage shall be a matter of record. On the lower corners are the
+    figures "2", indicating the denomination of the stamp, and at the
+    lower edge is this suggestive passage taken from the works of one
+    of our patriotic poets: "We hold a vaster empire than has been". Mr.
+    Mulock will be able to claim the credit of giving the public the
+    cheapest map of the world ever issued. The size of the stamp is
+    about the same as the Jubilee issue.
+
+[166] =Monthly Journal, IX=: 87.
+
+A reproduction of this _multum in parvo_ composition is shown as No. 38
+on Plate II.
+
+This remarkable stamp caused no end of criticism, at home and abroad,
+not only because of its novel and startling design, but also because of
+the bombastic legend which appeared upon it. The following clipping from
+the _Chicago Tribune_[167] explains the origin of the motto:--
+
+    The motto chosen by Mr. Mulock, "We hold a vaster empire than has
+    been," is from the jubilee ode of Sir Lewis Morris, entitled a "Song
+    of Empire", with the date, June 20, 1897, as a subtitle, indicating
+    its tone and purpose. An excerpt from the last stanza, from which
+    the motto was taken, is as follows:
+
+      "We love not war, but only peace,
+      Yet never shall our England's power decrease!
+      Whoever guides our helm of state,
+      Let all men know it, England shall be great!
+      We hold a vaster empire than has been!
+      Nigh half the race of man is subject to our Queen!
+      Nigh half the wide, wide earth is ours in fee!
+      And where her rule comes all are free.
+      And therefore 'tis, O Queen, that we,
+      Knit fast in bonds of temperate liberty,
+      Rejoice to-day, and make our solemn jubilee!"
+
+[167] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XIII: 76.
+
+In consequence of the peculiar legend, the stamp has been dubbed, not
+ineptly, the "has been" stamp.
+
+We learn from a despatch to the _Toronto Telegram_ that the printing of
+the stamp began on the 1st December:--
+
+    Ottawa, Dec. 2, 1898.--(Special)--The Governor-General and Hon.
+    William Mulock, Postmaster-General, presided yesterday at the
+    printing of the first copies of the new imperial penny postage
+    stamp. The design is Mr. Mulock's own[168].
+
+[168] =Ibid.=, XII: 206.
+
+It was thus brought into the world under distinguished patronage--that
+of its official father and god-father, so to speak. Its baptism came on
+the 7th December, rather earlier than expected, but explained by the
+following newspaper clipping[169]:
+
+    Ottawa, Ont., Dec. 5--It having been stated in some newspapers that
+    the new two-cent Imperial stamp would not become available until
+    Christmas day, inquiry made at the Post Office Department today to
+    ascertain the truth of this statement elicits the fact that,
+    although it was the original intention of the department that the
+    new stamp should not come into use until the 25th inst., the demand
+    from the public for it has become so pressing that the department
+    has decided to issue it at once, and permit its immediate use to the
+    extent of its face value for all postage purposes. In other words,
+    as soon as it reaches the public it may, if preferred by the
+    purchaser, be used instead of the ordinary two-cent stamp. The
+    two-cent inter-Imperial rate does not, of course, come into effect
+    until Christmas Day.
+
+[169] =Ibid.=, XII. 213.
+
+In the _Weekly Philatelic Era_, the Canadian correspondent discourses
+upon its advent as follows, under date of 7th December[170]:--
+
+    The new Imperial stamps referred to in past numbers of the _Era_
+    were issued this morning, and although the new Imperial rate does
+    not come into effect until Xmas-day, and they bear that inscription,
+    they are receivable for ordinary postage now.
+
+    The general design has already been described, but it may be well to
+    say that the stamps are printed in three colours. The frame is in
+    black with white letters, the seas are in a pale blue, or rather a
+    lavender, and the British possessions are in a bright red. The map
+    of the world is on Mercator's projection, which magnifies high
+    latitudes; consequently the Dominion of Canada, which occupies the
+    middle of the upper part of the stamp, looks bigger than all the
+    other British possessions put together. The border of the stamp is
+    of cable pattern and measures 32 mm. in width by 22-1/2 in height.
+    The stamp is printed on medium, machine-wove, white paper, similar
+    to that used for the Jubilee and subsequent Canadian issues, and is
+    perforated 12.
+
+[170] =Weekly Philatelic Era=, XIII: 105.
+
+The above quotation settles the fact that the first color in which the
+"seas" were printed was lavender. There has been some discussion on this
+point. Again, a correspondent of the _Weekly Philatelic Era_ wrote under
+date of "Dec. 20th" that "A government official of Canada states that
+the 2c Imperial postage stamp is to be changed in color from a lavender
+to a blue. One of your contemporaries states that the color is to be
+green[171]." Under date of "Ottawa, Dec. 29," another correspondent of
+the same paper writes[172]:--"The first issue of these geographical
+stamps, on the 7th instant, had the sea coloured a light lavender. About
+the 20th, I cannot fix the exact day, a second supply had the sea
+coloured a light blue, as nearly as I can judge Prussian blue. And now I
+am told the third lot are to have the seas much darker in colour, but
+that is only a rumour." A clipping from the _Winnipeg Free Press_,
+however, states that "the second shipment, which arrived on Dec. 13th,
+were of an entirely different print, although the fact passed unnoticed
+for some days. The sea on these stamps--and on all the thousands
+received since--is printed in pale green!" The first shipment is noted
+as "lavender or pale blue" as usual. Evidently the change in color took
+place within the first week or ten days after printing began. A dark
+shade of green is apparently as common as the pale green, and a
+cancelled copy dated January 13, 1899, is noted in _Ewen's Weekly Stamp
+News_. Doubtless it was issued much earlier. The lavender shade seems to
+have been reverted to in the later issues of the stamp, for it is noted
+in chronicles as having been received from Canada in February and March,
+1899, and the stamp was considered obsolete in April. We venture to
+think, however, that it was not a reversion to lavender in the printing
+of the stamp, but rather the remainder of the first printings--for it is
+well known that when bundles of stamp sheets are placed in stock some of
+the first packages received may remain at the bottom of the pile for
+years, while the later ones, placed on top, are used to fill orders.
+
+[171] =ibid.=, XIII: 121.
+
+[172] =ibid.=, XIII: 129.
+
+The stamps were printed in the usual sheet arrangement of 100, ten rows
+of ten. The black portion was from line engraved plates, but the red and
+lavender (or green) portions were doubtless printed on the sheets by
+lithography previous to the impression of the main design of the stamp
+in black. There are four marginal imprints reading AMERICAN BANK NOTE
+CO. OTTAWA in Roman capitals 1/2 mm. high, the inscription being about
+29 mm. long, (see illustration number 113 on Plate X). They are placed
+above the third and eighth stamps of the top row and beneath the
+corresponding stamps of the bottom row. A plate number, in hair line
+figures about 4 mm. high, is placed over the division between the fifth
+and sixth stamps of the top row, and higher up than the imprints. Plates
+1, 2, 3 and 5 are known, but we have been unable to find plate 4
+recorded, though it would be presumed to exist. All four known plates
+come with the lavender sea, and probably all four were used with the
+light green and dark green seas, although we have only been able to find
+record of plate 1 with the former and plate 2 with the latter.[173]
+
+[173] =Ewen's Weekly Stamp News=, II: 122.
+
+Mr. Ewen, in his exhaustive article on these stamps,[174] notes an
+apparent retouching of one of the plates. He says:--"Readers will have
+noted that the stamps are each surrounded by what appears to be a rope.
+On the sheet of plate 3 before us, the outer edge of this rope on the
+stamps at the end of each row (right hand side of each sheet) has worn
+away and has been replaced by a straight line engraved on the plate,
+except on stamp No. 80, which still shows the very defective nature of
+the rope." Much space is also given to a description of minor varieties
+in the red portions of the stamp--omission of islands, extra islands,
+peninsulas instead of islands, etc., etc. The chief variety, however,
+occurs in the two dots representing two islands in mid-Pacific: in the
+normal stamps these two lie one above and one below the "equator", if
+properly placed; in the variety, which is the sixth stamp in the fifth
+row (No. 46 in the sheet) both islands lie horizontally just below the
+equator.
+
+[174] =Ewen's Weekly Stamp News=, II: 122.
+
+A further variety is the stamp in imperforate condition, of which we are
+able to illustrate a block of four from the Worthington collection as
+number 113 on Plate X. This occurs with the bluish, the pale green and
+the deep green oceans.
+
+It would be interesting to know the number of stamps printed in each of
+the distinct shades, but we do not know even the total issue of the map
+stamps. The only reference is in the _London Philatelist_,[175] where it
+is remarked that "we understand [it] has been issued to the number of
+sixteen millions." They were not separated in the stamp accounts, but
+were reckoned in with the ordinary 2 cent stamps, and the above figure
+may very likely be the correct one as the number must have been large.
+We find from a newspaper clipping that the cost of manufacture of these
+stamps was 45 cents per thousand.[176]
+
+[175] =London Philatelist=, VIII: 79.
+
+[176] =Post Office=, IX: 37.
+
+In closing this account of the Christmas stamp it may be interesting to
+record the story of the first letter sent from Canada at the new rate
+and bearing the commemorative stamp in prepayment. It is taken from a
+Toronto newspaper.
+
+    Penny ocean postage came into force at midnight on Saturday. The
+    first letter to be posted was one by Mr. J. Ross Robertson, written
+    to Mr. Edward Letchworth, the Grand Secretary, at Freemason's Hall,
+    Great Queen-street, London.... The letter was received at the
+    General Post-Office, Adelaide-street, Toronto, at one second past 12
+    o'clock on the morning of Sunday, Dec. 25th, by Mr. John Carruthers,
+    the Assistant Postmaster, who certified to the posting with his
+    signature on the envelope. At five seconds past 12 it was handed to
+    Mr. H. S. Allen, chief of the night staff, who, at twelve seconds
+    past the hour, dropped it into one of the electric stamping
+    machines, and at fifteen seconds past midnight it came out in due
+    and proper form, bearing the Toronto postmark of Dec. 25, and the
+    new two-cent stamp in the right-hand corner, duly cancelled, so that
+    it was all ready for the London mail bag, waiting for it and
+    succeeding letters going by the next British mail.
+
+    On the envelope was the name of the sender in the upper left-hand
+    corner and the following endorsation in the lower left-hand corner.
+
+    "This is to certify that this letter was mailed at the Toronto
+    Post-Office at one-quarter of a minute past 12 o'clock on the
+    morning of Dec. 25, 1898, and is the first letter to be posted and
+    cancelled at the Toronto postoffice, bearing the new imperial penny
+    postage stamp, addressed to Great Britain, (signed) John Carruthers,
+    assistant postmaster."
+
+    And under this:
+
+    "Received at Freemason's Hall, London, Eng., at ... o'clock, ... day
+    of January, 1899.
+
+  ...
+  "Grand Secretary."
+
+
+This is probably the first time in philatelic history that race-track
+timing has been employed on the passage of mail matter through the
+post!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+THE "KING'S HEAD" ISSUE OF 1903-1908
+
+
+The death of the beloved Queen Victoria on January 22, 1901, portended
+momentous changes in the multitude of stamps bearing her effigy
+throughout the Empire. Canada of course was expected to make the proper
+substitution of the portrait of the new ruler, King Edward the Seventh,
+but as time went on seemed in no hurry to do so. In fact it was nearly
+two years and a half after the Queen's death before the King Edward
+stamps appeared, and in the meantime but little could be learned
+concerning Canada's intentions in the matter.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+About the first of January, 1903, it was reported in the newspapers that
+Postmaster-General Mulock had announced "that designs had been
+submitted, and it has been decided to select one bearing an excellent
+likeness of His Majesty." In its issue for 18th April, 1903, the
+_Metropolitan Philatelist_ again gave advance information concerning
+Canadian stamp matters in the following detailed account:--
+
+    The King's head series of Canadian stamps will probably shortly make
+    its appearance. The die has been received by the Post Office
+    Department and approved of. The stamp will be very similar to the
+    present stamp except that the maple leaf in each of the upper
+    corners will be replaced by a crown. The figures of value will
+    appear in the lower corner as at present and the value will be
+    spelled out as at present in the oval frame which surrounds the
+    portrait. This frame will be as in the present stamp. The portrait
+    of the King shows him three-quarters to the right--head and
+    shoulders, as the Queen is in the present stamp, but there is no
+    crown on his head. The portrait is an exceptionally nice one and it
+    is understood that Royalty has had something to do with its
+    selection. The die was made in England, although the American Bank
+    Note Co. are contractors for the government work.
+
+The details given proved correct. The official announcement of the
+forthcoming issue was given in a circular to postmasters dated 10th June
+and signed by the Deputy Postmaster-General:[177]--
+
+    Postmasters are hereby informed that a new issue of postage stamps,
+    bearing the portrait of His Majesty King Edward VII., and comprising
+    five denominations (1c., 2c., 5c., 7c., and 10c.), is about to be
+    supplied to Postmasters for sale in the usual way, but none of these
+    stamps are to be sold until the first of July, 1903.
+
+    The colours of the forthcoming series will be the same respectively,
+    as those now used for the denominations specified, except that the
+    shade of the 7c. will be slightly deeper.
+
+    Postmasters will please bear in mind that, notwithstanding the new
+    issue, they are not to return to the Department any of the old
+    stamps on hand, but will sell them in the ordinary way. At first,
+    the public may prefer getting new stamps, and if so, there is no
+    objection to this wish being acceded to, but it is also desirable to
+    work off in due course all remnants of old stamps.
+
+    A change in the design of the stamp of the present series of
+    post-cards, post-bands and stamped envelopes, to correspond with
+    that above referred to, will be made as soon as the present stock of
+    these items shall have been exhausted.
+
+[177] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XVII: 254.
+
+The new stamps were accordingly issued on "Dominion Day" (July 1st) of
+1903. Their actual appearance brought forth the following interesting
+account of their preparation in the _London Philatelist_:[178]--
+
+    Although for a long time past we have been aware of the
+    circumstances attending the preparation of the new postage stamps
+    for Canada, and in a position to illustrate the approved design, we
+    have refrained from publishing the facts in compliance with the
+    desire of the authorities that no details should be made public
+    until the stamps had been completed and were ready to be put into
+    circulation.
+
+    We believe that the delay which has taken place in bringing out the
+    new issue has been due to questions arising out of the existing
+    contract under which the postage stamps of the Dominion are
+    produced, and that even after the approval of the design and the
+    receipt of the die some difficulties were experienced in connection
+    with the preparation of the plates by the contractors.
+
+    These have happily been surmounted, and now that the issue is an
+    accomplished fact it is with much gratification that we illustrate
+    the design of the new stamp, our illustration, prepared some time
+    back, being taken from a proof from the steel die engraved by
+    Messrs. Perkins, Bacon and Co., of London, and used in the
+    manufacture of the plates of the several values issued by the
+    Canadian postal authorities on the 1st. instant. By comparing our
+    illustration with the stamp as issued it will be seen that the
+    contractors or the postal authorities have made some alterations in
+    the design, which, in our judgement, are by no means improvements.
+    The leaves in the lower corners have been redrawn on a smaller
+    scale, and hardly impinge upon the frame; their drawing is vastly
+    inferior, and the graceful effect of the broken circle is lost. The
+    numerals of value are in colour on a white ground, reversing the
+    original design, the labels being larger and the figures taller and
+    thinner; this also detracting materially from the charming
+    homogeneity of the stamp as first proposed. The greatest alteration,
+    and the worst, is the substitution of heavy diagonal lines for
+    horizontal ones in the background. The latter were finely drawn and
+    delicately shaded, leaving the King's Head in clear outline, and
+    _framed_ by the dark oval band containing the inscriptions. The
+    background and frame no longer present this artistic effect, and the
+    whole design materially suffers thereby.
+
+    [Illustration]
+
+    The circumstances connected with the inception of the issue are as
+    gratifying as they are novel, and will be hailed with acclamation by
+    the Philatelists of the British Empire.
+
+    The Postmaster of Canada, Sir William Mulock, being one of the many
+    distinguished visitors to this country during the Coronation
+    festivities, took the opportunity afforded by his visit of
+    approaching the Prince of Wales, and of meeting His Royal Highness's
+    suggestions and advice in the preparation of a new die for the
+    Canadian stamps. The Prince, with his characteristic energy and
+    courtesy, cheerfully undertook the task, and it will be seen from
+    our illustration with absolute and conspicuous success. H. R. H.
+    wisely decided, in the first instance, that it is advisable to have
+    some continuity of design in succeeding issues, and therefore
+    adopted the frame and groundwork of the then current stamps as a
+    basis. In selecting a portrait of His Majesty the Prince decided to
+    rely upon a photograph giving a true likeness of the King as we know
+    him, in lieu of an idealised representation by an artist. The
+    photograph eventually chosen, with the full approval of His Majesty,
+    was one taken shortly before the Coronation.
+
+    The likeness is undoubtedly what is termed a speaking one, and with
+    the addition of the Coronation robes represents as faithful and as
+    pleasing a picture of the King, at the time of his accession to the
+    throne, as it is possible to find. The introduction of the Tudor
+    crowns in the upper angles, which was another of the Prince's
+    innovations, obviates the difficulty that has so often made "the
+    head that wears a crown" lie "uneasy" on a postage stamp. These
+    emblems of sovereignty, taken in conjunction with the Canadian
+    maple leaves in the lower angles, complete a design that for
+    harmony, boldness, and simplicity has assuredly not been excelled by
+    any hitherto issued stamps of the British Empire. It is palpable, on
+    analyzing the stamp, (1) that the attractiveness of the design has
+    in no way been allowed to militate against its utility, for its
+    country of origin and denomination are clearly expressed; (2) that
+    the boldness of the design has not been detracted from (as is so
+    often the case) by superfluous ornamentation, and that the design
+    has been artistically balanced by the introduction of the
+    _right-sized portrait_ and the proper treatment of light and shade.
+
+[178] =London Philatelist=, XII: 162.
+
+We think it will be obvious, on comparing the illustration of the
+original design above with the issued stamps, that the modifications
+introduced into the lower corners by the American Bank Note Co. did not
+improve the appearance of the design. [Illustration No. 43 on Plate II.]
+
+As stated in the Post Office circular, the colors followed those of the
+Queen's head stamps, except that the 7 cent value was given a darker
+shade, more of an olive than before and an improvement on its
+predecessor. The stamps were of course line engraved and printed in the
+usual sheet arrangement of ten rows of ten. The imprint was the same as
+on the Queen's head plates, being placed only over stamps 5 and 6 of the
+top row. The plate numbers began as before at No. 1 for each stamp, and
+up to the present writing, (Dec. 1910) there have been recorded the
+following:--
+
+   1 cent--1-10, 13, 14, 18, 19, 22, 24, 25, 34, 47, 48, 51, 52, 55, 58
+   2 cent--1-30, 35-40, 47, 53-59, 62, 63, 67-74, 78
+   5 cent--1, 2
+   7 cent--1
+  10 cent--1, 2
+
+Over a year elapsed before any additions were made to the above set.
+Finally _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_[179] published in its chronicle the
+following note from a correspondent:--"On Tuesday, 27th September,
+[1904] the last sheets of the 20c numerals were issued to the
+distributing offices, and the first issue of the 20c King's Head was
+made on the same day." The stamp of course corresponds in all
+particulars with the others of the set and continues the fine olive
+green color of its predecessor. But one plate number, 1, has so far
+appeared. The amount delivered by the manufacturers since its appearance
+has averaged about 400,000 per year.
+
+[179] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XVIII: 338.
+
+The remaining value of the regular Canadian series, the 50 cent, because
+of its limited use and the stock of the 1893 issue still on hand, had
+escaped being included in either of the Queen's Head issues. But the old
+stock at last ran out in 1908 and on the 19th November, according to
+_Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_,[180] this value appeared in the King's
+Head type, printed in a rich violet and making a very handsome addition
+to the series. It conforms in all respects to the other values, and
+bears the plate number 1. The supply of the stamp received up to 31st
+March, 1910, was 300,000 copies.
+
+[180] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XXII: 414.
+
+It may have been noticed, however, that no 1/2 cent stamp has appeared
+in the King's head design. Trouble over this value seems to have begun
+to brew with the Jubilee stamps. We have already detailed the story as
+far as that issue is concerned, and also the manner in which the 1/2
+cent "maple leaf" was forced to appear before the authorities reckoned.
+Primarily intended for prepaying the rate on transient newspapers, this
+value was supposed to be employed only in that way, though its use had
+never been so restricted. Its yearly issue to postmasters had gradually
+increased from some 300,000 in 1869 to 900,000 in 1895. In 1898 the
+latter number had doubled, and by 1902 had only fallen to about
+1,200,000. The trouble seemed to be partly due, at least, to the fact
+that stamp collectors were buying them up, and using them largely on
+their letter mail. This came to the attention of the Post Office
+Department, and resulted in the following Department Circular, published
+in the _Montreal Star_ for the 6th December, 1902:[181]--
+
+    The attention of postmasters is drawn to the fact that the postal
+    necessity for the 1/2 cent stamp, as such, is now confined to one
+    purpose--prepayment of newspapers and periodicals posted singly, and
+    weighing not more than one ounce each (see Postal Guide, page xii,
+    section 47). As publications of the kind referred to must, in the
+    nature of things, be few, and as in the case of their being mailed
+    to subscribers by the office of publication, the bulk rate of
+    postage would be far cheaper and more convenient for the publisher,
+    the demand for the 1/2 cent stamp throughout the Dominion must be
+    appreciably diminished as a result of this restriction of its use.
+    While, of course, any number of 1/2 cent stamps on an article of
+    correspondence will be recognized to the full extent of their
+    aggregate face value, it is not the wish of the Department to supply
+    them except for the sole specific purpose above mentioned, and an
+    intimation to that effect should be given by postmasters to patrons
+    of their office who are in the habit of buying 1/2 cent stamps for
+    other postal purposes.
+
+[181] =ibid.=, XVI: 471.
+
+This circular seems to have had the desired effect, at least in good
+measure, for the stamp accounts in the Reports for succeeding years
+showed an average issue to postmasters of approximately 400,000 1/2 cent
+stamps, being a reduction of two-thirds. Finally, on the 19th May, 1909,
+an amendment[182] to the Post Office Act was passed which repealed the
+provision granting the 1/2 cent rate to newspapers and periodicals
+weighing less than one ounce, when posted singly. This placed them in
+the one cent per ounce class and sounded the death knell of the 1/2 cent
+stamp. The stamp accounts in the 1910 Report show 1,700 1/2 cent stamps
+on hand April 1, 1909, and 600,000 more received from the manufacturers.
+These were all issued to postmasters and a foot-note finishes the story:
+"Discontinued June 10, 1909."
+
+[182] 8-9 Edward VII, Chap. 30.
+
+Just why the 1/2 cent stamp never was issued in the King's head type
+cannot be stated. All the other values then in use in Canada had made
+their appearance in this design, the 20 cent and 50 cent even having
+delayed their advent until the stock of previous types had been
+exhausted; but the 1/2 cent Queen's Head with numerals was regularly
+received from the printers and distributed to postmasters down to the
+middle of 1909, six years after the King's Heads first made their
+appearance. With the end of its usefulness at that time, of course,
+disappeared all hope of ever seeing it in the King's Head set.
+
+In the issue for October 10, 1908, _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_
+published the following editorial:--
+
+    We are enabled to report the existence of the two-cent Canada,
+    current issue, imperforate, a reader having-shown us a sheet of one
+    hundred of these varieties bearing the plate number 18. This is a
+    discovery of momentous interest which must attract much attention
+    not alone from specialists but from collectors, as we may say for
+    the sake of distinction, as well. The fact that the pane bears so
+    early a plate number removes it from any inclusion in the theory
+    that the Canadian authorities propose to issue stamps in imperforate
+    sheets in the manner that has been employed by the United States.
+    Without doubt, the sheet under notice was regularly prepared for
+    issue in the accepted way and it is the belief from information at
+    hand that a sheet of four hundred of the stamps was printed and
+    reached the public.
+
+This announcement created some comment and was made the subject of
+enquiry of the Post Office Department at Ottawa. The officials
+repudiated the idea that any such irregularity could have happened, but
+finally took steps to authenticate the report. In the issue of February
+20, 1909, of the paper already quoted, is the full story of the "find",
+which has a peculiar interest, as will be seen later.
+
+    The sheet as found was not of 400 stamps but of over 200 stamps, as
+    the right hand half of the sheet on which our report was based and
+    which was not before us when we wrote, contained a pane of 100
+    stamps, plate number 14 and an irregularly torn part of plate number
+    13, showing about fifteen whole stamps and parts of others. Assuming
+    that the lower pane in the left half was torn approximately in the
+    manner of the right lower pane, or plate number 13, the find
+    consisted originally of 230 stamps, more or less. This reckoning
+    agrees, we believe, with the recollection of the person who rescued
+    the imperforates from oblivion, in a philatelic sense. The plate
+    numbers on the sheet that gave authority for the chronicling of the
+    stamps by the _Weekly_ are 13 and 14, respectively, and not 18 as
+    first printed.
+
+    A. N. Lemieux of Chicago is the man who found the stamps. While in
+    Ottawa five years ago or so[183], when he was in business in that
+    city, he saw the stamps just within the iron fence that has been
+    described as surrounding the establishment of the bank note company
+    that prints the Canadian stamps. The day was a rainy one and the
+    sheet had evidently been blown out of the window. Mr. Lemieux
+    apparently attached no value to the sheet of over two hundred stamps
+    which was in a wet, crumpled condition and without gum. Mr. Lemieux
+    was under the impression, no doubt, that, gum had been on the sheet
+    but had been washed off by the rain.... Before he showed the stamps
+    to the _Weekly_, Mr. Lemieux had disposed of the left half of the
+    sheet or about 115 whole stamps to a collector ... on an exchange
+    basis.... Mr. Lemieux was informed that the stamps still in his
+    possession had no little philatelic interest as curiosities and he
+    sold the specimens to Mr. Severn.
+
+[183] This was later corrected to June, 1906.
+
+Mr. Severn subsequently submitted the stamps to the officials at Ottawa,
+who pronounced them "printer's waste" and stated that "they seemingly
+had been trampled upon and subjected to the usage that would be given
+such cast off material. Further, it was said that they had been blown or
+thrown out of a window, no doubt. It was suggested that the stamps be
+returned to Ottawa and that there were moral grounds for such a course
+on the part of the holders. The description of 'printer's waste' seems
+to be correct and the inference is that the stamps never had been
+gummed. They belong to that class of curiosities that appeals strongly
+to the specialist but which the ordinary collector regards as something
+apart from his collecting policy."[184]
+
+[184] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XXIII: 66.
+
+But now mark the result. The stamps very naturally did not go back to
+Ottawa, so Ottawa took pains to "get back" at the stamps! In the
+_Weekly_ of May 22, 1909, a correspondent writes:--
+
+    It may be of interest to know that the last supplement to the
+    Canadian Post Office Guide contains the following: "In view of
+    representations which have been made to the Department, it has been
+    decided to permit the sale of the 2-cent denomination of Canadian
+    postage stamps of the current issue, in sheets of 100, _without the
+    usual perforation_." I at once asked for a sheet of 2-cent and
+    incidentally said I would take a sheet of the other denominations if
+    available. A reply came today informing me that only the 2-cent
+    would be available, and then, not for some time, as the department
+    intends to make a separate printing of these stamps, to supply
+    whatever demand may occur.
+
+The quotation from the _Guide_ appeared in the supplement for April,
+1909, and concluded with the sentence:--"Applications for the same
+should be made to the Postmaster at Ottawa."
+
+It might be inferred, perhaps, from the announcement in the _Guide_,
+that the activities of the mailing machine companies had induced the
+Canadian Post Office Department to cater to their convenience, as had
+been done in the United States, by issuing sheets of stamps, only
+purchaseable as such, in imperforate form. But no! The Department gave
+itself away! Note the following points:--Mr. Severn sent the original
+imperforates to Ottawa for examination. They had the plate numbers 13
+and 14 on them. They were returned with the intimation that "it would be
+safer not to dispose of the sheet in view of the circumstances under
+which it reached the public. It was suggested that Mr. Severn might be
+'recouped' the amount that he paid for the stamps if he relinquished
+them."[185] Naturally the stamps did not again see Ottawa. Six months
+later the Department placed on sale the 2 cent stamp in imperforate
+sheets of 100, BUT--it was announced that they could only be procured
+from the Postmaster at Ottawa; that only the 2 cent would be available;
+that the Department intended to make a _separate printing_ of the
+stamps; and when collectors obtained them they were found to be from the
+identical plates 13 and 14 of the "irregular" imperforates that Mr.
+Severn held, although the regular issues of 2 cent stamps at that time
+were being printed from plates numbered at least up to 62. We said
+"identical plates," but in view of the early plate numbers and the
+delay in issuing the imperforates, the suspicion is strong that new
+plates may have been made and given the old numbers.
+
+[185] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XXIII: 190.
+
+As no other values have since been issued imperforate, and as no other
+plate numbers have appeared in the 2 cent imperforate except the
+original 13 and 14, there is but one explanation for this "special
+printing" on these early plates, and that is an attempt to checkmate the
+holder of the originals and "to destroy what may be called an accidental
+monopoly of a stamp, the issue of which was not intended previously." As
+a clincher we make one more quotation:--"Now that Mr. Lemieux, the
+finder of the imperforates, has received the Quarterly Supplement
+alluded to, containing the order creating the imperforates neatly
+blue-pencilled, it is assumed that the issue of the stamps in this form
+has been made with the idea of rendering the sheet that escaped the
+department of no value. Thus philately plainly has its influence in this
+new emission ... and an interesting variety has been added to the
+philatelic supply by reason of the refusal to return the sheet that
+accidentally escaped some years ago."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Postmaster General's Reports for the several years of the King's
+Head issue (1903 to date) have but little of special interest. The
+Report of 30th June, 1903, says:--"Towards the end of the fiscal year a
+new series of postage stamps, bearing the portrait of His Majesty King
+Edward VII, and comprising five denominations was supplied to Post
+Masters so as to be on sale throughout the Dominion on the 1st July,
+1903."
+
+The Report of 1905 states that a Postal Convention between Canada and
+Mexico came into operation on 1st July, 1905 by which first, second and
+third class matter can be sent from either country to the other at the
+domestic rates of the country of origin.
+
+The fiscal year was once more changed from the 1st July to the 1st April
+of each year, so that the Reports of the Postmaster General have been
+made up to the 31st March since 1907. The Report of 1908 states that
+"for some time past the provisions of the Postal Convention between
+Canada and the United States relative to the postage on newspapers and
+periodicals passing between the two countries were felt to be
+unsatisfactory, and an amendment was made to the Convention (taking
+effect on 8th May, 1907) by which the rate was fixed at 1 cent for each
+4 ounces, calculated on the weight of each package of newspapers or
+periodicals, and prepaid by means of postage stamps affixed. The
+amendment was subsequently modified: and copies of legitimate daily
+newspapers posted from the office of publication addressed to regular
+subscribers and newsdealers, can now be sent from Canada to the United
+States and from the United States to Canada at the rate of 1 cent per
+pound. Newspapers and periodicals published less frequently than daily
+are still subject to the rate of 1 cent per 4 ounces."
+
+The issue of the "6c. International Reply Coupon" is recorded as having
+taken place on the 5th October, 1907. A supply of 500,000 was received
+from Berne, and of these 62,625 were distributed. The Report for 1909
+gives but 2,475 issued from headquarters, and the 1910 Report 14,050.
+
+The 1908 Report also notes the extension of free delivery of letters by
+carrier to the following places: in Ontario:--Peterboro, Guelph, Berlin,
+Stratford, Windsor, St. Catherines; in Quebec:--Sherbrooke, St.
+Hyacinthe, Trois Rivières; in Prince Edward Island:--Charlottetown; in
+Manitoba:--Brandon; in Alberta:--Calgary, Edmonton.
+
+The Report for 1909 states that "a greatly desired reduction was made in
+August 1908, in the rate of postage on letters posted for local delivery
+in cities and other places having free letter carrier delivery service.
+The former rate was two cents per ounce; the present rate is one cent
+per ounce."
+
+Further changes in newspaper regulations are noted as follows:--
+
+    Some changes have been made in the regulations respecting newspapers
+    and periodicals posted from the office of publication addressed to
+    regular subscribers and newsdealers. (1) The former rate of 1/2 cent
+    per pound applicable to newspapers and periodicals which required to
+    be transmitted a distance in Canada exceeding three hundred miles,
+    or which were addressed for delivery in a place having Free Letter
+    Carrier Delivery service has been abolished; and now all newspapers
+    and periodicals published not less frequently than once a month can
+    be posted from the place of publication to any place in Canada at
+    the bulk rate of a quarter of a cent per pound. (2) The extent of
+    the circular area in Canada within which newspapers and periodicals
+    published no more frequently than weekly and no less frequently than
+    monthly can be sent free of postage to regular subscribers has been
+    increased from an area having a radius of 20 miles to an area having
+    a radius of 40 miles, the center of which may either be the place of
+    publication or some place not more than 40 miles distant therefrom,
+    according to the wish of the publisher.
+
+The following places are given as having had the system of free delivery
+of letters by carrier extended to them: in Ontario:--Chatham, Fort
+William, Port Arthur, Sarnia, St. Thomas; in New Brunswick:--Moncton; in
+Saskatchewan:--Regina; in British Columbia:--New Westminster.
+
+The Report for 1910 contains nothing special. New Parcels Post
+regulations are noted with the United Kingdom, British West Indies,
+British Guiana and Mexico, by which the rate is made 12 cents per pound
+or fraction, with a limit of 11 pounds.
+
+In closing the chapter on the King Edward stamps, doubtless ere long to
+be superseded by "King George" stamps, it may be well to record the
+following statistics in order to note the progress made in the Post
+Office Department for the period we have been considering.
+
+                                           _31st. Mar. '03._  _31st. Mar. '10._
+  Number of Post Offices,                             10,150          12,887
+    "    "  letters and post cards annually,     262,437,000     501,189,000
+    "    "  registered letters annually,           5,470,000      10,465,000
+    "    "  pieces of 3rd class matter annually,  46,794,000      87,237,000
+    "    "  packets and parcels annually,          3,790,740       7,112,660
+  Mileage travelled on mail routes annually,      35,752,087      46,773,727
+  Net revenue,                                    $4,366,127.75   $7,958,547.72
+
+A very important fact is also to be found on examining the financial
+reports of the Department--that from a deficit (as usual for many years)
+of $416,183.99 in 1901, and a wee surplus of $5,109.14 in 1902, there
+has grown to be a surplus of $743,210.25 in 1910. Evidently Canada's
+Post Office Department is at least run efficiently and economically!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+THE "TERCENTENARY" ISSUE OF 1908
+
+
+It may be remembered, perhaps, that in our introductory chapter we noted
+the fact that the first permanent settlement in Canada was made by
+Champlain at Quebec in 1608. As the year 1908 approached, the idea of
+celebrating in proper manner the three hundredth anniversary of this
+event was strongly agitated, particularly by the French population of
+the Province of Quebec. Plans were formed and materialized in the shape
+of fetes, historical pageants, etc., which took place at Quebec in July,
+1908, and to be present at which the Prince and Princess of Wales made a
+special trip across the Atlantic in one of Britain's most powerful
+warships.
+
+In view of former precedents it was to be expected that the Canadian
+Post Office Department would also celebrate in a fitting way, and
+although a new Postmaster General had taken the place of Sir William
+Mulock, he nevertheless arose to the occasion as the following newspaper
+despatch shows:--
+
+    QUEBEC, March 31.--Hon. Rudolphe Lemieux, Postmaster Gen. of Canada,
+    announces that a series of postage stamps commemorative of the
+    Champlain tercentenary will be issued at Ottawa on the third of
+    July, which marks the exact anniversary of the foundation of Quebec
+    by Champlain.
+
+No sooner was this fact made known than the Postmaster General was
+showered with suggestions of all kinds as to the designs of stamps
+appropriate to the occasion. But after the first announcement the Post
+Office Department was very reticent in regard to the matter, and letters
+of enquiry concerning the proposed issue were answered as evasively as
+possible.
+
+At last the veil was lifted and the following despatch to the _Toronto
+Globe_[186] gave definite information concerning the proposed issue:--
+
+    OTTAWA, July 3, (Special).--Postmaster-General Lemieux has given
+    instructions to issue a series of postage stamps commemorating the
+    tercentenary.
+
+    They are eight in number. Four of them bear portraits of persons
+    dear to Canada, or whose names recall great events. The first
+    represents the Prince and Princess of Wales; the second the King and
+    Queen. Next come Cartier and Champlain, and then, in connection with
+    the battlefields park scheme, Wolfe and Montcalm.
+
+    The second part of the issue represents Cartier's arrival before
+    Quebec. On the calm waters of the mighty St. Lawrence stand in bold
+    relief three ships of the discoverer of Canada, flying the
+    fleur-de-lys.
+
+    As a sequel to the above is a very picturesque tableau. In
+    Champlain's narrative of his third voyage to Canada is found the
+    following passage:
+
+    "With our canoes laden with provisions, our arms and some
+    merchandise to be given as presents to the Indians, I started on
+    Monday, May 27, from the Isle of Saincte Hélaine, accompanied by
+    four Frenchmen and one Indian. A salute was given in my honor from
+    some small pieces of artillery."
+
+    The artist, under the inspiration of these few lines, has depicted
+    Champlain's departure for the west. There stand two canoes. In one
+    Champlain's companions have already taken their places, paddle in
+    hand, whilst the great explorer is still on shore, bidding good-bye
+    to a few friends. The picture is full of life. The legend underneath
+    reads as follows: "Partement de Champlain pour L'ouest." The word
+    "partement", now obsolete, is the one used by Champlain for the
+    modern one "départ."
+
+    The same note of old France is used in connection with a view of the
+    first house in Quebec, indeed in Canada, Champlain's habitation,
+    which is called in his narrative "l'abitation de Québecq." This
+    stamp is a clear reproduction of a cut from Champlain's work.
+
+    Quebec as it was in 1700 is the next view, copied from Bacqueville
+    de la Potherie's "Histoire de la Nouvelle France." It is a quaint
+    picture of the old city, showing steeples here and there, the fort
+    on the river front and in faint lines the Laurentide Mountains in
+    the background.
+
+    All stamps bear with the words "Canada Postage" the line "IIIe
+    centenaire de Québec."
+
+    The postmaster-general has given special attention to the selection
+    of portraits and historical scenes to be represented. His choice has
+    been an excellent one.
+
+    The carrying out of the engraving part of the plan has been
+    entrusted to Mr. Machado, of the American Bank Note Co., who, with
+    keen artistic sense, has performed his part of the work with great
+    success.
+
+[186] =Ewen's Weekly Stamp News=, No. 462.
+
+Excellent reproductions of this attractive series will be found as Nos.
+46-53 on Plate III.
+
+The stamps were placed on sale at Ottawa on the 16th July. They are of
+the same shape as the Jubilee issue, though the dimensions are 1 mm.
+higher and nearly 3 mm. longer. The designs are as already described,
+except that the legend "Partement pour l'ouest" does not have
+Champlain's name in it, and the dates 1608 and 1908 are placed in the
+upper corners. The colors do not wholly correspond with the regular set;
+the 1, 2 and 5 cent naturally conform, but the 1/2 cent is in a
+black-brown and the 7 cent in the fine olive green of the regular 20
+cent. The 10 cent is also changed to a handsome violet, while the 15
+cent is in orange and the 20 cent in a dark brown.
+
+The stamps are beautifully engraved, as usual, and printed in sheets of
+100, ten rows of ten. Above the 5th and 6th stamps of the top row is the
+regular marginal imprint: "OTTAWA--No.--" and the figure representing
+the plate number. A peculiar variety has been recorded, however, in the
+sheets of the 2 cent value, some of those with plate numbers 3 and 4
+having the imprint _inverted_ in the _bottom_ margin of the sheet.[187]
+As it occurs both ways, the only explanation seems to be that the plates
+may have printed _two panes_, which were afterwards separated into post
+office sheets of 100 stamps each, and that by error, perhaps, the
+imprint was inverted on one of these panes.
+
+[187] =Ewen's Weekly Stamp News=, Nos. 478, 480.
+
+The plate numbers of the several values are as follows:--
+
+  Plate No.  1.            1/2c., 7c., 10c., 15c., 20c.
+    "   Nos. 1, 2.                                  5c.
+    "   Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4.                       1c., 2c.
+
+The stamps are on stout white wove paper and perforated 12.
+
+It may not be out of place to further describe some of the designs of
+these stamps because of their historical interest. Of course the
+portraits of the British Royal Family are familiar, that of the Princess
+of Wales being the one used on the handsome 4 cent stamp of
+Newfoundland, and that of the Prince of Wales being from a photograph
+taken by W. and D. Downey of London, just before the Prince's journey to
+India in 1906. The portrait of Cartier will also be recognized as the
+one that appeared on the early 10d. stamp of the Province of Canada.
+
+Concerning the picture on the 20 cent stamp, "Arrivée de Cartier, Québec
+1535," we find some interesting details given by M. Th. Lemaire:[188]--
+
+    In 1533 Jacques Cartier obtained from Philippe de Chabot, Admiral of
+    France, authority to arm ships "to voyage, discover and conquer in
+    New France, as well as to find, by the North-west, the passage to
+    Cathay." On his first voyage he touched Newfoundland, but the
+    advanced season obliged him to return to France. King Francis I
+    thereupon ordered him, as a "royal pilot", to arm three vessels for
+    a second voyage. On the 19th of May, 1535, the flotilla set out from
+    St. Malo. It was composed of two ships, the _Grande-Hermine_ of 120
+    tons and the _Petit-Hermine_ of 80 tons, and a galley, the
+    _Hémerillon_, of 40 tons. These are the ones shown on the stamp. The
+    ships were built with the high bows and sterns of those days, and
+    were armed with "falconets" (small cannon) along the sides and
+    "culverins" (long cannon) in a battery on the bridge. The galley was
+    long and narrow, low in the water, and was propelled both by sails
+    and oars; it was armed with two small cannon forward and a dozen
+    large arquebuses. The complement of the three ships comprised in
+    all--officers, gentlemen, volunteers, chaplains, sailors, workmen,
+    servants--a hundred and ten men.
+
+    On the 14th September, Cartier arrived at an Indian village,
+    Stadaconé, called also by the natives Canada (or _the town_), the
+    residence of the chief Donnacona. This village was built on the bay
+    which the river St. Charles forms where it flows into the St.
+    Lawrence, against the steep flank of a mountain, on the spot where
+    now is built the south-eastern section of Quebec. The 20-cent stamp
+    represents this arrival of Cartier at Stadaconé, the future Quebec.
+
+    Samuel de Champlain, whose effigy figures on the 1 cent stamp beside
+    that of Cartier, was sent by Henri IV in 1603 to found a settlement
+    in Canada. On his first voyage he sailed up the St. Lawrence river
+    and established friendly relations with the native chiefs. On the
+    second expedition, in 1608, he disembarked on the 3d July at the
+    foot of the promontory of Stadaconé, accompanied by only thirty men.
+
+    His first care was to find a favorable place to built a "habitation"
+    with a view to wintering there. "I could find nothing more
+    convenient or better situated, said he, than the point of Québecq,
+    so called by the savages, which was filled with walnut trees." It
+    was on the same spot where, seventy-three years before, Cartier had
+    constructed a fort of tree trunks.
+
+    Thanks to the activity displayed by all, the "habitation" was
+    quickly finished. It was composed of three main houses of two
+    stories, each measuring fifteen by eighteen feet. The magazine was
+    thirty-six by eighteen feet, with a six foot cellar. Champlain
+    lodged in the same building with part of the workmen, but on the
+    first story. The other buildings served for the workmen and for
+    storing the arms and munitions. In an ell back of Champlain's
+    quarters, several artisans slept beside their forge. All around the
+    buildings a gallery six feet wide served as a promenade. A ditch
+    fifteen feet wide and six feet deep served to protect the colonists
+    from the aggressions of the savages. Champlain had several
+    breastworks thrown up outside the ditch where he placed his cannon.
+    There remained, between the habitation and the river, only a strip
+    of land about twenty-five feet wide, and behind, on the side of the
+    cape, a plot of cultivated ground about 100 to 120 paces by 60
+    paces. There Champlain had wheat and rye planted and also set out
+    vines.
+
+[188] =Journal des Philatélistes=, 5th Series, page 298.
+
+As with the Jubilee stamps, some special sets were made up for
+presentation purposes. The following press clipping gives the
+details:[189]--
+
+    As the Prince of Wales is an enthusiastic collector of stamps, His
+    Royal Highness will no doubt be very pleased to receive the set of
+    the special tercentenary stamps which will be presented to him at
+    Quebec. The stamps will be held in small gold boxes, enclosed in a
+    handsome large box of Morocco leather. A second set accompanies the
+    gift in a special gold box. On the cover of the large box is the
+    Prince's crest and a gold plate inscribed as follows: "Set of
+    Canadian postage stamps issued upon the occasion of the Quebec
+    tercentenary, 1908. Presented to His Royal Highness the Prince of
+    Wales by Hon Rodolphe Lemieux, Postmaster-General of Canada." Sets
+    of these stamps, in boxes with appropriate crests and monograms,
+    will be presented to Earl Grey, Sir Wilfred Laurier and Hon.
+    Rodolphe Lemieux.
+
+[189] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XXII: 265.
+
+Unlike the Jubilee issue, no advance information concerning quantities
+printed was given out. Many attempts were made to get this interesting
+detail, but without result. Even an interpellation of the
+Postmaster-General in the House of Commons was unproductive, as witness
+the following excerpt:[190]--
+
+    Mr. McKechnie sends us information regarding the issue, indicating
+    that there is to be no such vexatious limits set upon the number to
+    be printed as was the case with the Jubilee 1/2c. Postmaster-General
+    Lemieux is reported, in the _Canadian Hansard_, to have said in
+    answer to a query as to the number printed of each denomination:
+    "Since the arrangements as to the respective quantities comprising
+    the series are thus far of a necessarily tentative character, being
+    largely dependent upon the demand therefor that may arise, no final
+    estimate has been made of the number to be issued in each
+    denomination."
+
+[190] =Canadian Hansard=, 31st March, 1909, page 3754.
+
+All of which was simply a parliamentary way of saying "mind your own
+business", as the full quota of stamps was doubtless printed and
+delivered at that time. At any rate, a _Memorandum for the Postmaster_,
+issued from headquarters under date of 12th September, 1908, states that
+"With the exception of the 10c, 15c and 20c stamps, all of the
+Tercentenary postage stamps are now exhausted." However, the question of
+the quantity issued was again brought up in the House of Commons, after
+some time, and the following two questions propounded by a
+member:[191]--
+
+    1. What was the total amount received by the Post Office Department
+    from the sale of the special Tercentenary stamps? 2. What part of
+    this sum would probably have been received as ordinary revenue if
+    there had been no special issue of stamps?
+
+    To these questions the Hon. Rodolphe Lemieux, Postmaster-General,
+    responded: The following was the issue to Postmasters of the
+    Tercentenary postage stamps:
+
+  Denominations.               Quantities.               Value.
+   1/2 cent                     2,000,000                $10,000
+   1    "                      22,530,000                225,300
+   2    "                      35,100,000                702,000
+   5    "                       1,200,000                 60,000
+   7    "                         700,000                 49,000
+  10    "                         500,000                 50,000
+  15    "                         300,000                 45,000
+  20    "                         304,200                 60,840
+                               ----------              ---------
+  Totals,                      62,634,200             $1,202,140
+
+    The department has no knowledge whether the stamps in question have
+    all been sold, as during their issue the ordinary postage stamps
+    were also on sale, both issues being in use as preferred by the
+    public. The proceeds derived from the sale of stamps of the two
+    issues were not kept separately, but treated as arising from a
+    common source. It is, therefore, impossible to state to what extent
+    the issue of the Tercentenary postage stamps may have affected the
+    ordinary revenue.
+
+[191] =Ibid.=, XXII: 256.
+
+The Report of 1909, in referring to this issue, had the following
+remarks:--
+
+    To meet what appeared to be a general wish a special series of
+    postage stamps, which has come to be known as the Tercentenary
+    Series, was introduced as a feature of the celebration in July,
+    1908, of the three hundredth anniversary of the founding of Quebec
+    by Champlain. The first supply of these stamps was sent out to
+    Postmasters about the middle of that month, and was on sale to the
+    public by the time His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales reached
+    Quebec for the celebration. The demand for the new stamps was
+    extraordinary, and for the better part of a month was steadily kept
+    up. The interest taken in them was, in no small measure, due to the
+    historic associations with which in design they were so happily
+    linked, the subjects depicted in the several denominations of the
+    series being in variety and appropriateness admirably adapted to the
+    end in view,--popular recognition of an epoch-making event.
+
+The Report of 1910 notes that the last issue of the Tercentenary stamps
+was on Oct. 14, 1908,--apparently the 15 cent denomination. The whole
+issue was thus exhausted in three months' time.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+THE REGISTRATION STAMPS
+
+
+The first mention that we find concerning the registration system in
+Canada is in the Postmaster General's report for the year ending 31st
+March, 1856, in the following words:--"The number of letters passing
+through the Post under the Registration System commenced in May 1855, is
+very great, and is rapidly increasing." The number of letters is given
+in even figures as 350,000 during the first year. The Report states
+further:--"In October 1856, an agreement with the Post Office Department
+of the United States took effect for a system of Registration to be
+applied to letters passing between the two countries. Under this
+arrangement a person posting a letter on either side can, by the
+pre-payment of a fee of 3d. in addition to the ordinary postage, secure
+a continuous record of its transmission from the place of posting to the
+place of destination, where a receipt will be taken and preserved of the
+due delivery of the letter so registered." Further details are found in
+the postal section of the Canadian Directory for 1857-8, as follows:--
+
+    Persons transmitting letters, which they desire should pass through
+    the post as "registered letters," must observe that no record is
+    taken of any letter unless specially handed in for registration at
+    the time of posting. Upon all such letters, with the exception of
+    those addressed to the United States, one penny must be prepaid as a
+    registration charge. If addressed to the United States, the ordinary
+    postage rate on the letters to that country _must be prepaid_, and
+    in addition a registration charge of 3d. per letter. The registry
+    thus effected in Canada will be carried on by the United States Post
+    office until the letter arrives at its destination.
+
+    In like manner, letters addressed to Canada may be registered at the
+    place of posting in the United States, and the registry made there
+    will accompany the letter to the place of delivery in Canada.
+
+    A certificate of registration will be given by the postmaster if
+    required.
+
+    The registration system can be applied to the letter portion of the
+    mail only....
+
+    _[The Postal Department is not liable for the loss of any registered
+    letters._]
+
+The next year's Report gives the number of registered letters posted
+annually as computed at 500,000. The Report of 30th September, 1858 also
+says: "About 500,000 letters were registered last year", and goes on to
+state:--"It is also considered that it would be an improvement on the
+system if the charge for registration were made pre-payable by a stamp,
+instead of by money as at present." From this it is evident that the
+postage stamps were not then used for indicating the payment of the
+registration fee. Just when they were permitted to be so employed does
+not appear, but it was doubtless within a comparatively short time
+thereafter, as we have seen a cover with stamp so used which was dated
+in 1862; in fact it seems probable that arrangements for using stamps to
+indicate the payment for registration may have accompanied the
+introduction of the decimal stamps in 1859.
+
+Further remarks upon the registration system are found in the Report for
+1860, as follows:--
+
+    A rate of charge for Registration so low as, in no probable degree,
+    to operate as a motive, with persons posting letters of value, to
+    deny themselves the advantage of securing from the Post Office an
+    acknowledgement of the receipt of the specific letter, has always
+    been considered to be a cardinal point in the Canadian Registration
+    System.
+
+    The Registration fee, or charge, has, therefore, under the influence
+    of this consideration, been maintained at 2 cents, though it is
+    doubtful whether such a rate of charge covers the actual cost of the
+    process; the address of the Registered Letter having, in the course
+    of transmission, to be entered on an average not less than six
+    times, and forms of certificate or receipt, and Books in which to
+    preserve permanent records at each Post Office, to to supplied.
+
+From the above it is evident that the domestic rate of registration was
+2 cents in 1860, the equivalent of the 1 penny rate already noted as
+being in force in 1857, and doubtless the original rate when the system
+was inaugurated in 1855--certainly a remarkably cheap fee for the
+service. Of course the rate for letters to the United States, which had
+been fixed at 3 pence in 1856, was held at the equivalent of 5 cents
+upon the change to decimal currency in 1859.
+
+Nothing further of special interest is found until the Report of 1864,
+in which the following dissertation occurs:--
+
+    When a letter is _registered_, that is to say marked and recorded in
+    the Post Office so as to individualize it from the bulk of ordinary
+    letter correspondence, its presence in the Post Office can be
+    identified and its course of transmission traced, and a registered
+    letter is thus secured from the chance of abstraction by an
+    unfaithful messenger employed to post it (as it is always open to
+    proof whether the letter was posted for registration or not), from
+    risk of loss by accidental misdirection on the part of the sender,
+    and from mistakes in the Post Office--such as mis-sending or
+    delivery to a wrong party. Against actual dishonesty on the part of
+    the Post Office employés, a registered letter is incomparably more
+    secure than an unregistered one, for an unregistered money-letter
+    leaves no trace behind it whilst passing in the great stream of
+    ordinary correspondence, though its presence as a money-letter and
+    the nature of its contents are, to any person accustomed to handle
+    letters, as manifest as though the letter had been singled out and
+    marked by the registered stamp. Moreover, the safety of an
+    unregistered letter in dependent on the integrity of a Post Office
+    Clerk during the whole time that it remains in his custody,
+    frequently for hours or even days; whilst a registered letter will
+    almost invariably have to be acknowledged at the moment of its
+    passing into an officer's hands, and cannot thereafter be suppressed
+    without leaving him individually accountable for its disposal.
+
+In the Report for 1865 it is stated that "there has been a reduction in
+the charge on Registered letters" between Canada and the United Kingdom,
+but we are left in the dark as to the amount of the reduction or the new
+rate, as far as the Report goes, but in a _Post Office Directory for
+1866_ (dated October 1, 1865) we find the following table which gives us
+the information desired:--
+
+    REGISTRATION OF LETTERS.
+
+    The charge for Registration, in addition to the Postage, is as
+    follows, viz.:
+
+    On Letters to any other place in Canada,
+        or British North America                               2 cents
+    On Letters for the United States                           5  "
+    On Letters for the United Kingdom                     12-1/2  "
+    On Letters for British Colonies or Possessions, sent
+        _via_ England                                         25  "
+    On Letters for France and other Foreign Countries,
+        _via_ England, an amount equal to the postage rate.
+
+    Both the postage charge and registration fee must in all cases be
+    prepaid.
+
+The _Post Office Act_ 1867 made the domestic registration of letters
+containing valuables compulsory, the Postmaster General being empowered
+to prescribe and enforce regulations "in respect to the registration by
+the officers of the Post Office of letters unquestionably containing
+money or other valuable enclosure when posted without registration by
+the senders of the same, and to imposing a rate of two cents
+registration charge upon such letters."[192]
+
+[192] 31^o Vict. Cap. X. Sec. 10, par. 11. See page 96.
+
+The Report for 1868, which was the first of the Dominion of Canada, gave
+the statistics of registered letters as 640,000 for Ontario and Quebec
+(the former Province of Canada), 24,700 for New Brunswick, and 40,000
+for Nova Scotia, a total registered correspondence of 704,700. The next
+year's Report especially notes the increase in the use of the
+registration system, the total having advanced to 850,000 pieces, while
+the Report for 1870 records an even million.
+
+Finally in the Report for 1872, we find the first hint of special stamps
+for registration purposes, as follows:--
+
+    It seems expedient to adopt some distinctive postage stamp to be
+    used only in prepayment of the Registration charge, both to make it
+    clear that this charge has been duly paid and accounted for in every
+    case, and to diminish the risk which is occasionally felt at points
+    of distribution of omitting to carry on the Registration in cases
+    where the ordinary Registration postmark is not as distinct and
+    calculated to arrest attention as it should be.
+
+    It has always been the policy of the Canadian Post Office to admit
+    letters to Registration at a low rate of charge for the additional
+    security thus given, so as to leave no adequate motive, on the score
+    of cost, for sending valuable letters through the mails
+    unregistered; and, doubtless, the very large proportion of such
+    letters offered for registration demonstrates a gratifying measure
+    of success in attaining the desired object.
+
+We have here the reason for the extremely cheap domestic registry fee of
+2 cents--a reason which might, possibly with profit, even, enter more
+deeply into the calculations and published rates of even larger
+countries than Canada.
+
+The above recommendation did not bear immediate fruit, but after a delay
+of three years the suggested special stamps made their appearance on
+November 15, 1875. The Report of that year says of them:--
+
+    Registration stamps have been issued, to be used by the public in
+    prepaying the registration charges on letters passing within the
+    Dominion, or to the United Kingdom or United States, each
+    destination being distinguished by a different colour in the stamp,
+    as well as by a variation in the amount of registration charge and
+    corresponding value of the stamp.
+
+    There is a red stamp of the value of two cents for prepayment of the
+    registration charges on letters within the Dominion.
+
+    There is a green stamp of five cents value for registered letters
+    addressed to the United States.
+
+    There is a blue stamp of eight cents value for registered letters
+    addressed to the United Kingdom.
+
+    These stamps are to apply exclusively to the registration charges,
+    and the postage rates on registered letters are to be prepaid by the
+    ordinary postage stamps.
+
+    It is believed that the use of these distinctive stamps for the
+    registration charges, will tend to give registered letters
+    additional security against the risk which is sometimes felt of the
+    registration escaping observation, when such letters are dealt with
+    hurriedly or handled at night, whilst passing through the post.
+
+The special registration stamps are too well known to need any
+particular description, especially as they are excellently illustrated
+as Numbers 54, 55 and 56 on Plate III. Like the ordinary postage stamps,
+they are engraved on steel and were originally printed in sheets of 50,
+ten horizontal rows of five stamps each, which made a sheet of nearly
+the same size, only turned through an angle of 90°, as the ordinary
+sheet of 100 postage stamps. The imprint was the same as the second type
+employed for the "small" cents issue--"British American Bank Note Co.
+Montreal" in a pearled frame--and likewise appeared four times on the
+sheet, as already fully described in the chapter dealing with that
+issue.[193] The denomination of the stamp was also expressed as TWO
+CENTS, in the shaded Roman capitals which we found in the case of the
+postage stamps, over the first stamp in the top row of that value, but
+with the 5 cent the word FIVE alone appears. The 8 cent we have not
+seen. On the 2 cent there is also a large numeral 2, 7-1/2 mm. high,
+over the last stamp in the top row (number 5) but the 5 cent has none.
+
+[193] See page 125.
+
+The normal colors for the stamps were:--
+
+  2 cents, orange varying through orange red to vermilion.
+  5 cents, a slightly yellow green varying from pale to dark.
+  8 cents, both bright and dull blue.
+
+The stamps were printed upon the same ordinary white wove paper as was
+used for the contemporary postage stamps. The variation from thin to
+thick quality is found in the case of the 2 cent and 5 cent stamps, but
+very little variation in the 8 cent stamp. This is explained by the fact
+that there were probably but two printings of the latter stamp, 100,000
+having been delivered by the manufacturers according to the Postmaster
+General's Report for 30th June, 1875, and 25,000 more according to the
+next year's report.
+
+The stamps were normally perforated 12, but the 2 cents in orange and
+the 5 cents in dark green are both known in imperforate condition, the
+latter having been chronicled in the _Halifax Philatelist_ for November,
+1888. A vertical pair of the 5 cent is shown as illustration No. 115 on
+Plate X.
+
+In the Report for 1877 we find the following:--"The Registration charge
+on registered letters between the United Kingdom and Canada has been
+reduced from 8 cents to 5 cents by the Post Offices of the United
+Kingdom." This naturally dealt a heavy blow at the use of the 8 cent
+stamp. The _Stamp Journal_ for February, 1878, said:--"Mr. E. Burpee
+states that the 8 cent 'Registered' stamps have been called in, and that
+hereafter the fee to Great Britain and foreign countries will be the
+same as to the United States--5 cents." The next issue, however,
+corrected this:--"After January, 1878, the cost of registering letters
+to Great Britain has been fixed at 5 c, the same as to the United
+States.... To foreign countries the rate is as before, 8 cents, and
+therefore there is no suppression of the 8 cent registered stamps."
+
+Nevertheless, the rate to foreign countries must have been reduced not
+long after, as the statistics for stamps issued to postmasters between
+the 1st July, 1878 and the 1st July, 1879 give but 25 of the 8 cent
+registered stamp, which must therefore have been sent out early in the
+fiscal year. The total issues to postmasters, according to the Reports,
+were as under:--
+
+  1876    71,950
+  1877    17,200
+  1878     9,400
+  1879        25
+          ------
+  Total   98,575
+
+The number returned as "unfit for use" and presumably destroyed during
+the several years was 8,872. This gives a total issue of 89,700 for the
+8 cent stamp, according to the Reports; but the Canadian correspondent
+of _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_ stated:[194]--"In 1878 a little over
+75,000 of these [original 125,000] were destroyed by order of the
+Postmaster-General." This probably means that the stamps were called in
+after their usefulness ceased, and allowing for the amount destroyed
+during the period of issue gives us perhaps 40,000 as the number
+actually issued to the public from post offices.
+
+[194] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, II: 45:2.
+
+The 2 cent and 5 cent stamps remained in use, but when the general
+revision of rates took place in 1889 the domestic rate was raised to 5
+cents, and the 2 cent stamp lost its usefulness, the 5 cent alone
+remaining. We have already reproduced the circular announcing these
+changes,[195] and will only repeat here the paragraph relating to the
+registration fee:--
+
+    The fee for the registration of a letter or other article of mail
+    matter will be five cents upon all classes of correspondence passing
+    within the Dominion. For the present, and until further instructed,
+    the registration fee may be prepaid by using the _2 cent
+    Registration stamps and postage stamps to make up the amount_.
+
+[195] See page 136.
+
+This notice was dated 8th May, 1889, and the Report of 30th June
+following remarks further:--
+
+    The charge for the registration of a letter, parcel, book or other
+    articles of mail matter was also made uniform, and fixed at 5 cents
+    for all classes of matter. The frequent delay consequent upon the
+    prepayment of a wrong registration fee will no longer take place.
+
+The removal of the British American Bank Note Co. from Montreal to
+Ottawa, which we have already noted as resulting in some marked changes
+in the shades of the regular postage stamps,[196] was not without its
+effect upon the registration stamps. Apparently the same ink used for
+printing the ordinary 3 cent stamp was used for the 2 cent registration,
+for we find both stamps chronicled in the _Halifax Philatelist_ for
+October, 1888, as having appeared in a "bright carmine." The usual
+catalog designation for this 2 cent registration stamp is "scarlet
+vermilion", but we think that "brick red" best describes the ordinary
+shade in which these Ottawa printings are found, though the _Halifax
+Philatelist_ recorded a "dull rose" tint in March, 1889.
+
+[196] See page 128.
+
+The 5 cent stamp was also noted in blue green in the November, 1889,
+issue of the _Philatelic Record_, a few months after the regular 2 cent
+postage stamp appeared in the same shade, again apparently showing the
+use of the same ink in printing both stamps.
+
+During its regular currency the 2 cent stamp had risen from an issue to
+postmasters of 937,000 in 1876 to 2,800,000 in 1889, but the change in
+rates caused a drop to 600,000 in 1890, 14,850 in 1891, and 100 in 1892,
+while a straggling lot of 400 appeared in 1896.
+
+The 5 cent stamp was distributed to the amount of about 232,000 in 1876,
+but ran up gradually from 135,000 in the next year to half a million in
+1889. The increase in rates jumped it to nearly three times this amount
+in 1890, and by 1893, when the regular 8 cent stamp was issued for
+combined postage and registration, the annual output of the 5 cent
+registration stamp was 2,260,000.
+
+It may be remembered that after the removal of the engraving company
+from Montreal to Ottawa certain of the low value postage stamps appeared
+printed from plates of two hundred impressions instead of the ordinary
+one hundred. In like manner we find that new plates of double size were
+made for the 5 cent registration stamp also, these being in one hundred
+impressions, ten rows of ten, but without the "Ottawa" imprint which
+appeared on the enlarged plates of the regular postage stamps, according
+to the _Dominion Philatelist_, which noted the new sheet arrangement in
+October, 1892.
+
+On the 1st August, 1893, the regular 8 cent stamp was issued to prepay
+the combined postage and registration fee, and the notice we have
+already quoted in that connection stated[197] that when the supply of
+the 5 cent registration stamp on hand was exhausted no more would be
+issued. The Report for 1894 states that 307,900 were issued to
+postmasters for the year ending 30th June, and as over two and a half
+millions had been issued in the previous twelve-month, the probability
+is that the supply was exhausted about the time of the appearance of the
+8 cent postage stamp, and therefore the stock in the hands of
+postmasters must have been pretty well used up by 1894.
+
+[197] See page 143.
+
+There is one point left in connection with the registration stamps that
+deserves mention, as it has so frequently been a bone of contention. The
+2 cent stamp was formerly listed in _brown_, and quantities of printer's
+ink and valuable space have been wasted in discussing its merits. Mr.
+Donald A. King seems to have been the discoverer of the variety,
+according to the _Halifax Philatelist_,[198] where it was exploited in
+an article which is worth quoting here for its historical value.
+
+[198] =Halifax Philatelist=, II: 8.
+
+    THE CANADIAN ERROR.
+
+    The Canada 2c. brown registration is at this time mentioned
+    frequently in the _Figaro_ and several other philatelic
+    publications. As there seems to be considerable doubt as to the
+    origin, and as I was in the main instrumental in introducing them to
+    the philatelic public, I have decided to give the information I
+    possess on this subject to them.
+
+    About the beginning of January, 1887, I was shown a registered
+    letter received from Miscou Light House Post Office in New
+    Brunswick. It had a BROWN 2c. registration stamp on it--a clear
+    unmistakable dark brown. I immediately wrote the postmaster there
+    for information relative to them. He answered and said that he had
+    23 on hand. That he had originally received 50 from the P. O. Dept.
+    at Ottawa, and that they were BROWN when he received them. This he
+    stated positively. I then sent to him for them, but before my letter
+    reached him he had used two of them so that I received only 21.
+
+    Those stamps I showed to several philatelists, and could not get two
+    to agree as to their origin. Some said the change in color was due
+    to the gum, others to chemical changes, others again said it was due
+    to the atmosphere from the salt water. Very few would allow a
+    misprint. In the meantime Mr. F. C. Kaye also came across another
+    registered letter with brown registration stamp. This time it was
+    from the P. O. of New Ross in Lunenberg Co., N. S. From this office
+    about 50 were obtained. The postmaster at this office was also
+    positive as to having received them from the Dept. at Ottawa in
+    brown. The same objections were raised to those as to the others, as
+    to whether they were a genuine misprint or not. In this case the
+    atmosphere of salt water was not the cause as New Ross is in the
+    interior. If the gum was the cause of their changing color, it is
+    peculiar that we do not get more of them. Changes by chemical means
+    were also tried. The only thing which would turn the red of the
+    genuine color to brown, was sulphuric acid mixed with water, and
+    this did not give a good clear color, having a somewhat greyish
+    shade in it. Those experiments have, in my opinion, confirmed their
+    genuineness. And now as if to make assurances in regard to their
+    genuineness more sure, we find a third post office with them. This
+    was Beauly, in Antigonish Co., N. S. There were, however, only 6
+    received from there, the postmaster had the same story as the
+    others, he had received them from the Dept. at Ottawa in a brown
+    color.
+
+    The Department at Ottawa was written to in regard to them, but as
+    was to be expected, knew nothing of them whatsoever. No doubt if
+    they had been seen they would not have been allowed to be issued to
+    the public.
+
+Again we find some details given in _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_[199]
+under "Canadian Notes" which evidently refer to another lot:--
+
+    In this color the stamps were first issued in 1885, and were
+    distributed to a number of small towns in Ontario. Some months later
+    the attention of the Postmaster at Toronto was called to this stamp,
+    and as he had received no official notification of an emission in
+    this color, he caused inquiry to be made as to the authenticity of
+    these stamps. A number of offices that had them on hand were
+    communicated with, and all the answers were positive in the
+    statement that the color of the stamps when received had been a
+    decided brown, and had not undergone the slightest change by the
+    action of either time or chemicals. A number of these letters are in
+    the hands of a collector here, and are proof positive that this
+    stamp was issued in a brown color.
+
+[199] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, VI: 96.
+
+In spite of this brave showing, however, it is practically certain that
+the stamps are not a misprint but color changelings caused by oxidation,
+or rather "sulphuretting" to be more exact, an effect peculiarly liable
+to take place with stamps printed in red or orange. The same thing is
+found to occur in other Canadian stamps, the 3 pence and 5 cent of the
+Beaver type, the first issues of Newfoundland and the 3 cent, 1851, of
+the United States, as well as some of the red and orange colored revenue
+stamps of the Civil War period. In fact the change is carried almost to
+a black, at times, but can be restored to the original color by the
+application of hydrogen peroxide.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+THE POSTAGE DUE STAMPS
+
+
+Canada managed for years, like many other countries, to collect the
+postage due on insufficiently prepaid mail matter by merely marking the
+amount on the cover. The use of stamps as checks on those responsible
+for making the collections seems not to have been appreciated, or more
+probably was not deemed necessary. At last the advantages of such a
+system seem to have become manifest, and in the Postmaster General's
+Report for the 30th June, 1906, we find the following:--
+
+    A system of accounting for short paid postage collected by
+    Postmasters, by means of special stamps known as "Postage Due"
+    stamps, has been adopted by the Department. These stamps are to be
+    affixed to short paid mail matter and cancelled by Postmasters when
+    such matter is delivered to the addressee, and are not to be used
+    for any other purpose. They cannot be used for the payment of
+    ordinary postage, nor are they to be sold to the public.
+
+    The denominations of these stamps are 1, 2 and 5 cents.
+
+The first issue of the stamps to postmasters was on the 1st June, 1906,
+but the system did not come into operation until a month later. The
+following is the official notice with the technical portions omitted:--
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.
+
+                             OTTAWA, 1st June, 1906.
+
+    _Circular to Postmasters of Accounting Offices._
+
+    Commencing on the 1st July, 1906, the present system of collecting
+    unpaid postage will be discontinued and thereafter the following
+    arrangements will supersede the regulations now in force:--
+
+    (1) The Department will issue a special stamp which will be known as
+    the "POSTAGE DUE" stamp and on delivery of any article of mail
+    matter on which unpaid or additional postage is to be collected the
+    Postmaster will affix and cancel as ordinary stamps are cancelled,
+    postage due stamps to the amount of extra postage charged on such
+    article.
+
+    (2) The short paid postage must be collected from the addressee
+    before postage due stamps are affixed; otherwise the Postmaster is
+    liable to lose the amount of such postage.
+
+    (3) Postmasters will obtain postage due stamps on requisition to the
+    Department but the initial supply will be furnished without
+    requisition, so that the new system may go into operation on the
+    date above mentioned. When a new form is ordered "postage due"
+    stamps will be included in the printed list, but it is proposed to
+    use the stock on hand at present which would otherwise have to be
+    destroyed. The denominations of the new stamps will be 1, 2 and 5
+    cents.
+
+The new stamps were of the same size as the regular postage stamps, but
+with the longer dimension horizontal. A large numeral in a central
+tablet flanked by an acanthus scroll at each side, CANADA above, CENTS
+below, and POSTAGE DUE in block letters along the bottom, all on an
+engine-turned groundwork, make a very neat and effective design for the
+purpose intended. [Illustrations Nos. 58, 59 and 60 on Plate III.] The
+engraving is of course in the usual steel plate process, and the sheets
+are of 100 stamps in ten rows of ten. The marginal imprint is at the
+center of the top of the sheet and is the same as for the later postage
+issues, "OTTAWA--No--1" or "2". So far there have appeared the following
+plate numbers:--
+
+  1 cent No. 1
+  2  "   "   1 and 2
+  5  "   "   1
+
+The numbers printed, according to the Reports, have been as follows:--
+
+              1906      1907      1908      1909       1910
+  1 cent    500,000   700,000             300,000     600,000
+  2  "    1,100,000   500,000   900,000   900,000   1,300,000
+  5  "      200,000   200,000   200,000   200,000     400,000
+
+All three values were printed in the same shade of dark violet, but in
+1909 the 5 cent was reported in a red violet.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+THE SPECIAL DELIVERY STAMP
+
+
+The Postmaster General's Report for 30th June, 1898, contained the
+following announcements:--
+
+    The calendar year has witnessed the introduction of the special
+    delivery stamp, whereby on the payment of a delivery fee of 10 cents
+    in addition to the ordinary postage, a letter immediately upon its
+    arrival at the office of destination is sent by special messenger
+    for delivery to the addressee.
+
+    A special-delivery stamp of the face-value of 10 cents was prepared,
+    and the first supplies thereof were sent out sufficiently early to
+    Postmasters to permit of the inauguration of the special delivery
+    service on the 1st July, 1898. The object of this service is to
+    secure special and prompt delivery of a letter on which a
+    special-delivery stamp, in addition to the ordinary postage, has
+    been affixed.
+
+The following circular gives the details of the new system:--
+
+                POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.
+
+                                     OTTAWA, 7th June, 1898.
+
+  _Circular to Postmasters._
+
+    The Postmaster General has approved of arrangements whereby, on and
+    from the first of July proximo, the senders of letters posted at any
+    Post Office in Canada and addressed to a City Post Office now having
+    Free Delivery by Letter Carriers shall, on prepayment by Special
+    Delivery stamps of the face-value of ten cents, affixed one to each
+    letter, in addition to the ordinary postage to which the same are
+    liable, secure their special delivery to the persons to whom they
+    are addressed within the limits of Letter Carrier Delivery at any
+    one of the following Post Offices in Cities, viz:--Halifax, St.
+    John, N. B., Fredericton, Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa, Kingston,
+    Toronto, Brantford, Hamilton, London, Winnipeg, Victoria and
+    Vancouver. The hours of delivery to be within 7 a. m. and 11 p. m.
+    daily, except Sunday. These hours are subject to change as dictated
+    by local circumstances.
+
+    Drop-letters posted for local delivery, and bearing Special-Delivery
+    stamps, in addition to the postage, will also be entitled to special
+    delivery in the same manner as letters received at the Post Office
+    by mail.
+
+    Registered letters may likewise come under the operations of this
+    scheme of Special Delivery, in the same way as ordinary letters,
+    provided they bear Special-Delivery stamps, in addition to the full
+    postage and the registration fee fixed by law, and the regulations
+    respecting the record and receipting of registered matter are
+    observed. In despatching registered letters that bear
+    Special-Delivery stamps, the Postmaster should write prominently
+    across the registered-package envelope the words "For Special
+    Delivery". When Special-Delivery letters (unregistered) number five
+    or more for any one office the Postmaster should make a separate
+    package of them, marking it "For Special Delivery"; if such letters
+    are fewer than five, he should place them immediately under the
+    "facing-slip" of the letter-package which he makes up, either
+    directly or indirectly, for the Special-Delivery office for which
+    they are intended, so that the most prompt attention may be secured
+    therefor.
+
+    Special-Delivery stamps will be sold at all Money Order Post Offices
+    in Canada, (which may secure a supply of such stamps in the same way
+    as ordinary stamps are obtained,) for which the Postmasters will
+    have to account as they do for ordinary stamps, and on the sales of
+    which a total commission of 10 per cent, shall be allowed to
+    Postmasters, except to Postmasters having fixed salaries. For the
+    present Postmasters will use the existing forms of requisition in
+    applying for Special-Delivery stamps. (The usual discount may be
+    allowed to a licensed stamp vendor at the time that he purchases
+    Special-Delivery stamps from the Postmaster). Special-Delivery
+    stamps are to be cancelled as postage stamps are cancelled. Stamps
+    intended for Special Delivery are not available for any other
+    purpose, and the article upon which one is affixed must have,
+    besides, the ordinary postage prepaid by postage stamps. Under no
+    circumstances will Special-Delivery stamps be recognized in payment
+    of postage or of registration fee, nor can any other stamp be used
+    to secure Special Delivery, except the Special-Delivery stamp.
+    Special-Delivery stamps are not redeemable.
+
+    Letters intended for Special Delivery at any one of the City Post
+    Offices above mentioned, and prepaid as directed, may be mailed at
+    any Post Office in Canada.
+
+    The regulations relating to First Class Matter (Inland Post) apply
+    also and equally to Special-Delivery letters, the only difference
+    being the special treatment which the latter receive with a view to
+    accelerating their delivery.
+
+    The object sought by the establishment of Special Delivery,--namely,
+    the special delivery of letters transmitted thereunder,--will be
+    much promoted if the senders of all such letters are careful to
+    address them plainly and fully, giving, if possible, the street and
+    number in every case. Such care will serve not only to prevent
+    mistakes, but also to facilitate delivery.
+
+    All employees of the Post Office are enjoined to expedite, in every
+    way in their power, the posting, transmission and delivery of
+    letters intended for Special Delivery.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+      R. M. COULTER,
+  _Deputy Postmaster General_.
+
+For a description of the stamp itself we cannot do better than quote the
+_Montreal Witness_:--
+
+    The Special Delivery stamp differs materially in design and size
+    from the ordinary series, the dimensions of the engraved work being
+    1-1/4 inches long by 7/8 of an inch wide [31 × 23 mm.]. The
+    advantage of such a contrast is obvious. The letter to which a
+    Special Delivery stamp is affixed can thus be at once picked out by
+    those handling the mails including it, and its delivery greatly
+    hastened. The design of the Special Delivery stamp is without any
+    vignette, and consists substantially of a panel across the top
+    containing the words "CANADA POST OFFICE", with a lathe-work border
+    round the other three sides of the stamp. The center of the stamp is
+    occupied by an oval containing lathe-work, with the word "TEN" in
+    the center, and the phrase "SPECIAL DELIVERY WITHIN CITY LIMITS" in
+    a white letter, on a solid panel encircling the word "TEN". On each
+    side of the stamp, connecting the oval with the border, is a circle
+    with the numeral "10"; the space between the oval and the border is
+    occupied by ornamental work. At the bottom of the stamp, in the
+    lathe-work border, appears a white panel with the words "TEN CENTS".
+
+The stamp is illustrated as Number 57 on Plate III. It is line engraved
+and printed in sheets of 50, ten rows of five. The usual imprint,
+OTTAWA--No.--1, is found in the margin at the top of the sheet, over the
+third stamp. But one plate number has yet appeared. The color was at
+first a deep green which in 1908 took on a bluish cast. The paper used
+is the thick white wove ordinarily employed for the regular postage
+series, and the stamp has also appeared on the toned paper on which the
+1 cent postage is known. The annual requisitions from the manufacturers
+have increased from 25,000 in 1898 to 112,500 in 1910.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To return to the Postmaster General's Reports. That of the 30th June,
+1899, states:--"The 10 cent Special-Delivery stamp, to which reference
+was made in the last report, came into use at the beginning of the
+current fiscal year, simultaneously with the commencement of the
+Special-Delivery Service, and of this stamp 52,940 were issued to meet
+the demands, which would go to show that the service is being availed
+of to a considerable extent throughout the country." The date of the
+first issue of the special delivery stamp to postmasters is given as the
+28th June, 1898.
+
+No further mention is made of the service until the Report dated 31st
+March, 1908, which says that the special delivery service had been
+extended to thirteen places where free carrier service had been
+installed,[200] and further that "the regulations respecting special
+delivery have been so modified that it is no longer necessary for a
+person despatching a letter, which he desires to have delivered
+immediately, to provide himself with the 'special delivery' stamp issued
+by the department. He may now place upon his letter ordinary postage
+stamps to the value of ten cents in addition to the stamps required for
+prepayment of postage and write across the corner of the envelope the
+words 'special delivery'. This will ensure the special delivery of the
+letter as provided for in the regulations."
+
+[200] See page 197.
+
+The Report for 1909 states that the service has been extended to the
+eight places where free letter delivery by carrier had been installed
+during the year.[201]
+
+[201] =Ibid.=
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+THE "OFFICIALLY SEALED" LABELS
+
+
+Strictly speaking, the so-called "officially sealed stamps" are not
+stamps, as that term is technically employed in philately. To the
+uninitiated any design impressed upon a label, whether gummed and
+perforated or not, may be termed a stamp; but the ordinarily accepted
+use of the term has been restricted, at least in philatelic lore, to the
+label that represents a value, collected or chargeable, in the service
+in which it is employed. There may therefore be postal, telegraph or
+fiscal stamps, and because of the identity in use--to show that _no_ fee
+is required,--we can stretch our definition to include franking labels,
+such as are often used officially. But the "officially sealed" label
+performs no such function, and is, as its name implies, simply a _seal_
+which fulfils that purpose alone and therefore does not properly belong
+in the company of postage stamps. Our only reason for touching upon
+these labels here is that they have been included in some of the
+catalogs for years and many collectors possess them; consequently it
+seems desirable to give their history along with that of their more
+worthy prototypes.
+
+The label figured as Number 117 on Plate X, seems to have been first
+reported in _Le Timbre-Poste_ for October, 1879, and its date of issue
+is usually given as that year. But little seems to have been known about
+it for some time, which perhaps was partly due to its scarcity and
+partly because it did not attract the notice that a regular postage
+stamp issue would have.
+
+The London Society's book quoted a somewhat ambiguous explanation of the
+use to which the label was put, which had appeared in the _Halifax
+Philatelist_;[202] but it remained for Major Evans to clear up the
+matter in the columns of the _Philatelic Record_.[203] We cannot do
+better than quote this in full:--
+
+    With reference to what is said about the Canadian
+    _officially-sealed_ label in the London Society's new book, I am
+    glad to be able to throw some light upon the question as to the
+    manner of its employment.
+
+    When I was in Canada last July [1889] I made special enquiries about
+    these labels, as there appeared to be some mystery about their use.
+    Everyone agreed that they were not placed upon _all_ letters opened
+    at the Dead Letter Office and returned to their senders, and no two
+    persons seemed to have quite the same theory as to the rules for
+    their employment or non-employment in any particular case. Even
+    gentlemen connected with the Post-Office at Halifax, such as Mr.
+    King and others, could give me no definite information. I therefore
+    determined to see what I could do at the head-quarters at Ottawa.
+
+    Fortunately, I was able, through a collector in an official
+    position, to obtain an introduction to the Deputy
+    Postmaster-General, who most kindly gave me the following
+    particulars, which show that the employment of the _officially
+    sealed_ labels is very restricted, thus accounting for their rarity.
+
+    Letters in Canada, as in the United States, very frequently have on
+    the outside the well-known notice containing the address of the
+    sender, and a request that the letter may be returned if not
+    delivered within a certain time. These of course are not opened at
+    the Dead Letter Office, and in fact, I think, are ordered not to be
+    sent there, but are returned direct from the office to which they
+    were originally addressed or from the head office of the district.
+    On the other hand, those that have no indication of the address of
+    the sender on the outside are sent to the Dead Letter Office, and
+    there necessarily opened; but neither of these classes thus properly
+    dealt with is considered to require the _officially-sealed_ label.
+    It is only if one of the former class, having the sender's name and
+    address on the outside, is sent to the Dead Letter Office and there
+    opened in _error_ that the _officially-sealed_ label is applied, to
+    show that such letter has been opened officially, and not by any
+    unauthorized person. Whether these pieces of gummed paper ever had a
+    more extended use or not I cannot say, but I was assured that the
+    above was the substance of the regulations as to their employment.
+
+    The Deputy Postmaster-General further stated that there had been so
+    many requests for specimens of these labels that the Department had
+    been obliged to make it a rule to turn a deaf ear to all of them.
+
+    In any case they are not _postage stamps_, properly speaking, at
+    all. They indicate neither postage paid nor postage due, but simply
+    that the letters to which they are attached have been opened by
+    proper authority, and they at the same time afford a means for
+    reclosing them.
+
+[202] =North American Colonies of Great Britain=, page 19; =Halifax
+Philatelist=, I: 15.
+
+[203] =Philatelic Record=, XI: 210.
+
+The labels are of relatively large size, being 25-1/2 by 38 mm. The
+design is mostly engine-turned work, with the words OFFICIALLY SEALED on
+a label across the center; above this appears, in a curve, POST OFFICE
+CANADA, and beneath likewise DEAD LETTER OFFICE. The label is a fine
+piece of line engraving, but we have been unable to ascertain the size
+of the sheets in which it was printed. Doubtless the usual four
+marginal imprints were employed, being the "Montreal" type in pearled
+border.
+
+It seems to be the general idea that the first printing of the labels,
+which were in a dark red-brown, was the only one, but no information is
+at hand concerning the quantity delivered. At any rate in the Canadian
+Notes in _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_ for November 30, 1892 we read
+that:--"From a reliable source it is learned that the old die of the
+Canada official seal stamp has been spoiled or rather destroyed for
+further use by the Bank Note Company, who have possession of it." We
+suggest that the words "spoiled" and "destroyed" have been transposed in
+the original, the meaning evidently being that the die had been defaced
+as of no further use.
+
+The labels were normally perforated the usual 12, but the same journal
+for April 13, 1892 reports that a whole sheet had been seen in an
+imperforate condition.
+
+Though various rumors that the use of these labels was to be
+discontinued are to be found in the late "90's" and early "00's", and
+though the defacing of the die would perhaps indicate such intention,
+yet a new issue in changed design made its appearance about 1905, which
+was of course engraved by the American Bank Note Co., who then held the
+contract for furnishing stamps. This handsome label, figured as Number
+116 on Plate X, was adapted from the magnificent "Law Stamps" of the
+"series of 1897", which stand as some of the finest fiscal stamps ever
+issued. The central vignette, with its portrait of Queen Victoria at the
+time of the Diamond Jubilee, the word CANADA arched above, and the
+engine-turned border, are reproduced in their entirety from the fiscal
+stamp; DEAD LETTER OFFICE and more engine-turned work replace the LAW
+STAMP inscription of the prototype beneath the vignette, and OFFICIALLY
+SEALED is filled in in block letters of varying heights at the top.
+
+The labels are of course line engraved and perforated 12, but the sheet
+arrangement or details of quantity printed cannot be given. They were
+issued at first on a pale blue paper, but subsequently, about 1907,
+appeared on plain white paper.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+THE STAMPED ENVELOPES
+
+
+In its issue for June, 1904, the _London Philatelist_[204] illustrated a
+cover, submitted by Mr. E. B. Greenshields of Montreal, which had the
+appearance of a provisional 3d. envelope. Concerning it Mr. Greenshields
+said:--"This letter was posted in New Carlisle, Gaspé, Lower Canada, on
+April 7th, 1851, and was stamped 'Three Pence' in two lines, inside a
+square, with a black border of neat design round the sides. Across this
+was written 'Letter R. W. Kelly Apl. 1851'. The letter was addressed to
+Toronto, C. W., and on the other side was stamped the date the letter
+was received, 'Apl. 16, 1851.'" The design was printed on the right
+upper corner of the envelope, "Three Pence" being in script type of a
+style then in vogue, and the border being a common type of loops. No
+stamp appeared on the cover nor the word PAID.
+
+[204] =London Philatelist=, XIII: 153.
+
+On enquiry of the Post Office Department at Ottawa the following reply
+was sent:--
+
+  OTTAWA, _2nd. March_, 1904.
+
+    SIR,--I am directed to acknowledge receipt of your communication of
+    the 26th ultimo, inquiring whether R. W. Kelly was Postmaster of New
+    Carlisle, Co. Gaspé, Quebec, in 1851, and in reply am directed to
+    inform you that R. W. Kelly, doubtless the same man, was Postmaster
+    of New Carlisle in 1851....
+
+    As regards your inquiry as to whether postage stamps were used on
+    the 7th April, 1851, and your statement that you have an envelope
+    sent on that date from New Carlisle to Toronto with "Three Pence"
+    printed on it, inside a fancy border, I have to say that postage
+    stamps were issued to the public for the first time on the 23d
+    April, 1851, and that stamped envelopes were not issued until some
+    years later. The stamped envelope to which you refer may have been
+    an envelope so stamped on the prepayment in the New Carlisle Post
+    Office of three pence, the required charge for postage.
+
+    I am, sir, your obedient servant,
+
+  WILLIAM SMITH, _Secretary_.
+
+
+
+Inasmuch as the impression is type-set and printed, it was doubtless a
+scheme of the Postmaster to prepare the envelopes and save stamping them
+with the office seals afterwards, as would be necessary if no adhesive
+stamp were attached. The cover in question was evidently used for his
+own convenience, but its use as a stamped envelope would depend upon
+whether it was sold to the public for their convenience as a prepaid
+cover. Under such conditions it would assume a character akin to the
+Postmaster's Provisionals of the United States, but no such evidence has
+been forthcoming, nor are other copies known. It is an interesting
+cover, particularly because of the lack of the word PAID, which should
+have been stamped upon it as well as the indication of the amount,
+according to the rules in force before adhesive stamps were used to
+indicate prepayment in themselves; but it had no government sanction,
+and has not yet been shown to have even the rank of a "semi-official
+issue."
+
+Although following closely upon the heels of the United States in
+issuing postage stamps, less than four years having intervened, Canada
+was not so eager to introduce the stamped envelope, for she waited over
+six years before following the example of her big neighbor. The first
+reference to the innovation is found in the Postmaster General's Report
+for 30th September, 1859 (although the Report is actually dated 20th
+February, 1860), and reads as follows:--
+
+    For the promotion of public convenience by facilitating the
+    prepayment of letters, Stamped Envelopes bearing Medallion Stamps of
+    the postage value of 5c. and of 10c. respectively have been procured
+    and issued for sale to the public, at an advance of 1/2 a cent on
+    the value of each stamp, to cover the cost of the envelope, and of
+    engraving the stamp, &c.
+
+The precise date of issue does not seem to be on record, but the year
+1860 is always given. From the stamp accounts, quoted below, we find the
+quantity issued for sale is qualified by the remark "during 8 months to
+Sept. 30", which would indicate that the envelopes were issued about the
+1st February, 1860; and we have therefore assigned this date to them
+until a more authoritative one is produced.
+
+The next reference to the envelopes, including the accounts, appears in
+the Report for the year ending 30th September, 1860, as follows:--
+
+      STAMPED ENVELOPES.
+                                                     5c.     10c.    Value
+      Received from Mfrs.                          200,000 100,000 21,500.00
+      Issued for sale during 8 months to Sept. 30, 136,177  45,651 12,283.09
+                                                   ------- ------- ---------
+      Remaining,                                    63,823  54,349  9,216.91
+
+    The number of Stamped Envelopes, actually used by the public, has
+    been but small, as a considerable proportion of those issued remain
+    in the hands of Postmasters.
+
+The cost of manufacture of the stamped envelopes was included, as we
+have already seen,[205] in the payments made to the American Bank Note
+Co. for stamps, etc., in 1860, so that they were obtained from that
+firm. They were not manufactured by them, however, but by George F.
+Nesbitt & Co. of New York, who at that time held the contract for
+supplying the United States Government with stamped envelopes. The
+similarity of the stamped impression, both in size and general
+arrangement, to the United States envelope dies of 1860 will be noted,
+and the paper used for the envelopes will be found to be similar, even
+to the watermark, while the two "knives" used for cutting the envelope
+blanks will be found to agree with numbers 2 and 11 of the Tiffany,
+Bogert and Rechert catalog. It was evidently a case of the Bank Note Co.
+subletting the contract to Nesbitt, who was regularly in the business.
+
+[205] See page 90.
+
+Nothing further appears in the Reports in regard to the stamped
+envelopes, except the tables of statistics, until the Report of 30th
+June, 1864, which says:--"In order to promote the use of the Stamped
+Envelopes a reduction in the price to the public was made from 1st
+October, 1864, from $5.50 per 100 for the five cent and $10.50 per 100
+for the ten cent envelopes, to $5.30 and $10.30 per 100 respectively."
+But even this bait did not attract, for the next year's Report
+remarks:--"The recent reduction in the price of stamped envelopes has
+not led to any material increase in the demand." For two years longer
+the accounts are given, but with the first Report of the Dominion of
+Canada, for the year ending 30th June, 1868, they disappear, the
+envelopes evidently having been given up as a bad investment at the
+close of the accounts of the Province of Canada, when it was merged into
+the Dominion.
+
+We have already quoted the figures for the first supplies received and
+the quantities first issued to postmasters. It may be well to give the
+entire record for its historical value:--
+
+                                      5 cent.  10 cent.
+  Balance on hand, 30th Sept. 1860,    63,823    54,349
+  Returned by Post Masters, unsold,     1,529     1,905
+                                       ------    ------
+                                       65,352    56,254
+  Issued for sale during year,         20,700       806
+                                       ------    ------
+  Balance on hand, 30th Sept. 1861,    44,652    55,448
+  Returned by Post Masters, unsold,       251       314
+                                       ------    ------
+                                       44,903    55,762
+  Issued for sale during year,          9,595       844
+                                       ------    ------
+  Balance on hand, 30th Sept. 1862,    35,308    54,918
+  Returned by Post Masters, unsold,                   4
+                                       ------    ------
+                                       35,308    54,922
+  Issued for sale during year,         15,200       900
+                                       ------    ------
+  Balance on hand, 30th Sept. 1863,    20,108    54,022
+  Returned by Post Masters, unsold,     5,000     2,997
+                                       ------    ------
+                                       25,108    57,019
+  Issued during 9 months,              14,800       850
+                                       ------    ------
+  Balance on hand, 30th June, 1864,    10,308    56,169
+  Returned by Post Masters, unsold,     6,444     5,632
+  Received from manufacturers,         25,000
+                                       ------    ------
+                                       41,752    61,801
+  Issued for sale during year,         23,583     5,698
+
+  Balance on hand 30th June, 1865,     18,169    56,103
+  Returned by Post Masters, unsold,       382       225
+                                       ------    ------
+                                       18,551    56,328
+  Issued to 30th June, 1866,           16,225       625
+                                       ------    ------
+  Balance 30th June, 1866,              2,326    55,703
+  Returned by Post Masters, unsold,                 193
+                                       ------    ------
+                                        2,326    55,896
+  Deduct envelopes short received,         10
+                                       ------    ------
+                                        2,316    55,896
+  Issued to 30th. June, 1867,           2,270       172
+                                       ------    ------
+  Balance 30th. June, 1867,                46    55,724
+
+
+
+These figures are the last that appear concerning the first issue of
+envelopes, the next Report, as already stated, having no mention of them
+at all. It was very probably because there were not enough to supply the
+added Provinces of the Dominion, in the case of the 5 cent envelopes,
+and principally because they did not seem to be popular enough to
+warrant continuing their use that the envelopes did not remain in issue
+under the Dominion Government.
+
+An inspection of the above table shows that the 5 cent envelopes were
+apparently issued at an average rate of perhaps 15,000 a year, while 800
+only of the 10 cent were ordinarily put forth. This might indicate a
+fair consumption of the lower value by the public, particularly as the
+total receipt from the manufacturers was 225,000 and but 46 remainders
+are given at the close of the account. But it must be remembered that
+the table gives the quantities "issued to postmasters" and not the sales
+to the public by the postmasters. We know the public did not take
+particularly to the use of the envelopes, so that there were doubtless
+large quantities of them in postmaster's hands when their sale was
+discontinued. These would naturally be returned to the Department and
+destroyed, which would of course materially reduce the quantity issued
+as taken from the tables. Unfortunately these latter figures have not
+been obtainable; but it is certain from the rarity of used copies that
+nothing like 224,954 of the 5 cent and 44,276 of the 10 cent envelopes
+could have been sold to the public. We are able to illustrate an entire
+used copy of each value as Numbers 130 and 131 on Plate XIV.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+As already stated, the envelope stamps were very similar in size and
+style to the United States envelope dies of 1860. The inscription CANADA
+POSTAGE is in the frame above the head and the value below, reversing
+the United States arrangement, and there are no stars separating the
+legends. The embossed head of Queen Victoria was evidently copied from
+the profile used on the 1 cent stamp of 1859. The 5 cent stamp is
+printed in vermilion and the 10 cent in dark brown. There was but one
+size of envelope, 5-1/2 × 3-1/4 inches (140 × 83 mm.), and but one
+quality of paper for the first order--a white laid paper with a slightly
+yellowish tone, watermarked with the letters Ca over POD (Canada Post
+Office Department) which appears about twice in each envelope. The paper
+was cut so that the laid lines run diagonally, and the knife used was
+that numbered 2 in the Tiffany, Bogert and Rechert catalog of United
+States envelopes, with rounded flap and yellowish gum, extending nearly
+the length of the flap.
+
+In the table given it will be noticed that 25,000 more 5 cent envelopes
+were received from the manufacturers in 1865. These latter were on a
+white paper of similar quality with a slightly bluish tone, and a
+slightly different knife had been used in cutting the blanks, which
+corresponds to that numbered 11 in the catalog quoted. The difference
+consists mainly in a more pointed flap than the first knife.
+
+The _London Philatelist_ for December, 1896, contained the following
+startling announcement under the head of CANADA:[206]--
+
+    Mr. L. Gibb, of Montreal, kindly submitted to his fellow members of
+    the London Philatelic Society, at a recent meeting, a curious
+    variety among the stamps of the Colony he resides in. The specimen
+    in question was the 10 c. envelope of 1860 impressed in vermilion,
+    instead of its normal colour--brown, and being presumably printed in
+    error in the color of the 5c. The stamp was unfortunately cut round,
+    but was on the diagonally laid paper usual to the Issue, duly
+    postmarked, and, in the opinion of the members present, had every
+    appearance of authenticity, although surprise was expressed that so
+    marked a variety should never have been noted before.
+
+[206] =London Philatelist=, V: 345.
+
+Nothing further has apparently been learned about it since, but in the
+face of the above statements and opinions it seems necessary to record
+it.
+
+Both values were reprinted[207] by the Nesbitt Company in 1868 on pieces
+of white wove paper and also vertically laid buff paper, the 5 cent
+copying the color of the original, but the 10 cent being in a dark red
+brown instead of black brown. They were also printed in the same colors
+on entire envelopes of white and buff laid paper with the POD over US
+watermark of the regular United States stationery. These were a size
+smaller than the regular Canadian envelopes, being 137×77 mm. A further
+variety is noted in the _Catalogue for Advanced Collectors_,[208] as
+follows:--"There is also a second type of the 5c to be found on the same
+papers as above reprints which was probably struck off in the same year.
+The stamp is a trifle larger and the head smaller than on the accepted
+die; this is probably a die prepared by Nesbitt but refused by the
+Canadian Government."
+
+[207] =American Journal of Philately=, 2nd Series, III: 165.
+
+[208] =Ibid.=
+
+The Dominion Government, which discarded the Provincial stamped
+envelopes from the beginning, did not essay anything in that line for
+nearly ten years. Finally the following notice was sent out:--
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA
+
+                          OTTAWA, 6th October, 1877.
+
+        STAMPED ENVELOPES.
+
+    1. Letter envelopes bearing an impressed postage stamp of one cent,
+    and three cents respectively, are ready for issue to Postmasters and
+    through their agency to Stamp Vendors for sale to the public.
+
+    2. These envelopes when issued to Postmasters will be charged to
+    them, and will have to be accounted for by them at the following
+    rates:
+
+      One cent envelopes,              $1.30
+      Three cent  do      No. 1 size,   3.30
+          do      do      No. 2 size,   3.35
+
+    3. The three-cent envelopes are of two sizes, No. 2 being larger
+    than No. 1 and Postmasters, when asking at any time for a supply,
+    will be careful to state how many of each size they want.
+
+    4. Postmasters and Stamp Vendors will be required to sell these
+    envelopes at the above rates per hundred to the public, and when a
+    request is made for a single envelope, or for any number less than a
+    hundred, the charge for the same must be made by the Postmaster or
+    Stamp Vendor, as near the exact proportionate value, as compared
+    with the above rates per hundred, as the fraction will permit
+    without loss to the Postmaster or Stamp Vendor, thus ten of the
+    three-cent envelopes, No. 1 size, should be sold for thirty-three
+    cents, five for seventeen cents, and two for seven cents.
+
+    5. When used these envelopes will represent the pre-payment of
+    postage to the amount of the stamp impressed thereon, and when used
+    for letters weighing more than 1/2 an oz., or on which the
+    pre-payment is required of more than is represented by the impressed
+    stamp, the difference may be affixed by ordinary postage stamps.
+
+    6. The impressed stamp must be carefully cancelled by Postmasters
+    when the envelopes are posted.
+
+    7. An impressed stamp cut from an envelope cannot be used for
+    pre-payment of postage in any shape, and when detached from the
+    envelope on which it was impressed, it loses all value as a postage
+    stamp.
+
+    8. In the accounts rendered by Postmasters, the amounts of stamped
+    envelopes received from the Department and sold to the public or to
+    Vendors, are to be added to the postage stamp items.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+                                         L. S. HUNTINGTON,
+                                            _Postmaster General._
+  */
+
+  /#
+  _Memo._--Stamped Envelopes are to be sold to the public at the following
+  prices by Postmasters and Stamp Vendors:--
+  #/
+
+                              Per
+                            Hundred.   Per Ten.    For Single Envelopes.
+
+  1 Cent Envelopes             $1.30   13 cents  2 cents, or 3 cents for 2
+  3  do     do    No. 1 size   $3.30   33 cents  4 cents, or 7 cents for 2
+     do     do    No. 2 size   $3.35   34 cents  4 cents, or 7 cents for 2
+
+Curiously enough no mention is made in the Postmaster General's Report
+of either the issue of the stamped envelopes or their reception by the
+public, such as was the case with their predecessors in 1860. We find
+from the stamp accounts, however, that the first supplies received from
+the manufactures were 554,250 of the 1 cent; 1,257,000 of the 3 cent
+size 1; and 564,250 of the 3 cent size 2. Further supplies of the 1 cent
+were not needed until two years later, of the 3 cent size 1 until three
+years later, and of the 3 cent size 2 until four years later, so it is
+evident that no great popular demand sprang up for them.
+
+The 1 cent envelope, which was intended for the local or "drop letter"
+rate, was issued in numbers averaging about 150,000 a year up to 1889,
+when the Post Office Act of that year, which increased the limit of
+weight of the single rate letter from 1/2 to 1 ounce and fixed the drop
+letter rate at 2 cents per ounce for cities having a free delivery
+service,[209] caused a falling off in the issue to 62,000 in the 1890
+Report, and this gradually diminished to about 25,000 per annum in the
+Report for 1897, when the stamp under discussion was superseded by a new
+design.
+
+[209] See page 136.
+
+The 3 cent envelopes, being the regular letter rate, had a larger use;
+nevertheless the issue of the No. 1 size fell gradually from some
+250,000 in 1879 to about 50,000 in 1897. The No. 2 size proved more
+popular, though the demand was somewhat erratic. The issue went from
+78,000 in 1879 to 116,000 in 1884; then averaged about 85,000 for three
+years; next averaged about 120,000 for four years; and finally returned
+to the 85,000 mark for the next six years, when a new issue took its
+place.
+
+The design of these envelope stamps is in all respects similar to the
+early type, but they are about half again as large. The embossed head
+of the Queen is copied from the profile on the "large" cent stamps of
+1868 and is tilted forward rather awkwardly in the frame. The 3 cent is
+printed in bright red varying to rose, but the 1 cent instead of
+following the yellow color of the adhesive is printed in blue, which
+varies from quite pale to very dark. The envelopes were manufactured by
+the British American Bank Note Co. from white laid unwatermarked paper,
+and have a pointed flap with gum extending nearly the whole length. The
+smaller sized envelope was also issued with the flap rounded into a
+tongue, but the larger sized envelope is not known in this form. These
+"tongued flap" envelopes were apparently an early variety, as the
+_Philatelic Monthly_ records the 3 cent in its issue for April, 1878.
+The 1 cent, however, does not seem to have been noted until the June,
+1884 issue of _Le Timbre-Poste_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The earlier printings of the envelopes were upon a laid paper that had
+the "cross vergures", or single laid lines that regularly cross the
+general run, at a spacing of 18 mm. from each other. About 1888 another
+paper came into use which had these "cross vergures" spaced 24 mm.
+apart, and in some cases 27 mm. The two papers can be told at a glance
+as they varied in tone, the latter variety having a slight cream tint
+and the former being a pure white. These two varieties are of course
+more noticeable in the entire envelope than in cut squares, and have
+been listed as "rosy white" and "bluish white" papers, but we feel
+unable to distinguish them thus as the terms seem wholly inapplicable.
+
+The 1 cent envelope was chronicled in ultramarine in April, 1897, of
+course on the small sized envelope and the cream toned laid paper.[210]
+
+[210] =Monthly Journal=, VII: 175.
+
+In May, 1896, the _Philatelic Record_ stated[211] that "Our publishers
+have the envelope of the 3 cents red value with stamp roughly
+lithographed instead of being embossed. Mr. J. B. Lewis, of Ottawa, says
+only 110 were printed." This was a somewhat startling statement, and
+Major Evans thus comments on it:[212]--
+
+    There have been reports of late, in various quarters, of a certain
+    number of the 3c. envelopes, of the current type, having had the
+    stamp impressed upon them by lithography instead of in the usual
+    manner.
+
+    The story goes that the embossing die was lost, or mislaid, that a
+    small supply of envelopes was wanted immediately by a business firm,
+    and that a few hundreds were lithographed to fill this demand. The
+    whole story sounds somewhat doubtful, to any one who knows how
+    stamped envelopes are produced, but until quite recently we had not
+    seen a specimen of the supposed lithographed envelopes, and
+    therefore would not express any opinion upon them. A copy has lately
+    been sent to our publishers, and we find it to be practically
+    identical, as far as _almost_ entire absence of embossing is
+    concerned, with some specimens which we obtained in Canada a few
+    years ago; the embossing, in the copy shown us, is not absolutely
+    invisible, there being slight traces of it about the head, and
+    especially the chignon; and if any envelopes have been lithographed,
+    which we greatly doubt, this is not one of them.
+
+[211] =Philatelic Record=, XVIII: 135.
+
+[212] =Monthly Journal=, VI: 188.
+
+The lithographing of a comparatively few envelopes by a country like
+Canada appears somewhat incredulous on the face of it, and even more so
+does the "loss" or "misplacing" of the embossing die; the true
+explanation of the occurrence is doubtless found in the use of a much
+worn die, or more likely a defective "counter-die" or "bed-plate" which
+backs the paper.
+
+In the issue for January 1895, the _American Journal of Philately_ had
+this statement:--"Mr. G. A. Lowe informs us that the 3c envelope exists
+on wove paper and was issued in 1891, probably in error." Referring to
+this, the _Monthly Journal_ for May 1895, states:--
+
+    Mr. King tells us that he found some packets of this variety in the
+    Post-office at Halifax, and that he thinks that they may be a new
+    edition, on a better paper than the last. He is not certain yet
+    about this, as the great majority of the stock consisted of the
+    _laid_ paper envelopes, and therefore the use of the wove may have
+    been unintentional or temporary.
+
+Again in the August 1895 issue, the last quoted paper says:--
+
+    In further reference to the 3c envelopes on _wove_ paper, Mr. King
+    sends us replies which he received from the P. O. Department to his
+    enquiries on the subject. The replies are vague, if not evasive, but
+    show plainly that no intentional change was made in the paper used;
+    they seemed to indicate, however, that the contractors are not
+    restricted to a particular nature of paper, so long as the envelopes
+    supplied are of sufficiently good quality.
+
+
+
+The references to Mr. King in 1895 seem to show that he discovered the
+envelopes at about that time, so if the first statement about their
+appearing in 1891 is correct there must have been two lots issued at two
+different periods. That they were errors seems to admit of no doubt, as
+the usual paper for these envelopes was of the laid variety. They were
+only found in the large size envelope, known officially as No. 2.
+
+In the issue for September 1899, the _American Journal of Philately_
+noted two unusual varieties:--
+
+    Mr. Charles A. Benedict of Brantford has sent us samples of two
+    envelopes with stamp of the 1877 type, which have not as yet been
+    chronicled and which should probably be classed as printed-to-order
+    envelopes. They are said to be used by a certain firm in Brantford
+    for circulars and letters, and are printed on large manila amber
+    envelopes.
+
+The size of the envelopes is given as 265×113 mm., and both the 1 cent
+and 3 cent stamps were impressed upon them. No further information seems
+to have been obtained concerning these curiosities, which must have been
+issued previous to the termination of the contract with the British
+American Bank Note Co. in 1897.
+
+Although the rate on "drop letters" at free delivery offices was fixed
+at 2 cents per ounce by the Post Office Act of 1889, in place of the
+previous 1 cent per half ounce, it did not occur that a 2 cent envelope
+might be desirable until about five years later. In the Postmaster
+General's Report of 30th June, 1894, we read:--"It is proposed to issue
+for use for drop letters, that is for letters passing within the limits
+of a free delivery in cities, a 2 cent envelope which will no doubt be
+found a convenience to the public."
+
+In the next year's Report we find:--"The 2 cent envelopes, used mainly
+for drop letters, that is, for letters passing within the limits of a
+free delivery in cities, and referred to in the report for last year,
+have been issued during the year. Judging from the demand made for these
+envelopes already, they are likely to prove a convenience to the
+public."
+
+The new denomination was issued on the 14th June, 1895,[213] on the
+larger sized envelope, the paper being the cream toned laid. It is a
+rather bizarre production, being circular in form with a medallion of
+the Queen's head in the center, and a beaver perched outside the design
+at the top, while the sides are broken by maple leaves. The inscriptions
+are in colored letters, and the numeral of value appears for the only
+time on a Canadian envelope stamp. In spite of the "demand" for these
+envelopes, a total supply of 94,970 received from the manufacturers was
+found sufficient to last until the new type was issued from the
+Government Printing Bureau in 1899, after the contract with the British
+American Bank Note Co. had expired.
+
+[213] =American Journal of Philately=, 2nd Series, VIII: 365.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The Postmaster General's Report for 30th June, 1898, says:--
+
+    New stamped envelopes also came into use, and the price thereof
+    _above the face value_ as compared with the old envelopes of the
+    same size, was reduced by 10 cents per 100, a reduction of 33-1/3 %.
+    A further concession given the public was that a blank form of
+    request (to return letter if not delivered within the specified
+    time) is printed without extra charge on the envelope, so that at
+    the option of the purchaser stamped envelopes with or without this
+    form of request may be obtained. Whilst the three denominations of
+    stamped envelopes (1 cent, 2 cents and 3 cents) are retained, it was
+    deemed advisable to have only one size instead of two as was the
+    case with the old envelopes,--the small size of the latter (known as
+    No. 1) being discontinued because of the tendency on the part of the
+    mercantile community to use envelopes of the larger size (known
+    officially as No. 2) or what in the commercial world is classed as
+    No. 7. The latter is now the uniform size of the new stamped
+    envelopes.
+
+The stamped envelopes referred to at the beginning of the above
+quotation were the 3 cent envelopes, the first value to appear in a new
+design, and the price, as stated, was reduced from the former rate of
+$3.30 per hundred to $3.20 per hundred. But this apparently applied only
+to the new style, for the old style envelopes returned to the department
+as "unfit for use" in 1898, 1899 and 1900 were credited at the old
+rates, while the new style envelopes in the same condition were credited
+at the new rates in these same years. The Report for 1899 states that
+the old style envelopes in their two sizes were discontinued on 31st
+March, 1898.
+
+The new stamp, while perhaps not as bizarre as the 2 cent of 1895, was
+yet a conspicuously ugly production by reason of the profile portrait of
+Queen Victoria that was employed. The die was engraved by Messrs. De La
+Rue & Co., of London, and outside of the embossed head is a very neat
+design of engine turned work, with POSTAGE in small white letters above
+the inner oval and THREE CENTS beneath. The word CANADA was added,
+apparently as an afterthought, in colored letters _outside_ the design
+at the top of the stamp, where it breaks the colored line surrounding
+the oval! The impression is in a bright red on a white wove paper of a
+slightly cream tone, and the flap is rounded, with gum extending its
+full length. The return request referred to in the Report is printed in
+black in the upper left hand corner and reads:--
+
+[Illustration]
+
+    If not called for in ten days return to....
+
+It seems that the American Bank Note Co., upon taking the contract for
+supplying the Canadian stamps in 1897, asked to be excused from printing
+the stamped envelopes as well, because such a small number were used.
+This work was therefore given to the Government Printing Bureau at
+Ottawa,[214] which accounts for the dies having been furnished by
+Messrs. De La Rue & Co. The stamp accounts give the number of 3 cent
+envelopes furnished in the new type as 110,000 in 1898 and 70,000 in
+1899, a total of 180,000; but the reduction of the domestic letter rate
+from 3 cents to 2 cents on the 1st January, 1899, made the 3 cent
+envelope useless, and large quantities were surcharged with the new
+rate, so that it is impossible to tell what proportion of the amount
+given is now represented by each variety. If catalog pricing is any
+criterion, the unsurcharged issue of the envelope should be perhaps
+80,000.
+
+[214] =Weekly Philatelic Era=, XI: 308.
+
+The Report for 1899 states:--
+
+    As a result of the reduction in the Domestic Letter rate of postage,
+    the issue of the 3c. letter card, 3c. stamped envelope and 3c.
+    postage stamp has been discontinued, unused quantities of these,
+    however, continuing available for postage purposes, or exchangeable
+    at any post office for their equivalent in postage stamps of other
+    denominations.
+
+The Report does not give the date of issue of the 3 cent stamped
+envelope, but it was chronicled in _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_ for May
+5, 1898, and therefore was probably issued sometime in April. The date
+of discontinuance is given, however, as December, 1898, so that it had a
+life, unsurcharged, of only about nine months.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+But meanwhile the 1 cent envelope was being prepared, and evidently
+because of the dissatisfaction expressed over the embossed head of the
+Queen on the 3 cent value, the new envelope appeared with the familiar
+youthful profile similar to that used on the British envelope dies for
+so many years. This improved the appearance of the stamp, which
+otherwise corresponded in design with the 3 cent and was likewise
+engraved by Messrs. De La Rue & Co. It was printed in a dark green on
+paper like that of the 3 cent value, and in the same size and cut of
+envelope. The new type was issued on July 22, 1898, according to the
+1899 Report, and was sold at $1.20 per hundred. The distribution of the
+old style 1 cent envelopes was discontinued in the same month, according
+to the stamp accounts.
+
+Following the 1 cent envelope came the 2 cent, being identical in every
+respect save the expressed value and color, and emanating from the same
+source as its two predecessors. The Report of 1899 gives the date of
+issue of this envelope as the 2nd January, 1899, and, as the
+corresponding value in the adhesive set was a deep violet, we should
+expect the envelope stamp to follow suit. This it did, but was almost
+immediately followed by an issue in bright red, because of the reduction
+of the domestic letter rate from 3 cents to 2 cents. It will be
+remembered that when Imperial Penny Postage was inaugurated on December
+25, 1898, it was almost immediately announced that the internal postage
+in Canada would be reduced to the 2 cent rate on and from the 1st
+January, 1899. As the Postal Union requirements called for carmine as
+the color of the stamp for the domestic letter rate, the change from
+violet was necessary in the Canadian 2 cent stamp, but owing to the
+large stock of the violet stamps on hand and the surcharging of the 3
+cent stamps down to 2 cent value, the change in color from violet to
+carmine did not take place in the adhesives for some eight months. Not
+so with the envelopes; the new 2 cent ones were about to be issued and
+had been printed to the amount of 10,000 in dark violet. But with the
+change in rates and therefore in color requirements, orders were given
+to print further supplies of the 2 cent envelope in red, and the latter
+color therefore appeared about a week after the violet stamp.
+
+We have gone thus into detail in the matter in order to make it evident
+why the violet stamp was so short lived, and why the change was made.
+This seems necessary because such a furor was created at the time, when
+it became known that the issue of violet envelopes was small, and
+speculation ran high; the Government was accused of speculating in them
+and of putting them in the hands of favored ones, and finally, as in the
+case of the alleged speculation in the Jubilee stamps, the matter came
+up in Parliament. The following is an extract from the official report
+of the debates in the House of Commons at Ottawa:[215]--
+
+  ISSUE OF STAMPED ENVELOPES.
+
+    Mr. Hughes asked: 1. When will the present 2 cent purple stamped
+    envelope cease to be issued, and the red issued in its place? 2. How
+    many 2 cent purple envelopes were issued, and how many distributed?
+    At what offices were they distributed, how many at each office? Are
+    there any more to be distributed, and if so, where will they be
+    distributed? 3. Is it the intention of the Government to issue an
+    entire new set of stamped envelopes to replace those at present in
+    use? If so, when? * * *
+
+    The Postmaster-General (Mr. Mulock): The issue of 2 cent
+    purple-stamp envelopes ceased when the supply thereof in the
+    department became exhausted, the last issue having been made on the
+    7th January, 1899. The subsequent issue of 2-cent stamped envelopes
+    was in red, in accordance with the recommendation of the Postal
+    Convention. *
+
+    * * The schedule hereto annexed shows the names of the post offices
+    supplied with such purple-stamp envelopes and the respective
+    quantities so supplied them.
+
+    List of Post Offices to which 2c. purple envelopes were issued, and
+    the quantity in each case.
+
+         Post Office.     Quantity.
+      Belleville, Ont.          500
+      St. Catherine's, Ont.     500
+      Toronto, Ont.            2000
+      Corinth, Ont.             100
+      Haliburton, Ont.          100
+      Mount Albert, Ont.        100
+      Tamworth, Ont.            500
+      Hagersville, Ont.         100
+      Hamilton, Ont.            500
+      Loring, Ont.              100
+      Newton, Ont.              100
+      Ottawa, Ont.              700
+      St. Casimir, Que.         100
+      Sherbrooke, Que.          500
+      Montreal, Que.           1000
+      Rigaud, Que.              100
+      Maitland, N. S.           100
+      Truro, N. S.              100
+      Yarmouth, N. S.           100
+      Andover, N. B.            200
+      Centreville, N. B.        100
+      Shoal Lake, Man.          100
+      Winnipeg, Man.           2000
+      New Westminster, B. C.    100
+      Greenwood, B. C.          200
+
+[215] =Weekly Philatelic Era=, XIII: 285.
+
+Further questioning by the same gentleman, in an effort to show that
+"inside" information had been given concerning the remainder of the 2
+cent green envelopes at Toronto and the limited issue of the so-called
+"purple" ones, in order that favored parties might "corner" them,
+resulted in nothing definite except that in replying to the question
+"Was the issue of the 2c. purple stamped envelopes done by mistake?" the
+Postmaster-General said: "There was no mistake whatever made in the
+issue of said envelopes, but, on the contrary, the issue took place in
+the ordinary course of business, and was made on requisitions in the
+usual way, coming from postmasters." Considering the date of their
+issue, the cause of the change in color and the above reply of the
+Postmaster-General, in connection with an examination of the table of
+distribution of the 2c. violet envelopes, we must say that it seems
+clear that the whole business, as far as the Department was concerned,
+was legitimate and straightforward, and the aspersions cast upon the
+issue of this envelope were only animated by a spirit of jealousy or
+revenge on the part of those who unfortunately did not happen to get
+any, whether "tipped off" by friends in or out of the post-office, or
+not.
+
+The 2 cent envelope in red may have been issued on the 8th January,
+1899, or within a day or two of that date, and corresponds of course
+with the one in violet and the 1 cent envelope in all respects. It was
+sold at $2.20 per hundred.
+
+We have already spoken of the 3 cent envelope, issued in April, 1898, as
+having been surcharged. This was due, of course, to the same reduction
+in the domestic rate of postage that operated to change the 2 cent
+envelope from violet to red, and which also rendered the 3 cent envelope
+practically useless. In order to utilize the stock of the latter
+envelopes, therefore, the Department decided on surcharging them down to
+a 2 cent value. This was done sometime during the week of 6-11 February,
+1899, and we can do no better than quote the letter of a Canadian
+correspondent in the _Weekly Philatelic Era_[216] for details concerning
+it.
+
+[216] =Weekly Philatelic Era=, XIII: 204.
+
+  OTTAWA, 17th Feb'y, 1899.
+
+    Our weekly sensation was duly on tap last week, in the shape of
+    surcharges, Canada's first offence, but an aggravated case. The Post
+    Office Department announced that any holders of 3c. envelopes or
+    letter cards might send them in to the postage stamp branch, and
+    have them surcharged, and re-issued as 2c. emissions, the difference
+    in value being made good by an additional supply of surcharged
+    stationery or in some other equivalent stamps.
+
+    It was not anticipated that a very large supply of 3c. stationery
+    was on hand, and consequently the arrangements for surcharging are
+    of the most primitive description. Stamps of soft rubber bearing the
+    figures 2c. are provided, and the surcharge is put on by hand, the
+    stamps being inked on black pads. The consequence is that the work
+    is ill done, and we have as many varieties of surcharge as there are
+    impressions, with quantities[217] of ink varying from a black blue
+    to a light grey. I have seen one envelope with the surcharge on
+    sidewise reading from bottom to top.
+
+    Independently of the variations in printing, there are two types of
+    surcharge. In the first, which I shall christen the "capital
+    surcharge", the figure 2 is 10-1/2 mm. high by 8 wide, the heavy
+    parts of the figure being 2 mm. thick, the thin parts 3/4 mm. The C
+    is a capital letter 4-1/2 × 3-1/2 mm. There was only one stamp of
+    this type, and when it had been in use for two or three days the
+    difference in type was noticed and the stamp was destroyed. Any
+    stationery surcharged with it will be exceedingly rare.
+
+    The other type, which I suggest should be called the "lower case
+    surcharge", has a similar figure 2 but the C is a heavy face lower
+    case letter 4 × 3-1/2 mm. It is possible that there may be varieties
+    of this type, as there are several stamps in use, but the printing
+    is so badly done, and the stamps so subject to distortion by
+    pressure, that one cannot depend on either inspection or
+    measurement, a change in pressure in printing altering the
+    appearance of the surcharge very materially.
+
+[217] Query: "qualities"?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In the same issue of the _Era_ appeared further notes from another
+correspondent. In regard to the then current 3 cent envelopes (the
+so-called "Bureau print") he says:--"The P. O. Department has surcharged
+the stock on hand, a few thousand. * * * Some of the old British
+American Bank Note 3c envelopes were also surcharged, but it is
+understood that there were very few of them on hand,--less than a
+thousand."
+
+The opportunity given the public, however, to have 3 cent envelopes in
+their possession surcharged, as well as the stock held by postmasters,
+which was returned to a considerable extent (15,848 of the 3c. 1898
+returned 1899-1901; 6,788 of the 3c. No. 1, 1877, returned 1899-1900;
+and 3,081 of the 3c. No. 2, 1877, returned 1899) and doubtless reissued
+in surcharged condition, has made these provisional envelopes fairly
+common. No details of the numbers so treated are available, but if the
+catalogue value is any criterion the 3 cent of 1898 surcharged is half
+again as common as the unsurcharged variety, or, as before remarked,
+the numbers issued may be divided up roughly as perhaps 100,000 of the
+former to 80,000 of the latter. Of the old envelopes of 1877, both sizes
+of which are found surcharged, it is impossible to hazard any guesses,
+save that a considerable number--several thousands of each size at
+least--must have been operated upon to render them as reasonable in
+catalogue price as we find them.
+
+The surcharge in its first type, as described in the quotation given,
+with the capital C, has only been found on the 3 cent envelope of 1898,
+which was the one in the reserve stock of the Department when the
+reduction in postage took effect; but the second type, with the "lower
+case" C is found not only on this envelope but also on both sizes of the
+old "Burland & Co." envelopes of the 1877 issue.
+
+It will be remembered that it took considerably more than two years
+after the death of Queen Victoria before the change to King's head
+adhesives was made in Canada. It took even longer for the change in the
+envelope dies, as the first one to appear, the 2 cent, was not issued
+until the beginning of 1905. It was thus described in _Mekeel's Weekly
+Stamp News_:[218]--
+
+    Mr. Wm. P. Anderson writes that the 2c Canada envelope, Queen's
+    Head, is now obsolete, and that a new issue bearing the King's Head
+    was first sent out Jan. 12. It is very similar to the existing
+    type--same colour, shape and size and same description of paper and
+    size of envelope. The bust of the King, a profile to the left, is
+    larger, filling more of the central oval than did that of the young
+    Queen. It is a very beautifully cut piece of embossing, the work of
+    Wyon, the celebrated London die sinker. The engine turned border is
+    not, Mr. Anderson thinks, so neat as that on the old stamp, from
+    which it differs in detail. The word Canada has been removed from
+    outside the frame to the upper label, which now reads Canada
+    Postage. This and the value, two cents, on a label below the bust,
+    are in white letters on a ground of solid colour. The lettering is
+    very thin, which is the only blemish in a very neat and effective
+    design.
+
+[218] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XIX: 22.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The size of the envelope was not exactly the same as the previous issue,
+for it measures 152 × 90 mm., about 4 mm. longer than before and 3 mm.
+wider, the rough measurements being 6 × 3-5/8 inches. The paper is a
+very white wove variety, and the color of the impression is in carmine.
+
+The 1 cent envelope did not appear until about two months later, the
+exact date not being available, but being very close to the 1st March,
+1905. It is in all respects the same as the 2 cent envelope except that
+it is printed in a deep green.
+
+The use of stamped envelopes in Canada, though never so popular as in
+the United States, yet seems to be largely on the increase in the last
+twelve years, the 1 cent having risen in number from 85,500 in 1899 to
+1,360,100 in 1910, and the 2 cent from 262,000 to 2,928,400 during the
+same period.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+THE NEWSPAPER WRAPPERS
+
+
+In the Postmaster General's Report for the 30th June, 1875, we find the
+following:--"Post bands bearing an impressed stamp of one cent each have
+been issued for sale to the public, at the rate of four for five cents,
+to be used in putting up newspapers and such other transmissions
+requiring to be prepaid one cent, for which they may be found
+convenient."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The issue took place in May, 1875, and consisted of a wrapper of light
+buff wove paper measuring 9-1/2 inches in height by 5 inches in width
+(235 × 127 mm.), with the stamp impressed at the right side, about 2-1/2
+inches from the top. The sheet is cut square and gummed along the top on
+the back side. The stamp is typographed, and consists of an upright oval
+containing the head of Queen Victoria copied from that on the adhesive
+stamps, CANADA POSTAGE above, ONE CENT below, and the figure 1 in a
+circle at each side. In this first type of the wrapper stamp these
+circles containing the numerals are surrounded by foliations of acanthus
+pattern, and each has a little quatrefoil ornament in the label beneath
+it. There is also a thin, colored, wavy line which follows the border of
+the inner oval, giving a scalloped effect, and serves as the
+distinguishing feature of the first type. The impression is in dark
+blue. The stamp accounts give the receipts from the manufacturers as
+554,000 during 1875, and 918,000 during 1876. No further supplies were
+received until 1879 so these figures doubtless represent the total
+supply printed on the buff paper, as the small supply received in 1879
+is probably otherwise accounted for.[219]
+
+[219] See page 270.
+
+In its issue for June 1, 1878, the _Philatelic Monthly_ states that "We
+have received specimens of the newspaper wrappers with the stamp on the
+left and half way from the top." M. Moens lists it in his catalogue,
+where he gives the dimensions as 290 × 165 mm., or about 11-1/2 × 6-1/2
+inches. This is somewhat larger than the previous size and we have been
+unable to confirm it by a specimen, but the accuracy of M. Moens'
+observations is seldom to be questioned. The London Society's work
+states that this wrapper is unknown to the members of the Society, but a
+cancelled copy, used by a business firm, is recorded in the _Monthly
+Journal_ in 1892.[220] Evidently this variety was an error in the
+cutting of the sheet.
+
+[220] =Monthly Journal=, III: 3.
+
+In the _Philatelic Record_ for December, 1881,[221] a change is noted in
+the wrapper itself, the paper being described as white instead of buff;
+but in Moens' catalogue it is listed as "very pale buff" and in fact is
+what we might call "cream toned", being more correctly described later
+in the _Philatelic Record_ as "almost white".[222] The wrapper was also
+cut to a new size, 11 × 5 inches or 280 × 127 mm. It is very probable
+that this wrapper comes from the lot of 197,000 received according to
+the stamp accounts for 1880--the first since 1876, barring the small lot
+in 1879.[223]
+
+[221] =Philatelic Record=, III: 205; corrected, III: 227.
+
+[222] =ibid=., IV: 142.
+
+[223] See page 270.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Again, in its issue for June 1, 1882, the _Philatelic Monthly_
+illustrates a new variety in the stamp for the wrapper, stating that the
+color is light blue. The distinguishing features of the new die are the
+removal of the wavy line from the inner border of the oval, the removal
+of the foliations from around the circles enclosing the numerals, and
+the replacing of the little quatrefoil ornament beneath these circles by
+an inverted triangular ornament. This wrapper was presumably of the
+usual light buff tint as no mention is made of its color; but in the
+issue of the same paper for October 1, 1882, it is recorded that "We
+have received specimens of the newspaper wrapper, stamp of latest type,
+on yellow-buff paper." The same wrapper is chronicled in the _Philatelic
+Record_ which was issued the latter part of September as upon
+"straw-colored wove paper," so it had doubtless appeared as early as
+August, 1882. The size was the same as the last wrapper, 11 × 5 inches.
+
+From 1882 on the wrappers have been issued in numbers approaching half a
+million per year, and as no note is made in the stamp accounts even of
+changes in design, it is of course impossible to estimate the quantities
+printed or issued of any one variety.
+
+In an article in the _Dominion Philatelist_ upon the postal stationery
+of Canada,[224] the "yellow paper" wrapper is given as the first issued,
+in 1882, and the date 1883 is given the ordinary "pale buff" paper. The
+chronicles we have quoted, however, show that both were doubtless issued
+in 1882 and that the straw colored paper was not the first. The wrapper
+also appears on a cream paper, and the year of issue in the article
+quoted is given as 1885, but we have been unable to find any
+contemporary chronicle to confirm this.
+
+[224] =Dominion Philatelist=, V: 130.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Once again, in 1887, we find a change in the impressed stamp. This time
+the first design is reverted to, but with slight modifications which
+readily distinguished the new type; these are the absence of the wavy
+line running around the border of the inner oval, and the coarser
+shading on the face and neck--dotted in the first type and composed of
+lines in this third type. The new variety seems to have been chronicled
+first in the _Philatelic Monthly_ for June 1, 1887, but nothing is said
+about the color of the wrapper. The article in the _Dominion
+Philatelist_, however, gives it as thin white paper with a variety in
+"very thin tough white paper, fine quality." The same article under date
+of 1888 gives this wrapper in cream toned paper of both thick and thin
+quality, and in manila paper. The size of all these wrappers was the
+usual one of 11 × 5 inches.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Five years of the third type seemed to be sufficient, for in 1892 a
+fourth variety made its appearance. This, curiously enough, reverts to
+the second type in similarity, for the foliations around the numerals
+again disappear and the only distinguishing feature is the ornaments
+beneath the numerals--now little quatrefoils instead of the triangular
+ornaments found on the second type. This fourth type seems to have been
+first noted in the _Canadian Philatelist_ for March, 1892, and is more
+fully described in the _Monthly Journal_ for 30th April, 1892, as being
+upon "thin, surfaced, straw coloured paper." This wrapper was cut to a
+slightly smaller size, 10-3/4 × 5 inches. The article in the _Dominion
+Philatelist_ lists it upon "cream colored paper" alone, but both
+varieties exist, though it would seem that the straw colored one was
+perhaps the first issued.
+
+There is one variety analogous to the "stamp at left" wrapper of the
+first type, and which is also doubtless due to faulty cutting of the
+sheets; this has the stamp at the usual distance from the top of the
+wrapper, but nearly in the middle as far as the spacing from the sides
+goes. The impression is in dark blue on the straw colored paper.
+
+In its issue for 31 March, 1894, the _Monthly Journal_ chronicles a
+change in the color of the wrapper stamp (fourth type) from blue to
+"grey-black", the wrapper itself remaining a "straw" color as before. We
+find the impression to be a plain black, though if lightly inked it
+might show as gray black. Besides the pale straw colored wrapper there
+exists a cream toned one and also one of stouter paper in a very light
+brown tone. All these are cut to the last size noted, viz., 10-3/4 × 5
+inches.
+
+All the preceding wrappers were the product of the British American Bank
+Note Co., but when their contract for supplying stamps ceased in 1897 a
+new issue was naturally looked for. This did not materialize until June
+or July, 1898, when a new wrapper of the usual size and of light manila
+paper made its appearance with an impression of the 1 cent adhesive
+stamp (maple leaves in the four corners) in dark green. Unlike the
+stamped envelopes, it was manufactured by the American Bank Note Co.,
+but the die for stamping it, instead of being a reproduction of the
+adhesive, was newly engraved for typographic work and is therefore much
+coarser in appearance than the adhesive stamps.
+
+No change was made in the wrapper die to include the numeral of value
+until the new issue with head of King Edward took place. As before, the
+design of the adhesive was copied but the die was engraved for surface
+printing and is coarser in its lines. The new wrapper probably appeared
+early in October, 1903, as we find it recorded in _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp
+News_ for the 24th October of that year. The size was as before and the
+paper a light manila.
+
+As a result of the changes in newspaper rates, due to the amending of
+the Postal Convention with the United States in 1907,[225] we find a set
+of special wrappers issued in that year, concerning which the Postmaster
+General's Report for 1908 says:--
+
+    To facilitate the mailing of second class matter sent by publishers
+    to their subscribers in the United States, special newspaper
+    wrappers of the 1 cent, 2 cents and 3 cents denominations were
+    introduced. As a result of the reduction in rate of this class of
+    matter, made in February, so far as daily editions of newspapers
+    were concerned, the demand for 2c. and 3c. wrappers ceased, and
+    their issue was, accordingly, discontinued.
+
+[225] See page 196.
+
+The first issue of these wrappers is given as the 11th July, 1907, and a
+reference to the Report of 1908, already quoted,[226] shows the reason
+for their appearance. The rate on periodicals had been raised to 1 cent
+per 4 ounces when sent to the United States, which in turn had made
+provision for a like rate on periodicals addressed to Canada, at the
+latter's behest. This move on Canada's part was aimed principally to
+prevent the flooding of Canadian mails with cheap American monthlies.
+But such a protest went up against this heavy increase, that the rates
+were lowered, in February 1908, to 1 cent per pound on newspapers only,
+which of course rendered any wrappers save the 1 cent of but little use.
+With becoming thrift, however, the unissued remainder of the two
+discarded values was surcharged "1c." in large block type in black and
+used up in that way.
+
+[226] See page 196.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The quantities of these special wrappers delivered to the Department are
+given in the stamp accounts as:--
+
+             _1908._      _1909._      _1910._
+  1 cent  1,501,000    353,000    884,000
+  2  "      367,000      ...        ...
+  3  "       54,000      ...        ...
+
+Of the 2 cent wrapper the accounts give 300,300 as issued in 1908 and of
+the 3 cent wrapper 15,600. But during 1908 and 1909 213,546 of the
+former and 13,790 of the latter were returned "fit for use" by
+postmasters, and 4,574 2 cent and 790 3 cent "unfit for use" were
+destroyed. It would appear from this that the actual issue to the public
+of these two wrappers was 82,180 of the 2 cent and but 1,020 of the 3
+cent! The 1909 tables, however, record the issue to postmasters of the
+total quantity of these wrappers then on hand, and the 1910 tables
+explain this by the statement:--"Withdrawn from issue and surcharged one
+cent, June 18, 1908." The quantities of the surcharged wrappers are
+therefore 280,246 of the 1 c. on 2 cents, and 52,190 of the 1c. on 3
+cents. As these wrappers were not on sale to the general public but only
+to publishers, who were obliged to purchase in quantity, their use was
+considerably restricted; and as the wrappers often enclosed papers in
+quantity, addressed to any one post office, they were removed in the
+United States post offices before distributing the papers, and very many
+probably lost sight of there as waste paper.
+
+While the usual newspaper wrappers are designated officially as "Post
+Bands," these we have been describing are called "Special Wrappers."
+They were of stout manila paper, cut to 15 × 6-1/2 inches (378 × 165
+mm.) in size for the 1 cent and 2 cent, and 13 × 8 inches (308 × 223
+mm.) for the 3 cent, and ungummed. The stamp occupied the usual
+position, but at its left was the following two line legend in block
+letters, printed in the same color as the stamp, and occupying a length
+of 92 mm:--
+
+  =THIS WRAPPER TO BE USED ONLY BY PUBLISHERS AND FOR THE SOLE
+  PURPOSE OF MAILING SECOND CLASS MATTER TO THE UNITED STATES.=
+
+The 1 cent value was printed in dark green, the 2 cent in carmine, and
+the 3 cent in a slate violet. The surcharges were first noted in
+_Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News of_ 12th September, 1908, though they were
+probably issued soon after the date quoted above. The overprint in each
+case is in shiny black ink, the figure being 13 mm. high and the "c" 6
+mm. high, with a period after it.
+
+One curious circumstance has been noted in connection with the use of
+these wrappers--large numbers have been used without the Post Office
+authorities taking the trouble to cancel them, while in other cases they
+have been cancelled in the usual manner.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII
+
+THE POST CARDS
+
+
+We have already remarked that Canada lagged behind the United States in
+adopting adhesive stamps and also stamped envelopes, but when we come to
+post cards we find the United States to be the laggard by nearly two
+years. In the Postmaster General's Report for 30th June, 1870, we find
+the following:--
+
+    The introduction of what are known as "post cards" in the United
+    Kingdom, and the convenience which is stated to have attended their
+    use, have induced the Department to make arrangements for the
+    manufacture of similar post cards for the use of the public in
+    Canada. These post cards will be sold at one cent each, and may be
+    posted for any address within the Dominion--and will be conveyed to
+    destination, and be delivered in like manner with letters--the one
+    cent covering the cost both of the card and of postage.
+
+    They may be used for any communication, which can advantageously be
+    written and sent by such a medium; and, it would seem
+    unquestionable, must, in Canada as in England, prove to be extremely
+    convenient for many objects and purposes.
+
+The next year's Report states:--"Post Cards have been issued to the
+public from June, 1871, and it is believed have been found to be of
+material convenience. The number issued up to the 31st December was
+1,470,600."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+These cards were cut to a size approximately 4-5/8 × 3 inches (116 × 75
+mm.). The design consists of an engine turned border set about 3/16 of
+an inch in from the edge, with the stamp in the upper right corner of
+the enclosed space. This stamp shows a medallion bearing the head of
+Queen Victoria that appears on the "large" cents issue of 1868,
+surrounded by a frame that makes a roughly rectangular outline. The
+arrangement and style of the inscriptions on the card are shown by the
+illustration. At the bottom, just above the frame, is the imprint in
+letters of "diamond" size, "British American Bank Note Co. Montreal &
+Ottawa." The card is not of particularly heavy stock, has a somewhat
+rough surface, and is of a light buff tint that varies some in tone. The
+printing was done in sheets of several impressions and the engravings
+were separated by thin colored lines running the whole length between
+them. The color of the impression is a deep blue, though specimens in a
+lighter tone are not uncommon.
+
+In the Postmaster General's Report for 1872 we learn that on the 1st
+November of that year, amongst other changes in connection with rates to
+Newfoundland, the exchange of post cards at the ordinary domestic rate
+was provided for. In the Report for 1873 we read:--"By arrangement with
+the United States Post Office, the post cards of Canada and of the
+United States have, from the 1st July 1873, passed freely to destination
+between the two countries on prepayment of 2 cents each, by affixing a 1
+cent postage stamp to the card in addition to the one cent stamp printed
+thereon." The postal arrangement concluded between Canada and the United
+States in 1874,[227] however, by which mail matter was to be exchanged
+between the two countries at the domestic rates of each, obviated the
+necessity of the extra cent on the post cards from the 1st January,
+1875.
+
+[227] See page 120.
+
+It may be remembered that the marginal imprints on the sheets of
+adhesive stamps began to be changed in 1875 and that the word "Ottawa"
+was dropped. The same change took place in the post card some time
+during 1876, it being first noted in _Le Timbre-Poste_ for January,
+1877. The new card had the imprint at the bottom reading "British
+American Bank Note Co. Montreal" in letters slightly larger than on the
+first type. The frame of the card also seems to have been re-engraved as
+slight differences can be detected, and the outside or "over all"
+measurements are found to be about 1-1/2 mm. greater each way. Otherwise
+the appearance of the card is the same, but it is cut a little larger,
+measuring 4-3/4 × 3 inches (120 × 75 mm.), and the stock is a little
+heavier than the first card and of a slightly paler buff. The engravings
+on the plate were this time separated by short lines of color at the
+center of the sides of the cards. The color of the impression was the
+same as before and at times the front of the card was tinted bluish
+because of imperfectly wiped plates during printing.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Although Canada failed to obtain entrance into the Universal Postal
+Union on its establishment in 1875, as already detailed,[228] yet she
+was granted the new rates in her correspondence with the Mother
+Country. This included a 2 cent rate for post cards, and on the 1st
+January, 1877, a 2 cent post card made its appearance which was intended
+particularly for British correspondence as is shown by the sub-heading
+"TO UNITED KINGDOM." It was quite similar in design to the 1 cent card,
+with the same medallion portrait of Queen Victoria on the stamp. The
+frame of the card is of engine-turned work but of different pattern from
+the 1 cent card, and has corner pieces. The arrangement of the
+inscriptions is shown by the illustration. The card is cut to the same
+size as the 1 cent (4-3/4 × 3 inches) and is of medium thickness and of
+a very light yellowish buff. The impression is in a deep yellow green.
+
+[228] See page 108.
+
+Of these 2 cent cards the stamp accounts give 200,000 as having been
+delivered in 1877 and 5000 more in 1879. But the issues to postmasters
+are given as 98,300 in 1877, 6090 in 1878, and 13,680 in 1879, a total
+of 118,070; and as there is a record of the return of but 35, it seems
+fair to assume that the remaining 87,000 were destroyed.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Canada was finally admitted to the Postal Union on the 1st July, 1878,
+and consequently the 2 cent rate on post cards became applicable to all
+the other Postal Union countries. We therefore find the "United Kingdom"
+card altered to conform to the new conditions, the words "Union Postale
+Universelle" now appearing at the top as shown in the illustration. The
+stamp has also been re-engraved, the frame being changed and the words
+CANADA and POSTCARD added in small capitals above and below the
+medallion. The card is of the same size as before, on good stock of a
+very pale yellowish tone and with a smooth surface, and the impression
+is in a strong yellow green.
+
+This card appeared early in 1879 and continued in use until 1896. Its
+issue to postmasters increased from 27,300 in 1879, to 67,400 in 1892,
+though it dropped to 47,000 in 1895.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+All the previous cards had been line engraved on steel plates and of
+artistic appearance and fine workmanship. Beginning with 1882, however,
+a cheaper form of production began to be employed, the impression being
+typographed probably from electrotypes. The frame of the card is now
+omitted, the design consisting simply of a curved banderole bearing the
+words CANADA POST CARD with the instructions beneath, and at the right
+the oval stamp which, from now on, corresponds to the contemporary stamp
+of the newspaper wrapper.
+
+The _Philatelic Monthly_ for 1st May, 1882, chronicled a new one cent
+card as having just appeared, but did not describe it. It doubtless
+appeared early in April and was of the design detailed in the last
+paragraph, the stamp being that of the second type of the newspaper
+wrapper, which lacked the foliations around the numerals and had the
+inverted triangular ornaments beneath the circles containing the figures
+"1". The impression was in blue or in ultramarine on a very light buff
+card of stout quality and cut to 5-1/8 × 3 inches (129 × 76 mm.)
+
+About the end of the same year a reply card made its appearance
+concerning which the following notice was issued:--
+
+POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT.
+
+                                        OTTAWA, 13th December, 1882.
+
+  Departmental Order
+             No. 27
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    _Reply Post Cards._
+
+    2. For the convenience of correspondence by Post Card within the
+    Dominion, a double Post Card has been prepared and is now ready for
+    issue, which will afford to the original sender of this form of Card
+    the means of sending with his communication, a blank prepaid Post
+    Card to be used in reply. Each half of the double card will bear a
+    one-cent postage stamp impressed thereon in prepayment.
+
+    The ordinary Post Card regulations will apply to these reply cards,
+    both when originally posted, and with respect to the reply half when
+    re-posted.
+
+    The reply or double Post Cards, will be issued at two cents each,
+    and are to be sold to the public at that rate by Postmasters and
+    stamp vendors.
+
+    Canada reply Post Cards, to be used in correspondence with the
+    United Kingdom, will also be supplied at an early date, and when
+    Post Cards of this description originating in the United Kingdom and
+    bearing the impressed postage stamp thereof on both halves, have
+    been received here by mail, the reply half may be re-posted in
+    Canada, for return _to an address in the United Kingdom_, as a
+    prepaid Post Card, and may be forwarded to destination without
+    requiring the addition of any Canada postage stamp or other postage
+    prepayment in Canada.
+
+     JOHN CARLING,
+  _Postmaster General._
+
+Judging by the date of the circular the reply card was probably issued
+the middle of December, 1882, although it was not reported in the stamp
+journals until the next February. The stock used was the same as that
+for the single cards and cut so as to be the same size as the latter
+when folded. The design was the same as the single cards but printed in
+a gray black on the first and third faces of the folded card. The reply
+half is only distinguished by the word "(REPLY.)" placed between the
+banderole and the line of instructions.
+
+Considerable interest was aroused among philatelists in 1891-2 by a
+controversy that sprung up over a reported "error" in this reply card,
+which occurred with the stamp at the left side and the inscriptions to
+the right. Curiously enough, this card had been chronicled as a new
+issue in the _Philatelic Monthly_ for March, 1885, where we read:--"We
+are indebted to Mr. De Wolf for the first specimen of a new double 1
+cent card we have seen. It is slightly smaller than those first issued
+and the stamp is placed on the left side instead of the right." The fact
+of its existence had apparently lain dormant, except among post card
+specialists, until the Canadian correspondent of _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp
+News_ rose to remark[229] that they could be produced by manipulating an
+uncut sheet of the regular cards. This called forth a rejoinder from Mr.
+A. Lohmeyer[230] who wrote:--
+
+    In the first place, the _Error Cards_, for such they are, do not
+    exist among the 1 cent cards, but only among the 1-1 cent of 1882,
+    or reply-paid cards. Of this issue a comparatively small quantity
+    were printed with the stamp in the upper left corner, and the
+    _error_ was not discovered until after a number of post-offices had
+    been supplied with them, whereupon they were recalled, withdrawn
+    from circulation and destroyed. This accounts for the great scarcity
+    of these error cards, which have, in reality, been in circulation,
+    for I have several used specimens (halves) in my collection.
+
+    I will now proceed to prove the absurdity of the manipulation
+    described in the article referred to by facts and figures: The space
+    between the stamp and the points of the ribbon bearing the
+    inscription "Canada Post Card" on the correct issue, where the cards
+    would have to be cut to manufacture Canadensis' error (?) cards, is
+    4 millimeters. If this space is equally divided in cutting the
+    sheet, it would leave a margin to the left of the stamp and to the
+    right of the ribbon, after being cut, of 2 millimeters, while the
+    space between the right side of the stamp and the ribbon would be 10
+    millimeters.
+
+    Now take an error card, and you will find the latter space to
+    measure only 3 millimeters, and the outer margin to the left of the
+    stamp and the right of the ribbon to be respectively 5 millimeters.
+
+    "Figures do not lie".
+
+                        A. Lohmeyer.
+  Baltimore, Oct. 31, 1891.
+
+[229] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, I: 43: 1.
+
+[230] =ibid.=, I: 44: 2.
+
+This would seem conclusive proof, and also serve as a means of detecting
+any false error cards which might possibly be made from an uncut sheet
+as printed--but which have never been found. Yet six months later we
+find the _Monthly Journal_ making inquiries along practically the same
+lines. This brought out the following reply in _The Postal Card_:--
+
+    By referring to our paper No. 55, issued on the 14th of May, 1890,
+    you will find there a copy of a letter received by us, from the
+    Secretary of the Post Office Department at Ottawa regarding this
+    very card as follows:
+
+    "I am directed to acknowledge your letter stating that you have in
+    your possession a Canadian reply post card, upon which the stamp
+    appears in the upper left-hand corner, and inquiring whether this
+    stamp was officially issued by the department, or whether the
+    position of the stamps was due to a mistake in cutting the sheets.
+
+    "In reply, I am to say that the position of the stamp on the card to
+    which you refer (a certain number of specimens of which were
+    inadvertently issued by this Department) was due to a mistake in
+    printing."
+
+    We have never seen one of these cards which could have been produced
+    by wrong cutting.
+
+    If any Error cards _have_ been made by such a manipulation, either
+    by accident or design, we do not know it. However, the difference
+    between a wrongly cut card and a genuine error is so apparent that
+    it can be detected even without the use of a millimetre scale.
+
+    The distance of the stamp from the end of the scroll on the error
+    card is 4 mm., while if produced by wrong cutting of a sheet of the
+    correct issue (stamp at right), the distance will be 14 mm.
+
+    To prove this we take two of the latter cards (in the absence of an
+    uncut sheet which we have never seen), place them end against end,
+    measure the distance from the left end of the scroll on one card to
+    the outer circle enclosing the figure "1" on the other card, and
+    the result will be as stated above.
+
+    This fact and the letter from the Canadian P. O. Department, quoted
+    above, removes all doubts as to the true character of this rarity,
+    known as the "Canada Error Card".
+
+    We have several used specimens in our collection.
+
+The _Monthly Journal_[231] later received a copy of the error card which
+was postmarked in September, 1884, and which is the earliest date that
+has been recorded for it.
+
+[231] =Monthly Journal=, IV: 171.
+
+Direct evidence is given in a letter from H. F. Ketcheson to _Mekeel's
+Weekly Stamp News_; he writes as follows:[232]--
+
+    Regarding the Canadian reply card (error with stamp on upper left
+    hand corner) issued in 1884 (not 1885) would say that I purchased a
+    quantity of them from various post-offices. I was at that time an
+    employe of the Canada Post-Office Department and saw a number of
+    these passing through the mails and writing to the offices at which
+    they were posted found that they had received a supply from Ottawa,
+    and one office informed me at the same time that they had
+    re-received instructions to forward all they had on hand to Ottawa
+    as they had been issued in error.
+
+[232] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, VI: 216.
+
+The cards were identical in every respect with the regular ones, except
+for the peculiarity, and therefore call for no further description than
+has already been given them.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In the _Philatelic Monthly_ for March, 1887, is noted a change in the
+stamp on the single post card, which otherwise remained as before. The
+new stamp has the foliations around the numerals and is identical with
+Type 3 of the wrapper stamps, already described, and which it preceded,
+in fact, by two or three months. As was to be expected, the reply card
+followed with the same change in the stamps, but no particular notice
+seems to have been taken of it in the contemporary magazines. The
+article in the _Dominion Philatelist_ records it as having appeared in
+1887 in "black" and in 1888 in "dark green", but the only chronicles
+that seem to have noted it were the _Philatelic World_ for January,
+1888, which says merely that "the stamp on the reply paid card has been
+slightly altered," and the _American Journal of Philately_ for February,
+1888, which says a new reply card in "gray on buff" has just been
+issued. The information is added that the inscription "Postage" had been
+changed to "Postcard", but inasmuch as this was a hoax which apparently
+started with _Le Timbre-Poste_ in the fall of 1887[233] and went the
+rounds of the philatelic press, the value of the rest of the information
+is considerably lessened in consequence and we shall therefore take the
+dates as given in the _Dominion Philatelist_, which seem in the main to
+be correct. The wrapper stamp of 1875, with wavy line inside the oval,
+illustrated by _Le Timbre-Poste_ as appearing on the cards in May, 1888,
+was never employed. It was probably confounded with the third type.
+
+[233] =Le Timbre-Poste=, XXV: 94.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The next change in the cards was likewise due to a new variety in the
+stamp, which once more lost its foliations and had only a quatrefoil
+ornament beneath the numerals, as described for Type 4 of the wrappers,
+which it again preceded by a couple of months. The new card was
+apparently first noted in the _Canadian Philatelist_[234] as having been
+issued at London, Ont., on the 7th December, 1891. This of course may
+not have been its earliest date of issue but is doubtless not far from
+it. The normal color of the impression is a dull ultramarine, but the
+_Dominion Philatelist_ chronicled it in January, 1892, in a "very light
+skim milk shade of blue", which may be listed as a very pale
+ultramarine.
+
+[234] =Canadian Philatelist=, I: 49.
+
+The reply card in the new type is again an uncertainty. _Le
+Timbre-Poste_ for June, 1892, chronicled it in _blue_, which it never
+appeared in. _The Philatelic Monthly_ for July, 1892, noted that the
+reply card had appeared in the latest type, but gave no color; probably
+the item was borrowed from the French Journal without credit. Meanwhile
+the _Dominion Philatelist_ for June, 1892, merely mentions that "the
+reply cards of Canada are now appearing on a glazed thin card; design
+same as before," which would indicate no change from the current type 3.
+In December, 1892, however, the _Philatelic Journal of America_ reported
+that it had received from Toronto "one of the new Canadian reply cards.
+The message card bears a stamp the same type as that of the current 1
+cent postal card, but on the reply card the stamp is of the old type.
+Perhaps this is an error as the former double card had the same die on
+both." It may have been an error but it troubled no one but the
+philatelist. The _Monthly Journal_ for 31st January, 1893, also notes
+the receipt of a similar copy from Mr. D. A. King. The account
+says:--"The specimen was found in a packet of reply-paid cards, the
+remainder of which had the stamp of the now obsolete type upon both
+halves." It would seem that the end of 1892 was therefore about the time
+of the "semi-appearance" of the stamp of type 4 upon the reply cards;
+nor does it appear that the double card with stamp of type 4 on both
+halves was issued _before_ the "half-breed" card, as the latter
+continued to be used for nearly two years, the card with type 4 alone
+not being definitely chronicled until the issue of 30th November, 1894,
+of the _Monthly Journal_.
+
+The next change recorded was the issue of a large sized card for
+business purposes, which took place, according to the _American Journal
+of Philately,_[235] on the 17th February, 1893, in company with the two
+high value postage stamps and the letter card. The new card was of the
+usual light buff stock and measured 6 × 3-1/8 inches (152 × 92 mm.). The
+design was the same as for the ordinary card, the stamp being of the
+wrapper type 4 but at a slightly greater distance from the end of the
+banderole--4 mm. in the small card and 12 mm. in the large card. The
+impression was in black. This new card was designated as No. 1, and the
+ordinary small card became known as No. 2. The small sized card, 5 × 3
+inches, soon followed the large one in the color of its impression,
+appearing in a very dark slate that was almost a black and being first
+chronicled in the _Monthly Journal_ for 31st July, 1893.
+
+[235] =American Journal of Philately=, 2nd Series, VI: 102.
+
+In the Postmaster General's Report for 1893 we find the following:--"The
+introduction of the large size post card has not met with the success
+which was anticipated, and it has been found expedient in Canada, as in
+the United States, where the experiment has also been tried, to return
+to the former practice, and for the future to have only one size which
+will be somewhat smaller than the large card and a little larger than
+that first issued." As the stamp accounts kept the number of large sized
+cards separate from the small sized, we are able to give the amount
+received from the manufacturer, which was 5,396,000. The number issued
+is given as 4,983,900, but nothing is said about the disposition of the
+remaining 412,100.
+
+The new medium sized card, which took the place of both the large and
+the small sized cards, was apparently issued about February, 1894, as it
+was chronicled in the _Monthly Journal_ for 31st March, 1894. The new
+card measured 5-1/2 × 3-3/8 inches (140 × 85 mm.) and the stock was of a
+lighter tone than before--almost a cream. The impression was in black
+and the distance between the banderole and the stamp was changed to 8
+mm.
+
+Whether issued especially for advertising purposes or not, this new card
+appeared on a heavier stock of rough surface and straw color early in
+1896, being chronicled in _Meheel's Weekly Stamp News_ for 30th April,
+1896, as on a "thin card board."
+
+In its issue for 30th May, 1896, the _Monthly Journal_ chronicles the
+receipt of the reply card in black on a very smooth buff card. This
+indicates that the better grade of stock first used for the medium sized
+single card was being employed for the reply card, and that the latter
+was being printed in the dead black ink used for the medium card instead
+of the dark slate color previously employed.
+
+It may be of interest to note here that on the 1st January, 1895,
+regulations went into force in Canada providing for the admission to the
+mails of advertising cards with a 1 cent stamp attached. This was very
+likely due to the failure of the Department's large sized card which was
+intended to fill such a want. As a sort of "rider" upon the circular
+dealing with the special delivery service and stamps, issued by the
+Department on 7th June, 1898, there is a paragraph headed:--
+
+    PRIVATE POST CARDS.
+
+    Postmasters are informed that, as regards Private Post Cards posted
+    in Canada addressed to places in Canada, the words "Private Post
+    Card" may either be placed thereon or omitted according to the
+    option of the sender. Private Post Cards addressed to other
+    countries must, however, in every case bear on the address side the
+    words "Private Post Card."
+
+It is understood, however, that only in the domestic mails were private
+cards allowed to pass at the usual post card rate. If addressed to a
+foreign country a private card, if in writing, would be taxed at letter
+rates. In the _Weekly Philatelic Era_ for 19th November, 1898, however,
+it is announced that the Postmaster General had issued an order
+admitting private mailing cards into the foreign mails provided the size
+conformed to that of the official post cards.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The next official card that we have to consider is a new Postal Union
+card which made its appearance suddenly in the latter part of 1896. This
+is one of the most striking cards that Canada has produced, being
+beautifully engraved on steel and printed in a brilliant orange red.
+There is no frame, such as bordered the previous 2 cent card, and the
+stamp in the upper right corner much resembles in size and design the
+large 2 cent adhesive of the 1868 issue, except that the head of the
+Queen is turned to the left. The inscriptions follow out, in a way, the
+general style of British Colonial Postal Union cards, a small
+reproduction of the British arms with supporters occupying the center at
+the top. The arrangement will be seen from the illustration.
+
+The card is approximately 5-1/8 × 3-1/8 inches (130 × 80 mm.) in size
+and printed on a very light buff stock. A variety in shade occurs, of
+some degree of rarity, printed in carmine. The card was first chronicled
+in the _American Journal of Philately_ for 1st November, 1896, and was
+the last "new issue" put forth by the British American Bank Note Co.
+before its long contract was closed. The card was noted in the
+Postmaster General's Report for 1897 as follows:--"During the year a
+Universal Postal Union Card, conforming more closely to the regulations
+of the Union was introduced, thus superseding the old card." The new
+dimensions of the card, the removal of the frame, and the completing of
+the inscriptions in both English and French were among these
+requirements.
+
+The American Bank Note Co., as we all know, began its work for the
+Canadian Government by the production of the Jubilee Issue. As will be
+seen by reference to the prospectus of this series already given,[236]
+there was included a special post card of 1 cent to the number of 7
+millions. These were delivered and all issued with the exception of 3000
+on hand as shown by the stamp accounts in 1903. They do not appear in
+the 1904 accounts, so it is not known what became of them.
+
+[236] See page 148.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The cards were issued with the Jubilee stamps on the 19th June,
+1897.[237] They were the size of the ordinary 1 cent cards and on the
+same quality of stock. The stamp is a reproduction of the 1 cent
+adhesive of the Jubilee issue, but engraved for typographic printing.
+"Canada Post Card" is enclosed in a fancy frame at the left and the
+usual instructions are found beneath it.
+
+[237] =Ibid.=
+
+A curious variety of this card was noted in the _Metropolitan
+Philatelist_ for August, 1897, as follows:--"We have seen the new
+jubilee card bearing the stamp only. This is an error caused by the
+design being in two pieces and in this case the inscription has dropped
+out."
+
+The regular post cards produced by the new contractors did not make
+their appearance until several months after the first adhesives of the
+new type were out. The two cent card was the first issued, having been
+reported by the Canadian correspondent of the _Weekly Philatelic Era_
+under date of 4th December, 1897, as just out. It was a copy of the 2
+cent card of 1896 in every respect except the stamp, which was naturally
+of the new maple leaf type, and the color was a deeper shade of orange
+red.
+
+The 1 cent card does not appear to have been chronicled until the number
+for 1st February, 1898, of the _American Journal of Philately_, so that
+it doubtless appeared early in January or possibly the latter part of
+December, 1897, following closely the 2 cent card. It was also of the
+usual size and same stock as before and, like the Jubilee card, had a
+copy of the 1 cent adhesive printed in the corner. This was of the maple
+leaf type, engraved for typographic printing and therefore of rather
+coarser appearance than its prototype. The inscriptions were simply
+CANADA POST CARD in plain Gothic letters, with the usual line of
+instructions beneath, all printed in black; while the stamp was printed
+in dark green.
+
+Early in December, 1897, the following news item appeared in the
+Canadian daily press:--
+
+    Postmaster-General Mulock has formulated a scheme with respect to
+    postal cards which he has been thinking over for some time and which
+    he has now got so far into shape as to be ready for publication. It
+    is to remove the restriction which has hitherto existed with respect
+    to using the address side of the card for any purpose other than the
+    address. It is intended to allow pictures, ads., etc., on the face
+    of the card so long as there is room for the address. This will
+    enable a business man to advertise his business and will no doubt be
+    appreciated by both the advertiser and the public. It is intended
+    the cards shall be printed in sheets instead of singly for the
+    benefit of printers and lithographers.
+
+
+
+The following was the official announcement:--
+
+    NOTICE TO THE PUBLIC.
+
+    Regulations under which designs, illustrations, portraits, sketches,
+    or other forms of advertisement may be engraved, lithographed,
+    printed, etc., on the "address" side of the one-cent Post-Card.
+
+    1. A clear space of, at least, a quarter of an inch shall be left
+    along each of the four sides of the postage stamp.
+
+    2. There shall be reserved for the address a clear space at the
+    lower right hand corner on the "address" side of the card
+    immediately below the words "The space below is reserved for address
+    only," such space so reserved for the address being, at least, 3-1/4
+    inches long by 1-1/2 inches wide.
+
+    N. B. It is in the interest of both the Department and those
+    availing themselves of the privilege hereby, granted that the spaces
+    in question should be unconditionally reserved for the purposes
+    intended. If any printing, engraving, or other matter appears on the
+    spaces thus reserved, the Post-Cards cannot be permitted to pass
+    through the mails.
+
+    Post-Cards may be ordered in sheets of sixteen or less, as desired,
+    or singly; orders therefor, specifying quantity of cards required
+    and number to the sheet, to be given in writing to the nearest
+    Postmaster.
+
+      POST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.
+        OTTAWA, 9th December, 1897.
+
+
+These "advertisement" cards were issued by the Post Office Department
+singly, or printed in sheets of eight or sixteen. The single cards came
+in packages of 100 like the ordinary cards; the eight card sheets were
+made up in packages of 125 sheets, or 1000 cards all told; and the
+sixteen card sheets also in packages of 125 sheets, or 2000 cards all
+told. The reason for this is seen in the requirement that orders for
+these cards should be for not less than 1000. It is seen from the stamp
+accounts that the eight card sheets have proven the most popular, about
+six times as many sheets of this size as of the larger size having been
+issued in 1910, while the number of cards represented was five times the
+number of single cards issued.
+
+The stock is the same as used for the ordinary cards and the size of the
+single card is the same, while the arrangement on the sheets and the
+regulations require that they be cut up into cards of the proper size.
+The stamp is impressed in the right hand upper corner and is the same as
+for the ordinary card but printed in carmine. The only other thing on
+the card as issued is the directions, printed in small black Gothic
+capitals:--THE SPACE BELOW IS RESERVED FOR ADDRESS ONLY. This is placed
+about midway between the top and bottom of the card and about as far to
+the right as it will go.
+
+The last of the Queen's head cards were chronicled in the _Monthly
+Journal_ for 30th July, 1898. These were the reply card and the Postal
+Union card in a change of color. The reply card was of the usual size, 5
+× 3 inches, and had printed inscriptions in black like the single card,
+save that the word REPLY is placed between the two lines on the card for
+answer. The stamp is from the same die as the single card but printed in
+black instead of green. The stock is the usual pale buff.
+
+The same paper for 31st March, 1899, notes an error of impression in
+this card, the reply portion being printed on the back of the message
+card, so that the second card has no impression at all upon it.
+
+The Postal Union card was identical with the one it superseded, except
+that it was printed in deep blue, and the card is of a cream tint rather
+than a buff. The cause of the sudden change in color is not known.
+
+The King's head cards soon followed the adhesives. _Mekeel's Weekly
+Stamp News_ reported the 1 cent in its issue for 5th September, 1903. It
+needs no further description than to say it is a counterpart of the
+preceding Queen's Head card, the stamp as before being a copy of the
+adhesive engraved for typographic work. The impression is in green for
+the stamp and black for the inscriptions.
+
+The advertising card or "Business Post-Card" was the next to appear,
+having been issued early in December, 1903. Again it is in every way
+similar to its predecessor save that the impression of the stamp is
+lighter--rather a pink than a carmine.
+
+Finally, in its issue for 20th February, 1904, _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp
+News_ reports the issue of the reply card in its usual form and the
+Postal Union card, identical with the former save for the stamp, which
+is of course line engraved on this card. The issue of cards in 1910
+comprised over 26 millions of the 1 cent, 430,000 of the reply cards and
+70,000 of the Postal Union cards.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV
+
+THE LETTER CARDS
+
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CANADA
+  LETTER CARD]
+
+The Postmaster General's Report for 1892 contained the following
+announcement:--"Letter cards, similar to those in use in Great Britain,
+Austria, and other European countries, are being prepared, and will be
+issued to the public in a short time." Only one value was issued, the 3
+cents, and it appeared in company with the 20 and 50 cent adhesives and
+large sized post card on the 17th February, 1893. Artistically it is a
+pretty poor production, the stamp being apparently a rough wood-cut
+imitation of the stock type used by Messrs. De La Rue & Co. at that time
+for British Colonial stamps. The profile of the Queen is on a solid
+ground within an octagonal frame, and the labels at top and bottom
+contain the words POSTAGE and THREE CENTS respectively. At the left of
+the stamp, in two lines, is CANADA--LETTER CARD, the first being in
+Gothic, the second in Roman capitals. The entire impression is in
+carmine. The size of the card, opened out, is 5-1/2 × 7 inches (138 ×
+175 mm.), the longer dimension being reduced one half by folding of
+course. The perforation gauges 12 and is in Form A of Senf's catalogue
+(both lines crossing at the corner intersections). The margin outside
+the perforations measures 3/8 inch (10 mm.) and is gummed only around
+the third face of the folded card. The stock is of fair quality and of a
+light greenish-blue tint.
+
+The Postmaster General's Report for 1894 says that "so far the demand
+for these letter cards has not equalled the expectations of the
+Department." On looking at the stamp accounts we find that from their
+date of issue to the 30th June, 1893, 265,350 of the letter cards were
+distributed; but during the whole of the next fiscal year but 104,650
+were issued and for the third year the amount had dropped to 77,750. The
+Postmaster General's plaint was therefore justified.
+
+It is perhaps best to record here a curious semi-official issue of what
+might be termed a "letter sheet" for the use of the Canadian Pacific
+Railway. It was first noted in the _Monthly Journal_ for 31st January,
+1894, as "a sheet stamped with the current 1 cent wrapper die, upon
+which is printed the monthly statement of receipts and expenditure for
+transmission to shareholders." Perhaps for the reason that the wrapper
+stamp was impressed upon it, this variety has been listed under the
+newspaper wrappers, but such it is not. The circular was printed upon a
+stout gray-blue paper, and had the wrapper stamp of type 4 impressed
+upon the back in black. Above the stamp appears the inscription "Printed
+Matter Only," while in the lower left corner of the address side of the
+folded sheet are two lines reading:--
+
+  Canadian Pacific Ry.
+  Monthly Statement of Earnings and Expenses.
+
+Three guide lines are printed for the address, as upon the old post
+cards. The sheet must have been issued in 1893 subsequent to the
+appearance of the large post card with the stamp of type 4 in black. It
+is stated to have been issued as an experiment and was in use but a
+short time. A second variety is known, however, on white laid paper,
+which was probably issued subsequently to the blue variety, but at what
+date is not known. Both sheets are rare so the experiment evidently was
+not carried on for long.
+
+Returning to the regular letter cards we find again in the Postmaster
+General's Report for 1895 that "arrangements have been made for the
+issue of letter cards of the denominations of 1, 2 and 3c. for the use
+of banks in transmitting certain notices to their customers, as well as
+for ordinary letters within those postal limits to which their
+denominations respectively apply." The next year's Report explains their
+use a little more fully:--
+
+    During the year the 1 and 2 cent letter cards were introduced--the
+    former to serve the purpose of the "drop letter" (_i. e._, a letter
+    posted at, and delivered from, the same office) in places where
+    there is no free delivery by letter carrier; the latter to meet a
+    similar object in cities where there is such a delivery. Already
+    this extension of postal facilities appears to be appreciated--more
+    especially by banks, which largely use these cards in transmitting
+    notices to their customers.
+
+The 2 cent letter card is chronicled in the _Monthly Journal_ for 31st
+October, 1895, and the 1 cent in the same paper for the 30th November,
+1895. Both were doubtless issued the early part of October. They
+conformed in all respects to the 3 cent letter card issued two years and
+a half previously, except for the stamp. If the 3 cent was wretched, the
+two new ones were hideous. They were not only more poorly engraved,
+which was needless, but the label at the bottom was enlarged by
+extending it at either side. The 1 cent was printed in black and the 2
+cent in green--inscription and stamp in the same color in each case.
+
+In 1903 the _Weekly Philatelic Era_ published the following:[238]--
+
+    A correspondent in Vermont sends Mr. Lohmeyer a 1c. letter card of
+    the first issue, which he discovered in a Canadian post office
+    recently, it being the only copy there and damaged at that, the
+    perforated margin on the right hand side being torn off. In the
+    lower left corner the bottom perforation runs to the left side
+    perforation only, instead of crossing it, as on all Canadian letter
+    cards previously seen.
+
+[238] =Weekly Philatelic Era=, XVII: 149.
+
+This is the style of perforation designated as C in Senf's catalogue--in
+which the horizontal line does not project beyond the vertical lines at
+either side. We have seen a perfect copy of the above described 1 cent
+letter card, which seems to be unlisted; but the 3 cent card with this
+perforation, listed and priced in Senf, we have not ourselves seen. It
+is possible that if two of these cards exist with perforation C, the
+third one--the 2 cent--will some day come to light.
+
+The change in the stamp contractors in 1897 and the use of a new design
+naturally brought changes in the letter cards as well as the other
+postal requisites. The new 2 cent letter card was chronicled in the
+_Monthly Journal_ for 31st January, 1898, so it is safe to assume that
+it appeared in December, 1897. The 1 cent and 3 cents are chronicled in
+the same paper for 28th February, 1898, and must therefore have been
+issued as early as January, 1898. The new letter cards were in all
+respects the counterparts of the previous ones save the stamp, which was
+now the same as that used for the new post cards and wrappers, viz., a
+copy of the "maple leaf" Queen's head type engraved for typographic
+work. These three letter cards are known only with the perforation A.
+
+The reduction in domestic postage to the 2 cent rate on the 1st January,
+1899, rendered the 3 cent letter cards useless as well as the envelopes
+of like denomination. We have already recounted the story of the
+surcharged envelopes and the two types of the handstamp which were used
+in doing the work.[239] Suffice it to say, therefore, that we have but
+to add the letter cards to the same story to make it complete. Both the
+3 cent letter cards of 1893 and 1898 were turned in for surcharging
+purposes, and the former not only received both types of the rubber
+hand-stamped surcharge in the usual blue-black or gray-black color, but
+is found also with the second and common type in a violet color.[240]
+The surcharging was begun and the letter cards so treated were issued as
+early as February, 1899. The perforation, so far as known, is always A.
+
+[239] See page 240.
+
+[240] =Monthly Journal=, IX: 175.
+
+In its issue for 27th January, 1900, the _Weekly Philatelic Era_ notes
+the receipt of the 1 cent and 2 cent letter cards of the maple leaf type
+in new colors, conforming with the requirements of the Postal Union, the
+one cent in green instead of black and the 2 cent in carmine instead of
+green. In all other respects these letter cards conformed to their
+predecessors. They were doubtless issued early in January, 1900.
+
+The letter cards had been used in considerable quantities each year,
+particularly after 1895, when the 1 cent and 2 cent values were added to
+the previous 3 cent; but in 1902 they were withdrawn without any
+particular reason having been given that we have been able to discover.
+The stamp accounts for the Report of 1902 give the numbers issued in
+that fiscal year as 195,100 for the 1 cent and 352,000 for the 2 cent.
+The only item of information we have to quote concerning their demise is
+confined to the dates: the last issue of the 1 cent letter card is
+recorded as the 4th April, 1902, and of the 2 cent letter card as the
+28th June, 1902.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV
+
+OFFICIAL STATIONERY
+
+
+Outside of the Dead Letter Office seals the Canadian Government has
+issued no official adhesive stamps. An attempt, however, to foist a
+series of official stationery upon an unsuspecting philatelic public was
+made by one Henry Hechler, a stamp collector and dealer, who thought he
+saw his opportunity in the Indian troubles which broke out in the
+Canadian Northwest in 1884-5. Mr. Hechler belonged to the Militia and
+accompanied the troops that were sent to quell the disturbance. He took
+it upon himself to have a quantity of envelopes, post cards and wrappers
+surcharged OFFICIAL or SERVICE and evidently expected they would be
+accepted without question.
+
+The first news of these surcharges seems to have come, very strangely,
+from Germany. The _Philatelic Record_ for December, 1884,[241] says:--
+
+    _Der Philatelist_ chronicles, on the faith of a correspondent, Herr
+    Von Jerzabek, of Temesvar, a set of the adhesives with Queen's head
+    ..., two envelopes, and the 1 cent post card, all surcharged in
+    black, with the word OFFICIAL. It is alleged that they were prepared
+    and issued in 1877, but after a short time were called in again. The
+    surcharges are in some cases oblique, and in others perpendicular.
+    It is at least strange that, considering our intercourse with
+    Canada, our first knowledge of the issue of official stamps so far
+    back as 1877 should reach us from Temesvar, wherever that may be.
+
+[241] =Philatelic Record=, VI: 210.
+
+The Secretary of the Philatelic Society, London, whose official journal
+the _Philatelic Record_ then was, wrote direct to the Canadian
+Government to inquire into the authenticity of these so-called official
+issues, and received the following reply:[242]--
+
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.
+                             OTTAWA, _18th May_, 1885.
+
+    SIR:--I am directed by the Postmaster-General to acknowledge receipt
+    of your letter of the 29th ult., inquiring whether postage stamps
+    bearing the word "_Official_" on their face are in circulation in
+    the Dominion of Canada, and beg, in reply, to say that no such
+    stamp, card, newspaper wrapper, or envelope has _ever_ been issued
+    by this department.
+
+      I am, sir, your obedient servant,
+                             (_Signed_)        Wm. White, _Secretary_.
+
+[242] =Ibid.=, VII: 84.
+
+This would ordinarily seem to have been enough of a disclaimer, but like
+Banquo's ghost the official stationery would not down, though the stamps
+seem to have been lost sight of. Not only were the envelopes of 1 cent
+and 3 cents of the 1877 issue, but the newspaper wrappers of 1875 and
+1882, and the post card of 1882, surcharged across the stamp with the
+word "OFFICIAL" or "Service" in black, blue or red ink, but sometimes
+the arms of Great Britain were added at the left of the stamp, and also,
+in the lower left corner, the words
+
+  "63RD. RIFLES" or HEADQUARTERS, }
+                    63RD. RIFLES. }
+
+The lack of uniformity, or rather attempt at variety, was enough in
+itself to condemn the articles. Yet in the _American Philatelist_ for
+June, 1888, we find an attempted defence of them. We quote:[243]--
+
+    Henry Hechler writes us as follows: "When the Indian outbreak in the
+    Northwest occurred in 1885, and some of the militia of the various
+    provinces were hurriedly ordered out for active service, stringent
+    measures for notifying the men calling for prompt attention had to
+    be adopted. To distinguish them from ordinary mail matter by showing
+    their official character they were stamped across the "adhesive"
+    with the word _Service_ and at the lower left corner _O. [H.] M. S.
+    only_. Some were thus printed in black, others in blue, and yet
+    others in red. They served for that purpose only, until an Act of
+    Parliament was passed to carry all military mail matter on active
+    service free."
+
+    Mr. Hechler was captain of one of the companies of the Halifax
+    Battalion, and, therefore, in a position to obtain definite
+    information.
+
+[243] =American Philatelist=, II: 207.
+
+In other words Mr. Hechler knew all about these "official" stamps and
+the Postmaster-General and his secretary, as we have seen, knew
+absolutely nothing about them! This seems to tell its own story. In fact
+another letter from the Post Office Department, dated 13th April, 1888,
+and published in this same volume of the _American Philatelist_,[244]
+reiterates the denials of the previous letter which we have already
+quoted. The _Philatelic Record_ received later,[245] from the
+Postmaster of Halifax, the information that Mr. Hechler had had this
+stationery surcharged and that it was neither issued nor recognized by
+the Government of Canada. The _Record_ says:--"It was a smart notion of
+Mr. Hechler to turn his military duties into the direction of his
+business as a stamp dealer." Mr. Hechler "came back" at this in the
+columns of the _Philatelic Journal of America_[246] with the statement
+that "the Post Office Inspector here referred the question to
+headquarters, and, in reply, was instructed to allow such matter to pass
+through the mails without question or delay." The communication was
+enclosed in one of the envelopes in question, but the Editor's remarks
+on this are conclusive:--
+
+    The surcharging has not impaired the postal value of the envelope
+    and they are permitted to pass through the Canadian mails, but as to
+    their value from a philatelic standpoint it is quite another thing.
+
+    The printing in this case is of no more importance than any notice
+    or inscription that might be placed on an envelope bearing a regular
+    government stamp that in itself is sufficient to pay the postage.
+
+    In fact the above writer admits that the surcharge had no other
+    value than to enable the recipient to distinguish the letter from
+    his other mail. They are of no philatelic value whatever.
+
+[244] =Ibid.=, II: 173.
+
+[245] =Philatelic Record=, XI: 44.
+
+[246] =Philatelic Journal of America=, V: 202.
+
+It was a private speculation, pure and simple, in spite of any claims of
+"recognition", and of the fact that copies passed the post. The only
+other quotation to make in the case is from Shakespeare--_Exeunt_.
+
+We now come to an actual official issue in the shape of a newspaper
+wrapper. It seems to have been first noted in _Le Timbre-Poste_ for
+February, 1883, but is stated to have been issued in 1879. The stamp is
+of the 1875 issue (type 1) and at its left is printed in blue the
+following:--
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  Inland Revenue, Canada.
+
+  WEIGHTS & MEASURES SERVICE.
+
+  _Official Circular._
+
+  _To_
+
+  This band is to be used =On Her Majesty's Service= only and must have
+  no writing thereon but the name and address.
+
+]
+
+Above the English inscription is its counterpart in French. The wrapper
+itself is of a cream tone and measures 280 × 132 mm.
+
+The history of this wrapper does not seem to be known, save that it is
+accredited to be what it purports to be. It is quite rare, and as far as
+we have been able to find out is not known used. No mention is made of
+it in the Department reports, but it happens that the stamp accounts for
+1879, the year of its supposed issue, give only 8,000 wrappers as
+received from the manufacturers. None had been received the two years
+previously, as there were plenty on hand, and 192,000 were received the
+next year. It would thus appear, on the face of it, that this small lot
+of 8,000 was quite probably the order of the Inland Revenue wrappers. If
+so, it was probably the only lot ever received and though they may have
+been used, the chances seem somewhat against any such number having
+actually been issued.
+
+One other official issue comes in the form of a Customs' post card
+notice. It was first chronicled in the _American Philatelist_ for 10th
+May, 1888, as having been issued in connection with the parcel post
+system just then inaugurated with the United States. Postmasters
+received instructions to forward these cards free through the mails,
+although there was no stamp or notice on the address side. It is of
+manila card, 130 × 88 mm., blank on one side and having printed on the
+other:--
+
+                 Customs Postal Package Office.
+                                 ...........................188
+  _There has arrived at this office by mail from the United States,
+  addressed to you as over, the following dutiable package, which will
+  be delivered or forwarded to you on the receipt of the duty payable
+  and the return of this card._
+
+  ==============================================================
+   NO. OF   |    NO. OF   |    DESCRIPTION.     |      DUTY
+  MANIFEST. |   PACKAGE.  |                     |    PAYABLE.
+  ----------+-------------+---------------------+-------+-------
+            |             |                     |    $  |  cts.
+            |             |                     |       |
+            |             |                     |       |
+            |             |                     |       |
+            |             |                     |       |
+  --------------------------------------------------------------
+  E. 14.                        ................_Collector_.
+
+In its September, 1888, number the _Halifax Philatelist_ notes that the
+blank address side has been supplied with three dotted lines for the
+address, and inscriptions reading, in the upper left corner, "_Advice
+Note_", and in the upper right corner, "_Free, by order of the Post
+Master General_."
+
+One further official variety is somewhat unusual. The _American
+Philatelist_ for September, 1889,[247] says:--
+
+    "We are indebted to Donald A. King ... for information concerning
+    what is certainly a novelty in the postal line, namely, an unpaid
+    letter stamped envelope. When a letter is returned from the
+    dead-letter office the sender is required to pay the regular postage
+    and these envelopes have been prepared of various values. The only
+    one we have seen is the 3 cent value. It is about 175 × 120 mm., and
+    is made of manila paper. In the place for the stamp is a figure 3
+    about 23 mm. high. In the left hand upper corner RETURNED DEAD
+    LETTER; in the lower  corner--
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA,
+       DEAD LETTER OFFICE.
+
+    On the reverse, _The enclosed Dead Letter is returned by order of
+    the Postmaster-General for the reasons thereon assigned_. The
+    following values are said to exist:
+
+       3 cents, black on manila.
+       6   "      "   "    ?
+       9   "      "   "    ?
+      12   "      "   "    ?
+      18   "      "   "    ?
+
+    We have no further information concerning them.
+
+[247] =American Philatelist=, III: 350.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI
+
+PRECANCELLATIONS AND PERMITS
+
+
+As a matter of record and without any attempt at lists of varieties,
+which would prove futile, we deem it interesting and important to give
+such information as is at hand concerning the precancellation of stamps
+for use on large quantities of identical mail matter, and of the more
+recent substitute for the precancelled stamp which is known as the
+"permit". Both ideas were of course borrowed from the United States,
+which was the originator of this form of labor saving expedient.
+
+The _London Philatelist_ for April, 1892, quoted a letter from Mr. L.
+Gibb of Montreal which enclosed "a specimen used on the letter, but with
+the obliteration on the stamp only, and also portions of sheets gummed
+and unsevered, but neatly postmarked with horizontal wavy lines." Mr.
+Gibb wrote:[248]--
+
+    Sometime back I received the enclosed stamp paying the postage on an
+    open envelope containing a circular from Toronto; it has not been
+    moved from its original place, and one could see it had not been
+    obliterated on the envelope. After some little trouble I found the
+    P. O. would, upon receiving whole sheets of stamps, cancel them, and
+    then hand them back to any known firm to be placed on letters in
+    quantity, these letters are then taken to a private part of the
+    office in bulk, and are allowed to pass through the post without
+    further marking.
+
+[248] =London Philatelist=. I: 100.
+
+The system in the United States made use of a cancellation giving the
+town and state name, printed on the sheets by a press; but the Canadian
+precancellation was of simpler form, being of two fairly heavy
+horizontal lines with a wavy line between. No name occurs in the
+cancellation and it was applied with a roller, thus making a universal
+style which is more convenient in application than the type set form,
+varying for every post office.
+
+Further information in regard to this cancellation is found in _Mekeel's
+Weekly Stamp News_[249] where we read:--"The Canadian one-cent stamp
+cancelled on circulars is obliterated by a revolving self-inking
+canceler and is issued for use on the 5th class matter, i. e. parcels,
+etc., to post offices with an annual revenue of $3000 and over."
+
+[249] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XIII: 388.
+
+In 1904 precancelled stamps began to appear with the town name and that
+of the province, separated by two horizontal bars. In answer to an
+inquiry concerning them the Department replied as follows:[250]--
+
+    The main conditions governing the case are the quantities required
+    for a given mailing and the limitation of the use of precancelled
+    stamps to the particular kind or class of mail matter for which they
+    have been issued. The minimum quantity in each such case is 25,000
+    pieces.... As requisitions for precancelled stamps necessarily take
+    longer to fill than the ordinary, postmasters are expected to send
+    requisitions for them to the Department a few days in advance of
+    actual needs.
+
+[250] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XVIII: 131.
+
+It is evident that the latter form of printed precancellation was the
+only one intended to be employed by the Department, and that the earlier
+form of impression from the roller canceller was unauthorized, for the
+following circular was issued to make matters plain for
+postmasters:[251]--
+
+     POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.
+
+                          OTTAWA, 16th September, 1904.
+
+  PRE-CANCELLATION OF POSTAGE STAMPS.
+
+    The use of pre-cancelled stamps (or stamps cancelled before actually
+    used for payment of postage) is permitted in some of the larger
+    cities under very stringent regulations and only when required for
+    any one mailing in quantities of not less than 25,000 stamps, but
+    postage stamps cancelled with the small roller canceller have been
+    observed on letters and other matter passing in the mails, and
+    Postmasters are accordingly instructed that UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES
+    are they permitted to precancel postage stamps. The roller canceller
+    is reserved for the cancellation of postage stamps on Second, Third
+    and Fourth Class Matter and must be used only on stamps after being
+    ACTUALLY AFFIXED to such matter.
+
+    ANY POSTMASTER FOUND TO BE PRECANCELLING STAMPS IN ANY WAY OR
+    SELLING STAMPS PRE-CANCELLED WITHOUT AUTHORITY WILL BE HELD
+    RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FULL VALUE OF SUCH CANCELLED STAMPS.
+
+    It is proper to explain that the authorized pre-cancelled stamps are
+    struck with a special die bearing the name of the mailing office and
+    are sold only to the largest mailing concerns under conditions
+    which it is considered preclude any danger of such stamps being used
+    a second time for postage. Such conditions would not attend the use
+    of stamps pre-cancelled with the ordinary roller stamp, and in
+    consequence the use of the roller stamps for such a purpose is
+    strictly forbidden, under the penalty above mentioned.
+
+    Requisitions for pre-cancelled stamps must be made direct to the
+    Department (Stamp Branch). No request for pre-cancelled stamps can
+    be considered where the number of pieces to be prepaid thereby is
+    less than 25,000.
+
+  R. M. COULTER,
+    Deputy Postmaster General.
+
+
+[251] =Ibid.=, XVIII: 322.
+
+Not long afterward the bars were lowered somewhat on the size of the
+mailing required for the use of precancelled stamps, as the following
+circular shows:[252]--
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.
+
+                         OTTAWA, 29th October, 1904.
+
+       PRECANCELLED STAMPS.
+
+    (Amending Departmental Circulars of 11th March and 16th September.)
+
+    It is desired that the use of precancelled stamps should be attended
+    with every possible degree of precaution and security and for that
+    purpose only requisitions for precancelled stamps to cover mailings
+    of _25,000 pieces at a time_ have been allowed. It is considered,
+    however, in the light of experience, that this limit is somewhat
+    high, and in future, therefore, postmasters will be allowed to make
+    requisition for precancelled stamps for mailings of _10,000 pieces
+    at a time_.
+
+  R. M. COULTER,
+     Deputy Postmaster General.
+
+
+[252] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XVIII: 402.
+
+The style of cancellation which is employed by the Department at Ottawa,
+where all the pre-cancelling is evidently done, is a three line one--the
+town name above and the province name below, separated by two parallel
+lines. It is applied in black ink. Evidently considerable mail is sent
+out under this method for the precancelled stamps are fairly common. One
+other variety comes from Montreal with "FOR-THIRD-CLASS-MATTER-ONLY", (a
+line for a word) beneath MONTREAL and separated from it by two thin
+parallel lines.
+
+The issuing of "Permits" was an outgrowth of the precancelled stamp
+system, it being in effect a _stamped cover_ fulfilling the same purpose
+as a cover with a precancelled adhesive affixed to it. The idea was
+again borrowed from the United States. The circular issued to
+postmasters will fully explain the methods adopted under this new
+plan:[253]--
+
+              POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.
+
+                                     OTTAWA, 2nd February, 1903.
+
+  PREPAYMENT OF THIRD-CLASS (PRINTED) MATTER IN CASH.
+
+    The Postmaster General in order to facilitate the posting of printed
+    matter mailed in considerable quantities addressed for delivery at
+    post-offices within the Dominion of Canada, has decided that
+    prepayment of postage on same may be effected in cash (instead of
+    postage stamps) in conformity with the following
+
+    REGULATIONS.
+
+    1. Each lot of mail matter which is posted under this arrangement
+    must be accompanied by a Permit, which has been obtained from the
+    Postmaster of the office at which it is posted. The application must
+    be made in writing on one of the forms provided for the purpose, in
+    which shall be stated approximately the number of pieces it is
+    intended to mail, and the postage on each piece at the rate of one
+    cent per two ounces or fraction thereof.
+
+    2. The articles posted must be of an uniform weight, and must be put
+    up in such a way as to admit of their being readily counted. The
+    weight and number must be verified beyond doubt. Circulars to be put
+    up in packages of 50, 75 or 100, with addressed sides faced all one
+    way. Catalogues must be tied up in neat bundles.
+
+    3. Each article must have printed upon its wrapper or cover an
+    impression of an official stamp, a fac-simile of which is here
+    given, which shall be furnished by the Postmaster of the office of
+    posting, mentioning the name of the office at which posted, and
+    stating that the postage was prepaid in cash.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  POSTAGE PAID IN CASH
+  At OTTAWA, Canada
+  Authorized under Permit No.
+  ANYBODY USING THIS STAMP WITHOUT AUTHORITY
+  WILL RENDER HIMSELF LIABLE TO PROSECUTION
+
+]
+
+    4. The lowest amount which may be received in payment for matter
+    mailed under these regulations is $25.00.
+
+    5. Under these regulations payment may be made only by marked
+    cheque drawn in favour of the Postmaster of the office of posting
+    for deposit to the credit of the Receiver General. The cheque must
+    accompany the mail matter at the time it is posted. The cheque is to
+    be drawn as follows:
+
+    "Pay to the Postmaster of ... for deposit to credit of Receiver
+    General."
+
+  R. M. COULTER.
+      Deputy Postmaster General.
+
+
+[253] =Weekly Philatelic Era=, XVIII: 63.
+
+Electrotypes of the "stamp" shown were furnished to all offices where
+there was a large output of the class of matter described, and the
+permit number was printed in with the impression when the order under
+which it was issued was being struck off. The "stamp" is usually printed
+in black, but has been seen in dark blue.
+
+In the stamp account for the year ending 30th June, 1903, no returns
+were given for mailings under these "Permits", but in 1904 we find that
+"Postage Paid in Cash on 3d Class (Printed) Matter" is given as
+$53,970.47, while in 1910 it had risen to $256,468.20--a quite
+respectable amount for the use of the "Permits".
+
+
+
+
+REFERENCE LIST
+
+
+
+PROVINCE OF CANADA
+
+1st. SERIES. Engraved and printed by Messrs. Rawdon, Wright, Hatch &
+Edson, New York. Unperforated.
+
+  1851.              =THIN GRAYISH LAID PAPER.=
+
+    April 23.  3 pence, deep red, red, vermilion.
+                 _double strike_, deep red, red, vermilion.
+    May 15 (?) 6 pence, black violet, deep brown violet, slate.
+                 _diagonal half_ used as 3d.
+    June 15.  12 pence, black.
+
+                     =STOUT WHITE LAID PAPER.=
+
+               3 pence, red.
+               6 pence, dull purple.
+
+  1851-7.            =GRAYISH WOVE PAPER, THIN TO STOUT.=
+
+               3 pence, deep red, red, vermilion.
+                     _double strike_, deep red, red, vermilion.
+               6 pence, black brown, brownish black, greenish black, slate,
+                        slate violet, deep violet.
+              12 pence, black.
+
+                     =SOFT WHITE WOVE PAPER.=
+
+               3 pence, deep red, red.
+                    _double strike_, deep red, red.
+
+                     =STOUT HARD WHITE WOVE PAPER.=
+
+               3 pence, deep red, red, vermilion.
+               6 pence, deep violet, slate violet, brown violet.
+
+                     =VERY THICK HARD PAPER.=
+
+               6 pence, slate violet.
+
+                     =VERY THICK SOFT PAPER.=
+
+               6 pence, dull purple.
+                    _diagonal half_ used as 3d.
+
+                     =THIN SOFT RIBBED PAPER.=
+
+               3 pence, red.
+                    _double strike_, red.
+
+                     =STOUT HARD RIBBED PAPER.=
+
+               3 pence, red.
+                    _double strike_, red.
+               6 pence, black violet.
+
+  1855, Jan.         =THIN WOVE PAPER.=
+
+              10 pence, deep blue, Prussian blue.
+                    _wide impression._
+                    _narrow impression._
+                    _double strike._
+
+                     =STOUT HARD WOVE PAPER.=
+
+              10 pence, deep blue, Prussian blue.
+                    _wide impression._
+
+  1857, June 2 (?)  =THIN WOVE PAPER.=
+
+           7-1/2 pence, dark yellow green.
+                    _wide impression._
+                    _narrow impression._
+
+                     =STOUT HARD WOVE PAPER.=
+
+           7-1/2 pence, dark yellow green.
+                    _wide impression_.
+
+  1857, Aug. 1.      =THIN WOVE PAPER.=
+
+             1/2 penny, deep rose.
+
+                     =STOUT HARD WOVE PAPER.=
+
+             1/2 penny, deep rose.
+
+                     =THIN SOFT RIBBED PAPER.=
+
+             1/2 penny, deep rose.
+                    _horizontal ribbing._
+                    _vertical ribbing._
+
+Same as before, but perforated 12 by the American Bank Note Co. (?)
+
+  1859, Jan. (?)     =STOUT WOVE PAPER.=
+
+             1/2 penny, deep rose.
+               3 pence, red.
+                    _double strike._
+                    _percé en scie 13_, (unofficial).
+                    _perforated 14_, (unofficial).
+               6 pence, black violet, slate violet, deep brown violet,
+                        black brown.
+
+                     =THIN RIBBED PAPER=
+
+             1/2 penny, deep rose (?)
+               3 pence, red.
+                    _double strike._
+
+2nd. SERIES. Engraved and printed by the American Bank Note Co., New
+York. Perforated 12. Wove paper.
+
+  1859, July 1.
+               1 cent, dull red, rose red, rose carmine.
+                   _imperforate_, rose red.
+                   _thick hard paper_, rose red.
+                   _ribbed paper_, dull red.
+               5 cents, bright red, brick red, deep red.
+                   _double strike_, bright red, red, deep red.
+                   _worn plate_, red.
+                   _imperforate_, red.
+                   _worn plate imperforate_, red.
+                   _ribbed paper_, red, deep red.
+                   _diagonal half_ used as 2-1/2c., red.
+
+              10 cents, bright red violet, dull red violet, deep red violet,
+                        deep violet, slate violet, brown violet, yellowish
+                        brown, brown, dark brown, black brown, gray brown.
+                   _imperforate_, red violet, violet.
+                   _ribbed paper_, deep red violet, brown violet, brown
+                                        (light to dark).
+                   _diagonal half_ used as 5c., red violet, black brown.
+
+          12-1/2 cents, light yellow green, deep yellow green, green,
+                        blue green.
+                    _imperforate_, blue green.
+                    _ribbed paper_, light yellow green.
+              17 cents, deep blue, Prussian blue.
+                    _imperforate_, Prussian blue.
+                    _ribbed paper_, Prussian blue.
+  1864, Aug. 1.
+               2 cents, rose red, dull red.
+                    _imperforate_, rose red, dull red.
+                    _ribbed paper_, rose red.
+
+
+DOMINION OF CANADA
+
+3rd. SERIES. LARGE STAMPS. Engraved and printed by the British American
+Bank Note Co., Montreal & Ottawa. Perforated 12, Wove paper.
+
+  1868, April 1.
+             1/2 cent, gray black, black.
+                   _horizontal pair, imperforate between._
+                   _very thin paper._
+               1 cent, brown red, deep brown red.
+                   _watermarked_, brown red.
+                   _laid paper_, brown red, deep brown red.
+                   _very thin paper_, deep brown red.
+               2 cents, pale yellow green, pale green, green,
+                        deep yellow green, deep blue green.
+                    _watermarked_, green.
+                    _very thin paper_, deep yellow green.
+               3 cents, vermilion, bright red, deep red, brown red.
+                    _watermarked_, brown red, red.
+                    _laid paper_, vermilion, bright red.
+                    _very thin paper_, deep red.
+                    _very thick paper_, brown red.
+
+               6 cents, pale brown, brown, deep brown, gray brown,
+                        pale yellow brown, deep yellow brown.
+                    _watermarked_, deep brown.
+                    _very thin paper_, deep brown.
+                    _diagonal half_ used for 3c., deep brown.
+          12-1/2 cents, dull blue, deep blue, pale blue.
+                    _watermarked_, deep blue.
+                    _very thin paper_, dull blue.
+              15 cents, mauve, deep mauve, lilac gray, gray violet,
+                        deep gray violet, blue gray, slate blue,
+                        greenish blue.
+                    _watermarked_, lilac gray, gray violet.
+                    _thin laid paper_, mauve.
+                    _ribbed paper_, lilac gray.
+                    _very thick paper_, mauve, slate blue, purple.
+                    _imperforate_, brown violet.
+  1869,  Jan.
+               1 cent, yellow, pale orange, orange yellow, orange.
+                    _imperforate_, yellow.
+  1875, Oct. 1.
+               5 cents, light olive gray, dark olive gray.
+
+
+
+4th SERIES. SMALL STAMPS. Engraved and printed by the British American
+Bank Note Company, Montreal & Ottawa. Perforated 12. Thin to thick wove
+paper.
+
+  1870, Jan. (?)
+             3 cents, dull rose red, deep rose red, rose carmine (1888),
+                         brown red, red, bright red, vermilion, orange red.
+                  _imperforate_, dull red, vermilion.
+                  _ribbed paper_, red.
+
+  1870, Mar. (?)
+             1 cent, orange, orange yellow, deep yellow, bright yellow,
+                         pale yellow, olive yellow.
+                  _imperforate_, bright yellow.
+                  _ribbed paper_, yellow.
+                  _vertical half_, used for 1/2c.
+
+  1872, Jan. (?)
+             6 cents, pale yellow brown, brown, dark yellow brown;
+                         (1888) pale chestnut, deep chestnut.
+                  _imperforate_, deep chestnut.
+                  _ribbed paper_, deep chestnut.
+                  _vertical half_, used for 3c.
+
+  1872, Feb. (?)
+             2 cents, pale green, green, deep green; (1888) blue green,
+                         deep blue green.
+                  _imperforate_, green.
+                  _ribbed paper_, green.
+                  _vertical half_, used for 1c.
+
+  1874. Nov. 1. (?)
+            10 cents, pale lilac, lilac, mauve, red violet, violet;
+                        (1888) dull rose red, dull rose, salmon red,
+                        brown red, indian red.
+                  _imperforate_, brown red, indian red.
+                  _ribbed paper_, dull rose red, dull rose.
+
+  1876, Feb. 1. (?)
+             5 cents, pale olive gray, olive gray, dark olive gray;
+                         (1888) gray, brownish gray, brownish black.
+                  _imperforate_, brownish gray.
+                  _ribbed paper_, brownish black.
+
+  1882, July.
+            1/2 cent, gray black, black.
+                  _imperforate._
+                  _horizontal pair, imperforate between._
+                  _vertical pair, imperforate between._
+                  _ribbed paper._
+
+5th SERIES. Engraved and printed by the British American Bank Note Co.,
+Ottawa. Perforated 12. Wove paper.
+
+  1893, Feb. 17.
+            20 cents, bright red, vermilion.
+                  _imperforate_, vermilion.
+            50 cents, deep blue.
+                  _imperforate_, black blue.
+
+  1893, Aug. 1.
+             8 cents, bluish gray, bluish slate, slate violet, dark slate,
+                         black violet, gray black.
+                  _imperforate_, bluish gray.
+
+
+
+6th SERIES. JUBILEE ISSUE. Engraved and printed by the American Bank
+Note Co., Ottawa. Perforated 12. Wove paper.
+
+  1897, June 19.
+                  1/2 cent,  gray black, black.
+                  1   "      yellow orange, orange, deep orange.
+                             _vertical half_, used for 1/2c.
+                  2  cents,  green, deep green.
+                  3   "      carmine.
+                  5   "      deep blue.
+                  6   "      deep brown, deep yellow brown.
+                  8   "      slate violet.
+                  10  "      brown lilac.
+                  15  "      bluish slate.
+                  20  "      vermilion, bright scarlet.
+                  50  "      ultramarine.
+                  1  dollar, carmine lake.
+                  2  dollars deep violet.
+                  3   "      orange brown.
+                  4   "      violet.
+                  5   "      olive green.
+
+7th SERIES. "MAPLE LEAF" ISSUE. Engraved and printed by the American
+Bank Note Company, Ottawa. Perforated 12. Wove paper.
+
+  1897,  Nov. 9. 1/2 cent, gray black, black.
+         Dec. 1. (?) 6 cents, deep brown.
+         Dec.     1  cent,    dark blue green.
+                  2  cents,   red violet, violet, deep violet.
+                  5  cents,   dark blue on _bluish_
+                                (_pale_ and _strong_).
+                              _imperforate_, dark blue on
+                                _pale bluish_.
+                  8  cents,   yellow orange, deep orange.
+
+  1898,  Jan.     3   "       deep carmine.
+                 10   "       brown lilac.
+
+8th SERIES. "NUMERALS" ISSUE. Engraved and printed by the American Bank
+Note Co., Ottawa. Perforated 12. Wove paper.
+
+  1898,  June.     1 cent,  blue green, deep blue green.
+                            _toned paper_, deep green.
+                   3 cents, carmine, deep carmine.
+         Sept.   1/2 cent,  gray black, black.
+                   2 cents, purple, pale violet, violet, deep violet.
+                   6  "     deep yellow brown, dark brown.
+         Oct.      8  "     yellow orange, orange, deep orange.
+         Nov.     10  "     brown violet, deep brown violet.
+  1899,  July, 3.  5  "     dark blue on _bluish
+                              (pale_ and _strong)._
+         Aug. 20.  2  "     rose carmine, carmine.
+  1900,  Dec. 29. 20  "     olive green.
+  1902,  Dec. 23.  7  "     olive yellow.
+
+
+
+9th SERIES. IMPERIAL PENNY POSTAGE ISSUE. Engraved and printed by the
+American Bank Note Co., Ottawa. Perforated 12. Wove paper.
+
+  1898,  Dec. 7
+                           {black, red and lavender.
+                           {  "     "   "  bluish.
+                  2 cents, {  "     "   "  greenish blue.
+                           {  "     "   "  green.
+                          _imperforate._
+
+                           {black, red and bluish.
+                  2 cents, {  "     "   "  greenish blue.
+                           {  "     "   "  green.
+                          _Unofficial Provisional._ Used at Port Hood only.
+  1899,  Jan. 5.  1 cent, greenish surcharge on vertical third of 3c. 1898.
+                  2 cents, purple surcharge on vertical two-thirds of 3c. 1898.
+                          (These two occur as both "lefts" and "rights")
+
+10th SERIES. PROVISIONALS. Surcharge typographed in black.
+
+  1899, July 28.  2 cents on 3 cents, 1898, _carmine_.
+                          _inverted surcharge_, carmine.
+         Aug. 8.  2 cents on 3 cents, 1897, carmine.
+                          _inverted surcharge_, carmine.
+
+11th SERIES. KING'S HEAD ISSUE. Engraved and printed by the American
+Bank Note Co., Ottawa. (Portrait engraved by Perkins, Bacon & Co.,
+London). Perforated 12. Wove paper.
+
+  1903, July 1.
+                  1 cent, blue green, deep blue green.
+                          _toned paper_, deep yellow green.
+                  2 cents, rose carmine, carmine.
+                          _imperforate_, rose carmine.
+                  5 cents deep blue on _bluish_
+                            (_pale_ and _strong_).
+                          indigo on _bluish_
+                            (_pale_ and _strong_).
+                  7 cents, deep olive yellow.
+                 10 cents, brown lilac, brown violet, deep brown violet.
+  1904, Sept. 27.
+                 20 cents, deep olive green.
+  1908, Nov. 19.
+                 50 cents, violet.
+
+12th SERIES. QUEBEC TERCENTENARY ISSUE. Engraved and printed by the
+American Bank Note Co., Ottawa. Perforated 12. Wove paper.
+
+  1908, July 16.
+                 1/2 cent, black brown, brown.
+                   1  "  deep blue green.
+                   2 cents, carmine.
+                   5  "  deep blue.
+                   7  "  olive green.
+                  10  "  deep violet.
+                  15  "  red orange.
+                  20  "  deep brown.
+
+
+=STAMP BOOKS.=
+
+Manufactured by American Bank Note Co., Ottawa. 12-2 cent stamps.
+
+  1900, June 11. 2 cents, issue of 1898.
+  1904,   (?)    2  "      "    "  1904.
+
+
+=REGISTRATION STAMPS=.
+
+1875, Nov. 15. Engraved and printed by the British American Bank Note
+Co., Montreal and Ottawa. Perforated 12. Thin to thick wove paper.
+
+  2 cents, orange, orange red, vermilion; (1888) brick red.
+           _imperforate_, orange.
+  5 cents, yellow green, green, dark green; (1888) deep blue green.
+           _imperforate_, dark green.
+  8 cents, bright blue, dull blue.
+
+
+=POSTAGE DUE STAMPS=.
+
+1906, July 1. Engraved and printed by the American Bank Note Co.,
+Ottawa. Perforated 12. Wove paper.
+
+  1 cent,  deep violet.
+  2 cents, deep violet.
+  5  "     deep violet, red violet.
+
+
+=SPECIAL DELIVERY STAMP=.
+
+1898, July 1. Engraved and printed by the American Bank Note Co.,
+Ottawa. Perforated 12. Wove paper.
+
+  10 cents, deep green, deep blue green.
+            _toned paper_, deep green.
+
+
+=OFFICIALLY SEALED LABELS=.
+
+Engraved and printed by the British American Bank Note Co., Montreal.
+Perforated 12. Wove paper.
+
+  1879 (?)  (_no value_), dark brown.
+            _imperforate_ (?)
+
+Engraved and printed by the American Bank Note Co., Ottawa. Perforated
+12. Wove paper.
+
+  1905 (?)  (_no value_), black on _light green._
+  1907 (?)  (_no value_), black.
+
+
+=Stamped Envelopes.=
+
+PROVINCE OF CANADA.
+
+                          Ca
+  Laid paper, watermarked POD Size 5-1/2 × 3-1/4 inches (138 × 83 mm.)
+
+  1860, Feb. 1.(?) _Cream toned paper_, flap rounded.
+                5 cents, bright red.
+               10 cents, black brown.
+                        _error_(?)
+               10 cents, bright red.
+  1864 (?)     _Very white paper_, flap more pointed.
+                5 cents, bright red.
+
+
+
+
+=UNOFFICIAL REPRINTS, 1868.=
+
+    _On pieces of white wove or vertically laid buff paper._
+   _5 cents, bright red._
+  _10 cents, dark red brown_.
+
+  _On diagonally laid white or buff envelopes, watermarked_ POD
+                                                                  US
+
+          _Size 5-1/2 × 3 inches (138 × 77 mm)._
+   _5 cents, bright red._
+  _10 cents, dark red brown_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DOMINION OF CANADA.
+
+  Sizes: A--5-1/2 × 3-1/8 inches (138 × 79 mm.)
+         B--6     × 3-3/8 inches (150 × 85 mm.)
+         C--9-5/8 × 4-1/2 inches (265 × 113 mm.)
+         D--5-7/8 × 3-1/2 inches (148 × 87 mm.)
+         E--6     × 3-5/8 inches (152 × 90 mm.)
+
+        Laid paper, cross vergures 18 mm. apart. Pointed flap.
+
+  1877, Oct. 6.  White paper.
+        Size A: 1 cent, pale blue, deep blue.
+                3 cents, red, rose.
+        Size B: 3 cents,  "    "
+        Same paper, tongued flap.
+        Size A: 1 cent, blue.
+                3 cents, red.
+
+        Laid paper, cross vergures 24 mm. apart. Pointed flap.
+
+  1888 (?) Cream toned paper.
+       Size A: 1 cent, blue, deep blue.
+               3 cents, red, carmine.
+       Size B: 3 cents,   "     "
+
+        Same paper, cross vergures 27 mm. apart.
+       Size A: 1 cent, deep blue.
+
+        White wove paper.
+  1895  (?) Size B: 3 cents, carmine.
+
+        Laid paper, cream toned.
+  1895, June 14.
+            Size B: 2 cents, blue green.
+  1896  (?) Size A: 1 cent, ultramarine.
+
+        Manila amber paper.
+  1896 (?) Size C: 1 cent, ultramarine.
+                   3 cents, red.
+
+        Wove paper, cream toned.
+  1898, Apr.  1 (?) Size D: 3 cents, bright red.
+  1898, July 22.    Size D: 1 cent, dark green.
+  1899, Jan.  2.    Size D: 2 cents, deep violet.
+  1899, Jan.  8 (?) Size D: 2 cents, bright red, vermilion.
+  1899, Feb.  6. (?) Surcharged 2c in blue-black.
+  Type 1.
+          Size D: 2 c. on 3 cents, red, of 1898.
+  Type 2.
+          Size A: 2c. on 3 cents, red, of 1877; white paper, pointed flap.
+                  2c. on 3  "     "    "  1888 (?) cream toned paper.
+          Size B: 2c. on 3  "     "    "    "        "     "     "
+          Size D: 2c. on 3  "     "    "  1898.
+
+  1901 (?)  Size D: 1 cent, dark green.
+                    2 cents, bright red.
+
+  Very white wove paper.
+
+  1905, Jan. 12.   Size E: 2 cents, bright red.
+        Mar. 1 (?) Size E: 1 cent, deep blue green.
+
+
+=WRAPPERS.=
+
+  TYPE 1. Size 9-1/2 × 5 inches (235 × 127 mm.).
+
+  1875, May  1 cent, dark blue, _light buff paper_.
+                "    _variety_, stamp at left.
+                        [Size 11-1/2 × 6-1/2 inches (290 × 165 mm.)]
+
+             Size 11-1/8 × 4-7/8 inches (285 × 124 mm.).
+
+  1881,  Nov. (?) 1 cent, dark blue, blue, _cream paper_.
+
+  TYPE 2. Size as last.
+
+  1882,  May (?) 1 cent, pale blue, _light buff paper_.
+         Aug.(?) 1  "  blue, _straw paper_.
+  1885,          1  "  ultramarine, _cream paper_.
+
+  TYPE 3. Size as last.
+
+  1887,  May (?) 1 cent, ultramarine, _thin white paper_.
+  1888,          1  "      "     _cream paper_.
+                 1  "      "     _light manila paper_.
+
+  TYPE 4. Size 10-3/8 × 4-7/8 inches (264 × 124 mm.).
+
+  1892, Feb. (?) 1 cent, dark blue, _thin straw paper_.
+                    " _variety_, stamp half way across wrapper.
+                 1  " blue, _cream paper_.
+
+  Size 10-3/4 × 4-7/8 inches (272 × 125 mm.).
+
+                 1 cent, dark blue, _straw paper_.
+  1894, Feb. (?) 1  "   black, _light buff paper_.
+                 1  "      "   _light brown paper_.
+
+  1898, June (?) 1  "   dark green, _manila paper_.
+
+  1903, Oct. (?) 1  "      "    "         "      "
+
+  Size 15 × 6-1/2 inches (378 × 165 mm.). Inscription.
+
+  1907, July 11. 1 cent, dark green, _manila paper_.
+                 2  "    carmine, _manila paper_.
+
+  Size 13 × 8 inches (308 × 223 mm.). Inscription.
+
+                 3  cents, slate violet, _manila paper_.
+  1908,  June 18 (?) Last two wrappers, surcharged.
+                 1 c. on 2 cents, carmine.
+                 1 c. "  3 "      slate violet.
+
+
+=POST CARDS.=
+
+Size 4-5/8 × 3 inches (116 × 75 mm.). Imprint "Montreal & Ottawa."
+
+  1871.  June     1 cent, dull blue, deep blue, _light buff
+                            and pale buff card_.
+
+Size 4-3/4 × 3 inches (120 × 75 mm.). Imprint "Montreal" only.
+
+  1876.  (end)    1  cent, dull blue, deep blue, _pale buff card_.
+                         Inscribed "To United Kingdom."
+
+  1877.  Jan. 1.  2  cents, deep yellow green, _pale buff card_.
+                         Inscribed "Union Postale Universelle."
+
+  1879,         2 cents, yellow green, _pale yellowish card_.
+                         Size 5 × 3 inches (127 × 76 mm.). No frame.
+
+TYPE 2 of wrapper stamp.
+
+  1882,  Apr. (?) 1 cent, light blue, _pale buff card_.
+         Dec. (?) 1 plus 1 cent, slate, _pale buff card_.
+                          _Error_, stamps at left.
+
+  1884,  Sept. (?) 1 plus 1 cent, slate, _pale buff card_.
+
+TYPE 3 of wrapper stamp.
+
+  1887,  Feb.  (?) 1 cent, dull blue, _pale buff card_.
+               (?) 1 plus 1 cent, slate, _pale buff card_.
+
+  1888,        (?) 1 plus 1  "  slate green, _pale buff card_.
+
+TYPE 4 of wrapper stamp.
+
+  1891,  Dec.  (?)  1 cent, dull ultramarine, pale ultramarine,
+                              _pale buff card_.
+
+  1892,  Dec.  (?)  1 plus 1 cent, slate green, (Type 3 on reply card),
+                                     _pale buff card_.
+
+  1894,  Oct.  (?)  1 plus 1  "  gray black, (Type 4 on each card),
+                                   _pale buff card_.
+
+Size 6 × 3-5/8 inches (152 × 92 mm.).
+
+  1893, Feb. 17.   1 cent, black, _pale buff card_.
+
+Size 5-1/2 × 3-3/8 inches (140 × 85 mm.).
+
+  1894, Feb.  (?)  1 cent, black, _pale yellowish card_.
+
+  1895, Apr.  (?)  1  "     "  _rough straw card_.
+
+Size 5-1/8 × 3-1/8 inches (130 × 80 mm.).
+
+  1896, Oct.  (?)  2  cents, orange red, carmine, _pale buff card_.
+
+Size 5-1/2 × 3-3/8 inches (140 × 85 mm.).
+
+  1897, June 19.  1  cent, black, _pale buff card_.
+                      "  _variety_, inscriptions lacking.
+
+Size 5-1/8 × 3-1/8 inches (130 × 80 mm.).
+
+  1897, Dec. 1 (?) 2  cents, deep orange red, _pale buff card_.
+
+Size 5-1/2 × 3-3/8 inches (140 × 85 mm.).
+
+  1898, Jan.  (?)  1 cent, green, dark green, _pale buff card_.
+                   1 "  carmine, _pale buff card_.
+
+Size 5 × 3 inches (127 × 76 mm.).
+
+  1898, June (?)   1  plus 1 cent, black, _pale buff card_.
+                       "      "  _variety_, reply printed on back
+                                                   of message card.
+
+Size 5-1/8 × 3-1/8 inches (130 × 80 mm.).
+
+  1898, June (?)   2  cents, deep blue, _cream card_.
+
+Size 5-1/2 × 3-3/8 inches (140 × 85 mm.).
+
+  1903, Aug. (?)   1 cent, green, _pale buff card_.
+        Dec. (?)   1  "  rose,        "    "    "
+
+Size 5 × 3 inches (127 × 76 mm.).
+
+  1904, Feb. (?) 1 plus 1 cent, black, _pale buff card_.
+
+Size 5-1/8 × 3-1/8 inches (130 × 80 mm.).
+
+  1904, Feb. (?) 2 cents, deep blue, _pale buff card_.
+
+
+=LETTER CARDS.=
+
+  1893. Feb. 17. 3 cents, carmine, _blue-green card_. Perf. A. and C.
+
+  1895, Oct. (?) 1  "     black,   "   "  "  Perf. A and C.
+                 2  "     green,   "   "  "  Perf. A.
+
+  1897, Dec. (?) 2  "       "      "   "  "  Perf. A.
+
+  1898, Jan. (?) 1  "     black,   "   "  "  Perf. A.
+                 3  "     carmine, "   "  "  Perf. A.
+
+Surcharged "2c." in blue-black.
+
+  1899,  Feb. (?) 2 cents on 3 c. card of 1893, type 1.
+                  2  "    "  3 c.  "   "   "     "   2.
+                  2  "    "  3 c.  "   "  1898,  "   2.
+
+
+Surcharged in violet.
+
+                  2 cents on 3 c. card of 1893, type 2.
+
+  1900,  Jan. (?) 1 cent, green, _blue-green card_. Perf. A.
+                  2  "    carmine, "   "   "  Perf. A.
+
+
+=LETTER SHEET.=
+
+  1894  (?)  1 cent, black, _gray blue laid paper_.
+             1  "     "     _white laid paper_.
+
+
+=OFFICIAL STATIONERY.=
+
+  Inland Revenue Wrapper, Size 11 × 5-1/8 inches (280 × 132 mm.).
+
+  1879  (?)  1 cent, dark blue, _cream paper_.
+
+  Customs Post Card, Size 5-1/8 × 3-1/8 inches (130 × 88 mm.).
+
+  1888  (?)  [plain front], _manila card_.
+  [inscriptions on front], _manila card._
+
+  Returned Dead Letter Envelopes. Size 6-7/8 × 4-3/4 inches
+    (175 × 120 mm.).
+
+  1889  (?)  3 cents, black, _manila paper_.
+                ?       ?          ?
+
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE I]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE II]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE III]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IV]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE V]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VI]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VII]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VIII]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IX]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE X]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XI]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XII]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIII]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIV]
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+Page 21: changed "or" to "of" ( ... from the sender of such letter or
+packet ...)
+
+Page 23: missing or unreadable value in the original ( ... the rate on
+Letters by those mails, viâ Halifax, of 1s. [missing value] sterling, if
+_un-paid_, ...)
+
+Page 90: changed "setttled" to "settled" ( ... newly settled portions of
+the country ...)
+
+Page 99: changed "fradulent" to "fraudulent" (To remove with fraudulent
+intent from any letter, newspaper or other mailable matter ...)
+
+Page 141: changed "(C)" to "(D)" ((D) Limits of weight to
+Austria-Hungary, ...)
+
+Page 149: changed "beseiged" to "besieged" ( ... literally besieged the
+post offices for the coveted treasures.)
+
+Page 149: changed "neceessary" to "necessary" ( ... it would be
+necessary for you to apply early ...)
+
+Page 154: duplicate word "in" deleted (The principal variation is only
+one of tone in a few values.)
+
+Page 196: changed "monoply" to "monopoly" ( ... an accidental monopoly
+of a stamp, ...)
+
+Page 202: changed "promotory" to "promontory" ( ... he disembarked on
+the 3d July at the foot of the promontory of Stadaconé, ...)
+
+Page 228: changed "Qneen" (with inverted "u") to "Queen" (The embossed
+head of Queen Victoria was evidently copied ...)
+
+Page 238: changed "suppy" to "supply" ( ... when the supply thereof in
+the department became exhausted, ...)
+
+Page 256: changed "uncertainity" to "uncertainty" (The reply card in the
+new type is again an uncertainty.)
+
+Page 286: corrected "130 × 80" to "140 × 85" (Size 5-1/2 × 3-3/8 inches
+(140 × 85 mm.).)
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANADA: ITS POSTAGE STAMPS AND
+POSTAL STATIONERY***
+
+
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+<body>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Canada: Its Postage Stamps and Postal
+Stationery, by Clifton Armstrong Howes</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: Canada: Its Postage Stamps and Postal Stationery</p>
+<p>Author: Clifton Armstrong Howes</p>
+<p>Release Date: September 17, 2011  [eBook #37457]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANADA: ITS POSTAGE STAMPS AND POSTAL STATIONERY***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4>E-text prepared by Simon Gardner, Adrian Mastronardi,<br />
+    The Philatelic Digital Library Project<br />
+    (<a href="http://www.tpdlp.net">http://www.tpdlp.net</a>),<br />
+    and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br />
+    from page images generously made available by<br />
+    Internet Archive<br />
+    (<a href="http://www.archive.org">http://www.archive.org</a>)</h4>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10">
+  <tr>
+    <td valign="top">
+      Note:
+    </td>
+    <td>
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030133122">
+      http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030133122</a>
+   </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="trans-note">
+<h4>Transcriber's Notes</h4>
+
+<p>Footnotes are numbered sequentially throughout the book and presented after
+each chapter.</p>
+
+<p>Changes to the text have been limited to correction of typographical
+errors which have been listed <a href="#Transcribers_Notes">at the end of the book</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The extensive block quotations within this book feature rows of closely
+spaced asterisks (* * * * *) which function as an ellipsis (unquoted or
+missing material). This is distinct from the "thought break", indicating
+a change of subject, which appears as a horizontal line.</p>
+</div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<!-- Museum stamp in front of book not included in e-text
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 279px;">
+<img src="images/i002.jpg" width="279" height="275" alt="MUSEE NATIONAL DES POSTES - NATIONAL POSTAL MUSEUM" title="Stamp of the National Postal Museum: MUSEE NATIONAL DES POSTES - NATIONAL POSTAL MUSEUM" />
+</div>
+ -->
+
+
+
+<h1>                     CANADA<br />
+<br />
+
+                      <span style="font-size:medium">ITS</span><br />
+                 POSTAGE STAMPS<br />
+                      <span style="font-size:medium">AND</span><br />
+               POSTAL STATIONERY</h1>
+
+
+<p class="center">                      <span style="font-size:small">BY</span><br />
+    CLIFTON A. HOWES, B. Sc., F. R. P. S. L.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center">                  <span style="font-size:small">PUBLISHED BY</span><br />
+           THE NEW ENGLAND STAMP CO.<br />
+               BOSTON, U. S. A.<br />
+                     1911</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 489px;">
+<a name="Plate_XV" id="Plate_XV"></a>
+<a href="images/plate15.jpg"><img src="images/plate15_tn.jpg" width="489" height="600"
+alt="Plate XV (Frontispiece)"
+title="Plate XV (Frontispiece)" /></a>
+[<a href="#Plate_XV_Key">Key to Plate XV</a>.]
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><!-- Page 1 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">                     <span style="font-size:x-large">CANADA</span>
+<br />
+<br />
+                      <span style="font-size:small">ITS</span><br />
+                 POSTAGE STAMPS<br />
+                      <span style="font-size:small">AND</span><br />
+               POSTAL STATIONERY</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">                      <span style="font-size:small">BY</span><br />
+    CLIFTON A. HOWES, B. Sc., F. R. P. S. L.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center">                  <span style="font-size:small">PUBLISHED BY</span><br />
+           THE NEW ENGLAND STAMP CO.<br />
+               BOSTON, U. S. A.<br />
+                     1911</p>
+<hr />
+<p><!-- Page 2 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="center">                Copyright 1911<br />
+          By the New England Stamp Co.<br />
+                 Boston, Mass.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">                   Press of<br />
+                NEWCOMB &amp; GAUSS<br />
+                  Salem, Mass.</p>
+<hr />
+<p><!-- Page 3 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"></td><td align="right">Page</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Key to Plates</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Foreword</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Introduction</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Chapter</span></td><td align="right">I.</td><td align="left">Preliminary Matters</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">II.</td><td align="left">The Issue of 1851</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">III.</td><td align="left">The Remaining Pence Issues</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">IV.</td><td align="left">The Perforated Pence Issues</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">V.</td><td align="left">The Cancellations of the Early Issues</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">VI.</td><td align="left">The Issue of 1859</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">VII.</td><td align="left">The Dominion of Canada&mdash;Preliminary</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">VIII.</td><td align="left">The Issue of 1868</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">IX.</td><td align="left">The Small "Cents" Issue, 1870-1882</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">X.</td><td align="left">The Supplementary Values of 1893</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XI.</td><td align="left">The Jubilee Issue of 1897</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XII.</td><td align="left">The "Maple Leaf" Issue of 1897</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XIII.</td><td align="left">The "Numerals" Issue of 1898-1902</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XIV.</td><td align="left">The "Christmas" Stamp of 1898</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XV.</td><td align="left">The "King's Head" Issue of 1903-1908</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XVI.</td><td align="left">The "Tercentenary" Issue of 1908</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XVII.</td><td align="left">The "Registration" Stamps</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XVIII.</td><td align="left">The Postage Due Stamps</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XIX.</td><td align="left">The Special Delivery Stamp</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XX.</td><td align="left">The Officially Sealed Labels</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XXI.</td><td align="left">The Stamped Envelopes</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XXII.</td><td align="left">The Wrappers</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XXIII.</td><td align="left">The Post Cards</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XXIV.</td><td align="left">The Letter Cards</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XXV.</td><td align="left">Official Stationery</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_267">267</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">XXVI.</td><td align="left">Precancellation and Permits</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_272">272</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Reference List</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_277">277</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<p><!-- Page 4 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="KEY_TO_PLATES" id="KEY_TO_PLATES"></a>KEY TO PLATES</h2>
+
+
+<h4><a name="Plate_I_Key" id="Plate_I_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_I">Plate I</a>.</span></h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>No. 1. <span class="Lalign05">6</span> pence, 1851.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">2.</span> 12 <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">3.</span> 10 <span class="ditto">"</span> 1855.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">4.</span> <span class="Lalign05">&frac12;</span> penny, 1857.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">5.</span> <span class="Lalign05">7&frac12;</span> pence, 1857.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">6.</span> <span class="Lalign05">3</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 1851.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">7.</span> <span class="Lalign05">&frac12;</span> penny, 1859.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">8.</span> <span class="Lalign05">6</span> pence, <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">9.</span> <span class="Lalign05">3</span> <span class="ditto">"</span>  <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li>&emsp; 10. <span class="Lalign05">1</span> cent, &ensp;<span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li>&emsp; 11. <span class="Lalign05">2</span> cents, <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li>&emsp; 12. 10  <span class="ditto">"</span>  <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li>&emsp; 13. 12&frac12; &ensp;"&emsp; <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li>&emsp; 14. 17  <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li>&emsp; 15. <span class="Lalign05">5</span>  <span class="ditto">"</span><span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li>&emsp; 16. <span class="Lalign05">1</span> cent, 1868.</li>
+<li>&emsp; 17. <span class="Lalign05">&frac12;</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li>&emsp; 18. <span class="Lalign05">2</span> cents,  <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li>&emsp; 19. <span class="Lalign05">5</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 1859, variety.</li>
+<li>&emsp; 20. <span class="Lalign05">3</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 1868.</li>
+<li>&emsp; 21. <span class="Lalign05">5</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 1875.</li>
+<li>&emsp; 22. <span class="Lalign05">6</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 1868.</li>
+<li>&emsp; 23. 12&frac12; &ensp;"&emsp;<span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li>&emsp; 24. 15 <span class="ditto">"</span>  <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<h4><a name="Plate_II_Key" id="Plate_II_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>.</span></h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>No. 25. <span class="Lalign05">1</span> cent,       1870.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">26.</span> <span class="Lalign05">2</span> cents,      1872.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">27.</span> <span class="Lalign05">&frac12;</span> cent,     1882.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">28.</span> <span class="Lalign05">3</span> cents,      1870.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">29.</span> <span class="Lalign05">5</span>   <span class="ditto">"</span>         1876.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">30.</span> <span class="Lalign05">6</span>   <span class="ditto">"</span>         1872.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">31.</span> <span class="Lalign05">8</span>   <span class="ditto">"</span>         1893.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">32.</span> 10 cents,     1874.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">33.</span> 20  <span class="ditto">"</span>         1893.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">34.</span> <span class="Lalign05">&frac12;</span> cent,     1897, "Jubilee."</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">35.</span> 50 cents,     1893.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">36.</span> <span class="Lalign05">&frac12;</span> cent,     1897, "Maple Leaf."</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">37.</span> <span class="Lalign05">2</span> cents on 3 cents, "Port Hood Provisional."</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">38.</span> <span class="Lalign05">2</span> cents,      1898, "Map."</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">39.</span> <span class="Lalign05">1</span> cent on 3 cents (pair), "Port Hood Provisional."<!-- Page 5 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">40.</span> <span class="Lalign05">&frac12;</span> cent, 1898, "Numeral."</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">41.</span> <span class="Lalign05">2</span> cents on 3 cents, 1899, "Maple Leaf."</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">42.</span> <span class="Lalign05">2</span>   <span class="ditto">" &emsp; "</span>3<span class="ditto">"</span><span class="ditto">"</span>"Numeral."</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">43.</span> <span class="Lalign05">1</span> cent, 1903, "King's Head."</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">44.</span> <span class="Lalign05">2</span> cents on 3 cents, 1899, inverted, "Numeral."</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">45.</span> <span class="Lalign05">2</span>   <span class="ditto">" &emsp;"</span>3<span class="ditto">"</span><span class="ditto">"</span><span class="ditto">" </span>     "Maple Leaf."</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<h4><a name="Plate_III_Key" id="Plate_III_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_III">Plate III</a>.</span></h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>No. 46.&ensp; &frac12; cent, 1908, "Tercentenary."</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">47.</span> <span class="Lalign05">1</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">48.</span> <span class="Lalign05">2</span> cents,  <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">49.</span> <span class="Lalign05">5</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">50.</span> <span class="Lalign05">7</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">51.</span> 10 <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">52.</span> 15 <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">53.</span> 20 <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">54.</span> <span class="Lalign05">2</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> 1875, Registration.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">55.</span> <span class="Lalign05">5</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">56.</span> <span class="Lalign05">8</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">57.</span> 10 <span class="ditto">"</span> 1898, Special Delivery.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">58.</span> <span class="Lalign05">1</span>  cent, 1906, Postage Due.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">59.</span> <span class="Lalign05">2</span>  cents, <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">60.</span> <span class="Lalign05">5</span>  <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<h4><a name="Plate_IV_Key" id="Plate_IV_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_IV">Plate IV</a>.</span></h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>No. 61.  6 pence,     1851, pair.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">62.</span> 12   <span class="ditto">"</span>          <span class="ditto">"</span>   pair from Pack collection.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">63.</span>  <span class="Lalign05">6</span> pence,     1851, pair.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">64.</span>  <span class="Lalign05">6</span>   <span class="ditto">"</span>          <span class="ditto">"</span>    <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">65.</span> 12   <span class="ditto">"</span>          <span class="ditto">"</span>   from Worthington collection.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">66.</span>  <span class="Lalign05">6</span> pence,     1851, thick soft paper, from Pack collection.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">67.</span>  <span class="Lalign05">7&frac12;</span> pence, 1857, wide oval.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">68.</span>  <span class="Lalign05">7&frac12;</span>   <span class="ditto">"</span>      <span class="ditto">"</span>   narrow oval.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">69.</span>  <span class="Lalign05">7&frac12;</span>   <span class="ditto">"</span>      <span class="ditto">"</span>   pair.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">70.</span> 10       <span class="ditto">"</span>    1855, pair, wide oval.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">71.</span> 10       <span class="ditto">"</span>      <span class="ditto">"</span>    <span class="ditto">"</span>    narrow oval.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">72.</span>  <span class="Lalign05">6</span>       <span class="ditto">"</span>    1859, from Pack collection.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">73.</span>  <span class="Lalign05">6</span>       <span class="ditto">"</span>    1851, strip of 3 on very thick soft paper, from Worthington collection.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">74.</span> 10 cents,     1859, black brown, from Pack collection.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<h4><a name="Plate_V_Key" id="Plate_V_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_V">Plate V</a>.</span></h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>No. 75.  <span class="Lalign05">6</span> pence, 1851.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">76.</span>  <span class="Lalign05">6</span> <span class="ditto">"</span>    <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">77.</span>  <span class="Lalign05">3</span> <span class="ditto">"</span>    <span class="ditto">"</span>  pair.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">78.</span>  <span class="Lalign05">6</span> <span class="ditto">"</span>    <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">79.</span>  <span class="Lalign05">6</span> <span class="ditto">"</span>    <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">80.</span>  <span class="Lalign05">6</span> <span class="ditto">"</span>    <span class="ditto">"</span>  strip of 3 on very thick hard paper,
+                         from Pack collection.<!-- Page 6 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">81.</span>  <span class="Lalign05">7&frac12;</span> pence, 1857, strip of three.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">82.</span> 12     <span class="ditto">"</span>    1851, pair from Pack collection.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">83.</span> 12     <span class="ditto">"</span>    <span class="ditto">"</span>   <span class="ditto">"</span>  <span class="ditto">"</span>  <span class="ditto">"</span>     <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">84.</span> 12     <span class="ditto">"</span>    <span class="ditto">"</span>   from Pack collection.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">85.</span> 12     <span class="ditto">"</span>    <span class="ditto">"</span>   pair from Worthington collection.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">86.</span> 12     <span class="ditto">"</span>    1851, wove paper, from Pack collection.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">87.</span>  <span class="Lalign05">6</span>     pence, 1851, split, used on piece, from Pack collection.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">88.</span>  <span class="Lalign05">3</span>     pence, 1851, ribbed paper, from Pack collection.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">89.</span> 12&frac12; cents, small, from Worthington collection.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<h4><a name="Plate_VI_Key" id="Plate_VI_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_VI">Plate VI</a>.</span></h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>No. 90. 12 pence, 1851, on cover, from Worthington collection.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">91.</span> 12 pence, 1851, on cover, from Pack collection (originally in Seybold collection.)</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<h4><a name="Plate_VII_Key" id="Plate_VII_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_VII">Plate VII</a>.</span></h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>No. 92.   <span class="Lalign05">6</span> pence, 1851, very thick soft paper, split, used on cover, from Pack collection.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">93.</span>  10 pence, 1855, pair, narrow oval.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">94.</span>  10   <span class="ditto">"</span>      <span class="ditto">"</span>   block of 4, wide oval.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">95.</span>  10   <span class="ditto">"</span>      <span class="ditto">"</span>   strip of 3, narrow oval.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">96.</span>   <span class="Lalign05">5</span> cents, 1859, block of 7, upper right corner stamp is variety. From Pack collection.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">97.</span>   <span class="Lalign05">5</span> cents, 1859, pair and split, used on piece, from Worthington collection.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<h4><a name="Plate_VIII_Key" id="Plate_VIII_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_VIII">Plate VIII</a>.</span></h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>No. 98.   <span class="Lalign05">6</span> cents, 1868, split, used on cover, from Worthington collection.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">99.</span>  10 cents, 1859, black brown, split, used on cover, from Worthington collection.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<h4><a name="Plate_IX_Key" id="Plate_IX_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_IX">Plate IX</a>.</span></h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>No. 100.  <span class="Lalign05">1</span>     cent, 1859, block of 4 imperforate.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">101.</span>  <span class="Lalign05">5</span>     cents,  <span class="ditto">"</span>     <span class="ditto">"</span>   <span class="ditto">"</span>  4     <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">102.</span>  <span class="Lalign05">2</span>       <span class="ditto">"</span>     <span class="ditto">"</span>     <span class="ditto">"</span>   <span class="ditto">"</span>  4     <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">103.</span> 12&frac12;   &ensp;"&emsp;     <span class="ditto">"</span>     <span class="ditto">"</span>   <span class="ditto">"</span>  4     <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">104.</span> 10       <span class="ditto">"</span>     <span class="ditto">"</span>     <span class="ditto">"</span>   <span class="ditto">"</span>  4     <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">105.</span> 17       <span class="ditto">"</span>     <span class="ditto">"</span>     <span class="ditto">"</span>   <span class="ditto">"</span>  4     <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">106.</span> 20       <span class="ditto">"</span>   1893,   <span class="ditto">"</span>   <span class="ditto">"</span>  4     <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">107.</span> 15       <span class="ditto">"</span>   1868,   <span class="ditto">"</span>   <span class="ditto">"</span>  4     <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">108.</span> 50       <span class="ditto">"</span>   1893,  <span class="ditto">"</span>   <span class="ditto">"</span>  4     <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The above blocks were selected from the Pack and Worthington
+collections and some in the possession of the New
+England Stamp Co.</p></div>
+<p><!-- Page 7 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="Plate_X_Key" id="Plate_X_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_X">Plate X</a>.</span></h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>No. 109. 10 cents, 1874, block of 4 imperforate.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">110.</span>  <span class="Lalign05">8</span>   <span class="ditto">"</span>    1893,   <span class="ditto">"</span>   <span class="ditto">"</span>  4    <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">111.</span>  <span class="Lalign05">6</span>   <span class="ditto">"</span>    1872,   <span class="ditto">"</span>   <span class="ditto">"</span>  4    <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">112.</span>  <span class="Lalign05">5</span>   <span class="ditto">"</span>    1897, "Maple Leaf," block of 4, imperforate.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">113.</span>  <span class="Lalign05">2</span>   <span class="ditto">"</span>    1898, "Map,"    &emsp;      <span class="ditto">"</span>   <span class="ditto">"</span>  4      <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">114.</span>  <span class="Lalign05">2</span>   <span class="ditto">"</span>    1903, block of 4 imperforate.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">115.</span>  <span class="Lalign05">5</span>   <span class="ditto">"</span>    Registered, pair imperforate.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">116.</span> "Officially Sealed" Label, 1905.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">117.</span>     <span class="ditto">&emsp;"&emsp;</span>         <span class="ditto">"</span>       <span class="ditto">"</span>    1879.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The above blocks of imperforates were from the same sources
+as noted for Plate IX.</p></div>
+
+
+<h4><a name="Plate_XI_Key" id="Plate_XI_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_XI">Plate XI</a>.</span></h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>No. 118. 10  cents, 1874, strip of 10, marginal imprints.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">119.</span> <span class="Lalign05">&frac12;</span> cent,  1868,   <span class="ditto">"   "</span>  3,     <span class="ditto">"</span>       <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">120.</span>  <span class="Lalign05">3</span>  cents, 1870,   <span class="ditto">"   "</span>  3,     <span class="ditto">"</span>       <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">121.</span>  <span class="Lalign05">1</span>  cent,  1870, block of 8,     <span class="ditto">"</span>       <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">122.</span>  <span class="Lalign05">3</span>  cents, 1870, strip of 3,     <span class="ditto">"</span>       <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The above are all from the Worthington collection.</p></div>
+
+
+<h4><a name="Plate_XII_Key" id="Plate_XII_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_XII">Plate XII</a>.</span></h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>No. 123.   1  cent,  1870, block of 12  imperforate.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">124.</span>   <span class="Lalign05">2</span>  cents, 1872,   <span class="ditto">"   "</span>   4      <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">125.</span>   <span class="Lalign05">3</span>    <span class="ditto">"</span>    1870,   <span class="ditto">"   "</span>   4      <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">126.</span>   <span class="Lalign05">5</span>    <span class="ditto">"</span>    1876,   <span class="ditto">"   "</span>   4      <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">127.</span> <span class="Lalign05">&frac12;</span> cent,   1882,   <span class="ditto">"   "</span>  12      <span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Nos. 123 and 127 are from the Worthington collection and the
+other three from the Pack collection.</p></div>
+
+
+<h4><a name="Plate_XIII_Key" id="Plate_XIII_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_XIII">Plate XIII</a>.</span></h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>No. 128. 3 pence, 1875 (?) perforated 14, pair used on cover, from Pack collection.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">129.</span> 2 cents, 1872, pair imperforate used on cover, in possession of New England Stamp Co.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<h4><a name="Plate_XIV_Key" id="Plate_XIV_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_XIV">Plate XIV</a>.</span></h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>No. 130. Stamped Envelope,  5 cents, 1860.</li>
+<li><span class="Lalign175">131.</span>  &emsp;  <span class="ditto">"</span> <span class="ditto">"</span>  &emsp;   10   <span class="ditto">"</span><span class="ditto">"</span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Both the above were in the Seybold collection.</p></div>
+
+
+<h4><a name="Plate_XV_Key" id="Plate_XV_Key"></a><span class="smcap"><a href="#Plate_XV">Plate XV</a>.</span> (Frontispiece).</h4>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>A page of six pennies from the collection of Charles Lathrop Pack.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<p><!-- Page 9 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="FOREWORD" id="FOREWORD"></a>FOREWORD</h2>
+
+
+<p>Twenty years ago the Philatelic Society, London, brought out their
+work on "The Postage Stamps, Envelopes, Wrappers and Post Cards of
+the North American Colonies of Great Britain." This, of course, included
+Canada, but since that time no special work, treating exhaustively of the
+postal emissions of this important Colony, has been placed before the philatelic
+public. It seems opportune, therefore, particularly in view of the general
+popularity of the stamps of the Dominion, to present this volume for the
+favor of the stamp collecting fraternity and especially of that considerable
+portion which is interested to the extent of specializing in the beautiful
+issues that Canada has given us.</p>
+
+<p>This work had its inception in the now popular handbook idea, but in
+looking over the ground it was soon realized by the author that there was need
+of and material enough for a much more extended treatment of the subject
+than could be encompassed in the limits of the usual brochure. Plans were
+therefore laid for a thorough study of all available material, and in furtherance
+of this it was found necessary to make a special trip to Ottawa, where, in the
+library of the House of Commons, is to be found the only complete set available
+of the Reports of the Postmasters General of Canada. These naturally
+proved a mine of first hand information which was availed of to its full
+extent; and in this connection must be expressed the deep appreciation of
+the assistance rendered the author by his friend M. Henri R. Landry, through
+whose influence and untiring interest the way was made easy for convenient
+and rapid examination of these invaluable files. Thanks are also due Mr.
+Edward Y. Parker of Toronto, for notes and specimens furnished, as well as
+Mr. A. McKechnie of Ottawa.</p>
+
+<p>But documents and descriptions are not enough for the thorough study
+of any subject which concerns tangible objects, and three famous collections
+were inspected for first hand information upon the stamps themselves. To
+Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack of Lakewood, N. J., Mr. George H. Worthington
+of Cleveland, Ohio, and the lamented Mr. John F. Seybold, late of Syracuse,
+N. Y., are due not only the author's fullest thanks for opportunities
+freely given to examine their magnificent collections of Canada, but the debt
+extends to philatelists in general for thus being enabled to share, through
+study, description, listing and pictorial reproduction, in the results of their
+specializing. Mr. Pack's wonderful array of rarities, beautiful copies and<!-- Page 10 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>
+remarkable series of shades has been largely used in the compilation of the
+stamp lists. This collection though since much enlarged and improved,
+obtained the gold medal at the International Philatelic Exhibition in London,
+1906. Mr. Worthington's fine collection has also been used in the same
+way and has furnished much information concerning plate numbers and
+marginal imprints. Mr. Seybold's covers were particularly interesting in
+showing the actual use of the stamps, the cancellations employed, and various
+other features to be gleaned from the study of original covers, particularly of
+early date. Selections for illustrative purposes were made from all three
+collections, as will be noted.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. John N. Morse and Mr. Edwin F. Sawyer, both of Boston, have very
+kindly placed their collections of post cards and envelopes, respectively, at our
+disposal for purposes of study.</p>
+
+<p>Again, the philatelic press has been diligently searched for articles, stray
+notes, etc., which would illumine the pathway, particularly by throwing side
+lights on various phases of the subject. Prominent among these were the
+articles on Canada by Messrs. C. B. Corwin, D. A. King and J. R. Hooper
+in the <i>Metropolitan Philatelist</i> for 1890-91, and by Mr. Donald A. King in
+Stanley Gibbons' <i>Monthly Journal</i> for 1896-97.</p>
+
+<p>It can readily be seen from the foregoing that the limits of a handbook
+were soon passed, and the question really became one of a pretentious volume
+which should be all that thorough research could offer and ample means produce.
+A glance at the present work shows that this was no small proposition,
+and to any one with experience in philatelic publishing it was apparent that
+the desired production would mean a heavy balance on the wrong side of the
+ledger. The author does not pose as a philanthropist, but he feels he has discovered
+such in the publishers of this volume. With the broad-minded policy
+that whatever helps Philately benefits all, even indirectly, the New England
+Stamp Company of Boston, having become greatly interested in the
+monograph, accepted the burden and became responsible for the publication
+of the work. The advantages of the co-operation of such a well-known firm
+are manifest, and the author takes great pleasure in acknowledging his indebtedness
+to this Company, through whose munificence it has been possible
+to produce this volume in its present form.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 17.5em;">C. A. HOWES, B. Sc., F. R. P. S. L.</span><br />
+<br />
+Boston, U. S. A.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">December, 1910.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<p><!-- Page 11 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Dominion of Canada, as we know it to-day, is a confederation
+of the former British Colonies and unorganized territories of North
+America which lie to the northward of the United States. The single exception
+is the Colony of Newfoundland, which so far has resisted all overtures
+looking to its absorption. The Dominion was formed in 1867 by the union of the
+then Colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, to which the
+others were added subsequently. At that time the Colony of Canada consisted
+of two provinces, Ontario and Quebec, known also as Upper and Lower Canada
+respectively. It is with these two provinces that our philatelic story of
+Canada begins.</p>
+
+<p>But first let us delve a bit into earlier times and trace the development
+of the territory we are going to consider, as it may prove interesting for its
+historical value. Passing by the claims of the Norsemen in the tenth century
+to a somewhat vague exploration of the eastern American coast, we come to
+the discovery of Newfoundland by John Cabot in 1497, and it is upon this
+fact, in part, that England subsequently based her claim to the whole of North
+America. But for the most part the territory included within the well populated
+portion of the present Dominion was explored and settled by the
+French. In 1534 Jacques Cartier entered the St. Lawrence River and took
+possession of the country in the name of France, and in 1608 the first permanent
+settlement was made at Quebec by Samuel de Champlain. The name
+of the colony was apparently furnished by the Indians, for in the manuscript
+narrative of Cartier's second voyage,<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> under "Vocabulary of the natives,"
+is found: "They call a town&mdash;Canada." Baxter says: "There can be no
+doubt that the word Canada is derived from <i>Kannata</i>, which in Iroquois signifies
+a collection of dwellings, in other words a settlement."<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> French control
+continued until the middle of the eighteenth century when, in the war with
+England, the decisive victory of Wolfe over Montcalm at Quebec, in 1759,
+practically brought it to a close, and by the treaty of Paris in 1763 Canada
+was permanently ceded to Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 12 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>Tracing the development of the Colony under English rule, we find
+that by the so-called "Quebec Act" of 1774 it was placed under the administration
+of a Governor and Legislative Council appointed by the Crown. Following
+the American Revolution, however, there was a large immigration
+of former colonists into Ontario, and because of their English stock, while
+Quebec was French, a separation was deemed advisable. By the "Constitutional
+Act" of 1791 this was effected and two Colonies, Upper Canada (or
+Canada West) and Lower Canada (or Canada East) were constituted, each
+with its own separate government. Just fifty years later, in 1841, they were
+reunited under the single name of Canada. This brings us near the opening
+of our philatelic history. The united provinces had an area of about 350,000
+square miles and a population, in 1850, of some 1,800,000 people. The
+Governor was appointed by the Crown and chose his own Executive Council;
+a Legislative Council of life members was also appointed by the Crown; and
+a Legislative Assembly was elected consisting of an equal number of representatives
+for each province. The Governor was made Governor-General of
+British North America.</p>
+
+<p>The advantages of the union of Upper and Lower Canada gradually
+became so manifest, that a convention was held at Quebec in 1864 for the
+purpose of considering the advisability of uniting all the provinces. The
+result bore fruit in the passage of an Act of Union by the British Parliament
+on March 29, 1867, under which Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova
+Scotia were formally united as the Dominion of Canada, the actual event
+being consummated on July 1, 1867. Subsequently, on July 20, 1871, the
+Colony of British Columbia, and on July 1, 1873, the Colony of Prince Edward
+Island, were added to the Dominion. In 1869 the vast territories of
+the Hudson's Bay Company were acquired by purchase, and out of them
+the province of Manitoba was formed and admitted to full privileges in the
+Dominion on July 15, 1870.</p>
+
+<p>The absorption of the Company's Territories is interesting for, as we
+all know, this was a trading concern whose sole commodity was fur. The
+Arctic and sub-Arctic regions of the continent were the mecca of hunters and
+trappers, and their chief prey from the time the first French explorers began
+to search the Canadian lakes, and later when the Hudson's Bay Company
+succeeded to the French domain, was the beaver. In fact the early history
+of Canada was largely bound up with beaver catching and the sale of the
+skins, and for nearly a century the northern territories, both under French<!-- Page 13 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>
+and English rule, were organized with a view to this traffic. In the early
+days of the Company the "standard of trade" of the Northwest was a beaver
+skin. Thus the beaver naturally became emblematic, which resulted later in
+its use as the "crest" of the Canadian coat-of-arms, a place that it retains to
+the present day over those of the Dominion. In this connection it would be
+unjust to omit a mention of that other symbol dear to the Canadian heart&mdash;the
+maple leaf. Like the rose, the thistle and the shamrock of the Mother
+land, the beautiful tree of the Colony, so widespread, so useful, and so gorgeous
+in its autumn coloring of red and gold&mdash;the blazon of the English
+arms&mdash;became a favorite emblem of the people. The particular variety that
+is so used is of course the rock or sugar maple (<i>acer saccharinum</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Turning now to early postal history, it is necessary to go back to the reign
+of Queen Anne, although Canada was not then under British dominion. In
+the year 1710 an Act was passed by the British Parliament "For establishing
+a General Post-Office in all Her Majesty's Dominions," which not only repealed
+all previous enactments but placed the postoffice establishment on a
+new basis. A "General Post and Letter-Office" was established in London
+"from whence all letters and packets whatsoever may be with speed and expedition
+sent into any part of the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to
+North America and the West Indies, or any other of Her Majesty's dominions,
+or any country or kingdom beyond the seas," and "at which office all returns
+and answers may be likewise received." For the better "managing, ordering,
+collecting, and improving the revenue," and also for the better "computing
+and settling the rates of letters according to distance, a chief office is established
+in Edinburgh, one in Dublin, one at New York, and other chief offices
+in convenient places in Her Majesty's colonies of America, and one in the
+islands of the West Indies, called the Leeward Islands." "The whole of these
+chief offices shall be under the control of an officer who shall be appointed by
+the Queen's Majesty, her heirs and successors, to be made and constituted by
+letters patent under the Great Seal, by the name and stile of Her Majesty's
+<i>Postmaster-General</i>." "The Postmaster-General shall appoint deputies for
+the chief offices in the places named above." The rates to New York under
+this Act were fixed at 1 shilling per single letter. Other rates were charged
+to other parts of the American continent according to the distance from New
+York.</p>
+
+<p>In 1753 Benjamin Franklin received the royal commission as Deputy
+Postmaster-General for the American Colonies. No man in America had<!-- Page 14 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>
+been so identified with the interests of the Colonial postoffice as he, and from
+1737 he had been postmaster of Philadelphia. All his energies were devoted
+to his new work and when Canada passed by treaty to Great Britain in 1763,
+as already mentioned, his jurisdiction was extended to cover the new territory.
+It is thus curious to record that the (afterwards) first Postmaster-General
+of the United States was also the first Postmaster-General of Canada.</p>
+
+<p>In the evidence given by Franklin before the House of Commons in the
+year 1766, in regard to the extent of the post-office accommodation in North
+America, he made the following <span class="nobreak">statement:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The posts generally travel along the sea coasts, and only in a
+few cases do they go back into the country. Between Quebec and
+Montreal there is only one post per month. The inhabitants live so
+scattered and remote from each other in that vast country, that the
+posts cannot be supported amongst them. The English Colonies, too,
+along the frontier, are very thinly settled.</p></div>
+
+<p>By 1774, however, Franklin, then in England as the Representative of
+the Colonies, had become obnoxious to the British Government, and on January
+31st of that year was removed from his office. After the Declaration of
+Independence, Mr. Hugh Finlay, who had previously been postmaster at
+Quebec, received the appointment of "Deputy Postmaster-General of His
+Majesty's Province of Canada." He had in 1791 eleven post-offices under his
+management, one as far west as Mackinaw and one as far east as the Baie des
+Chaleurs. There was a weekly mail between Quebec and Montreal and a
+monthly mail for the Western country. From a Quebec almanac of 1796 it
+appears that there were seven post-offices in Upper Canada and five in Lower
+Canada. At that time mails were despatched monthly to England, and semi-weekly
+between Quebec and Montreal, or Halifax. At the Baie des Chaleurs
+the visits of the postman must have been few and far between, as they were only
+favored with a mail "as occasion offered."</p>
+
+<p>In 1800 Mr. George Heriot succeeded Mr. Finlay. At this time New
+Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island were all under the authority
+of the Canadian administration. The number of post-offices was increased
+to twenty-six.</p>
+
+<p>The following is taken from the advertising column of the <i>Upper Canada
+Gazette</i> in <span class="nobreak">1807:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The mail for Upper Canada will be despatched from the post-office
+at Montreal, on the following days, to wit:</p>
+
+<p>Monday, 14th January.</p>
+
+<p>Monday, 12th February.<!-- Page 15 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Monday, 10th March.</p>
+
+<p>Monday, 7th April&mdash;the last trip.</p>
+
+<p>A courier from Kingston may be looked for here in 14 or 15 days
+from the above periods, where he will remain 2 or 3 days, and then
+return to Kingston.</p>
+
+<p>Another courier will proceed from this with the Niagara mail,
+via Messrs. Hatts', where the Sandwich [So. Essex] letters will be left,
+both from Niagara and this, 'till the courier comes from there to
+return with them.</p>
+
+<p>Letters put into the post-office will be forwarded any time by</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 28em;">W. ALLAN,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 22.5em;">Acting Deputy-Postmaster.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Heriot resigned in 1816 and was succeeded by Mr. Daniel Sutherland
+who, on his accession to office found Nova Scotia and Prince Edward
+Island withdrawn from Canadian charge. New Brunswick, however, continued
+to be included, but appears to have been withdrawn in 1824, so that
+from that year until the federation of the Provinces in 1867 the Postmaster-General
+was concerned only with Canada proper. Mr. Sutherland established
+a daily mail between Quebec and Montreal and a weekly mail between Montreal
+and Toronto. In 1827 there were 101 post-offices and 2,368 miles of
+established post-route, the number of miles of mail-travel being 455,000 per
+annum. The letters that year were estimated at 340,000 and the newspapers
+at 400,000.</p>
+
+<p>The following extract from the <i>Quebec Mercury</i>, published on July 18,
+1829, conveys some idea of the postal communication with England at that
+<span class="nobreak">period:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>No later advices have been received from Europe since our last.
+Some further extracts from the London papers, to 31st May, inclusive,
+brought to New York by the <i>Corinthian</i>, will be found in another part
+of this number.</p></div>
+
+<p>In the <i>Montreal Courant</i>, dated September 2nd, 1829, was the following
+paragraph, showing the improvement which had been effected in the communication
+between Prescott and that <span class="nobreak">city:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Expeditious Travelling</span>:&mdash;On Saturday last, the Upper Canada
+line of stages performed the journey from Prescott to this city in
+about 17 hours, leaving the former place at a little before 3 a. m.,
+and arriving here a few minutes before 8 in the evening. Not many
+years ago this journey occupied two, and sometimes three days, but
+owing to the great improvements made by Mr. Dickinson, the enterprising
+proprietor, by putting steam-boats on the lakes St. Francis
+and St. Louis, and keeping his horses in excellent condition, it is
+now performed in little more than one-third of the time.</p></div><p><!-- Page 16 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Even so late as 1833, newspaper proprietors found it (particularly in
+the Upper Province) better to employ their own couriers. As a proof of this
+we transcribe from the <i>Queenstown</i> (Niagara) <i>Colonial Advocate</i> of that year,
+the following <span class="nobreak">advertisement:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Post-Rider Wanted Immediately.</span></p>
+
+<p>The proprietor of this newspaper wishes to contract with a
+steady man (who can find and uphold his own horse) to deliver it to
+the subscribers once a week during the winter, on the route between
+York and Niagara, viâ Ancaster.</p></div>
+
+<p>Mr. Thos. A. Stayner succeeded Mr. Sutherland in 1831, at which
+time there were 151 post-offices. Through Mr. Stayner's recommendation a
+uniform rate of 1s. 2d. sterling, per half ounce, was adopted in 1841 between
+any place in Canada and the mother country. This resulted from the establishment
+of regular steam communication across the Atlantic in 1840, by
+means of the Cunard Line between Liverpool and Halifax.</p>
+
+<p>During all this period the carrying of letters was a profitable business.
+There was, for example, a profit of $21,000 in 1824 and of $47,000 in 1831,
+all which sums were duly remitted to England to swell the Imperial revenue.
+The rates, however, were exceedingly high. It cost eighteen cents to send a
+letter from Toronto to Kingston, and thirty cents to send one to Montreal.
+The charge for sending a weekly paper through the mails was a dollar a
+year, as much as the paper now costs, and the postage on a daily was over
+two dollars a year.<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<p>The net revenues of the post-office given for 1831 must have dropped
+considerably, for we find that in 1845 the surplus of the Canadian Post-office
+was but £7184 ($35,000) against the $47,000 given above for
+fourteen years earlier. This amount rose to £22,188 ($110,000) in 1848,
+fell to £15,725 ($78,500) the next year, and had risen again to a basis of
+£20,000 ($100,000) in the year previous to the introduction of postage stamps
+and the reduction of rates. The inland postage rates then in force, as charged
+under the Imperial Laws, were, for a letter not exceeding &frac12; ounce in weight:</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">For any distance not exceeding 60 miles,</td><td align="right">4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">For any distance exceeding 60 miles and not exceeding 100 miles</td><td align="right">6d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">For any distance exceeding 100 miles and not exceeding 200 miles</td><td align="right">8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">And for every additional 100 miles or fraction an additional</td><td align="right">2d.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 17 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>For one hundred and forty years Great Britain had managed her colonial
+posts, or at least directed them, when on 28th July, 1849, the British Parliament
+passed an "Act for enabling Colonial Legislatures to establish Inland
+Posts."<a name="FNanchor_4" id="FNanchor_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> This was the signal for the voluntary withdrawal of most of the
+colonial postal systems then under Imperial direction, and for the establishment
+of local systems where none had previously existed. Because of its historical
+interest we quote from the provisions of the Act as <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Whereas under or by virtue of [<i>various Acts</i>] Her Majesty's
+Post Master General has, by himself or his Deputies, the exclusive
+Privilege of establishing Posts, collecting, conveying, and delivering
+Letters, and collecting Postage, within Her Majesty's Colonies, and
+the Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury have Authority from
+Time to Time to fix the Rates of Postage to be charged within such
+Colonies: And whereas the said Postmaster General and Commissioners
+of Her Majesty's Treasury respectively have, in exercise of
+such Privilege and Authority, established Posts and fixed Rates of
+Postage in certain of such Colonies: And whereas it is expedient
+to Authorize the Establishment of Posts and Postage Rates in Her
+Majesty's Colonies by the Legislatures of such Colonies: Be it enacted,
+therefore.... That it shall be lawful for the Legislatures
+or proper Legislative Authorities of Her Majesty's Colonies, or any of
+them, by Acts, Laws, or Ordinances to be from Time to Time for
+that Purpose made and enacted in the Manner and subject to the
+Conditions by Law required in respect of Acts, Laws, or Ordinances
+of such Legislatures or Legislative Authorities, to make such provisions
+as such Legislatures or Legislative Authorities may think fit
+for and concerning the Establishment, Maintenance, and Regulation
+of Posts or Post Communications within such Colonies respectively,
+and for charging Rates of Postage for the Conveyance of Letters
+by such Posts or Post Communications, and for appropriating the
+Revenue to be derived therefrom.</p>
+
+<p>II. [<i>Where the Postmaster General has actually established posts
+and his power has not "determined," such colonial acts, etc., shall not
+take effect until approved by Her Majesty and Privy Council, nor
+until such time as the assent may be proclaimed in the Colony, or such
+subsequent time as may be signified.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>III. [<i>After the establishment of Posts by Colonial Legislatures the
+powers of the Postmaster General shall cease.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>IV. [<i>The Acts of Colonial Legislatures are to apply only to
+Posts within the limits of the Colony and to rates of postage within
+such limits.</i>]</p></div>
+
+<p>Canada lost no time in taking advantage of the above Act, and in the
+next year (1850) passed the required ordinances for the transfer of its domestic
+postal system to the control of its own Government. The next chapter
+will therefore start the Canadian postal history proper.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> In the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> A Memoir of Jacques Cartier, by J. P. Baxter, p. 135.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Most of the foregoing information is taken from extracts from the
+Canadian Postal Guide, published in the Stamp Collector's Magazine for
+Aug. 1, 1868, and the Halifax Philatelist, II: 138.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> 12<sup>o</sup> &amp; 13<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. LXVI.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<p><!-- Page 18 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I<br />
+<br />
+PRELIMINARY MATTERS</h2>
+
+
+<p>The most important of the British North American Colonies in 1850
+were Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. Though not united
+politically, they yet had the common bonds of fatherland, of race, of
+mercantile interest, and the mutual dependence that comes, or should come, from
+propinquity under these conditions. It is not surprising, therefore, that all
+three should make provision for assuming control of their domestic postal
+systems in the same year, nor that they should adopt practically identical
+ordinances for this purpose, and should make common postal rates for their
+internal and inter-colonial mail matter. Still less surprising is it when we
+recall that it was but the breaking up into sections of what had previously
+been a homogeneous postal system for the whole of British North America,
+operated under the Imperial Laws as detailed in the last chapter.</p>
+
+<p>While the project of turning over local postal systems to the colonies
+was taking shape in the British Parliament, Canada "took time by the forelock"
+and made preparations for obtaining its own postage stamps.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"In the Journal of May 21, 1849, there is a message to the legislative
+assembly of Canada relating to the establishing of a general post-office
+for the Province, when handed over by the Imperial government.
+A resolution was brought up in the assembly on May 22, 1849, 'That
+postage stamps for prepayment be allowed and that Colonial stamps
+be engraved.' This finally passed the assembly on May 25, 1849, and
+received the assent of the legislative council on the 26th."<a name="FNanchor_5" id="FNanchor_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>A year later, after the passage of the enabling act by the British Parliament,
+which has been already quoted, the Canadian Parliament took up the
+consideration of the main subject and on the 10th August, 1850, passed what
+is known briefly as <i>The Post Office Act</i>, the provisions of which that are of
+most interest to us being such as follow:<!-- Page 19 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><h4>13<sup>o</sup> &amp; 14<sup>o</sup> Victoriae., Cap. XVII.</h4>
+
+<p>An Act to provide for the transfer of the management of the
+Inland Posts to the Provincial Government, and for the regulation
+of the said Department.</p>
+
+<p>Whereas by the Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom,
+passed in the Session held in the twelfth and thirteenth years of Her
+Majesty's Reign, and intituled, <i>An Act for enabling Colonial Legislatures
+to establish Inland Posts</i>, the Legislatures or proper legislative
+authorities of Her Majesty's Colonies are empowered ... to make
+such provisions as [they] may think fit for and concerning the establishment,
+maintenance, and regulation of Posts and Post Communications
+within such Colonies respectively, and for charging rates of
+postage for the conveyance of letters by such Posts and Post Communications,
+and for appropriating the Revenue to be derived therefrom: ... And
+whereas it is expedient that a uniform and
+cheap rate of postage should be established throughout the several Colonies
+of British North America, and with a view to the establishment
+thereof, the Local Governments of the said Colonies have
+agreed upon certain conditions hereinafter mentioned and forming
+a part of the provisions of this Act, and it is therefore expedient
+to exercise the powers so vested as aforesaid in the Legislature of this
+Province: ...</p>
+
+<p>II. And be it enacted, That the Inland Posts and Post
+Communications in the Province shall, so far as may be consistent
+with the Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom in force
+in this Province, be exclusively under Provincial management and
+control; the Revenue arising from the duties of postage and other
+dues receivable by the Officers employed in managing such Posts and
+Post Communications shall form part of the Provincial Revenue, unless
+such moneys belong of right to the United Kingdom or to some
+other Colony, or to some foreign state; and the expenses of management
+shall be defrayed out of Provincial Funds....</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>V. And be it enacted, That the Provincial Post Master General
+shall be appointed by Commission under the Great Seal of the Province,
+and to hold his office during pleasure, but the Post Masters
+and other Officers of the Department shall be appointed and may be
+removed by letter from the proper Officer communicating the Governor's
+pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>VI. [<i>All privileges, powers and authority of Her Majesty's Deputy
+Post Master General are transferred to and vested in the Provincial
+Post Master General.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>VIII. And in conformity to the agreement made as aforesaid between
+the Local Governments of the several Colonies of British North America,
+Be it enacted, That the Provincial Postage on letters and packets
+not being of Newspapers or Printed Pamphlets, Magazines or Books,
+entitled to pass at lower rate, shall not exceed the rate of three pence
+currency, per half ounce, for any distance whatsoever within this
+Province, any fraction of a half ounce being chargeable as a half<!-- Page 20 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>
+ounce: that no transit postage shall be charged on any letter or
+packet passing through this Province or any part thereof to any
+other Colony in British North America, unless it be posted in this
+Province and the sender choose to pre-pay it; nor on any letter or
+packet from any such Colony if pre-paid there: that two pence sterling
+the half ounce shall remain as the rate in operation as regards
+letters by British Mails, to be extended to Countries having postal
+conventions with the United Kingdom, unless Her Majesty's Government
+in the United Kingdom shall see fit to allow this rate to be
+changed to three pence currency:</p>
+
+<p>That the pre-payment of Provincial Postage shall be optional:</p>
+
+<p>That all Provincial Postage received within the Province shall be
+retained as belonging to it, and that all Provincial Postage received
+within any other of the British North American Colonies, may
+be retained as belonging to such Colony:</p>
+
+<p>That the British Packet Postage and other British Postage collected
+in this Province shall be accounted for and paid over to the proper
+authorities in the United Kingdom; but the Colonial Postage on the same
+letters or packets shall belong to the Colony collecting it, or if pre-paid
+to the British Post Office, it may be credited to the Colony to
+which such letters or packets are addressed:</p>
+
+<p>That no privilege of franking shall be allowed as regards Provincial
+Postage:</p>
+
+<p>That Provincial Stamps for the pre-payment of postage may be
+prepared under the orders of the Governor in Council, which stamps
+shall be evidence of the pre-payment of Provincial Postage to the
+amount mentioned on such stamp, and that such stamps prepared
+under the direction of the proper authorities in the other British
+North American Colonies, shall be allowed in this Province as evidence
+of the pre-payment of Provincial Postage in such other Colonies
+respectively, on the letters or packets to which they are affixed, and
+which have been mailed there:</p>
+
+<p>That the Provincial Postage on Newspapers, Pamphlets, Magazines
+and Printed Books, shall remain such as it now is until it be
+altered by regulation under this Act.... Provided always, that one
+copy of each newspaper published in this Province may be sent free
+from postage to any Publisher of another Newspaper in this Province,
+that all printed documents addressed to the Publisher of any
+Newspaper in this Province shall be delivered to him free, and that all
+Newspapers published in this Province and addressed to Subscribers in
+the United States, shall pass free to the Provincial line, under such regulations
+as the Governor in Council shall make to prevent the abuse of
+the privileges hereby granted:</p>
+
+<p>And, subject to the foregoing provisions of this section and to
+the other express provisions of this Act, the Governor in Council shall
+have full power and authority ... for establishing the rates of
+postage on Newspapers and Printed Pamphlets, Magazines and Books,
+and for declaring what shall be deemed such, or directing that in
+any case or class of cases they be free of postage, either in the first
+instance or the case of their being re-mailed, ... for the preparing
+and distributing of Provincial stamps for pre-payment, for limiting the
+weight and dimensions of letters or packets to be sent by Post ...<!-- Page 21 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
+for prescribing the conditions and circumstances under which letters,
+accounts and papers relating solely to the business of the Post
+Office, and addressed to or sent by some officer thereof, shall be
+free from Provincial Postage, ... for providing, when he shall
+think it expedient, means for avoiding the risk of transmitting small
+sums of money through the Post, by establishing a system of money
+orders to be granted by one Post Master or officer of the Department
+on another, and fixing the terms on which such orders may be
+obtained, for establishing a system for the Registering of letters and
+the charge<a name="FNanchor_6" id="FNanchor_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> be made for such registration, ... for the delivery
+of letters and packets in the larger and more populous Cities and
+Towns, at the residences of parties to whom they are addressed, and
+fixing the limits within which such delivery shall take place, and the
+rates to be paid by the parties who shall prefer to have their letters
+and packets so delivered, rather than apply for them at the Post
+Office: ... and generally to make such regulations as may be
+deemed necessary for the due and effective working of the Post and
+Postal business and arrangements, and for carrying this Act fully
+into effect:</p>
+
+<p>IX. And be it enacted, That subject always to the provisions
+and regulations aforesaid, the Provincial Post Master General shall
+have the sole and exclusive privilege of conveying, receiving, collecting,
+sending and delivering letters within this Province; and that any person
+or party who shall (except in the cases hereinafter excepted)
+collect, send, convey or deliver, or undertake to convey or deliver any
+letter within this Province, or who shall receive or have in his possession
+any letter for the purpose of conveying or delivering it, otherwise
+than in conformity with this Act, shall for each and every letter
+so unlawfully conveyed or undertaken to be conveyed, received, delivered
+or found in his possession, incur a penalty not exceeding five
+pounds currency: [<i>exceptions are letters taken by friends journeying,
+by special messengers, Court Commissions, etc.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>XI. And be it enacted, That as well the Colonial, British or
+Foreign as the Provincial Postage on any letter or packet shall (if
+not pre-paid) be payable to the Provincial Post Master General by
+the party to whom the same shall be addressed, or who may lawfully
+receive such a letter or packet, which may be detained until the same
+be paid: ... and if any letter or packet be refused, or if the party
+to whom it is addressed cannot be found, then such postage shall be
+recoverable by the Provincial Post Master General from the sender
+of such letter or packet: ... and that all postage may be recovered
+with costs, by civil action in any Court having jurisdiction to
+the amount, or in any way in which duties are recoverable.</p>
+
+<p>XII. And for avoiding doubts, and preventing inconvenient delay
+in the delivery of letters, Be it declared and enacted, That no Post
+Master shall be bound to give change, but the exact amount of the
+postage on any letter or packet shall be tendered or paid to him in
+current coin or in Provincial Postage stamps.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *<!-- Page 22 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>XIV. [<i>Letters of Soldiers, Seamen, etc., shall be charged a certain
+fixed sum in place of all British or Provincial postage.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>XV. [<i>Posted letters to be property of party addressed.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>XVI.... To forge, counterfeit or imitate any Postage
+Stamp issued or used under the authority of this Act, or by or under
+the authority of the Government or proper authority of the United
+Kingdom, or of any British North American Province, or of any Foreign
+Country, or knowingly to use any such forged, counterfeit or
+imitated stamp, or to engrave, cut, sink or make any plate, die or
+other thing whereby to forge, counterfeit or imitate such stamp or
+any part or portion thereof, except by the permission in writing of the
+Provincial Post Master General, or of some officer or person who under
+the regulations to be made in that behalf, may lawfully grant such
+permission, or to have possession of any such plate, die or other thing
+as aforesaid, without such permission as aforesaid, or to forge, counterfeit
+or unlawfully imitate, use or affix to or upon any letter or
+packet, any stamp, signature, initials, or other mark or sign purporting
+that such letter or packet ought to pass free of postage, or at
+a lower rate of postage, or that the postage thereon or any part
+thereof hath been pre-paid or ought to be paid by or charged to any
+person, department or party whomsoever, shall be felony, punishable
+by imprisonment in the Provincial Penitentiary for life.</p></div>
+
+<p>The passage of the above Act and its approval by the Queen in Council
+gave opportunity for preparations to be made to carry out its provisions, the
+date being set for the 6th April, 1851. Three weeks previous to the appointed
+time the following notice was sent out to postmasters in anticipation of the
+transfer.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>NOTICE TO POSTMASTERS.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 21.5em;">GENERAL POST OFFICE,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 21.5em;"><span class="smcap">Montreal, 14th March</span>, 1851.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>I am commanded by His Excellency the Governor General, to communicate
+to you the following Instructions, for your guidance in the
+performance of your duties, under the New Post Office Law of the
+13th and 14th Vict., chap. 17, passed at the last Session of the Provincial
+Parliament, which will take effect, and supersede the Imperial
+Post Office Acts, hitherto in force in Canada, on and from the
+6th day of April next:</p>
+
+<p>1. From the above date, all Letters transmitted by the Post in
+Canada, with the exception of Packet Letters to and from the United
+Kingdom, will be liable to a uniform rate of <i>Three</i> Pence, currency,
+per half-ounce, for whatever distance conveyed: pre-payment will be
+optional: the charge increasing according to the weight of the Letter,
+one single rate for every additional half-ounce, counting the fraction
+of a half-ounce as a full rate, thus:</p>
+
+<p>A Letter, weighing not exceeding &frac12; ounce, will be liable to
+3d. Postage.<!-- Page 23 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A Letter, weighing more than &frac12; ounce, and not exceeding 1
+ounce, will be liable to 6 d. Postage.</p>
+
+<p>A Letter, weighing more than 1 ounce, and not exceeding 1&frac12;
+ounces, will be liable to 9d. Postage.</p>
+
+<p>A Letter, weighing more than 1&frac12; ounces, and not exceeding 2
+ounces, will be liable to 1 s. Postage.</p>
+
+<p>A Letter, weighing more than 2 ounces, and not exceeding 2&frac12;
+ounces, will be liable to 1 s., 3 d. Postage, and so on.</p>
+
+<p>It will be observed that the above scale differs from that now
+followed, in advancing one rate for each half-ounce after the first
+ounce.</p>
+
+<p>2. The single Packet rate for Letters by the Atlantic Steam
+Packet Mails to and from England, viâ the United States, of 1s. 2d.
+sterling, if <i>un-paid</i>, and 1s. 4d. currency if <i>pre-paid</i>, as also the rate
+on Letters by those mails, viâ Halifax, of 1s. [missing value] sterling, if <i>un-paid</i>, and
+1s. 1&frac12; d. currency, if <i>pre-paid</i>, remain unaltered, and the present scale
+of weights is to remain in force as regards such Letters.</p>
+
+<p>Post Masters must be very careful to observe this distinction
+when taxing Letters, weighing over one ounce, intended for the English
+Mails.</p>
+
+<p>3. The regulations now in force with regard to Letters to and
+from Soldiers and Sailors in Her Majesty's Service, by which under
+certain conditions such Letters pass through the Post on pre-payment
+of a penny only, will remain unaltered.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>5. Letters addressed to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince
+Edward's Island, or Newfoundland, are to be rated with the uniform
+rate of 3d. per half-ounce.</p>
+
+<p>6. Letters to and from the United States will be liable to the
+uniform rate of 3d. per half-ounce, between the Frontier Line and
+the place of posting or place of destination in Canada; and until
+further arrangements can be made, this charge on Letters from
+Canada to the United States must be pre-paid at the time of posting.</p>
+
+<p>7. [<i>Rates and regulations for Newspapers, Pamphlets, etc., to remain
+as at present.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>8. [<i>Printed matter addressed to Editors is free.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>9. The charge on Letters posted at an Office for delivery in the
+same City, Town, or Place, and any additional charge made on Letters
+delivered at the residences of parties to whom they are addressed,
+are to remain as at present, until further instructions.</p>
+
+<p>10. No Franking Privilege is allowed under the New Act except
+with regard to Letters and Packets on the business of the Post Office,
+addressed to or transmitted by the Post Master General.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>13. Stamps for the pre-payment of Postage are being prepared,
+and will be distributed for the use of the public at an early date.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>16. [<i>Letters, etc., to Deputy Post Master General to pass free.</i>]</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 24em;">T. A. STAYNER.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 20.5em;"><i>Deputy Post Master General.</i></span><br />
+</p>
+<p><!-- Page 24 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, under the authority given the Governor in Council by <i>The
+Post Office Act</i>, an agreement had been drawn up between the post office Departments
+of Canada and the United States for the purpose of establishing
+and regulating the interchange of mails between the two countries. This was
+signed on the 25th March, 1851, and was communicated to the Canadian
+post-masters by the first department order, as <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>DEPARTMENT ORDER [NO. 1.]</p>
+
+<p>LETTERS, ETC., BETWEEN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES,
+INCLUDING CALIFORNIA AND OREGON.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 16.5em;">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 21.5em;">TORONTO, <i>2nd April</i>, 1851.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Commencing on and from the 6th instant, Letters, Newspapers,
+&amp;c., will pass through the Mails between Canada and the United
+States, including California and Oregon, at the Rates of Postage and
+under the Regulations herein mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>1. Letters posted at any Office in Canada, addressed to any place
+in the United States, except California and Oregon, are to be rated
+with a uniform rate of six-pence, currency, per half-ounce.</p>
+
+<p>2. Letters posted in any part of the United States, except California
+and Oregon, addressed to Canada, will be rated there with
+a uniform charge of ten cents, equal to six-pence, currency, per half-ounce.</p>
+
+<p>3. The Postage Rate on Letters passing between Canada and
+California and Oregon, will be a uniform charge of nine-pence, currency,
+equal to fifteen cents per half-ounce.</p>
+
+<p>4. It is to be understood that the above rates include the whole
+charge for the transmission of a Letter between any place in Canada
+and any place within the United States, including California and Oregon.</p>
+
+<p>5. The scale for computing the charge upon Letters weighing
+more than &frac12; ounce, will be the same as that for Letters passing
+within the Province.</p>
+
+<p>6. Pre-payment of Letters passing between Canada and any place
+within the United States, including California and Oregon, will, in
+all cases, be optional.</p>
+
+<p>7. Newspapers, Pamphlets, &amp;c., posted in Canada, addressed to
+the United States, including California and Oregon, are, ... to be
+forwarded through the Post at the same rates of charge as if addressed
+to a place within the Province; the said rates must, however,
+be <i>pre-paid</i>&mdash;as, if the ordinary Canada Rate is not paid at the
+time of posting a Newspaper or Pamphlet, &amp;c., it cannot be forwarded
+to the United States.</p>
+
+<p>8. United States Newspapers, Pamphlets, &amp;c., addressed to places
+in Canada, will be received in the Province with the American Postage
+thereon pre-paid&mdash;leaving the ordinary Canada Rate of charge from
+the Frontier Line to the place of destination, to be ... collected
+by the Post Master who may deliver the same in Canada.<!-- Page 25 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>9.-10.-11. [<i>Copies of newspapers or printed documents sent by
+or to publishers or editors are free of Canadian postage.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>12. The Canada Postage Stamps, when used, will be taken in the
+United States as evidence of pre-payment of Postage on Letters going
+from Canada to the United States, and in like manner the United
+States Postage Stamps on Letters coming into Canada, are to be taken
+by Post Masters in this Province as evidence of pre-payment having
+been made in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>13. The following are appointed to be the Offices in Canada
+through which the Post communication with the United States will
+be maintained, and to which Post Masters are to forward their Mail
+matter for the United States, according to the relative position of
+their several Offices:</p></div>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td>PORT SARNIA,<br />WINDSOR,<br />FORT ERIE,</td>
+<td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+<td rowspan="4" class="bl">KINGSTON,<br /><br />
+BROCKVILLE,<br /><br />
+PRESCOTT,<br /><br />
+MONTREAL,<br /><br />
+ST. JOHN'S,<br /><br />
+DUNDEE,<br /><br />
+STANSTEAD,</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>QUEENSTON,</td>       <td><span class="tallbrace">{</span></td> <td>Intended in the mean time to
+be the Channel of Communication
+with the United States for the
+Country West of Toronto.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>NIAGARA,
+TORONTO,</td> </tr>
+
+<tr><td>COBOURG,</td>         <td><span class="tallbrace">{</span></td> <td>A Communication during Summer
+only, by Steamer to Rochester.</td>  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 27em;">By Command,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 28em;">W. H. GRIFFIN.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Both the <i>Post Office Act</i> and the above Department Order treat of the
+disposition of periodicals and other printed matter without giving the rates
+of postage required thereon. A subsequent Order gives us these <span class="nobreak">rates:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>DEPARTMENT ORDER, [NO. 3.]</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 18.5em;">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 21em;">TORONTO. <i>17th April</i>, 1851.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Printed Circulars, Price Currents, Handbills, Pamphlets, Periodicals,
+Books, and other Printed Matter transmitted by Post in Canada.</i></p>
+
+<p>1. Upon each Printed Circular, Price Current or Handbill, and other
+Printed matter of a like description, when unconnected with any manuscript
+or written communication and of no greater weight than one
+ounce, there shall be charged One penny; and for each additional ounce
+or fraction of an ounce, One penny additional.</p>
+
+<p>2. Upon each Periodical or Magazine, Pamphlet and Book, bound
+or unbound, there shall be charged a rate of One half-penny per ounce.</p>
+
+<p>3. Pre-payment of the foregoing rates will be optional, except
+when the Printed matter is addressed to the United States, and in that
+case the charge must invariably be pre-paid.<!-- Page 26 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>4. On such Printed matter received into Canada by Mail from
+the United States, the above Canada Rates will always remain to be
+collected on delivery in this Province.</p>
+
+<p>5.[<i>Exchange of one copy between publishers is free.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>6. [<i>Must be unsealed; if writing is enclosed will be treated as
+a letter.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>7. No Book or packet of Periodicals, Magazines, &amp;c., can be forwarded
+through the Post, if exceeding the weight of forty-eight ounces.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 17em;">JAMES MORRIS. <i>Post Master General.</i></span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p>It is of course understood that the above does not apply to newspapers,
+which were charged to a nominal rate of &frac12;d. each, the term <i>newspaper</i> being
+considered to aply to periodicals issued not less often than once a week.</p>
+
+<p>A supplementary order was issued, a couple of days later than the preceding,
+which announces a book post with England. It is a bit curious as
+prohibiting the use of postage stamps in prepayment of the charges, at a time
+when their introduction was supposed to be an improvement in the postal
+service.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>SUPPLEMENTARY ORDER.</p>
+
+<p>POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT.</p>
+
+<p>TORONTO, 19<i>th April</i>, 1851.</p>
+
+<p><i>Book Post with England.</i></p>
+
+<p>Under the authority of Her Majesty's Government, an arrangement
+will take effect on the fifteenth day of May next, under which
+Printed Books, Magazines, Reviews, or Pamphlets, whether British, Colonial,
+or Foreign, may be sent through the Post, between Canada and
+the United Kingdom, at the Following Rates of Postage:</p></div>
+
+<table>
+<tr><th>&nbsp;</th>
+<th><span class="smcap">Sterling</span></th>
+<th><span class="smcap">Currency</span></th></tr>
+
+<tr><td>For a single volume,
+  <i>i.e.</i>, Book, Magazine, Review, or Pamphlet, <br />
+  not exceeding half lb. in weight</td>
+<td align="center">6d.</td>
+<td align="right">Equal to 7&frac12;d.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>For a single volume, &amp;c.,
+  exceeding half lb. and not exceeding one lb.</td>
+<td align="center">1s.</td>
+<td align="right">Equal to 1s. 3d.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>For a single volume, &amp;c.,
+  exceeding one lb. and not exceeding two lbs.</td>
+<td align="center">2s.</td>
+<td align="right">Equal to  2s. 6d.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>For a single volume, &amp;c.,
+  exceeding two lbs. and not exceeding three lbs.</td>
+<td align="center">3s.</td>
+<td align="right">Equal to  3s. 9d.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The above charge must always be pre-paid, on printed Books,
+&amp;c., &amp;c., sent to the United Kingdom under this Regulation, at the
+time of posting in Canada; and the pre-payment must be made in money,
+and cannot be taken in Canada Postage Stamps.</p>
+
+<p>Postmasters, as with pre-paid Letters for England must rate
+the Books, &amp;c., posted under this Regulation, in <i>red ink</i>, with both the
+sterling rate and its equivalent in currency, ...&mdash;thus, a Book, &amp;c.,
+weighing 3&frac12; pounds, will be <span class="nobreak">rated:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p>"Paid 4s. sterling&mdash;equal to 5s. currency."</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>JAMES MORRIS, <i>Post Master General.</i></p></div><p><!-- Page 27 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Department Circular No. 5, published from Toronto on 20th June,
+1851, contains but one paragraph of interest to us.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Post Masters are informed that the transfer of the Post Office in
+the Provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia to Provincial control,
+will take place on the 6th July next, and that from that date the uniform
+rate of 3d. per &frac12; ounce will form the sole charge on a Letter
+transmitted between any place in Canada and any place in New
+Brunswick, or Nova Scotia. Pre-payment will be optional.</p></div>
+
+<p>On the 30th August, 1851, the Canadian Parliament passed an <i>Act to
+Amend the Post Office Act</i>. The only section of any particular interest to
+us is the <span class="nobreak">following:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><h4>14<sup>o</sup> &amp; 15<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. LXXI.</h4>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>XV. And be it enacted, That the Post Master General shall be
+authorized, whenever the same may be proper for the accommodation
+of the public in any city, to employ Letter Carriers for the delivery
+of letters received at the Post Office in such city, excepting such as the
+persons to whom they are addressed may have requested, in writing addressed
+to the Postmaster, to be retained in the Post Office, and for
+the receipt of letters at such places in the said city as the Postmaster
+General may direct, and for the deposit of the same in the Post Office;
+and for the delivery by Carrier of each letter received from the Post Office,
+the person to whom the same is delivered shall pay not exceeding One
+Penny, and for the delivery of each newspaper and pamphlet One Halfpenny,
+and for every letter received by a Carrier to be deposited in the
+Post Office, there shall be paid to him, at the time of the receipt,
+not exceeding One Half-penny:&mdash;all of which receipts, by the Carriers
+in any city, shall, if the Postmaster General so direct, be accounted
+for to the Postmaster of the said city, to constitute a fund for the
+compensation of the said Carriers, and to be paid to them in such proportions
+and manner as the Postmaster General may direct.</p></div>
+
+<p>But in the meantime the postage stamps, which will now be our main
+study, were issued to the public, and we will therefore turn back to the period
+of their birth and trace their history, together with the development of the
+post that accompanies it, through the nearly sixty years that have since
+elapsed.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5" id="Footnote_5"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 253.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6" id="Footnote_6"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> sic.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<p><!-- Page 28 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II<br />
+<br />
+THE ISSUE OF 1851</h2>
+
+
+<p>According to all good catalogues, the date of the first issue of stamps
+for Canada is the year 1851. If we find some more precise statement
+put forth in a special article on the subject, the date is apt to be given
+as the 6th April, 1851. If we go back into the dusty archives of the Canadian
+Post Office Department, we find the circular announcing the forthcoming stamps
+is dated a fortnight later than the hitherto supposed correct date for their issue.
+We reproduce it here in its <span class="nobreak">entirety:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>DEPARTMENT ORDER [NO. 4.]</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 19.5em;">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 22em;">TORONTO, <i>21st April</i>, 1851.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Stamps for the pre-payment of Postage on Letters.</i></p>
+
+<p>Postage Stamps are about to be issued, one representing the Beaver,
+of the denomination of Three pence; the second representing the head of
+Prince Albert, of the denomination of Six pence; and the third, representing
+the head of Her Majesty, of the denomination of One shilling;
+which will shortly be transmitted to the Post Masters at important
+points, for sale.</p>
+
+<p>Any Post Master receiving Stamps from this Department will, by
+the next mail, acknowledge the receipt of the amount. At the expiration
+of each Quarter, and with his Quarterly Postage Accounts, he will
+render an account of Stamps on a form which will be hereafter supplied,
+charging himself therein with any amount which remained on
+hand at the close of the preceding Quarter, and with the amounts received
+during the Quarter just ended, and crediting himself with the
+amount then remaining on hand. The balance of the account so stated,
+representing the amount of Stamps he has sold or disposed of, the Post
+Master will add to the balance due on his Return for the same Quarter
+of Postages.</p>
+
+<p>Any Letter or Packet, with one or more Stamps affixed, equal in
+amount to the Postage properly chargeable thereon, may be mailed and
+forwarded from any office as a pre-paid Letter or Packet; but if the
+Stamps affixed be not adequate to the proper Postage, the Post Master
+receiving the Letter or Packet for transmission will rate it with the
+amount deficient in addition.&mdash;This Regulation concerning Letters
+short paid has reference only to Letters passing within the Province.</p>
+
+<p>Stamps so affixed are to be immediately <i>cancelled</i> in the office in
+which the Letter or Packet may be deposited, with an instrument<!-- Page 29 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>
+to be furnished for that purpose. In Post Offices not so furnished,
+the stamps must be cancelled by making a cross [X] on each with a
+pen. If the cancelling has been omitted on the mailing of the Letter,
+the Post Master delivering it will cancel the stamp in the manner
+directed, and immediately report the Post Master who may have been
+delinquent, to the Department. Bear in mind that Stamps must invariably
+be cancelled before mailing the Letters to which they are
+affixed.</p>
+
+<p>Letters and Packets pre-paid by Stamps must be entered in the
+Letter-Bill separately from other pre-paid Letters,&mdash;and in like manner
+in the Monthly Sheets.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 19.5em;">J. MORRIS, <i>Post Master General</i>.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>From the above it is plainly evident that the new stamps were <i>not</i> placed
+in use on April 6th, the day of the transfer of the Post Office to Provincial
+control, as is usually stated. Furthermore, as this order announcing them
+states that the stamps are "about to be issued," it is evident that they did not
+appear concurrently with the order, which is dated April 21st.<a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> As a matter
+of fact the first supply of the 3 pence stamps was only received by the Department
+from the manufacturers on April 5th, the day before the transfer, and
+the second supply on April 20th, the day before the above circular was issued;
+while the 6 pence and 12 pence stamps did not arrive until May 2nd and May
+4th, respectively.<a name="FNanchor_8" id="FNanchor_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> In a letter to Mr. Donald A. King,<a name="FNanchor_9" id="FNanchor_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> dated 2d March,
+1904, from Mr. William Smith, Secretary of the Department at Ottawa, the
+latter states "that postage stamps were issued to the public for the first time
+on 23rd April, 1851." This agrees with the other known facts, and can doubtless
+be taken as the correct date for the 3d. stamp. The 6d. stamp we have
+no further details for, but it was doubtless in use by the middle of May. For
+the 12d. stamp we have, fortunately, all the details, as will appear subsequently,
+and can give the exact date of issue as June 14, 1851.</p>
+
+<p>At the time of the transfer, the Postmaster General issued a lengthy
+set of <i>Regulations and Instructions for the Government of the Post Office Department
+in Canada</i>, and it is perhaps best to reproduce here such sections as
+may prove of interest in connection with the use of the stamps, various rates of
+postage, etc., etc.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>20. Letters posted to be sent by Mail are to be carefully postmarked
+on the face or address side, with the name of the Post Office,<!-- Page 30 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>
+the month and the day of the month in which they are posted, and, except
+when they are Prepaid by Postage stamps, with the Rate of Postage
+in plain figures. In performing these operations great care must be
+used to avoid interference with the address.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>22. If the Postage is Paid in Money when the Letter is posted,
+stamp or write the word "<i>Paid</i>" against the Postage rate, and mark
+the rate in <i>red ink</i>; but if the Letter is "<i>Unpaid</i>" the rate is to be
+marked in <i>black ink</i>.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>42. Should the Receiving Postmaster find that any of the Letters
+have been under-rated, that is, not charged with sufficient Postage,&mdash;if
+for example, a Letter weighing an ounce has only been charged with one
+rate, he will mark the additional Postage with the words "<i>More to
+pay</i>," and his initials on the Letter.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>44.... Letters are to be postmarked on the back or seal
+side with the date of the day on which they arrive....</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>58. On Letters not exceeding &frac12; oz. in weight between any place
+in Canada and any other place in British North America, including
+Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Cape
+Breton, the rate is a uniform charge of 3d.</p>
+
+<p>For every additional weight of half an oz., or any fractional excess
+of half an oz., there shall be charged an additional rate of 3d.</p>
+
+<p>59. On Letters deposited at an Office for delivery in the same
+place, called Drop or Box Letters, the rate is One half-penny each, to
+be brought to account by Postmasters.</p>
+
+<p>60. On Letters between any place in Canada and any part of Great
+Britain or Ireland, if conveyed in the Weekly closed Mails through the
+United States, the rate is a uniform charge of 1s. 2d. sterling, equal to
+1s. 4d. currency, on a Letter not exceeding &frac12; oz., in weight.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>62. On Letters between Canada and the United Kingdom, conveyed
+by the semi-monthly Mails by way of Quebec, New Brunswick
+and Halifax, the rate is:</p>
+
+<p>On Letters not exceeding &frac12; oz., 1s. 0d. sterling equal to 1s.
+1&frac12;d. currency.</p>
+
+<p>On Letters not exceeding 1 oz., 2s. 0d. sterling equal to 2s. 3d.
+currency.</p>
+
+<p>On Letters not exceeding 2 oz., 4s. 0d. sterling equal to 4s. 6d.
+currency.</p>
+
+<p>63. On Letters between any place in Canada and any part of the
+United States, except California and Oregon, the rate is a uniform
+charge of 6d., equal to 10c. per &frac12; oz. weight.</p>
+
+<p>64. On Letters to California and Oregon, the rate is 9d., equal to
+15c. per &frac12; oz.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>67. Letters to Newfoundland may be sent via Quebec and Halifax
+at a Postage rate of 7&frac12;d. per &frac12; oz.</p>
+
+<p>68. Letters to British West Indies via Quebec, Halifax and Bermuda
+will be charged the Canada rate of 3d. and in addition the<!-- Page 31 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>
+Packet rate for sea conveyance between Halifax and Bermuda of 4&frac12;d.
+currency, making on a letter not weighing more than &frac12; oz. a rate
+of 7&frac12;d.</p>
+
+<p>69. Letters may also be sent from Canada to the British West
+Indies and Havanah by the ordinary United States Mails to New York,
+and from thence by British Steam Packet to destination, on Prepayment
+in Canada of 9d. equal to 15c. per &frac12; oz.</p>
+
+<p>70. Mails are made up at Montreal every fortnight for Halifax,
+Nova Scotia, and despatched for conveyance to Halifax with the Mails
+by the Royal Mail Steamers from Boston to Halifax and Liverpool by
+which Letters may be sent to the following places at the rates mentioned:</p></div>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">Letters to Halifax and Nova Scotia</td><td align="right">7&frac12;d. currency.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Letters to Newfoundland</td><td align="right">1s. currency.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Letters to Bermuda and British West Indies</td><td align="right">1s. currency.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>74&mdash;75&mdash;76. [<i>Almost identical with first three paragraphs of</i> Department
+Order No. 4. <i>describing and prescribing use of postage
+stamps</i>. Vide supra.]</p>
+
+<p>77. If the Stamps affixed to a Letter addressed to any place in
+British North America or to the United Kingdom be not adequate to
+the proper Postage, the Post Master receiving the Letter for transmission
+will rate it with the amount deficient in addition.</p>
+
+<p>78. On Letters for the United States when Stamps are affixed representing
+less than the amount of Postage to which the Letters are
+liable, the Stamps are to be cancelled and the Letters rated with the
+full rate as Unpaid.</p>
+
+<p>79&mdash;80&mdash;81. [<i>Identical with last two paragraphs of</i> Department
+Order No. 4. <i>concerning cancelling, omission of same, and accounts
+of stamped letters</i>.]</p>
+
+<p>82. Stamps affixed to Letters coming from either of the British
+North American Provinces, the United Kingdom or the United States,
+and recognized as equivalent to pre-payment at the Office where the
+Letter has been posted&mdash;are to be allowed in Canada as evidence of
+pre-payment accordingly, on the Letters to which they have been
+affixed.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>84. [<i>Postage Stamps must be taken when offered in payment of
+postage on delivery of Unpaid Letters.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>88. [<i>Non-Commissioned Officers, Embodied Pensioners, Seamen
+and Soldiers, while employed in Her Majesty's Service, can send and
+receive letters at a rate of 1d. each, which must be paid at time of
+posting, and letter must not exceed &frac12; oz. in weight.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>95. [<i>Rate on circulars, price currents, hand bills, etc., 1d. per
+ounce or fraction.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>96. [<i>Rate on pamphlets, periodicals, magazines and books, &frac12;d.
+per ounce.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>100. [<i>Limit of weight for periodicals, etc., (§96) is 48 oz.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *<!-- Page 32 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>103. [<i>Book post to England is 6d. sterling (7&frac12;d. currency) for
+&frac12;lb., 1s. sterling (1s. 3d. currency) for 1 lb., and at 1s. per lb., rate
+thereafter.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>112. [<i>Postage on newspapers in Canada is &frac12;d. except on exchange
+copies, which are free.</i>]</p></div>
+
+<p>It strikes one as curious, in glancing over the above, to note the several
+half penny and one penny rates, as well as two at 7&frac12; pence, and to realize
+that no stamp of the lowest value, at least, should have been arranged for
+whereby these amounts could have been prepaid by means of stamps. To be
+sure, the 7&frac12;d. rate could be obtained by halving a three penny stamp in conjunction
+with a 6d. stamp as was the common practice in Nova Scotia, but no
+such combination is known on a Canada cover.</p>
+
+<p>Of the three stamps issued, the first and most typical of Canada was the
+3d. which was designed, so Mr. C. N. Robertson of Ottawa tells us, by Sir
+Sanford Fleming, a civil engineer and draughtsman. The central feature is
+a representation of the beaver in its native haunts, above which is the royal
+crown of England resting on a rose, thistle and shamrock, with the letters V
+and R (<i>Victoria Regina</i>) at either side. A reference to figure 6 on <a href="#Plate_I">Plate I</a>
+makes further description unnecessary. The normal color was a bright red.</p>
+
+<p>A quite marked variety of this stamp occurs in what is generally known
+as a "double strike" or "shifted transfer." It is <i>not</i> due to accidental light
+contact of the sheet in printing, previous to the heavier impression in a slightly
+changed position, as is often suggested, but is a true plate variety, caused by
+a slight impression of the transfer roller in the wrong position on the plate
+previous to the heavy impression sunk in the proper position. This fact is
+shown by its being found in pairs and blocks with the normal stamp. It is
+recognized by the letters EE PEN being "doubled" at the top, making it
+appear as if a line had been drawn through the words and giving it the name,
+occasionally used of the "line through threepence" variety. The figure 3 also
+appears doubled at the bottom. Its position in the sheet has not been determined,
+but it occurs on all papers.</p>
+
+<p>The 6d. stamp is in the usual upright form, containing a portrait of
+Albert, the Prince Consort. It has been impossible to trace the original of the
+picture, though diligent search has been made. The rose, thistle and shamrock
+again appear on the stamp, at either side of the oval frame and separating
+the inscriptions. Figure 1 of <a href="#Plate_I">Plate I</a> gives an excellent reproduction of this
+value. The normal color may be said to have been a slate violet.<!-- Page 33 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The 12d. stamp is very similar in design to the 6d. stamp, but contains
+a portrait of Queen Victoria. This beautiful head, so often seen upon the
+early British Colonial stamps, was taken from the full length painting by
+Alfred Edward Chalon, R. A., which was ordered by the Queen for her mother,
+the Duchess of Kent, as a souvenir of Her Majesty's first visit to the House of
+Lords. The occasion was the prorogation of Parliament, on July 17, 1837,
+and the Queen is portrayed in her robes of state, because of which fact the
+painting is sometimes described as "in Coronation Robes," but this is erroneous.<a name="FNanchor_10" id="FNanchor_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>
+The stamp is illustrated as figure 2 on <a href="#Plate_I">Plate I</a>, and it will be noticed
+that the inscriptions in the oval frame are this time separated on either side
+by the royal crown. The color is black.</p>
+
+<p>The peculiarity in the expression of the value of this stamp as "Twelve
+Pence" instead of "One Shilling," which would seem to be the natural form for
+such an amount in English money, was long a moot question amongst collectors.
+It was even suggested as an "error" of the American manufacturers of the
+stamp! But the controversy has been practically settled by reference to the
+monetary conditions of the period. A glance back at the rates of postage we
+have already quoted will show that it was generally necessary to give them in
+two forms, "currency" and "sterling." The somewhat depreciated Canadian
+currency required fifteen pence, as will be noted, to equal the shilling sterling&mdash;a
+point that is brought out on the two stamps issued subsequently for the
+British Packet rates. Add to this the fact that in New England the "shilling"
+was a current expression for 16&#8532; cents (10 pence currency), while in New
+York it represented 12&frac12; cents (7&frac12; pence currency) and we can readily
+see that in Canadian territory contiguous to these sections the number of
+pence to a "shilling" might often be a debatable quantity. As a matter of fact
+the French Canadians of Lower Canada made general use of the "shilling"
+as reckoned at 10 pence (20 cents) in the old currency, while the "York shilling"
+was extensively used in Upper Canada.<a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> "Twelve pence" was without
+doubt wholly intentional, therefore, as the designation of the stamp, and was
+a happy solution of any ambiguity in its use, even if it has proved a stumbling
+block to the understanding of latter day collectors.</p>
+
+<p>An interesting essay for this stamp is in existence, being a companion
+for the 3 pence "beaver," inasmuch as the shape of the stamp and the central
+design are the same, though on a larger scale; the inscriptions, however, are<!-- Page 34 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>
+on an octagonal frame around the picture instead of an elliptical one, and the
+value is expressed as "one shilling," with "1s" in each spandrel. It was doubtless
+also a conception of Sir Sanford Fleming, the designer of the 3 pence, and
+it would be interesting to know what the companion 6 pence may have been.</p>
+
+<p>The three issued stamps were ordered from and engraved on steel by
+Messrs. Rawdon, Wright, Hatch and Edson of New York, who, it will be
+interesting to note, were the engravers of the 1847 issue of United States
+stamps&mdash;a fact which very likely may have had its influence on the Canadian
+authorities. The stamps were printed in sheets of 100, ten rows of ten, and
+had eight marginal imprints, two on each side. The imprint reads, "Rawdon,
+Wright, Hatch &amp; Edson, New York.", in minute letters of the size known as
+"diamond" in the printing office, and it is placed opposite the third and eighth
+stamps of the horizontal or vertical row, as the case may be, but always
+with the bottom of the imprint next the stamps. This causes the imprints to
+read up on the left, down on the right, and upside down on the bottom margins
+of the sheets.</p>
+
+<p>We have found but one item in the departmental accounts for the fiscal
+year 1851-2 referring to the stamps. This <span class="nobreak">reads:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Rawdon, Wright &amp; Co., for engraving postage stamps, £31.8.2</p></div>
+
+<p>This was doubtless simply a bill for printing, as it is altogether too small an
+amount to account for the engraving of three stamp dies and the making of
+three printing plates.</p>
+
+<p>The first delivery of the stamps from the manufacturers took place on
+April 5, 1851, according to a valuable summary from official records, published
+in the <i>Metropolitan Philatelist</i>,<a name="FNanchor_12" id="FNanchor_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> when 100,000 of the 3 pence value
+were received by the Canadian Government. A second lot, numbering 150,200
+of the 3 pence, arrived on April 20th. The 6 pence value followed on May 2nd,
+to the number of 100,400; and the 12 pence two days later, on May 4th, when
+the only consignment ever received from the printers, numbering 51,400, was
+delivered.</p>
+
+<p>The paper on which the stamps were printed was a thin, tough, grayish
+white variety which we should probably call bond paper, but which at that
+time is said to have been known as bank note paper. It was doubtless handmade,
+and therefore varies considerably in thickness, the two extremes being
+usually listed as <i>medium</i> or <i>ordinary</i>, and <i>very thin</i> or <i>almost pelure</i>.<!-- Page 35 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It has been the custom to assume that the first deliveries of the stamps
+were probably all upon <i>laid</i> paper, which was borne out by dates on covers or
+postmarked specimens of the stamps used during the first year of issue. But
+by June of 1852, at least, according to Messrs. Corwin and King,<a name="FNanchor_13" id="FNanchor_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> the
+stamps were beginning to appear on paper which was simply <i>wove</i>, without
+any trace of the laid lines, though in all other respects similar to the first supplies.
+Of course a minor detail of manufacture like this would have no official
+cognizance, so there is nothing for us to go by in determining the quantities
+printed on one or the other kind of paper, or the dates of issue, save for what
+can be gleaned from dated covers and deductions to be drawn from them.
+The two varieties of paper, however, have been as productive of controversy
+in the case of the 12 pence stamp as the peculiar expression of its value proved.</p>
+
+<p>But before discussing this question, let us see what we have to work on.
+The first annual report of the Postmaster General, for the year ending 5th
+April, 1852, contains the following information concerning the new <span class="nobreak">stamps:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Postage Stamps for the pre-payment of letters of the respective
+values of 3d., 6d. and 1s. were procured and issued immediately after
+the transfer, and have been kept for sale to the public at all the
+principal Post Offices in the Province; the demand, however, has not
+been great, as will be seen by the following statement, and the sales
+of the last quarter of the year would seem to demonstrate that
+the use of these Stamps in pre-payment of letters, is rather diminishing
+than gaining ground in the community. There were procured from
+the manufacturers, Messrs. Rawdon, Wright, Hatch &amp; Co., of New
+York, during the year ended 5th April 1852:</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><th align="right" colspan="2"></th><th align="center" colspan="3">Value.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">250,200</td><td align="right">3d. Stamps</td><td align="right">£3127</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">100,400</td><td align="right">6d. Stamps</td><td align="right">2510</td><td align="right">0</td><td align="right">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"> 51,000</td><td align="right">1s. Stamps</td><td align="right">2550</td><td align="right">0</td><td align="right">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" class="bt">401,600</td><td align="right"></td><td align="right" class="bt">£8187</td><td align="right" class="bt">10</td><td align="right" class="bt">0</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Of these have been issued to Postmasters for sale, to the same date:</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><th align="right" colspan="2"></th><th align="center" colspan="3">Value.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">217,300</td><td align="right">3d. Stamps</td><td align="right">£2716</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"> 63,400</td><td align="right">6d. Stamps</td><td align="right">1585</td><td align="right">0</td><td align="center">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">820</td><td align="right">1s. Stamps</td><td align="right">41</td><td align="center">0</td><td align="right">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" class="bt">281,520</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right" class="bt">£4342</td><td align="right" class="bt">5</td><td align="center" class="bt">0</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The succeeding annual reports of the Postmaster General, for the years<!-- Page 36 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>
+ending 31st March, 1853-6, give the following table of postage stamp
+<span class="nobreak">statistics:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p>Postage stamps issued for sale as <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td>REPORT OF 31ST. MARCH, 1853.</td></tr>
+<tr><th align="left"></th><th align="right">3d. Stamps</th><th align="right">6d. Stamps</th><th align="right">1s. Stamps</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">On hand 5th April, 1852</td><td align="right">32,900</td><td align="right">37,000</td><td align="right">50,180</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Since received from Manufacturers</td><td align="right">250,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" class="bt">282,900</td><td align="right" class="bt">37,000</td><td align="right" class="bt">50,180</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Issued for sale during year</td><td align="right">163,000</td><td align="right">2,575</td><td align="right">100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">On hand 31st March, 1853</td><td align="right" class="bt">119,900</td><td align="right" class="bt">34,425</td><td align="right" class="bt">50,080</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">REPORT OF 31ST. MARCH, 1854.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Received from Manufacturers</td><td align="right">250,000</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" class="bt">369,900</td><td align="right" class="bt">34,425</td><td align="right" class="bt">50,080</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Issued for sale during year</td><td align="right">240,700</td><td align="right">10,825</td><td align="right">325</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">On hand 31st March, 1854</td><td align="right" class="bt">129,200</td><td align="right" class="bt">23,600</td><td align="right" class="bt">49,755</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">REPORT OF 31ST. MARCH, 1855.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Received from Manufacturers</td><td align="right">250,000</td><td align="right">50,000</td><td align="right">...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" class="bt">379,200</td><td align="right" class="bt">73,600</td><td align="right" class="bt">49,755</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Issued for sale during year</td><td align="right">355,000</td><td align="right">25,800</td><td align="right">265</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">On hand 31st. March, 1855</td><td align="right" class="bt">24,200</td><td align="right" class="bt">47,800</td><td align="right" class="bt">49,490</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">REPORT OF 31ST. MARCH, 1856.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Received from Manufacturers</td><td align="right">600,300</td><td align="right">...</td><td align="right">...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" class="bt">624,500</td><td align="right" class="bt">47,800</td><td align="right" class="bt">49,490</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Issued for sale during year</td><td align="right">368,700</td><td align="right">38,419</td><td align="right">...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">On hand 31st. March, 1856</td><td align="right" class="bt">255,800</td><td align="right" class="bt">9,381</td><td align="right" class="bt">49,490</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>In this annual report of 31st March, 1856, is the last account of the 12d.
+stamp, from which it appears that none were issued to postmasters during the
+fiscal year. It does not mean that none were sold or used during that period,
+however, for with the increasing use of stamps this was quite probable. But
+it is evident from the tables given that the stamp was disbursed from headquarters
+in very limited quantities during the four years from 1851 to 1855
+only; and we are quite fortunate in being able to give the exact details of this<!-- Page 37 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>
+distribution. An anonymous article was published in the <i>Metropolitan Philatelist</i>
+in 1902,<a name="FNanchor_14" id="FNanchor_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> from which we have already quoted, that contained a "<i>Valuable
+summary of the first issue of postage stamps used in this Colony.</i>" The
+statement is made that "it is taken from official records and is absolutely
+accurate." We quote here the information concerning the</p>
+
+<h4>CANADA ONE SHILLING POSTAGE STAMP.</h4>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">Total number rec'd. from Contractors</td><td align="right">51,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total number issued to postmasters</td><td align="right">1,510</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Balance (destroyed)</td><td align="right" class="bt">49,490</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>NOTE.&mdash;On May 4, 1851, the first and only consignment of the
+Canada 1 shilling postage stamp, to the number of 51,000 (value
+£2,550), was received by the Post Office Department, Canada, from
+the Contractors, Messrs. Rawdon, Wright, Hatch &amp; Edson, New York.</p>
+
+<p>The issue of this stamp began on June 14, 1851, and concluded on
+December 4, 1854, when the stamp was discontinued. During its
+issue 1510 stamps of that denomination were sent out to postmasters,
+leaving a balance on hand of 49,490, which, on May 1st. 1857, were, in
+accordance with the practice of the Department in cases of the discontinuance
+of stamps, destroyed. As has already been observed, there
+was only the one lot of this stamp received from the contractors.</p></div>
+
+<h4>DETAILS OF ISSUE.</h4>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><th align="left">Date of Issue.</th><th align="left">Name of Office.</th><th align="left">Name of P. M.</th><th align="right">No.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">June 14, 1851</td><td align="left">Hamilton</td><td align="left">E. Ritchie</td><td align="right">300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Oct. 17, 1851</td><td align="left">Chippewa</td><td align="left">W. Hepburn</td><td align="right">100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Nov. 13, 1851</td><td align="left">Thorold</td><td align="left">J. Keefer</td><td align="right">20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Nov. 25, 1851</td><td align="left">Toronto</td><td align="left">C. Berchy</td><td align="right">200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Mar. 8, 1852</td><td align="left">Montreal</td><td align="left">J. Porteous</td><td align="right">200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Sept. 14, 1852</td><td align="left">Ingersoll</td><td align="left">D. Phelan</td><td align="right">100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Apr. 5, 1853</td><td align="left"><a name="FNanchor_15" id="FNanchor_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>Bytown</td><td align="left">G. W. Baker</td><td align="right">100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Oct. 20, 1853</td><td align="left">Sherbrooke</td><td align="left">Wm. Brooks</td><td align="right">15</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Jan. 13, 1854</td><td align="left">Smith's Falls</td><td align="left">Jas. Shaw</td><td align="right">50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Jan. 20, 1854</td><td align="left">Bytown</td><td align="left">G. W. Baker</td><td align="right">100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Feb. 8, 1854</td><td align="left">L'Islet</td><td align="left">Ballantyne</td><td align="right">15</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Feb. 27, 1854</td><td align="left">Ingersoll</td><td align="left">Chadwick</td><td align="right">20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Mar. 22, 1854</td><td align="left">Sault S. Marie</td><td align="left">Jos. Wilson</td><td align="right">25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">May 15, 1854</td><td align="left">Port. du Fort</td><td align="left">McLaren</td><td align="right">15</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Oct. 21, 1854</td><td align="left">Rowan Mills</td><td align="left">de Blaquiere</td><td align="right">50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Oct. 26, 1854</td><td align="left">Melbourne</td><td align="left">Thos. Tait</td><td align="right">50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Oct. 27, 1854</td><td align="left">Montreal</td><td align="left">A. La Rocque</td><td align="right">100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Dec. 4, 1854</td><td align="left">Smith's Falls</td><td align="left">Jas. Shaw</td><td align="right">50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"></td><td align="left">Total number issued,</td><td align="left" class="bt">1,510</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>From the above it is seen that Hamilton and Montreal each received a
+total of 300 copies, Toronto and Bytown each 200, Ingersoll 120, Chippewa
+and Smith's Falls each 100, and so on down.<!-- Page 38 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>So much for the 12d. stamp. The tables of the Post Office reports tell us
+also that the issues of the 6d. stamp to postmasters for these same four years
+totalled 102,600, or only 2200 more than the original number delivered, the second
+delivery of the 6d. not having taken place until March 21, 1855,<a name="FNanchor_16" id="FNanchor_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> at the
+end of the last fiscal year of the four. If, then, the entire first printings of the
+6d. and 12d. stamps were on laid paper, as is usually claimed, there would be no
+such thing as a 12d. on wove paper, and the 6d. stamp in the same state would
+not be found <i>used</i> (provided proper postmark evidence were forthcoming)
+before the end of March, 1855. During the same period there were at least
+five deliveries of the 3d. stamp, so that several things may have happened to
+that value. But, curiously enough, it is the other two stamps that furnish us
+with our best evidence.</p>
+
+<p>We now come literally to the "nigger in the wood-pile." The 12d. stamp
+<i>does</i> exist on the <i>wove</i> paper! Mr. Worthington and Mr. Pack each possess an
+unused copy, and careful examination by the writer has failed to disclose any
+appreciable difference in the color, quality or appearance of the paper, save
+for the impossibility of discovering the laid lines, between these copies and
+those possessing proper credentials as the regular laid paper 12d. of 1851. The
+color of the stamp and its general appearance give no hint of the supposed
+irregularity, and a letter to Mr. Worthington from the well known expert, Mr.
+John N. Luff, gives his approval to the specimen in Mr. Worthington's collection.
+It was formerly considered that the supposed 12d. on wove paper was
+merely a proof, and in the "<i>Catalogue for Advanced Collectors</i>" we find the
+following note concerning it under Canada.<a name="FNanchor_17" id="FNanchor_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Although the 12p is catalogued by some as existing on thin wove
+paper, we do not believe in it as in every copy on wove paper sent to us
+for examination some traces of the word <i>specimen</i> were to be discovered
+thus showing them all to be merely proofs.</p></div>
+
+<p>As far as the writer has seen them, specimen copies have been on India
+paper, which is quite distinct from the regular paper of the issue, and they
+have been overprinted with the word "SPECIMEN" in carmine ink, either
+diagonally or vertically upward. The copies referred to in the paragraph
+just quoted probably had been treated with chemicals to remove the red ink
+overprint.</p>
+
+<p>Of course the desideratum for the settlement of the whole question is to<!-- Page 39 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>
+find a copy of the stamp used on cover; but inasmuch as up to the present time
+but three copies of the 12d. on laid paper are known in this condition, it seems
+a hopeless quest. Nevertheless there appear to be several <i>used</i> copies of the
+wove paper 12d. known, the first mention we find of one being in the report
+of the proceedings of the Philatelic Society of London for 4th May, 1888,<a name="FNanchor_18" id="FNanchor_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>
+which reads: "The business of the evening consisted in the revision of the
+Society's reference list of the Stamps of Canada, which was concluded, Mr.
+F. Ransom showing an undoubted postmarked specimen of the 12d. first issue,
+printed upon stout wove paper." Mr. W. H. Brouse, the eminent Canadian
+philatelist, also possessed a cancelled copy of this stamp, which later adorned
+the Ayer collection, it is understood. An editorial in the <i>Dominion Philatelist</i>
+thus speaks of it:<a name="FNanchor_19" id="FNanchor_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a>&mdash;"We have received from W. H. Brouse, of Toronto,
+a photograph of ... 12 pence Canada on <i>wove paper</i> [which] appears
+to be a beautiful specimen with fine margin and light cancellation." Two
+fine copies, one unused and one used, were sold in the auction of the Mirabaud
+collection at Paris, in April, 1909.</p>
+
+<p>From the above it is plainly evident that the 12d. on wove paper properly
+exists, in spite of the "first [and only] printing on laid paper" theory, which
+is usually laid down as an <i>a priori</i> consideration. Also it appears that it is
+found in a used condition, though this cannot be taken as an absolute test,
+because of the uncertainty that may lurk in a cancellation on a detached specimen
+of a stamp. Only the discovery of a copy properly used on the original
+cover, as already intimated, can effectually settle the question of its actual issue
+and use. But there is a fact which doubtless furnishes the clue to the seeming
+mystery of its being. We have already noted that the laid paper first used
+varied considerably in thickness, and also that the wove paper next used was
+in all respects similar to the former, but of course without the laid lines. Now
+it happens sometimes that it is quite difficult to distinguish the laid paper, a
+very careful scrutiny or even the extreme resort to the benzine cup being
+necessary to bring out the watermarked lines, and perhaps then only in a
+half suspicious way. If such be the case, it is only a step further to the entire
+disappearance of these "laid lines," and lo, the wove paper!</p>
+
+<p>Writing to Mr. F. C. Young concerning the 12d. stamp, Mr. John N.
+Luff says:<a name="FNanchor_20" id="FNanchor_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a>&mdash;"It is my opinion that both the wove and laid papers are quite<!-- Page 40 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>
+genuine and I think it is possible that both varieties might occur though there
+was only one lot sent out by the printers. It does not, of course, follow that
+the entire batch was printed on the same day or that two varieties of paper
+might not have been used. The early printers were not always very particular
+about their paper, provided it was somewhat alike in a general way. Some
+collectors claim that laid paper is often of such nature that the lines do not
+show in some parts of the sheet, and I believe there is evidence to support this
+theory." Finally Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack, in some notes sent the <i>London
+Philatelist</i>, sums matters up in these words:<a name="FNanchor_21" id="FNanchor_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a>&mdash;"After a very careful investigation
+I believe that the 12d., on wove paper, was issued, and that the stamp
+was on sale at the Post Office, in Hamilton, Canada West." Mr. Pack writes
+us further:&mdash;"When I was a boy I went to school at St. Catherines, Ontario.
+There were keen stamp collectors in St. Catherines at that time, not only
+among boys, but among grown people. That was about 1869 or 1870. I was
+told that part of the 12d. Canada which had been on sale at the Hamilton post
+office were on wove paper and I was convinced that that was the case."</p>
+
+<p>Concerning the laid and wove papers of this issue Mr. King writes as
+follows:<a name="FNanchor_22" id="FNanchor_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a>&mdash;"The texture of these papers is virtually the same, and it is
+indeed often difficult, particularly in the case of the 6d., to distinguish between
+the <i>laid</i> and <i>wove</i> papers. The lines in the <i>laid</i> paper are of a most peculiar
+character, and cannot, as a rule, be brought fairly out by holding the stamp
+between one's eyes and the light. The best way to test these two papers is to
+lay the stamps, face down, on a black surface, and let the light strike them at
+about an angle of fifteen degrees, when the <i>laid</i> lines are brought most plainly
+into view. It is necessary, however, to place the specimens so that the
+light will strike them parallel to their length, as the <i>laid</i> lines run horizontally
+in the 3d., and vertically in the 6d. and 12d."</p>
+
+<p>We now come to the most interesting and confirmatory part of our evidence.
+We have already referred to the fact that Messrs. Corwin &amp; King give
+June, 1852, as the date when the wove paper appeared, and 1852 is given in
+all catalogues and lists as the year of issue for all three stamps on this paper.
+In their article on British North America, the above gentlemen, in discussing
+early dates established by entire covers for the varieties of paper that they describe,
+remark under the caption "<i>Series IV</i>." (the <i>thin wove</i> paper): "We
+took a six-pence from a letter dated June 25th, 1852."<a name="FNanchor_23" id="FNanchor_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> This statement can<!-- Page 41 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>
+hardly be questioned, after the careful and minute study that they gave to the
+papers of this issue, and it therefore means just one thing: <i>the 6d. on wove
+paper came in the first lot delivered</i>, for we have seen that the second supply
+did not arrive until 1855. The fact is therefore established that the first deliveries
+of stamps in April and May, 1851, included the wove paper, and we
+therefore have here what amounts to the proper credentials for the appearance
+and even use of the 12d. on wove paper.</p>
+
+<p>As the 3d., having been delivered first, was undoubtedly printed first,
+this value may have been entirely upon the laid paper, particularly as it seems
+to be not especially rare on this paper and has not been recorded on wove
+paper used earlier than the receipt of the 1852 supplies. But this of course
+is negative evidence, and this value may yet be found to have been printed upon
+the wove paper along with the other two values in 1851.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>We have remarked that there were but three covers known bearing copies
+of the 12d. stamp. It is with great satisfaction, therefore, that we are able
+to present reproductions of two of them for the benefit of our readers. The
+earliest date is on the cover numbered 90 on <a href="#Plate_VI">Plate VI</a>, which is in the Worthington
+collection. This bears the postmark of "Montreal, L. C. JY 21, 1852"
+in red. The stamp is a little heavily cancelled by the concentric rings type of
+obliteration in black. The word CANADA within the curved frame and the
+word PAID are stamped in red on the cover. This was a requirement of the
+first postal convention between Canada and the United States, signed on March
+25, 1851. Section 9 <span class="nobreak">reads:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The Offices designated for the despatch and receipt of Canadian
+Mails on the side of the United States will stamp 'U. States' upon all
+letters sent into Canada for delivery; and the Offices designated
+for the despatch and receipt of United States mails on the side of
+Canada will stamp 'Canada' upon all letters sent into the United
+States for delivery."</p></div>
+
+<p>The other two covers were both the property of the late John F. Seybold,
+but the one upon which the stamp appears in finest condition now ornaments
+the collection of Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack. This is illustrated as No. 91 on
+<a href="#Plate_VI">Plate VI</a> and bears the postmark of "Hamilton, C. W. NO 23, 1853." The
+stamp is cancelled with the concentric rings in blue, and an additional handstamp
+appears in red reading "CANADA&mdash;PAID 20 Cts" in two lines. The
+"20" is made over from "10" by the use of a pen in changing the first figure. In<!-- Page 42 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>
+this connection it will be remembered that 6d. currency, equal to 10 cents,
+was the single rate for &frac12;oz. letters between Canada and the United States.<a name="FNanchor_24" id="FNanchor_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p>
+
+<p>The third cover is in all respects a companion piece of the second, bearing
+the same marks and (probably) the same address originally, but dated
+from Hamilton on "DE 8, 1853."</p>
+
+<p>All three of these covers show the particular use of the 12d. stamp&mdash;simply
+as a multiple of the 3d. and 6d. in currency rates. That it was <i>not</i>
+issued with any intention of being especially used for the British packet rate
+must be evident, as we have seen that this was 1s. 4d. currency if prepaid
+and sent via the United States, or 1s. 1&frac12;d. currency if prepaid and sent via
+Halifax<a name="FNanchor_25" id="FNanchor_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a>&mdash;rates that could not be made up by means of the three stamps first
+issued.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand the stamp was quadruple the domestic rate, double
+the rate to the United States, and the single rate for the fortnightly mails from
+Montreal viâ Boston to Newfoundland, Bermuda and the British West Indies.<a name="FNanchor_26" id="FNanchor_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a>
+Probably letters in the first category were not common, and, as it happens, all
+our specimens fall in the second. The third category doubtless did not entail
+a large correspondence, particularly as the more direct route to the places mentioned,
+viâ Quebec and Halifax, was at the lesser rate of 7&frac12;d.<a name="FNanchor_27" id="FNanchor_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> For the above
+reasons, then, the covers as we find them evidently exemplify the usual use to
+which the 12d. stamp was put, and explain why more were not used, as surely
+would have been the case had the stamp been convenient for prepaying the
+packet rate to England, with which there was a large correspondence.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>Having now described the two main varieties of paper common to the
+three values of this issue, let us look at some further varieties of the stock
+used for the 3d. and 6d. values, which, because of their long term of use, were
+subject to quite a number of printings and therefore gave opportunity for the
+variation in paper which is a characteristic of this issue. We have already given
+the statistics of the receipt and issue of 3d. and 6d. stamps for the five years
+from 1851 to 1856,<a name="FNanchor_28" id="FNanchor_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> and find they total 1,600,500 for the 3d. and 150,400 for
+the 6d. From succeeding reports of the Postmaster General we cull the <span class="nobreak">following:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 43 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="3">REPORT OF 30TH SEPT., 1857, [including 1 year 6 months, by statute.]<a name="FNanchor_29" id="FNanchor_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th align="left"></th><th align="right">3d. stamps</th><th align="right">6d. stamps</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Balance on hand 31st March, 1856</td><td align="right">255,800</td><td align="right">9,381</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Received from Mfrs. in half-year to 30th. Sept.</td><td align="right">50,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in2">Total</td><td align="right" class="bt">255,800</td><td align="right" class="bt">59,381</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Issued for sale during half-year</td><td align="right">186,200</td><td align="right">24,781</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Balance 1st October, 1856</td><td align="right" class="bt">69,600</td><td align="right" class="bt">34,600</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Received from Mfrs. year ending 30th Sept., 1857</td><td align="right">600,000</td><td align="right">50,078</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in2">Total</td><td align="right" class="bt">669,600</td><td align="right" class="bt">84,678</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Issued for sale during yr. ending 30th Sept., 1857</td><td align="right">587,900</td><td align="right">60,600</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Balance on hand</td><td align="right" class="bt">81,700</td><td align="right" class="bt">24,078</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">REPORT OF 30TH. SEPT., 1858.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Received from Mfrs. year ending 30th Sept., 1858</td><td align="right">900,000</td><td align="right">100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in2">Total</td><td align="right" class="bt">981,700</td><td align="right" class="bt">124,078</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Issued for sale during year</td><td align="right">717,200</td><td align="right">82,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Balance on hand 30th Sept., 1858</td><td align="right" class="bt">264,500</td><td align="right" class="bt">41,578</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">REPORT OF 30TH. SEPT., 1859.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Rec'd from Mfrs. during 9 mos. to 30th June, 1859</td><td align="right">449,900</td><td align="right">70,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in2">Total</td><td align="right" class="bt">714,400</td><td align="right" class="bt">111,578</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Issued for sale during above 9 months</td><td align="right">692,700</td><td align="right">94,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Balance on hand 30th June, 1859</td><td align="right" class="bt">21,700</td><td align="right" class="bt">17,578</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>On July 1, 1859 the stamps in decimal currency were issued, so the above
+remainders represent the last of the 3d. and 6d. stamps. Adding the receipts
+from the manufacturers in the above tables, therefore, to the totals already
+given for the years 1851-6, and then deducting the remainders (which were
+later destroyed), we have for the total issue of the 3d. stamp 3,528,700, and
+of the 6d. stamp 402,900. In these figures are of course included the perforated
+stamps, which we will consider later.</p>
+
+<p>It will be seen from the tables that there were at least eight deliveries
+of the 3d. stamps and at least six deliveries of the 6d. stamps, but inasmuch
+as these are totalled by years, and as some of the amounts are quite large
+(<i>e. g.</i> 900,000 of the 3d. in 1858), it seems certain that there were even more
+deliveries and consequently more printings of the stamps than is indicated.
+In no other way can we account for the variety in the paper used, and also<!-- Page 44 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>
+the variety in the color of the 6d. stamp. The 3d. does not vary so much,
+probably because its shade of red did not require much mixing of inks and
+the ingredients were such that slight variations in the proportions did not
+greatly affect the tone. The normal color being a bright red, we find it running
+to a deeper, almost brick red in one direction, and to a vermilion in the
+other. As to the normal color of the 6d. it would be almost impossible to
+hazard a guess, if we had simply a series of one stamp of each distinct variation
+in color or shade in which it is found. The common run of shades is
+from a slate violet to a slate or "near black" with a "cast" of violet, of brown,
+or even green. What can one do in trying to describe the "color" of such a
+chameleon stamp with such an uncertain basis to work upon? The check list
+gives the nearest approximation to the various shades that we have been able
+to translate into color names, but it is almost impossible to so describe some
+of them as to convey the proper idea of the exact shade to the reader.</p>
+
+<p>For papers used, Mr. King describes no less than fourteen.<a name="FNanchor_30" id="FNanchor_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> Four of
+these are the two grades of the laid and wove "bank-note" paper already
+mentioned. A third variety of laid paper is described by him as entirely
+different, being a stout white paper in which "the <i>laid</i> lines are most distinct,
+while the paper is of a different texture and color from the regular grey
+shade." Mr. Pack states: "This paper is very rare, and I have never seen
+but very few copies."<a name="FNanchor_31" id="FNanchor_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> Mr. King's sixth variety is described as "hard, stout,
+grayish wove," but we have included it with the ordinary wove paper in the
+check list, of which it is but a little heavier manifestation. The same may be
+said of his varieties XII and XIII, described as "medium" and "thick,
+hard, white wove paper, very slightly ribbed," respectively, which we have
+classed under "stout, hard, white wove paper." There is an extreme case
+in the 6d. stamp, which comes on a <i>very</i> thick hard paper, concerning which
+Mr. Pack says:&mdash;"The unused 6d. on very thick, hard paper is one of the
+greatest rarities of Canada. It is as rare as the 12d. unused. Curiously
+enough, this stamp in used condition is very rare in a pair or strip. So far
+as I know there are only two or three strips or pairs in existence. It is my
+understanding that the very thick <i>hard</i> paper stamps were printed previous
+to those on the <i>soft</i> paper." The last remark refers to the very thick, soft
+paper, almost a card board (Mr. King's variety XIV) which is now well
+known as an exceedingly rare variety. It is distinct, both in paper and<!-- Page 45 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>
+color, from any other variety of the 6d. stamp, the shade being a dull purple.
+The same may be said of the thick <i>hard</i> paper stamp, which appears to be in
+a very even shade of slate violet.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. King's varieties X and XI are both peculiar, the former being a
+"very soft, thin, cream wove which is quite fragile and will not bear much
+handling," and the latter a "soft, thick, coarse white wove paper; the surface
+presents a sort of hairy appearance, and the quality is better than series X."
+The 3d. is the only value occurring in these two varieties, which we have placed
+under "soft white wove paper" in the check list.</p>
+
+<p>Lastly comes the ribbed paper. The first variety is a very soft, thin paper
+on which the 3d. appears. This is Mr. King's variety VII, and he makes a
+variety VIII of the same paper in a "cream" tone. The same value comes on
+a thicker, hard paper, Mr. King's variety IX, and he lists a 6d. in violet
+black as well.</p>
+
+<p>From the foregoing it will be seen that the first issue of Canadian stamps
+furnishes plenty of material for study, and is an extremely difficult series to
+work out and put into proper form for a reference list. Mr. King truly
+says:&mdash;"If the papers and shades of this series of stamps are thoroughly
+studied, there are more varieties than in all the other British North American
+stamps put together; in many cases they are minute, in others more decided,
+but in every case distinct." Some criticism may be made of our not using
+<i>in extenso</i>, the excellent "Reference List"<a name="FNanchor_32" id="FNanchor_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> prepared by Messrs. King and
+Corwin, but it has seemed wise, in working with the specialized collections
+already alluded to, to condense this list to some extent; nor do we think its
+correctness and usefulness have been impaired thereby.</p>
+
+<p>We have spoken of the three values of stamps already treated as the
+"first issue" of Canada. Some may cavil at this, for there are three more
+values belonging to the pence series which may be regarded as part of the
+"first issue," inasmuch as they were complementary as well as supplementary
+to the original three. But they did not appear until nearly four or more
+years later, and therefore escaped the laid paper varieties. For this reason,
+and because there appears another important question to solve in connection
+with two of them, we have reserved a separate chapter for these three. We
+may also say that as one of them appears in the perforated series of pence
+values we have left the consideration of these latter stamps until the next
+following chapter.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7" id="Footnote_7"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> This correction of the date must be noted, for in Mr. King's article
+in the Monthly Journal, VII: 7, it is wrongly given as 1st April, which
+might lead to erroneous conclusions. In the Article by Messrs. Corwin
+and King, (Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 149), the date is correctly
+given.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, XVII: 83.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> London Philatelist, XIII: 153.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> London Philatelist, VI: 147.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 170.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, XVII: 83.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 149.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, XVII: 83.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15" id="Footnote_15"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Now Ottawa, Capital of Dominion of Canada.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16" id="Footnote_16"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, XVII: 83.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17" id="Footnote_17"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> American Journal of Philately, 2d. Series, III: 121.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18" id="Footnote_18"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Philatelic Record, X: 124.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19" id="Footnote_19"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Dominion Philatelist, No. 34, p. 8.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20" id="Footnote_20"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Canada Stamp Sheet, IV: 142.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21" id="Footnote_21"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> London Philatelist, XVI: 144.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22" id="Footnote_22"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VII: 9.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23" id="Footnote_23"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 149.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24" id="Footnote_24"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> See 63 on <a href="#Page_30">page 30</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25" id="Footnote_25"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> See Secs. 60 and 62 on <a href="#Page_30">page 30</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26" id="Footnote_26"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> See Sec. 70 on <a href="#Page_31">page 31</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27" id="Footnote_27"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> See Secs. 67 and 68 on <a href="#Page_30">page 30</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28" id="Footnote_28"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> See pages <a href="#Page_35">35</a>-<a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29" id="Footnote_29"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> 20<sup>o</sup> Vict. cap. XXV. Sec. VII; see <a href="#Page_61">page 61</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30" id="Footnote_30"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VII: 9.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31" id="Footnote_31"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> London Philatelist, XVI: 144.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32" id="Footnote_32"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VII: 9.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<p><!-- Page 46 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III<br />
+<br />
+THE REMAINING PENCE ISSUES</h2>
+
+
+<p>A resume of the chief happenings of the year and other items of interest
+is given in the annual reports of the Postmasters General,
+and a brief summary of these first few years will not be without its
+importance here. It will be recalled that the Provincial Government took
+over the control of its posts on the 6th April, 1851, and by the <i>Act to Amend
+The Post Office Act</i>, passed 30th August, 1851,<a name="FNanchor_33" id="FNanchor_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> the Postmaster General was
+required by statute to "report to the Governor General of the Province annually,
+for the purpose of being laid before Parliament at each Session, <i>First</i>.
+A report of Finances, Receipts and Expenditure of the Post Office Department
+for the year ending on the fifth day of April previous," etc., etc. Accordingly
+the first annual report of the Postmaster General was rendered on
+the 5th April, 1852. In it we find the following <span class="nobreak">information:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Upon the transfer of the control of the Post Office Department
+in this Province, by the Imperial Post Office Authorities to the Provincial
+Government, on the 6th April, 1851, the number of Post Offices in
+operation was found to be 601&mdash;the number of miles of established Post
+Route, 7595&mdash;over which the annual transportation of the Mails was
+2,487,000 miles&mdash;and the Gross Revenue raised under the authority of
+the Imperial Post Office, at the high tariff of rates then prevailing, had
+been for the year preceding the transfer £93,802 currency, including in
+that sum the collections in Canada of British Packet Postage, estimated
+to have amounted to £10,000 sterling.</p>
+
+<p>The Provincial Act of the 12th and 13th Vic. cap. 66, providing for
+the management of the Department after the transfer, reduced the
+Postage charges in Canada upon all letters passing between places
+within the Province, or within British North America generally, to a
+uniform rate of 3d. per &frac12; oz.; whereas under the tariff in force previous
+to the transfer, the average charge on each letter was computed
+to have been as nearly as possible 9d. per &frac12; oz.; the reduction
+therefore consequent upon the introduction of the uniform 3d.
+rate was equivalent to &#8532;, or 66&#8532; per cent, on the former average
+letter Postage charge.</p>
+
+<p>The Postage charge on Box or Drop Letters, and the additional
+charge on letters delivered in the Cities by Letter Carriers, have in<!-- Page 47 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>
+each case been reduced to one half penny, being one half the former
+rates.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to newspapers, the Postage charge has been altogether
+taken off upon several important branches of newspaper circulation,
+and papers to and from the other British North American
+Provinces, papers sent to the United States, and Editors' exchange
+papers, pass free of all Postage charge whatever. The rates on
+printed papers, circulars, pamphlets, books, &amp;c., have also been modified
+and reduced.</p></div>
+
+<p>The gross receipts of the Department for the year under review are
+given as £71,788 18s. 5d. currency, a drop of over £20,000 from the previous
+year; but this is a good showing after all, for when it is remembered
+that the new uniform rate of postage was but one third the former average
+rate, it is readily figured out that correspondence nearly doubled under
+the new tariffs. This is confirmed by the following comparative statement
+of pieces <span class="nobreak">mailed:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p>One week preceding 5th April, 1851, No. of letters, 41,000; papers,
+90,000.</p>
+
+<p>One week preceding 5th April, 1852, No. of letters, 86,051<a name="FNanchor_34" id="FNanchor_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a>; papers,
+101,000.</p>
+
+<p>There were 243 new post offices added during the year and 1023 miles
+of post routes.</p>
+
+<p>"An agreement was concluded with the Post Master General of the
+United States, which has continued in satisfactory operation since April,
+1851, under which letters pass between any place in Canada, and any place in
+the United States, at a Postage rate of 6d. currency, per half oz., except to and
+from California and Oregon, when, the distance being over 3,000 miles,
+the rate is 9d. per half oz. Letters are posted on either side, paid or unpaid,
+at the option of the sender."</p>
+
+<p>The total correspondence passing between the two countries is given as
+having a postage rating of $85,636.97.</p>
+
+<p>The second annual report of the Postmaster General is dated the 31st
+March, 1853, and contains little of interest but statistics. 176 new post
+offices were established and 504 miles of new post routes added. The gross revenue
+of the Department for the fiscal year is given as £84,866.6.11&frac12;. and
+the total postage on the correspondence passing between Canada and the
+United States was $104,966.40.<!-- Page 48 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The third report, of 31st March, 1854, speaks of a large reduction in
+the postal charges upon newspapers circulating within the Province and on
+certain classes of periodical prints, which took place on Feb. 1, 1854, but
+gives no further details. Concerning the British packet postage, however, the
+report <span class="nobreak">says:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In March, 1854, the charge on packet letters passing between
+Canada and the United Kingdom and most foreign countries was
+reduced by the Imperial Government from 1s. 2d. sterling to 8d. sterling
+per &frac12; oz. when sent in closed mails through the United States,
+and from 1s. to 6d. when sent direct from a Provincial Port, Quebec
+or Halifax.</p></div>
+
+<p>Further on are the following <span class="nobreak">recommendations:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Should no further change be likely soon to take place in the
+charges on the correspondence with England, it would promote the
+public convenience to procure Postage stamps of the value of 10d.
+and 7&frac12; d. respectively to correspond with the present packet letter
+charges.</p></div>
+
+<p>And <span class="nobreak">again:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Much unnecessary labor and waste of time is occasioned to this
+Department by the practice now followed of rating and collecting
+Postage on all Government and Legislative correspondence, and it would
+be an improvement, in my belief, very worthy of adoption, to authorize
+by enactment the transmission of all such matter through the mails,
+under proper regulations, free of Postage charge, and that in lieu
+thereof, a certain fixed annual sum estimated to be equivalent to
+the aggregate of the Postage arising upon such correspondence, should
+be paid by the Receiver General to the Post Office, to be accounted for as
+Post Office Revenue.</p></div>
+
+<p>Perhaps the most pregnant remark is one short statement:&mdash;"The use
+of stamps has materially increased"; for it will be remembered that the first
+annual report of the Postmaster General was pessimistic with regard to
+the employment of stamps, fearing that their use was diminishing.</p>
+
+<p>The accounts accompanying the report contain but one item concerning
+<span class="nobreak">stamps:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rawdon, Wright &amp; Co., Postage Stamps furnished Post Office</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Department&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; £12.11.3</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>This amount was of course only for printing supplies, evidently for the
+250,000 3d. stamps received during the fiscal year.<!-- Page 49 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the fourth report, of 31st March, 1855, there are several items of
+interest. The lowering of the British packet rates proved a popular step,
+naturally, and the report states that "Notwithstanding the important reduction
+granted by the Imperial Government in the postage rate between this
+country and the United Kingdom in March, 1854," the results were as
+<span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p>British Packet Postage collected in Canada in year ending 31 March,
+1855 (postage rate 8d. sterling) £16,449.14.3&frac12;.</p>
+
+<p>British Packet Postage collected in Canada in year ending 31 March,
+1854 (postage rate 1s. 2d. sterling) £17,495.1.4&frac12;.
+which was a drop of but six per cent. in receipts upon a reduction of
+over forty per cent. in the postal charge.</p>
+
+<p><span class="nobreak">Again:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In March, 1855 the Imperial Post Office authorized a reduction
+in the charge on letters passing through the English Posts between
+Canada and France, from 2s. 8&frac12;d. Currency to 1s. 8d. Currency per
+&frac14; oz. letter.</p></div>
+
+<p>The suggestions contained in the report for 1854 concerning the franking
+of official mail matter, and the payment of a fixed annual sum to the
+Post Office Department on this account, were acted upon, and the report
+<span class="nobreak">states:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In July last the Act of last Session came into effect, removing
+altogether the Postage charge on the circulation of Provincial Newspapers
+and according a franking privilege to the correspondence of the
+Legislature and of the Public Departments of the Government.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Act referred to was doubtless the <span class="nobreak">following:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>18<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. LXXIX.</p>
+
+<p>An act to abolish Postage on Newspapers published within the
+Province of Canada, and for other purposes connected with the Post
+Office Department of this Province.</p>
+
+<p>[<i>Assented to</i> 19th May, 1855.]</p>
+
+<p>WHEREAS papers devoted to the advancement of Education, Temperance,
+Science, Agriculture and other special objects, are now exempt
+from postage; And whereas it would further materially aid the diffusion
+of useful knowledge to remove all postal restrictions on the
+transmission of Newspapers in general, published within this Province,
+and of all documents printed by order of either House of Parliament:
+Be it therefore enacted by the Queen's Most Excellent
+Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative<!-- Page 50 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>
+Council and the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada,
+* * * * and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p>I. All Newspapers published within the Province of Canada, shall
+be transmitted by mail free of Postage.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>IV. All Letters and other mailable matter addressed to or sent by
+the Governor of this Province, or sent to or by any Public Department
+at the seat of Government, shall be free of Provincial Postage under
+such regulations as may be directed by the Governor in Council.</p>
+
+<p>V. All Letters and other mailable matter addressed to or sent by
+the Speaker or Chief Clerk of the Legislative Council or of the Legislative
+Assembly, or by or to any Member of either of said branches
+of the Legislature during any Session of the Legislature, shall be
+free of Provincial Postage.</p>
+
+<p>VI. All public documents and printed papers may be sent by the
+Speaker or Chief Clerk of the Legislative Council or of the Legislative
+Assembly, to any Member of either of the said branches of the Legislature
+of Canada, during the recess of Parliament, free of Postage.</p>
+
+<p>VII. Members of either branch of the Legislature of Canada may
+send during the recess of Parliament by mail, free of Postage, all
+papers printed by order of either branch of the Legislature of
+Canada.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>IX. This Act shall come into effect on and after the first day of
+July, eighteen hundred and fifty-five.</p></div>
+
+<p>There is a bit of conflict here. The "enactment clause" of the above
+Act makes it operative unequivocally on July 1, 1855. Yet the Postmaster
+General's report, just quoted, which is supposed to be for the fiscal year ending
+31st March, 1855, distinctly states that the provisions of the above Act
+came into effect "in July last," which would seem to be July, 1854. The
+Act itself is not in error, so the discrepancy must lie in the Postmaster General's
+report. Probably the report was written much later in the year than
+March 31st, as it was not presented to Parliament until the fall session, and
+therefore gave opportunity to refer back to happenings in July.</p>
+
+<p>The growth of the Department during the first four years under Provincial
+control is illustrated by the following <span class="nobreak">table:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><th>Date</th>
+<th>Post Offices<br /> in<br /> operation.</th>
+<th>Miles<br /> of Post<br /> Routes.</th>
+<th>Letters<br /> mailed<br /> per week.</th>
+<th>Gross<br /> Revenue </th>
+<th>Correspondence<br /> with the U. S.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">6th April, 1851</td><td align="right">601</td><td align="right">7,595</td><td align="right">41,000</td><td align="left">£ &nbsp;93,802</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">5th April, 1852</td><td align="right">840</td><td align="right">8,618</td><td align="right">71,726</td><td align="left">£ &nbsp;71,788.18. &nbsp;5</td><td align="right">$ &nbsp;85,636.97</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">31st Mar., 1853</td><td align="right">1,016</td><td align="right">9,122</td><td align="right">81,896</td><td align="left">£ &nbsp;84,866. &nbsp;6. 11&frac12;</td><td align="right">$104,966.40</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">31st Mar., 1854</td><td align="right">1,166</td><td align="right">10,027</td><td align="right">98,350</td><td align="left">£ &nbsp;98,495. &nbsp;6. &nbsp;7</td><td align="right">$129,921.67</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">31st Mar., 1855</td><td align="right">1,293</td><td align="right">11,192</td><td align="right">116,671</td><td align="left">£110,747.12. &nbsp;9&frac12;</td><td align="right">$145,377.69</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 51 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The number of post offices had more than doubled; the length of the post
+routes had increased by fifty per cent; and although the revenue had dropped
+one quarter during the first year, owing to the reduction in postage rates,
+it had increased by half in the next three years; while the total correspondence
+between Canada and the United States had increased by two thirds in the
+same three years.</p>
+
+<p>But the item that interests us particularly in this report <span class="nobreak">reads:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>To promote the general convenience in prepaying letters to the
+United Kingdom at the new rate, postage stamps of the value of
+10d. Currency, equal to 8d. sterling, were procured and issued for
+sale to the public.</p></div>
+
+<p>Thus part of the recommendation contained in the report for the preceding
+year was carried out.</p>
+
+<p>In the accounts for the fiscal year we find the following <span class="nobreak">entries:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">1st. Quarter, Rawdon, Wright &amp; Co., Postage Stamps for P. O. Dept.</td><td align="right">£12.12.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">3rd. Quarter, Rawdon, Wright &amp; Co., Making Stamps</td><td align="right">42.18.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">4th. Quarter, Rawdon, Wright &amp; Co., Postage Stamps for P. O. Dept.</td><td align="right">17.13.6</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>From this it would appear that the bill for engraving ("making") the
+new 10d. stamp was paid in the third quarter of the fiscal year, corresponding
+to the last quarter of 1854. According to the table of receipts from manufacturers
+in the "summary" already quoted,<a name="FNanchor_35" id="FNanchor_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> the 10d. stamp was first received
+by the Post Office Department on Jan. 2, 1855. In Mr. King's "Reference
+List,"<a name="FNanchor_36" id="FNanchor_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> however, the date "Dec. 5, 1854" is given as being "taken
+from used stamps on the original covers," but this must certainly be a mistake.
+The "summary" also gives the quantities issued to postmasters by
+quarters, and there were none issued (naturally) in the quarter ending Dec.
+31, 1854. In the next quarter, ending Mar. 31, 1855, there were 16,200
+issued to postmasters, so that the first issue probably took place soon after
+receipt, that is, in January, 1855. The total number received from the
+manufacturers in this first delivery was 100,080.</p>
+
+<p>The plate for this stamp is stated to have been made up for printing
+sheets of 100 impressions in ten rows of ten, like the three values of 1851,
+and also to have had the eight marginal imprints. But there are reasons for<!-- Page 52 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>
+thinking it may have been made to print 120 impressions, ten rows of twelve
+each, concerning which more will be said later. Suffice it to remark here that
+the number delivered (100,080) is exactly divisible by 120, making 834 full
+sheets, which is not the case if 100 is used. The normal color of the stamp is
+a very deep blue.</p>
+
+<p>The design of the new 10d., illustrated as No. 3 on <a href="#Plate_I">Plate I</a>, corresponds
+in general style to the 6d. and 12d. of 1851, but the portrait in the
+central oval is of Jacques Cartier, the explorer and founder of Canada. There
+has been some discussion over the identity of the original, it having been
+claimed that the subject was Sebastian Cabot, the discoverer, just as the portrait
+on the 6d. stamp has been assigned to Lord Elgin, Governor-General of
+Canada from 1846 to 1854.<a name="FNanchor_37" id="FNanchor_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> Unfortunately no circular announcing the issue
+of the stamp has come to hand, and, as seen from the quotation already given,
+the report of the Postmaster General does not give us the information. It
+is nevertheless a fact that the portrait represents Cartier, the original being
+a three-quarter length painting in the Hotel de Ville at St. Malo, France,
+the birthplace of Cartier. The inscriptions in the oval frame are in this
+case separated by a small picture of the beaver at the right, and three maple
+leaves at the left. The value is expressed as TEN PENCE, with the numerals
+"10" in the lower spandrels, followed by the letters "cy" for "currency."
+In the upper spandrels is the corresponding value in sterling money,
+expressed as "8d stg". The relation between sterling and currency values
+and their equivalents in the decimal coinage of the United States was fixed
+by law, and the matter seems important enough to reproduce the statute here.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<h4>16<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. CLVIII.</h4>
+
+<p>An Act to regulate the Currency. [Assented to 14th June, 1853.]</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>II. And be it enacted, That the denominations of money in the
+Currency of this Province, shall be pounds, dollars, shillings, pence,
+cents and mills: the pound, shilling and penny shall have, respectively,
+the same proportionate values as they now have, the dollar shall be one-fourth
+of a pound, the cent shall be one-hundredth of a dollar, and the
+mill one-tenth of a cent....</p>
+
+<p>III. And be it enacted, That the Pound Currency shall be held to
+be equivalent to and to represent one hundred and one grains and
+three hundred and twenty-one thousandths of a grain Troy weight
+of Gold of the Standard of fineness now prescribed by Law for the
+Gold Coins of the United Kingdom; and the Dollar Currency shall
+be held to be equivalent to and to represent one fourth part of the
+weight aforesaid of Gold of the said Standard....<!-- Page 53 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>IV. And be it enacted, That the Pound Sterling shall be held to be
+equal to one pound, four shillings and four pence, or four dollars,
+eighty-six cents and two-thirds of a cent, Currency....</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>IX. And be it enacted, That ... the Gold Eagle of the United
+States, coined after [1st. July, 1834], ... and weighing ten penny
+weights, eighteen grains, Troy weight, shall pass current and be
+a legal tender in this Province for ten Dollars or two pounds ten
+shillings currency....</p></div>
+
+<p>Further supplies of the 10d. stamp were not needed for three years,
+the next lot, numbering 72,120, having been delivered during the year ending
+30th Sept., 1858, according to the table of stamp statistics. These two
+lots were the only ones delivered, and the balance on hand when the decimal
+stamps appeared being 31,200, we find a total issue for the 10d. stamp of
+141,000.</p>
+
+<p>Puzzling questions seem to be the rule with this first series of Canadian
+stamps, and the 10d. is no exception. The stamp occurs, to all appearances,
+in at least <i>two sizes</i>, one of which has been termed the "wide oval" and the
+other the "narrow oval." These are well brought out by illustrations Nos. 70
+(wide) and 71 (narrow) on <a href="#Plate_IV">Plate IV</a>. Very likely the peculiarity was noticed
+much earlier, but it seems to have been brought to the attention of collectors
+generally for the first time by Mr. W. H. Brouse, in a paper read
+before the London Philatelic Society on Feb. 3, 1894.<a name="FNanchor_38" id="FNanchor_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> We quote this
+<span class="nobreak">entire:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"I have carefully read such Philatelic articles or publications
+relating to British North American stamps as have come under my
+notice, but have as yet not come across anything relating to the
+difference in Canadians that is to be found in the 7&frac12;d. Canadian
+currency (6d. sterling), green, and the 10d., blue, and so concluded
+that it may have passed my observation, or, if not, has not yet
+been 'written up.' Will you therefore pardon a short note on the
+subject?</p>
+
+<p>"Of the 10d., blue, there are three distinct varieties in design,
+viz.,</p></div>
+
+<ul><li>First  (<i>a</i>) the long and narrow;</li>
+<li>Second (<i>b</i>) the long and broad: and</li>
+<li>Third  (<i>c</i>) the short and broad.</li></ul>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The outside edges or ornaments are in all three cases the same,
+but the difference lies in the fact of the oval or frame around the
+head having been, as the case may be, elongated or contracted, or sometimes
+widened out.<!-- Page 54 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"The extreme variation in length is about one-sixteenth of an
+inch, which is considerable in a postage stamp. I doubt very much
+if this happened through intention, but rather think that it is the
+result of what might be termed 'engravers' license.' However, whatever
+it may be, the result is that there are three distinct varieties.</p>
+
+<p>"It will, I think, be found that the earlier one of these is the long
+and narrow, on thinnish paper; then the long and broad (which is the
+most common), on thicker paper; and lastly, the short and broad, on
+medium paper. The latter is the scarcer, and consequently the
+most valuable.</p>
+
+<p>"I have for a long time known of the above differences, and at
+first thought it only an optical delusion, owing to some of the copies
+having had their sides closely trimmed, but on closer observation
+the distinct differences, as I have mentioned, were manifest. What
+is said of the 10d. may also be said of the 7&frac12;d. (but to a lesser
+degree of variation), only the latter are generally found in the
+long and broad frame or oval. A slight difference also occurs in the
+6d., violet; no variation appears in the length of the stamp, though
+I have two specimens in which the oval or frame shows a contraction
+in width to the extent of about one-forty-eighth of an
+inch, and is quite noticeable.</p>
+
+<p>"This may be 'piper's news' to some of the members of the
+Philatelic Society, London, but to others it may be of interest, and
+for that reason I beg your indulgence."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Castle, in reading the foregoing paper at the meeting of the
+London Philatelic Society, shewed specimens of the stamps described
+by Mr. Brouse, and added a few remarks as under.</p>
+
+<p>"I venture to think the modest disclaimer on the part of Mr.
+Brouse, in his closing sentence, is hardly borne out in view of the
+interesting communication he has made. To me the information
+was certainly novel, and I could hardly credit that there should
+exist such differences in size until I had verified the fact by examination
+of specimens. Owing to the kindness of Messrs. Stanley Gibbons,
+Limited, and Mr. W. H. Peckitt, I was enabled to inspect a
+number of these pence issues, and I have tabulated the measurements
+as nearly as I <span class="nobreak">can:&mdash;</span></p></div>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">HALFPENNY.</td></tr>
+<tr><th align="center">Size.</th><th align="center">Paper.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">(<i>a</i>) 22 × 18&frac12; mm.</td><td align="right">Medium thick</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">(<i>b</i>) 22&frac12; × 18 mm.</td><td align="right">Medium thick</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">THREEPENCE.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">(<i>a</i>) 22 (full) × 18 mm.</td><td align="right">Very thin wove</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">(<i>a</i>) 22 × 18mm.</td><td align="right">Very thin laid</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">(<i>b</i>) 22&frac12; × 17&frac12; mm.</td><td align="right">Thin</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">(<i>c</i>) 22&frac34; × 17&frac12; mm.</td><td align="right">Thick</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">SIXPENCE.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">(<i>a</i>) 22 × 18 mm.</td><td align="right">Thin wove</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">(<i>a</i>) 22 × 18 mm.</td><td align="right">Thin Laid</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">(<i>b</i>) 22&frac34; × 17&frac34; mm.</td><td align="right">Thick</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">SEVENPENCE-HALFPENNY.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">(<i>a</i>) 22&frac14; × 18&frac12; mm. (bare)</td><td align="right">Med. thick</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">(<i>a</i>) 22&frac12; × 18&frac12; mm.</td><td align="right">Medium thick</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">(<i>a</i>) 22&frac34; × 18 mm.</td><td align="right">Medium thick</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">(<i>a</i>) 22&frac34; × 18&frac12; mm.</td><td align="right">Medium thick</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">TENPENCE.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">(<i>a</i>) 22&frac34; × 17&frac12; mm.</td><td align="right">Thin to very thin</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">(<i>b</i>) 22&frac12; × 18 mm. (full)</td><td align="right">Thick</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">(<i>b</i>) 22&frac34; × 18&frac12; mm. (bare)</td><td align="right">Thick</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">(<i>c</i>) 22 × 18 mm.</td><td align="right">Thin</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 55 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The varieties of the Tenpence are those described by Mr. Brouse
+as (<i>a</i>) long and narrow, (<i>b</i>) long and broad, and (<i>c</i>) short and
+broad. I may add that in the case of this value I have examined
+and measured some forty copies, including a strip of three, as also
+a proof on very thin India paper, which corresponds exactly in
+measurement with variety (<i>b</i>) on the thick paper (22&frac34; × 18&frac12;mm.).
+It is obvious that to be absolutely accurate beyond a half mm. with
+an ordinary gauge is hardly possible, but in several of the given cases
+I have averaged the sizes of several that very closely approximated.</p>
+
+<p>"As will be seen, I have gone somewhat beyond the lines of Mr.
+Brouse's paper in including the &frac12;d., the 3d., and 6d., the variation in
+the former being slight, but in the two latter noteworthy. The question
+how these varieties have arisen is an interesting one, nor can I
+see that they can be accounted for by shrinkage of the paper, as in the
+case of the 10d. proof above cited, which is on all fours with the ordinary
+stamp on thick paper. In the case of the strip of this value
+I found all three stamps measured the same, and the fact remains that
+variety (<i>c</i>) is short <i>and</i> broad. In any case the existence of these
+varieties is palpable, the question of their origin a genuine philatelic
+problem, and I think that the thanks of us all are therefore due to Mr.
+Brouse for his interesting paper."</p></div>
+
+<p>This may have been the first record of the peculiarity in the case
+of the Canadian stamps, but it was at least not the first time that variation
+in the dimensions of certain line engraved stamps, supposed to have been
+produced from the same original die, had been noted and discussed. We refer
+to the case of the early Ceylon stamps, which furnished food for contention
+in the philatelic press for many years. The first mention of a difference in
+the length of these seems to have been in December, 1864.<a name="FNanchor_39" id="FNanchor_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> Ten years
+later the reference list of Ceylon prepared by the London Philatelic Society<a name="FNanchor_40" id="FNanchor_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a>
+noted the fact that the stamps of 1863 on unwatermarked paper were in
+general about a millimeter shorter in the vertical dimension than the succeeding
+issue on paper watermarked Crown C C, although the engraved
+designs were otherwise absolutely identical. Major Edw. B. Evans, in his
+catalogue,<a name="FNanchor_41" id="FNanchor_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> appends a note on the unwatermarked stamps of 1863 as <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>These stamps are apparently (indeed, we may say certainly) from
+the same plates as the other issues, but at the same time the impressions
+on this paper are about 1-16 inch shorter than those on other papers.
+This can only have been occasioned by the paper having shrunk to some
+extent since the stamps were printed....</p></div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 56 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>Later, in 1887, Mr. T. K. Tapling, writing in <i>Le Timbre-Poste</i>,<a name="FNanchor_42" id="FNanchor_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> claims
+the difference cannot be due to shrinkage of paper because the stamps have
+all shrunk evenly, and attributes it to some defect in the process of making
+the plates. He reasons <span class="nobreak">thus:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Les timbres sur les feuilles de n'importe quelle valeur étaient tous
+identiques comme type. Ils furent gravés sur acier, je pense par MM.
+Perkins Bacon et Co., chaque timbre par un procédé de réduplication,
+étant reproduit d'une matrice; la planche étant ensuite durcie pour
+l'impression. Il n'y a par conséquent pas de variété de types, les lignes
+des gravures sur les timbres courts étant les mêmes que celles sur les
+timbres longs, excepté qu'elles sont un tant soit peu contractées....
+Il me semble plus que probable que la différence en longeur des exemplaires
+puisse être attribuée à un léger défaut dans le procédé de réduplication
+des planches de la matrice originale.</p></div>
+
+<p>As a matter of fact the stamps did not shrink evenly, but very unevenly.
+Mr. W. B. Thornhill, writing on these same stamps in 1889,<a name="FNanchor_43" id="FNanchor_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> <span class="nobreak">says:&mdash;</span>"You
+can hardly find two stamps of exactly the same measurements in the same
+value, though the difference in many cases is too small to signify"; and he
+proceeds to show the extreme variations in a carefully prepared table including
+every value on every variety of paper for issues from 1855 to 1867. The
+greatest variation in the vertical dimension seems to be about 1 mm. in 26 mm.,
+or roughly 4%, and in the horizontal dimension about &frac14; to &frac12; mm. in 19 mm.
+or roughly 1&frac14; to 2&frac12;%. These dimensional differences being so palpably
+existent, therefore, what factors are we to consider in looking for their cause?
+There seem to be but three: first, an original die or matrix for each different
+size; second, one original die only, whose impressions on the printing plate
+show variations resulting from the process of transferring them; third, a
+printing plate with all the impressions exact duplicates of the one original
+die, but whose reproductions in ink on dampened paper are varied by the
+shrinkage of the paper in drying.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Thornhill convinces himself by inspection that the first proposition
+is untenable; in fact its absurdity is at once apparent on a little thought, for
+the engraving of the original die is a laborious and costly piece of work, and
+that very fact, coupled with the comparative ease of exact reduplication by
+mechanical processes on the printing plate, furnishes the chief reason for
+the employment of this method of producing stamps. Since there is such<!-- Page 57 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>
+a variety in the size of the stamps, therefore, the first theory would indicate
+many original dies, and this we know was not the case. Its refutation
+indeed is seen in the stamps themselves; for each original die, if differing
+in size from its fellows, meant a separate engraving, and it is humanly impossible
+to make these separate engravings exact duplicates, whereas, on the
+other hand, no appreciable variation in line or dot can be detected on the same
+stamp in its different sizes save the general expansion or contraction of the
+design, which is proportionate in all its parts. The different die or matrix
+theory is therefore thrown out on grounds of impracticability and absurdity.</p>
+
+<p>Accepting the one original die proposition, then, Mr. Thornhill agrees
+with Mr. Tapling in turning down the shrinkage of paper theory and favoring
+the second supposition, that the variation comes on the plates and is due
+to the process of transference. Let us glance at this a moment. The original
+die is engraved on a block of soft steel of very fine and even quality. When
+finished it is tempered to a very great degree of hardness. Next the engraving
+is transferred by tremendous pressure to a transferring roller of similar soft
+steel, which is in turn hardened. In this process there might be an opportunity
+for a slight variation in the size of the transferred impression, due
+to the expansion and contraction of the steel in the tempering process. Next,
+this hardened transfer roller is impressed upon the printing plate of soft
+steel as many times as there are copies desired. These naturally all agree
+among themselves and with the transfer roller impression in size. Now
+when the printing plate in turn receives its hardening, there may again be
+a chance for a slight difference between the transfer roller and the plate impressions;
+<i>but</i> it is wholly unlikely that the plate impressions will vary much
+among themselves, otherwise the perfection of Mr. Jacob Perkins' invention,
+the chief merit of which was exact reduplication, would be impaired. As a
+matter of fact, the high grade and even quality of the steel necessarily employed,
+and the care naturally taken in hardening the plate, preclude any
+other than an even variation, if any, due to the tempering process. This
+means that such variations would be practically constant over the printing
+surface of the plate, and that therefore the impressions would still remain
+practically identical in size.</p>
+
+<p>Where, then, does this bring us? With such numerous and well defined
+variations in dimensions in the printed stamps, we should look for the cause
+in the simplest and most natural method by which they could readily be pro<!-- Page 58 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>duced,
+which is furnished by the third theory presented. Concerning this
+we quote from the London Philatelic Society's work on Ceylon:<a name="FNanchor_44" id="FNanchor_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In reference to the variations in the size of the stamps of Issues
+III and V [no watermark and Crown CC], Major Evans, who was the
+first to propound the theory that these variations were due to differences
+in the nature of the paper employed, writes as <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p>"The theory of the expansion and contraction of the paper being
+now pretty generally accepted, as accounting for the variations observed
+in the size of the stamps of the early issues of Ceylon, it seems
+necessary to explain exactly what that theory is, and how these differences
+are supposed to arise. Previous to printing from plates engraved
+in <i>taille-douce</i> the paper is wetted, which, as is well known,
+causes it to expand; the amount of expansion varies, no doubt, considerably
+in different kinds of paper, and it must also vary with the amount
+of moisture in the same kind of paper, for as the paper dries it returns
+to its original dimensions, and, therefore, up to a certain point, the
+wetter it is the greater will be the expansion. In any case the paper
+is in a state of expansion at the time of printing, both from being
+wetted and from being stretched out flat and pressed, and the impression
+when first printed is then, and then only, in all cases the size of
+the engraving upon the plate. It then dries, and in so doing contracts,
+and the greater the amount of expansion the greater will be the amount
+of the subsequent contraction, so that the smallest stamps are those
+printed on the paper which expanded most, and the largest those on the
+paper which expanded least. The minor variations of size may be due
+to the paper being more or less damp when used, but probably a very
+slight difference in the thickness or density of the paper would cause
+some variation in its expansion. The marked difference in size of the
+stamps on thin, unwatermarked paper, which were the first to attract
+the attention of Philatelists, is no doubt due to that particular variety
+of paper, which is very tough and elastic, and which has been found to
+expand very greatly on being wetted and stretched."</p></div>
+
+<p>So much for the Ceylon stamps, which we have discussed <i>in extenso</i>;
+but we have only to substitute in every case a reference to the first Canadian
+issues, particularly the 10d. which we started out with, to make the discussion
+apply with equal force in this case as in the other. The question is the same&mdash;the
+variations occur in the same way, the method of engraving and reproduction
+is the same, and the varieties in the paper are very similar.</p>
+
+<p>Major Evans, in a reply to Mr. Thornhill's paper,<a name="FNanchor_45" id="FNanchor_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> states that he tried some
+experiments in wetting a thin, tough note paper, and found an expansion of
+three per cent., while by stretching it he increased the expansion to eight
+per cent, without difficulty! Yet the greatest variation in Mr. Thornhill's
+table was only four per cent. Major Evans then tried some of the 1863<!-- Page 59 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>
+Newfoundland stamps, which he judged were on paper of almost the same
+nature as that of the unwatermarked Ceylons of the same year, and they gave
+precisely similar results.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Frank C. Young, who was in the printing business, also tells of
+similar experiments which he carried still further.<a name="FNanchor_46" id="FNanchor_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Having provided some twenty-five sheets of paper of different qualities
+and thicknesses, each was cut into sixteen pieces. Selecting a common
+half tone cut which measured exactly 100 × 69 mm. and dampening
+the sheets of paper to different degrees of wetness I proceeded to impress
+the cut on each sheet, using a common roller proof press. After
+the printed sheets had been allowed to dry it became a matter of a good
+millimeter gauge and careful measurements of the printed impressions,
+not the paper.</p>
+
+<p>... Hardly two sheets of the whole lot were identical in size, nor
+was I able to formulate any table as to how much or how little or which
+way of the paper shrinkage would occur. The only general rule which
+seemed to come out clearly was that thin paper would invariably shrink
+more than thick. In many of the sheets the difference was barely noticeable,
+while, on the other hand, such measurements as 96 × 68, 97 ×
+68&frac12;, 99 × 67&frac12;, 98 × 68 mm. were fairly common, and one sheet, after
+several very careful measurements, was undeniably 95&frac12; × 69 mm.,
+thus showing a shrinkage of 4&frac12; per cent, one way and none at all
+the other. This was very thin laid linen paper.</p>
+
+<p>Contrary to all expectations, more than one impression measured
+more than either the cut or those printed on dry paper, one on thin
+wove paper being fully 101 mm. long.</p></div>
+
+<p>Looking back now at Mr. Castle's tables,<a name="FNanchor_47" id="FNanchor_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> we find his greatest variations
+in length amount to &frac34; mm. in 22 mm., or roughly 3&frac12;%, and in width 1 mm.
+in 18 mm., or roughly 5&frac12;%&mdash;results entirely within bounds according to
+Major Evans' and Mr. Young's experiments, and doubtless settling once and
+for all the reason of the "three distinct varieties in design" of Mr. Brouse.</p>
+
+<p>As for the paper actually used for the printing of the 10d. stamp, we
+find it a hard, white wove variety varying very much in thickness from a very
+thin, almost pelure quality, through which the design is quite plainly evident,
+to a medium and finally a considerably thicker quality. The pelure
+paper seems naturally to be the one on which the greatest variation in dimensions
+occurs, the <i>long</i> and <i>broad</i> size of the stamp coming principally on the
+thicker paper,<a name="FNanchor_48" id="FNanchor_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> which is supposed to shrink the least upon drying and therefore
+keeps the printed impression nearest the size of the plate impression.
+The <i>long</i> and <i>narrow</i> impression, being the commoner variation, was prob<!-- Page 60 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>ably
+due to the paper being fed to the press the same way of the "grain" as
+a rule, while the <i>short</i> and <i>broad</i> variation, which is much scarcer, occurred
+by an occasional sheet of paper being fed the other way of the "grain." That
+paper has a "grain" is readily proved by tearing a piece in one direction and
+then tearing it at right angles to the first tear; one will be found much easier
+of accomplishment generally than the other, and this "grain" doubtless has
+its due effect in the amount of shrinkage in one way or the other upon drying
+a dampened sheet.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>One further variety we have to record in the 10d. stamp, this being a
+"shifted transfer" variety similar to that occurring in the 3d. value. In this
+case we find the letters A D A and S of "Canada Postage," and P E N of
+"Pence" showing a distinct doubling at the bottom, the transfer roller evidently
+having been set a little too high at first and a very slight impression
+made on the plate. The stamp has not been seen in a pair to prove its character
+absolutely, but it bears all the ear-marks of being a proper plate variety
+and not due to a careless impression when printing.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>To continue again with the Postmaster General's reports. We find in
+that for 31st March, 1856, a note to the effect that the postage on letters to
+France had been once more reduced, this time to 10d. currency per &frac14; oz.,
+which gave further employment to the new 10d. stamp. There is also some
+information concerning the registry system, but this will be treated later
+under that head. One item is found in the accounts to interest <span class="nobreak">us:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+  Rawdon, Wright, Hatch &amp; Edson, for printing 300,000 postage
+stamps for Post Office Department £15.2.3.
+</div>
+
+<p>As only 3d. stamps were received during the year, this of course refers
+to that value, and the price charged is found to be practically one shilling,
+currency, per thousand, or twenty cents American money.</p>
+
+<p>In June of 1857 the Canadian Parliament made further changes in the
+newspaper rates, etc., according to the following <span class="nobreak">Act:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<h4>20<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. XXV.
+<br />
+An Act to Amend the Post-Office Laws of this Province.
+<br />
+[Assented to 10th June 1857.]</h4>
+
+<p>Whereas it is expedient to amend the Post-Office Laws, in the
+manner hereafter provided: Therefore, Her Majesty, by and with the
+advice and consent of the Legislative Council and Assembly of Canada
+enacts as follows:<!-- Page 61 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>I. [Repeals sections I and V of 18<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. 79.]<a name="FNanchor_49" id="FNanchor_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></p>
+
+<p>II. Newspapers printed and published within this Province and
+addressed from the Office of Publication, shall be transmitted from the
+Post-Office where mailed to any other Post-Office in Canada, or to the
+United Kingdom, or to any British Colony or Possession, or to France,
+free of Canadian Postage.</p>
+
+<p>III. Newspapers printed and published in the United Kingdom,
+or in any British Colony or Possession, or in France, when received
+in mails addressed to this Province, and directed to any place in Canada,
+shall pass through the Post and be delivered at the Post-Office
+addressed, free of Canadian postage.</p>
+
+<p>IV. For the purposes of this Act, the word "newspapers" shall
+be held to mean periodicals published not less frequently than once
+in each week, and containing notices of passing events, or any such
+newspaper published fortnightly or monthly at the time of the passage
+of this Act.</p>
+
+<p>V. Periodicals printed and published in this Province other than
+newspapers, when specially devoted to Religious and to General Education,
+to Agriculture or Temperance, or to any branch of Science,
+and addressed directly from the Office of Publication, shall be transmitted
+from the Post-Office where mailed to any other Post-Office in
+this Province free of postage.</p>
+
+<p>VI. Letters and other mailable matter addressed to or sent by
+the Speaker or Chief Clerk of the Legislative Council or of the Legislative
+Assembly, or to or by any Member of the Legislature at the seat of
+Government, during any session of the Legislature, or addressed to any
+of the Members or Officers in this section mentioned, at the seat of
+Government as aforesaid, during the ten days next before the meeting
+of Parliament, shall be free of postage.</p>
+
+<p>VII. So much of the twelfth section of the Post-Office Act,
+passed in the session held in the 14th and 15th years of Her Majesty's
+Reign and chaptered 71, as requires the Postmaster General to
+make to the Governor General of this Province, annually, certain Reports
+for the purpose of being laid before the Provincial Parliament
+at each Session thereof, for the year ending the fifth day of
+April previous to such Session, is hereby repealed; and it shall,
+hereafter, be the duty of the Postmaster General to furnish such Reports
+annually so that they may be laid before the Provincial Parliament
+within ten days after the assembling thereof, and such Annual
+Reports shall be made up to the thirtieth day of September
+previous to each Session.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>X. This Act shall take effect on and from the first day of
+August next.</p></div>
+
+<p>Although the enactment clause made the above Act operative on 1st
+August, 1857, because of which we should not expect it to affect the Postmaster
+General's report for the year ending 31st March, 1857, yet we find<!-- Page 62 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>
+this report dated 30th September, 1857, thus including the year and a half
+from 1st April, 1856. Among other items of interest in this report we find
+the <span class="nobreak">following:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>There is very material economy of labor to the Department in
+dealing with letters pre-paid by stamp as compared with letters on
+which the postage is collected in money, as well as a manifest gain
+to the public, in the increased facilities which pre-payment by stamp
+enables the Post Office to afford for posting and delivering letters
+so pre-paid.</p>
+
+<p>It is gratifying, therefore, to observe that the use of stamps is
+gradually gaining ground, encouraging as it does the hope that it
+may be found practicable and expedient ere long to make prepayment
+by stamp the prevailing rule in Canada, as it has for some time
+been in the United Kingdom, in France, and in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>A reduction in the charge of Book Post Packets, when not exceeding
+4 oz., in weight between Canada and the United Kingdom,
+of one half the former rate has been made.</p>
+
+<p>To facilitate the pre-payment of letters passing from Canada
+to England by the Canadian steamers, a new stamp bearing value at
+6 pence sterling, or 7&frac12; pence currency, being the Canadian Packet
+rate, has been secured and put in circulation.</p>
+
+<p>A new stamp has also been introduced of the value of one halfpenny
+to serve as the medium for prepaying transient Newspapers.</p></div>
+
+<p>The above is the only reference we have to the issue of the 7&frac12;d. stamp.
+The accounts for the fiscal year ending 30th September, 1857, contain the
+following <span class="nobreak">item:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Rawdon, Wright and Co., Postage Stamps, £165.9.6"</p></div>
+
+<p>which must include the cost of dies and plates for the two new values. There
+is no record of the date of issue of the 7&frac12;d. stamp, as far as our research
+has gone. The London Society's work<a name="FNanchor_50" id="FNanchor_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> gives it as June 2, 1857, but upon
+what authority is not stated. It will be recalled that a stamp of this value
+was suggested, in company with the 10d., in the Postmaster General's report
+for 31st March, 1854, as being the reduced rate granted in that same month
+on letters sent "direct from a Provincial Port, Quebec or Halifax," to England.
+The <i>Halifax Philatelist</i> states:<a name="FNanchor_51" id="FNanchor_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a>&mdash;"This stamp was rendered necessary
+on account of the contract between the Canadian Government and the Allan
+Line of Steamers in regard to carrying the mails, and by which contract the
+postage was reduced." It hardly seems to have been very "necessary" when
+it took three years at least to bring the Postmaster General's suggestion to<!-- Page 63 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>
+a realization. Besides, the Allan Line steamers began their service over a
+year before the appearance of the stamp, and the rate it represented had
+even then been in force for two years, nor was it reduced for many years
+thereafter.</p>
+
+<p>The Postmaster General's Report for 1856 <span class="nobreak">says:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The month of May, 1856, was marked by the first voyage to the St.
+Lawrence of the line of Canadian Mail Steamers, under the contract
+between Mr. Hugh Allan of Montreal, and the Provincial Government.
+These vessels have performed the service for which they
+were bound, with laudable punctuality, and have crossed the Atlantic
+at an average speed which compares successfully with the performances
+of the steamers of the Cunard and Collins lines from New
+York and Boston.</p></div>
+
+<p>The average time of passage is given as&mdash;Westward, 12 days, 20&frac12;
+hours; Eastward, 11 days, 2 hours.</p>
+
+<p>The design of the stamp was simply adapted from that of the discarded
+12d. stamp, as will readily be seen from the illustration (No. 5 on <a href="#Plate_I">Plate I</a>).
+The inscriptions were changed to CANADA PACKET POSTAGE, which
+of course referred to the fast mail steamers then known as "packets," and
+not to any "parcel post" as is sometimes erroneously stated; and SIX
+PENCE STERLING, a new departure in labeling a Canadian stamp. Like
+the 10d. that preceded it, however, the corresponding values were inserted
+in the spandrels, "6d. stg." in the left hand pair and "7&frac12;d. cy." in the right
+hand pair. The stamp is generally listed under its "currency" value to
+conform with the rest of the set and avoid confusion with the regular "six
+pence" stamp. The normal color of the stamp is a dark green.</p>
+
+<p>The 7&frac12;d. stamp is known to have been arranged on the plate for printing
+sheets of 120 stamps, ten rows of twelve stamps each, this being to facilitate
+the reckoning in English money. The eight marginal imprints appeared
+as on the other values. There was but one supply received,
+on the first order, of 100,080 stamps which, if we divide by 120, gives an
+even 834 sheets. Now, if we but glance back at the first supply received of
+the 10d. stamp<a name="FNanchor_52" id="FNanchor_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> we find exactly the same number, evenly divisible by 120
+but not by 100. The second supply of the 10d. stamp works out in exactly
+the same way,&mdash;72,120 makes an even 601 sheets at 120 per sheet. Is it not
+probable to suppose, therefore, in the absence of entire sheets or horizontal<!-- Page 64 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>
+rows of the 10d. stamp, that the latter was also printed in sheets of 120, as previously
+suggested, instead of sheets of 100 as stated in Mr. King's article?<a name="FNanchor_53" id="FNanchor_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a></p>
+
+<p>When the issue of the decimal stamps took place, on July 1, 1859, there
+were 17,670 of the 7&frac12;d. stamps on hand, so that the total issue of this
+value was 82,410 copies.</p>
+
+<p>As will be gathered from Mr. Brouse's paper, which we quoted in connection
+with the 10d. stamp, a similar variation in the width of the oval is
+to be found in the case of the 7&frac12;d. stamp, but the extremes are not so great
+and it is therefore not so noticeable. A glance at the table of measurements<a name="FNanchor_54" id="FNanchor_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a>
+will show that the variation in width is confined to a half millimeter and that
+in height to practically the same amount. Of course the discussion and conclusions
+detailed at length under the 10d. stamp apply with equal force in
+the present instance, and the fact that the 7&frac12;d. stamp is not found on the
+very thin paper probably accounts for the lack of extreme variations. It
+was printed upon paper of the same kind as used for the 10d., but only on
+the medium and thicker qualities. A pair of the stamps in juxtaposition,
+showing the wide oval and the narrow oval, will be found as numbers 67 and
+68 respectively on <a href="#Plate_IV">Plate IV</a>.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>The last&mdash;and also least&mdash;of the pence issues was the half-penny stamp.
+There had been a need for this value since the introduction of stamps, for
+there were several rates that were impossible to make up with the denominations
+that were issued and which therefore had to be paid in money. Among
+these were the &frac12;d. charge on newspapers from 1851 to 1855, the same
+charge per ounce on magazines and books during the entire period, the &frac12;d.
+and 1d. carrier's fees, the 1d. rate on circulars and on soldier's letters, and
+the several 7&frac12;d. rates for letters and for the book post with England. But
+the Act last quoted,<a name="FNanchor_55" id="FNanchor_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> which restored a charge on transient newspapers, seems
+to have been the direct cause of the belated issue of the half-penny stamp.
+The circular announcing its issue is as follows:<a name="FNanchor_56" id="FNanchor_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>POSTAGE ON NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 19.5em;"><span class="smcap">Post Office Department</span>,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 21.5em;"><span class="smcap">Toronto</span>, 18th July, 1857.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Under the Post Office Law of last Session, taking effect from 1st.
+August, 1857, Newspapers printed and published in Canada, and<!-- Page 65 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>
+mailed direct from Office of Publication, will pass free of Canadian
+Postage.</p>
+
+<p>Periodicals so printed, published, and mailed when specially devoted
+to Religious and to General Education, to Agriculture, or Temperance,
+or to any branch of Science, will pass free from any one
+Post-Office to another within the Province.</p>
+
+<p>Transient and re-mailed Papers and Periodicals will pass by Post
+if pre-paid by Postage stamp&mdash;one halfpenny on each Newspaper,
+and on each Periodical, one halfpenny, if not exceeding 3 oz., in
+weight, and 2d. if over 3 oz.</p>
+
+<p>Postage Stamps of the value of one halfpenny each will be sold
+to the public at all the principal Post Offices (including all Money
+Order Offices), with a discount of 5 per cent upon purchases of not
+less than twenty stamps, and will be available in prepayment of
+Newspapers and Periodicals, and of Drop and Town Letters.</p>
+
+<p>R. SPENCE, <i>Postmaster-General</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>The London Society's work gives the date of issue of the &frac12;d. value
+as 18th July, 1857, and it is clearly seen from the preceding notice where
+the date was obtained. But it is more likely that the stamp was issued on
+1st. August, the day the new rates took effect.</p>
+
+<p>The new stamp was very plain, as will be seen from the illustration,
+No. 4 on <a href="#Plate_I">Plate I</a>. The profile head of Queen Victoria was quite evidently
+taken from the head on the British penny stamp. The usual inscription,
+CANADA POSTAGE, occupies the upper part of the oval frame, and
+ONE HALF PENNY the lower part, but the value is not expressed by
+numerals in the corners, as on all the other stamps of the issue, the spandrels
+being merely filled in with a reticulated pattern. The stamp was printed
+in sheets of 100, ten rows of ten, with the eight marginal imprints as described
+for the series of 1851.</p>
+
+<p>The tables of statistics in the Postmaster General's reports give the
+number of &frac12;d. stamps received previous to 1st. October, 1857, as 1,341,600;
+during the next fiscal year 1,258,920 were received; and between 1st. October,
+1858 and 30th June, 1859, when they were superseded, 850,100 more arrived,
+making a total stock of 3,450,620. The balance on hand when the decimal
+series was issued was 60,660, which makes the total issue of the &frac12;d. stamp
+3,389,960.</p>
+
+<p>The normal color of the stamp is a deep rose. It is found printed on a
+soft ribbed paper, with the ribbing both horizontal and vertical, as well as
+on the ordinary hard white wove paper of this issue in both the thin and thicker
+qualities.<!-- Page 66 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The London Society's work has the following remarks:<a name="FNanchor_57" id="FNanchor_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Two <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">soi-disant</i> provisionals have been chronicled; viz., the Halfpenny
+surcharged in black&mdash;one with an Arabic numeral "1," and the
+other with "8d. STG." The Society can furnish no information concerning
+these two stamps; but supposing the surcharges to be genuine,
+they are probably only notifications of insufficient postage
+applied after the letters were posted.</p></div>
+
+<p>We find that the original chronicle of these varieties was in <i>Le Timbre-Poste</i>
+in 1869. Concerning them M. Moens writes as <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Un de nos correspondants nous annonce qu'il possède un timbre
+rose &frac12; penny, surchargé de la marque: 8 <i>d. stg.</i> Cette émission,
+provisoire sans doute, doit être le résultat de la penurie momentanée
+de timbres 10 pence, dans un ou plusieurs bureaux secondaires.<a name="FNanchor_58" id="FNanchor_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>And in the next issue of the <span class="nobreak">paper:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">On nous a montré le &frac12; p. rose, non dentélé, surchargé en noir,
+du chiffre 1, de 20 mm. environ et placé dans le sens horizontal.
+C'est probablement encore un timbre émis provisoirement, pour une
+raison qui nous échappe, le 1 penny n'ayant jamais existé. Quant
+au timbre dont nous avons parlé le mois dernier, le chiffre 8 et la
+lettre S ont pour dimension 16 mm.<a name="FNanchor_59" id="FNanchor_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>We think all idea of a "surcharge" can be at once dismissed, as the raising
+of the value, particularly to 8d., would be a very foolish and doubtless
+wholly unnecessary proceeding, and certainly some record of such procedure
+would have been found ere this. The impressions were probably from rating
+stamps that were accidentally struck on the postage stamps, or possibly used
+purposely as cancellations.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>The report of the Postmaster General for the 30th Sept. 1858, notes
+the fact that previous to 1854 all newspapers were rated at &frac12;d. each, but in
+that year were granted free transmission. Concerning the new regulations
+it <span class="nobreak">continues:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In pursuance of the Act of 1857, limiting free transmission to
+such as are posted directly from the office of publication, a halfpenny
+rate, pre-payable by postage stamps, has been taken since 1st.
+August, 1857 on all transient newspapers&mdash;that is, papers posted by
+individuals other than the Publishers.</p></div>
+<p><!-- Page 67 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The same report <span class="nobreak">states:&mdash;</span>"The Department has, from 1st. January, 1859,
+put in operation an arrangement for the conveyance of Parcel Packets between
+any two Post Offices in Canada with the ordinary mails." The charge
+was fixed at 1s. 3d. per pound with a maximum weight of two pounds, and
+prepayment was enforced.</p>
+
+<p>In the Department accounts we find the <span class="nobreak">following:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">Rawdon, Wright, Hatch &amp; Co., Supply of letter and newspaper stamps</td><td align="right">£99.6.6</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>which was simply a printing bill. The last payment for the pence issue of
+stamps appears in the report for 30th Sept., 1859, and is for the deliveries
+during the nine months from 30th. Sept. 1858 to 30th June, 1859, when the
+pence stamps were retired. The charge is given in decimal <span class="nobreak">currency:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">Rawdon, Wright &amp; Co., supply of letter and newspaper stamps</td><td align="right">$238.69</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The report for 1858 gives an interesting table showing the growth of
+the postal business by decades for the thirty years previous. The remarkable
+increase during the last period, within which the Province assumed control
+and the use of stamps was introduced, is to be <span class="nobreak">noted:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><th align="center">Year</th><th align="right">Number of <br />P. Offices</th><th align="right">Miles of <br />P. Routes</th><th align="right">Gross <br />Postage</th><th align="right">Letters <br />Annually</th><th align="right">Newspapers <br />Annually</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1828</td><td align="right">101</td><td align="right">2,368</td><td align="right">£15,000</td><td align="right">340,000</td><td align="right">400,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1838</td><td align="right">380</td><td align="right">5,486</td><td align="right">35,000</td><td align="right">1,000,000</td><td align="right">1,250,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1848</td><td align="right">539</td><td align="right">6,985</td><td align="right">65,000</td><td align="right">2,000,000</td><td align="right">3,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1858</td><td align="right">1,566</td><td align="right">13,600</td><td align="right">151,000</td><td align="right">9,800,000</td><td align="right">13,500,000</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The year 1859 brings us to the end of the pence issues, but before leaving
+them there is still one more question to consider, that of the perforated
+varieties, which will form the subject of the next chapter.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33" id="Footnote_33"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> 14<sup>o</sup> &amp; 15<sup>o</sup> Vict., cap. LXXI, sec. 12.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34" id="Footnote_34"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> This is explained in the report for 1853 as being "a clerical error for 71,726."</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35" id="Footnote_35"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, XVII: 83.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36" id="Footnote_36"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VII: 9.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37" id="Footnote_37"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Philatelic Record, X: 50.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38" id="Footnote_38"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> London Philatelist, III: 34.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39" id="Footnote_39"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> The Stamp Collectors' Magazine, II: 191.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40" id="Footnote_40"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> The Philatelist, IX: 10.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41" id="Footnote_41"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> A Catalogue for Collectors, page 39.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42" id="Footnote_42"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> Le Timbre-Poste, Numéro Jubilaire, page XXXV.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43" id="Footnote_43"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Philatelic Record, XI: 71.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44" id="Footnote_44"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> Postage Stamps, &amp;c., of British India and Ceylon, page 69.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45" id="Footnote_45"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Philatelic Record, XI: 158.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46" id="Footnote_46"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Canada Stamp Sheet, IV: 173.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47" id="Footnote_47"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_54">page 54</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48" id="Footnote_48"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_56">page 56</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49" id="Footnote_49"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_50">page 50</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50" id="Footnote_50"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> The Postage Stamps, etc., of the North American Colonies of Great Britain, page 14.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51" id="Footnote_51"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Halifax Philatelist, II: 74.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52" id="Footnote_52"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_51">page 51</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53" id="Footnote_53"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VII: 8.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54" id="Footnote_54"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_54">page 54</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55" id="Footnote_55"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> See pages <a href="#Page_60">60</a>-<a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56" id="Footnote_56"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Canada Stamp Sheet, IV: 184.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57" id="Footnote_57"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> The Stamps, etc., of the North American Colonies of Great Britain, page 14.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58" id="Footnote_58"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Le Timbre-Poste, VII: 82.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59" id="Footnote_59"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> ibid. VII: 94.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<p><!-- Page 68 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV<br />
+<br />
+THE PERFORATED PENCE ISSUES</h2>
+
+
+<p>The perforated series of the pence issues of Canada furnishes another one
+of those knotty problems for which these stamps are noted. The first intimation
+of the improvement that was announced officially appears in the
+Report of the Postmaster General for 30th September, 1857, in these <span class="nobreak">words:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Moreover, the Department has been led, by the increasing use of
+Postage Stamps, to take measures for obtaining the Canadian Postage
+Stamps on sheets perforated in the dividing lines, in the manner
+adopted in England, to facilitate the separation of a single stamp
+from the others on a sheet when required for use.</p></div>
+
+<p>One would naturally suppose that the stamps would be ordered in this
+condition from the manufacturers, and we think they were; but no further
+light is thrown upon the matter by the Reports, and other facts that persist
+in intruding themselves have given rise to a theory that the Department either
+bought perforating machines of its own and operated upon the stock on hand,
+or engaged some local concern to perforate the stock in question. This <i>might</i>
+have been done, but if so why were the 7&frac12; and 10 pence stamps omitted?
+Again, had such been the case, it is passing strange that the &frac12; penny, issued
+unperforated but two months before the date of the report, should be approximately
+twice as common in that state as perforated. In the case of the 3d.,
+taking stock on hand the 30th September, 1857, and subsequent deliveries,
+two-fifths of the entire issue should have been perforated, which would make
+the latter stamps almost as common as the earlier issues; while in the case
+of the 6d., under similar conditions, almost the same ratio holds, the figures
+being a trifle more in favor of the perforated series. This does not conform
+with facts at all, and it can hardly be explained by supposing that a relatively
+small stock of but three values was operated upon in 1857 and the improvement
+then dropped for a couple of years.</p>
+
+<p>For further proof of the incorrectness of this theory we think the following
+fact speaks for itself. Appended to each Postmaster General's Report
+are various tables of expenditures. One of these statements is headed:<!-- Page 69 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Sums paid in discharge of Tradesmen's Bills," and in it are found the
+amounts paid to various parties named for all kinds of supplies furnished
+the Department. This is where the payments to the engravers of the stamps
+appear, as well as items for cancelling stamps, post-marks, etc. Now a careful
+examination of all items for the years 1857, 1858 and 1859 fails to disclose
+any payment either for purchase of a perforating machine or for having
+the stamps perforated by outside parties. This may be "negative evidence"
+but we feel that it has its due weight.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, we find at least two other perforations on stamps of this
+issue besides the regulation gauge 12, which has made it appear to some that
+the Department might have experimented with means of separation before
+settling definitely on the type adopted. The stamp operated upon was the
+3d., probably as being the most commonly employed value, which would
+naturally be the case were the perforations the efforts of private parties. The
+first "irregular" perforation was listed by Major Evans<a name="FNanchor_60" id="FNanchor_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> as gauging 13, and
+the London Society's work lists it as well, probably following the earlier catalog.
+But Messrs. Corwin and King state:<a name="FNanchor_61" id="FNanchor_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a>&mdash;"This perforation is totally unknown
+in America, and we doubt its existence." Neither the Pack nor the Worthington
+collection contains a copy and we think it can be passed by.</p>
+
+<p>The next perforation is of gauge 14, and this is well known though of
+extreme rarity. Messrs. Corwin and King did not know of over twenty specimens
+in 1891. We are fortunate in being able to illustrate a fine used pair
+on piece of cover from the Pack collection as No. 128 on <a href="#Plate_XIII">Plate XIII</a>. Most
+unfortunately, however, as will be noted, some vandal cut the cover, though
+perhaps unwittingly, just so as to destroy most of the postmark and thus lose
+forever the date and place of mailing. Messrs. Corwin and King state:<a name="FNanchor_62" id="FNanchor_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>We have lately seen a pair of 3d. perf. 14, upon the original
+cover, but which, unfortunately, presents a most indistinct dating
+stamp, and, although endorsed by the recipient with date of writing,
+May 30, date of receipt and date of reply, all three year dates are
+so indistinctly written that one is unable to tell whether it is 1857 or
+1859, although we think the former was the date. Should this be
+the case it would seem as though the perf. 14 and another curious
+perforation just discovered ... were experimental, or provisional,
+pending the receipt from the makers of those perf. 12. Most of the
+few stamps perf. 14 which we have seen, appear cut on one or more<!-- Page 70 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>
+sides with the shears, as though the users were not familiar with the
+advantages of perforation as a means of separating the stamps, and adhering
+in a measure to the old methods. This is one of the reasons
+which lead us to believe that these stamps, perf. 14, were issued
+before those perf. 12, because the latter are almost invariably separated
+by tearing apart as is proper.... The writer has in his collection
+seven copies of the 3d. perf. 14, and of these four specimens
+show double perforation on one or more sides. It is a rare occurrence
+when a double perforation is found upon any of the stamps so treated
+by the American Bank Note Co. or their predecessors, and when we
+find four out of seven specimens in that condition, we are justified
+in stating that these stamps, gauging 14, were never perforated
+by the makers.</p></div>
+
+<p>In another part of the article just quoted is the following:<a name="FNanchor_63" id="FNanchor_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The American Bank Note Co. and Rawdon, Wright, Hatch and Edson,
+their predecessors, have never, according to official information
+from them, employed any other gauge than 12, in fact they call 12
+their standard and only perforation. Allowing that they did perforate
+the ones found perf. 12 (which are the rule, while those perf.
+14 are the exception), then those perf. 14 must have been certainly
+operated upon elsewhere than in the shops of the Bank Note Co.,
+where this perforation is unknown.</p></div>
+
+<p>From all the foregoing we can seem to make but one deduction for the
+3d. perforated 14 and that is&mdash;unofficial. The dated cover, if 1859, would
+be but a month before the issue of the decimal stamps, and the regular "perf.
+12" stamps were plentifully supplied at that time. It would therefore seem
+that the date must have been 1857, as suggested, which would have been well
+ahead of the appearance of the "perf. 12" issues as we shall see later. Then
+the fact that the manufacturers cannot be held responsible for this perforation,
+and the Department accounts furnish no item of expenditure directly
+traceable to such work, make it seem wholly probable that it was done by
+private parties for their own or customers' convenience.</p>
+
+<p>The "curious perforation" alluded to as just discovered was announced
+by the Scott Stamp &amp; Coin Co. as follows:<a name="FNanchor_64" id="FNanchor_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Canada.</span>&mdash;In a large lot of pence issues purchased by us lately,
+we have found two copies of 3 pence on grayish wove paper perforated
+13 with oblique parallel cuts. This seems to confirm the theory that
+the pence issues of Canada were not perforated by the manufacturers,
+but either by the Canadian Government or by some persons authorized
+by them, who most likely experimented with different perforating
+machines, finally selecting the one perforating 12.</p></div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 71 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>With regard to the deductions given, we think that what we have already
+presented concerning the unofficial character of the gauge 14 perforation
+applies with even more force in the present instance, and we unhesitatingly
+put these two curios in the "privately perforated" class.</p>
+
+<p>Messrs. Corwin and King give further details as follows:<a name="FNanchor_65" id="FNanchor_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>As one of them has passed into the possession of the writer, we
+are able to particularize somewhat with reference to this particular
+perforation.... Our specimen is from the bottom of the sheet, or else
+the shears have been used, so that we find the perforation as it originally
+existed between each stamp, before separation. This perforation
+consists of oblique <i>curved</i> parallel cuts; they are not straight, but
+show a very decided curve from right to left, looking at the face of
+the stamp. The other sides of our specimen present, having been
+torn from the stamp on either side, a very well defined saw-tooth
+perforation, very much like that found on the Bremen stamps, but
+much coarser, clearly gauging 13. It occurs to us that, perhaps, this
+is the 13 perforation listed by the London Society, although, had
+a specimen been before the society when the reference list was compiled,
+the peculiarity of this style of perforation would surely have
+been noted by them.</p></div>
+
+<p>To return to the general subject, Mr. Donald A. King in his own article
+says:<a name="FNanchor_66" id="FNanchor_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>It is an open question whether these stamps were delivered to
+the Canadian Post Office Department in a perforated condition or
+not. The manufacturers are wholly unable to throw any light on
+the subject; and while there is much to be said in favor of their
+having perforated the stamps, there are points against it almost as
+strong. In favor of it there is the fact that, at the date that these
+stamps were issued, it was more than probable that a firm like the
+manufacturers would have perforating machines. The normal gauge
+of the perforated set is 12, that being the only size of perforation
+ever used by the manufacturers, or their successors, the American
+Bank Note Company; indeed, they call 12 their standard and only
+gauge.</p></div>
+
+<p>The stamps in issue from the time of the announcement of perforation
+in the Report of 1857, to the appearance of the decimal stamps in 1859, were
+the &frac12;d., 3d., 6d., 7&frac12;d., and 10d. values, but only the first three appeared
+with perforations. The first supply of the 10d. stamp, as we know, was
+received in January 1855, and was naturally unperforated. The first and<!-- Page 72 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>
+only supply of the 7&frac12;d. stamp was received probably in the second quarter
+of 1857, and these were all unperforated. The first supply of the &frac12;d. stamp
+was doubtless delivered about midsummer of 1857, and these were evidently
+all unperforated. The other supplies received in the fiscal year of 1857 were
+300,000 of the 3d. in September 1856, and the same number again in March
+1857, together with the 50,078 of the 6d.<a name="FNanchor_67" id="FNanchor_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> Evidently these were still in the
+unperforated class, as they were delivered before either the 7&frac12;d. or &frac12;d.
+supplies. We must therefore look to the supplies delivered <i>after</i> the 30th
+September, 1857, as a basis for reckoning up the perforated series. The
+values and quantities given in the stamp accounts (already quoted) are as
+<span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><th align="left"></th><th align="center">&frac12;d.</th><th align="center">3d.</th><th align="center">6d.</th><th align="center">10d.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Rec'd, yr. ending 30th Sept. 1858</td><td align="right">1,258,920</td><td align="right">900,000</td><td align="right">100,000</td><td align="right">72,120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Rec'd. half-yr. end'g 30th June, 1859</td><td align="right">850,100</td><td align="right">449,900</td><td align="right">70,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in2">Total,</td><td align="right" class="bt">2,109,020</td><td align="right" class="bt">1,349,900</td><td align="right" class="bt">170,000</td><td align="right" class="bt">72,120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Balance on hand 30th June, 1859 (destroyed)</td><td align="right">60,660</td><td align="right">21,700</td><td align="right">17,578</td><td align="right">31,200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Issued</td><td align="right" class="bt">2,048,360</td><td align="right" class="bt">1,328,200</td><td align="right" class="bt">152,422</td><td align="right" class="bt">40,920</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The first thing that confronts us here is a second supply of the 10d.
+stamp in this supposed "perforated period," over half of which was issued
+for sale, and yet the 10d. stamp is practically unknown in a perforated
+condition! We say practically, because the London Society's work<a name="FNanchor_68" id="FNanchor_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a>
+remarks:&mdash;"The Seven Pence Halfpenny, green, and Ten Pence, blue, perforated,
+exist in the collection of a well known Parisian collector. The
+authenticity, however, of the perforations appears to be doubtful." We think
+it is more than doubtful, as it is practically certain that neither value was
+ever issued in this condition. Messrs. Corwin and King state:<a name="FNanchor_69" id="FNanchor_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a>&mdash;"We agree
+with the Society in doubting the authenticity of the 7&frac12;d. and 10 pence, perforated,
+as these stamps, thus treated, have never been seen in America, nor
+can anything be ascertained from the makers of the Stamps or the Canadian
+Post Office Department concerning them." The last statement is hardly
+convincing, for neither party referred to can give any more information concerning
+the other three values that we know <i>were</i> issued. We can heartily<!-- Page 73 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>
+subscribe to the next remark, however:&mdash;"We have no hesitation in pronouncing
+them impostors."</p>
+
+<p>The date usually assigned to the appearance of the perforated stamps
+is January 1858. The London Society gave simply "1857," which is apparently
+set down merely because they have just quoted the announcement from
+the Postmaster General's Report for that year. Evans and Moens, in their
+catalogs, both name the date as November 1858. Unfortunately no more
+authoritative statement has been found, except that in Messrs. Corwin and
+King's article<a name="FNanchor_70" id="FNanchor_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> they say "Mr. Hooper positively states that it took place in January,
+1858." Mr. John R. Hooper was at that time [1890] connected with the
+Canadian Post Office Department at Ottawa and took pains to look up much
+information for the above-mentioned gentlemen. His reasons for the "positive
+statement" are not given, and inasmuch as he is quoted elsewhere as
+saying that "the records of the Post Office Department are silent as to where
+this perforation was performed and by whom,"<a name="FNanchor_71" id="FNanchor_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> and also seems a little uncertain
+in some other details, we feel that further confirmation is needed.</p>
+
+<p>In our table above we have given the supplies received after the 30th
+September, 1857, and deducted the remainders so as to have the actual number
+issued. The 10d. has already proved a stumbling block, for it was not perforated
+at all! Next we find the 6d. to the number of 150,000, when the
+total issue, including the laid paper, was but 400,000; yet the catalog value
+of the imperforates is some $6 for each variety, and of the perforated stamp
+at least $30! Can anyone doubt that all these 150,000 6d. stamps were <i>not</i>
+perforated? In the case of the 3d. we have one and a third millions to compare
+with a total issue of three and a half millions&mdash;about a third in the
+supposed perforated class. Yet the catalog value of the latter is $2.50
+against 36 cents for the wove paper imperforate alone. With the &frac12;d. stamp
+there are two millions against a total of three and a third millions, or about
+two to one in favor of the supposed perforated stamps, yet the latter are double
+the catalog price of the former! The only conclusion to be drawn from
+these regularly appearing inconsistencies in each value is that all the supplies
+after 30th September, 1857 were <i>not</i> perforated, as the 10d. stamp very glaringly
+intimates!</p>
+
+<p>If this be so, is it not possible that the order to perforate new supplies
+was given to the manufacturers much later than has hitherto been thought to<!-- Page 74 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>
+be the case? It hardly seems likely that this improvement would be ordered
+for a few supplies and then dropped, only to reappear a year and a half later
+as a permanent feature of the new set. Once adopted it was more than likely
+to be retained.</p>
+
+<p>Let us see, then, just for curiosity's sake, what the supplies of the last
+six months of issue yield us for data. For the &frac12;d. we find 850,000, roughly,
+with 60,000 remainders. Call it 800,000 issued which, if perforated, would
+be a quarter of the total issue of &frac12;d. stamps, or a ratio to the imperforates
+of one to three. This is not so far away from the catalog ratio of two to one
+(inversely, of course) in the value of the perforated stamps. With the 3d.
+stamp we have 450,000, roughly, with 20,000 remainders, say 430,000 issued.
+Of a total issue of 3,500,000 this represents one-eighth, or a ratio of one to
+seven. The inverse ratio of seven to one for catalog value comes pretty close
+when we compare $2.50 with 36 cents! In the case of the 6d. there are
+70,000 less 17,500 remainders, or 52,500. This is approximately one-eighth
+the total issue of 400,000, or again a ratio of one to seven. The inverse ratio
+of seven to one for a catalog value would make the perforated stamp list $42
+with the imperforate at $6. But both laid and wove paper 6d. stamps list at
+approximately $6, whereas if all had been issued on but one variety of paper
+we might find perhaps a single list price of say $4. With this as a basis, the
+catalog value of $30 for the perforated 6d. is in as close agreement with our
+supposition as are the others. And, best of all, the second supply of the 10d.
+stamp is disposed of without any difficulty whatever under this hypothesis!</p>
+
+<p>It may be argued that reasoning thus from catalog prices is too uncertain
+to prove of value. Granted in many cases. But here is an issue from fifty
+to sixty years old; the stamps were regularly used in increasing numbers
+during their years of issue; they have always been popular and eagerly collected,
+so that the stock in existence has been pretty well handled and pretty
+well distributed. Under these conditions the catalog prices should by this
+time reflect fairly accurately the <i>relative</i> rarity of the main varieties of each
+stamp at least; and it is this relative rarity that we are after in order to approximate
+the original supplies of the main varieties. The result is certainly of
+more than mere interest, the agreement being such that we are tempted to
+lay down the following propositions in regard to the perforated stamps for
+further proof or <span class="nobreak">disproof:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p><i>First.</i> The regular perforation (gauge 12) was done by the manufac<!-- Page 75 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>turers
+and applied to the last requisitions previous to the change to decimal
+stamps.</p>
+
+<p><i>Second.</i> The date of the supposed issue of the perforated stamps should
+be changed from January 1858, to November 1858 or January 1859.</p>
+
+<p><i>Third.</i> The quantities of perforated stamps issued are placed approximately
+at:&mdash;&frac12;d., 789,440; 3d., 428,200; 6d., 52,422.</p>
+
+<p>In further support of the above postulates, we must say that every cover
+bearing any one of the three perforated stamps which we have been able
+to get a satisfactory date from has been postmarked in <i>1859</i>! Not one has
+yet been seen which bore a date in 1858 even, and one 6d. from the Seybold
+collection, which was dated at Brantford, Dec. 29, 1857, turned out to be bad.
+Of course perforated pence stamps are hard to find on original covers, but it
+is curious that so far not one has upset the theory we have laid down.</p>
+
+<p>There is one point left which perhaps needs some attention. The London
+Society's work lists a 6d. on <i>laid</i> paper, perforated 12, and Mr. King has
+followed by including it in his reference list. This would imply that the
+Canadian Government had perforated its stock on hand, in which might be a
+few remainders of the early laid paper issue, and naturally would go far toward
+confirming that view of the origin of the perforated series. But this stamp
+seems to be an unknown quantity, almost as much so as the 3d. "perforated
+13" of Major Evans' Catalogue. Mr. Pack says:<a name="FNanchor_72" id="FNanchor_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a>&mdash;"I have never heard of
+the 6d. perforated, on laid paper. It is catalogued in the Society's publication,
+but a copy, so far as I can learn, has never been seen in Canada or in the
+United States."</p>
+
+<p>We have been interested to track this stamp, and have apparently found
+the original located in the Tapling collection, now housed at the British Museum.
+In a catalog of the Canadian portion of this collection by Gordon
+Smith,<a name="FNanchor_73" id="FNanchor_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> we find two unused copies listed on <i>laid</i> paper, one marked "perf. 12"
+and the other "forged perf." The sequel is found in the <i>American Journal of
+Philately</i> for 1891<a name="FNanchor_74" id="FNanchor_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> in the following <span class="nobreak">note:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>There is no longer any mystery in regard to the origin of that
+<i>great rarity</i>! the perforated 6 pence on laid paper, these stamps
+having been perforated for four or five years in the shops of Messrs.
+Benjamin Sarpy &amp; Co., Cullum street, London, who openly boast of
+having manufactured and sold those in the collection of the late Hon.
+T. K. Tapling and other prominent collectors.</p></div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 76 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>The paper upon which the perforated pence series is found seems to give
+further confirmation to the theory that they came from but one or possibly two
+printings. Outside of the two lower values on ribbed paper, which are rare,
+the series seems to be entirely on a hard, white wove paper, varying in thickness
+from a medium to a thicker quality, which is in every way similar to the
+paper employed for the succeeding cents issue. On the thin ribbed paper the
+London Society (1889) and Messrs. Corwin and King (1891) list the &frac12;d.
+stamp, but this is not found in the catalog of the Tapling collection already
+referred to, nor in the Pack or Worthington collections; we have therefore
+listed it with a query. The 3d. stamp we have seen, however, and Mr. Pack
+says it "is a scarce stamp even in used condition, but in unused condition I
+find it one of the great rarities of Canada."<a name="FNanchor_75" id="FNanchor_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></p>
+
+<p>As noted under Chapter II,<a name="FNanchor_76" id="FNanchor_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> the use of split stamps was not usual, as in
+Nova Scotia, but Mr. King chronicles the 6d. perforated, in dark violet, split
+diagonally and used as a 3d. in like manner to its unperforated predecessor.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60" id="Footnote_60"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> A Catalogue for Collectors, page 33.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61" id="Footnote_61"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 226.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62" id="Footnote_62"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> ibid. I: 275.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63" id="Footnote_63"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 226.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64" id="Footnote_64"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> American Journal of Philately, 2d. Series, IV: 23.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65" id="Footnote_65"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 277.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66" id="Footnote_66"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VII: 9.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67" id="Footnote_67"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, XVII: 83.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68" id="Footnote_68"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> North American Colonies of Great Britain, page 15.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69" id="Footnote_69"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 226.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70" id="Footnote_70"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 275.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71" id="Footnote_71"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> ibid. I: 226.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72" id="Footnote_72"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> London Philatelist, XVI: 144.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73" id="Footnote_73"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> The Stamp News, X: 43.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74" id="Footnote_74"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> American Journal of Philately, 2d. Series, IV: 365.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75" id="Footnote_75"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> London Philatelist, XVI: 144.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76" id="Footnote_76"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_32">page 32</a>.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<p><!-- Page 77 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V<br />
+<br />
+THE CANCELLATIONS OF THE EARLY ISSUES</h2>
+
+
+<p>A rather interesting study, particularly for the collector of entires,
+is that of postmarks and cancellations, and sometimes much assistance
+in the solution of knotty questions is rendered by these often
+despised and neglected adjuncts to the proper use of postage stamps.</p>
+
+<p>The early cancellations of Canada have been the subject of some attention,
+more so, in fact, than the postmarks, as they were required to be used on the
+stamps while the postmark was struck on the cover, where the date and place
+of mailing would be plainly visible. In one of the early volumes of reports
+it is stated that "Office Stamps and Seals were supplied from England on
+21st July, 1851." It is presumed that this included postmarks and cancellations.</p>
+
+<p>It will be remembered, perhaps, that in the circular announcing the issue
+of stamps in 1851<a name="FNanchor_77" id="FNanchor_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> it was ordered that "Stamps so affixed are to be immediately
+<i>cancelled</i> ... with an instrument to be furnished for that purpose." The first
+one so supplied was the "concentric rings" cancellation, consisting of seven
+concentric circles and having an outer diameter of 18 mm. This is the most
+common of all, being found from the very earliest dates down to 1870, at
+least, as it occurs on the early shades of the "small" cents issue. It was generally
+struck in black ink, but may occasionally be found in a dull blue. A
+good illustration of this cancellation is seen on the cover numbered 90 on
+<a href="#Plate_VI">Plate VI</a>.</p>
+
+<p>By 1855, at least, a modified form of the concentric ring cancellation
+was introduced. This had a number in the center in large figures, some 8 mm.
+high, with four concentric circles enclosing it, the outside diameter being about
+23 mm. This type was generally struck in black, but is sometimes found in
+a dull blue also. It can be seen on the strip of stamps numbered 81 on Plate
+V. The numbers, of course, were placed in the cancellations with a definite
+purpose, and a little study of entire covers shows that certain numbers were<!-- Page 78 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>
+assigned to certain post offices, as might be suspected. Number 21, for instance,
+is the most common one and will be found to be connected with Montreal.
+Further study will reveal the fact that the names of the post offices
+were taken in alphabetical order, and the numbers assigned to them consecutively
+in that way. Still further inspection develops the fact that most of
+the post offices were those in Upper Canada (or Canada West), while but a
+few of the most important ones were included from Lower Canada (or Canada
+East.)</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Edgar Nelton seems first to have made a study of these numbers in
+an attempt to identify their corresponding post offices, and he published a list
+of some twenty-two as the result of his examination of many original covers.<a name="FNanchor_78" id="FNanchor_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a>
+The numbers run up to 52 at least, and using the facts that we have deduced
+concerning the arrangement of the names, we have endeavored to fill out his
+skeleton list with such offices as it seems possible may yet be identified with the
+corresponding numbers. We have done this with some assurance for the following
+<span class="nobreak">reasons:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p>We were fortunately able to examine a Canada Directory for 1857-8, and
+on looking up the postal information given therein, found a list of the money
+order offices then existing. This was in two sections, the first containing
+the names, alphabetically arranged, of 31 offices in "Class No. 1," which
+included most of the principal cities and towns; and the second a lengthy
+alphabetical list of offices in "Class No. 2." The first section had a somewhat
+familiar appearance, and inspection showed that a majority of the
+names on Mr. Nelton's list of numbered cancellations were there in proper
+order! But 21 more names were needed, according to the cancellation numbers,
+to fill out the latter series. The second section was therefore examined
+for such towns as had the largest populations and were presumably most important.
+The result enabled more than one name, already on Mr. Nelton's
+list, to be fitted in its proper place! Here, then, was apparently the solution
+of the first series of numbered cancellations, and we hazard a guess that the
+52 names are the original list of money order offices, arranged when the
+money order system was instituted in February, 1855.</p>
+
+<p>The subjoined table gives the list of post offices and their corresponding
+numbers, which has been worked out along the lines above mentioned. It
+is offered in the hope that more will be done to determine positively the cor<!-- Page 79 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>respondence
+between the two. The names in ordinary type are those that
+have been identified without any reasonable doubt; those that have been fitted
+in tentatively are in italics. The Roman numeral following indicates the
+Class to which the Money Order Office belongs.</p>
+
+
+<h5>LIST OF NUMBERED CANCELLATIONS.</h5>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="right">1.</td><td align="left"><i>Barrie, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">2.</td><td align="left">Belleville, U. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">3.</td><td align="left"><i>Berlin, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">4.</td><td align="left">Bowmanville, U. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">5.</td><td align="left">Brantford, U. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">6.</td><td align="left"><i>Brighton, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">II</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">7.</td><td align="left"><i>Brockville, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">8.</td><td align="left">Chatham, U. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">9.</td><td align="left"><i>Clinton, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">II</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">10.</td><td align="left"><i>Cobourg, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">11.</td><td align="left"><i>Cornwall, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">12.</td><td align="left"><i>Dundas, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">13.</td><td align="left">Galt, U. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">14.</td><td align="left"><i>Goderich, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">15.</td><td align="left"><i>Guelph, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">16.</td><td align="left">Hamilton, U. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">17.</td><td align="left"><i>Ingersoll, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">II</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">18.</td><td align="left">Kingston, U. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">19.</td><td align="left">London, U. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">20.</td><td align="left">Melbourne, L. C.</td><td align="right">II</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">21.</td><td align="left">Montreal, L. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">22.</td><td align="left">Napanee, U. C.</td><td align="right">II</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">23.</td><td align="left"><i>Napierville, L. C.</i></td><td align="right">II</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">24.</td><td align="left"><i>Newcastle, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">II</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">25.</td><td align="left"><i>Niagara, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">26.</td><td align="left"><i>Oakville, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">II</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">27.</td><td align="left">Ottawa, U. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">28.</td><td align="left"><i>Paris, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">29.</td><td align="left">Perth, U. C.</td><td align="right">II</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">30.</td><td align="left">Peterborough, U. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">31.</td><td align="left">Picton, U. C.</td><td align="right">II</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">32.</td><td align="left"><i>Port Dover, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">II</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">33.</td><td align="left"><i>Port Hope, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">34.</td><td align="left">Port Sarnia, U. C.</td><td align="right">II</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">35.</td><td align="left">Prescott, U. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">36.</td><td align="left"><i>Preston, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">II</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">37.</td><td align="left">Quebec, L. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">38.</td><td align="left">St. Catherines, U. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">39.</td><td align="left"><i>St. Hyacinthe, L. C.</i></td><td align="right">II</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">40.</td><td align="left"><i>St. Johns, L. C.</i></td><td align="right">II</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">41.</td><td align="left"><i>St. Thomas, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">42.</td><td align="left"><i>Sherbrooke, L. C.</i></td><td align="right">II</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">43.</td><td align="left">Simcoe, U. C.</td><td align="right">II</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">44.</td><td align="left"><i>Smith's Falls, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">II</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">45.</td><td align="left">Stanstead, L. C.</td><td align="right">II</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">46.</td><td align="left">Stratford, U. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">47.</td><td align="left">Three Rivers, L. C.</td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">48.</td><td align="left"><i>Toronto, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">49.</td><td align="left">Whitby, U. C.</td><td align="right">II</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">50.</td><td align="left"><i>Windsor, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">51.</td><td align="left"><i>Woodstock, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">I</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">52.</td><td align="left"><i>York, U. C.</i></td><td align="right">II</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>It will be noticed, if Mr. Helton's list is compared with the above, that
+there are a few discrepancies. He assigns Toronto to No. 24, which is manifestly
+out of place. Owen Sound is given to No. 26, while 28 should be its
+location; the latter must be reserved for Paris, however, which is a first class
+office where Owen Sound is but second class. Richmond is given as No. 42,
+but as St. Catherines, a first class office, has been identified as No. 38, there
+seems no place for the second class office of Richmond, which should precede
+it alphabetically. Niagara has been assigned to No. 23, but in such case it
+would necessitate two blanks preceding Ottawa, so it seems that the proper
+number should be 25. With these few exceptions no further trouble was
+experienced in working out the list, and since it was drawn up Numbers<!-- Page 80 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span>
+2, 4, 8, 38 and 49 have been identified and tallied exactly with it! Such
+proof has gone far toward confirming our propositions in regard to it, and
+we hope for more.</p>
+
+<p>A third cancellation, which was apparently used mainly for newspapers
+and packages, consisted of nine somewhat thick diagonal bars, the whole
+impression having a square outline. This was generally struck in black, but
+occasionally in dull blue.</p>
+
+<p>Postmarks were supposed to be used only on the cover, where they would
+plainly exhibit the story they were to tell, while the cancellation marks were
+intended to deface the stamp. But sometimes the postmarks are found used
+for the latter purpose. They seem to be mostly of two varieties, both circular
+in outline, a larger one having the town name in a curve above, with U. C.,
+L. C., C. W., or C. E., at the bottom, and arcs of two concentric circles filling
+in the outline between; a second being smaller with a single arc of a
+circle filling in the outline. The first variety is plainly shown on the cover
+numbered 90 on <a href="#Plate_VI">Plate VI</a>, and the second on the cover numbered 130 on
+<a href="#Plate_XIV">Plate XIV</a>. The date in the center seems always to be given in full&mdash;month,
+day and year. The postmarks are generally in black, as usual, but sometimes
+in dull blue.</p>
+
+<p>Penmarked specimens are sometimes met with, but not often.</p>
+
+<p>With the issue of 1859 the duplex mark seems to have been adopted,
+with the postmark (the ordinary complete circle with the usual arrangement
+of name, abbreviation of province and date) and the cancellation mark (a
+series of parallel lines with a circular outline) on the same instrument so
+as to be struck on the letter together.</p>
+
+<p>With the 1868 issue for the Dominion we of course find the cancellations
+of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, then British Columbia and finally
+Prince Edward Island, all of which introduce complications. A new cancellation,
+which seems to have been for the Dominion as a whole, consisted
+of two heavy concentric circles containing a number. It is one of this kind
+that Mr. Nelton refers to in his article as having the number 627. A notable
+cancellation is one in the shape of a large maple leaf.</p>
+
+<p>An interesting and rare postmark which was found on the 3 cent of the
+1868 issue, is thus written up by Mr. F. G. Bing<a name="FNanchor_79" id="FNanchor_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The stamp had been obliterated with a small thick lined circle
+in which appear the words "WAY LETTER" in large type. Eventually<!-- Page 81 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>
+a full account of the matter was obtained from the Canadian postal
+authorities.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Post Office Department, Canada.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Office of the Superintendent of the Postage Stamp Branch.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 21.5em;"><span class="smcap">Ottawa</span>, 13th March, 1908.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir:</span>&mdash;Replying to your enquiry on the subject, as to the
+object of the post office mark consisting of a rather thick circle in
+which are the words "WAY LETTER" only, impressed upon a Canada
+postage stamp (3c.) similar to the one you enclosed, and which I
+herewith return, I find on enquiry that previous to the Confederation
+of the Dominion of Canada in 1867, there was in Nova Scotia and
+New Brunswick a regulation requiring mail couriers on the coach roads
+to accept letters for mailing, when these were offered them at a
+distance of not less than one or two miles from the nearest post
+office, to place them in a locked leather pouch provided for the purpose,
+and to post them at the first post office, the Postmaster of which
+was instructed to stamp these with the words "WAY LETTER." After
+Confederation this postmark lingered at some of the offices in the
+provinces named, when it was used for general cancellation purposes,
+if not for its primary purpose. It has now, however, wholly disappeared.
+Some think it lasted up to 1887 or 1891, but I am sorry I
+cannot furnish you with a more definite date as to its extinction.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 20.5em;">Very truly yours,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 20em;">E. P. STANTON, <i>Superintendent</i>.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>It will be seen from this interesting letter that the postmark
+was in the first instance applied to the postage stamps of Nova Scotia
+and New Brunswick, and it is quite possible that only upon the stamps
+of these two provinces does it possess its full original significance.
+At the same time it does not follow that the regulations under which
+this cancellation was in use were immediately withdrawn with the
+Confederation of the Dominion of Canada; and it is more than probable
+that the custom based upon these regulations of accepting letters
+from the public at a distance from a post office, and applying the
+special obliteration, would continue long after that date, as it is evident
+that the use of the "Way Letter" postmark was never definitely
+prohibited by the Canadian postal authorities, or the date of its
+extinction would not have been in doubt. It is, however, quite certain
+that only a comparatively small number of letters would be entitled
+to receive this special mark, and its rarity is therefore indisputable.</p></div>
+
+<p>Various new varieties came with the "small" cents issue and later, concerning
+which there is not so much of interest as in the earlier years of the
+postal service; we therefore pass them by, remarking only on the special
+"jubilee" machine cancellation which was used at Montreal in 1897. This
+was of the "flag" form and somewhat ornate, bearing the name "VICTORIA"
+and the dates "1837" and "1897."</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77" id="Footnote_77"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_28">page 28</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78" id="Footnote_78"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Chicago Collectors' Monthly, II: 21.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79" id="Footnote_79"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> The Postage Stamp, VII: 6.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<p><!-- Page 82 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI<br />
+<br />
+THE ISSUE OF 1859</h2>
+
+
+<p>With two valuations placed upon the cumbrous English monetary
+system inherited by Canada from the Mother Country&mdash;"sterling"
+and "currency"&mdash;and with the practical illustration of the advantages
+of the decimal system manifest in all the transactions with its great
+southern neighbor, whose currency was already legalized in the Province,<a name="FNanchor_80" id="FNanchor_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> it
+was only a question of time when Canada would adopt a decimal system of its
+own. This was done, but all that interests us is the Decimal Postage law resulting,
+which is as <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>22<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. XVII.</p>
+
+<p>An Act to amend the Post Office Laws.</p>
+
+<p>[<i>Assented to 4th May, 1859.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>Whereas it is expedient to amend the Post Office Laws, in the
+manner hereinafter provided: Therefore, Her Majesty, by and with the
+advice and consent of the Legislative Council and Assembly of Canada,
+enacts as follows:</p>
+
+<p>1. There shall be payable on all Newspapers sent by Post in
+Canada, except "Exchange Papers" addressed to Editors and Publishers
+of Newspapers, such rate of Postage, not exceeding one cent
+on each such Newspaper, as the Governor in Council shall from time
+to time direct by regulation, and such rate shall be payable on all
+such Newspapers posted on or after the first day of July next.</p>
+
+<p>2. So much of any Act as provides that Newspapers posted within
+this Province shall pass free of Postage, in cases other than those
+in which they will be free under this Act, is hereby repealed.</p>
+
+<p>3. In order to adapt the operations of the Post Office to the Decimal
+Currency, the internal letter postage rate shall be changed from
+three pence to its equivalent of five cents, per half ounce&mdash;the charge
+for advertising a dead letter from three farthings to two cents&mdash;the
+charge for returning a dead letter to the writer, from one penny to
+three cents; and in all cases where a one half-penny or penny rate of
+Postage is chargeable, these rates shall be changed to one cent and two
+cents respectively.</p>
+
+<p>4. To promote simplicity and economy in the business of the
+Post Office, all letters posted in Canada for any place within the<!-- Page 83 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>
+Province, and not prepaid, shall be charged seven instead of five cents
+per half ounce on delivery; and on letters posted for the British
+Mails, for the other British North American Provinces, or for the
+United States, when not prepaid, there shall be charged such addition
+to the ordinary rate, not in any case exceeding a double rate,
+as the Post Master General may agree upon with the Post Office
+Authorities of those Countries, for the purpose of enforcing prepayment.</p>
+
+<p>5. The Post Master General may establish a Parcel Post and
+parcels other than letters and not containing letters, may be sent
+by such Parcel Post, and when so sent shall be liable to such charges
+for conveyance and to such regulations as the Governor in Council
+shall from time to time see fit to make.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>8. [<i>To inclose a letter in a parcel or a newspaper, posted as
+such, is a misdemeanor.</i>]</p></div>
+
+<p>From the above Act we see that the transmission of newspapers has
+again been subjected to revision looking toward an increase of revenue,
+all free transmission by post being now limited to exchange copies between
+editors or publishers. The making of prepayment by stamps obligatory was
+another step which had been quite strongly recommended in the last Postmaster
+General's report in these <span class="nobreak">terms:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>No single improvement would be so valuable to the Post Office
+service as the introduction of the system of the pre-payment of
+letters by stamp. It is not recommended that pre-payment of
+letters should be made absolutely compulsory, but where stamps are
+readily procurable, pre-payment in that form should be insisted on,
+and the principle of pre-payment should be enforced by imposing
+an additional charge on letters posted unpaid.</p></div>
+
+<p>By referring to the Act subsequently passed we see that these recommendations
+were carried out to the letter.</p>
+
+<p>In regard to the fifth section of the Act, concerning the Parcel Post,
+we come across another example of the curious shuffling of dates and apparent
+<i>ex post facto</i> law making which we have previously noted. In quoting the
+Postmaster General's report for <i>30th Sept., 1858</i>,<a name="FNanchor_81" id="FNanchor_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> we found it stated that
+the Parcel Post had been in operation "from <i>1st January, 1859</i>," and now
+we have the Legislative Act providing for it passed under date of <i>4th May,
+1859</i>! This is going it one better on "reading history backward" by actually
+making it backward! The reports at least, as we previously deduced, were
+evidently written some time after the dates given them and did not confine<!-- Page 84 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>
+their record to happenings previous to those fictitious dates. Confirmation
+of this is furnished by the Postmaster General's report that we have to consider,
+that of the Hon. Sydney Smith for the year ending 30th September,
+1859, the report being actually dated 20th February, 1860.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>Further details concerning the Parcel Post are not given until the Report
+for 30th June, 1864, where we <span class="nobreak">read:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>By means of the Parcel Post a parcel may be sent within the
+Province to or from any place, however remote from the ordinary
+lines of traffic conveyance, on prepayment of a postage rate of 25
+cents per lb., provided that the weight or size of the parcel does not
+exceed the carrying capacity of an ordinary mail bag; and provided
+that the contents of the parcel are not of a character to injure the
+rest of the mail.</p></div>
+
+<p>The rate is given in decimal currency, then in use, but at the time of
+the establishment of the Parcel Post the equivalent rate would have been
+1s. 3d. currency. In the Report for 1865 it is stated <span class="nobreak">that:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The provisions of the Parcel Post have been extended to parcels
+passing between Canada and New Brunswick and Nova Scotia,
+and parcels not containing letters may now be forwarded by post
+from one end of British North America to the other, on prepayment of a
+uniform rate of 25 cents per lb.</p></div>
+
+<p>In the report for 1859, mentioned above, we find the <span class="nobreak">following:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Law of last Session directing the conversion of all postage
+rates into decimals, and the collection of postage in the new decimal
+currency, was put in operation on the 1st July.... Decimal
+stamps of the value of 1 cent, 5 cents, and 10 cents for ordinary
+correspondence, and of 12&frac12; cents for Canadian, and of 17 cents for
+British Packet Postage Rates were obtained in readiness for the
+commencement of the Decimal Postage Law in July, 1859, and have
+from that date been issued in lieu of the stamps previously in use.</p></div>
+
+<p>The cents issue of Canadian stamps therefore dates from July 1, 1859.
+The stamps themselves were merely an adaptation of the designs of the pence
+series to the corresponding values of the decimal currency. The ONE CENT
+stamp was unchanged from the half-penny except for the substitution of the
+new for the former value. The FIVE CENTS stamp had these words in
+place of the old denomination, with a quarterfoil ornament separating them
+at each side from CANADA and POSTAGE. Oblique figures 5 were<!-- Page 85 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>
+placed in the spandrels on a cross-hatched ground instead of the upright figures
+3 on foliations. A similar change was made in the TEN CENTS, Roman
+numerals X being placed obliquely in the spandrels on a cross-hatched
+ground where upright figures 6 were previously on foliations; while the new
+denomination was substituted for the old. The sole change in the 12&frac12; cent
+stamp was to substitute "12&frac12;c." in the spandrels for the former values in
+sterling and currency. The 17 cent stamp had the value in words replacing
+TEN PENCE, but the new value was so much longer that the emblems
+between the old value and CANADA POSTAGE were removed and replaced
+by two small elliptic ornaments. "8d. stg." still occupies the upper
+spandrels, but figures 17 are placed in each of the lower ones. The central
+designs in each of the above stamps are absolutely identical with those of the
+pence stamps that preceded them&mdash;indeed the portrait and surrounding oval
+with inscriptions on the 12&frac12; c. are all unchanged. From this it is evident
+that the new dies were "built up" from the old ones, the central portions
+being transferred and the required changes in surrounding inscriptions, etc.,
+being newly engraved. This was easy enough of accomplishment since the
+American Bank Note Co., who furnished the new stamps, were the successors
+of Messrs. Rawdon, Wright, Hatch and Edson, the firm name having been
+changed on May 1, 1858, and the dies of the pence issue were of course in
+their possession. Illustrations of the five values will be found as Nos. 10,
+15, 12, 13 and 14, respectively, on <a href="#Plate_I">Plate I</a>.</p>
+
+<p>There was one addition to the list of values in this set during its period
+of use&mdash;a 2 cent stamp. In the Postmaster General's Report for 30th June,
+1864, it is noted:&mdash;"A new Postage Stamp, of the value of two cents, was
+added to the other denominations supplied, from the 1st. August last [1864]."
+The Report for the succeeding year has this further to say:&mdash;"A provision
+has been made for the transmission and delivery of Canadian periodicals,
+addressed to the United Kingdom, at the reduced rate of two cents each,"
+and it was evidently largely on account of this that the new stamp was
+ordered. Its design was unmistakably "built up" as with the rest of the set,
+the 1 cent stamp serving as the model, figures 2 being placed in ovals in the
+spandrels and the wording of the value being changed to correspond. (Illustration
+No. 11 on <a href="#Plate_I">Plate I</a>). The stamp was issued as stated on the 1st
+August, 1864.</p>
+
+<p>All the stamps of this issue were, as before, line engraved and printed
+in sheets of 100, ten rows of ten. The same style of marginal inscriptions as<!-- Page 86 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>
+in the first issue is found&mdash;"American Bank Note Co. New-York" in minute
+letters of the type known as "diamond," repeated twice in each margin, reading
+up on the left, down on the right, and inverted at the bottom of the sheet.
+In the 1, 2, 5 and 12&frac12;c. stamps the imprint is placed against the third and
+eighth stamps of each marginal row of ten, but from a block of 10c. at hand
+the inscriptions in the case of this value are apparently "centered" over the
+space between the third and fourth and the seventh and eighth stamps of
+each marginal row, thus bringing them over two stamps instead of one.
+Curiously enough, the 17c. value has no marginal inscriptions at all.</p>
+
+<p>The same plate variety that occurs in the 3d. stamp&mdash;the "shifted transfer"
+or "double strike"&mdash;is repeated in its successor, the 5c. stamp. That
+it is a true plate variety is abundantly proved by the fine block of seven
+stamps illustrated as No. 96 on <a href="#Plate_VII">Plate VII</a>. The variety will be found in
+the upper right corner stamp, and the doubling of the frame lines at the left
+and of the oval frame line above CANADA will be readily apparent. A
+single copy is illustrated as No. 19 on <a href="#Plate_I">Plate I</a>. It seems to have been first
+noted by Mr. R. Wuesthoff in the <i>American Journal of Philately</i> for June, 1892.</p>
+
+<p>A minor variety of the 5c. stamp printed from a worn plate is also to be
+noted, in which the fine lines of the groundwork have almost disappeared.</p>
+
+<p>The entire series comes regularly perforated 12, the identical normal
+perforation of the pence stamps that immediately preceded it, and which we
+have endeavored to trace to the same source. The abnormal varieties in this
+series are of course the imperforate ones, and of these we present cuts of a
+full set in blocks of four, numbered 100 to 105 on <a href="#Plate_IX">Plate IX</a>. That the
+stamps were actually issued and used in this condition is proved by copies of
+several with the proper postmarks of the period in the Pack collection. Mr.
+Pack writes of them<a name="FNanchor_82" id="FNanchor_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I have the 1c. and 5c. postmarked in 1860 and 1861 at Toronto
+and Prescott, Canada West. I also believe that these varieties were
+on sale at Kingston, Canada West, at about that time. I have also the
+2c. and 10c. in undoubtedly early used condition.</p></div>
+
+<p>Further varieties are formed by "split" stamps, as before, though these
+were never authorized and seldom used. We are fortunate in being able to
+illustrate two five cent stamps used with half of a third to make up the 12&frac12;c.
+packet rate. This is No. 97 on <a href="#Plate_VII">Plate VII</a>. The postmark is unfortunately
+mostly torn away, but is evidently "Montreal," and the last numeral in the<!-- Page 87 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span>
+year figures seems to be an "8," which would mean "1868." A 10c. stamp
+also split and used for a 5c. is shown on the entire as No. 99 on <a href="#Plate_VIII">Plate VIII</a>.
+The postmark is "Bowmanville, U.C., Feb. 15, 1860."</p>
+
+<p>The normal colors for the stamps of this series may be given as 1 cent
+deep rose, 2 cents dull rose, 5 cents deep red, 12&frac12; cents deep green, and 17
+cents Prussian blue. It will be noticed that we have omitted the 10 cents&mdash;and
+with reason. If the 6 pence stamp of the preceding issue was difficult
+to select a normal color for, how shall we find one for its successor? Messrs.
+Corwin and King say<a name="FNanchor_83" id="FNanchor_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a>:&mdash;"The most surprising fact about this issue is the
+vast number of colors and shades to be found in the 10 cents. We have
+several hundreds of them in our collection, and are continually adding new
+color varieties." They run all the way from a bright red lilac through shades
+of violet and brown to a black brown, which is so dark and distinct that it
+has for years been catalogued separately.</p>
+
+<p>The paper on which these stamps were printed does not show as much
+variation as in the previous issue. Mr. King<a name="FNanchor_84" id="FNanchor_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> gives a list of five varieties, all
+of which vary considerably in thickness. It seems sufficient for our purposes,
+however, to list them under three heads as ordinary wove paper, a
+thick, hard wove paper, and ribbed paper.</p>
+
+<p>These stamps were in issue from the 1st July 1859, until the series
+issued for the new Dominion of Canada appeared on 1st April, 1868. The
+stamp accounts in the various Postmaster General's Reports give the quantities
+received and issued, and we present here a summary of these tables as
+their reproduction entire would serve no useful purpose unless to show the
+increase in the consumption of stamps from year to year as the postal business
+increased.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><th align="left"><i>Received from manufacturers</i>:</th><th align="right">1c.</th><th align="right">5c.</th><th align="right">10c.</th><th align="right">12&frac12;c.</th><th align="right">17c.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">quarter ending 30th Sept. 1859</td><td align="right">1,000,400</td><td align="right">1,000,089</td><td align="right">200,000</td><td align="right">200,000</td><td align="right">50,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">year ending 30th Sept. 1860</td><td align="right">2,000,050</td><td align="right">2,499,986</td><td align="right">300,000</td><td align="right">300,000</td><td align="right">50,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">year ending 30th Sept. 1861</td><td align="right">2,200,100</td><td align="right">3,400,300</td><td align="right">499,998</td><td align="right">199,996</td><td align="right">50,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">year ending 30th Sept. 1862</td><td align="right">2,799,900</td><td align="right">3,300,350</td><td align="right">400,000</td><td align="right">399,996</td><td align="right">50,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">year ending 30th Sept. 1863</td><td align="right">3,500,200</td><td align="right">4,300,450</td><td align="right">600,050</td><td align="right">300,000</td><td align="right">100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">9mos. ending 30th June 1864</td><td align="right">3,000,000</td><td align="right">3,999,999</td><td align="right">800,000</td><td align="right">399,990</td><td align="right">49,999</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">year ending 30th June 1865</td><td align="right">3,064,800</td><td align="right">4,890,598</td><td align="right">700,000</td><td align="right">676,600</td><td align="right">100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">year ending 30th June 1866</td><td align="right">3,910,000</td><td align="right">8,100,000</td><td align="right">800,000</td><td align="right">400,100</td><td align="right">50,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">year ending 30th June 1867</td><td align="right">5,100,000</td><td align="right">5,100,500</td><td align="right">999,650</td><td align="right">299,950</td><td align="right">100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">year ending 30th June 1868</td><td align="right">(?)900,000</td><td align="right">3,199,900</td><td align="right">400,000</td><td align="center">?</td><td align="center">......</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in2">Totals</td><td align="right" class="bt">27,475,450</td><td align="right" class="bt">39,792,172</td><td align="right" class="bt">5,799,698</td><td align="right" class="bt">3,176,632</td><td align="right" class="bt">599,999</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 88 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The yearly supplies of the 2 cent stamps, first appearing in the 1865
+accounts, were as <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">1865</td><td align="right">360,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1866</td><td align="right">300,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1867</td><td align="right">200,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1868</td><td align="right">50,000</td><td align="left">(?)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">Total</td><td align="right" class="bt">910,500</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>Unfortunately the stamp accounts for 1868 do not separate the supplies
+received in the old and new designs, so that in the case of the 1, 2 and
+12&frac12; cent stamps, which appear in both issues, the quantity delivered by the
+manufacturers is a total which we cannot divide with certainty. An approximation
+may perhaps be made, particularly with the 2 cent stamp. The
+balance of this value on hand 30th June, 1867, was 171,000, and the deliveries
+in the year ending 30th June, 1868, were 2,050,000. Inasmuch as the
+yearly issue of this value had been some 250,000, the probability is that the
+odd 50,000 delivered belonged to the 1859 series, as this would make 221,000
+for the nine month's supply to 1st April; the even two millions were doubtless
+the order for the new series. The yearly issue of the 1 cent had been
+some 3&frac12; to 4 millions; if from the 2,900,000 received, according to the 1868
+Report, we take the odd 900,000, we find it makes 3,308,900 when combined
+with the balance on hand in 1867. This gives a sufficient supply for the
+nine months of the old issue and leaves an even two millions again for the
+new series. The 12&frac12; cent presents a slightly different aspect. The yearly
+issue had been some 400,000, and the amount on hand in 1867 was 385,750&mdash;without
+doubt a plentiful supply for the nine months preceding the issue
+of the new stamps. It must be remembered, also, in all these cases, that the
+"amount on hand" was that of the Department's stock, and that the postmasters
+were of course in possession of local stocks. It therefore seems probable
+that the 500,000 12&frac12; cent stamps received in 1868 were of the new
+series alone. The 5 and 10 cent stamps, however, which are lacking in the
+new set, can at once be added to their preceding deliveries, and it will be
+noted that no further supplies of the 17c. stamp were required during the
+year.</p>
+
+<p>We find in the Department accounts that the American Bank Note Co.
+was paid $1331.70 for "engraving postage stamps" during the fiscal year,
+which was the final settlement with that Company.<!-- Page 89 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>What became of the remainder of the old issue does not appear, but it
+seems probable that they were largely used up in the course of regular business,
+as no object would be gained by turning in the relatively small quantities
+remaining, for accounting and destruction, unless it be the 17 cent value,
+which had become rather useless. Curiously enough, the stamp accounts <i>do</i>
+separate the old and new issues in the "balance on hand, 30th June, 1868,"
+which was three months after the appearance of the new set. These figures
+are as <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="left">cent</td><td align="right">319,900</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="left">cents</td><td align="right">700</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"> 5</td><td align="left">cents</td><td align="right">138,400</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="left">cents</td><td align="right">60,650</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">12&frac12;</td><td align="left">cents</td><td align="right">68,750</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">17</td><td align="left">cents</td><td align="right">33,876</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Glancing now over the Postmaster General's reports for the years 1859-1868,
+during which the above issue was in use, and which were the last years
+of the strictly provincial control, we find many items of interest.</p>
+
+<p>In the report for 1859 it is noted that "the issue and use by the public
+of Postage Stamps has increased with great rapidity since last return," and
+the issue of stamped envelopes "for the promotion of public convenience" is
+announced. These will be treated of by themselves in a later chapter. We
+find the experiment was made of placing street letter boxes in Toronto, and
+"with very encouraging results as to the extent to which the number of
+letters posted in these boxes would appear to demonstrate their usefulness.
+These Pillar Boxes are visited, at least twice each day, at suitable hours, by
+Post Office Messengers, in order to convey the letters deposited in them to
+the Post Office." Preparations were also being made to install letter boxes
+in Montreal and Quebec.</p>
+
+<p>The Department accounts have the following <span class="nobreak">entries:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">Rawdon, Wright &amp; Co., supply of letter and newspaper stamps</td><td align="right">$238.69</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">American Bank Note Co., engraving letter and newspaper stamps</td><td align="right">1487.40</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Of course the amounts all went to the same concern, as the firm name had
+been changed on May 1, 1858, as already noted.</p>
+
+<p>The report for 1860 contains interesting statistical information concerning
+the growth of the Department, which it may be well to put on
+record:<!-- Page 90 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr>
+<th>Year</th>
+<th>No. of <br />Offices.</th>
+<th>Miles of<br /> Post Route.</th>
+<th>No. of letters<br /> by Post<br /> per annum.</th>
+<th>Postal Revenue <br />(deducting <br />dead letters.)</th>
+<th>Remarks</th>
+</tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1851</td><td align="right">601</td><td align="right">7,595</td><td align="right">2,132,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1852</td><td align="right">840</td><td align="right">8,618</td><td align="right">3,700,000</td><td align="right">$230,629.00</td><td align="left">First year of account under Provincial control.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1853</td><td align="right">1016</td><td align="right">9,122</td><td align="right">4,250,000</td><td align="right">278,587.00</td><td align="left">Charge on newspapers reduced one-half.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1854</td><td align="right">1166</td><td align="right">10,027</td><td align="right">5,100,000</td><td align="right">320,000.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1855</td><td align="right">1293</td><td align="right">11,192</td><td align="right">6,000,000</td><td align="right">368,166.00</td><td align="left">Newspapers conveyed without charge.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1856</td><td align="right">1375</td><td align="right">11,839</td><td align="right">7,000,000</td><td align="right">374,295.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1857</td><td align="right">1506</td><td align="right">13,253</td><td align="right">8,500,000</td><td align="right">462,163.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1858</td><td align="right">1566</td><td align="right">13,600</td><td align="right">9,000,000</td><td align="right">541,153.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1859</td><td align="right">1638</td><td align="right">13,871</td><td align="right">8,500,000</td><td align="right">678,426.98</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1860</td><td align="right">1698</td><td align="right">14,202</td><td align="right">9,000,000</td><td align="right">658,451.99</td><td align="left">Additional 2c. rate on unpaid letters and charge made on newspapers.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>The Report <span class="nobreak">continues:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>From the experience of the past, the confident hope may be
+entertained that, by a wise and judicious economy, (and without withholding
+from newly settled portions of the country, the Postal
+accommodations without which the settlement of the country cannot
+advance), in a comparatively short space of time the Postage upon
+letters may be reduced from the present five cent to a <i>three cent
+rate</i>, as near an approach to the Penny sterling postage system
+of the Mother Country as the relative value of our currency will
+conveniently permit.</p></div>
+
+<p>It was eight years before these hopes were realized, however.</p>
+
+<p>The "epistolary intercourse with the United States" is given for the
+same period, but we need only note that the postal value of the total correspondence
+exchanged was $83,630.97 in 1852, had increased to $187,469.59
+in 1857, and then dropped gradually to $178,132.39 in 1860. The Report
+<span class="nobreak">says:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The prepayment of letters passing between the two countries
+continues optional on either side, at the combined rate of 10 cents
+per &frac12; oz. from any place in Canada to any place in the United States
+and <i>vice versa</i>, except to or from the States on the Pacific, California
+and Oregon, when the rate is 15 cents per &frac12; oz.</p></div>
+
+<p>The accounts present a charge in favor of the American Bank Note Co.
+of $1697.95 "for engraving Letter and Newspaper stamps and Stamped
+Envelopes." Of the latter we shall have more to say in their proper place.</p>
+
+<p>The Reports of 1861 and 1862 contain nothing special, and the accounts
+show payments of $1451.87 and $1583.63 respectively to the American Bank
+Note Co.</p>
+
+<p>The Report of 1863 states that in November of that year an agreement<!-- Page 91 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>
+was entered into with the United States for the transmission between the
+two countries of seeds, bulbs, etc., at 1 cent per ounce, and also book manuscripts,
+printers' proof sheets, maps, prints, etc., at the same rate.</p>
+
+<p>In January 1864, the Imperial Post Office extended to the mails between
+Canada and the United Kingdom regulations conceding patterns of merchandise
+and trade samples at the same rates as books and printed matter.</p>
+
+<p>The American Bank Note Co. was paid $1946.62.</p>
+
+<p>The next Report is dated 30th June, 1864, instead of the usual 30th
+September, and is therefore for nine months only. This was done to bring
+the fiscal year of the Post Office Department to correspond with the financial
+year of the General Government.</p>
+
+<p>The enactment which was the cause of the change <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center">27<sup>o</sup>&mdash;28<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. VI.</p>
+
+<p class="center">An Act to amend the Law respecting the Public Accounts, and
+the Board of Audit.</p>
+
+<p class="center">(<i>Assented to 30th June, 1864</i>)</p>
+
+<p>10. It shall be the duty of the Board of Audit to prepare and
+submit to the Minister of Finance the Public Accounts to be annually
+laid before Parliament.</p>
+
+<p>11. The said Public Accounts shall include the period from the
+thirtieth of June in one year to the thirtieth of June in the next
+year, which period shall constitute the Financial Year....</p></div>
+
+<p>There is nothing particular in the Report for these nine months to
+quote here, except the payment of the relatively small sum of $619.25 to the
+American Bank Note Co.</p>
+
+<p>The Report for 1865 states that "Regulations have been adopted establishing
+a sample and pattern post in Canada, and packets of trade samples,
+or patterns of merchandise, may be sent by post between any places within
+this Province, on prepayment of one cent per ounce, under certain conditions
+to prevent an abuse of the privilege." It further announces that "Street
+Letter boxes are being placed in all the principal streets of Montreal."</p>
+
+<p>The Reports of 1866 and 1867 were published together, but contain
+little of interest beyond the statistics we have already used. Payments to
+the American Bank Note Co. were $2630.11 in 1866 and $1699.03 in 1867.
+The final payment to the American Co., which we have already quoted from
+the 1868 report, was $1331.70. We read that "The street letter boxes put
+up in the city of Montreal have worked satisfactorily. The number of letters<!-- Page 92 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>
+and papers posted therein weekly, appeared from returns taken to be, Letters
+2400, Papers 500, or at the rate of 150,000 letters and papers per annum."</p>
+
+<p>Authority to establish letter boxes was given by an Act of Parliament
+which contains several other matters of interest and which we therefore quote.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center">29<sup>o</sup>&mdash;30<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. XI.</p>
+
+<p class="center">An Act to amend the Post Office Act.</p>
+
+<p class="center">[<i>Assented to 15th August, 1866.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>Whereas the more effectually to prevent frauds upon the Post
+Office Revenue, it is expedient to amend the Post Office Act: Therefore,
+Her Majesty, by and with the consent of the Legislative Council
+and Assembly of Canada, enacts as follows:</p>
+
+<p>1. If any person uses or attempts to use in payment of postage
+on any letter or mailable thing posted in this Province, any postage
+stamp which has been before used for a like purpose, such person
+shall be subjected to a penalty of not less than Ten and not exceeding
+Forty dollars for every such offense, and the letter or other
+mailable thing on which such stamp has been so improperly used
+may be detained, or in the discretion of the Postmaster General
+forwarded to its destination charged with double the postage to
+which it would have been liable if posted unpaid.</p>
+
+<p>2. [<i>To enclose a letter in a parcel, packet of samples or newspaper,
+posted an such, shall be an offense punishable by a fine of not
+less than ten or more than forty dollars in each case.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>3. The Postmaster General may grant licenses, revocable at
+pleasure, to Agents, other than Postmasters, for the sale to the
+Public, of Postage Stamps and Stamped envelopes, and may allow
+to such Agents a commission not exceeding five per cent, on the amount
+of their sales;&mdash;and it shall not be lawful for any person to exercise
+the business of selling Postage Stamps or Stamped envelopes to the
+Public unless duly licensed to do so by the Postmaster General and
+under such conditions as he may prescribe: and any person who
+shall violate this provision by selling Postage Stamps or Stamped
+envelopes to the public without a license from the Postmaster General,
+shall on conviction before a Justice of the Peace, incur a penalty
+of not exceeding forty dollars for each offence.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>5. The Postmaster General may, when in his judgment the public
+convenience requires it, establish Street Letter Boxes or Pillar
+Boxes for the reception of letters and other mailable matter in the
+streets of any City or Town in this Province, and from the time
+that a letter is deposited in any such Street Letter Box or Pillar Box
+it shall be deemed to be a Post Letter within the meaning of the
+Post Office Act.</p>
+
+<p>6. [<i>Wilfully injuring such letter boxes is a misdemeanor.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>8. The Governor in Council may, by regulations to be from
+time to time made, provide for the transmission through the Mails
+of this Province, of patterns and samples of merchandise and goods<!-- Page 93 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>
+for sale, and of packages of seeds, cuttings, bulbs, roots and scions
+or grafts, on such terms and conditions as may be set forth in such
+regulations.</p>
+
+<p>9. [<i>Wilfully destroying, damaging or detaining any of above
+articles is a misdemeanor.</i>]</p></div>
+
+<p>The only other item to quote from the report of 1867 is the following:&mdash;"On
+1st July, 1867 the Union Act came into operation, and brought under
+one central administration the Postal Service throughout the Dominion."
+With this statement we close the account of the Postal history of the Province
+of Canada, and in the next chapter open up the larger one of the Dominion
+of Canada, whose later issues, though not without interest, still lack the
+charm that time can never tear from the simple, yet dignified and beautiful
+stamps of the Province.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80" id="Footnote_80"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_52">page 52</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81" id="Footnote_81"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_67">page 67</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82" id="Footnote_82"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> London Philatelist, XVI: 144.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83" id="Footnote_83"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, II: 3.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84" id="Footnote_84"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VII: 32.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<p><!-- Page 94 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII<br />
+<br />
+THE DOMINION OF CANADA</h2>
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Preliminary</span>.</h3>
+
+<p>As outlined in our Introductory Chapter, the union of Upper and
+Lower Canada into the single Province of Canada had been so manifestly
+advantageous that it started an agitation for the union of all
+the British North American provinces. The result was a convention, held at
+Quebec in 1864, which drafted a proposed Constitution that was later embodied
+by the British Parliament in "An Act for the Union of Canada, Nova Scotia
+and New Brunswick, and the Government thereof,"<a name="FNanchor_85" id="FNanchor_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> which was passed on the
+29th March, 1867. The preamble recites that "the provinces of Canada, Nova
+Scotia, and New Brunswick have expressed their desire to be federally united
+into One Dominion under the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
+and Ireland, with a Constitution similar in Principle to that of the
+United Kingdom." The Act is cited in brief as "The British North America
+Act 1867," and provides that the Dominion of Canada shall be divided into
+four provinces named Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick; that
+there shall be a Governor General who may select his own Privy Council;
+that there shall be a Parliament consisting of a Senate, with members appointed
+by the Governor General for life, and a House of Commons of elected
+representatives; that the seat of Government shall be at Ottawa; that each
+Province shall have a Lieutenant Governor appointed by the Governor General
+and a local legislature similar to the Dominion Parliament; and making
+provision for the admission of Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, British
+Columbia and Rupert's Land and the North-western Territory. The Act
+took effect on the 1st July, 1867, which day is annually observed as "Dominion
+Day."</p>
+
+<p>The first Parliament of Canada, which convened at Ottawa on November
+6, 1867, was naturally largely concerned in revising and consolidating the
+laws of the various Provinces, and among these of course appeared the Post
+Office Laws. A number of changes were introduced, but many of the provisions<!-- Page 95 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>
+of former Acts were embodied almost as they stood in the new statute. We
+reproduce its most important features in our line of inquiry.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">31<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. X.</p>
+
+<p class="center">An Act for the regulation of the Postal Service.</p>
+
+<p class="center">[<i>Assented to 21st. December</i>, 1867.]</p>
+
+<p>Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate
+and House of Commons of Canada, enacts as follows:</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Preliminary&mdash;Interpretation.</span></h4>
+
+<p>1. This Act shall be known and may be cited as <i>The Post
+Office Act</i> 1867; and the following terms and expressions therein shall
+be held to have the meaning hereinafter assigned to them....</p>
+
+<p>The term "Letter" includes Packets of Letters;</p>
+
+<p>The term "Postage" means the duty or sum chargeable for the
+conveyance of Post Letters, Packets and other things by Post;</p>
+
+<p>The term "Foreign Country" means any country not included in
+the dominions of Her Majesty;</p>
+
+<p>The term "Foreign Postage" means the postage on the conveyance
+of Letters, Packets or other things, within any Foreign
+Country or payable to any Foreign Government;</p>
+
+<p>The term "Canada Postage" means the postage on the conveyance
+of Letters, Packets and other things by Post within the Dominion
+of Canada or by Canada Mail Packet;</p>
+
+<p>The term "Mail" includes every conveyance by which Post Letters
+are carried, whether it be by land or by water;</p>
+
+<p>The term "British Packet Postage" means the postage due on the
+conveyance of letters by British Packet Boats, between the United
+Kingdom and British North America;&mdash;And the term "British
+Postage" includes all Postage not being Foreign, Colonial or Canadian;</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>The term "Post Letter" means any letter transmitted or deposited
+in any Post Office to be transmitted by the Post;&mdash;And a letter shall be
+deemed a Post Letter from the time of its being so deposited or delivered
+at a Post Office, to the time of its being delivered to the party to
+whom it is addressed....</p>
+
+<p>2. All Laws in force in the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia
+or New Brunswick, at the Union thereof on the first of July, one
+thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, in respect to the Postal
+Service, and continued in force by the "British North America Act
+1867," shall be and the same are hereby repealed.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Organization and General Provisions</span>.</h4>
+
+<p>7. There shall be at the seat of Government of Canada a Post
+Office Department for the superintendence and management of the
+Postal Service of Canada, under the direction of a Postmaster General.<!-- Page 96 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>8. The Postmaster General shall be appointed by Commission
+under the Great Seal of Canada, and shall hold his office during
+pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>10. The Postmaster General may, subject to the provisions of
+this Act:</p>
+
+<p>1. Establish and close Post Offices and Post Routes;</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>3. Enter into and enforce all contracts relating to the conveyance
+of the Mails or other business of the Post Office;</p>
+
+<p>4. [<i>Make regulations concerning mailable matter and limits
+of weight and dimensions of such.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>5. [<i>Establish rates of postage and conditions on matter
+not already provided for.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>6. Cause to be prepared and distributed Postage Stamps, necessary
+for the prepayment of Postages under this Act, also
+stamped envelopes for the like purpose;</p>
+
+<p>7. [<i>Make arrangements concerning Posts and Postal business
+with postal authorities outside of Canada.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>11. Prescribe and enforce such Regulations as to letters directed
+to be registered as to him may seem necessary, in respect
+to the registration of letters and other matter passing
+by Mail, as well between places in Canada, as between Canada
+and the United Kingdom, any British Possession, the
+United States or any other Foreign Country, and to the
+charge to be made for the same; and also in respect to the
+registration by the officers of the Post Office of letters unquestionably
+containing money or other valuable enclosure
+when posted without registration by the senders of the same,
+and to imposing a rate of two cents registration charge upon
+such letters;</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>14. Establish and provide Street Letter Boxes or Pillar Boxes
+or Boxes of any other description for the receipt of letters
+and such other mailable matter as he may deem expedient, in
+the streets of any City or Town in Canada, or at any Railway
+Station or other public place where he may consider such
+Letter Boxes to be necessary;</p>
+
+<p>15. Grant licenses revocable at pleasure, to Agents other than
+Postmasters, for the sale to the Public of Postage Stamps
+and Stamped Envelopes, and allow to such Agents a commission
+of not exceeding five per cent, on the amount of their
+sales.<!-- Page 97 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rates of Postage</span>.</h4>
+
+<p>19. On all letters transmitted by Post for any distance within Canada,
+except in cases herein otherwise specially provided for, there
+shall be charged and paid one uniform rate of three cents per half
+ounce in weight, any fraction of an ounce being chargeable as a half
+ounce, provided that such three cents postage rate be prepaid by postage
+stamps or in current coin at the time of posting such letters;
+and when such letters are posted without prepayment being made
+thereon, then and in such case it shall be lawful to charge upon
+letters so posted unpaid a rate of five cents per half ounce.</p>
+
+<p>20. On letters not transmitted through the mails, but posted and
+delivered at the same Post Office, commonly known as local or drop
+letters, the rate shall be one cent, to be in all cases prepaid by postage
+stamp affixed to such letters.</p>
+
+<p>21. [<i>Seamen and Soldiers, etc. in Her Majesty's service, entitled
+to receive and send letters on payment of a certain special sum in
+lieu of all British postage, shall be freed likewise from Canadian
+postage.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>22. The rate of postage upon newspapers printed and published
+in Canada, and issued not less frequently than once a week, from a
+known office of publication, and sent to regular subscribers in Canada
+by mail, shall be as follows: upon each such newspaper, when issued
+once a week, the rate for each quarter of a year, commencing on the
+first of January, first of April, first of July, or first of October of each
+year, shall be five cents, when issued twice a week, ten cents, when
+issued three times a week, fifteen cents, when issued six times a
+week, thirty cents, and in that proportion, adding one rate of five
+cents for each issue more frequent than once a week; and such postage
+must be pre-paid in advance from the first day of the quarter
+from which the payment commences, for a term of not less than a
+quarter of a year: ... provided, nevertheless, that <i>Exchange Papers</i>,
+addressed by one editor or publisher of a newspaper to another editor
+or publisher, may be sent by Post free of charge.</p>
+
+<p>23. On all newspapers sent by Post in Canada, except in the cases
+hereinbefore expressly provided for, there shall be payable a rate not
+exceeding two cents each, and when such newspapers are posted in
+Canada this rate shall in all cases be prepaid by postage stamp
+affixed to the same.</p>
+
+<p>24. For the purposes of this Act, the word "Newspapers" shall
+be held to mean periodicals published not less frequently than once
+in each week, and containing notices of passing events.</p>
+
+<p>25. The rate of postage upon periodical publications, other than
+newspapers, shall be one cent per four ounces, or half a cent per
+number, when such periodicals weigh less than one ounce and are
+posted singly, and when such periodical publications are posted in
+Canada, these rates shall in all cases be prepaid by postage stamps
+affixed to the same.<!-- Page 98 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>26. On books, pamphlets, occasional publications, printed circulars,
+prices current, handbills, book and newspaper manuscript,
+printer's proof sheets whether corrected or not, maps, prints, drawings,
+engravings, photographs when not on glass, in cases containing
+glass, sheet music whether printed or written, packages of seeds, cuttings,
+bulbous roots, scions or grafts, patterns or samples of merchandize
+or goods, the rate of postage shall be one cent per ounce; provided
+that no letter or other communication intended to serve the
+purpose of a letter be sent or enclosed therein, and that the same be
+sent in covers open at the ends or sides or otherwise so put up as to
+admit of inspection by the Officers of the Post Office to ensure compliance
+with this provision&mdash;and this postage rate shall be prepaid
+by postage stamps in all cases when such articles are posted in Canada.</p>
+
+<p>27. [<i>Foregoing rates subject to such conditions as may be agreed
+upon between Canada and any other country.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>28. [<i>Postage on unpaid letters is due from addressee, or if refused
+may be recovered with costs by civil action from sender.</i> (See
+13<sup>o</sup>&mdash;14<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. 17, Sec. 12.)]</p>
+
+<p>29. In all cases where letters and other mailable matter are
+posted for places without the limits of Canada, on which stamps for
+pre-payment are affixed of less value than the true rate of Postage to
+which such letters are liable,&mdash;or when stamps for prepayment are
+affixed to letters addressed to any place as aforesaid for which prepayment
+cannot be taken in Canada,&mdash;the Postmaster General may
+forward such letters, charged with postage, as if no stamp had been
+affixed.</p>
+
+<p>30. And for avoiding doubts, and preventing inconvenient delay
+in the posting and delivery of letters,&mdash;no Postmaster shall be bound
+to give change, but the exact amount of the postage on any letter or
+other mailable matter shall be tendered or paid to him in current coin
+as respects letters or other things delivered, and in current coin or
+postage stamps as the case may require in respect to the letters or
+other things posted.</p>
+
+<p>31. [<i>The Postmaster General may make reasonable compensation
+to Masters of vessels not Post Office Packets for conveyance of ship
+letters from foreign ports to Canada.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>32. [<i>Postmaster General has exclusive privilege of collecting, conveying
+and delivering letters, etc.</i>; $20 <i>penalty for infraction</i>. (See
+13<sup>o</sup>&mdash;14<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. XVII. Sec. 9.)]</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>35. [<i>The Postmaster General may employ Letter Carriers, and
+charge two cents for delivery of a letter and one cent for a newspaper
+or pamphlet.</i> (See 14<sup>o</sup>&mdash;15<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. LXXI. Sec. 15.)]</p>
+
+<p>36. It shall be lawful for the Postmaster General, with the consent
+of the Governor in Council, to establish in any city, when he
+shall deem it expedient, a system of free delivery by Letter Carrier
+of letters brought by mail and he may direct that from the time that<!-- Page 99 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>
+such system is established, no charge shall be made for the delivery
+of such letters by Letter Carriers in such city, and further that
+on drop or local letters when delivered by Letter Carrier in such
+city, one cent only per half ounce shall be charged in addition to the
+ordinary local or drop letter rate.</p>
+
+<p>37. [<i>Postmaster General may establish a parcel post.</i> (See 22<sup>o</sup>
+Vict. Cap. XVII. Sec. 5.)]</p>
+
+<p>38. [<i>Usual franking of official matter.</i> (See 18<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. LXXIX.
+Secs. 4, 5, 6, 7 and 24<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. XXV. Sec. 6), <i>but limited to transmission
+in Canada</i>.]</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>40. Letters, or other articles, which from any cause remain
+undelivered in any Post Office, or which having been posted, cannot
+be forwarded by post, shall under such regulations as the Postmaster
+General may make, be transmitted by Postmasters to the Post Office
+Department as Dead Letters, there to be opened and returned to the
+writers on payment of any postage due thereon, with five cents additional
+on each Dead Letter to defray the costs of returning the same,
+or such Dead Letters may in any case or class of cases be otherwise
+disposed of as the Postmaster General may direct.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>77. [<i>Stealing mail matter or forging stamps, etc.</i>, (see 13<sup>o</sup>&mdash;14<sup>o</sup>
+Vict. Cap. XVII. Sec. 16) <i>is a felony. Stealing or damaging printed
+matter, package of merchandise, etc., or enclosing a letter in other
+mail matter, or obstructing mails is a misdemeanor</i>.]</p>
+
+<p>Sub. sec. 16. To remove with fraudulent intent from any letter,
+newspaper or other mailable matter, sent by Post, any postage
+stamp which shall have been affixed thereon, or wilfully, with intent
+aforesaid remove from any postage stamp which shall have been previously
+used, any mark which shall have been made thereon at any
+Post Office, shall be a misdemeanor.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>81. If any person uses or attempts to use in prepayment of postage
+on any letter or other mailable matter posted in this Province,
+any postage stamp which has been before used for a like purpose,
+such person shall be subject to a penalty of not less than Ten and
+not exceeding Forty dollars for every such offense, and the letter
+or other mailable matter on which such stamp has been so improperly
+used may be detained, or in the discretion of the Postmaster General
+forwarded to its destination charged with double postage.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>91. This Act shall come into operation on the first day of April,
+one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight.</p></div>
+
+<p>Although the above Act gives most of the groundwork upon which the
+Post Office Department of Canada has since been operated, save of course the<!-- Page 100 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>
+changes in detail that will be noted in their proper places, yet it seems advisable,
+in spite of some possible repetition, to quote the larger part of the Instructions
+sent out to Postmasters in preparation for the impending changes,
+because of additional details to be found therein.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">To All Postmasters, and Other Persons Employed in the Postal
+Service of Canada:</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Department Order No. 2.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 22em;"><span class="smcap">Post Office Department,</span></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 24em;"><span class="smcap">Ottawa, 1st March, 1868.</span></span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Post Office Act, passed on the 21st December, 1867, for the
+regulation of the Postal Service, will come into operation throughout
+the Dominion on and from the 1st April, 1868.</p>
+
+<p>A copy of the Statute, and of the General Regulations founded
+thereon, will be forwarded to every Postmaster, whether in charge of
+a regular Post-Office, Way Office or Sub-Office, and to every Railway
+Mail Clerk; meanwhile the following summary of the principal provisions
+of the Act, as affecting the organization of the Department, in
+relation to the several Provinces of the Dominion, the postage rates
+to be charged from and after the 1st. April, etc., etc., is supplied for
+the information of Postmasters and other persons employed in the
+Post Office Service of Canada.</p>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Organization of the Department.</span></h4>
+
+<p>1. The Superintendence and Management of the Postal Service
+of Canada is vested in the Post Office Department, at the seat of Government,
+Ottawa, under the direction of the Postmaster General of
+Canada.</p>
+
+<p>2. Subject to the directions of the Postmaster General, the general
+management of the business of the Department will be with the
+Deputy Postmaster General of Canada.</p>
+
+<p>3. The local Superintendence of Post Office business, and performance
+of such duties as are assigned to them by the Statute, or
+entrusted to them from time to time by the Postmaster General,
+will be confided to the Post Office Inspectors, of whom there are
+seven, stationed and exercising their powers and functions in the
+undermentioned Postal Divisions.</p></div>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><th align="center"><i>Postal Division.</i></th><th align="center"><i>Post Office Address.</i></th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Nova Scotia</td><td align="right">Halifax, N. S.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">New Brunswick and the Bay Chaleurs, Coast of Gaspé</td><td align="right">Frederickton, for the present</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Province of Quebec, as far West as Three Rivers</td><td align="right">Quebec</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Province of Quebec, from Three Rivers Westward</td><td align="right">Montreal</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Province of Ontario, as far as Cobourg</td><td align="right">Kingston</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Province of Ontario, from Cobourg to Hamilton</td><td align="right">Toronto</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Province of Ontario, from Hamilton Westward</td><td align="right">London</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 101 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>4. All Postmasters, including Way Office and Sub-Office Keepers,
+are continued in Office, and all Bonds and Mail Contracts continued
+in force, subject to the ordinary conditions of such appointments and
+engagements, and to the future action of the Department.</p>
+
+<h4>PRINCIPAL RATES OF POSTAGE.</h4>
+
+<h5>LETTERS.</h5>
+
+<p>5. On letters passing between any two places within the Dominion
+of Canada, a uniform rate, (irrespective of distance) of three
+cents per &frac12; oz., if prepaid; and five cents per &frac12; oz., if posted unpaid.</p>
+
+<p>6. On letters between any place in the Dominion and any place in
+the United States, 6 cents per &frac12; oz., if prepaid; and 10 cents per
+&frac12; oz., if posted unpaid.</p>
+
+<p>7. On letters to or from the United Kingdom, in Mails by Canada
+Packets, to or from Quebec in summer, or Portland in winter; or by
+Mail Packet to or from Halifax, 12&frac12; cents per &frac12; oz.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">On do. in Mails via New York Packet</td><td align="right" class="in1r">15</td><td align="left">cents per &frac12; oz.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">On letters to Prince Edward Island, if prepaid,</td><td align="right" class="in1r">3</td><td align="left">cents per &frac12; oz.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">if posted unpaid,</td><td align="right" class="in1r">5</td><td align="left">cents per &frac12; oz.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">On letters to Newfoundland, to be in all cases prepaid,</td><td align="right">12&frac12;</td><td align="left">cents per &frac12; oz.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">On letters to British Columbia and Vancouver Island,<br />in all cases to be prepaid,</td><td align="right" class="in1r">10</td><td align="left">cents per &frac12; oz.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">On letters to Red River, to be in all cases prepaid,</td><td align="right" class="in1r">6</td><td align="left">cents per &frac12; oz.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">On letters to Red River, to be in all cases prepaid,</td><td align="right" class="in1r">6</td><td align="left">cents per &frac12; oz.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><h4>NEWSPAPER RATES.</h4>
+
+<p>8. Newspapers printed and published in Canada may be sent
+by Post from the office of publication to any place in Canada at the
+following rates, if paid quarterly in advance, either by the Publisher,
+at the Post Office where the papers are posted or by the subscriber,
+at the Post Office where the papers are <span class="nobreak">delivered:&mdash;</span></p></div>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">For a paper published</td><td align="left">once a week</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="left">cents per quarter of a year.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in2">do</td><td align="left">twice a week</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="left" class="in2">do</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in2">do</td><td align="left">three times</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="left" class="in2">do</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in2">do</td><td align="left">six times</td><td align="right">30</td><td align="left" class="in2">do</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>If the above rates are prepaid by the Publisher, the Postmaster
+receiving payment must be careful to have the papers so prepaid separately
+put up, and marked, distinctly, as prepaid.</p>
+
+<p>When the above rates are not prepaid in advance, by either the
+Publisher at the Office of posting or by the subscriber at the Office
+of delivery, the papers are to be charged one cent each on delivery.</p>
+
+<p>9. Canadian Newspapers, addressed from the Office of publication
+to subscribers in the United Kingdom, the United States, Prince Ed<!-- Page 102 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>ward
+Island and Newfoundland, may be forwarded, on prepayment at
+the Office in Canada where posted, at the above commuted rates, applicable
+to such papers within the Dominion.</p>
+
+<p>10. Exchange Papers passing between publishers in Canada, and between
+publishers in Canada and publishers in the United States, Prince
+Edward Island and Newfoundland, are to pass free&mdash;one copy of each
+paper to each publisher.</p>
+
+<p>11. Transient Newspapers include all Newspapers posted in Canada,
+other than Canada Newspapers sent from the Office of publication,
+and when addressed to any place within the Dominion, to the United
+Kingdom, to the United States, Prince Edward Island or Newfoundland,
+must be prepaid two cents each by postage stamp.</p>
+
+<p>12. Newspapers coming into Canada will be subject to the following
+charges on delivery:</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>If from the United Kingdom, by mail packet to Quebec, Halifax
+or Portland&mdash;Free on delivery.</p>
+
+<p>By mails viâ the United States (New York), Two cents each.</p>
+
+<p>If from the United States, two cents each, to be rated at the
+Canada Frontier, or exchange Office receiving mails from the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p>If from Prince Edward Island or Newfoundland, when received
+by regular subscribers in Canada from the Office of publication,
+the ordinary commuted rates applicable to Canada
+Newspapers.</p>
+
+<p>Transient Papers&mdash;two cents each.</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>13. The Canada Postage rates on Newspapers coming or going
+to the United Kingdom and the United States, will thus be the same
+as those charged in the United Kingdom and the United States on
+Newspapers there received from or sent to Canada.</p>
+
+<p>14. Canada News Agents may post to regular subscribers in Canada,
+British Newspapers free, and United States Newspapers unpaid,
+such papers in the latter case, must be duly rated two cents each for
+collection on delivery.</p>
+
+<h4>PRINTED PAPERS, CIRCULARS, PRICES CURRENT, HAND BILLS,
+BOOKS, PAMPHLETS.</h4>
+
+<p>15. The rate on printed matter of this description posted in
+Canada, and addressed to any place in Canada, Prince Edward Island,
+Newfoundland or the United States, will be one cent per ounce, to be
+prepaid by Postage Stamp; and a like rate will be payable on delivery,
+when received from the United States, Prince Edward Island or Newfoundland.</p>
+
+<h4>PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS.</h4>
+
+<p>16. When posted in Canada for any place in Canada, Prince
+Edward Island, Newfoundland or the United States, the rate will be
+one cent per four ounces.<!-- Page 103 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>17. A like rate will be payable on delivery in Canada, when received
+from the United States, Prince Edward Island or Newfoundland.</p>
+
+<p>18. Periodicals weighing less than one ounce per number, when
+posted in Canada for any place within the Dominion, Prince Edward
+Island, Newfoundland or the United States may, when put up singly,
+pass for one half cent per number, to be prepaid by Postage Stamp.</p>
+
+<p>19. As the Postage Rates on Periodicals, other than Newspapers,
+will be payable in advance, and as certain classes of such periodicals,
+printed and published in Canada, and sent from the office of publication
+to regular subscribers, have for some time past been exempted
+from postage where exclusively devoted to the education of youth,
+to temperance, agriculture and science, or for other reasons, it is
+ordered, that with respect to periodicals which do now enjoy this privilege
+or exemption, the exemption shall continue until the expiration
+of the current year&mdash;that is until the 31st December, 1868, and that
+from the 1st. January, 1869, all such special exemptions and privileges
+shall cease.</p>
+
+<h4>PARCEL POST.</h4>
+
+<p>20. The rate on Parcels, by Parcel Post, will be 12&frac12; cents per
+8 ounces, that is to <span class="nobreak">say:&mdash;</span></p></div>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">On a parcel not exceeding 8 oz</td><td align="left">12&frac12; cents</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Over 8 oz., and not exceeding 1 lb</td><td align="left">25 &nbsp; cents</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Over 1 lb., and not exceeding 24 oz</td><td align="left">37&frac12; cents</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" class="in1">And so on, to the limit of three lbs.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><h4>BOOK AND NEWSPAPER MANUSCRIPT, AND OTHER
+MISCELLANEOUS MATTER.</h4>
+
+<p>21. On Book and Newspaper Manuscript (meaning written articles
+intended for insertion in a newspaper or periodical, and addressed to
+the Editor or Publisher thereof, for insertion), Printers' Proof Sheets,
+whether corrected or not, Maps, Prints, Drawings, Engravings, Music,
+whether printed or written, packages of Seeds, Cuttings, Roots,
+Scions or Grafts, and Botanical Specimens, the rate will be 1 cent per
+ounce, when posted for any place in Canada or the United States, and
+prepaid by Postage Stamp.</p>
+
+<h4>POSTAGE STAMPS.</h4>
+
+<p>22. To enable the Public to prepay conveniently by Postage
+Stamp the foregoing rates, the following denominations of Postage
+Stamps for use throughout the Dominion, have been prepared, and will
+be supplied to Postmasters for <span class="nobreak">sale:&mdash;</span></p></div><p><!-- Page 104 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">Half Cent</td><td align="center">Stamps</td>
+<td align="center" rowspan="7"><span style="font-size:800%">}</span></td>
+<td align="left" rowspan="7">All bearing, as a device, the effigy of Her Majesty.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">One cent</td><td align="center">do</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Two cent</td><td align="center">do</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Three cent</td><td align="center">do</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Six cent</td><td align="center">do</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Twelve and a half cent</td><td align="center">do</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Fifteen cent</td><td align="center">do</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>23. The Postage Stamps now in use in the several Provinces may
+be accepted, as at present, in prepayment of letters, etc., for a reasonable
+time after the 1st of April; but from and after that date all
+issues and sales to the public will be of the new denomination.</p>
+
+<h4>FRANKING AND FREE MATTER.</h4>
+
+<p>The following matter is exempt from Canadian <span class="nobreak">Postage:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p>24. All letters and other mailable matter addressed to or sent
+by the Governor of Canada.</p>
+
+<p>25. All letters or other mailable matter addressed to or sent by
+any Department of the Government, at the seat of Government at
+Ottawa, under such regulations as may from time to time be made
+by the Governor in Council.</p>
+
+<p>26. All letters and other mailable matter addressed to or sent
+by the Speaker or Chief Clerk of the Senate or of the House of Commons,
+or to or by any Member of either House, at the Seat of Government,
+during any Session of Parliament&mdash;or addressed to any of
+the Members or Officers in this section mentioned at the Seat of
+Government as aforesaid, during the ten days next before the meeting
+of Parliament.</p>
+
+<p>27. All public documents and printed papers sent by the Speaker
+or Chief Clerk of the Senate or of the House of Commons to any Member
+of either House during the recess of Parliament.</p>
+
+<p>28. All papers printed by order of either House sent by Members
+of either House during the recess of Parliament.</p>
+
+<p>29. Petitions and Addresses to either of the Provincial Legislatures
+of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, or to any
+branch thereof; and votes, proceedings and other papers, printed by
+order of any such Legislature, or any branch thereof, during any Session
+thereof,&mdash;provided such petitions and addresses, votes, proceedings
+and other papers, are sent without covers, or in covers open at
+the ends or sides, and contain no Letter or written communication to
+serve the purpose of a Letter.</p>
+
+<p>30. Letters and other mailable matter (except that provided for
+as above) addressed to or sent by the Provincial Governments or Legislatures
+of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, will be
+liable to the ordinary rates of Postage.<!-- Page 105 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>31. Public documents and printed papers sent under the foregoing
+clauses should bear, as part of the address, the bona fide superscription
+of the Speaker, Chief Clerk, or Officer specially deputed for this purpose
+to act for those functionaries, or of the Member sending the same.</p>
+
+<p>32. The privilege of free transmission, as above described, has
+effect only as respects Canada Postage rates.</p>
+
+<p>33. All letters and other mailable matter to and from the Postmaster
+General and the Deputy Postmaster General, and all Official communications to and from the Post Office Department, and to and
+from the Post Office Inspectors, are to pass free of Canadian Postage.</p>
+
+<p>34. All letters and communications on the business of the Post
+Office Department, intended for the Post Office Department at Ottawa,
+should be invariably addressed to "The Postmaster General." The
+branch of the Department for which the letter or communication is
+intended should be written on the left hand upper corner of the letter,
+<span class="nobreak">thus:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p>
+"For Accountant"<br />
+"For Secretary"<br />
+[etc.]<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>as the case may be, but the main direction must be to the Postmaster
+General, or Deputy Postmaster General.</p>
+
+<p>35. All letters containing a remittance on account of the Public
+Revenue sent by any Postmaster in Canada to a Bank or Bank Agency;
+and all remittances or acknowledgements sent by a Bank or Bank
+agency, on account of Public Revenue, to any Postmaster in Canada,
+are to pass free through the Post, as respects both postage and registration
+charge.</p>
+
+<p>36. No change is made in the Way or Sub-Office system of Nova
+Scotia and New Brunswick, Quebec or Ontario.</p>
+
+<p>37. No change is made in the Money Order System.</p>
+
+<p>38. A system of Post Office Savings Banks will be instituted on
+the 1st. April, and will be extended as quickly as practicable to all the
+principal cities, towns and places throughout the Dominion.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 19em;">A. CAMPBELL, <i>Postmaster General</i>.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85" id="Footnote_85"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> 30<sup>o</sup>&mdash;31<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. III.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<p><!-- Page 106 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII<br />
+<br />
+THE ISSUE OF 1868</h2>
+
+
+<p>A glance at the new regulations quoted in the last chapter will show
+that there is no five or seventeen cent prepaid rate, and but one at ten
+cents&mdash;to British Columbia and Vancouver Island; as a result these
+three denominations are not found in the new set of Dominion postage stamps.
+On the other hand the half cent transient newspaper rate, the three cent letter
+rate, with its double at six cents, and the new British Packet rate via New York
+of fifteen instead of seventeen cents, necessitated these four additional denominations
+in the new series.</p>
+
+<p>The stamps themselves are as usual line engraved on steel, and present
+more "continuity of design" throughout the set than before. The main feature
+of this design is a circular medallion bearing a diademed profile portrait
+of Queen Victoria to right, on a horizontally lined ground. Arched
+above this medallion are the words CANADA POSTAGE, and beneath it the
+value, both in words and Arabic numerals, a slightly different arrangement
+occurring on each denomination. Foliations of acanthus pattern fill in the
+remainder of the design, making the outline somewhat irregular. The stamps
+are fairly large, averaging 20 × 24 mm. in size, except the half cent, which
+is considerably smaller, being only 17 × 21 mm. They will be found illustrated
+as Nos. 17, 16, 18, 20, 22, 23 and 24 on <a href="#Plate_I">Plate I</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The stamps were printed in sheets of 100, ten rows of ten, and by the
+imprint we find they were the product of a new concern. This imprint appears
+in colorless capitals on a narrow strip of color with bossed ends, and
+reads BRITISH AMERICAN BANK NOTE CO. MONTREAL &amp; OTTAWA.
+This strip is framed by a very thin parallel line, its entire width being
+but one millimeter, while its length is about 51 mm. It occurs but once on
+a side, being placed against the middle two stamps (numbers 5 and 6) of
+each row at a distance of about 3 mm. (see illustration 107 on <a href="#Plate_IX">Plate IX</a>.)
+The inscription reads up on the left and down on the right, as before, but the
+bottom one is now upright, instead of being reversed.</p>
+
+<p>In the case of the half cent stamp at least, we find an additional marginal<!-- Page 107 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>
+imprint over the second and third stamps of the top row. This consists of
+the words HALF CENT, in shaded Roman capitals 4 mm. high, the whole
+being about 40 mm. long, (illustration 119 on <a href="#Plate_XI">Plate XI</a>). Presumably the
+same thing, varied for each denomination, occurs on other values of the series,
+as we find it does on the succeeding issue; but a strip from the top of a sheet of
+the 15 cent stamps proves that it was lacking on that value at least.</p>
+
+<p>The normal colors of the stamps of this series are approximately:&mdash;&frac12;
+cent, black; 1 cent, brown red; 2 cents, green; 3 cents, deep red; 6 cents,
+dark brown; 12&frac12; cents, deep blue; 15 cents, mauve. We say approximately,
+since there is considerable variation as may be noted by a glance at the Reference
+List. Particularly is this the case with the 15 cent stamp. The earliest
+tint is the one we have noted&mdash;mauve; but the stamp was in practically continuous
+use down to 1900, and the gamut of shades and colors through which
+it passed in that time is almost equal to the 10 cent stamp of the preceding
+issue.</p>
+
+<p>Of the approximate dates of issue of some of the more pronounced shades
+of the 15 cent stamp it is possible to give an idea through the chronicles of
+various contemporary magazines which noted them. The original stamp we
+know was in a mauve tint, and was so chronicled in the <i>Stamp Collector's
+Magazine</i> for May 1868 (VI: 71). The <i>American Journal of Philately</i>
+for April 20, 1868, (I:18) describes it as "lilac". The <i>Stamp Collector's
+Magazine</i> in December, 1874 (XII: 182) says it has "just appeared in a
+dull deep mauve." Next M. Moens notes that it has become gray lilac, in
+<i>Le Timbre-poste</i> for March, 1877. Again in the issue for June, 1880, he
+records it in bright violet, while in May, 1881, it is described as a dark slate
+color (<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">ardoise foncé</i>). In the July, 1888, issue of the <i>Halifax Philatelist</i>
+the color is said to have reverted to the mauve tint of the first printings except
+that it was "more bluish", and once more in May, 1890, the <i>Dominion
+Philatelist</i> states that "The Canada 15c. has again changed color. It is now
+bright violet." Finally, in <i>Mekeel's Weekly</i> for March 12, 1896, under
+"Canadian Notes", we read that "quite a large stock is still on hand in the P.O.
+Department, but no more are being printed. What are going out now are the
+remainders of various batches. They are coming in all shades; some being
+almost the first issue colors."</p>
+
+<p>It remains to note two additions to this series. The first was a change
+in color:&mdash;the 1 cent and 3 cent stamps were quite naturally found to be too
+nearly alike in shade to properly differentiate them in the rush of post office busi<!-- Page 108 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>ness.
+Hence the 1 cent was changed to an orange yellow, appearing in its new
+dress in 1809. The exact date seems not to be available, but we find it first noted
+in <i>The Philatelist</i> for April 1, 1809, in these words:&mdash;"The 1 cent and 3 c.
+of this colony have been hitherto almost identical in hue; that anomaly is now
+rectified by the recent emission of the former value in bright orange." In
+the "Summary for the year 1809", the same paper credits the issue to January,
+1869.<a name="FNanchor_86" id="FNanchor_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a></p>
+
+<p>The second addition was a 5 cent stamp, which is a bit of an anomaly
+inasmuch as it is a companion in size and design to the 1868 series, but was
+issued on October 1, 1875, after the series in reduced size, begun in 1870,
+had been practically completed. The explanation is simple: the die of this
+large 5 cent stamp had been engraved in 1867 with the other values of the
+first Dominion series,<a name="FNanchor_87" id="FNanchor_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> but as there were no rates requiring such a denomination
+in the set, it was not issued. When in 1875 the need for a 3 cent value
+arose, the unused die was employed to make a plate for temporary use,
+until a new die conforming in size and design with the small stamps could
+be prepared. The large 5 cent stamp is thus really in the nature of a provisional,
+for its smaller and permanent successor followed it in about four
+months.</p>
+
+<p>The statement is often made that the 5 cent denomination was required
+because of Canada's entry into the Universal Postal Union, which was instituted
+on July 1, 1875. The statement has elements of truth in it, inasmuch
+as the indirect results of Canada's application produced the 5 cent rate which
+required the new stamp; but the statement is not exact because Canada was
+not actually admitted to the Postal Union until three years later. The Postmaster
+General's Reports tell the story. The Report for 30th June, 1875
+<span class="nobreak">says:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>A treaty for the formation of a General Postal Union, and for
+the adoption of uniform postage rates and regulations for International
+correspondence, was arranged and signed at Berne, Switzerland,
+in October, 1874, by the representatives of the Post Offices of
+the chief Nations of the world. This agreement took effect between
+all the countries which were directly parties to the Treaty, in July last.<!-- Page 109 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Treaty did not include the British Possessions beyond the sea,
+but Canada has, with the concurrence of the Imperial Government,
+applied for admission as a member of this Postal Union. Meanwhile
+the letter rate of postage between Canada and the United Kingdom
+has, by arrangement with the Imperial Post Office, been reduced to
+the International rate of 2&frac12; pence sterling&mdash;5 cents currency,
+established by the Union regulations; and this reduction has also
+been made applicable to correspondence passing by way of New York,
+making the rate between Canada and the United Kingdom uniform
+at 5 cents by whatever route conveyed.</p></div>
+
+<p>From the Report of 30th June, 1876 we find that the application of
+Canada for admission to the Universal Postal Union was not successful owing
+to the opposition of France. Because of differences with Great Britain in
+regard to admitting Colonies beyond the seas at the same rates as European
+countries, British India and the French Colonies had been admitted with
+a reduced rate of 6 pence per half ounce letter, so as to include cost of sea
+transit. France contended that Canada should be kept to the same terms.
+From the Report of 30th June, 1877 we learn that Canada by treaty had
+obtained the Postal Union rate of 5 cents with Germany, including Prussia,
+Saxony, Hanover, Bavaria, Baden and Wurtemberg. The letter rate with
+Newfoundland had also been reduced from 6 cents to 5 cents per half ounce.</p>
+
+<p>The Report for 30th June, 1878 brings matters to <span class="nobreak">fruition:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>At the meeting of the International Postal Congress, which,
+under the provisions of the Postal Treaty of Berne, concluded in
+October, 1874, took place at Paris in May, 1878, Canada was admitted
+to be a member of the General Postal Union from the 1st
+July, 1878, and in consequence the rate of letter postage between Canada
+and all Europe became one uniform charge of 5 cents per half
+ounce. Newspapers and other printed matter, and samples and
+patterns of merchandise also became subject to uniform postage
+rates and regulations for all destinations in Europe. Existing postal
+arrangements between the United States and Canada were, by mutual
+agreement, allowed to remain undisturbed by the entry of Canada
+into the Union, under a provision of the General Postal Union
+Treaty applicable to such a case.</p></div>
+
+<p>The last remark refers to the treaty which took effect on 1st February,
+1875, by which letters posted in Canada or the United States could be sent
+to the other country at the single domestic rate of three cents&mdash;of which more
+later.<!-- Page 110 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This large 5 cent stamp was of course line engraved like the rest of the
+series, and issued in sheets of 100, ten rows of ten. The sheet bore four marginal
+imprints, arranged as before, but of a slightly different type from the
+1868 issue. This new imprint is in capitals and lower case letters on a colored
+strip 56 mm. long and 2&frac12; mm. wide, with a border of pearls, and reads:
+"British American Bank Note Co. Montreal." Doubtless the words "FIVE
+CENTS" in shaded Roman capitals would be found over the second and third
+stamps of the top row if one were fortunate enough to possess this portion of a
+sheet. The stamp is illustrated as No. 21 on <a href="#Plate_I">Plate I</a>, and the marginal imprint is
+of the type shown in illustration No. 118 on <a href="#Plate_XI">plate XI</a>. The normal color
+of this 5 cent stamp is an olive gray, and it is perforated 12, as are all the
+other values of the set.</p>
+
+<p>The paper upon which the series of 1868 was printed was in general an
+ordinary white wove variety which varied considerably from a very thin, almost
+pelure quality to a quite hard and thick variety. Laid paper also makes its appearance
+again in this set. In Messrs. Corwin and King's article<a name="FNanchor_88" id="FNanchor_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> we read:&mdash;"The
+3 cents on laid paper was first brought to attention in the <i>Philatelic
+Record</i> for March, 1882,<a name="FNanchor_89" id="FNanchor_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> wherein it was stated that Mr. Tapling had a copy
+in his collection. The 1 cent was first mentioned in the <i>National Philatelist</i>
+for January, 1883, by Mr. Corwin, its discoverer, in these words: 'Some time
+since I saw noted in the <i>Philatelic Record</i> the existence of a 3 cent Canada
+stamp, emission of 1868, on laid paper. In looking through my Canadian
+varieties, after reading this note, I discovered also a copy of the one cent
+red, same emission, on laid paper'". The 1 cent yellow is likewise catalogued
+by the London Society,<a name="FNanchor_90" id="FNanchor_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> but the following remark is added: "The One
+Cent, yellow, on laid paper, is not known to the Society. It is taken from
+<i>The Halifax Philatelist</i> for July, 1888, page 74." Concerning this Messrs.
+Corwin and King state:<a name="FNanchor_91" id="FNanchor_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> "This was inserted in the <i>Halifax Philatelist</i> in
+error; so far as we know this stamp does not exist. The original sin of
+chronicling this stamp, however, rests with M. Moens, for in the <i>Philatelic
+Record</i> for January, 1883, the fact is stated that M. Moens states that he
+knows of the existence of the 1c. orange on laid paper." Mr. Charles Lathrop
+Pack adds his testimony against this quondam stamp:<a name="FNanchor_92" id="FNanchor_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> "I do not be<!-- Page 111 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>lieve
+that the 1c, yellow, exists on laid paper, None of the large collectors
+of Canada or of this country have seen it, and I believe there is no real authority
+for listing it." There was none: and now that we have tracked it down,
+the laugh seems to be on the <i>Philatelic Record</i>, and M. Moens is absolved
+from his "original sin." In <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le Timbre-Poste</i> for January, 1883, under the
+heading <span class="smcap">Canada</span> we read: "Semblable au 3 cents, 1868, sur papier <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">vergé</i>
+blanc, il existe: 1 cent, brun-orange." This was the information quoted in
+the <i>Philatelic Record</i>,<a name="FNanchor_93" id="FNanchor_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> but the translator evidently mistook the proper rendering
+of the French color name as <i>orange-brown</i>, and translated it simply
+<i>orange</i>, whence the error spread. We can therefore dispose quite effectually
+of the question and of the phantom stamp in the same breath.</p>
+
+<p>Concerning the laid paper stamps Messrs. Corwin and King say they
+"must have been among the first issued, as we have seen a copy of the 1 cent,
+red-brown, postmarked November 27, 1868."<a name="FNanchor_94" id="FNanchor_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> That this must have been the
+case is proved by the existence of the 1 cent in brown-red and not in yellow,
+as would have been the case if the paper were used in 1869 or thereafter.
+<i>Mekeel's Weekly</i><a name="FNanchor_95" id="FNanchor_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> also records the 3 cent on a cover bearing date of August
+31, 1868.</p>
+
+<p>The 15 cent stamp was reported in the <i>American Journal of Philately</i>
+for October, 1892, in these words: "Mr. F. de Coppet has shown us a 15 c.
+of the 1868 issue on thin paper, horizontally laid," and the stamp is described
+as "violet". We have not seen a copy, but if it was in the early "mauve" tint
+it probably was a companion of the 1 cent and 3 cents, the latter being found
+on both thick and thin horizontally laid paper according to Messrs. Corwin
+and King's lists. If the "violet" was of the gray shades, it belonged to a
+later printing and not with the early stamps. Mr. Pack lists another variety
+still<a name="FNanchor_96" id="FNanchor_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a>: "I also have a copy of the 15 c. on distinctly soft ribbed paper." This
+stamp is in the lilac gray shade and therefore belongs to later printings as we
+shall see, for this ribbed paper is found in all values of the small stamps of
+the succeeding issue.</p>
+
+<p>One other variety of paper needs our attention, and that is the watermarked
+paper. The fact of its use was early known to collectors, for in <i>The
+Philatelist</i> for February, 1870, in an article on "British North America" by
+W. Dudley Atlee, after the "Issue for Confederation" is the following<!-- Page 112 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>
+"Note.&mdash;There is also in the last series of adhesives a Three Cent printed on
+paper <i>watermarked</i> with maker's name; these were most probably issued after
+the thin paper and before the usual stout paper emissions." Mr. H. F.
+Ketcheson, commenting on the above in 1889,<a name="FNanchor_97" id="FNanchor_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> remarks: "the one cent red
+also appears on same paper, as I have two specimens of each in my possession."
+The <i>Halifax Philatelist,</i><a name="FNanchor_98" id="FNanchor_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> in its contemporary issue, also happened to
+note the discovery of two more values: "Mr. F. C. Kaye has shown us the
+2 cent and 6 cent of the 1868 issue, with large watermarked letters of the
+same type as those in the 1 cent and 3 cent." The 12&frac12; and 15 cent were later
+found, but the &frac12; cent and 1 cent yellow have never been discovered. This
+latter fact doubtless determines the period when the paper was used, for, like
+the laid paper, if employed in 1869 or later we should find the 1 cent yellow
+instead of brown red printed on it. On the other hand, it could not have
+been used when the first consignments were being printed, probably early in
+1868, or the &frac12; cent would be included in the series. This is determined by
+the fact that the first supply of the &frac12; cent lasted until the fiscal year of
+1871-2, before any further printings were made. The watermarked paper
+must therefore have been used sometime during the course of the year 1868,
+probably the middle, when supplies of all values except the &frac12; cent were
+printed.</p>
+
+<p>For the determination of the character of the watermark we are indebted
+to Mr. John N. Luff, whose thoroughness and acumen when delving into a
+philatelic problem are proverbial. The result of his study was published in
+1895<a name="FNanchor_99" id="FNanchor_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> and we take the following extracts from his interesting <span class="nobreak">paper:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Most philatelic writers, when treating of the Canadian issue
+of 1868-75, give small space to the series watermarked with large
+letters. Most of them make a few speculative remarks as to the
+probable watermark and then drop the subject. So far as I am
+aware, no one has taken the trouble to ascertain what the watermark
+actually is. The London Society in the <i>North American Colonies
+of Great Britain</i> says: "Some of the stamps on wove paper have
+been catalogued with a watermark, consisting of various letters.
+It is probable that these letters are portions of the name of the
+papermaker, which most likely exists in the margin of the sheets."
+Other writers are equally superficial. The <i>Catalogue for Advanced
+Collectors</i> says: "Although we catalogue as varieties the stamps on<!-- Page 113 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>
+watermarked paper, it is very possible that these form a separate
+issue. It may have happened that the printers, having-run short
+of the regular paper, replaced it by some similar paper that they had
+in stock, bearing this watermark"....</p>
+
+<p>In the <i>Stamps of British North America</i>, by Messrs. C. B. Corwin
+and Donald A. King (<i>Metropolitan Philatelist</i>, June 1891), this
+watermark is given more attention. The possibility that it is the
+words "Canada Postage" or "Canada Post Office Department" is discussed
+and rejected, because the authors have found certain letters
+and pairs of letters which do not occur in these words.</p>
+
+<p>It has seemed to me that it would be of interest, probably of
+value, to know exactly what this watermark is. I have therefore
+given the matter considerable study, and now have the pleasure of
+presenting the result to your readers. The extensive stock of the
+Scott Stamp &amp; Coin Co., being placed at my disposal, together with
+a quantity of stamps from private sources ... I believe I have correctly
+reconstructed the watermark.</p>
+
+<p>As the broadest letter measures only 12 mm., and the stamps
+are about 23mm. from center to center of perforations, there are
+usually parts of two or three letters on each stamp. I have found
+a large number of single letters, pairs, portions of three letters, and
+in one instance, a pair and parts of two letters. Of many combinations
+I have found several examples. I have also found quite a number
+of stamps showing parts of two rows of letters, one above the
+other.</p>
+
+<p>Taking these in sequence we reconstruct the watermark</p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i113.jpg" width="600" height="164" alt="E. &amp; G. BOTHWELL CLUTHA MILLS"
+title="Reconstruction of watermark (see description in text)." />
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The reader will please bear in mind, that when the stamps are
+viewed from the back, the letters read from right to left (at least
+when the sheets were placed normally in the press) as is usual with
+the Crown and CC, CA and other watermarks.</p>
+
+<p>The letters are plain double lined capitals, except the third in
+the first line, C, which is more fancy, having a decided hook at the
+end of the lower curve and the upper curve ending in a point, instead
+of being cut off squarely, as in the case of the other letters. The<!-- Page 114 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span>
+E and C are followed by periods 2&frac12; mm. square. The initial capitals
+E, C and B are 13 mm. high, the other letters 12&frac12; mm. The
+upper row is about 140 mm. long, the lower about 122 mm., and the
+distance between the rows 11&frac12; mm. The watermark will thus fall
+on twelve stamps in each sheet of one hundred. But it cannot be
+argued from this that the stamps with watermark are only eight times
+as rare as those without, as we must take into consideration the
+proportionately large number of sheets on ordinary unwatermarked
+paper. The sheets were apparently placed on the press without much
+care, as the letters are frequently found reversed and inverted. I
+have not however found any placed vertically, nor have I found any
+other letters than the above....</p>
+
+<p>As to the position of the watermark in the sheets, I believe it
+to be central. Its height, 37 mm., is great for a marginal watermark,
+and the fact that none of the letters have been found vertically,
+as is so frequently the case with marginal watermarks, is
+also in favor of a central location. We might also expect to find
+stamps on watermarked paper showing, as is not uncommon, the imprint
+of the contractors above or below, if the watermark were marginal.
+I, at least, have found none.</p></div>
+
+<p>Mr. Luff considers that the watermarked stamps "are on an unofficial
+paper used temporarily," which is without doubt the case, at least as far
+as the temporary nature goes. He says further: "Compared with the large
+number without watermark, they are sufficiently scarce to indicate a provisional
+use of the paper and at the same time there are enough of them to show
+that a considerable number of sheets were printed."</p>
+
+<p>For other varieties in this series we have the &frac12; cent on "bluish-white
+wove paper", listed by M. Moens in the sixth edition of his catalogue. Messrs.
+Corwin and King say this "corresponds to our grayish paper, the shade sometimes
+being quite intense." But they list the entire series on "thin, soft,
+grayish wove paper", as well as the &frac12; cent and 1 cent brown-red on "pelure
+grayish paper". It may be that imperfect wiping of the plates had left an
+extra grayish tint upon the paper of the specimen that Moens singled out for
+cataloguing, just as occurred in the case of most values of the Post Office Department
+stamps of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Messrs. Corwin and King<a name="FNanchor_100" id="FNanchor_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> give an extremely lengthy reference list of
+this issue on no less than <i>seventeen</i> varieties of paper, with the remark that,
+"every variety we mention is distinct from any other", but, with Major
+Evans, we must remark that "we confess we are unable to follow our friend<!-- Page 115 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>
+Mr. King through all the intricacies of these varieties of paper ... but the
+differences are, perhaps, more real than is indicted in the descriptions." On
+inspection the "seventeen varieties" seem to combine themselves into I: laid
+paper, of thick and thin qualities; II: watermarked paper; III: yellowish wove
+paper, very thin to very thick; and IV: grayish wove paper, from pelure to
+very thick. In both of the wove papers are found the differences due to the
+process of manufacture, the even texture of the plain wove variety and the
+mottled texture of the so-called "wire-wove" variety.</p>
+
+<p>The paper used for this issue is responsible for variations in the size of
+the stamps similar in character and origin to those we have already thoroughly
+discussed in connection with the 7&frac12; and 10 pence stamps of 1855-7. The design
+of the series is not calculated to render these variations so apparent as in
+the former case, but the extreme variations we have found have been carefully
+noted and are presented in the following list. It will be seen that the variation
+is confined to a half millimeter in each dimension.</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="right">&frac12;</td><td align="left">cent,</td><td align="left">16&frac34;</td><td align="left">× 21&frac12;</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" colspan="2"></td><td align="left">17</td><td align="left">× 21</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" class="in1r">1</td><td align="left">cent,</td><td align="left">19&frac12;</td><td align="left">× 24&frac12;</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" colspan="2"></td><td align="left">20</td><td align="left">× 24</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" class="in1r">2</td><td align="left">cents,</td><td align="left">19&frac12;</td><td align="left">× 24&frac12;</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" colspan="2"></td><td align="left">20</td><td align="left">× 24</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" class="in1r">3</td><td align="left">cents,</td><td align="left">19&frac12;</td><td align="left">× 24&frac12;</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" colspan="2"></td><td align="left">20</td><td align="left">× 24</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" class="in1r">5</td><td align="left">cents,</td><td align="left">19</td><td align="left">× 24&frac12;</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in1">?</td><td align="left" class="in1">?</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" class="in1r">6</td><td align="left">cents,</td><td align="left">20</td><td align="left">× 24&frac12;</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" colspan="2"></td><td align="left">20&frac12;</td><td align="left">× 24</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">12&frac12;</td><td align="left">cents,</td><td align="left">19&frac12;</td><td align="left">× 24&frac12;</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" colspan="2"></td><td align="left">20</td><td align="left">× 24</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" class="in1r">15</td><td align="left">cents,</td><td align="left">19&frac34;</td><td align="left">× 24&frac12;</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" colspan="2"></td><td align="left">20</td><td align="left">× 24</td><td align="left">mm.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>It is also stated that these stamps exist perforated 11&frac12; × 12,<a name="FNanchor_101" id="FNanchor_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> as well as
+the usual 12 all around. As the perforation was done by guillotine machines,
+this would apparently indicate a machine of 11&frac12; gauge used for the vertical
+perforations, and we should expect to find some stamps at least perforated
+12 × 11&frac12;, if not 11&frac12; all around. Such do not seem to have been reported and
+we have no further information concerning the variety mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>For imperforate stamps in this series we find the 1 cent, yellow, and the
+15 cents in a peculiar shade of brown violet. The former is known only in
+cancelled condition, we believe, but we are able to illustrate an unused block of
+four of the latter as No. 107 on <a href="#Plate_IX">Plate IX</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The only case of the use of a split stamp in this issue that we have to
+record is of the 6 cent, cut diagonally and used for the ordinary 3 cent rate
+on a letter posted at "Annapolis, N. S. JY 2,1869." While having no more
+authorization than any other of the occasional Canadian "splits," yet this<!-- Page 116 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>
+cover is particularly interesting because of its hailing from Nova Scotia,
+where split stamps had been used and recognized for their fractional values
+when the local issue was employed. An illustration of this cover will be
+found as No. 98 on <a href="#Plate_VIII">Plate VIII</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Concerning the quantities issued of the various denominations in this
+series we cannot be quite as exact as in some of the previous cases. No distinction
+was made between the various issues in the tables of amounts received
+from the manufacturers, provided the denomination was the same.
+In the case of the &frac12;, 3, 6 and 15 cent stamps, which were new values, the
+quantities given in the Report for 1868 can be used, but with the 1, 2 and
+12&frac12; cent stamps the last deliveries of the 1859 series and the first of the 1868
+series are lumped together. We have already made a tentative division of the
+receipts for these latter values,<a name="FNanchor_102" id="FNanchor_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a> however, which we think is safe enough
+to use for our purposes. It must be recognized that we are approaching
+conditions in the business of the Post Office where the quantity of stamps
+used, particularly if they be of low value and are in service for a number of
+years, mounts to such an enormous total that the actual figures representing
+the numbers issued have practically no philatelic value. While interesting,
+therefore, the totals shown below may be "out" by several per cent without
+appreciably altering their usefulness&mdash;or lack of it.</p>
+
+<p>With these considerations as a basis, we can lay out the series up to
+certain limits as <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Received From Manufacturers</span>.</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>
+<td>&frac12;c.</td>
+<td>1c.</td>
+<td>2c.</td>
+<td>3c.</td>
+<td>6c.</td>
+<td>12&frac12;c.</td>
+<td>15c.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center">30th June,</td><td align="left">1868</td><td align="right">1,500,000</td><td align="right">2,000,000(?)</td><td align="right">2,000,000(?)</td><td align="right">6,000,000</td>
+<td align="right">2,000,000</td><td align="right">500,000(?)</td><td align="right">212,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"> " &emsp; "</td><td align="left">1869</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="right" class="in1p3r">9,250,000</td><td align="right" class="in1p3r">4,000,000</td><td align="right">12,000,000</td>
+<td align="right">2,000,000</td><td align="right" class="in1p3r">1,000,000</td><td align="right">600,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"> " &emsp; "</td><td align="left">1870</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="right" class="in1p3r">2,300,000</td><td align="right" class="in1p3r">1,300,000</td><td align="right">11,300,000</td>
+<td align="right">2,230,000</td><td align="right" class="in1p3r">300,000</td><td align="center">...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"> " &emsp; "</td><td align="left">1871</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="right" class="in1p3r">1,800,000</td><td align="center">...</td>
+<td align="right">3,070,000</td><td align="right" class="in1p3r">734,000</td><td align="center">...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"> " &emsp; "</td><td align="left">1872</td><td align="right">500,000</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="right" class="in1p3r">3,200,000</td><td align="center">...</td>
+<td align="right">2,325,000</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"> " &emsp; "</td><td align="left">1873-82</td><td align="right">4,756,700</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td>
+<td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"> " &emsp; "</td><td align="left">1876-96</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td>
+<td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="right">1,765,400</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">Totals</td><td align="right" class="bt">6,756,700</td><td align="right" class="bt" style="padding-right:1.3em;">13,550,000</td>
+<td align="right" class="bt" style="padding-right:1.3em;">12,300,000</td><td align="right" class="bt">29,300,000</td>
+<td align="right" class="bt">11,625,000</td><td align="right" class="bt" style="padding-right:1.3em;">2,534,000</td><td align="right" class="bt">2,577,900</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The above table shows that the first deliveries of the &frac12; cent were sufficient
+to last until 1872; from that time there were yearly deliveries approximating
+a half million up to the issue of the miniature &frac12; cent in 1882. The
+figures for that year doubtless included a large quantity of this latter stamp,
+so we can safely approximate the quantity of the &frac12; cent of 1868 issued as
+6&frac12; millions. The large 1 cent stamp was superseded about March 1870,<!-- Page 117 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>
+so the above figures may very likely be reduced by say two millions in 1870,
+leaving 11&frac12; millions of the large stamps, but in both brown-red and yellow.
+A large part of the 1868-9 deliveries must have been of the brown-red stamp,
+however, as the yellow one did not appear until January 1869, and from the
+catalog prices the former would seem to be twice as common as the latter.
+The large 3 cent was also superseded about January 1870, so that a considerable
+portion of the deliveries of 1869-70 were doubtless due its successor.
+Some 20 millions or more can without doubt be credited to the 1868
+stamp, nevertheless.</p>
+
+<p>The 2 cent and 6 cent were both superseded early in 1872, so their totals
+can be reduced probably to approximately 10-11 millions for the former and
+perhaps 10 millions of the latter.</p>
+
+<p>With the 12&frac12; and 15 cent stamps we find no successors, but we do
+find that none of the former was delivered after 1871, so that our total of
+2&frac12; millions is correct, barring our first approximation. From the lists of
+"Issues to Postmasters" it is evident that the stamp was regularly used, but
+in decreasing quantities, down to 1888, when the last figures "1100" appear.
+A summing up of these issues to postmasters (again allowing for the first
+approximation) gives us a total of 1,944,100 issued; but of these there were
+44,086 returned by the postmasters as unfit for use, the last return (84
+copies) being received in 1893. The result for the 12&frac12; cent stamp is therefore
+approximately 1,900,000 issued and used, and some 634,000 probably
+destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>The 15 cent stamp, after the amount received in the 1869 account,
+needed no further supplies until the 1875 account, although it was issued
+to postmasters each year. The changes in rates in 1875 made it again useful
+as a multiple of the 5 cent stamp and in connection with registration.
+From that time until 1893 it was regularly printed and delivered, but this
+was evidently the end of its usefulness, as the only receipt thereafter was of
+400 in 1896&mdash;undoubtedly a small remainder which the engravers wanted
+to get rid of. It was regularly issued to postmasters, however, up to 1900,
+the last amount, 21,350 appearing in that year's accounts, though 70 copies
+were turned in for destruction in 1901. Some 31,000 all told were returned
+as unfit for use, but the rest were probably all used in the course of business.</p>
+
+<p>Of the large 5 cent stamp we can only judge as with the preceding. The
+Report for 1876 includes the deliveries of both large and small stamps, the
+total being 2 millions. As succeeding deliveries of the small stamp averaged<!-- Page 118 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>
+a million or more for several years thereafter, it is highly probable that
+the above total was evenly divided and that the large 5 cent was at least
+printed to the number of a million copies.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>Turning now to the Postmaster General's Reports for the several years
+during which the large sized stamps were the general issue, we find in the
+<i>First Report of the Dominion of Canada, for the Year ending 30th June,
+1868,</i> the following remarks concerning the new <span class="nobreak">order:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Post Office Laws and Regulations of the several Provinces
+of the Dominion, in force at the date of the Union, remained in operation
+under the authority of the Union Act until superseded by the
+statute known as "<i>The Post Office Act 1867</i>", passed in the first session
+of the Dominion Parliament, for the regulation of the Postal
+Service, and which general Act took effect from the 1st. April, 1868.</p>
+
+<p>By this Act a uniform system of Post Office organization was
+provided for, the ordinary rate of domestic letter postage was reduced
+from five cents to three cents per half ounce, and the charge
+on letters sent to and received from the United States was at the
+same time lowered from ten to six cents per half ounce weight (the
+latter being the combination of the three cent letter rates of both
+Countries), and lastly, low rates of postage charge were established
+for the conveyance of newspapers, periodicals, printed papers, parcels
+and other miscellaneous matter by Post.</p>
+
+<p>In Nova Scotia and New Brunswick the additional newspaper
+postage collected under the new Statute, applying equal charges on
+newspaper matter throughout the Dominion, approximately balanced
+the loss in the reduction of the letter rates, in fact the collections in
+Nova Scotia in the first fiscal year after the change in the postage rates,
+shew a marked improvement on the revenue of the previous year,
+and there has been a material increase in the number of letters passing
+by Post in the Maritime Provinces, as well as in Ontario and
+Quebec.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>Postage stamps of denominations corresponding to the reduced
+rates of postage authorized by the Post Office Act of 1867, were prepared
+by the British American Bank Note Co. at Ottawa, and distributed
+by the Department throughout the Dominion for use on
+the 1st. April. 1868, from which date the new rates of postage came
+into operation.</p></div>
+
+<p>Some statistics are also given which it will not be out of place to quote
+here for future comparison.<!-- Page 119 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>There were 87 new Post Offices established in Ontario and Quebec during
+the [fiscal] year and 74 Post Offices and Way Offices in New Brunswick
+and Nova Scotia. On the 1st January, 1869, there were 3638 Post
+Offices and Way Offices in the Dominion, and <span class="nobreak">also:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td></td><td><i>Miles of <br />Post Route</i></td>
+<td><i>Letters <br />Annually</i></td>
+<td><i>Revenue</i> <br />(<i>fiscal year</i>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ontario &amp; Quebec</td><td align="right">18,716</td><td align="right">14,750,000</td><td align="right">$906,663.04</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">New Brunswick</td><td align="right">3,379</td><td align="right">1,350,000</td><td align="right">53,827.80</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Nova Scotia</td><td align="right">5,579</td><td align="right">2,000,000</td><td align="right">64,219.77</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Totals</td><td align="right" class="bt">27,674</td><td align="right" class="bt">18,100,000</td><td align="right" class="bt">1,024,710.61</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>The total correspondence passing between the United States and Canada
+is given as $319,352.53, but with no returns from the Maritime
+Provinces.</p>
+
+<p>The next year's Report, dated 30th June, 1869, gives the revenue as
+$973,056, a drop of fifty thousand dollars, due to its being the first complete
+year since the reduction of the postage rates. The total correspondence
+with the United States is also given as $227,699.13, the drop having come
+through the reduction to a 6 cent rate, although the Maritime Provinces
+were included this time. The Report also notes that "From 1st January,
+1870, the Postal rate to the United Kingdom was reduced from 12&frac12; to
+6 cents per &frac12; ounce letter."</p>
+
+<p>The report for 1870 states that the Postal Packet rate was reduced on
+the 1st January, 1870, but does not give the new rate. It is also said that "measures
+will be taken to organize the whole postal system of the new Province
+of Manitoba on the same footing as the rest of Canada, from an early date."</p>
+
+<p>The Province of Manitoba, as we have already noted, was admitted
+to full privileges in the Dominion on July 15, 1870, and the former Colony
+of British Columbia came in on July 20, 1871. The Postmaster General's
+Report for 30th June, 1871 says of <span class="nobreak">these:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The rates of postage have been made uniform in both newly confederated
+Provinces with those prevailing in the older sections, as
+well in respect to correspondence passing between British Columbia
+and Manitoba, and the rest of the Dominion, as in regard to the
+transmissions within each of the said Provinces.</p>
+
+<p>Arrangements have been made with the Post Office of the
+United States, under which mails to and from British Columbia pass<!-- Page 120 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>
+in closed bags (through the United States mails) between Windsor
+(Ontario) and Victoria (British Columbia), via San Francisco, for
+the conveyance of which through the United States, a transit rate is
+paid by the Dominion to the United States Post Office, as in the
+case of similar closed mails passing to and from Manitoba.</p></div>
+
+<p>The report for 30th June 1872 states <span class="nobreak">that:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Arrangements between Canada and Newfoundland came into
+effect from 1st. November, 1872, establishing a uniform prepaid rate
+of 6 cents per &frac12; ounce on letters passing between any Post Office
+in the Dominion and any Post Office in Newfoundland, instead of
+12&frac12; cents as before, and providing that Newspapers, Books, printed
+matter and post cards shall be prepaid at ordinary Canadian rates
+and vice versâ.</p></div>
+
+<p>The postal revenue for the year was $1,193,062, it being the first year
+that the postal business of British Columbia and Manitoba was included.
+The former was credited with 38 Post Offices and the latter with 27 Post
+Offices.</p>
+
+<p>It will be remembered that Prince Edward Island joined the Dominion
+on July 1, 1873, and the Report of that year credits the former Colony with
+180 Post Offices.</p>
+
+<p>The report of 30th June, 1874, states that "The System of free-delivery
+by letter-carriers in the principal cities, of letters and papers coming
+by mail has been commenced at Montreal and Toronto." This was under
+the authority of section 36 of <i>The Post Office Act</i> 1867 which we have
+already quoted.<a name="FNanchor_103" id="FNanchor_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> The text of a new postal treaty between Canada and the
+United States is given from which we make the following <span class="nobreak">excerpts:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">Postal Arrangement<br />
+Between the Dominion of Canada and the United States</span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. I.</span> Correspondence of every kind, written and printed, ...
+[<i>mailed in each country and addressed to the other</i>], shall be fully
+prepaid at the domestic postage rates of the country of origin, and the
+country of destination will receive, forward and deliver the same free
+of charge.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. II.</span> Each country will transport the domestic mails of the
+other by its ordinary mail routes in closed pouches through its
+territory, free of charge.<!-- Page 121 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. III.</span> [<i>Patterns and samples, weighing not over 8 oz., unsealed,
+10 cents each, prepayment obligatory.</i>]</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. IV.</span> [<i>No further accounts to be kept between the two
+countries.</i>]</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. VIII.</span> The existing arrangements for the exchange of registered
+letters between the two countries shall continue in full force;
+but the registration fee on registered letters sent from the United
+States to Canada shall be the same as the registration fee charged in
+the United States for domestic registered letters.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. IX.</span> This arrangement, except so far as it relates to letter
+postage, shall take effect from the first of January, 1875. The reduced
+letter rate will come into operation on the first of February,
+1875....</p>
+
+<p>Done in duplicate and signed at Ottawa the 27th day of January,
+1875.</p></div>
+
+<p>From the above it is seen that the double domestic postage rate on letters between
+the two countries, and the keeping of accounts of the total correspondence
+passing through the exchange offices, were done away with on the 1st February,
+1875, and since that date all such mail matter has passed freely between
+the two countries at the ordinary domestic rates of each. The figures given
+in this Report were the last for the total correspondence between Canada and
+the United States, and were presumably for the seven months from 1st July,
+1874, to 1st February, 1875: they were $478,516.91, which would represent
+some eight million letters were that the only class included, and all of them
+single letters; this would be at the rate of some thirteen million letters
+per year, a very respectable figure for the intercommunication of the two
+countries.</p>
+
+<p>Because of further postal changes which came in 1875 and also the fact
+that a new type of stamp had gradually been replacing the large sized first
+issue of the Dominion during the last few years, we will close this chapter
+with the 1874 Report.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86" id="Footnote_86"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> The Philatelist. IV: 42.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87" id="Footnote_87"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> In the first series of the American Journal of Philately for June
+1, 1868 (I: 25) we read: "The Canadian Government have had a 5 cent
+stamp prepared, engraved of the same type as the present set, the most
+noticeable difference being the circle round the head which is corded.
+The specimen sent us is printed in brown on India paper, bearing the
+Company's imprint underneath."</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88" id="Footnote_88"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, II: 57.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89" id="Footnote_89"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> This is an error, for in Le Timbre-Poste for November, 1877 (XV:
+841). M. Moens says: <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">"M. Fouré nous fait remarquer que le 3 cents [1868]
+a été imprimé exceptionnellement sur papier vergé."</span></p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90" id="Footnote_90"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> North American Colonies of Great Britain, page 16.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91" id="Footnote_91"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, II: 57.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92" id="Footnote_92"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> London Philatelist, XVI: 144.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93" id="Footnote_93"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Philatelic Record. IV: 213.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94" id="Footnote_94"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, II: 57.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95" id="Footnote_95"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, IX: 64.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96" id="Footnote_96"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> London Philatelist, XVI: 144.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97" id="Footnote_97"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> Dominion Philatelist, I: 5.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98" id="Footnote_98"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> Halifax Philatelist, III: 8.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99" id="Footnote_99"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> American Journal of Philately, VIII: 77.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100" id="Footnote_100"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, II: 55 and Monthly Journal, VIII: 236.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101" id="Footnote_101"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> Monthly Journal, IX: 125.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102" id="Footnote_102"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_88">page 88</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103" id="Footnote_103"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_98">page 98</a>.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<p><!-- Page 122 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX<br />
+<br />
+THE SMALL "CENTS" ISSUE, 1870-82</h2>
+
+
+<p>In the <i>American Journal of Philately</i> for August 20, 1869 we find the
+following: "Canada is shortly to have a new set of stamps. Taking
+lessons in economy from our own country, it seems they are about
+altering their stamps to make them smaller, so as to save paper. The head
+will still remain exactly the same as now, but the frame and margin around
+the head will be considerably less." The 1869 set of the United States was
+then in use, and it may well be that the smaller sized stamps appealed to the
+authorities in comparison with their own rather large sized productions,
+even though their suggested parsimony had nothing to do with it. The current
+&frac12; cent stamp was taken as the model, and the other values reduced in
+size to correspond with it, while keeping their former colors. The main
+features of the designs were therefore retained.</p>
+
+<p>No special announcement of the new series was made that we have been
+able to discover, and they were only introduced, apparently, as stocks of the
+large sized stamps on hand were used up. We find the first record of the
+change in the <i>American Journal of Philately</i> for February 20, 1870: "The
+stamps of the New Dominion have now made their appearance, altered as
+described by us last August." Though not specified, this referred to the
+3 cent stamp, and its actual issue probably took place in January. <i>The
+Philatelist</i> chronicles it in the issue of March 1, 1870, as being of "the same
+colour and general description as before". [Illustration No. 28 on <a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>.]</p>
+
+<p>The next value to appear was the 1 cent, which was noted in the <i>Stamp
+Collector's Magazine</i> for April 1, 1870; it was probably issued, therefore,
+some time in March, for the <i>American Journal of Philately</i> records it in its
+issue of April 20, 1870. [Illustration No. 25 on <a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>.]</p>
+
+<p>Two years then elapsed before further additions were made, and lent
+some color to the report in several European journals that the cause of the
+new issue was the destruction by fire in Montreal of the plates of the 1 cent
+and 3 cent of 1868, and that the other values of the set would remain as
+before. The <i>American Journal of Philately</i> learned, however, that only the<!-- Page 123 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>
+press room of the Bank Note Co. was damaged, and that the plates were
+intact. At last the 6 cent in reduced size made its appearance and was
+chronicled in the <i>American Journal of Philately</i> for February, 1872, to be
+followed in the March issue by the announcement of the 2 cent. The former
+value must therefore have been issued in January and the latter in February.
+[Illustrations Nos. 30 and 26 on <a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>.]</p>
+
+<p>Again in the <i>American Journal of Philately</i> for November 20, 1874,
+we find it "reported" that Canada "has issued a 10c. rose", and the next
+issue says it "is printed in a peculiar pale rose, we can not call to mind any
+other stamp of this particular tint." The actual issue therefore, was probably
+about November 1, 1874. Just what called forth this new value in the
+Dominion series does not appear, unless it be the section in the Postal Treaty
+between Canada and the United States which fixed the rate on patterns and
+samples at 10 cents for not over 8 oz., with prepayment obligatory.<a name="FNanchor_104" id="FNanchor_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> This
+rate did not go into effect, however, until January 1, 1875. Of course as a
+multiple of the 5 cent rates which came into force on October 1, 1875, the
+new 10 cent stamp was very useful, but that was nearly a year subsequent to
+its issue. The new stamp is illustrated as No. 32 on <a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The next of the series to make its appearance was the 5 cent, which was
+noted in the <i>American Journal of Philately</i> for February 20, 1876 as having
+"just been issued." [Illustration No. 29 on <a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>.] This doubtless
+means about the 1st February, so that its large sized predecessor had only
+about four months of life. There were now left in the large sized stamps
+only the 12&frac12; and 15 cents. In its issue for May, 1872, the <i>Stamp Collector's
+Magazine</i> quoted from the <i>Canadian Philatelist</i> as follows:&mdash;"It is
+unlikely that the 12&frac12; c. small size will be issued, as the large ones are very
+little used, and can now be bought at the post-office at 12 cents." This last
+statement is rather surprising. Nevertheless, it was announced in the
+<i>American Journal of Philately</i> for October, 1879 that "Canada will shortly
+issue the 12&frac12; and 15c. values of postals in small size, to correspond with the
+others of the series." This paper seemed to have been usually well informed
+concerning Canadian postal matters, but the expected new stamps did not
+materialize. The dies and plates were undoubtedly prepared, for the 12&frac12;
+cent stamp at least exists in a finished state, but is very scarce. Proofs of
+both values were illustrated in <i>Le Timbre-Poste</i> for November, 1888, with
+the following remarks: <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">"On nous envoie les essais des futurs timbres 12&frac12; et<!-- Page 124 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>
+15 centavos qui doivent compléter un peu tardivement, la série des timbres
+à ce format. Nos exemplaires sont imprimés, le premier en lilas, le second
+en vert sur papier de la Chine."</span> Commenting on this in the <i>American Philatelist</i>
+for December, 1888, Mr. W. C. Stone says: "We heard of these some
+ten or twelve years ago and saw them both last summer in New York." We
+have been fortunate enough to be able to illustrate the 12&frac12; cent (see No. 89
+on <a href="#Plate_V">Plate V</a>) from the Worthington collection, and this finished copy, with full
+gum, is in a bright blue as we should expect. We regret that it was impossible
+to locate a copy of the reduced 15 cent to illustrate as a companion piece.
+The reasons that the plates of these two stamps were never actually brought
+into use, though evidently prepared with the other values in smaller size,
+were probably these: The 12&frac12; cent of 1868, as we have seen, though issued
+to postmasters for several subsequent years, was not printed after 1871, nor
+was the old stock exhausted when its use was discontinued. There was therefore
+no call for any supply to be printed from the new plate. The 15 cent
+was not printed between 1869 and 1875, and after that in such relatively
+small quantities each year until 1896, that, unless we are greatly mistaken,
+the original plate never wore out, but was used without change to the end.</p>
+
+<p>The old adage that "history repeats itself" was again exemplified in
+Canadian stamps when in July, 1882, the &frac12; cent stamp, for fourteen years
+unaltered, was once more reduced to a smaller size than the regular series.
+The general effect of the design remained the same, but the foliate ornamentation
+gave place to angular outlines. The illustration will be found as No. 27
+on <a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>.</p>
+
+<p>All of the above mentioned stamps, except the &frac12; cent as will be explained,
+were line engraved on steel and printed in sheets of 100, ten rows of
+ten. The marginal imprints turn out to be of three varieties in this series,
+and we have pieced together what information we can concerning them, for
+strips with marginal imprints are extremely hard to find now. The first
+plates made, including at least the 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 cent stamps, and probably
+the 10 cent as well, since that was engraved before the 5 cent, had the denomination
+in shaded Roman capitals, 4 mm. high, [Illustration No. 121
+on <a href="#Plate_XI">Plate XI</a>], over stamps 2 and 3 of the top row. Sometimes the shading
+is hardly apparent, as in our illustration, but it can be detected. Beginning
+over stamp 4, extending over stamps 5 and 6, and ending over stamp 7, is the
+inscription we found on the series of 1868 (see illustration 107 on <a href="#Plate_IX">Plate IX</a>),
+"BRITISH AMERICAN BANK NOTE CO. MONTREAL &amp; OTTAWA"<!-- Page 125 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>
+in colorless Roman capitals in the little strip of color 1 mm. wide and 51
+mm. long. This imprint is also beneath the bottom row of stamps and at
+each side, reading up at the left and down at the right [Illustration No. 111
+on <a href="#Plate_X">Plate X</a>]. We have so far not seen this inscription on the 5 cent and
+10 cent sheets, and doubt if it exists on the former at least.</p>
+
+<p>About 1875 the engraving company seem to have dropped their Ottawa
+branch, for on the large 5 cent stamp, whose plate was made in that year, we
+find the new imprint "British American Bank Note Co. Montreal" in capitals
+and lower case letters on a colored strip 56 mm. long and 2&frac12; mm. wide,
+having a pearled border. This imprint is found on all four sides of the
+sheet, as before, as reference to Plates X, XI and XII will show, and on the
+plates of all values. In the case of the 6 and 10 cent stamps, and perhaps some
+others as well, the value SIX, TEN, etc. is now found in the shaded Roman
+capitals over stamp number 9 of the top row, but lacking the word CENTS.
+Over stamp number 2 of the top row is the figure of value, 6 mm. high,
+[Illustration No. 118, <a href="#Plate_XI">Plate XI</a>]. A sheet of the small 5 cent stamps which
+we have seen, however, does not follow this arrangement but reverts to the
+first style with FIVE CENTS in the shaded Roman capitals over the first
+three stamps of the top row only, though having the four "Montreal" imprints.
+Again, a sheet of 3 cent that we have examined has the word THREE alone
+in the shaded Roman capitals over the first two stamps of the top row, and the
+"Montreal" imprint at the center of the top and bottom rows only, there being
+nothing at the sides. A sheet of 1 cent presents still another style, having
+the "Montreal" imprint at top and bottom alone, and no other marginal inscriptions.
+We have seen no sheet or margin of the 2 cent stamp bearing the
+"Montreal" imprint, but it doubtless exists.</p>
+
+<p>Whether the arrangement of these marginal inscriptions is a special one
+for each value, or whether each style described exists in all values there does
+not seem to be material enough at hand to determine. Probably neither
+statement is wholly in accordance with facts, as there must have been a great
+many plates of the 1 cent and 3 cent stamps, with proportionately fewer for
+the less used values. There seems to have been no system of plate numbering,
+as far as we can discover, though some margins show reversed letters or figures
+about 3 to 4 mm. high in various positions; they do not appear to have any
+special significance, however.</p>
+
+<p>In regard to the &frac12; cent of 1882, which we excepted from the above
+statements, there is a special arrangement to consider. The stamp was of<!-- Page 126 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>
+course line engraved on steel, as before, but the plate printed two panes of 100
+impressions each, side by side. These panes were the usual 10 × 10 arrangement,
+and were separated by a space of 11 mm. through which they were cut
+into two "post office sheets". The marginal inscriptions were simply the
+"Montreal" imprint [illustration No. 127 on <a href="#Plate_XII">Plate XII</a>] which appeared six
+times&mdash;at the top and bottom of each pane, in the right margin of the right hand
+pane and the left margin of the left hand pane, there being no imprint in the
+space between the two panes. Over the top inscription of the right pane is the reversed
+figure 1, 4 mm. high, and in the same position on the left pane the corresponding
+figure 2, evidently to designate the panes.</p>
+
+<p>Once again, and this time the fact was noted in some of the philatelic
+journals, the imprint was changed. The engraving company had been required
+by the Government to do its printing at Ottawa,<a name="FNanchor_105" id="FNanchor_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> and under "Canada
+Notes" in <i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i> for December 21, 1892, "Canadensis"
+reports: "The new plates of the Canada stamps now bear this imprint: 'British
+American Bank Note Co. Ottawa', instead of Montreal. The matrix being
+made from the old die are exactly like the previous issues." The new imprint
+is a copy of the first one we described, with "Montreal &amp;" omitted. It is 40
+mm. long and 1&frac12; mm. wide and is well shown in illustration No. 123 on
+<a href="#Plate_XII">Plate XII</a>. These new plates were doubtless the ones heralded in the <i>Dominion
+Philatelist</i> for September, 1892, wherein it is stated that "the present issue
+of Canada 3 c. Stamps are being printed and issued in sheets of 200 instead
+of 100 as formerly." And again in the same paper for May, 1893: "The
+Canada 1c., 2c., and 3c. stamps are now being printed in sheets of 200." This
+new sheet arrangement consisted of ten horizontal rows of twenty stamps each.
+The "Ottawa" imprint appears three times, once in the middle of the top margin,
+over stamps 10 and 11, and twice in the bottom margin, beneath stamps
+5 and 6, and again beneath stamps 15 and 16. There are no imprints at the
+sides. The denomination appears in the top margin at both right and left
+and in a new style of lettering on these larger plates. Thus we find ONE
+CENT or TWO CENT over stamps 2 and 3 as well as 18 and 19, or THREE
+CENT over the first four and last four stamps in plain Egyptian capitals,
+(see illustration No. 120 on <a href="#Plate_XI">Plate XI</a>).</p>
+
+<p>One other imprint was used on the 2 cent value at least, but we have so
+far seen it on no other. It was 49 mm. long and nearly 2 mm. wide, but
+otherwise is a duplicate of the smaller "Ottawa" imprint. A portion of it<!-- Page 127 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span>
+is seen in illustration No. 129 on <a href="#Plate_XIII">Plate XIII</a>. The sheet was in the 10 × 10 form,
+and the imprint appeared at top and bottom only, there being no other marginal
+inscriptions. From the sheet form it would seem probable that it preceded
+the use of the sheets of 200 stamps.</p>
+
+<p>The colors of these small stamps were intended to be the same as those
+of the larger stamps they superseded, and in the main they were so. The orange
+and orange yellow shades of the 1 cent stamp appear to have been the earlier
+ones, while the yellow tints came in the later printings. The 2 cent follows
+the green of its predecessor very closely. The 3 cent, as might be expected,
+is more prolific in the variety of shades presented. The <i>Philatelist</i> chronicled
+it (March, 1870) in the "same colour as before," while Moens, in <i>Le
+Timbre-Poste</i>, was more specific and gave it as red-brown. In May, 1873,
+the <i>Stamp Collector's Magazine</i> lists it in orange-vermilion, while <i>The Philatelist</i>
+says vermilion and <i>Le Timbre-Poste</i> bright orange. The 5 cent stamp
+did not vary a great deal except in tone, though <i>Le Timbre-Poste</i> notes it as
+"black-gray" in July, 1877. The 6 cent was also fairly constant in its brown
+shade. The 10 cent appeared at first in what, for want of a better name, may
+be called a rose-lilac. The <i>Stamp Collector's Magazine</i> called it pale rose, and
+the <i>American Journal, of Philately</i> said it was a "peculiar pale rose" which
+was a new tint. The latter paper notes it again in a "bright carnation" in
+March, 1876, while <i>Le Timbre-Poste</i> in August of the same year chronicles
+it in "pale red instead of lilac."</p>
+
+<p>We have been thus particular in listing the record of early shades because
+of the changes which come later.</p>
+
+<p>In the January, 1888, issue of the <i>Halifax Philatelist</i> we find the following
+note under "Canada":&mdash;"The plate of the 2 c. stamp has been re-engraved.
+Color is now dark green". No details of such re-engraving were
+forthcoming, but in the June, 1888, number of the <i>Philatelic Record</i> is a
+paragraph which evidently refers to the same stamp:&mdash;"A correspondent has
+sent us a specimen of the 2 cents, green, which he calls a <i>new die</i>. We fail
+to see it; but what we do see is, that the stamp is printed from a lithographed
+transfer." This surprising statement seemed to excite no special comment
+save from the sagacious M. Moens, who remarks:<a name="FNanchor_106" id="FNanchor_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a>
+<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">"Nous avons également
+reçu ce timbre qui parait lithographié, par suite d'usure de la planche, croyons-nous,
+car la feuille entière que nous avons annonce que l'impression a été faite,<!-- Page 128 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>
+comme antérieurement, par la British American Bank Note Co. de Montreal
+et Ottawa, qui ne s'occupe pas d'impression lithographique que nous sachions."</span></p>
+
+<p>Without doubt M. Moens gave the correct explanation, for the imprint
+that he mentions will be recognized as the one to be found on the earliest
+plates of the small stamps, and 1888 was thirteen years at least after the
+second type of imprint with "Montreal" only had been introduced. Hence
+the stamp in question was probably a late print from a worn plate, which
+gave a rather flat and indistinct impression that might suggest lithography,
+though it is certain that Canada has never yet stooped to such a cheap means
+of postage stamp production. A similar case may be recalled with the &frac12;
+penny stamp of St. Helena which was issued in 1884, and which presented a
+like appearance.</p>
+
+<p>Whether the above incident had anything to do with the change of the
+printing company from Montreal to Ottawa, which we have already noted
+in describing the imprints, we cannot say, but it is certain that it was the
+beginning of changes, in shade at least, which affected the whole series of
+stamps. We have the authority of the Postmaster General's Report for 1889
+that the "removal of the British American Bank Note Co. from Montreal to
+Ottawa" had taken place&mdash;evidently early in 1888, as will be seen later&mdash;so
+that the use of an old worn-out plate might have been a case of temporary
+necessity. Further details are given by the Canadian correspondent of the
+<i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i><a name="FNanchor_107" id="FNanchor_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> as follows: "About six years ago the Government insisted
+on their contractors doing their printing at the Capital, and the British
+American Bank Note Co. erected a handsome establishment on Wellington
+Street, where all postage stamps have since been printed. It may be remembered
+that the Ottawa printings were signalized by distinct varieties in
+shade from the earlier Montreal issues, varieties that have never been sufficiently
+distinguished in the standard catalogues."</p>
+
+<p>These changes in the stamp shades were soon noted. In March, 1888,
+the <i>Philatelic Record</i> described the 10 cent stamp as "now in carmine-red",
+while two months later it chronicled the 5 cent as changed "from bronze-green
+to greenish-grey." We have already noted the change in the 15 cent to a
+color approximating its original mauve, "only more of a bluish tinge," which
+the <i>Halifax Philatelist</i> recorded in July, 1888. The following October the
+same paper listed the 3 cent in a "bright carmine", and in July, 1889, an<!-- Page 129 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>nounced
+the 2 cent in "blue green". The 6 cent lagged behind the others
+and did not manifest itself until the <i>American Journal of Philately</i> announced
+it in October, 1890, in a "rich brown." Once again, <i>Le Timbre-Poste</i>
+for April, 1892, stated that the 5 cent had "since the 8th March, appeared in
+gray black". The 1 cent doubtless had its special hue of yellow along with
+the other changes, but it was not recorded, probably because not distinct
+enough from the usual run of variations in which it had been appearing.</p>
+
+<p>That the above changes were hardly of a character to warrant dignifying
+them as a "new issue," which is frequently done, is shown by a moment's
+consideration. The &frac12; cent and 1 cent stamps showed no appreciable difference
+in coloring and therefore caused no comment. The 2 cent did not maintain
+its blue green shade unaltered, and the 3 cent soon reverted to its former brilliant
+red hue, as the <i>Philatelic Journal of America</i> for May, 1889, says that
+"the carmine color recently adopted has been dropped, and the stamps are
+printed in colors similar to the ones in use before the change was made."
+The 5, 6 and 10 cent stamps, however, made permanent changes, but only
+such as might readily be traceable to a new mixing of the inks in the case
+of the first two. The 10 cent can hardly be so easily disposed of, as lake and
+brown-red are of quite different composition from a rose-lilac. But there
+can have been no official intention of altering the shades or colors or more
+definite and permanent changes would certainly have been made throughout
+the set. It remains, therefore, to classify them simply as shade varieties of
+the original set.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. King gives a list of eight varieties of paper<a name="FNanchor_108" id="FNanchor_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> for the "small cents
+issues", but we have deemed it sufficient to note a thick and a thin white wove
+paper, and a closely ribbed paper. All values are reported as existing with
+the compound perforation (11&frac12; × 12) spoken of under the 1868 issue. We
+also find all values occurring in an imperforate condition. The 3 cent was
+first noted in the <i>Philatelic Record</i> for December, 1882; the 15 cent we have
+already spoken of under the 1868 issue; and the 5, 6 and 10 cent at least,
+from the shades of the specimens we have seen, belong to the printings subsequent
+to the color modifications of 1888-90. Concerning these imperforates,
+we find in a paper on Canada, read before the Royal Philatelic Society by
+Mr. M. H. Horsley,<a name="FNanchor_109" id="FNanchor_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> the following note:<!-- Page 130 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In my opinion, which I have had confirmed by several most competent
+authorities, the various imperforated copies which I show you,
+some used and some unused, are absolutely genuine varieties. Imperforated
+copies of various values were sold over the Post-office counter
+in Montreal about the years 1891-3, at their face value, and have
+been good for postage whenever people cared to use them. The quantities
+in this condition are, I believe, extremely small.</p></div>
+
+<p>Supplementing this Mr. Pack writes:<a name="FNanchor_110" id="FNanchor_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I quite agree with Mr. Horsley in regard to the various imperforate
+copies of the issues of 1882 to 1895. There are a good many
+specimens of these stamps imperforate, and they were on sale at a
+Canadian Post Office.</p></div>
+
+<p>The above statements are correct, and we can vouch for them by documentary
+evidence. Not only were the various values of the series we are considering
+on sale in imperforate condition, but also the 8, 20 and 50 cent stamps
+which we are next to consider, and the shade of the 8 cent stamp shows it to
+have been among the earlier printings&mdash;probably in 1893. We are fortunate
+in being able to present illustrations of all these imperforates in blocks
+of four or more, which will be found on Plates IX, X and XII.</p>
+
+<p>That these imperforates are perfectly good for postage and are recognized
+by the Canadian Post Office to this day, equally with their perforated prototypes,
+has been proved to our satisfaction because we have employed some
+on registered matter addressed to the United States. As this class
+of mail requires to be fully prepaid, any irregularity would at once be detected
+and the covers would tell the story. We illustrate a pair of the 2 cent
+imperforate on a registered cover mailed at Como, Quebec, on March 20,
+1905. [<a href="#Plate_XIII">Plate XIII</a>, No. 129.]</p>
+
+<p>As before, we find that a few stamps have been "split" and used for half
+their value, copies of the 2 cent and 6 cent having been cut vertically and
+doing unquestioned duty as 1 cent and 3 cent stamps respectively. As this
+practise is unauthorized they can be regarded mearly as freaks that have
+slipped through by carelessness&mdash;or favor.</p>
+
+<p>Turning once more to the Postmaster General's Reports, we begin with
+that of the 30th June, 1875. This notes that:<!-- Page 131 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Act passed in the last Session of Parliament for the regulation
+of the Postal Service of Canada, came wholly into force on
+the 1st October, 1875.</p>
+
+<p>1. Letters passing by mail at 3 cents per &frac12; oz.</p>
+
+<p>2. Local or drop letters at 1 cent per &frac12; oz.</p>
+
+<p>3. Post cards 1 cent each.</p>
+
+<p>4. Canadian newspapers and periodicals, from office of publication
+at 1 cent per pound of bulk weight.</p>
+
+<p>5. Transient newspapers and periodicals, circulars, books, pamphlets,
+etc., open, 1 cent per 4 oz.</p>
+
+<p>6. Newspapers or periodicals weighing less than 1 oz. each, when
+posted singly, &frac12; cent each.</p>
+
+<p>7. Closed parcels not containing letters, 12&frac12; cents per 8 oz.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Act referred to was "An Act to amend and consolidate the Statute
+Law for the regulation of the Postal Service. [<i>Assented to 8th April,
+1875.</i>]"<a name="FNanchor_111" id="FNanchor_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a>
+and was mainly a repetition of <i>The Post Office Act, 1867</i>,<a name="FNanchor_112" id="FNanchor_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> with
+certain amendments incorporated. The principal changes which interest us
+are as <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>1. This Act shall be known and may be cited as "The Post Office
+Act, 1875," etc., etc.</p>
+
+<p>10.&mdash;6. Cause to be prepared and distributed postage and registration
+stamps necessary for the prepayment of postages and registration
+charges, under this Act; also stamped envelopes for the like
+purpose and post-cards and stamped post bands or wrappers for newspapers
+or other mailable articles not being post letters.</p>
+
+<p>19. [<i>Letter rate of 3 cents per &frac12; oz.</i>]: and such postage rate of
+three cents shall be pre-paid by postage stamp or stamps at the time
+of posting the letter, otherwise such letter shall not be forwarded by
+post, except that letters addressed to any place in Canada and on
+which one full rate of three cents has been so pre-paid, shall be forwarded
+to their destination charged with double the amount of the
+postage thereon not so prepaid, which amount shall be collected on
+delivery.</p>
+
+<p>20. [<i>Drop letter rate restricted to</i> "one cent per half ounce
+weight."]</p>
+
+<p>22. The rate of postage on newspaper and periodical publications
+printed and published in Canada, and issued not less frequently than
+once a month from a known office of publication or news agency, and
+addressed and posted by and from the same to regular subscribers
+or news agents, shall be one cent for each pound weight, or any
+fraction of a pound weight, to be prepaid by postage stamps or<!-- Page 132 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span>
+otherwise as the Postmaster General may, from time to time, direct;
+and such newspapers and periodicals shall be put into packages and delivered
+into the post office, and the postage rate thereon prepaid by the
+sender thereof, under such regulations as the Postmaster General may,
+from time to time, direct.</p>
+
+<p>23. Newspapers and periodicals weighing less than one ounce
+each may be posted singly at a postage rate of half a cent each, which
+must be in all cases prepaid by postage stamp affixed to each.</p>
+
+<p>24. On all newspapers and periodicals posted in Canada, except
+in the cases hereinbefore expressly provided for, and on books, etc.,
+etc., [<i>repeats Sec. 26 of Act of 1867</i>], the rate of postage shall be one
+cent for each four ounces or fraction of four ounces, ... and this
+postage rate shall be prepaid by postage stamps or stamped post
+bands or wrappers....</p>
+
+<p>27. [<i>Repeats Sec. 29 of Act of 1867</i>] And when any letter or other
+mailable matter is posted in Canada without prepayment, or insufficiently
+prepaid, in any case in which prepayment is by this Act made
+obligatory, the Postmaster General may detain the same, and cause
+it to be returned, when practicable, to the sender.</p>
+
+<p>28. [<i>Replaces Sec. 30 of Act of 1867</i>] And for avoiding doubts,
+and preventing inconvenient delay in the posting and delivery of letters,&mdash;no
+Postmaster shall be bound to give change, but the exact
+amount of the postage on any letter or other mailable matter shall
+be tendered or paid to him in current coin as respects letters or other
+things delivered, bearing unpaid postage, as shall also the exact
+value in current coin as respects postage stamps, registration stamps,
+stamped envelopes or post cards, post bands or wrappers, purchased
+from any Postmaster and the exact amount of postage payable to any
+letter-carrier on any letter or mailable matter delivered by him.</p>
+
+<p>38. [<i>Repeats Sec. 40 of Act of 1867 concerning dead letters, but
+lowers the charge for returning to three cents and allows for deduction
+of postage prepaid in the case of insufficiently prepaid matter.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>87. The foregoing sections of this Act shall come into force and
+effect on the first day of October, in the present year one thousand
+eight hundred and seventy-five, except only in so far as they relate
+to the rates of postage on newspapers and periodicals sent to the
+United States, as to which they shall come into force on the first day
+of May now next....</p></div>
+
+<p>From the above quotations we see that the new Act made prepayment of
+letters by stamps obligatory, and imposed a fine of double the deficiency if insufficiently
+prepaid; that the unlimited weight of drop letters was restricted to
+&frac12; oz. per rate; that newspapers and periodicals were classed together and
+publishers given the low rate of 1 cent per pound; that the rate of 2 cents<!-- Page 133 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>
+on transient newspapers was reduced to &frac12; cent per ounce, and 1 cent up to
+four ounces; etc.</p>
+
+<p>The Report of 1875 further informs us that the free delivery of letters
+by carrier had been commenced in the following cities on the dates <span class="nobreak">given:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">Montreal</td><td align="left">1st October,</td><td align="center">1874.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Toronto</td><td align="left">1st March,</td><td align="center">1875.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Quebec</td><td align="left">1st April,</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ottawa</td><td align="left">1st May,</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Hamilton</td><td align="left">1st &ensp; "</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">St. John, N.B.</td><td align="left">1st &ensp; "</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Halifax, N.S.</td><td align="left">1st July,</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Previous to the above dates a charge (in addition to the ordinary
+postage) of two cents on each letter received by mail, of one cent
+on each letter posted in the city, and of one cent on each newspaper,
+was collected by the letter-carrier on delivery of the same. Halifax
+was an exception, as letters and papers sent out for delivery by letter-carrier
+had been delivered without extra charge since 1851.</p></div>
+
+<p>The British American Bank Note Co. was paid for</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Engraving and printing postage stamps for Post Office Department,
+$22,675.50.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Report of 1876 contains no special items not already noted, but that
+of 1877 states that the letter rate of postage with Newfoundland had been reduced
+from 6 cents to 5 cents per &frac12; oz., and the same rate had been obtained
+with Germany from 1st April, 1877.</p>
+
+<p>The Report of 1878 announces the admission of Canada into the Universal
+Postal Union from the 1st July, as we have already detailed.<a name="FNanchor_113" id="FNanchor_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a> The
+Report of 1879 says: "A reduction has been made, from the 1st September
+last, in the postage rate on closed parcels sent by post within the Dominion,
+from 12&frac12; cents per 8 oz. of weight to 6 cents per 4 oz. Under this change
+small parcels not exceeding 4 ounces in weight are admitted to pass for 6
+cents instead of 12&frac12; cents as before." This sounded the death knell of the
+12&frac12; cent stamp, which dropped in the number issued to postmasters from
+84,150 in 1879 to 13,400 in 1880 and 4950 in 1881. It was issued in decreasing
+numbers down to 1888, when it disappears from the accounts.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing further of importance transpired until 1881, when a supple<!-- Page 134 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>mentary
+agreement touching certain points was signed with the United States
+Post Office <span class="nobreak">Department:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">Additional Articles of Agreement Between the Dominion of
+Canada and the United States of America</span>.</p>
+
+<p>For the purpose of affording to the public increased facilities
+for the exchange of written correspondence, and also of preventing
+evasions by publishers, of the postal laws and regulations of the
+United States, the undersigned, duly authorized by their respective
+Governments, have agreed upon the following additional articles
+to the Postal Agreement of 27th January and 1st February, 1875:</p>
+
+
+<p>Article I.</p>
+
+<p>Insufficiently paid letters mailed in the United States and addressed
+to Canada, or <i>vice versâ</i>, mailed in Canada and addressed to
+the United States, on which a single rate of postage or more has been
+prepaid, shall be forwarded charged with the amount of the deficient
+postage, to be collected on delivery and retained by the Post
+Department of the country of destination. The amount of such deficient
+postage shall be indicated in figures, by the despatching exchange
+office, on the upper left-hand corner of the address.</p>
+
+
+<p>Article II.</p>
+
+<p>When newspapers, periodicals and other printed matter, published
+or originating in the United States, are brought into Canada and
+posted there for destinations in the United States, apparently to evade
+the postage rates or regulations applicable to such matter in the
+United States, the Canada Post Office may require prepayment of the
+same to be made at a rate equivalent to double the Canada domestic
+rates.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+
+<p>Article IV.</p>
+
+<p>The present articles shall be considered additional to those agreed
+upon between the two offices on the 27th January and 1st February,
+1875, and shall come into operation on the 1st of May, 1881.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p></div>
+
+<p>The Report of June 30, 1882 states that newspapers and periodicals
+published in Canada (under certain conditions as to form and manner of
+posting) are transmitted free by Post within the Dominion when posted from
+the office of publication to regular subscribers, from 1st June, 1882. This
+must have been due to a Department Order, as the Statutes of Canada reveal
+no such enactment at this time. The same Report announces the issue of
+reply post cards, but those will be dealt with later.<!-- Page 135 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Statistics make up most of the Reports until that of 1886, when an item
+of interest in connection with the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway
+is found: "The first through train left Montreal on Monday the 28th June,
+1885, and arrived at Port Moody, the Pacific terminus of the road on the
+4th July. Mails for British Columbia commenced to pass over the Canadian
+Pacific Railway by this first train." This marked the independence of Canada
+from the United States in the matter of transcontinental transportation
+of mails. The distance from Montreal to Port Moody is given as 2892 miles.</p>
+
+<p>In connection with this event the following note may be of interest:<a name="FNanchor_114" id="FNanchor_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Up to the time the Canadian Pacific Railway was built, nearly all
+letters from the Northwest bore United States stamps. The Northwest
+mounted police took their mail to Bismarck, Dak., and others
+were sent to Fargo, from whence they were sent around to Detroit
+and thence into Canada. The pony express was used in the Canadian
+Northwest, but no system, no stamps and probably no stipulated
+charges were made to get a letter to the frontier of the United
+States.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Report of 1887 says <span class="nobreak">that:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Provision has been made for the transmission by mail between
+all places in Canada, from 1st February, 1888, of small articles of
+ordinary goods and manufactures in packages, open to inspection, on
+payment of a postage charge of 1 cent per oz. Also a new convention
+with the United States Post Office providing that from the 1st March,
+1888, the same class of matter will be admitted to pass between Canada
+and the United States, subject to Customs inspection.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Report of 1888 announces the extension of free delivery by letter
+carriers to Victoria, B. C. Since the list of free delivery offices given on
+page 133, there are to be added as <span class="nobreak">well:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">London, Ontario</td><td align="right">24th April, 1876.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Winnipeg, Manitoba,</td><td align="right">1st April, 1882.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Kingston, Ontario,</td><td align="right">1st July, 1882.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The Report of 1889 states that "the Post Office Act of 1889 increased
+the limit of weight of a single rate letter from &frac12; ounce to 1 ounce. The
+rate on drop letters at the same time was fixed at 2 cents per ounce." The<!-- Page 136 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>
+Act<a name="FNanchor_115" id="FNanchor_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a> referred to was an amendment to the Post Office Act, (assented to on
+the 2nd May, 1889), and the notice of the changes issued to the public was
+as <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">NOTICE TO THE PUBLIC.</p>
+
+<p class="center">CHANGES IN POSTAGE RATES UNDER AUTHORITY OF POST
+OFFICE ACT 1889.</p>
+
+<p>The rate of postage upon Letters posted in Canada, addressed to
+places within the Dominion or in the United States, will be 3 cents
+per ounce instead of 3 cents per half ounce as heretofore.</p>
+
+<p>Upon Drop Letters posted at an Office from which letters are delivered
+by Letter Carrier, the postage rate will be 2 cents per ounce,
+instead of 1 cent per half ounce. The rate of postage upon Drop
+Letters, except in the Cities where free delivery by Letter Carrier has
+been established, will be 1 cent per ounce.</p>
+
+<p>The fee for the Registration of a letter or other article of mail
+matter, will be five cents upon all classes of correspondence passing
+within the Dominion. For the present and until further instructed,
+the registration fee may be prepaid by using the 2 cent Registration
+Stamps and Postage Stamps to make up the amount.</p>
+
+<p>Letters insufficiently prepaid will be charged double the deficiency
+as heretofore, provided at least a partial prepayment has been
+made.</p>
+
+<p>Letters posted wholly unpaid will be sent to the Dead Letter Office
+for return to the writer.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT,                                 JOHN G. HAGGART.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">OTTAWA, 8th MAY, 1889&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <i>Postmaster General</i></span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The Act also made another change, not noted in the circular, by which
+section 24 of <i>The Post Office Act</i>, 1875, which provided a rate of 1 cent per
+4 ounces on printed matter, seeds, etc., and samples of merchandise, was
+amended so as to limit the weight of printed matter to 2 ounces for the 1
+cent rate.</p>
+
+<p>The 1889 Report also chronicles the "removal of the British American
+Bank Note Co. from Montreal to Ottawa," a fact which we have already
+commented upon at length in its results upon the stamps issued after the
+transfer.<a name="FNanchor_116" id="FNanchor_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a></p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 137 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In 1890 we find that "the complaints which were so prevalent some time
+since, of the want of adhesiveness in the postage stamps have almost entirely
+ceased. It is hoped, therefore, that the efforts of the manufacturer to remove
+the cause of complaint have been successful." And again in 1891: "Complaints
+of defective mucilage would be far less frequent if the public would
+kindly bear in mind that it is the <i>envelope</i> of a letter, or the <i>cover</i> of a packet,
+and <i>not the postage stamp</i>, which should be moistened when stamps are
+affixed in prepayment of postage. When a stamp is passed over the tongue
+the mucilage is frequently almost wholly removed." They should have had
+these instructions engraved on the margins of the plates, as did the British
+authorities with the old one penny black!</p>
+
+<p>The Report for 1892 announces the preparation of letter cards, which
+will be treated of later, and also says: "Postage stamps of the value of 20
+cents and 50 cents are about to be issued. These will be useful in prepayment
+of parcel post." And this brings us to our next chapter.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104" id="Footnote_104"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_121">page 121</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105" id="Footnote_105"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_128">page 128</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106" id="Footnote_106"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> Le Timbre-Poste, XXVI: 61.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107" id="Footnote_107"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era, XII: 23.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108" id="Footnote_108"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VIII: 237.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109" id="Footnote_109"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> London Philatelist, XVI: 88.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110" id="Footnote_110"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> London Philatelist, XVI: 144.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111" id="Footnote_111"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> 38<sup>o</sup> Vict. Chap. 7.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112" id="Footnote_112"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> 31<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. X. See <a href="#Page_95">page 95</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113" id="Footnote_113"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_109">page 109</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114" id="Footnote_114"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, II: 32: 2.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115" id="Footnote_115"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> 52<sup>o</sup> Vict. Chap. 20.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116" id="Footnote_116"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_128">page 128</a>.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<p><!-- Page 138 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X<br />
+<br />
+THE SUPPLEMENTARY VALUES OF 1893</h2>
+
+
+<p>Before proceeding with the subject matter of this chapter in detail,
+it may be well to reproduce here a synopsis of the Canadian Postal
+Rates and Regulations as set forth in the <i>Dominion Philatelist</i> in December,
+1893, and taken from the then current <i>Canada Postal Guide</i>. This
+will give a comprehensive review of the results of the various Acts and Amendments
+and Department Orders that we have quoted&mdash;and of some of the last
+that we have been unable to obtain.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>1st. Class Matter.</i>&mdash;Includes Letters, Post Cards, Legal and Commercial
+Papers wholly or partially written, with the exception of
+those specially exempted, and all matter of the nature of a
+letter or written correspondence.</p>
+
+<p>The letter rate for Canada, Newfoundland and the United States
+is 3 cents per oz., and for all other destinations 5 cents per &frac12; oz.</p>
+
+<p>Insufficiently paid letters posted in and addressed to Canada are
+charged with double the amount of the postage due thereon.</p>
+
+<p>When posted wholly unpaid they will be sent to the Dead Letter
+Office.</p>
+
+<p>Insufficiently paid letters for or from the United States, are
+charged with the deficient postage on delivery. Letters for the United
+States must be prepaid at least one full rate, 3 cents.</p>
+
+<p>Wholly unpaid letters for and from the United Kingdom and
+other countries, are charged double postage on delivery, and insufficiently
+prepaid letters double the deficiency.</p>
+
+<p>Letters addressed to mere initials, or to fictitious names, will
+not be delivered, unless a street address, the number of a box, or some
+other definite direction is added.</p>
+
+<p>Letters bearing mutilated stamps, or stamps so soiled and defaced
+as to make it impossible for the sorting clerks to decide whether they
+have been used before or not, will be sent to the Dead Letter Office.</p>
+
+<p><i>Post Cards.</i> Nothing whatever may be attached to a post card,
+nor may it be cut or altered in any way. A previously used post card,
+bearing a 1 cent stamp, will not be accepted as a post card.<!-- Page 139 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>2nd Class Matter.&mdash;For Canada, Newfoundland and the United
+States.</i>&mdash;Newspapers and Periodicals posted from the office of publication,
+for regular subscribers in other places in Canada, Newfoundland
+and the United States, pass free of postage.</p>
+
+<p>Newspapers and periodicals issued less frequently than once a
+month, and addressed to regular subscribers or news agents, and on
+all specimen newspapers, one cent per pound or fraction of a pound.</p>
+
+<p>British newspapers and periodicals brought by mail to Canadian
+booksellers, or News Agents, for regular subscribers in Canada
+are liable to 1 cent per lb. or fraction of a lb.</p>
+
+<p>Newspapers from offices of publication for city delivery are subject
+to ordinary transient newspaper rates.</p>
+
+<p><i>3rd Class Matter.&mdash;Addressed to Canada.</i>&mdash;1. Transient newspapers
+and periodicals. Rate, 1 cent per 4 oz.; prepayment compulsory;
+limit of weight, 5 lbs. A single paper weighing not more
+than 1 oz. may pass for &frac12; cent.</p>
+
+<p>2. Book packets. Rate, 1 cent per 4 oz.; limit of weight, 5 lbs.,
+except for a single book, in which case the limit is 7 lbs.</p>
+
+<p>3. Miscellaneous matter. (<i>a</i>) Printed pamphlets, printed circulars,
+etc., and also seeds, cuttings, bulbs, etc.; rate, 1 cent per 4
+oz. (<i>b</i>) Maps, lithographs, photographs, circulars produced by a
+multiplying process easy to recognize, deeds, mortgages, insurance
+policies, militia, school and municipal returns, printed stationery,
+etc.; rate, 1 cent per 2 oz.</p>
+
+<p>Circulars, Prices Current, etc., to pass at 1 c. rate must be ENTIRELY
+PRINTED. Any insertion in ink is not permissible, except
+the name and address of the addressee, the name of the sender
+and the date of the circular itself.</p>
+
+<p>Circulars type-written, or in such form as to resemble type-written,
+are liable to letter rate.</p>
+
+<p>All miscellaneous matter must be put up so as to admit of easy
+inspection. The limit of weight is 5 lbs.</p>
+
+<p>4. Patterns and samples. Rate, 1 cent per 4 oz.; limit of weight
+24 oz.; must be securely put up and open to inspection, and boxes
+or linen bags should be used for flour and similar matter.</p>
+
+<p><i>Miscellaneous Matter for the United States.</i>&mdash;(<i>a</i>) Newspapers
+and periodicals; rate 1 cent per 4 oz. (<i>b</i>) Other miscellaneous matter,
+including books; rate, 1 cent per 2 oz., but a minimum prepayment of
+5 cents is required for legal and commercial papers.</p>
+
+<p>The limit of weight for patterns and samples is 8 oz., and for
+other matter under this head 5 lbs.</p>
+
+<p><i>4th Class Matter.&mdash;Parcel Post for Canada.</i>&mdash;Parcels must not exceed
+five lbs. in weight nor two feet in length by one foot in breadth
+or thickness. The postage is 6 cents per 4 oz., and the parcel should
+be marked "by PARCEL POST." Parcels may be registered by affixing
+a 5 cent Registration Stamp thereto, in addition to the postage.</p>
+
+<p>Insufficiently paid parcels may be forwarded charged with simply<!-- Page 140 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span>
+the deficient postage, provided one full rate is paid and the deficiency
+does not exceed one rate.</p>
+
+<p><i>5th Class Matter.</i>&mdash;Comprises such articles of general merchandise
+as are not entitled to any lower rate of postage. Postage 1
+cent per oz., or fraction of an ounce. Limit of weight, 5 lbs.; of
+size, two feet in length by one foot in width or depth. Matter claiming
+to be 5th Class <i>must be open to inspection</i> and there must be no
+correspondence enclosed. Packages of 5th Class matter, including
+Seeds, Bulbs, Cuttings, Roots, may be sent to the United States for
+the same prepayment as required within the Dominion, but the contents
+will be liable to Customs inspection and collection of duty in
+the United States. Sealed tins containing fish, lobster, vegetables,
+meats, &amp;c., if put up in a solid manner and labelled in such a way
+as to fully indicate the nature of their contents may be sent as 5th
+Class Matter within the Dominion, but no sealed matter can be forwarded
+to the United States under this head. Liquids, oils and fatty
+substances may be sent to places in Canada and the United States
+as 5th Class Matter, if put up in accordance with the ruling referring
+to such articles in the Canada Postal Guide. Electrotype
+blocks are included in this class. An insufficiently prepaid packet
+of 5th Class Matter may be forwarded charged with double the deficient
+postage, provided the deficiency does not exceed 5 cents.</p>
+
+<p><i>Parcel Post.&mdash;For the United Kingdom and the Countries and Colonies
+with which the United Kingdom maintains Parcel Post relations,
+and for Newfoundland, Barbados, British Guiana, Grenada, St.
+Lucia, St. Vincent, Jamaica, Turks Island, Curacoa and Japan.</i>&mdash;Parcels
+securely and substantially packed and closed for the United Kingdom,
+and other countries and colonies to which parcels may be sent
+via England, and for Newfoundland, limited in size to 2 feet in
+length by one foot in width or depth. The postage for the United
+Kingdom, which must be prepaid, is 20c. for the first lb. and 16c. for
+each additional lb. or fraction of a pound; the limit of weight is 11
+lbs. For Japan the postage is 25c., the limit of weight is 7 lbs. For
+Newfoundland, 15 c. per lb., or fraction of a pound. For Barbados,
+British Guiana, Jamaica, Grenada, St. Lucia and St. Vincent, 20 c.
+per lb. Parcels for Newfoundland are daily forwarded on to Halifax,
+N.S. For Japan, on to Vancouver, B. C. For Barbados, British
+Guiana, Grenada, St. Lucia and St. Vincent, on to St. John, N.B.,
+and for the United Kingdom and other countries and colonies by the
+weekly mail and conveyed by the steamers of the Canadian Lines.
+Parcels posted without the formalities required are sent to the Dead
+Letter Office, Ottawa.</p>
+
+<p><i>Registration.</i>&mdash;All classes of matter may be registered to places
+in Canada, the United States and Postal Union Countries, and the
+sender may entitle himself to an acknowledgement of delivery from
+the party addressed by the payment of a fee of 5 cents in addition to
+the registration fee.<!-- Page 141 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>(A) <i>Commercial Papers</i>, (B) <i>Books and</i> (C) <i>Samples, for Postal
+Union Countries</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"Commercial papers" comprise all papers or documents, written
+or drawn, wholly or partly by hand, (except letters or communications
+in the nature of letters, or other documents having the character
+of an actual and personal correspondence), documents of legal procedure,
+Deeds drawn up by public functionaries, copies of, or extracts
+from Deeds under private seal, Way-Bills, Bills of Lading, Invoices
+and other documents of a mercantile character, documents of
+Insurance and other public companies, all kinds of manuscript music,
+the manuscript of books and other literary works, and other
+papers of a similar description.</p>
+
+<p>"Printed Papers" include periodical works, books, stitched or
+bound, sheets of printed music, visiting cards, address cards, proofs of
+printing with or without the manuscript relating thereto, engravings,
+photographs, when not on glass or in frames containing glass, drawings,
+plans, maps, catalogues, prospectuses, announcements and notices
+of various kinds, printed, engraved, lithographed, printed circulars.</p>
+
+<p>(A) Limits of weight and size: 5 lbs. for the United Kingdom,
+and 4 lbs. for other countries, 18 inches in length and 12 inches
+in width or depth.</p>
+
+<p>(B) 5 lbs. for the United Kingdom, and 4 lbs. to other countries,
+2 feet long and 1 foot wide or deep.</p>
+
+<p>(C) United Kingdom, 5 lbs. in weight, 2 feet in length by 1 foot
+in breadth or depth.</p>
+
+<p>(D) Limits of weight to Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Egypt,
+France, Hawaii, Italy, Portugal, Roumania and Switzerland, is 12 ozs.,
+limit of size 1 foot in length by 8 inches in width and 4 inches in
+depth. If in form of a roll it may be 12 inches in length and 6
+inches in diameter.</p>
+
+<p>The limit of weight to other Postal Union Countries is 8 ozs.,
+limit of size same as to Austria-Hungary, &amp;c., &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><i>Matter Which Cannot be Forwarded Through the Post.</i>&mdash;Liquids,
+Oils, etc., not properly put up. Explosive Substances and other matter
+likely to entail risk or injury to the ordinary contents of the mail,
+cannot be sent by post.</p>
+
+<p>Letters containing Gold or Silver Money, Jewels, or precious
+articles, or anything liable to Customs duties, cannot be forwarded
+by Post to any of the Postal Union Countries except the United States.</p></div>
+
+<p>We see from the above postal packet rates where the use of a 20 cent
+stamp would be convenient, which accounts for the announcement of the new
+value in the Postmaster General's Report last quoted in the preceding chapter.
+The 50 cent stamp of course would serve a useful purpose in making
+up relatively large amounts of postage. The above rates also show that there
+was still use for the 15 cent stamp in payment of parcels to Newfoundland.<!-- Page 142 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>We find notice of the issue of the new values in the <i>Dominion Philatelist</i><a name="FNanchor_117" id="FNanchor_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a>
+as <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>As foreshadowed in the Postmaster General's report, there have
+appeared Canada postage stamps of the value of 20c. and 50c.; the 20c.
+is a bright deep orange and the 50c. is indigo blue, they are of similar
+design and resemble very much the third issue bill stamp and may be
+described as follows: head and shoulders of Queen to left, with
+widow's cap and chin resting on right hand, enclosed in a circle; above
+the circle the words "Canada Postage", below the circle at either side
+the value in figures and across the bottom the value in words....
+The above were all placed on sale Feb. 22nd. The 20c. and 50c. stamps
+were intended for parcel post.</p></div>
+
+<p>The somewhat ambiguous description will be more readily understood
+by reference to the illustrations, numbers 33 and 35 on <a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The stamps, as stated, are very evidently copied from the design of the
+dollar values of the Bill Stamps issued in 1868. The portrait of the Queen
+in her widow's weeds, in fact, is doubtless reproduced directly from the
+original die engraved twenty-five years previously. The stamps were of
+course line engraved on steel, and printed in the usual sheet arrangement of
+100, ten rows of ten. The plates of course emanated from Ottawa, but bear
+a new imprint, similar to the second one used in Montreal. The colored
+strip is now 38 mm. long and 2&frac12; mm. high with square ends, and bears the
+legend: "British American Bank Note Co. Ottawa." within a pearled border.
+It appears only twice, in the center of the top and of the bottom margins,
+and can be seen in illustrations Nos. 106 and 108 on <a href="#Plate_IX">Plate IX</a>. The colors
+are not exactly as described in our quotation, the 20 cent being a vermilion
+or bright red, similar to the colors of the 3 cent, and the 50 cent a deep blue,
+but not indigo. According to the advices of the <i>American Journal of Philately</i>
+(VI: 102) the stamps were issued on the 17th February&mdash;five days
+earlier than the above quotation states.</p>
+
+<p>Both values were printed on a medium white wove paper and perforated
+12. Both were ordered to the number of half a million copies in 1893, and
+in 1895 25,000 more of the 20 cent and 30,000 more of the 50 cent were delivered,
+with a final 200 copies of each in 1896. These quantities were sufficient
+to last until the 20 cent was superseded by the newer type in 1901, and
+the 50 cent by the King's head stamp in 1908. Some 1500 of the 20 cent
+were returned for destruction and about 10,000 of the 50 cent!<!-- Page 143 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Both these stamps are found imperforate and in this condition are to be
+classed in the same category as the imperforates of the "small cents issue," which
+we have already considered.<a name="FNanchor_118" id="FNanchor_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> Illustrations of blocks of four of each will be found
+as numbers 106 and 108 on <a href="#Plate_IX">Plate IX</a>. The 50 cent is in a peculiar black
+blue shade.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>In the preceding chapter we quoted a circular from the Postmaster General
+which called attention to the changes made by <i>The Post Office Act, 1889</i>.
+A uniform registration fee of 5 cents was one of these, and to enable the 2
+cent registration stamps to be used up permission was given to make up the
+difference by postage stamps when registering mail matter. Four years later
+it was decided to discontinue the use of the special stamp for the registration
+fee, and to permit its prepayment by ordinary postage stamps. As the combined
+letter and registration rate was eight cents, a stamp of this value for
+use on registered letters was deemed advisable. We read under "Canadian
+Notes" in <i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i> for August 10, <span class="nobreak">1893:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The following orders were posted up in all the Canadian post-offices
+on August 1st:</p>
+
+<p>"A new postage stamp of the value of 8c. is now being put into circulation.
+This stamp will be available for the prepayment either of registration
+fee and postage combined, or of postage only. The 5c. registration
+stamp, when the present supply is exhausted, will be withdrawn."</p></div>
+
+<p>The new stamp reverted to the small size and general design of the
+"small cents issue", but with the important difference that the head was
+turned to the <i>left</i> instead of the right, as with all the others of that series. It
+was line engraved on steel, as usual, and the only entire sheet we have seen
+was of 200, in ten horizontal rows of twenty stamps, but without a sign of any
+marginal imprints. The perforation variety 11&frac12; × 12 is reported as occurring
+in this value also, as well as the regular gauge 12. The color was at first a
+bluish gray, which soon darkened and ran through a series of shades as if in
+emulation of the old 6 pence stamp. Mr. Horsley states<a name="FNanchor_119" id="FNanchor_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a> that it appeared in
+slate-blue in October of 1893, and slate in 1895. <i>Alfred Smith's Monthly Circular</i>
+for December, 1895, records it in a "dark slate-black," and the <i>Weekly
+Philatelic Era</i> for November 30, 1895, says that "a peculiar feature in connec<!-- Page 144 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span>tion
+with the new shade of the current eight cent Canada postage stamp is that
+upon being put in water and left there for a few minutes the paper becomes of
+a pinkish tint which after the stamp becomes dry still remains." This "new
+shade" was doubtless the dark slate color referred to, which must have been
+issued, therefore, in October or November of 1895. In December, 1897, the
+<i>Monthly Journal</i> notes it in a "deep purple", similar in shade to the 8 cent
+Jubilee stamp, and very likely printed from the same mixing of ink.</p>
+
+<p>The stamp was printed upon a medium white wove paper, and is found
+in imperforate condition like the other values of the then current stamps,
+which we have already described.<a name="FNanchor_120" id="FNanchor_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> The imperforates are in the early bluish
+gray color, so that it is fair to suppose they were from the first printings in
+1893. A block of four is illustrated as number 110 on <a href="#Plate_X">Plate X</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The first delivery of these stamps&mdash;and of course the first printing&mdash;was
+of 100,000, as recorded in the stamp accounts for 1893. As these accounts
+were made up to 30th June, and there is no record of any "issue to
+postmasters," the stamps were doubtless delivered just before the accounts
+were closed, so that opportunity had not been given to distribute the new
+value. For the next few fiscal years the amount received from the manufacturers
+averaged over a million and a half annually, so that by the time it was
+superseded it had been printed to the number of at least 7&frac12; millions.</p>
+
+<p>There is nothing of special importance concerning postage stamps in
+the Postmaster General's Reports from 1893 to 1897, but we glean an item
+of interest from <i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i> of December 3, <span class="nobreak">1896:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>A new regulation has been put in force by the Canadian post-office
+department. Until a few days ago it was unlawful for any person
+to sell unused current Canadian stamps without a government
+license [as a stamp vendor]. Merchants and others who received a
+great many unused stamps as remittances, have heretofore been compelled
+to send them to the department at a discount of five per cent,
+or dispose of them by illegitimate means, running the risk of being
+prosecuted for selling without license. A great deal of complaint was
+made to the department concerning this matter, and last week Hon.
+Mr. Mulock announced that thenceforth, all unused Canadian stamps
+would be cashed at one per cent. discount in amounts of over $1.00.
+The stamps may be pasted on paper, as they will not be put in circulation
+again.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117" id="Footnote_117"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> Dominion Philatelist, V: 31.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118" id="Footnote_118"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_130">page 130</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119" id="Footnote_119"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> London Philatelist, XVI: 88.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120" id="Footnote_120"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_130">page 130</a>.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<p><!-- Page 145 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI<br />
+<br />
+THE JUBILEE ISSUE OF 1897</h2>
+
+
+<p>The so-called "Diamond Jubilee" of the accession of Queen Victoria,
+who had then been on the throne of the United Kingdom for sixty
+years, occurred on the 20th June, 1897, and several of the British
+Colonies, as on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary, considered it fitting
+to celebrate the event with a commemorative issue of postage stamps. Probably
+no proprieties would be violated were it observed, sub rosa, that the pecuniary
+gains connected with such issues were probably more of a factor in
+determining their birth than the superabundance of jubilation over the auspicious
+occurrence. Such a suspicion is quite readily aroused when considering
+all the facts in connection with the special set of stamps that Canada
+felt it necessary to put forth at this time.</p>
+
+<p>But the story runs a little farther back and hinges on other changes.
+What proved a prophetic utterance appeared under "Canadian Notes" in the
+<i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i> of August 1, 1896, as <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>For the first time in 18 years a Liberal, or Reform government has
+full control of the Dominion.... Mr. William Mulock, J. C., of Toronto,
+is the new Postmaster General and I am informed that considerable
+pressure is being brought to bear upon him to have an entirely
+new set of stamps issued to replace those which have been in use in
+Canada for something over a quarter of a century.</p></div>
+
+<p>Under the same "Notes" in the issue of the above paper for January
+23, 1897, we find the result of the "pressure":&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The British American Bank Note Company, which for so many
+years have had the contract for printing Canada's paper currency and
+postage stamps, have been notified that their services will no longer
+be required. The shareholders in that company were not of the right
+political stripe for the new Government. The contract has now been
+given to the American Bank Note Company of New York. This company
+will have to establish a branch office at Ottawa and all the work
+will have to be done in Canada.</p></div><p><!-- Page 146 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i> gives further details in a clipping from
+the <i>Montreal Herald</i>, dated "Ottawa, Jan. 11," [1897]:<a name="FNanchor_121" id="FNanchor_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The contract for the Government engraving, for which tenders were
+called two months ago, has been awarded to the American Bank Note
+Company, of New York, for a period of five and a quarter years. The
+contract is worth $600,000, and may be renewed for a similar period.
+The work consists of engraving Dominion bank notes, revenue and
+postage stamps, postal cards, etc. At present the British American
+Bank Note Company, better known as Burland and Company, formerly
+of Montreal, have the contract. They tendered this time, but the New
+York company was the lowest. The New York company is one of the
+largest and best known in the world. The firm engraves notes for
+some of the banks in Canada, including the Canadian Bank of Commerce.
+Under the terms of the new contract, the Company will require
+to establish a place in Ottawa to do the work, where the Government
+can have supervision of it. As compared with the prices paid
+under the Burland contract, the Government will effect a saving of
+$120,000 by the new contract.</p></div>
+
+<p>The next step appears in the <i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i> of January 30, 1897,
+where we read under "Canadian Notes":&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Many suggestions are being made and many plans laid for the fitting
+celebration of the sixtieth year of Her Majesty's reign. In Canada
+this celebration is being coupled with that of the four hundredth anniversary
+of Cabot's discovery of America. Tn this connection a proposal
+has been made and an agitation started for the issue of a commemorative
+set of postage stamps by the Dominion government.... It has been
+suggested that the new stamps be made a trifle larger than the present
+ones, that a somewhat recent picture of Her Majesty replace the present
+one, and that the figures and colors be made more pronounced. If
+possible some reference to the combined celebrations will likely be
+made. The agitation for a new issue is quite pronounced and is by no
+means confined to philatelists. There appears to be general desire on
+the part of the people to have a change.</p></div>
+
+<p>A step further is recorded in the <i>Era</i> for March 27th, as <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The <i>Toronto World</i> in its edition of March 15th. contained the following
+as one of its leaders: "Here is good news for postage stamp collectors.
+The Postmaster-General proposes, as far as his department is
+concerned, to commemorate Her Majesty's diamond jubilee by the issue
+of a new 3-cent postage stamp appropriate to the occasion. It will have<!-- Page 147 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span>
+a limited circulation only, probably for a period of months covering the
+jubilee celebrations during the coming summer. When the sale is
+stopped the present 3-cent stamp will be put in circulation again....
+So far the design of the new stamp has not been made public although
+the Hon. Mr. Mulock, the Postmaster-General, has sent a sketch of it
+to the British-American [<i>sic</i>] Bank Note Company to be engraved. It
+it said to be oblong and nearly as large as the Columbian issue".</p></div>
+
+<p>If only this original intention had been adhered to!</p>
+
+<p>More precise information finally appeared in the <i>Era</i> for May <span class="nobreak">29th:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>During the last week the Canadian papers have been full of Canada's
+Jubilee issue, which has now been definitely decided upon.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Toronto Evening Telegram</i> of a few days ago has perhaps the
+most to say concerning the stamps, and it is to that paper that your
+correspondent is indebted for the following. The new Jubilee stamp
+will be issued in another month. The design represents Her Majesty
+at two important eras in her life, namely at her accession on the 20th
+of June, 1837, and within a few weeks of her Jubilee in 1897. The
+first vignette, showing her on her coronation day, is from a well
+known portrait of that period. It is a full faced portrait and her
+Majesty wears the crown. Looking at the stamp this vignette is at the
+left side. To the right is a picture of Her Majesty as she appears today;
+the face is profile looking toward the vignette of 1837. The latter
+picture represents Her Majesty wearing the Empress crown. Between
+and above the two vignettes is a beautifully executed copy of the Imperial
+crown of England and under it the letter "V" with the letters
+"R. I." in the fork of the "V". The three letters meaning Victoria
+Regina (Queen), Imperatrix (Empress). In the semi-circle or upper
+part of the vignette are the words "Canada Postage" and underneath
+these are respectively the dates 1837-1897 and between the vignettes are
+ornamentation of maple leaves, while in the lower corners of the stamps
+are also maple leaves, and between these and at the base of the stamp
+is its denomination in black letters on a white ground. There will be
+sixteen varieties of the new stamp and a post card.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p>The first set of stamps printed will be sent to H. R. H. the Prince
+of York [<i>sic</i>], who is an enthusiastic stamp collector. The second set
+will be presented to Her Excellency Lady Aberdeen (wife of the Canadian
+Governor General).</p></div>
+
+<p>The same paper credits the suggestion of the general idea of the Jubilee
+design to Mr. Pareira, an official of the Interior Department.</p>
+
+<p>A few days later the matter of the proposed issue came up in Parliament,
+and the Postmaster General was interpellated in the House of Commons. His<!-- Page 148 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span>
+reply was published in the <i>Canadian Hansard</i>, the official record, of 20th May,
+1897, as <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Postmaster-General (Mr. Mulock): It is the intention of the
+Government to issue a set of Jubilee postage stamps. Such stamps will
+be put into public use by being delivered to postmasters throughout
+Canada for sale to the public in the same manner as ordinary postage
+stamps are sold. There will be a limit to the quantity to be issued.
+The denominations of Jubilee stamps, and the total number of such
+Jubilee stamps to be issued, are set forth in the following <span class="nobreak">schedule:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p>Schedule showing the Denominations and Total Number of Jubilee
+Stamps to be issued:</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="right">Number to be issued.</td><td align="center" colspan="2">Denomination.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">150,000</td><td align="right">&frac12; c.</td><td align="center">stamps</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">8,000,000</td><td align="right">1 c.</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">2,500,000</td><td align="right">2 c.</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">20,000,000</td><td align="right">3 c.</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">750,000</td><td align="right">5 c.</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">75,000</td><td align="right">6 c.</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">200,000</td><td align="right">8 c.</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">150,000</td><td align="right">10 c.</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">100,000</td><td align="right">15 c.</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">100,000</td><td align="right">20 c.</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">100,000</td><td align="right">50 c.</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">25,000</td><td align="right">$ 1 00</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">25,000</td><td align="right">$ 2 00</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">25,000</td><td align="right">$ 3 00</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">25,000</td><td align="right">$ 4 00</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">25,000</td><td align="right">$ 5 00</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">7,000,000</td><td align="right">1 c.</td><td align="center">post cards.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Total value of one stamp of each kind, $ 16.21&frac12;.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>As soon as the total number of stamps mentioned in said schedule
+is issued the plates from which they will have been engraved will be destroyed
+in the presence of the head and two officers of the department.
+On the 10th June the Post Office Department will proceed to supply
+Jubilee postage stamps to the principal post offices in Canada, and
+through them the minor post offices will obtain their supply until the
+issue is exhausted. If this Jubilee issue were to wholly displace the
+ordinary postage stamps it would supply the ordinary wants of the
+country for between two and three months, but as the use of the ordinary
+postage stamps will proceed concurrently with that of the Jubilee
+stamps, it is expected that the Jubilee stamp will last beyond the
+three months. Inasmuch as the department is already receiving applications
+for the purchase of Jubilee stamps, it may be stated that the
+department will adhere to the established practice of supplying them
+only to postmasters, and through them to the public, who may purchase
+them on and after the 19th June, 1897.</p></div>
+<p><!-- Page 149 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Promptly, "as advertised", the stamps were placed on sale throughout
+the Dominion on the morning of Saturday, the 19th of June. The natural
+result followed: an expectant populace, for various reasons but with one main
+object, literally besieged the post offices for the coveted treasures. The advance
+publication of the quantities of the various denominations to be issued
+gave speculators the hint as to the most desirable values to "corner", and as
+a result the &frac12; cent and 6 cent stamps were a special mark in all quarters.
+This action seems to have been more or less anticipated, for these values were
+doled out in very small quantities, if at all, in spite of the large orders that
+were everywhere given for them. This was doubtless largely due to the following
+circular, sent out with the initial supply of the stamps to all
+postmasters:<a name="FNanchor_122" id="FNanchor_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>N. B.&mdash;Requisitions for <i>full sets</i> of the Jubilee stamps will be filled
+until the issue is exhausted.&mdash;E. P. S.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 10em;">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 12.5em;">POSTAGE STAMP BRANCH,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 26em;">OTTAWA, <i>June</i>,1897.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,&mdash;I am directed by the Postmaster-General to send you herewith
+a supply of the Jubilee stamps and 1 c. post card, equal to one
+month's ordinary requirements of your office. Should this quantity
+prove insufficient it will, on your requisition addressed to this branch,
+be supplemented; but as the Jubilee issue is limited, it would be necessary
+for you to apply early in order to secure further supplies of
+the same.</p>
+
+<p>I am also to instruct you not to sell any of the accompanying
+stamps or post cards before the opening of your office at the regular
+office hours on the 19th June instant&mdash;the eve of the anniversary they
+are intended to commemorate.</p>
+
+<p>These stamps and cards are, of course, like the ordinary issues, to
+be sold at face value.</p>
+
+<p>I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 14.5em;"><span class="smcap">E. P. Stanton</span>, <i>Superintendent</i>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">THE POSTMASTER.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>P. S.&mdash;As there appears to be a somewhat general desire on the
+part of many persons to purchase, for souvenir purposes, complete sets
+of the Jubilee stamps, it is hoped that you will so manage the sale of
+such stamps that persons applying to purchase full sets may be able to
+get them.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 14em;">E. P. S.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 150 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>The conditions that developed when the stamps were actually issued
+seem to have surprised the Department, and caused additional measures to
+be taken for an equable distribution. We quote Mr. F. W. Wurtele:<a name="FNanchor_123" id="FNanchor_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The experience of the first day's sale convinced our government
+that halves and sixes would very soon be bought up by speculators unless
+some action was taken to further restrict their sale; they therefore
+came to the conclusion that those persons who were willing to
+contribute to the revenues of the Canadian Government to the extent
+of $16.22 for a complete set of jubilee stamps were entitled to protection,
+and decided that they at least should not pay more than face
+value for their &frac12; and 6. In consequence the following circular was
+issued by the post-office department, and no more of these values could
+be obtained from any licensed vendor.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 9em;">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 11.5em;">POSTAGE STAMP BRANCH,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 23em;">OTTAWA, 26th June, 1897.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,&mdash;With reference to the numerous demands upon this office for
+the &frac12; c. and 6c. Jubilee stamps, I am directed to explain that the respective
+quantities of Jubilee stamps ordered bear, relatively, the same
+proportions to the actual requirements of the Postal Service, but the
+tendency to exhaust the HALVES and SIXES has increased to such a
+degree, that it has become necessary to restrict their sale to the purchasers
+of full sets. Hence I am to express the Postmaster-General's
+regret that he is unable, having regard to the limited character of the
+Jubilee issue, to comply with any requests for the &frac12;c or 6c denomination,
+apart from those for full sets. These sets may be obtained as
+long as the series of Jubilee stamps lasts, but as the demands upon it
+are unusually heavy, it would be advisable to apply for full sets at the
+earliest possible moment.</p>
+
+<p>When Postmasters obtain such sets to fill orders actual or prospective
+at their respective offices, they must not, in any case, break
+the sets.</p>
+
+<p>I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 16.5em;">E. P. STANTON, <i>Superintendent</i>.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>P. S.&mdash;Under no circumstances will there be any issue of Jubilee
+stamps, beyond the limits mentioned in the accompanying extract
+from Hansard, containing the Postmaster-General's statement on the
+subject.</p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>It was necessary to print 3,000 copies of the foregoing circular in
+order to reply to all the demands on the department at Ottawa for
+&frac12; c. and 6 c.</p></div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 151 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Not only were the sales of the &frac12; and 6 cent stamps thus restricted, but
+notices were posted in the offices that none of the &frac12;c., 6c., 8c., $1.00, $2.00,
+$3.00, $4.00, or $5.00 stamps would be sold unless the whole set were taken.
+This proceeding naturally resulted in considerably more protest on the part
+of stamp collectors and the public (?). Rumor had it just after the issue
+was placed on sale that the 8 cent stamp had been withdrawn, which probably
+accounts for the "run" upon that value and its inclusion in the above
+restrictions. In fact a correspondent of <i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i>, writing
+from Winnipeg, Man., on 25th June, stated that "a sensation was caused
+amongst those interested by the government on Tuesday [22nd June] recalling,
+by wire, all the 8c. stamps of the new issue on hand at this office." This
+was later explained by a letter published in the <i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i>:<a name="FNanchor_124" id="FNanchor_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 9em;">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 11.5em;">POSTAGE STAMP BRANCH,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 23em;">OTTAWA, 29th July, 1897.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>SIR,&mdash;In reply to your letter of the 26th inst., I am directed to
+say that the question of issuing partial sets of Jubilee stamps is now
+under the consideration of the Department. In respect to the recall of
+the 8 c. Jubilee stamps, I may say that it was but a partial one, and
+intended to render possible a re-distribution of that stamp on a basis
+more in accordance with the actual demand therefor.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">I am, Sir,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 12.5em;">Your obdt. servant,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 14.5em;">E. P. STANTON,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 17em;">Superintendent.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p>Under date of 31st July it was announced from Ottawa that "the demand
+for complete sets has been very large, about nine thousand sets having already
+been issued".<a name="FNanchor_125" id="FNanchor_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a> The "partial sets" referred to in the above letter were the
+next step in the unbending process, the decision to put them on sale
+having been reached on 31st July, and their issue to the public beginning on
+4th August. Concerning this concession Mr. Donald A. King says:<a name="FNanchor_126" id="FNanchor_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>So soon as the demand for these [complete] sets was, to some
+extent satisfied, the department yielding to another class of enquiries
+and requests for sets up to and including the 50 cents and $1.00 respectively,
+made a distribution of such sets, the numbers being appor<!-- Page 152 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span>tioned
+upon a basis of the revenue of each money order office throughout
+the Dominion. Between 30,000 and 40,000 sets were thus distributed,
+and rapidly sold, as a very large number of requests for
+further supplies came in from the different offices. The following is
+the circular sent to postmasters regulating the sale of these partial
+sets:</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 9em;">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT. CANADA,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 11.5em;">POSTAGE STAMP BRANCH,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 24em;">OTTAWA, [August] 1897.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>SIR.&mdash;I am directed to transmit to you the accompanying partial
+sets of Jubilee stamps. These sets consist of two kinds: one from a
+&frac12;c. to $1.00 (value $2.20&frac12;), the other from &frac12;c. to 50c. (value $1.20&frac12;).
+You are instructed to sell these stamps as sets, and as sets only, representations
+having been made to the department that in various parts
+of the Dominion there is a desire to obtain such sets for souvenir purposes.
+You must not, under any circumstances, break a set; for, besides
+the disappointment that such a course would cause, you would
+render yourself liable to loss, the department having decided not to
+allow credit for any broken sets returned to it by a postmaster who,
+notwithstanding the instructions herein given, sells any denominations
+of the stamps making up a set apart from the rest.</p>
+
+<p>I am also to ask you to use your best judgment in the sale of these
+sets, checking, as far as possible, any attempt on the part of speculators
+to monopolize them, and thus securing as general a distribution
+of such sets in your vicinity as the circumstances may permit. To
+enable you to make change in connection with the sale of the enclosed
+sets I include a sufficient quantity of ordinary &frac12; c. postage stamps.</p>
+
+<p>I may add that the accompanying supply has been based strictly
+upon the annual revenue of your office, and, having regard to the total
+number of sets available and the extent of their distribution, represents
+that proportion to which you are entitled.</p>
+
+<p>I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 12em;">E. P. STANTON, <i>Superintendent</i>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">THE POSTMASTER.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>For disingenuousness, for pathetic regard for the public and the postmaster,
+and yet withal a keen eye for the "interests" of the department, this
+circular is a model which should be preserved for posterity&mdash;and "businesslike"
+post office departments.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. King <span class="nobreak">continues:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The demand for the small sets was so great that the supply was
+exhausted almost all at once, and in reply to repeated requests for more
+sets the department issued the following <span class="nobreak">circular:&mdash;</span></p></div><p><!-- Page 153 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 9em;">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(<i>Office of the Superintendent of the Postage Stamp Branch</i>).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 27em;">Ottawa,... 1897.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>SIR,&mdash;The partial sets of Jubilee stamps already issued to your
+office constituted its share of these sets, having regard to their limited
+number and the area of their distribution, which comprised all the
+money order offices in the Dominion.</p>
+
+<p>Except a reserve for complete sets (from &frac12;c. to $5.00 inclusive,
+cost $16.20&frac12;) there is not a Jubilee stamp left in the department&mdash;all
+having been issued to postmasters. The plates, I may add, were destroyed
+on the 10th September instant.</p>
+
+<p>I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,</p>
+
+<p>
+E. P. STANTON, <i>Superintendent</i>.<br />
+THE POSTMASTER.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Such is the history of the Diamond Jubilee set of Canadian stamps. We
+make no comment on it&mdash;it seems as if none were necessary and that the
+presentation is amply sufficient for each to judge for himself concerning it.
+We will only add Major Evans sapient remark<a name="FNanchor_127" id="FNanchor_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a>: "All the trouble was the
+natural result of pretending to treat a commemorative and limited issue as if it
+had been an ordinary and permanent one. Ordinary common sense should have
+suggested the issue of large supplies of the lowest value, and a certain number
+of all values to every office."</p>
+
+<p>To revert to the stamps themselves. We have already given a description
+of the design in one of our previous quotations, but it needs to be amended in
+one or two particulars. The portrait of Queen Victoria labelled "1837" on
+the stamp will be recognized as identical with that on the old 12 pence and
+later 7&frac12; pence values. In fact Mr. Wurtele tells us<a name="FNanchor_128" id="FNanchor_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a> that a prominent Montreal
+collector, whose advice was asked when the issue was under consideration,
+gave the government a magnificent unused copy of the 7&frac12;d. green, to be
+used in engraving the picture. It does not, as stated, show Her Majesty on
+her coronation day, but is from the painting representing her on the occasion
+of the prorogation of Parliament, on 17th July, 1837, as already described.<a name="FNanchor_129" id="FNanchor_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a>
+The portrait labelled "1897" is from a full length painting executed by command
+in 1886 by Prof. Von Angelo of Vienna. It represents Her Majesty
+as she appeared on the assumption of the title "Empress of India", and the
+curious may find the entire figure copied on the 3 pence post card of Great<!-- Page 154 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>
+Britain issued in 1889, and also on the 1 penny card of 1892. This State
+portrait of the Queen is now in Buckingham Palace. The crown at the top
+center of the stamp is not the Imperial State Crown of Great Britain but the
+so-called Tudor Crown. The Imperial Crown is well illustrated on the 3
+pence and 5 cent "beaver" stamps, and a comparison with the Jubilee issue
+will plainly show the difference in the "style" of these two crowns.</p>
+
+<p>Our illustration (No. 34 on <a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>) shows a sample of the whole set,
+the only variation, outside of the color, being the denomination in the label
+at the bottom. This is in each case expressed in words. The stamps are beautifully
+engraved on steel as usual, and are printed on stout wove paper and
+perforated 12. The values from &frac12; cent through 5 cents were printed in
+sheets of 100, ten rows of ten. Above the 5 cent, that is from 6 cents through
+5 dollars, they were printed in sheets of 50, ten horizontal rows of five stamps
+each. The marginal inscriptions are very meagre, consisting merely of
+"OTTAWA&mdash;No&mdash;1" (or some other plate number) in hair-line Roman capitals
+2&frac12; mm. high, at the top of the sheet only. The inscription is 40 mm.
+long, being centered over stamps 5 and 6 of the top row in the sheets of 100,
+and over stamp number 3 in the sheets of 50. This is the first time that
+plate numbers appear on the sheets of Canadian postage stamps, and it is well
+to record them. Taking them serially we find the plates of the various values
+were made as <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="right">Plate 1</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">cents</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">3</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">4</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">6</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">7</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">8</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">9</td><td align="right">&frac12;</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">11</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">13</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">14</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">16</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">17</td><td align="right">6</td><td align="center">cents</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">18</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">19</td><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">20</td><td align="right">8</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">21</td><td align="right">20</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">22</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="center">dollars</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">23</td><td align="right">50</td><td align="center">cents</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">24</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">dollars</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">25</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">26</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">27</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">28</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">cents</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">29</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">30</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">31</td><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The colors, which will be found in the Reference List, are quite constant,
+as would be expected. The principal variation is only one of tone in
+a few values.<!-- Page 155 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A newspaper despatch from Ottawa tells us that "A return brought down
+to-day shows that the cost of printing the jubilee stamp was 20 cents per
+thousand."<a name="FNanchor_130" id="FNanchor_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a></p>
+
+<p>Considerable criticism was naturally aroused by the inclusion of the
+values from one to five dollars, and outside of the palpable attempt to "make
+capital" from stamp collectors and others, it was claimed that the four and
+five dollar values were useless, as the "highest amount that can <i>possibly</i> be
+required on a parcel sent by mail from Canada is $3.59 (including registration).
+This owing to limitations of weight, etc., and the highest amount that
+can be required on a letter is $1.65".<a name="FNanchor_131" id="FNanchor_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a>
+An "official" replied<a name="FNanchor_132" id="FNanchor_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a> that "very frequently
+parcels leave the Toronto Post Office with $15 and $20 postage on
+them, and in some cases the postage has reached the amount of $63. There
+is another way in which the $4 and $5 stamps may be used, viz.:&mdash;in second
+class rate books. Canada does not issue Newspaper or Periodical stamps so
+these two high values can be used in this way."</p>
+
+<p>Someone wrote the Postmaster General, quoting the above letter and asking
+further particulars. The reply stated<a name="FNanchor_133" id="FNanchor_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a> that "the regulations do not fix any
+limit to the weight of letters.... According to the regulations of this Department
+'Second Class Matter' comprises newspapers and periodicals addressed
+to regular subscribers, (including sample copies) and that, postage
+being payable upon such matter at a bulk rate of 1c. per lb., the stamps required
+for prepayment are not affixed to the packages, but are placed in small
+books and cancelled. The books for this purpose are supplied by the Department
+to all Post Offices where they are required." This was analogous
+to the practice in the United States, only regular postage stamps were employed
+instead of special newspaper and periodical stamps. As a matter of
+fact the high value Jubilee stamps, which later became a drug on the market,
+were largely used for this purpose. Mr. King confirms the fact of large
+postage payments:<a name="FNanchor_134" id="FNanchor_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a> "I have seen packages originating at and passing through
+the post office here [Halifax] that had from $12.00 to $15.00 postage on
+them ... and the case can be recalled of a letter on which $40 was prepaid."</p>
+
+<p>The question of the unlimited validity of the Jubilee stamps for postage
+was also brought up, doubtless because of the temporary nature of their issue,<!-- Page 156 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span>
+and a special circular was issued touching this point, of which the following
+is a copy:<a name="FNanchor_135" id="FNanchor_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 9em;">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 11.5em;">POSTAGE STAMP BRANCH.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 23em;">OTTAWA, 24th June, 1897.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>SIR&mdash;I am directed to send you for your information and guidance,
+the following statement, which has just been given to the press:</p>
+
+<p>"Enquiry having been made at the Post Office Department as to
+whether the Canadian Jubilee Postage Stamps would continue good as
+postage for a limited period only, it has been officially stated that the
+Jubilee stamp will remain valid for postage purposes so long as they
+may continue in circulation. <i>They will not, however, be redeemed by
+the Department, a distinction being drawn in this respect between them
+and the ordinary postage stamps.</i>"</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">I am Sir,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 7em;">Your obedient Servant,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 9em;">E. P. STANTON,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 11.5em;">Superintendent.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p>A curious case of splits is recorded from the <i>Sussex, N. B., News</i>:<a name="FNanchor_136" id="FNanchor_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The <i>Railway News</i> last week on account of not receiving permission
+from the Post-Master General to allow papers to go through the
+mails free, was compelled to pay postage. No half cent stamps being
+available, the post office department allowed one cent stamps to be cut
+in halves for postage. This is the first time on record we believe where
+such was allowed and the stamps have been eagerly sought after, one
+dollar being paid for a single stamp with the post office stamp on it.
+The <i>News</i> will pay twenty-five cents each for the one cent Jubilee
+stamps cut in halves bearing the post office stamp of November 5th,
+6th, or 8th, which was allowed to pass through the mails on that date
+owing to there being no regular half cent stamps obtainable.</p></div>
+
+<p>The 1 cent ordinary also did duty at some offices for like reasons, but
+the practice was not approved from headquarters, as postmasters were officially
+instructed in such cases to use whole 1 cent stamps and get a refund on the
+difference in value.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>It may be recalled that one of our quotations stated that the first set of
+Jubilee stamps printed would be presented to the "Prince of York"&mdash;a slip
+for the "Duke of York," afterwards Prince of Wales, and now His Most<!-- Page 157 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span>
+Gracious Majesty King George V. An account of this presentation set may
+not be without interest here:<a name="FNanchor_137" id="FNanchor_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>A very unique and handsome piece of work is the postal portfolio
+which is to be presented to His Royal Highness, the Duke of York, by
+the Dominion Government, and which is on exhibition in the window
+of Kyrie Brothers, Jewelers, Toronto. The portfolio is in the form
+of an album, the cover of which is of royal blue morocco leather,
+handsomely decorated in gold. In the center of the front cover is a
+raised shield in white on which are the words in gold letters, "Dominion
+of Canada, Diamond Jubilee Postage Stamps, 22nd June, 1897."
+The corners of the portfolio are decorated with guards of Canadian
+gold made from British Columbia and Ramey district ore. The right
+hand upper corner decoration is a design of maple leaves, and the
+lower corner of English oak leaves and acorns. The portfolio is fastened
+with a clasp of Canadian gold in the form of oak leaves, while the
+bracket on the front holding the clasps in position is entwined with
+maple leaves with the monogram of H. R. H. the Duke of York&mdash;G.
+F. E. A.&mdash;George Frederick Ernest Albert. On the third page is the
+inscription, "This collection of postage stamps issued at Ottawa by the
+Dominion of Canada in commemoration of the Diamond Jubilee of Her
+Most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria is presented to H. R. H. the
+Duke of York, K. G., by the Government of Canada, 1897." The last
+page of this unique stamp album will contain the certificate of the
+destruction of the dies and plates in the presence of Hon. Wm. Mulock,
+postmaster-general of Canada.... This is probably the dearest stamp
+album in the world, and contains only a single specimen of each denomination
+of the jubilee issue.</p></div>
+
+<p>It will be noted that the Superintendent's last circular concerning the
+exhaustion of the Jubilee stamps stated that the plates had been destroyed.
+An eye witness sent <i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i> (X: 166) an account of
+the process which is interesting enough to reproduce.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>On Friday afternoon, Sept. 10th, ... I presented myself at the
+Post-Office Department and joined a party who were just leaving the
+building to go over to the American Bank Note Co's. building, a couple
+of blocks away.... Arriving, we were conducted to the top floor by the
+manager. The plates, dies, etc., were brought out by those in charge,
+and the seventeen original dies after inspection by those present were
+placed one by one under a press and an obliterating roller passed over
+them several times: proofs were then pulled which faintly showed the
+outline of the ovals, etc., but the words showing the value could not
+even be made out. Next the rolls for transferring the impression from
+the dies to the plates came in for their share of attention. There were
+nineteen of them, and a few burns from an emery wheel quickly put<!-- Page 158 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span>
+each one "out of sight". The plates, 31 in number, were subjected to the
+same treatment as the dies and the total time occupied in the destruction
+of the various parts occupied almost two hours.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Postmaster General's Report for the 30th June, 1897, reprints the
+extract from the <i>Canadian Hansard</i> of 20th May, which we have already
+given.<a name="FNanchor_138" id="FNanchor_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a> The stamp accounts show a few curious things. In the first place
+the announcement of the issue gave the quantity of 8 cent stamps as 200,000.
+The accounts for 1897 give the number received from the manufacturers as
+240,000, and we find in the column headed "Returned by Postmasters as unfit
+for use," 40,000 copies, and in the column headed "Stamps destroyed as unfit
+for use", a like amount! When the Post Office Department estimates for the
+ensuing year were being discussed in Parliament in May, 1898, the following
+interpellation occurred and was replied to by the Postmaster General:<a name="FNanchor_139" id="FNanchor_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Mr. Ingram.</i> I notice that 40,000 eight cent stamps were returned
+by the postmasters as unfit for use, and that 40,000 were destroyed as
+unfit for use.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Postmaster-General.</i> The explanation of that is this: The total
+number issued was limited to the schedule mentioned in the answer
+that I gave to Parliament. By a mistake a larger quantity was delivered
+to the department, and before it was discovered the department
+had distributed a larger quantity than was mentioned in the schedule.<a name="FNanchor_140" id="FNanchor_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a>
+They discovered it when the mail had gone out, and at once recalled the
+over-issue. Of course they were at once destroyed, so as to keep the
+amount within the figure named by Parliament.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mr. Ingram.</i> Then it was not through stamps being unfit?</p>
+
+<p><i>The Postmaster-General.</i> I do not know how it is worded there;
+"Unfit for use" is not a proper description. There was not one stamp
+in excess of the limit stated in Parliament that got into the hands of
+the public. There was that little error I speak of, but it was detected
+at once and corrected, and of course the extra amount was at once
+destroyed&mdash;I suppose by the Auditor-General and by Mr. Stanton of
+the stamp department.</p></div>
+
+<p>Well, perhaps the excess did not reach the public, but the stamp accounts
+exhibit a peculiar coincidence in connection therewith. The tables of receipt
+and issue of stamp supplies for 1897, as already stated, contain the memos of
+the return of 40,000 8 cent stamps, by postmasters, and their destruction. The<!-- Page 159 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span>
+tables for 1898 contain two columns, one of stamps returned by postmasters,
+"unfit for use", and the other "fit for use". The former were supposed to be
+destroyed, the latter placed in stock again. Now note: the values from &frac12;
+cent to 50 cents inclusive, "fit for use", were returned in quantities varying
+from 200 to 250 copies, with two exceptions; the dollar values in quantities
+from 400 to 675. The two exceptions were the 6 cent at 1,148 copies, <i>and
+the 8 cent at 42,300 copies</i>!! This last figure looks so familiar that we cannot
+help wondering whether a second call had been sent out for the return of
+40,000 <i>more</i> of the 8 cent, subsequent to the closing of the 1897 accounts, or
+if (which seems more probable) the first return had not been slipped into
+stock instead of being actually destroyed, and reappeared thus in the 1898
+accounts! <i>Quien sabe?</i></p>
+
+<p>All the other values to and including the 2 dollars, were received in their
+proper amounts and were all issued to postmasters, the last record of the
+series from &frac12; cent to 1 dollar, inclusive, appearing in the 1900 Report. The
+figures for the dollar values prove rather interesting so we give them <span class="nobreak">here:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><th colspan="2">&nbsp;</th>
+<th>1897.</th>
+<th>1898.</th>
+<th>1899.</th>
+<th>1900.</th>
+<th>1901.</th>
+<th>Total.</th>
+<th>1905 <br />On hand.</th>
+<th>Ret'd and<br /> Destroyed.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">$1.00</td><td align="left">received</td><td align="right">7,500</td><td align="right">15,000</td><td align="right">2,400</td><td align="right">100</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="right">25,000</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="right">94</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="left">issued</td><td align="right">5,830</td><td align="right">16,771</td><td align="right">3,599</td><td align="right">500</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="right">26,700</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">$2.00</td><td align="left">received</td><td align="right">7,500</td><td align="right">5,000</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="right">6,000</td><td align="right">6,500</td><td align="right">25,000</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="right">66</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="left">issued</td><td align="right">5,830</td><td align="right">4,334</td><td align="right">888</td><td align="right">7,225</td><td align="right">8,775</td><td align="right">27,052</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">$3.00</td><td align="left">received</td><td align="right">7,500</td><td align="right">5,000</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="right">500</td><td align="right">1,000</td><td align="right">14,000</td><td align="right">2,650</td><td align="right">1,835</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="left">issued</td><td align="right">5,830</td><td align="right">4,044</td><td align="right">591</td><td align="right">1,700</td><td align="right">1,250</td><td align="right">13,415</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">$4.00</td><td align="left">received</td><td align="right">7,500</td><td align="right">5,000</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="right">500</td><td align="right">2,000</td><td align="right">15,000</td><td align="right">3,050</td><td align="right">2,013</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="left">issued</td><td align="right">5,830</td><td align="right">3,945</td><td align="right">640</td><td align="right">1,675</td><td align="right">1,775</td><td align="right">13,865</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">$5.00</td><td align="left">received</td><td align="right">7,500</td><td align="right">5,000</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="right">500</td><td align="right">3,000</td><td align="right">16,000</td><td align="right">2,100</td><td align="right">1,240</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="left">issued</td><td align="right">5,830</td><td align="right">3,844</td><td align="right">689</td><td align="right">2,075</td><td align="right">3,325</td><td align="right">15,763</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>Comment:&mdash;The three highest dollar values were apparently never delivered
+to their full requisition&mdash;25,000 each. All but the 1 dollar were
+issued in goodly numbers in 1901,&mdash;four years after their first appearance!
+The 1 and 2 dollar stamps were both issued to an amount of about 2,000 more
+than were received from the manufacturers, but this excess is easily explained
+by the reissue of stamps returned by postmasters and placed again in stock.<!-- Page 160 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>
+The entire issue drops out of sight with the 1901 Report, but the 1905 Report
+suddenly presents the figures given for the three high values still on hand,
+and records 30 of the 5 dollar stamps turned in for destruction. Once more,
+in the 1909 Report, we find 1,783 of the 3 dollar, 1,954 of the 4 dollar and
+1,151 of the 5 dollar stamps returned for destruction, so that allowing for
+the total number destroyed and the amount on hand (which may be) we have
+for the actual issue of the three high values, instead of 25,000 each, but
+9,515 of the 3 dollar, 9,937 of the 4 dollar and 12,660 of the 5 dollar stamps.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121" id="Footnote_121"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, IX: 25.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122" id="Footnote_122"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VIII. 177.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123" id="Footnote_123"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, X: 54.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124" id="Footnote_124"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era, XI: 416.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125" id="Footnote_125"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XI: 78.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_126" id="Footnote_126"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VIII: 178.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_127" id="Footnote_127"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VIII: 230.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_128" id="Footnote_128"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, X: 63.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129" id="Footnote_129"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_33">page 33</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130" id="Footnote_130"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> Post Office, IX: 37.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_131" id="Footnote_131"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era, XI: 383.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132" id="Footnote_132"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> ibid., XI: 406.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_133" id="Footnote_133"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> ibid., XI: 426.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_134" id="Footnote_134"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VIII: 177.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_135" id="Footnote_135"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era XII: 210.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_136" id="Footnote_136"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> ibid., XII: 96.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_137" id="Footnote_137"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, X: 28</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_138" id="Footnote_138"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_148">page 148</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_139" id="Footnote_139"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VIII: 230.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_140" id="Footnote_140"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> The stamp accounts show that 223,600 8 cent stamps had been
+"issued to postmasters" previous to 30th June, 1897.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<p><!-- Page 161 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII<br />
+<br />
+THE "MAPLE LEAF" ISSUE OF 1897</h2>
+
+
+<p>Rumors of a new issue, as we know, had been "in the air" ever since
+the change in the contractors for supplying stamps had been announced.
+Of course the Jubilee issue was a special affair, and for a time sidetracked
+other considerations. A new permanent series was not forgotten,
+however, and under "Ottawa Notes" in the <i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i> for October
+9, 1897, we find the following advance information concerning <span class="nobreak">it:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>A new general issue of Canadian postage stamps is imminent, being
+necessitated by the fact that the present Liberal government has entered
+into a new contract for engraving and printing Dominion treasury
+notes, postage and revenue stamps, and in short, all government
+matter. The previous contractors were the British American Bank
+Note Co. of Montreal.... When the bids for a renewal of the engraving
+contract were opened last winter, it was found that the American
+Bank Note Company of New York were the lowest bidders, and that
+they bound themselves in the event of the acceptance of their tender to
+build and equip a printing establishment in Ottawa, in compliance with
+the conditions of the bids. Their tender was accepted and they have
+carried out their undertaking by building a commodious and fully
+equipped establishment near that of their rivals on Wellington Street.
+Of the new presses the Jubilee issue of postage stamps were the first
+fruits. The impending general issue will be required as soon as the
+existing stock of the current issue is exhausted, and it is rumored that
+the supply of some values is running low.</p>
+
+<p>This much is announced,&mdash;that the design for the new issue has
+been decided upon; that the center of the stamp will contain a portrait
+of the Queen taken at the time of the Jubilee, approved and signed by
+the Queen as the best existing likeness of her, and that our national
+emblem, the maple leaf, will appear in the corners&mdash;not the unnatural
+and misshapen leaf that appears on the Jubilee issue, but the real article,
+copied from actual leaves gathered on Parliament hill. This would
+indicate that there will be only one die for all the values, but I have as
+yet no information as to size, colours, or details.</p></div><p><!-- Page 162 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A couple of weeks later a circular was sent to postmasters announcing
+the new stamps, etc., of which the following is a copy:<a name="FNanchor_141" id="FNanchor_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Circular to Postmaster.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 10.5em;">NEW ISSUE OF POSTAGE STAMPS, ETC.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Postmaster-General has made arrangements for a new issue of
+postage stamps, letter cards, stamped envelopes, post cards and post
+bands. These will be supplied to postmasters in the usual way.</p>
+
+<p>Postmasters are, however, instructed not to sell the stamps of any
+denomination of the new issue until the stamps of the corresponding
+denomination of the present issue are disposed of. The filling of requisitions
+by the Postage Stamp Branch will be regulated by the same
+principle&mdash;that is to say, no item of the proposed issue will be sent out
+until the corresponding item of the present issue has been exhausted.</p>
+
+<p>To conform to the requirements of the International Postal Union,
+the color of the new 1c. stamp will be green and that of the 5c. stamp
+a deep blue.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 17em;">R. M. COULTER,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 22em;">Deputy Postmaster-General.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Post-Office Department, Canada.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Ottawa, 25th October, 1897.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>These instructions were followed out, and the issue of the new series
+was thus stretched over a considerable length of time. The first to appear was
+the &frac12; cent, two weeks after the date of the above circular. The circumstances
+of its début are told under "Ottawa Notes" in the <i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i>:<a name="FNanchor_142" id="FNanchor_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The half cent stamp of the new issue was placed on sale today
+[9th November, 1897], its appearance having been precipitated by
+events over which the postal authorities had no control.... The philatelists,
+anticipating an early exhaustion of the old half cent stamp,
+helped the thing along by quietly but assiduously buying in every copy
+in sight. As a consequence the stock ran down much faster than that
+of other values, and a few weeks ago orders were issued that no more
+were to be sold to the public, but that publishers entitled to the half
+cent rate should take their papers to the post-offices and there have the
+stamps affixed by the staff. Even that did not save the distance [<i>sic</i>].
+I hear that in Montreal it was found necessary to use cent stamps to
+prepay the half cent rate.<a name="FNanchor_143" id="FNanchor_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a> Fortunately for the reputation of Canadian
+stamps, these stamps were not over-printed with new value, and we
+have been spared a surcharge. However, the postal authorities hurried<!-- Page 163 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span>
+forward the printing and circulation of the new issue, in that value
+at least, and it is an accomplished fact.</p></div>
+
+<p>The next value to appear was the 6 cent, which was announced in the
+<i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i> under date of 4th December, 1897 as having been put
+in circulation. Following closely upon this came the 1, 2, 5 and 8 cent stamps,
+and in January, 1898 the 3 and 10 cent.</p>
+
+<p>The new stamps were very simple in design, the central oval containing
+a portrait of Queen Victoria copied from a photograph by W. &amp; D. Downey
+of London, taken at the time of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations. CANADA
+POSTAGE and the value in words only appear in Egyptian capitals on the
+oval frame to the portrait, and each spandrel is occupied by a maple leaf.
+Much criticism was engendered by the fact that the portrait was too large
+for its frame, making the design appear cramped and thus giving a disappointing
+effect to what otherwise might have proved a most neat and effective
+stamp. [Illustration No. 36 on <a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>].</p>
+
+<p>The stamps were as usual line engraved on steel, and printed on the same
+stout white wove paper that was employed for the Jubilee issue, as well as on
+a thinner and more brittle quality. The 5 cent, for the first time in Canadian
+philatelic history, appeared on a colored paper, the stock having a decidedly
+bluish tint. The perforation was the regulation gauge 12. But one irregularity
+seems to be known, and that is the 5 cents imperforate, a block of four
+of which we are able to illustrate as No. 112 on <a href="#Plate_X">Plate X</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The sheet arrangement was intended to be the usual block of 100 impressions,
+ten by ten, but the Ottawa correspondent of the <i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i>
+tells us that in the case of the &frac12; cent stamp the first plate was twice this size.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>By some misunderstanding the contractors, the American Bank
+Note Co., set the sheet up with 200 stamps, and the first five hundred
+sheets were so printed. The sheets were afterwards cut in two through
+the imprint, and we have these half sheets with a close imperforated
+margin on either the left or right edge. Afterwards sheets of 100
+stamps were issued, all the stamps perforated on all four sides. Plate
+number collectors will find the earliest sheets difficult to obtain. Both
+sheets bear the plate number 1.<a name="FNanchor_144" id="FNanchor_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The imprint on the sheets was the same as that on the Jubilee sheets,
+OTTAWA&mdash;No&mdash;1, etc., but instead of numbering the plates all consecutively,<!-- Page 164 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>
+each denomination began its own series with "No 1." The imprint is placed
+in the top margin only, over the middle two stamps (5 and 6) of the top row.
+In the case of the 14 cent stamps each style of the first two plates was numbered
+"1". The plate of 200 impressions was arranged in ten horizontal rows
+of twenty stamps each, thus bringing the imprint over stamps 10 and 11 of
+the top row, and as it was between these that the large sheets were severed, the
+imprint was cut in two in the process. All the other values were made up in
+sheets of 100 only.</p>
+
+<p>For the information of plate number collectors we give a list of such
+numbers as we have been able to ascertain.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="right">&frac12;</td><td align="center">cent,</td><td align="left">No.</td><td align="left">1 (2 plates).</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">Nos.</td><td align="left">1, 2.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">Nos.</td><td align="left">1, 2, 3.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">Nos.</td><td align="left">1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">No.</td><td align="left">1,.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">6</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">No.</td><td align="left">1.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">8</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">No.</td><td align="left">1.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">No.</td><td align="left">1.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>The quantity of each value issued before they were replaced by the stamps
+with numerals is stated to have been as follows:<a name="FNanchor_145" id="FNanchor_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="right">&frac12;</td><td align="center">cent</td><td align="right">2,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">34,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">12,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">44,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">3,500,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">6</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">500,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">8</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">1,400,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">500,000</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>A similar variation is found in the dimensions of these stamps to that
+occurring in the 7&frac12; d. and 10d. stamps and the issue of 1868, and has caused
+quite a little comment from those unfamiliar with this phenomenon. As
+much as &frac12; mm. in the vertical measurements can be found between many
+stamps. The cause is of course the uneven shrinking of the dampened paper
+when drying after being printed upon. This was fully discussed in an earlier
+chapter.<a name="FNanchor_146" id="FNanchor_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a> As the paper in the present instance is very similar in quality to<!-- Page 165 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span>
+that used for printing the United States stamps, in which the same peculiarity
+occurs, we will quote Mr. Melville's comment on the subject:<a name="FNanchor_147" id="FNanchor_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>As we have said, the paper is impressed when damp.... This wetting-down
+business has another effect which has always puzzled philatelists.
+The wet paper is taken into a hot room to dry, and in drying
+it contracts. The contraction is not uniform and the philatelist in
+trying to prove the existence of more than one original die will pin
+his faith to the idea that if the varieties noticeable were due to contraction
+of the paper the contraction would be proportionate on all
+sides of the stamp. This is not the case however.</p>
+
+<p>Paper, when absorbing moisture, expands more in one direction
+than the other. The direction of greater expansion is what is technically
+known as the "cross direction", and is the direction <i>across</i> the
+flow of pulp in the paper making machine. During the flow of the pulp
+the bulk of the fibres lie parallel with the movement of the wire gauze,
+and it is a scientific fact that the diameter of a fibre is increased by
+absorption of water much more than is the length. The subsequent
+shrinking on drying also is uneven.</p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>The Postmaster General's Report for 1897 <span class="nobreak">says:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The contract with the British American Bank Note Company expired
+on the 22nd April, 1897, and a contract was entered into with the
+American Bank Note Company for the manufacture and supply of
+postage stamps &amp;c. An estimate of the probable ordinary requirements
+for the next fiscal year and the comparison based thereon between the
+old and the present rates show that, under the new contract, stamp
+supplies will cost the department, say, $10,000 per annum less than under
+the old contract, a reduction in outlay of about 20%.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is also noted that during 1896-7 electric cancelling ("mail marking")
+machines were introduced, six of which were rented and installed in the Montreal
+Post Office and one at Ottawa.</p>
+
+<p>The reduction in the domestic letter rate from 3 cents to 2 cents per ounce
+is forecasted, as well as a proposed reduction from 5 cents to 2 cents per &frac12;
+ounce on letters between Great Britain and many of her colonial possessions.
+This will be more thoroughly discussed later.</p>
+
+<p>Concerning the postal changes we have been considering the report <span class="nobreak">says:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Owing to the change of contract for the manufacture and supply of
+postage stamps, a new series of stamps became necessary at the begin<!-- Page 166 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span>ning
+of the present fiscal year. New stamps ranging in value from the
+&frac12; cent to the 10 cent denomination (inclusive) were printed, and the
+first supplies thereof sent out to postmasters as the corresponding denominations
+of the old stamps became exhausted. A considerable quantity
+of the higher values of that series (15 cents, 20 cents and 50 cents)
+remaining over from the late contract, these three stamps continued to
+be issued, so that the department, previous to the introduction of the
+same denominations in the new series, might, in accordance with the
+universal practice, dispose of the old stamps in each case before issuing
+any of the new. The design of the new stamps is of a uniform character,
+and consists of an engraved copy (reduced) of an authorized
+photograph of Her Majesty taken during the Diamond Jubilee year.
+This, placed within an oval bearing the usual inscriptions, is enclosed
+in a rectangular frame, a maple leaf on a lined ground occupying each
+of the triangular spaces between the two frames. To conform to the
+regulations of the Universal Postal Union, the colour of the new 1 cent
+stamp is green, and that of the 5 cents a deep blue. This necessitated
+corresponding changes in the colours of the other stamps of the new
+series; for example, purple, instead of green, being selected for the 2
+cent denomination, and orange instead of slate for the 8 cent.</p></div>
+
+<p>The special delivery system was also introduced, and will be treated of
+later.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_141" id="Footnote_141"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> American Journal of Philately, 2nd Series, X: 502.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_142" id="Footnote_142"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era, XII: 86.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_143" id="Footnote_143"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_156">page 156</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_144" id="Footnote_144"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era, XII: 132.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_145" id="Footnote_145"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> Metropolitan Philatelist, X: 117.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_146" id="Footnote_146"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_53">page 53</a> et seq.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_147" id="Footnote_147"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> United States Postage Stamps, 1894-1910, page 16.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<p><!-- Page 167 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII<br />
+<br />
+THE "NUMERALS" ISSUE, 1898-1902</h2>
+
+
+<p>Hardly had the "maple leaf" issue gotten generally into use before
+complaints began to be heard about the difficulty of distinguishing
+the different values. The <i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i> for June 4, 1898,
+quotes a plaint of this character as <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Toronto <i>World</i> says: "We take the liberty of suggesting to the
+Postmaster-General that we have a large figure indicating the value
+in cents of the various issues of Canadian stamps. It is hard to make
+them out at present."</p>
+
+<p>This is only one of the numerous complaints made daily against
+our new issue. Some changes ought to be made.</p></div>
+
+<p>But the <i>Metropolitan Philatelist</i> in its issue for April 2, 1898, had
+already given information of an impending change which in the main proved
+correct. It <span class="nobreak">says:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Much dissatisfaction is expressed by the French speaking inhabitants
+of the rural parts at the lack of figures of value on the stamps,
+the denomination in all cases being printed in English which they are
+unable to understand. It has, therefore, been decided to alter the new
+stamps by removing the maple leaves from the lower corners and inserting
+large numerals of value in their place. The space occupied by
+the head will also be somewhat enlarged and the value will be placed
+on a straight band below.</p></div>
+
+<p>All of which transpired save the placing of the value on the "straight
+band". In the issue of the <i>American Journal of Philately</i> for June 1, 1898,
+a Canadian correspondent reported: "I saw yesterday the proof of the new
+Canadian stamps. The frame is slightly changed and the value in figures
+is at the bottom on each side of the stamp, in place of the maple leaves." No
+date is given, but it was doubtless early in May. Finally <i>Mekeel's Weekly
+Stamp News</i> reported the actual issue of the 1 cent and 3 cent stamps, stating
+that a Montreal correspondent had purchased them at the post office on June
+21st, which was doubtless their approximate date of issue.</p>
+
+<p>No further news of the numeral set is recorded until the issue of the<!-- Page 168 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>
+<i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i> for September 17th, wherein its Toronto correspondent
+says that "Last week the 2c. purple with numerals in lower corners made its
+debut, a few days later the &frac12;c arrived similarly altered, followed closely by
+the 6c." This evidently puts the issue of these three values within the first
+ten days of September. The 8 cent was recorded in the same paper for October
+15th, so that it must have been issued about the first of the month. The
+10 cent did not make its appearance until November, being noticed under
+the "Toronto Letter" in the <i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i> for November 19th, so
+that again it was doubtless the early part of the month that saw its advent.</p>
+
+<p>For six months nothing further was heard of new "numeral" stamps,
+when finally the 5 cent, which was the one value lacking to complete the set
+in its altered form, made its appearance on July 3, 1899, according to a correspondent
+of <i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i>.<a name="FNanchor_148" id="FNanchor_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a></p>
+
+<p>The new type of stamp, as already stated, was merely an alteration of
+the preceding "maple leaf" design, due to two criticisms&mdash;that no numerals
+were shown, making it often difficult without a close look to tell the denomination,
+and bothersome to the large population of French origin who did not
+speak English; and that the portrait was too large for its oval frame, giving
+a somewhat cramped effect. In the new design, illustrated as number 40 on
+<a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>, the first objection was met by placing the proper numerals in small
+squares in the lower corners, which necessitated the removal of the maple
+leaves from the lower spandrels; and the second objection was met by enlarging
+the oval frame containing the portrait, thus giving a much better effect.
+To do this the oval was extended to the outside of the stamp, cutting the
+rectangular border lines instead of lying wholly within them, as in the design
+it superseded.</p>
+
+<p>The stamps were of course line engraved on steel and printed in the
+usual sheets of 100, ten rows of ten. The imprint was the same as on the last
+issue, and the plates again began with No. 1 for each denomination. As far
+as we have been able to ascertain, the plate numbers are as <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="right">&frac12;</td><td align="center">cent</td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="left">1.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">1, 2, 3, 4.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">1, 2, 3, 4.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">1, 2, 3.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">6</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">1.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">8</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">1.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">1.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 169 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>There were of course many more plates of the 1 cent stamp, at least,
+which remained in use for five years, and probably several more of the 2, 3,
+and 10 cent, but there seems to have been very little interest in Canada in
+keeping track of these.</p>
+
+<p>But during the life of this series there were important changes taking
+place which were reflected in the stamp issues, and we must keep track of
+them.</p>
+
+<p>In the first place, the Hon. William Mulock, the Canadian Postmaster-General,
+was a firm believer in and an active agitator for Imperial Penny
+Postage. At the Imperial Conference on Postal Rates in London, in July,
+1898, the project was carried through, and a rate of one penny (2 cents) per
+half ounce established by certain colonies in connection with the Mother
+Country, to take effect on Christmas Day of 1898. Concerning this we shall
+have more to say in the next chapter; but meanwhile Canada's domestic rate
+stood at 3 cents per ounce or fraction, in spite of attempts to reduce it, particularly
+since the United States had lowered its internal rate in 1883. The
+anomaly would be presented under such conditions of a letter mailed from
+one town to another in Canada costing three cents, even if weighing a half
+ounce or less, while the same letter could cross to Great Britain and travel
+to Cape Colony, for instance, on payment of but two cents postage.</p>
+
+<p>The agitation and the London conference evidently had their effect, for
+on the 13th June, 1898, a bill<a name="FNanchor_149" id="FNanchor_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a> in amendment of the Post Office Act was
+assented to in Parliament which substituted 2 cents for 3 cents as the domestic
+postage rate per ounce weight. It also provided that the new rate should not
+take effect until a date to be named by the Governor General. After the date
+for the inauguration of Imperial Penny Postage was fixed, the Governor
+General named New Year's day following as the date for the change in Canada's
+domestic rate. The following notice was published in the <i>Canada
+Gazette</i>:<a name="FNanchor_150" id="FNanchor_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Order in Council,</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 9.5em;">Post Office Department.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>By Proclamation dated the 29th day of December, 1898, in virtue
+of the Act further to amend the Post Office Act (61 Victoria, chapter
+20) and of an Order in Council in accordance therewith, it was declared
+that the postage rate payable on all letters originating in and trans<!-- Page 170 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>mitted
+by post for any distance in Canada for delivery in Canada,
+should be one uniform rate of two cents per ounce weight, from the
+1st January, 1899.</p></div>
+
+<p>This of course had the immediate effect of vastly increasing the consumption
+of 2 cent stamps and also of rendering the 3 cent stamps practically
+useless. Another point would be that whereas the Postal Union requirements
+named red as the color for the stamp used for domestic postage, and the 3
+cent had been in its proper hue, the stamp for the new internal rate was
+printed in purple and would therefore have to be changed. This change was
+not forced, however, the Post Office Department as usual preferring to use up
+the stock on hand of the current 2 cent stamp before issuing the new one. It
+took considerable time to do this, so that the 2 cent carmine did not make its
+appearance until the 20th August, according to a correspondent of <i>Mekeel's
+Weekly Stamp News</i>.<a name="FNanchor_151" id="FNanchor_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a> It was of course the same stamp as before but printed
+in the color of the 3 cent value, and we have to record plate numbers 3, 4, 5,
+6 and 7, though there were doubtless many more.</p>
+
+<p>But the 3 cent stamp still remained on hand in large quantities, and in
+order to use them up more quickly and perhaps save confusion between them
+and the new 2 cent stamps, the Post Office Department decided upon surcharging
+the stock on hand down to 2 cents, thus making Canada's first
+offence in this line. The notice concerning this change and some others that
+were decided upon was as <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Department Circular</i>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 10em;">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 23.5em;">OTTAWA, 1st July, 1899.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Owing to the reduction in the Domestic letter rate of postage, the
+issue of the 3 c. letter-card, the 3c. stamped envelope and the 3 cent
+postage stamp from the Department has ceased. Any unused 3c. letter-cards,
+3c. stamped envelopes or 3c. stamps, still extant, will, however,
+continue available for postage purposes, or may be exchanged at any
+Post Office, at their full face value, for postage stamps of other denominations.</p>
+
+<p>The color of the Domestic-rate postage stamp, as prescribed by
+the Universal Postal Union, is red, and it is intended to discontinue
+the issue of the ordinary two cents purple colored stamps as soon as the
+present supply on hand is exhausted. This will be about the 20th July,
+1899. Thereafter the Department will issue two cents stamps in red,<!-- Page 171 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>
+first, however, surcharging down to two cents the unissued remnant of
+the three cents stamps in red, now in the possession of the Department,
+and as soon as the supply of such surcharged <i>threes</i> is exhausted, the
+issue of two cents stamps in red will begin. The surcharged stamps
+will be issued to Postmasters as 2c. postage stamps and be recognized
+as postage stamps of that denomination.</p>
+
+<p>Postmasters are requested to exchange, as above mentioned, all
+unused 3c. letter-cards, 3c. stamped envelopes and 3c. stamps which may
+be offered them to be exchanged for other postage stamps of an equal
+value.</p>
+
+<p>Postmasters, who as a result of such exchange, may find the 3c.
+stamps, etc., unsaleable, are at liberty, in the case of an <i>Accounting
+Post Office</i>, to send them direct to the Department for credit; and in
+the case of a <i>Non-Accounting Post Office</i>, to send them to the City
+Post Office from which it obtains its supplies, asking in lieu of those
+returned other stamps to an equal value.</p>
+
+<p>It is especially requested that, in the case of stamps sent direct to
+the Department, under this authority, that is to say, <i>by Accounting
+Post Offices</i>,&mdash;Postmasters will be so good as to carry out the following
+<span class="nobreak">instructions:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p>(1) Each transmission should be registered, and accompanied
+with a brief memorandum, plainly stamped with the date stamp of the
+Post Office, and indicating the number and value of the 3c. stamps,
+etc., claimed to be enclosed. If other stamps are required to replace
+those returned, a separate requisition therefor (not enclosed in the
+package) should be sent direct to the Department in the usual way.</p>
+
+<p>(2) Single stamps, and stamps that are not in complete sheets,
+should be pasted on alternate pages of separate sheets of paper, with
+<i>not more than one hundred stamps on each page</i>. Any stamps that have
+stuck together whilst in the possession of the Postmaster, must be
+taken apart (which can easily be done by immersing them for a few
+minutes in water) and then pasted on sheets of paper as above directed.</p>
+
+<p>Postmasters of <i>Non-Accounting</i> Offices are particularly asked to
+bear in mind that any 3c. letter-cards, 3c. stamped envelopes or 3c.
+postage stamps which conformably to this instruction, they may receive
+from the public in exchange for other stamps and find unsaleable,
+<i>must be returned, as above directed, to the City Post Offices from which
+they respectively obtain their supplies</i>, and not to the Department.</p>
+
+<p><i>As only the unused remnant of 3c. stamps now in the Department
+will be surcharged</i>, Postmasters must not send in, with a view to their
+surcharge, any 3c. stamps in their possession nor accept 3c. stamps
+from the public for that purpose.</p>
+
+<p>Postmasters must distinctly understand that the exchange of
+stamps herein permitted applies <i>only</i> to the 3c. letter-card, the 3c.
+stamped envelope and 3c postage stamp.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 18.5em;">R. M. COULTER,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 18.5em;"><i>Deputy Postmaster General</i>.</span><br />
+</p>
+<p><!-- Page 172 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>As a matter of fact the 2 cent purple seems to have lasted about a week
+longer than was anticipated in the above circular, so that the surcharged 3
+cent stamps were not issued until the 28th July.<a name="FNanchor_152" id="FNanchor_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a> A correspondent of the
+<i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i>, in its issue for 22nd July, said: "I learn that the 3c
+numeral and some 3c with the four maple leaves will be surcharged," which
+proved correct; those first issued on the date mentioned above were of the numeral
+type, while on the 8th August<a name="FNanchor_153" id="FNanchor_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a> the "maple leaf" 3 cent made its appearance
+with the same surcharge.</p>
+
+<p>Illustrations of the two stamps will be found as numbers 41 and 42 on
+<a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>. It is stated that the surcharge was made up in its peculiar form so
+as to prevent counterfeiting by the use of ordinary type. At any rate the
+graded height of the numeral and letters, giving the concave effect to the top
+of the surcharge, shows it to have been specially prepared. There is some variation
+in the thickness of the surcharge, due perhaps to inking and to wearing
+of the plates. The overprinting was done in full sheets of one hundred from
+a special plate, in black ink, and should normally be horizontally across the
+bottom of the stamps. Poor registering of the sheets in printing caused the position
+to vary even up to about the middle of the stamp in some cases, and of
+course there had to be some inverted surcharges in both varieties. The number
+of these has not been published. Illustrations of the inverts will be found
+as numbers 44 and 45 on <a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The quantity of 3 cent stamps surcharged was reported by the Ottawa
+correspondent of the <i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i><a name="FNanchor_154" id="FNanchor_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a> as "variously stated to be
+9,000,000 to 11,000,000," while <i>Stanley Gibbons Monthly Journal</i> is more
+definite<a name="FNanchor_155" id="FNanchor_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a> in saying that "there are some 9,000,000 of 3c. stamps in stock, of
+which about 6,000,000 are of the four leaves type, and the rest have the numerals
+in the lower corners." Just where these figures were obtained does
+not appear, but the Postmaster General's report for 30th June, 1900, makes
+the following statement:&mdash;"Included in the stamp output of the year was
+$123,600 worth of 3 cent stamps, which constituted the unissued remnant
+of 3 cent stamps in the possession of the department; on the occasion of the
+reduction of the domestic letter rate of postage they were surcharged and issued
+as 2 cent stamps." The figures quoted account for only 4,120,000 of the 3<!-- Page 173 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span>
+cent stamps, and this quantity is confirmed in the Report for 1901, which
+says:&mdash;"In 1899-1900 3 cent stamps to the number of 4,120,000 were included
+in the output solely with a view to surcharging them down to 2 cents
+and transference to that column." The two varieties, however, are not separated
+in the accounts, but inasmuch as the catalogue prices are now, after
+ten years, at the same figure for each, it is reasonable to suppose that one is
+as common as the other and that therefore they must have been issued in approximately
+equal amounts.</p>
+
+<p>Plate numbers for the surcharges seem to be again recorded in only a
+half hearted way. But one reference has been found to those of the numeral
+type, plates 5 and 6<a name="FNanchor_156" id="FNanchor_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a>, and none for the "maple leaf" type.</p>
+
+<p>The reduction in the domestic rate of postage was also the cause of another
+provisional, but of quite a different character. <i>Stanley Gibbons Monthly
+Journal</i> for January 31, 1899, <span class="nobreak">says:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In some offices 1c. and 2c. stamps ran short, and their places were
+supplied by one-third and two-thirds portions of 3c. stamps divided
+vertically. In some places, our correspondent says, these divided
+stamps were employed without further alteration, but in others we
+regret to hear that they were surcharged with a figure "2", in
+<i>purple</i>, upon the figure "3" of the larger portion, or the word "one"
+in <i>green</i>, upon the smaller part; or, to further complicate matters,
+when thirds of two adjoining stamps were used for 2c. each part was
+impressed with a figure "2". Our informant's letter is franked in part
+by &#8532; of a 3c. stamp surcharged "2" so we fear that this horrible tale
+is founded on fact.</p></div>
+
+<p>In the <i>Journal</i> for March 31, 1899, is further <span class="nobreak">light:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The surcharged fractions appear to have been used only at the
+office at Port Hood, N. S., where the Postmaster apparently did not
+consider it safe to use divided stamps without some distinguishing
+mark. We have seen other copies since, and find that a figure "1" was
+struck upon the smaller portion; not the word "one" as previously
+stated.</p></div>
+
+<p>Again in the <i>Journal</i> for April 29, 1899, we <span class="nobreak">find:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In reference to the cut and surcharged 3c. stamps, a correspondent
+sends us the following extract from a letter from the postmaster
+of Port <span class="nobreak">Hood:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p>"When the change in Canadian postage was made&mdash;of which we
+got notice by wire&mdash;I had only very few two cent stamps in stock,
+so that before I got my supply from Ottawa I ran completely out of<!-- Page 174 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span>
+them, and, to keep my account straight, I was compelled to cut threes.
+This was for one day only, and not over 300 stamps were cut. I would
+say about 200 '2' and 100 '1' were used. Those stamps I put on letters
+for delivery within the county as much as possible. About 100 '2' and
+probably nearly as many '1' were marked with the figures 3 and 1 as
+you describe, and were placed on letters for delivery in towns throughout
+the Dominion. Those were the only provisional stamps used by
+this office."</p></div>
+
+<p>Mr. Horsley reports having a copy on the original cover with the postmark
+of Port Hood dated 5 January, 1899, which is doubtless the "one day"
+that they were employed.</p>
+
+<p>A Canada correspondent, writing in <i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i><a name="FNanchor_157" id="FNanchor_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a>
+concerning these "splits", says that "the Dominion Government has announced
+that they were not authorized and letters having them on for postage should
+have been charged double rate when delivered." They may be interesting
+as curiosities, but they are assuredly not worthy of any great attention from
+collectors. Illustrations of the "2" cent and a pair of the "1" cent will be
+found as Nos. 37 and 39 respectively on <a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing further in the line of novelties is to be reported until the 29th
+December, 1900, when a new 20 cent stamp suddenly made its appearance as
+a companion in design to the rest of the "numeral" series. The large 20
+cent stamp of 1893 had finally been exhausted, and the new comer in its neat
+olive green was a welcome addition to the current set. It of course conformed
+to the others in engraving, sheet arrangement, etc., and had the plate number
+1. An examination of the stamp accounts during its term of life make it
+appear probable that approximately 500,000 were issued.</p>
+
+<p>Finally the long heralded 7 cent stamp, which was supposed to take the
+place of the 8 cent stamp after the reduction of domestic postage, made its
+appearance nearly four years late! It was announced in a despatch to the
+<i>Toronto Mail and Empire</i> as <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Ottawa, Dec. 18th, [1902].&mdash;The Post Office Department announces
+that on the 24th instant it will be in a position to supply a seven-cent
+postage stamp to accounting post offices throughout Canada.
+This stamp, which is of a yellow color, will be especially convenient
+for postage and registration fee on single rate letters, while it may
+also be used for other postage purposes to the extent of its face value.
+Non-accounting offices can obtain their supply through the city post
+offices. This new stamp will bear the Queen's head, the department
+not having yet decided on the design for the King's head issue.</p></div>
+<p><!-- Page 175 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Postmaster General's Report for 1903, however, gives the issue of
+7 cent stamps as occurring on the 23rd December, 1902. The stamp, as was
+the case with the 20 cent, conformed in all respects to the others of the
+numeral issue, but was printed in a hideous shade of olive yellow. There
+was but one plate number, No. 1. It seems probable that about one million
+copies constituted its total issue.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>The above completes the issues of the numeral type stamps with the
+Queen's head. Glancing over the Reports of the Postmaster General, as
+usual, for the period during which they were in issue, we find the following
+items of interest.</p>
+
+<p>In the Report for 30th June, 1899, the introduction of "Domestic Penny
+Postage" is thus <span class="nobreak">recorded:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>On the 1st January, 1899, the letter rate within Canada was reduced
+from 3 to 2 cents per ounce. This change has been accompanied
+by such a marked and continuous increase in the number of domestic
+letters being transmitted through the mails, as to warrant the conclusion
+that the loss of revenue consequent on such reduction will
+soon be overcome.</p>
+
+<p>As a result of the reduction in the Domestic Letter rate of postage,
+the issue of the 3c. letter card, 3c. stamped envelope and 3c. postage
+stamp has been discontinued, unused quantities of these, however,
+continuing available for postage purposes or exchangeable at any post
+office for their equivalent in postage stamps of other denominations.</p></div>
+
+<p>On the 1st January, 1899, also, the provisions of the Act which reimposed
+postage payment on newspapers and periodicals went into effect. This
+was <i>An Act further to amend the Post Office Act</i> (assented to 13th June,
+1898)<a name="FNanchor_158" id="FNanchor_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a> which we have already quoted as being the Act authorizing the
+reduction in the domestic postage rate to 2 cents per ounce. The third section
+of this Act repealed section 26 of the <i>Post Office Act</i> and substituted the
+following <span class="nobreak">therefor:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>26. On and after the first day of January, one thousand eight
+hundred and ninety-nine, newspapers and periodicals, printed and
+published in Canada, mailed by the publisher in the post office at the
+place where they are published and addressed to regular subscribers<!-- Page 176 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span>
+or newsdealers in Canada, resident elsewhere than in the place of publication,
+shall be transmitted by mail to their respective addresses as
+<span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p>If they are required to be transmitted by mail a distance within
+twenty miles from the place of publication or within a circular area of
+a diameter not exceeding forty miles, and if their publication is of no
+greater frequency than once a week, they shall be so transmitted free
+of postage within one or other of such areas to be selected by the
+publisher in accordance with regulations in that behalf to be established
+by the Postmaster General; if they are required to be transmitted
+a greater distance, or if their publication is of greater frequency
+than once a week, then in either of such cases postage
+thereon shall be paid on and after the said first day of January, and
+until and inclusive of the thirtieth day of June next following, at the
+rate of one-quarter of one cent, and thereafter at the rate of one-half
+of one cent, for each pound weight or any fraction of a pound weight,
+which shall be prepaid by postage stamps or otherwise, as the Postmaster
+General from time to time directs; provided that&mdash;</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>(<i>a</i>) such newspaper or periodical is known and recognized as a
+newspaper or periodical in the generally received sense of the
+word, and consists wholly or in great part of political or
+other news or of articles relative thereto or to other current
+topics, and is published regularly at intervals of not more
+than one month;</p>
+
+<p>(<i>b</i>) the full title, place and date of publication, and the distinguishing
+number of the issue are printed at the top of the
+first page, and every subsequent page, and also on any paper,
+print, lithograph or engraving purporting to be a supplement
+to it and sent with it;</p>
+
+<p>(<i>c</i>) it is addressed to a <i>bonâ fide</i> subscriber, or to a known news-dealer
+in Canada; and&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>(<i>d</i>) it is delivered into the post office under such regulations as
+the Postmaster General, from time to time, makes for that
+purpose.</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>2. For the purpose of determining the weights of such newspapers
+or periodicals, each newspaper or periodical transmitted separately
+through the mails shall be held to weight not less than one-half
+of one ounce.</p>
+
+<p>3. [<i>The Postmaster General to decide whether any publication
+comes under this section, and whether the requirements have been
+complied with in any case.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>4. [<i>Books for the blind transmitted free of Canadian postage.</i>]</p></div>
+
+<p>One other item, not strictly philatelic perhaps, but interesting to record
+here, is the announcement of the issue of postal notes, the system having been
+inaugurated throughout Canada on the 4th August, 1898. It was intended<!-- Page 177 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>
+mainly to obviate the need of remitting small sums by mail in postage stamps,
+with the consequent difficulty to the recipient of disposing of any quantity.
+The notes were for certain fixed values, odd amounts between values being
+made up by affixing postage stamps.</p>
+
+<p>Their denominations and dates of issue are recorded as <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">&ensp;4th August</td><td align="left">issued notes of 25, 50 and 70 cents.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">23rd August</td><td align="left">issued notes of $1, $2.50 and $5.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">21st October</td><td align="left">issued notes of 40 cents, $1.50 and $2.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">25th November</td><td align="left">issued notes of 20, 30, 60 and 80 cents.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">23rd January, 1899</td><td align="left">issued notes of 90 cents, $3. and $4.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>In the Report for 1900 we find mention of the issue of stamp books.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In the month of June, 1900, the department commenced the issue
+to Postmasters, of a small book of 2 cent postage stamps, containing
+12 stamps, disposed on two sheets of 6 stamps each, and interleaved
+with wax paper to prevent adhesion of the sheets. The size of the
+book is such as to make it convenient to be carried in the pocket or
+pocket-book. Printed on the cover is postal information calculated
+to be of interest to the public. The price at which the book is issued
+is 25 cents, one cent over the face value of the stamps being charged
+to cover the cost of binding, etc.</p></div>
+
+<p>The stamp accounts give the date of issue of the stamp books as 11th
+June, 1900. That they have proved popular is evidenced by the increase in
+the number issued to postmasters from some 320,000 in 1901 to about
+1,400,000 in 1910.</p>
+
+<p>The books are about two by three inches in size, with stiff cardboard
+covers which are bound together by red cloth. The coat-of-arms of Canada
+with the words CANADA POSTAGE beneath are engraved in red on the
+front cover, while inside are four pages of postal information and the two
+sheets of six stamps each&mdash;three horizontal pairs&mdash;backed by leaves of paraffined
+tissue paper.</p>
+
+<p>Notice is also given of the discontinuance of two denominations of postage
+stamps, the old 15 cent of 1868 passing quietly away at the age of 31
+years, 1 month and 1 day&mdash;or on the 2nd November, 1899, to be exact. The
+6 cent stamp, for which there was but little call since the reduction of the
+letter postage to 2 cents, was discontinued on the 10th February, 1900.</p>
+
+<p>From the Report of 1901 we learn that the last issue of the $1 Jubilee
+stamps took place on 27th June 1900, but nothing is said of dates for the<!-- Page 178 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span>
+cents values, all of which appear for the last time in the "issued to postmasters"
+column in amounts of 700 or 800, and even 2000 in the case of
+the &frac12; cent.</p>
+
+<p>The Report of 1902 notes the last issue of the 3 cent stamp in March,
+1901, and of the 8 cent stamp, which had been of but little use since the reduction
+of postage, on the 16th December, 1901.</p>
+
+<p>The Report of 1903 announces the issue of the new King Edward
+stamps, and of the prepayment of printed matter in cash, instead of by
+stamps, under the "permit" system. Both of these subjects will be considered
+in their proper chapters.</p>
+
+<p>Though the Report for 1904 takes us into the period of the King Edward
+stamps, yet we find it noted therein that the last issue of 6 cent and 8 cent
+stamps (Queen's head) took place on the 4th September, 1902. Both these
+values had already been disposed of apparently, but it seems that 100,000
+of the 6 cent and 125,000 of the 8 cent were "received from
+manufacturers" and "issued to postmasters", according to the stamp accounts
+of 1902-3, and rumor has it that some large concern ordered them for the
+mailing of catalogues. The date, 4th September, was probably that of delivery
+to the purchasers.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_148" id="Footnote_148"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XIII: 265.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_149" id="Footnote_149"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> 61 Vict. Chap. 20.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_150" id="Footnote_150"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> Canada Gazette, XXXII: 1223.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_151" id="Footnote_151"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XIII: 324.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_152" id="Footnote_152"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> Monthly Journal, X: 35.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_153" id="Footnote_153"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XIII: 308.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_154" id="Footnote_154"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era, XIII: 393.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_155" id="Footnote_155"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> Monthly Journal, X: 35.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_156" id="Footnote_156"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era, XIII: 400, 403.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_157" id="Footnote_157"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XIII: 187.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_158" id="Footnote_158"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> 61 Vict. Chap. 20.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<p><!-- Page 179 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV<br />
+<br />
+THE "CHRISTMAS" STAMP OF 1898</h2>
+
+
+<p>Ocean Penny Postage, which became the dream of Postal Reformers
+almost from the date of the adoption of the plan of
+Rowland Hill, is at length within measurable distance of becoming
+an accomplished fact. It is true that it is not yet to be the Universal
+Penny Postage, or even the Imperial Penny Postage so perseveringly advocated
+by Mr. Henniker-Heaton; but these will come in time, and an
+immense step in the desired direction has been taken by the adoption of the
+partial scheme, which is to come into force within a few months." So wrote
+Major Evans in July, 1898,<a name="FNanchor_159" id="FNanchor_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a> upon the conclusion of the Imperial Conference
+on Postal Rates which took place in London during that month.</p>
+
+<p>Many of our readers may have seen the illustrated envelopes, in various
+designs, which were issued some fifty or sixty years ago in advocacy of an
+"Ocean Penny Postage." Great Britain, having committed herself to domestic
+penny postage in 1840, after the herculean labors of Sir Rowland Hill in that
+behalf, seems to have been looked to by succeeding postal reformers to furnish
+over-sea transportation along the same lines. Chief among these advocates
+was Elihu Burritt, the "learned blacksmith" of New Britain, Conn., who
+not only published documents on the subject but went to England and delivered
+addresses in support of the idea. Major Evans says:<a name="FNanchor_160" id="FNanchor_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a>&mdash;"What appears
+to have been the first pamphlet on 'Ocean Penny Postage', issued by
+Elihu Burritt, was probably published quite at the end of 1848, or early in
+1849. It contains a poem dated Christmas, 1848, which may give us approximately
+the date of publication." This proves extremely interesting, inasmuch
+as Imperial Penny Postage was put into effect on Christmas, 1898,
+just a half century later to a day.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 180 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>
+But Burritt's proposal was not that which was accomplished so long
+afterward. In his own words:<a name="FNanchor_161" id="FNanchor_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>By the term "<i>Ocean Penny Postage</i>" we mean simply this:&mdash;That
+the single service of transporting a letter, weighing under half-an-ounce,
+from any port of the United Kingdom to any port beyond the
+sea, at which the British mail-packets may touch, shall be performed
+by the British Government for <i>one penny</i>; or one penny for its mere
+conveyance from Folkestone to Boulogne, Liverpool to Boston, &amp;c.,
+and <i>vice versa</i>. Thus the entire charge upon a letter transmitted from
+any town in the United Kingdom to any port beyond the sea, would
+be two pence;&mdash;one penny for the inland rate, and the other for the
+ocean rate.</p></div>
+
+<p>Of course this does not reckon in what might be added for an inland
+rate at the "port beyond the sea", but the main point was the transportation
+on the ocean part of the journey at a uniform rate of one penny.</p>
+
+<p>This was practically accomplished&mdash;and even bettered&mdash;by the establishment
+of the Universal Postal Union in 1875; for where Burritt wrote:<a name="FNanchor_162" id="FNanchor_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a>&mdash;
+"It would meet the terms of our proposition if every letter under half an
+ounce, from any town in Great Britain to any town in the Colonies, should
+pay <i>three pence</i>; one penny for the home inland rate, another penny for the
+ocean, and the third for the colonial inland rate, and <i>vice versa</i>" the Postal
+Union fixed a charge of but twopence halfpenny as the standard rate between
+<i>all</i> countries that subscribed to its provisions.</p>
+
+<p>To quote further:<a name="FNanchor_163" id="FNanchor_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The later discussion in England on the extension of Penny Postage
+across the seas has alternated between the proposals for Universal
+Penny Postage and Imperial Penny Postage. Mr. Henry Fawcett,
+who was Postmaster-General in 1880, was keenly interested in endeavouring
+to get the Colonies to accept a lower postal rate to and from
+the Mother Country, but the Colonies were afraid to lower their rates....
+Mr. Henniker-Heaton brought up the subject in the House of
+Commons in 1885 by moving for the opening of negotiations with other
+Governments, with a view to establishing Universal Penny Postage....
+In 1890 the Jubilee of the introduction of Uniform Penny Postage was
+celebrated in London and throughout the United Kingdom, and public
+interest in postal matters received a new stimulus.... The long sus<!-- Page 181 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span>tained
+agitation for Imperial Penny Postage was at last brought to a
+definite issue at the Imperial Conference on Postal Rates in 1898. The
+London <i>Standard</i> of 13th July, 1898, <span class="nobreak">stated:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p>"We are authorized by the Postmaster-General to state that, as
+the result of the Imperial Conference on Postal Rates, it has been
+agreed, on the proposal of the Representative of the Dominion of
+Canada, that letter postage of one penny per half-ounce should be
+established between the United Kingdom, Canada, Newfoundland, the
+Cape Colony, Natal, and such of the Crown Colonies as may, after communication
+with, and approval of, Her Majesty's Government, be willing
+to adopt it. The date on which the reduction will come into effect
+will be announced later on. The question of a uniform reduced rate
+for the whole Empire was carefully considered; but it was not found
+possible to fix upon a rate acceptable to all the Governments concerned.
+A resolution was therefore adopted, leaving it to those parts
+of the Empire which were prepared for penny postage to make the
+necessary arrangements among themselves".</p>
+
+<p>The Postmaster-General who had the distinction of issuing this
+important communication was the Duke of Norfolk, and the representative
+of Canada was the Hon. (now Sir) William Mulock, LL. D.,
+Q. C., Postmaster-General of Canada, who gave the chief credit for the
+reform to the British Empire League.</p></div>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, Mr. Mulock had been interested not only in the scheme of
+Imperial Penny Postage but also in endeavoring to obtain a reduction of the
+Canadian domestic postage to the penny (2 cents) basis. The inland letter rate,
+it may be remembered, was made 3 cents per half ounce throughout the new
+Dominion on the 1st April, 1868. Not until the 2nd May, 1889, did legislative
+enactment raise the limit of weight to one ounce. Meanwhile the
+United States, on the 1st October, 1883, had lowered its inland rate, which
+also applied to letters for Canada, to 2 cents per ounce. Agitation for the
+same reduction had naturally taken place in Canada, but instead of this it
+was proposed late in 1897<a name="FNanchor_164" id="FNanchor_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a> to reduce the Postal Union rate of 5 cents per half
+ounce to the domestic rate of 3 cents per ounce on letters to Great Britain and
+the Colonies. An Order in Council was actually passed announcing a rate of
+3 cents per half ounce to any place in the British Empire, to take effect on
+1st January, 1898, but the Imperial authorities objected to it as exceeding
+Canada's powers as a member of the Postal Union, and it was necessarily
+abandoned.</p>
+
+<p>Finally legislative enactment was passed on the 13th June, 1898, making<!-- Page 182 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span>
+the long desired reduction in the domestic rate to 2 cents, but not to come
+into operation until the date named by the Governor-General<a name="FNanchor_165" id="FNanchor_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a>. Within a
+month, as we have already detailed, the Imperial Conference in London decided
+on a penny (2 cent) rate for the British Empire and in November it
+was decided to put this in operation on Christmas day of 1898. Thus the
+anomaly was created of a 2 cent rate from Canada to England or Africa,
+but a 3 cent rate from one town to another in Canada. This was remedied
+a week later, as we have seen, by the proclamation putting the domestic 2
+cent rate into force from 1st January, 1899.</p>
+
+<p>As a leader in the final adoption of Imperial Penny Postage, Canada
+could look with pride upon its accomplishment and may be pardoned for its
+mild celebration of the event in the guise of a <i>single</i> commemorative stamp.
+It was unnecessary, of course, and no other Colony attempted it, but Mr.
+Mulock recognized the opportunity and rose to the occasion. The following
+clipping from the <i>Ottawa Evening Journal</i><a name="FNanchor_166" id="FNanchor_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a> gives some interesting <span class="nobreak">details:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The new Imperial Penny Postage Stamp, to be used between Great
+Britain and a number of her colonies after Christmas Day next, has
+been designed by the Postmaster-General and is ready to be issued.
+It is not to be a special issue, but will take its place among the
+regular issues. When Mr. Mulock was in Britain he was surprised to
+notice that the great mass of the people did not appreciate the value
+of the greatness of the British possessions abroad. This was especially
+true of Canada. The idea therefore suggested itself to him, when
+he was considering a new stamp, to prepare something that would
+show the dimensions of Great Britain compared with all other
+countries. Mr. Mulock asked for some designs from a few artists when
+he came back to Canada, but they did not meet with his views, and he
+roughly sketched out something himself and passed it over to an artist
+to have it touched up.</p>
+
+<p>The feature of the new stamp is a neatly executed map in miniature
+of the world, showing the British possessions as compared with
+all other countries. The empire is distinguished from the possessions
+of the other powers by being in red. Surmounting this map is a representation
+of the crown, underneath which is a bunch of oak and
+maple leaves, symbolizing the unity of the Mother Country and
+Canada. At the upper edge of the stamp are the words "Canada Postage"
+in a neat letter. Underneath the map is placed "Xmas, 1898", so
+that the date of the inauguration of Imperial Penny Postage shall
+be a matter of record. On the lower corners are the figures "2", indicating
+the denomination of the stamp, and at the lower edge is this<!-- Page 183 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span>
+suggestive passage taken from the works of one of our patriotic
+poets: "We hold a vaster empire than has been". Mr. Mulock will be
+able to claim the credit of giving the public the cheapest map of the
+world ever issued. The size of the stamp is about the same as the
+Jubilee issue.</p></div>
+
+<p>A reproduction of this <i>multum in parvo</i> composition is shown as No. 38
+on <a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>.</p>
+
+<p>This remarkable stamp caused no end of criticism, at home and abroad,
+not only because of its novel and startling design, but also because of the
+bombastic legend which appeared upon it. The following clipping from the
+<i>Chicago Tribune</i><a name="FNanchor_167" id="FNanchor_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a> explains the origin of the <span class="nobreak">motto:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The motto chosen by Mr. Mulock, "We hold a vaster empire than
+has been," is from the jubilee ode of Sir Lewis Morris, entitled a
+"Song of Empire", with the date, June 20, 1897, as a subtitle, indicating
+its tone and purpose. An excerpt from the last stanza, from which
+the motto was taken, is as follows:</p></div>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"We love not war, but only peace,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Yet never shall our England's power decrease!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Whoever guides our helm of state,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Let all men know it, England shall be great!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">We hold a vaster empire than has been!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nigh half the race of man is subject to our Queen!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Nigh half the wide, wide earth is ours in fee!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And where her rule comes all are free.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And therefore 'tis, O Queen, that we,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Knit fast in bonds of temperate liberty,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rejoice to-day, and make our solemn jubilee!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>In consequence of the peculiar legend, the stamp has been dubbed, not
+ineptly, the "has been" stamp.</p>
+
+<p>We learn from a despatch to the <i>Toronto Telegram</i> that the printing of
+the stamp began on the 1st <span class="nobreak">December:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Ottawa, Dec. 2, 1898.&mdash;(Special)&mdash;The Governor-General and Hon.
+William Mulock, Postmaster-General, presided yesterday at the printing
+of the first copies of the new imperial penny postage stamp. The
+design is Mr. Mulock's own<a name="FNanchor_168" id="FNanchor_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a>.</p></div>
+
+<p>It was thus brought into the world under distinguished patronage&mdash;that
+of its official father and god-father, so to speak. Its baptism came on the 7th
+December, rather earlier than expected, but explained by the following newspaper
+clipping<a name="FNanchor_169" id="FNanchor_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a>:<!-- Page 184 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Ottawa, Ont., Dec. 5&mdash;It having been stated in some newspapers
+that the new two-cent Imperial stamp would not become available
+until Christmas day, inquiry made at the Post Office Department today
+to ascertain the truth of this statement elicits the fact that,
+although it was the original intention of the department that the new
+stamp should not come into use until the 25th inst., the demand from
+the public for it has become so pressing that the department has decided
+to issue it at once, and permit its immediate use to the extent
+of its face value for all postage purposes. In other words, as soon as
+it reaches the public it may, if preferred by the purchaser, be used
+instead of the ordinary two-cent stamp. The two-cent inter-Imperial
+rate does not, of course, come into effect until Christmas Day.</p></div>
+
+<p>In the <i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i>, the Canadian correspondent discourses
+upon its advent as follows, under date of 7th December<a name="FNanchor_170" id="FNanchor_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The new Imperial stamps referred to in past numbers of the <i>Era</i>
+were issued this morning, and although the new Imperial rate does not
+come into effect until Xmas-day, and they bear that inscription, they
+are receivable for ordinary postage now.</p>
+
+<p>The general design has already been described, but it may be well
+to say that the stamps are printed in three colours. The frame is in
+black with white letters, the seas are in a pale blue, or rather a lavender,
+and the British possessions are in a bright red. The map of the
+world is on Mercator's projection, which magnifies high latitudes;
+consequently the Dominion of Canada, which occupies the middle of
+the upper part of the stamp, looks bigger than all the other British
+possessions put together. The border of the stamp is of cable pattern
+and measures 32 mm. in width by 22&frac12; in height. The stamp is printed
+on medium, machine-wove, white paper, similar to that used for the
+Jubilee and subsequent Canadian issues, and is perforated 12.</p></div>
+
+<p>The above quotation settles the fact that the first color in which the
+"seas" were printed was lavender. There has been some discussion on this
+point. Again, a correspondent of the <i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i> wrote under
+date of "Dec. 20th" that "A government official of Canada states that the 2c
+Imperial postage stamp is to be changed in color from a lavender to a blue.
+One of your contemporaries states that the color is to be green<a name="FNanchor_171" id="FNanchor_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a>." Under
+date of "Ottawa, Dec. 29," another correspondent of the same paper
+writes<a name="FNanchor_172" id="FNanchor_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a>:&mdash;"The first issue of these geographical stamps, on the 7th instant,
+had the sea coloured a light lavender. About the 20th, I cannot fix the exact<!-- Page 185 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span>
+day, a second supply had the sea coloured a light blue, as nearly as I can judge
+Prussian blue. And now I am told the third lot are to have the seas much
+darker in colour, but that is only a rumour." A clipping from the <i>Winnipeg
+Free Press</i>, however, states that "the second shipment, which arrived on Dec.
+13th, were of an entirely different print, although the fact passed unnoticed
+for some days. The sea on these stamps&mdash;and on all the thousands received
+since&mdash;is printed in pale green!" The first shipment is noted as "lavender
+or pale blue" as usual. Evidently the change in color took place within the
+first week or ten days after printing began. A dark shade of green is apparently
+as common as the pale green, and a cancelled copy dated January 13,
+1899, is noted in <i>Ewen's Weekly Stamp News</i>. Doubtless it was issued much
+earlier. The lavender shade seems to have been reverted to in the later issues
+of the stamp, for it is noted in chronicles as having been received from Canada
+in February and March, 1899, and the stamp was considered obsolete in
+April. We venture to think, however, that it was not a reversion to lavender
+in the printing of the stamp, but rather the remainder of the first printings&mdash;for
+it is well known that when bundles of stamp sheets are placed in stock
+some of the first packages received may remain at the bottom of the pile for
+years, while the later ones, placed on top, are used to fill orders.</p>
+
+<p>The stamps were printed in the usual sheet arrangement of 100, ten rows
+of ten. The black portion was from line engraved plates, but the red and
+lavender (or green) portions were doubtless printed on the sheets by lithography
+previous to the impression of the main design of the stamp in black.
+There are four marginal imprints reading AMERICAN BANK NOTE CO.
+OTTAWA in Roman capitals &frac12; mm. high, the inscription being about 29 mm.
+long, (see illustration number 113 on <a href="#Plate_X">Plate X</a>). They are placed above the
+third and eighth stamps of the top row and beneath the corresponding stamps
+of the bottom row. A plate number, in hair line figures about 4 mm. high, is
+placed over the division between the fifth and sixth stamps of the top row,
+and higher up than the imprints. Plates 1, 2, 3 and 5 are known, but we
+have been unable to find plate 4 recorded, though it would be presumed to
+exist. All four known plates come with the lavender sea, and probably all
+four were used with the light green and dark green seas, although we have
+only been able to find record of plate 1 with the former and plate 2 with the
+latter.<a name="FNanchor_173" id="FNanchor_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a></p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 186 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span>
+Mr. Ewen, in his exhaustive article on these stamps,<a name="FNanchor_174" id="FNanchor_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a> notes an apparent
+retouching of one of the plates. He says:&mdash;"Readers will have noted that the
+stamps are each surrounded by what appears to be a rope. On the sheet of
+plate 3 before us, the outer edge of this rope on the stamps at the end of each
+row (right hand side of each sheet) has worn away and has been replaced by a
+straight line engraved on the plate, except on stamp No. 80, which still shows
+the very defective nature of the rope." Much space is also given to a description
+of minor varieties in the red portions of the stamp&mdash;omission of islands,
+extra islands, peninsulas instead of islands, etc., etc. The chief variety, however,
+occurs in the two dots representing two islands in mid-Pacific: in the
+normal stamps these two lie one above and one below the "equator", if properly
+placed; in the variety, which is the sixth stamp in the fifth row (No.
+46 in the sheet) both islands lie horizontally just below the equator.</p>
+
+<p>A further variety is the stamp in imperforate condition, of which we are
+able to illustrate a block of four from the Worthington collection as number
+113 on <a href="#Plate_X">Plate X</a>. This occurs with the bluish, the pale green and the deep
+green oceans.</p>
+
+<p>It would be interesting to know the number of stamps printed in each of
+the distinct shades, but we do not know even the total issue of the map stamps.
+The only reference is in the <i>London Philatelist</i>,<a name="FNanchor_175" id="FNanchor_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a> where it is remarked that
+"we understand [it] has been issued to the number of sixteen millions." They
+were not separated in the stamp accounts, but were reckoned in with the ordinary
+2 cent stamps, and the above figure may very likely be the correct one
+as the number must have been large. We find from a newspaper clipping
+that the cost of manufacture of these stamps was 45 cents per thousand.<a name="FNanchor_176" id="FNanchor_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a></p>
+
+<p>In closing this account of the Christmas stamp it may be interesting to
+record the story of the first letter sent from Canada at the new rate and bearing
+the commemorative stamp in prepayment. It is taken from a Toronto newspaper.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Penny ocean postage came into force at midnight on Saturday. The
+first letter to be posted was one by Mr. J. Ross Robertson, written to
+Mr. Edward Letchworth, the Grand Secretary, at Freemason's Hall,
+Great Queen-street, London.... The letter was received at the
+General Post-Office, Adelaide-street, Toronto, at one second past 12
+o'clock on the morning of Sunday, Dec. 25th, by Mr. John Carruthers,
+the Assistant Postmaster, who certified to the posting with his signa<!-- Page 187 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span>ture
+on the envelope. At five seconds past 12 it was handed to Mr.
+H. S. Allen, chief of the night staff, who, at twelve seconds past the
+hour, dropped it into one of the electric stamping machines, and at fifteen
+seconds past midnight it came out in due and proper form, bearing
+the Toronto postmark of Dec. 25, and the new two-cent stamp in
+the right-hand corner, duly cancelled, so that it was all ready for the
+London mail bag, waiting for it and succeeding letters going by the
+next British mail.</p>
+
+<p>On the envelope was the name of the sender in the upper left-hand
+corner and the following endorsation in the lower left-hand
+corner.</p>
+
+<p>"This is to certify that this letter was mailed at the Toronto Post-Office
+at one-quarter of a minute past 12 o'clock on the morning of
+Dec. 25, 1898, and is the first letter to be posted and cancelled at the
+Toronto postoffice, bearing the new imperial penny postage stamp,
+addressed to Great Britain, (signed) John Carruthers, assistant postmaster."</p>
+
+<p>And under this:</p>
+
+<p>"Received at Freemason's Hall, London, Eng., at ... o'clock,
+... day of January, 1899.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 10em;">...</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 10em;">"Grand Secretary."</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p>This is probably the first time in philatelic history that race-track timing
+has been employed on the passage of mail matter through the post!</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_159" id="Footnote_159"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> Monthly Journal, IX: 1.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_160" id="Footnote_160"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> Stamp Lover, I: 263.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_161" id="Footnote_161"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> A Penny All the Way, Melville, p. 23.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_162" id="Footnote_162"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> ibid., page 22.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_163" id="Footnote_163"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> ibid., page 36.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_164" id="Footnote_164"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era, XII: 129.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_165" id="Footnote_165"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_169">page 169</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_166" id="Footnote_166"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> Monthly Journal, IX: 87.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_167" id="Footnote_167"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XIII: 76.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_168" id="Footnote_168"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> Ibid., XII: 206.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_169" id="Footnote_169"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> Ibid., XII. 213.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_170" id="Footnote_170"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era, XIII: 105.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_171" id="Footnote_171"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> ibid., XIII: 121.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_172" id="Footnote_172"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> ibid., XIII: 129.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_173" id="Footnote_173"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> Ewen's Weekly Stamp News, II: 122.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_174" id="Footnote_174"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> Ewen's Weekly Stamp News, II: 122.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_175" id="Footnote_175"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> London Philatelist, VIII: 79.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_176" id="Footnote_176"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> Post Office, IX: 37.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<p><!-- Page 188 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV<br />
+<br />
+THE "KING'S HEAD" ISSUE OF 1903-1908</h2>
+
+
+<p>The death of the beloved Queen Victoria on January 22, 1901, portended
+momentous changes in the multitude of stamps bearing her
+effigy throughout the Empire. Canada of course was expected to make
+the proper substitution of the portrait of the new ruler, King Edward the
+Seventh, but as time went on seemed in no hurry to do so. In fact it was
+nearly two years and a half after the Queen's death before the King Edward
+stamps appeared, and in the meantime but little could be learned concerning
+Canada's intentions in the matter.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>About the first of January, 1903, it was reported in the newspapers that
+Postmaster-General Mulock had announced "that designs had been submitted,
+and it has been decided to select one bearing an excellent likeness of His Majesty."
+In its issue for 18th April, 1903, the <i>Metropolitan Philatelist</i> again
+gave advance information concerning Canadian stamp matters in the following
+detailed <span class="nobreak">account:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The King's head series of Canadian stamps will probably shortly
+make its appearance. The die has been received by the Post Office
+Department and approved of. The stamp will be very similar to the
+present stamp except that the maple leaf in each of the upper corners
+will be replaced by a crown. The figures of value will appear in the
+lower corner as at present and the value will be spelled out as at present
+in the oval frame which surrounds the portrait. This frame will
+be as in the present stamp. The portrait of the King shows him three-quarters
+to the right&mdash;head and shoulders, as the Queen is in the present
+stamp, but there is no crown on his head. The portrait is an exceptionally
+nice one and it is understood that Royalty has had something
+to do with its selection. The die was made in England,
+although the American Bank Note Co. are contractors for the government
+work.</p></div><p><!-- Page 189 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The details given proved correct. The official announcement of the forthcoming
+issue was given in a circular to postmasters dated 10th June and
+signed by the Deputy Postmaster-General:<a name="FNanchor_177" id="FNanchor_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Postmasters are hereby informed that a new issue of postage
+stamps, bearing the portrait of His Majesty King Edward VII., and
+comprising five denominations (1c., 2c., 5c., 7c., and 10c.), is about to
+be supplied to Postmasters for sale in the usual way, but none of these
+stamps are to be sold until the first of July, 1903.</p>
+
+<p>The colours of the forthcoming series will be the same respectively,
+as those now used for the denominations specified, except that the
+shade of the 7c. will be slightly deeper.</p>
+
+<p>Postmasters will please bear in mind that, notwithstanding the
+new issue, they are not to return to the Department any of the old
+stamps on hand, but will sell them in the ordinary way. At first, the
+public may prefer getting new stamps, and if so, there is no objection
+to this wish being acceded to, but it is also desirable to work off in due
+course all remnants of old stamps.</p>
+
+<p>A change in the design of the stamp of the present series of
+post-cards, post-bands and stamped envelopes, to correspond with that
+above referred to, will be made as soon as the present stock of these
+items shall have been exhausted.</p></div>
+
+<p>The new stamps were accordingly issued on "Dominion Day" (July 1st)
+of 1903. Their actual appearance brought forth the following interesting
+account of their preparation in the <i>London Philatelist</i>:<a name="FNanchor_178" id="FNanchor_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Although for a long time past we have been aware of the circumstances
+attending the preparation of the new postage stamps for Canada,
+and in a position to illustrate the approved design, we have refrained
+from publishing the facts in compliance with the desire of the
+authorities that no details should be made public until the stamps had
+been completed and were ready to be put into circulation.</p>
+
+<p>We believe that the delay which has taken place in bringing out
+the new issue has been due to questions arising out of the existing contract
+under which the postage stamps of the Dominion are produced,
+and that even after the approval of the design and the receipt of the
+die some difficulties were experienced in connection with the preparation
+of the plates by the contractors.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 150px;">
+<a href="images/i190.jpg"><img src="images/i190_tn.jpg" width="150" height="176"
+alt="Design of the 1 cent &quot;King's Head&quot; issue of 1903-1908"
+title="[Linked to larger image of &quot;King's Head&quot; design]" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p>These have happily been surmounted, and now that the issue is
+an accomplished fact it is with much gratification that we illustrate<!-- Page 190 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span>
+the design of the new stamp, our illustration, prepared some time back,
+being taken from a proof from the steel die engraved
+by Messrs. Perkins, Bacon and Co., of London,
+and used in the manufacture of the plates of
+the several values issued by the Canadian postal
+authorities on the 1st. instant. By comparing our
+illustration with the stamp as issued it will be
+seen that the contractors or the postal authorities
+have made some alterations in the design, which,
+in our judgement, are by no means improvements.
+The leaves in the lower corners have been redrawn on a smaller scale,
+and hardly impinge upon the frame; their drawing is vastly inferior,
+and the graceful effect of the broken circle is lost. The numerals of
+value are in colour on a white ground, reversing the original design,
+the labels being larger and the figures taller and thinner; this also
+detracting materially from the charming homogeneity of the stamp as
+first proposed. The greatest alteration, and the worst, is the substitution
+of heavy diagonal lines for horizontal ones in the background.
+The latter were finely drawn and delicately shaded, leaving the King's
+Head in clear outline, and <i>framed</i> by the dark oval band containing the
+inscriptions. The background and frame no longer present this artistic
+effect, and the whole design materially suffers thereby.</p>
+
+<p>The circumstances connected with the inception of the issue are
+as gratifying as they are novel, and will be hailed with acclamation
+by the Philatelists of the British Empire.</p>
+
+<p>The Postmaster of Canada, Sir William Mulock, being one of the
+many distinguished visitors to this country during the Coronation
+festivities, took the opportunity afforded by his visit of approaching
+the Prince of Wales, and of meeting His Royal Highness's suggestions
+and advice in the preparation of a new die for the Canadian stamps.
+The Prince, with his characteristic energy and courtesy, cheerfully undertook
+the task, and it will be seen from our illustration with absolute
+and conspicuous success. H. R. H. wisely decided, in the first instance,
+that it is advisable to have some continuity of design in
+succeeding issues, and therefore adopted the frame and groundwork
+of the then current stamps as a basis. In selecting a portrait of His
+Majesty the Prince decided to rely upon a photograph giving a true
+likeness of the King as we know him, in lieu of an idealised representation
+by an artist. The photograph eventually chosen, with the full
+approval of His Majesty, was one taken shortly before the Coronation.</p>
+
+<p>The likeness is undoubtedly what is termed a speaking one, and
+with the addition of the Coronation robes represents as faithful and
+as pleasing a picture of the King, at the time of his accession to the
+throne, as it is possible to find. The introduction of the Tudor
+crowns in the upper angles, which was another of the Prince's innovations,
+obviates the difficulty that has so often made "the head that
+wears a crown" lie "uneasy" on a postage stamp. These emblems of<!-- Page 191 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>
+sovereignty, taken in conjunction with the Canadian maple leaves in
+the lower angles, complete a design that for harmony, boldness, and
+simplicity has assuredly not been excelled by any hitherto issued
+stamps of the British Empire. It is palpable, on analyzing the stamp,
+(1) that the attractiveness of the design has in no way been allowed
+to militate against its utility, for its country of origin and denomination
+are clearly expressed; (2) that the boldness of the design has not
+been detracted from (as is so often the case) by superfluous ornamentation,
+and that the design has been artistically balanced by the introduction
+of the <i>right-sized portrait</i> and the proper treatment of light
+and shade.</p></div>
+
+<p>We think it will be obvious, on comparing the illustration of the original
+design above with the issued stamps, that the modifications introduced into
+the lower corners by the American Bank Note Co. did not improve the appearance
+of the design. [Illustration No. 43 on <a href="#Plate_II">Plate II</a>.]</p>
+
+<p>As stated in the Post Office circular, the colors followed those of the
+Queen's head stamps, except that the 7 cent value was given a darker shade,
+more of an olive than before and an improvement on its predecessor. The stamps
+were of course line engraved and printed in the usual sheet arrangement of
+ten rows of ten. The imprint was the same as on the Queen's head plates,
+being placed only over stamps 5 and 6 of the top row. The plate numbers
+began as before at No. 1 for each stamp, and up to the present writing, (Dec.
+1910) there have been recorded the <span class="nobreak">following:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">cent</td><td align="left">&mdash;1-10, 13, 14, 18, 19, 22, 24, 25, 34, 47, 48, 51, 52, 55, 58</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">cent</td><td align="left">&mdash;1-30, 35-40, 47, 53-59, 62, 63, 67-74, 78</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">cent</td><td align="left">&mdash;1, 2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">7</td><td align="center">cent</td><td align="left">&mdash;1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">cent</td><td align="left">&mdash;1, 2</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Over a year elapsed before any additions were made to the above set.
+Finally <i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i><a name="FNanchor_179" id="FNanchor_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a> published in its chronicle the following
+note from a correspondent:&mdash;"On Tuesday, 27th September, [1904]
+the last sheets of the 20c numerals were issued to the distributing offices,
+and the first issue of the 20c King's Head was made on the same day." The
+stamp of course corresponds in all particulars with the others of the set and
+continues the fine olive green color of its predecessor. But one plate number,
+1, has so far appeared. The amount delivered by the manufacturers since its
+appearance has averaged about 400,000 per year.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 192 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span>The remaining value of the regular Canadian series, the 50 cent, because
+of its limited use and the stock of the 1893 issue still on hand, had
+escaped being included in either of the Queen's Head issues. But the old
+stock at last ran out in 1908 and on the 19th November, according to <i>Mekeel's
+Weekly Stamp News</i>,<a name="FNanchor_180" id="FNanchor_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a> this value appeared in the King's Head type, printed
+in a rich violet and making a very handsome addition to the series. It conforms
+in all respects to the other values, and bears the plate number 1. The
+supply of the stamp received up to 31st March, 1910, was 300,000 copies.</p>
+
+<p>It may have been noticed, however, that no &frac12; cent stamp has appeared
+in the King's head design. Trouble over this value seems to have begun to
+brew with the Jubilee stamps. We have already detailed the story as far
+as that issue is concerned, and also the manner in which the &frac12; cent "maple
+leaf" was forced to appear before the authorities reckoned. Primarily intended
+for prepaying the rate on transient newspapers, this value was supposed
+to be employed only in that way, though its use had never been so restricted.
+Its yearly issue to postmasters had gradually increased from some
+300,000 in 1869 to 900,000 in 1895. In 1898 the latter number had doubled,
+and by 1902 had only fallen to about 1,200,000. The trouble seemed to be
+partly due, at least, to the fact that stamp collectors were buying them up,
+and using them largely on their letter mail. This came to the attention of
+the Post Office Department, and resulted in the following Department Circular,
+published in the <i>Montreal Star</i> for the 6th December, 1902:<a name="FNanchor_181" id="FNanchor_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The attention of postmasters is drawn to the fact that the postal
+necessity for the &frac12; cent stamp, as such, is now confined to one purpose&mdash;prepayment
+of newspapers and periodicals posted singly, and
+weighing not more than one ounce each (see Postal Guide, page xii,
+section 47). As publications of the kind referred to must, in the nature
+of things, be few, and as in the case of their being mailed to subscribers
+by the office of publication, the bulk rate of postage would be far
+cheaper and more convenient for the publisher, the demand for the &frac12;
+cent stamp throughout the Dominion must be appreciably diminished
+as a result of this restriction of its use. While, of course, any number
+of &frac12; cent stamps on an article of correspondence will be recognized
+to the full extent of their aggregate face value, it is not the wish of
+the Department to supply them except for the sole specific purpose
+above mentioned, and an intimation to that effect should be given by
+postmasters to patrons of their office who are in the habit of buying &frac12;
+cent stamps for other postal purposes.</p></div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 193 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>This circular seems to have had the desired effect, at least in good measure,
+for the stamp accounts in the Reports for succeeding years showed an
+average issue to postmasters of approximately 400,000 &frac12; cent stamps, being
+a reduction of two-thirds. Finally, on the 19th May, 1909, an amendment<a name="FNanchor_182" id="FNanchor_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a> to
+the Post Office Act was passed which repealed the provision granting the &frac12;
+cent rate to newspapers and periodicals weighing less than one ounce, when
+posted singly. This placed them in the one cent per ounce class and sounded
+the death knell of the &frac12; cent stamp. The stamp accounts in the 1910 Report
+show 1,700 &frac12; cent stamps on hand April 1, 1909, and 600,000 more received
+from the manufacturers. These were all issued to postmasters and a foot-note
+finishes the story: "Discontinued June 10, 1909."</p>
+
+<p>Just why the &frac12; cent stamp never was issued in the King's head type cannot
+be stated. All the other values then in use in Canada had made their appearance
+in this design, the 20 cent and 50 cent even having delayed their advent
+until the stock of previous types had been exhausted; but the &frac12; cent Queen's
+Head with numerals was regularly received from the printers and distributed
+to postmasters down to the middle of 1909, six years after the King's Heads
+first made their appearance. With the end of its usefulness at that time, of
+course, disappeared all hope of ever seeing it in the King's Head set.</p>
+
+<p>In the issue for October 10, 1908, <i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i> published
+the following <span class="nobreak">editorial:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>We are enabled to report the existence of the two-cent Canada,
+current issue, imperforate, a reader having-shown us a sheet of one
+hundred of these varieties bearing the plate number 18. This is a discovery
+of momentous interest which must attract much attention not
+alone from specialists but from collectors, as we may say for the sake
+of distinction, as well. The fact that the pane bears so early a plate
+number removes it from any inclusion in the theory that the Canadian
+authorities propose to issue stamps in imperforate sheets in the manner
+that has been employed by the United States. Without doubt, the sheet
+under notice was regularly prepared for issue in the accepted way and
+it is the belief from information at hand that a sheet of four hundred
+of the stamps was printed and reached the public.</p></div>
+
+<p>This announcement created some comment and was made the subject
+of enquiry of the Post Office Department at Ottawa. The officials repudiated
+the idea that any such irregularity could have happened, but finally took<!-- Page 194 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>
+steps to authenticate the report. In the issue of February 20, 1909, of the
+paper already quoted, is the full story of the "find", which has a peculiar
+interest, as will be seen later.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The sheet as found was not of 400 stamps but of over 200 stamps,
+as the right hand half of the sheet on which our report was based and
+which was not before us when we wrote, contained a pane of 100
+stamps, plate number 14 and an irregularly torn part of plate number
+13, showing about fifteen whole stamps and parts of others. Assuming
+that the lower pane in the left half was torn approximately in the
+manner of the right lower pane, or plate number 13, the find consisted
+originally of 230 stamps, more or less. This reckoning agrees, we believe,
+with the recollection of the person who rescued the imperforates
+from oblivion, in a philatelic sense. The plate numbers on the sheet
+that gave authority for the chronicling of the stamps by the <i>Weekly</i>
+are 13 and 14, respectively, and not 18 as first printed.</p>
+
+<p>A. N. Lemieux of Chicago is the man who found the stamps.
+While in Ottawa five years ago or so<a name="FNanchor_183" id="FNanchor_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a>, when he was in business in that
+city, he saw the stamps just within the iron fence that has been described
+as surrounding the establishment of the bank note company
+that prints the Canadian stamps. The day was a rainy one and the
+sheet had evidently been blown out of the window. Mr. Lemieux apparently
+attached no value to the sheet of over two hundred stamps
+which was in a wet, crumpled condition and without gum. Mr.
+Lemieux was under the impression, no doubt, that, gum had been on the
+sheet but had been washed off by the rain.... Before he showed the
+stamps to the <i>Weekly</i>, Mr. Lemieux had disposed of the left half of
+the sheet or about 115 whole stamps to a collector ... on an exchange
+basis.... Mr. Lemieux was informed that the stamps still in his
+possession had no little philatelic interest as curiosities and he sold
+the specimens to Mr. Severn.</p></div>
+
+<p>Mr. Severn subsequently submitted the stamps to the officials at Ottawa,
+who pronounced them "printer's waste" and stated that "they seemingly had
+been trampled upon and subjected to the usage that would be given such cast
+off material. Further, it was said that they had been blown or thrown out of
+a window, no doubt. It was suggested that the stamps be returned to Ottawa
+and that there were moral grounds for such a course on the part of the holders.
+The description of 'printer's waste' seems to be correct and the inference is
+that the stamps never had been gummed. They belong to that class of curiosities
+that appeals strongly to the specialist but which the ordinary collector
+regards as something apart from his collecting policy."<a name="FNanchor_184" id="FNanchor_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a></p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 195 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>But now mark the result. The stamps very naturally did not go back to
+Ottawa, so Ottawa took pains to "get back" at the stamps! In the <i>Weekly</i>
+of May 22, 1909, a correspondent <span class="nobreak">writes:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>It may be of interest to know that the last supplement to the
+Canadian Post Office Guide contains the following: "In view of representations
+which have been made to the Department, it has been decided
+to permit the sale of the 2-cent denomination of Canadian postage
+stamps of the current issue, in sheets of 100, <i>without the usual
+perforation</i>." I at once asked for a sheet of 2-cent and incidentally
+said I would take a sheet of the other denominations if available. A
+reply came today informing me that only the 2-cent would be available,
+and then, not for some time, as the department intends to make
+a separate printing of these stamps, to supply whatever demand may
+occur.</p></div>
+
+<p>The quotation from the <i>Guide</i> appeared in the supplement for April,
+1909, and concluded with the sentence:&mdash;"Applications for the same should
+be made to the Postmaster at Ottawa."</p>
+
+<p>It might be inferred, perhaps, from the announcement in the <i>Guide</i>,
+that the activities of the mailing machine companies had induced the Canadian
+Post Office Department to cater to their convenience, as had been done
+in the United States, by issuing sheets of stamps, only purchaseable as such,
+in imperforate form. But no! The Department gave itself away! Note
+the following points:&mdash;Mr. Severn sent the original imperforates to Ottawa
+for examination. They had the plate numbers 13 and 14 on them. They
+were returned with the intimation that "it would be safer not to dispose of
+the sheet in view of the circumstances under which it reached the public. It
+was suggested that Mr. Severn might be 'recouped' the amount that he paid
+for the stamps if he relinquished them."<a name="FNanchor_185" id="FNanchor_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> Naturally the stamps did not
+again see Ottawa. Six months later the Department placed on sale the 2
+cent stamp in imperforate sheets of 100, BUT&mdash;it was announced that they
+could only be procured from the Postmaster at Ottawa; that only the 2 cent
+would be available; that the Department intended to make a <i>separate printing</i>
+of the stamps; and when collectors obtained them they were found to be from
+the identical plates 13 and 14 of the "irregular" imperforates that Mr. Severn
+held, although the regular issues of 2 cent stamps at that time were being
+printed from plates numbered at least up to 62. We said "identical plates,"<!-- Page 196 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span>
+but in view of the early plate numbers and the delay in issuing the imperforates,
+the suspicion is strong that new plates may have been made and given
+the old numbers.</p>
+
+<p>As no other values have since been issued imperforate, and as no other
+plate numbers have appeared in the 2 cent imperforate except the original
+13 and 14, there is but one explanation for this "special printing" on these
+early plates, and that is an attempt to checkmate the holder of the originals
+and "to destroy what may be called an accidental monopoly of a stamp, the
+issue of which was not intended previously." As a clincher we make one
+more quotation:&mdash;"Now that Mr. Lemieux, the finder of the imperforates,
+has received the Quarterly Supplement alluded to, containing the order creating
+the imperforates neatly blue-pencilled, it is assumed that the issue of
+the stamps in this form has been made with the idea of rendering the sheet that
+escaped the department of no value. Thus philately plainly has its influence
+in this new emission ... and an interesting variety has been added to the
+philatelic supply by reason of the refusal to return the sheet that accidentally
+escaped some years ago."</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>The Postmaster General's Reports for the several years of the King's
+Head issue (1903 to date) have but little of special interest. The Report
+of 30th June, 1903, says:&mdash;"Towards the end of the fiscal year a new
+series of postage stamps, bearing the portrait of His Majesty King Edward
+VII, and comprising five denominations was supplied to Post Masters so as
+to be on sale throughout the Dominion on the 1st July, 1903."</p>
+
+<p>The Report of 1905 states that a Postal Convention between Canada and
+Mexico came into operation on 1st July, 1905 by which first, second and third
+class matter can be sent from either country to the other at the domestic rates
+of the country of origin.</p>
+
+<p>The fiscal year was once more changed from the 1st July to the 1st April
+of each year, so that the Reports of the Postmaster General have been made
+up to the 31st March since 1907. The Report of 1908 states that "for some
+time past the provisions of the Postal Convention between Canada and the
+United States relative to the postage on newspapers and periodicals passing
+between the two countries were felt to be unsatisfactory, and an amendment
+was made to the Convention (taking effect on 8th May, 1907) by which the
+rate was fixed at 1 cent for each 4 ounces, calculated on the weight of each<!-- Page 197 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span>
+package of newspapers or periodicals, and prepaid by means of postage stamps
+affixed. The amendment was subsequently modified: and copies of legitimate
+daily newspapers posted from the office of publication addressed to regular subscribers
+and newsdealers, can now be sent from Canada to the United States and
+from the United States to Canada at the rate of 1 cent per pound. Newspapers
+and periodicals published less frequently than daily are still subject to the rate
+of 1 cent per 4 ounces."</p>
+
+<p>The issue of the "6c. International Reply Coupon" is recorded as having
+taken place on the 5th October, 1907. A supply of 500,000 was received
+from Berne, and of these 62,625 were distributed. The Report for 1909
+gives but 2,475 issued from headquarters, and the 1910 Report 14,050.</p>
+
+<p>The 1908 Report also notes the extension of free delivery of letters by
+carrier to the following places: in Ontario:&mdash;Peterboro, Guelph, Berlin, Stratford,
+Windsor, St. Catherines; in Quebec:&mdash;Sherbrooke, St. Hyacinthe,
+Trois Rivières; in Prince Edward Island:&mdash;Charlottetown; in Manitoba:&mdash;Brandon;
+in Alberta:&mdash;Calgary, Edmonton.</p>
+
+<p>The Report for 1909 states that "a greatly desired reduction was made
+in August 1908, in the rate of postage on letters posted for local delivery
+in cities and other places having free letter carrier delivery service. The
+former rate was two cents per ounce; the present rate is one cent per ounce."</p>
+
+<p>Further changes in newspaper regulations are noted as <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Some changes have been made in the regulations respecting newspapers
+and periodicals posted from the office of publication addressed
+to regular subscribers and newsdealers. (1) The former rate of &frac12; cent
+per pound applicable to newspapers and periodicals which required to
+be transmitted a distance in Canada exceeding three hundred miles,
+or which were addressed for delivery in a place having Free Letter Carrier
+Delivery service has been abolished; and now all newspapers and
+periodicals published not less frequently than once a month can be
+posted from the place of publication to any place in Canada at the bulk
+rate of a quarter of a cent per pound. (2) The extent of the circular
+area in Canada within which newspapers and periodicals published no
+more frequently than weekly and no less frequently than monthly can
+be sent free of postage to regular subscribers has been increased from
+an area having a radius of 20 miles to an area having a radius of 40
+miles, the center of which may either be the place of publication or
+some place not more than 40 miles distant therefrom, according to
+the wish of the publisher.</p></div>
+
+<p>The following places are given as having had the system of free delivery
+of letters by carrier extended to them: in Ontario:&mdash;Chatham, Fort<!-- Page 198 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span>
+William, Port Arthur, Sarnia, St. Thomas; in New Brunswick:&mdash;Moncton;
+in Saskatchewan:&mdash;Regina; in British Columbia:&mdash;New Westminster.</p>
+
+<p>The Report for 1910 contains nothing special. New Parcels Post regulations
+are noted with the United Kingdom, British West Indies, British Guiana
+and Mexico, by which the rate is made 12 cents per pound or fraction, with a
+limit of 11 pounds.</p>
+
+<p>In closing the chapter on the King Edward stamps, doubtless ere long
+to be superseded by "King George" stamps, it may be well to record the
+following statistics in order to note the progress made in the Post Office Department
+for the period we have been considering.</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><i>31st. Mar. '03.</i></td><td align="right"><i>31st. Mar. '10.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Number of Post Offices,</td><td align="right">10,150</td><td align="right">12,887</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Number of letters and post cards annually,</td><td align="right">262,437,000</td><td align="right">501,189,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Number of registered letters annually,</td><td align="right">5,470,000</td><td align="right">10,465,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Number of pieces of 3rd class matter annually,</td><td align="right">46,794,000</td><td align="right">87,237,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Number of packets and parcels annually,</td><td align="right">3,790,740</td><td align="right">7,112,660</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Mileage travelled on mail routes annually,</td><td align="right">35,752,087</td><td align="right">46,773,727</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Net revenue,</td><td align="right">$4,366,127.75</td><td align="right">$7,958,547.72</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>A very important fact is also to be found on examining the financial reports
+of the Department&mdash;that from a deficit (as usual for many years) of
+$416,183.99 in 1901, and a wee surplus of $5,109.14 in 1902, there has grown
+to be a surplus of $743,210.25 in 1910. Evidently Canada's Post Office Department
+is at least run efficiently and economically!</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_177" id="Footnote_177"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XVII: 254.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_178" id="Footnote_178"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> London Philatelist, XII: 162.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_179" id="Footnote_179"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XVIII: 338.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_180" id="Footnote_180"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XXII: 414.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_181" id="Footnote_181"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> ibid., XVI: 471.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_182" id="Footnote_182"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> 8-9 Edward VII, Chap. 30.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_183" id="Footnote_183"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> This was later corrected to June, 1906.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_184" id="Footnote_184"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XXIII: 66.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_185" id="Footnote_185"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XXIII: 190.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<p><!-- Page 199 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVI" id="CHAPTER_XVI"></a>CHAPTER XVI<br />
+<br />
+THE "TERCENTENARY" ISSUE OF 1908</h2>
+
+
+<p>It may be remembered, perhaps, that in our introductory chapter we noted
+the fact that the first permanent settlement in Canada was made by Champlain
+at Quebec in 1608. As the year 1908 approached, the idea of celebrating
+in proper manner the three hundredth anniversary of this event was
+strongly agitated, particularly by the French population of the Province of
+Quebec. Plans were formed and materialized in the shape of fetes, historical
+pageants, etc., which took place at Quebec in July, 1908, and to be present at
+which the Prince and Princess of Wales made a special trip across the Atlantic
+in one of Britain's most powerful warships.</p>
+
+<p>In view of former precedents it was to be expected that the Canadian Post
+Office Department would also celebrate in a fitting way, and although a new
+Postmaster General had taken the place of Sir William Mulock, he nevertheless
+arose to the occasion as the following newspaper despatch <span class="nobreak">shows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Quebec</span>, March 31.&mdash;Hon. Rudolphe Lemieux, Postmaster Gen. of
+Canada, announces that a series of postage stamps commemorative of
+the Champlain tercentenary will be issued at Ottawa on the third of
+July, which marks the exact anniversary of the foundation of Quebec
+by Champlain.</p></div>
+
+<p>No sooner was this fact made known than the Postmaster General was
+showered with suggestions of all kinds as to the designs of stamps appropriate
+to the occasion. But after the first announcement the Post Office Department
+was very reticent in regard to the matter, and letters of enquiry concerning the
+proposed issue were answered as evasively as possible.</p>
+
+<p>At last the veil was lifted and the following despatch to the <i>Toronto Globe</i><a name="FNanchor_186" id="FNanchor_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a>
+gave definite information concerning the proposed <span class="nobreak">issue:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Ottawa</span>, July 3, (Special).&mdash;Postmaster-General Lemieux has given
+instructions to issue a series of postage stamps commemorating the
+tercentenary.<!-- Page 200 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>They are eight in number. Four of them bear portraits of persons
+dear to Canada, or whose names recall great events. The first represents
+the Prince and Princess of Wales; the second the King and Queen.
+Next come Cartier and Champlain, and then, in connection with the
+battlefields park scheme, Wolfe and Montcalm.</p>
+
+<p>The second part of the issue represents Cartier's arrival before
+Quebec. On the calm waters of the mighty St. Lawrence stand in bold
+relief three ships of the discoverer of Canada, flying the fleur-de-lys.</p>
+
+<p>As a sequel to the above is a very picturesque tableau. In Champlain's
+narrative of his third voyage to Canada is found the following
+passage:</p>
+
+<p>"With our canoes laden with provisions, our arms and some merchandise
+to be given as presents to the Indians, I started on Monday,
+May 27, from the Isle of Saincte Hélaine, accompanied by four Frenchmen
+and one Indian. A salute was given in my honor from some small
+pieces of artillery."</p>
+
+<p>The artist, under the inspiration of these few lines, has depicted
+Champlain's departure for the west. There stand two canoes. In one
+Champlain's companions have already taken their places, paddle in
+hand, whilst the great explorer is still on shore, bidding good-bye to a
+few friends. The picture is full of life. The legend underneath reads
+as follows: <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">"Partement de Champlain pour L'ouest."</span> The word <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">"partement"</span>,
+now obsolete, is the one used by Champlain for the modern one
+<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">"départ."</span></p>
+
+<p>The same note of old France is used in connection with a view of
+the first house in Quebec, indeed in Canada, Champlain's habitation,
+which is called in his narrative <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">"l'abitation de Québecq."</span> This stamp is
+a clear reproduction of a cut from Champlain's work.</p>
+
+<p>Quebec as it was in 1700 is the next view, copied from
+Bacqueville de la Potherie's <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">"Histoire de la Nouvelle France."</span> It is a
+quaint picture of the old city, showing steeples here and there, the fort
+on the river front and in faint lines the Laurentide Mountains in the
+background.</p>
+
+<p>All stamps bear with the words "Canada Postage" the line <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">"IIIe
+centenaire de Québec."</span></p>
+
+<p>The postmaster-general has given special attention to the selection
+of portraits and historical scenes to be represented. His choice has been
+an excellent one.</p>
+
+<p>The carrying out of the engraving part of the plan has been entrusted
+to Mr. Machado, of the American Bank Note Co., who, with keen
+artistic sense, has performed his part of the work with great success.</p></div>
+
+<p>Excellent reproductions of this attractive series will be found as Nos.
+46-53 on <a href="#Plate_III">Plate III</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The stamps were placed on sale at Ottawa on the 16th July. They are of
+the same shape as the Jubilee issue, though the dimensions are 1 mm. higher<!-- Page 201 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span>
+and nearly 3 mm. longer. The designs are as already described, except that
+the legend "Partement pour l'ouest" does not have Champlain's name in it,
+and the dates 1608 and 1908 are placed in the upper corners. The colors do
+not wholly correspond with the regular set; the 1, 2 and 5 cent naturally conform,
+but the &frac12; cent is in a black-brown and the 7 cent in the fine olive green
+of the regular 20 cent. The 10 cent is also changed to a handsome violet,
+while the 15 cent is in orange and the 20 cent in a dark brown.</p>
+
+<p>The stamps are beautifully engraved, as usual, and printed in sheets of
+100, ten rows of ten. Above the 5th and 6th stamps of the top row is the regular
+marginal imprint: "OTTAWA&mdash;No.&mdash;" and the figure representing the
+plate number. A peculiar variety has been recorded, however, in the sheets of
+the 2 cent value, some of those with plate numbers 3 and 4 having the imprint
+<i>inverted</i> in the <i>bottom</i> margin of the sheet.<a name="FNanchor_187" id="FNanchor_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a> As it occurs both ways, the only
+explanation seems to be that the plates may have printed <i>two panes</i>, which were
+afterwards separated into post office sheets of 100 stamps each, and that by
+error, perhaps, the imprint was inverted on one of these panes.</p>
+
+<p>The plate numbers of the several values are as <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">Plate No. 1.</td><td align="right">&frac12;c., 7c., 10c., 15c., 20c.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Plate Nos. 1, 2.</td><td align="right">5c.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Plate Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4.</td><td align="right">1c., 2c.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The stamps are on stout white wove paper and perforated 12.</p>
+
+<p>It may not be out of place to further describe some of the designs of these
+stamps because of their historical interest. Of course the portraits of the British
+Royal Family are familiar, that of the Princess of Wales being the one used
+on the handsome 4 cent stamp of Newfoundland, and that of the Prince of Wales
+being from a photograph taken by W. and D. Downey of London, just before
+the Prince's journey to India in 1906. The portrait of Cartier will also be
+recognized as the one that appeared on the early 10d. stamp of the Province of
+Canada.</p>
+
+<p>Concerning the picture on the 20 cent stamp, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">"Arrivée de Cartier, Québec
+1535,"</span> we find some interesting details given by M. Th. Lemaire:<a name="FNanchor_188" id="FNanchor_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In 1533 Jacques Cartier obtained from Philippe de Chabot, Admiral
+of France, authority to arm ships "to voyage, discover and conquer in<!-- Page 202 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span>
+New France, as well as to find, by the North-west, the passage to Cathay."
+On his first voyage he touched Newfoundland, but the advanced
+season obliged him to return to France. King Francis I thereupon ordered
+him, as a "royal pilot", to arm three vessels for a second voyage.
+On the 19th of May, 1535, the flotilla set out from St. Malo. It was
+composed of two ships, the <i>Grande-Hermine</i> of 120 tons and the
+<i>Petit-Hermine</i> of 80 tons, and a galley, the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Hémerillon</i>, of 40 tons.
+These are the ones shown on the stamp. The ships were built with the
+high bows and sterns of those days, and were armed with "falconets"
+(small cannon) along the sides and "culverins" (long cannon) in a battery
+on the bridge. The galley was long and narrow, low in the water,
+and was propelled both by sails and oars; it was armed with two small
+cannon forward and a dozen large arquebuses. The complement of the
+three ships comprised in all&mdash;officers, gentlemen, volunteers, chaplains,
+sailors, workmen, servants&mdash;a hundred and ten men.</p>
+
+<p>On the 14th September, Cartier arrived at an Indian village,
+Stadaconé, called also by the natives Canada (or <i>the town</i>), the residence
+of the chief Donnacona. This village was built on the bay which
+the river St. Charles forms where it flows into the St. Lawrence,
+against the steep flank of a mountain, on the spot where now is built
+the south-eastern section of Quebec. The 20-cent stamp represents this
+arrival of Cartier at Stadaconé, the future Quebec.</p>
+
+<p>Samuel de Champlain, whose effigy figures on the 1 cent stamp beside
+that of Cartier, was sent by Henri IV in 1603 to found a settlement
+in Canada. On his first voyage he sailed up the St. Lawrence river and
+established friendly relations with the native chiefs. On the second
+expedition, in 1608, he disembarked on the 3d July at the foot of
+the promontory of Stadaconé, accompanied by only thirty men.</p>
+
+<p>His first care was to find a favorable place to built a "habitation"
+with a view to wintering there. "I could find nothing more convenient
+or better situated, said he, than the point of Québecq, so called by the
+savages, which was filled with walnut trees." It was on the same spot
+where, seventy-three years before, Cartier had constructed a fort of
+tree trunks.</p>
+
+<p>Thanks to the activity displayed by all, the "habitation" was quickly
+finished. It was composed of three main houses of two stories, each
+measuring fifteen by eighteen feet. The magazine was thirty-six by
+eighteen feet, with a six foot cellar. Champlain lodged in the same
+building with part of the workmen, but on the first story. The other
+buildings served for the workmen and for storing the arms and munitions.
+In an ell back of Champlain's quarters, several artisans slept
+beside their forge. All around the buildings a gallery six feet wide
+served as a promenade. A ditch fifteen feet wide and six feet deep
+served to protect the colonists from the aggressions of the savages.
+Champlain had several breastworks thrown up outside the ditch where
+he placed his cannon. There remained, between the habitation and
+the river, only a strip of land about twenty-five feet wide, and behind,<!-- Page 203 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span>
+on the side of the cape, a plot of cultivated ground about 100 to 120
+paces by 60 paces. There Champlain had wheat and rye planted and
+also set out vines.</p></div>
+
+<p>As with the Jubilee stamps, some special sets were made up for presentation
+purposes. The following press clipping gives the details:<a name="FNanchor_189" id="FNanchor_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>As the Prince of Wales is an enthusiastic collector of stamps, His
+Royal Highness will no doubt be very pleased to receive the set of the
+special tercentenary stamps which will be presented to him at Quebec.
+The stamps will be held in small gold boxes, enclosed in a handsome
+large box of Morocco leather. A second set accompanies the gift in a
+special gold box. On the cover of the large box is the Prince's crest
+and a gold plate inscribed as follows: "Set of Canadian postage stamps
+issued upon the occasion of the Quebec tercentenary, 1908. Presented
+to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales by Hon Rodolphe Lemieux,
+Postmaster-General of Canada." Sets of these stamps, in boxes with
+appropriate crests and monograms, will be presented to Earl Grey,
+Sir Wilfred Laurier and Hon. Rodolphe Lemieux.</p></div>
+
+<p>Unlike the Jubilee issue, no advance information concerning quantities
+printed was given out. Many attempts were made to get this interesting detail,
+but without result. Even an interpellation of the Postmaster-General in the
+House of Commons was unproductive, as witness the following excerpt:<a name="FNanchor_190" id="FNanchor_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr. McKechnie sends us information regarding the issue, indicating
+that there is to be no such vexatious limits set upon the number
+to be printed as was the case with the Jubilee &frac12;c. Postmaster-General
+Lemieux is reported, in the <i>Canadian Hansard</i>, to have said in answer
+to a query as to the number printed of each denomination: "Since the
+arrangements as to the respective quantities comprising the series are
+thus far of a necessarily tentative character, being largely dependent
+upon the demand therefor that may arise, no final estimate has been
+made of the number to be issued in each denomination."</p></div>
+
+<p>All of which was simply a parliamentary way of saying "mind your own
+business", as the full quota of stamps was doubtless printed and delivered at
+that time. At any rate, a <i>Memorandum for the Postmaster</i>, issued from headquarters
+under date of 12th September, 1908, states that "With the exception
+of the 10c, 15c and 20c stamps, all of the Tercentenary postage stamps are now
+exhausted." However, the question of the quantity issued was again brought up
+in the House of Commons, after some time, and the following two questions propounded
+by a member:<a name="FNanchor_191" id="FNanchor_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a><!-- Page 204 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>1. What was the total amount received by the Post Office Department
+from the sale of the special Tercentenary stamps? 2. What part
+of this sum would probably have been received as ordinary revenue
+if there had been no special issue of stamps?</p>
+
+<p>To these questions the Hon. Rodolphe Lemieux, Postmaster-General,
+responded: The following was the issue to Postmasters of the Tercentenary
+postage stamps:</p></div>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><th align="right">Denominations.</th><th align="right">Quantities.</th><th align="right">Value.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" class="in1r">&frac12; cent</td><td align="right">2,000,000</td><td align="right">$10,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" class="in1r">1 cent</td><td align="right">22,530,000</td><td align="right">225,300</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" class="in1r">2 cent</td><td align="right">35,100,000</td><td align="right">702,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" class="in1r">5 cent</td><td align="right">1,200,000</td><td align="right">60,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" class="in1r">7 cent</td><td align="right">700,000</td><td align="right">49,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" class="in1r">10 cent</td><td align="right">500,000</td><td align="right">50,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" class="in1r">15 cent</td><td align="right">300,000</td><td align="right">45,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" class="in1r">20 cent</td><td align="right">304,200</td><td align="right">60,840</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">Totals,</td><td align="right" class="bt">62,634,200</td><td align="right" class="bt">$1,202,140</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The department has no knowledge whether the stamps in question
+have all been sold, as during their issue the ordinary postage stamps
+were also on sale, both issues being in use as preferred by the public.
+The proceeds derived from the sale of stamps of the two issues were
+not kept separately, but treated as arising from a common source. It
+is, therefore, impossible to state to what extent the issue of the Tercentenary
+postage stamps may have affected the ordinary revenue.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Report of 1909, in referring to this issue, had the following <span class="nobreak">remarks:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>To meet what appeared to be a general wish a special series of
+postage stamps, which has come to be known as the Tercentenary
+Series, was introduced as a feature of the celebration in July, 1908, of
+the three hundredth anniversary of the founding of Quebec by Champlain.
+The first supply of these stamps was sent out to Postmasters
+about the middle of that month, and was on sale to the public by the
+time His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales reached Quebec for the
+celebration. The demand for the new stamps was extraordinary, and
+for the better part of a month was steadily kept up. The interest
+taken in them was, in no small measure, due to the historic associations
+with which in design they were so happily linked, the subjects depicted
+in the several denominations of the series being in variety and
+appropriateness admirably adapted to the end in view,&mdash;popular
+recognition of an epoch-making event.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Report of 1910 notes that the last issue of the Tercentenary stamps
+was on Oct. 14, 1908,&mdash;apparently the 15 cent denomination. The whole
+issue was thus exhausted in three months' time.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_186" id="Footnote_186"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> Ewen's Weekly Stamp News, No. 462.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_187" id="Footnote_187"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> Ewen's Weekly Stamp News, Nos. 478, 480.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_188" id="Footnote_188"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> Journal des Philatélistes, 5th Series, page 298.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_189" id="Footnote_189"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XXII: 265.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_190" id="Footnote_190"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> Canadian Hansard, 31st March, 1909, page 3754.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_191" id="Footnote_191"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> Ibid., XXII: 256.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<p><!-- Page 205 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVII" id="CHAPTER_XVII"></a>CHAPTER XVII<br />
+<br />
+THE REGISTRATION STAMPS</h2>
+
+
+<p>The first mention that we find concerning the registration system in
+Canada is in the Postmaster General's report for the year ending 31st
+March, 1856, in the following words:&mdash;"The number of letters passing
+through the Post under the Registration System commenced in May
+1855, is very great, and is rapidly increasing." The number of letters is
+given in even figures as 350,000 during the first year. The Report states
+further:&mdash;"In October 1856, an agreement with the Post Office Department
+of the United States took effect for a system of Registration to be applied to
+letters passing between the two countries. Under this arrangement a person
+posting a letter on either side can, by the pre-payment of a fee of 3d. in addition
+to the ordinary postage, secure a continuous record of its transmission
+from the place of posting to the place of destination, where a receipt will be
+taken and preserved of the due delivery of the letter so registered." Further
+details are found in the postal section of the Canadian Directory for 1857-8,
+as <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Persons transmitting letters, which they desire should pass through
+the post as "registered letters," must observe that no record is taken
+of any letter unless specially handed in for registration at the time of
+posting. Upon all such letters, with the exception of those addressed
+to the United States, one penny must be prepaid as a registration
+charge. If addressed to the United States, the ordinary postage rate
+on the letters to that country <i>must be prepaid</i>, and in addition a registration
+charge of 3d. per letter. The registry thus effected in Canada
+will be carried on by the United States Post office until the letter arrives
+at its destination.</p>
+
+<p>In like manner, letters addressed to Canada may be registered at
+the place of posting in the United States, and the registry made there
+will accompany the letter to the place of delivery in Canada.</p>
+
+<p>A certificate of registration will be given by the postmaster if required.</p>
+
+<p>The registration system can be applied to the letter portion of the
+mail only....</p>
+
+<p><i>[The Postal Department is not liable for the loss of any registered
+letters.</i>]</p></div><p><!-- Page 206 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The next year's Report gives the number of registered letters posted
+annually as computed at 500,000. The Report of 30th September, 1858 also
+says: "About 500,000 letters were registered last year", and goes on to state:&mdash;"It
+is also considered that it would be an improvement on the system if the
+charge for registration were made pre-payable by a stamp, instead of by money
+as at present." From this it is evident that the postage stamps were not then
+used for indicating the payment of the registration fee. Just when they were
+permitted to be so employed does not appear, but it was doubtless within a
+comparatively short time thereafter, as we have seen a cover with stamp so
+used which was dated in 1862; in fact it seems probable that arrangements
+for using stamps to indicate the payment for registration may have accompanied
+the introduction of the decimal stamps in 1859.</p>
+
+<p>Further remarks upon the registration system are found in the Report
+for 1860, as <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>A rate of charge for Registration so low as, in no probable degree,
+to operate as a motive, with persons posting letters of value, to deny
+themselves the advantage of securing from the Post Office an acknowledgement
+of the receipt of the specific letter, has always been considered
+to be a cardinal point in the Canadian Registration System.</p>
+
+<p>The Registration fee, or charge, has, therefore, under the influence
+of this consideration, been maintained at 2 cents, though it is doubtful
+whether such a rate of charge covers the actual cost of the process;
+the address of the Registered Letter having, in the course of
+transmission, to be entered on an average not less than six times, and
+forms of certificate or receipt, and Books in which to preserve permanent
+records at each Post Office, to to supplied.</p></div>
+
+<p>From the above it is evident that the domestic rate of registration was
+2 cents in 1860, the equivalent of the 1 penny rate already noted as being
+in force in 1857, and doubtless the original rate when the system was inaugurated
+in 1855&mdash;certainly a remarkably cheap fee for the service. Of course
+the rate for letters to the United States, which had been fixed at 3 pence in
+1856, was held at the equivalent of 5 cents upon the change to decimal currency
+in 1859.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing further of special interest is found until the Report of 1864,
+in which the following dissertation <span class="nobreak">occurs:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>When a letter is <i>registered</i>, that is to say marked and recorded
+in the Post Office so as to individualize it from the bulk of ordinary
+letter correspondence, its presence in the Post Office can be identified<!-- Page 207 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span>
+and its course of transmission traced, and a registered letter is thus
+secured from the chance of abstraction by an unfaithful messenger employed
+to post it (as it is always open to proof whether the letter was
+posted for registration or not), from risk of loss by accidental misdirection
+on the part of the sender, and from mistakes in the Post
+Office&mdash;such as mis-sending or delivery to a wrong party. Against actual
+dishonesty on the part of the Post Office employés, a registered letter
+is incomparably more secure than an unregistered one, for an unregistered
+money-letter leaves no trace behind it whilst passing in the
+great stream of ordinary correspondence, though its presence as a
+money-letter and the nature of its contents are, to any person accustomed
+to handle letters, as manifest as though the letter had been singled
+out and marked by the registered stamp. Moreover, the safety
+of an unregistered letter in dependent on the integrity of a Post Office
+Clerk during the whole time that it remains in his custody, frequently
+for hours or even days; whilst a registered letter will almost invariably
+have to be acknowledged at the moment of its passing into an officer's
+hands, and cannot thereafter be suppressed without leaving him individually
+accountable for its disposal.</p></div>
+
+<p>In the Report for 1865 it is stated that "there has been a reduction in the
+charge on Registered letters" between Canada and the United Kingdom, but we
+are left in the dark as to the amount of the reduction or the new rate, as far
+as the Report goes, but in a <i>Post Office Directory for 1866</i> (dated October 1,
+1865) we find the following table which gives us the information <span class="nobreak">desired:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>REGISTRATION OF LETTERS.</p>
+
+<p>The charge for Registration, in addition to the Postage, is as
+follows, viz.:</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">On Letters to any other place in Canada, or British North America</td><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">cents</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">On Letters for the United States</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">On Letters for the United Kingdom</td><td align="right">12&frac12;</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">On Letters for British Colonies or Possessions, sent <i>via</i> England</td><td align="right">25</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">On Letters for France and other Foreign Countries, <i>via</i> England, an amount equal to the postage rate.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Both the postage charge and registration fee must in all cases be
+prepaid.</p></div>
+
+<p>The <i>Post Office Act</i> 1867 made the domestic registration of letters containing
+valuables compulsory, the Postmaster General being empowered to
+prescribe and enforce regulations "in respect to the registration by the officers
+of the Post Office of letters unquestionably containing money or other valuable
+enclosure when posted without registration by the senders of the same,<!-- Page 208 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span>
+and to imposing a rate of two cents registration charge upon such letters."<a name="FNanchor_192" id="FNanchor_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Report for 1868, which was the first of the Dominion of Canada,
+gave the statistics of registered letters as 640,000 for Ontario and Quebec
+(the former Province of Canada), 24,700 for New Brunswick, and 40,000
+for Nova Scotia, a total registered correspondence of 704,700. The next
+year's Report especially notes the increase in the use of the registration system,
+the total having advanced to 850,000 pieces, while the Report for 1870
+records an even million.</p>
+
+<p>Finally in the Report for 1872, we find the first hint of special stamps
+for registration purposes, as <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>It seems expedient to adopt some distinctive postage stamp to be
+used only in prepayment of the Registration charge, both to make it
+clear that this charge has been duly paid and accounted for in every
+case, and to diminish the risk which is occasionally felt at points of
+distribution of omitting to carry on the Registration in cases where
+the ordinary Registration postmark is not as distinct and calculated to
+arrest attention as it should be.</p>
+
+<p>It has always been the policy of the Canadian Post Office to admit
+letters to Registration at a low rate of charge for the additional security
+thus given, so as to leave no adequate motive, on the score of cost,
+for sending valuable letters through the mails unregistered; and, doubtless,
+the very large proportion of such letters offered for registration
+demonstrates a gratifying measure of success in attaining the desired
+object.</p></div>
+
+<p>We have here the reason for the extremely cheap domestic registry fee
+of 2 cents&mdash;a reason which might, possibly with profit, even, enter more deeply
+into the calculations and published rates of even larger countries than Canada.</p>
+
+<p>The above recommendation did not bear immediate fruit, but after a
+delay of three years the suggested special stamps made their appearance on
+November 15, 1875. The Report of that year says of <span class="nobreak">them:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Registration stamps have been issued, to be used by the public in
+prepaying the registration charges on letters passing within the Dominion,
+or to the United Kingdom or United States, each destination
+being distinguished by a different colour in the stamp, as well as by a
+variation in the amount of registration charge and corresponding value
+of the stamp.</p>
+
+<p>There is a red stamp of the value of two cents for prepayment of
+the registration charges on letters within the Dominion.<!-- Page 209 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>There is a green stamp of five cents value for registered letters addressed
+to the United States.</p>
+
+<p>There is a blue stamp of eight cents value for registered letters
+addressed to the United Kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>These stamps are to apply exclusively to the registration charges,
+and the postage rates on registered letters are to be prepaid by the
+ordinary postage stamps.</p>
+
+<p>It is believed that the use of these distinctive stamps for the registration
+charges, will tend to give registered letters additional security
+against the risk which is sometimes felt of the registration escaping
+observation, when such letters are dealt with hurriedly or handled at
+night, whilst passing through the post.</p></div>
+
+<p>The special registration stamps are too well known to need any particular
+description, especially as they are excellently illustrated as Numbers 54,
+55 and 56 on <a href="#Plate_III">Plate III</a>. Like the ordinary postage stamps, they are engraved
+on steel and were originally printed in sheets of 50, ten horizontal
+rows of five stamps each, which made a sheet of nearly the same size, only
+turned through an angle of 90°, as the ordinary sheet of 100 postage stamps.
+The imprint was the same as the second type employed for the "small" cents
+issue&mdash;"British American Bank Note Co. Montreal" in a pearled frame&mdash;and
+likewise appeared four times on the sheet, as already fully described in
+the chapter dealing with that issue.<a name="FNanchor_193" id="FNanchor_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a> The denomination of the stamp was
+also expressed as TWO CENTS, in the shaded Roman capitals which we
+found in the case of the postage stamps, over the first stamp in the top row of
+that value, but with the 5 cent the word FIVE alone appears. The 8 cent
+we have not seen. On the 2 cent there is also a large numeral 2, 7&frac12; mm.
+high, over the last stamp in the top row (number 5) but the 5 cent has none.</p>
+
+<p>The normal colors for the stamps <span class="nobreak">were:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>2 cents, orange varying through orange red to vermilion.</li>
+<li>5 cents, a slightly yellow green varying from pale to dark.</li>
+<li>8 cents, both bright and dull blue.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>The stamps were printed upon the same ordinary white wove paper as
+was used for the contemporary postage stamps. The variation from thin to
+thick quality is found in the case of the 2 cent and 5 cent stamps, but very
+little variation in the 8 cent stamp. This is explained by the fact that there
+were probably but two printings of the latter stamp, 100,000 having been
+delivered by the manufacturers according to the Postmaster General's Report
+for 30th June, 1875, and 25,000 more according to the next year's report.<!-- Page 210 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The stamps were normally perforated 12, but the 2 cents in orange and
+the 5 cents in dark green are both known in imperforate condition, the latter
+having been chronicled in the <i>Halifax Philatelist</i> for November, 1888. A
+vertical pair of the 5 cent is shown as illustration No. 115 on <a href="#Plate_X">Plate X</a>.</p>
+
+<p>In the Report for 1877 we find the following:&mdash;"The Registration charge
+on registered letters between the United Kingdom and Canada has been reduced
+from 8 cents to 5 cents by the Post Offices of the United Kingdom."
+This naturally dealt a heavy blow at the use of the 8 cent stamp. The <i>Stamp
+Journal</i> for February, 1878, said:&mdash;"Mr. E. Burpee states that the 8 cent
+'Registered' stamps have been called in, and that hereafter the fee to Great
+Britain and foreign countries will be the same as to the United States&mdash;5
+cents." The next issue, however, corrected this:&mdash;"After January, 1878,
+the cost of registering letters to Great Britain has been fixed at 5 c, the same
+as to the United States.... To foreign countries the rate is as before, 8
+cents, and therefore there is no suppression of the 8 cent registered stamps."</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, the rate to foreign countries must have been reduced not
+long after, as the statistics for stamps issued to postmasters between the 1st
+July, 1878 and the 1st July, 1879 give but 25 of the 8 cent registered stamp,
+which must therefore have been sent out early in the fiscal year. The total
+issues to postmasters, according to the Reports, were as <span class="nobreak">under:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">1876</td><td align="right">71,950</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1877</td><td align="right">17,200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1878</td><td align="right">9,400</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1879</td><td align="right">25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">Total</td><td align="right" class="bt">98,575</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The number returned as "unfit for use" and presumably destroyed during
+the several years was 8,872. This gives a total issue of 89,700 for the
+8 cent stamp, according to the Reports; but the Canadian correspondent of
+<i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i> stated:<a name="FNanchor_194" id="FNanchor_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a>&mdash;"In 1878 a little over 75,000 of
+these [original 125,000] were destroyed by order of the Postmaster-General."
+This probably means that the stamps were called in after their usefulness
+ceased, and allowing for the amount destroyed during the period of issue gives
+us perhaps 40,000 as the number actually issued to the public from post
+offices.</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 211 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span>
+The 2 cent and 5 cent stamps remained in use, but when the general
+revision of rates took place in 1889 the domestic rate was raised to 5 cents,
+and the 2 cent stamp lost its usefulness, the 5 cent alone remaining. We have
+already reproduced the circular announcing these changes,<a name="FNanchor_195" id="FNanchor_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a> and will only
+repeat here the paragraph relating to the registration <span class="nobreak">fee:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The fee for the registration of a letter or other article of mail
+matter will be five cents upon all classes of correspondence passing
+within the Dominion. For the present, and until further instructed,
+the registration fee may be prepaid by using the <i>2 cent Registration
+stamps and postage stamps to make up the amount</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p>This notice was dated 8th May, 1889, and the Report of 30th June following
+remarks <span class="nobreak">further:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The charge for the registration of a letter, parcel, book or other
+articles of mail matter was also made uniform, and fixed at 5 cents
+for all classes of matter. The frequent delay consequent upon the prepayment
+of a wrong registration fee will no longer take place.</p></div>
+
+<p>The removal of the British American Bank Note Co. from Montreal to
+Ottawa, which we have already noted as resulting in some marked changes
+in the shades of the regular postage stamps,<a name="FNanchor_196" id="FNanchor_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a> was not without its effect upon
+the registration stamps. Apparently the same ink used for printing the ordinary
+3 cent stamp was used for the 2 cent registration, for we find both
+stamps chronicled in the <i>Halifax Philatelist</i> for October, 1888, as having
+appeared in a "bright carmine." The usual catalog designation for this 2
+cent registration stamp is "scarlet vermilion", but we think that "brick red"
+best describes the ordinary shade in which these Ottawa printings are found,
+though the <i>Halifax Philatelist</i> recorded a "dull rose" tint in March, 1889.</p>
+
+<p>The 5 cent stamp was also noted in blue green in the November, 1889,
+issue of the <i>Philatelic Record</i>, a few months after the regular 2 cent postage
+stamp appeared in the same shade, again apparently showing the use of the
+same ink in printing both stamps.</p>
+
+<p>During its regular currency the 2 cent stamp had risen from an issue
+to postmasters of 937,000 in 1876 to 2,800,000 in 1889, but the change in
+rates caused a drop to 600,000 in 1890, 14,850 in 1891, and 100 in 1892,
+while a straggling lot of 400 appeared in 1896.<!-- Page 212 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The 5 cent stamp was distributed to the amount of about 232,000 in
+1876, but ran up gradually from 135,000 in the next year to half a million
+in 1889. The increase in rates jumped it to nearly three times this amount
+in 1890, and by 1893, when the regular 8 cent stamp was issued for combined
+postage and registration, the annual output of the 5 cent registration stamp
+was 2,260,000.</p>
+
+<p>It may be remembered that after the removal of the engraving company
+from Montreal to Ottawa certain of the low value postage stamps appeared
+printed from plates of two hundred impressions instead of the ordinary one
+hundred. In like manner we find that new plates of double size were made
+for the 5 cent registration stamp also, these being in one hundred impressions,
+ten rows of ten, but without the "Ottawa" imprint which appeared on
+the enlarged plates of the regular postage stamps, according to the <i>Dominion
+Philatelist</i>, which noted the new sheet arrangement in October, 1892.</p>
+
+<p>On the 1st August, 1893, the regular 8 cent stamp was issued to prepay
+the combined postage and registration fee, and the notice we have already
+quoted in that connection stated<a name="FNanchor_197" id="FNanchor_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a> that when the supply of the 5 cent registration
+stamp on hand was exhausted no more would be issued. The Report
+for 1894 states that 307,900 were issued to postmasters for the year ending
+30th June, and as over two and a half millions had been issued in the previous
+twelve-month, the probability is that the supply was exhausted about
+the time of the appearance of the 8 cent postage stamp, and therefore the
+stock in the hands of postmasters must have been pretty well used up by 1894.</p>
+
+<p>There is one point left in connection with the registration stamps that
+deserves mention, as it has so frequently been a bone of contention. The 2
+cent stamp was formerly listed in <i>brown</i>, and quantities of printer's ink and
+valuable space have been wasted in discussing its merits. Mr. Donald A.
+King seems to have been the discoverer of the variety, according to the <i>Halifax
+Philatelist</i>,<a name="FNanchor_198" id="FNanchor_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a> where it was exploited in an article which is worth quoting
+here for its historical value.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><h5>THE CANADIAN ERROR.</h5>
+
+<p>The Canada 2c. brown registration is at this time mentioned frequently
+in the <i>Figaro</i> and several other philatelic publications. As
+there seems to be considerable doubt as to the origin, and as I was in
+the main instrumental in introducing them to the philatelic public, I<!-- Page 213 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span>
+have decided to give the information I possess on this subject to them.</p>
+
+<p>About the beginning of January, 1887, I was shown a registered
+letter received from Miscou Light House Post Office in New Brunswick.
+It had a BROWN 2c. registration stamp on it&mdash;a clear unmistakable
+dark brown. I immediately wrote the postmaster there for information
+relative to them. He answered and said that he had 23 on hand.
+That he had originally received 50 from the P. O. Dept. at Ottawa, and
+that they were BROWN when he received them. This he stated positively.
+I then sent to him for them, but before my letter reached him
+he had used two of them so that I received only 21.</p>
+
+<p>Those stamps I showed to several philatelists, and could not get
+two to agree as to their origin. Some said the change in color was
+due to the gum, others to chemical changes, others again said it was
+due to the atmosphere from the salt water. Very few would allow a
+misprint. In the meantime Mr. F. C. Kaye also came across another
+registered letter with brown registration stamp. This time it was from
+the P. O. of New Ross in Lunenberg Co., N. S. From this office about 50
+were obtained. The postmaster at this office was also positive as to
+having received them from the Dept. at Ottawa in brown. The same
+objections were raised to those as to the others, as to whether they
+were a genuine misprint or not. In this case the atmosphere of salt
+water was not the cause as New Ross is in the interior. If the gum was
+the cause of their changing color, it is peculiar that we do not get
+more of them. Changes by chemical means were also tried. The only
+thing which would turn the red of the genuine color to brown, was
+sulphuric acid mixed with water, and this did not give a good clear
+color, having a somewhat greyish shade in it. Those experiments have,
+in my opinion, confirmed their genuineness. And now as if to make assurances
+in regard to their genuineness more sure, we find a third post
+office with them. This was Beauly, in Antigonish Co., N. S. There were,
+however, only 6 received from there, the postmaster had the same story
+as the others, he had received them from the Dept. at Ottawa in a
+brown color.</p>
+
+<p>The Department at Ottawa was written to in regard to them,
+but as was to be expected, knew nothing of them whatsoever. No doubt
+if they had been seen they would not have been allowed to be issued to
+the public.</p></div>
+
+<p>Again we find some details given in <i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i><a name="FNanchor_199" id="FNanchor_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a> under
+"Canadian Notes" which evidently refer to another <span class="nobreak">lot:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In this color the stamps were first issued in 1885, and were distributed
+to a number of small towns in Ontario. Some months later
+the attention of the Postmaster at Toronto was called to this stamp,
+and as he had received no official notification of an emission in this<!-- Page 214 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span>
+color, he caused inquiry to be made as to the authenticity of these
+stamps. A number of offices that had them on hand were communicated
+with, and all the answers were positive in the statement that the
+color of the stamps when received had been a decided brown, and had
+not undergone the slightest change by the action of either time or
+chemicals. A number of these letters are in the hands of a collector
+here, and are proof positive that this stamp was issued in a brown
+color.</p></div>
+
+<p>In spite of this brave showing, however, it is practically certain that the
+stamps are not a misprint but color changelings caused by oxidation, or rather
+"sulphuretting" to be more exact, an effect peculiarly liable to take place
+with stamps printed in red or orange. The same thing is found to occur in
+other Canadian stamps, the 3 pence and 5 cent of the Beaver type, the first
+issues of Newfoundland and the 3 cent, 1851, of the United States, as well
+as some of the red and orange colored revenue stamps of the Civil War period.
+In fact the change is carried almost to a black, at times, but can
+be restored to the original color by the application of hydrogen peroxide.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_192" id="Footnote_192"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> 31<sup>o</sup> Vict. Cap. X. Sec. 10, par. 11. See <a href="#Page_96">page 96</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_193" id="Footnote_193"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_125">page 125</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_194" id="Footnote_194"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, II: 45:2.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_195" id="Footnote_195"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_136">page 136</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_196" id="Footnote_196"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_128">page 128</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_197" id="Footnote_197"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_143">page 143</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_198" id="Footnote_198"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> Halifax Philatelist, II: 8.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_199" id="Footnote_199"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, VI: 96.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<p><!-- Page 215 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVIII" id="CHAPTER_XVIII"></a>CHAPTER XVIII<br />
+<br />
+THE POSTAGE DUE STAMPS</h2>
+
+
+<p>Canada managed for years, like many other countries, to collect the
+postage due on insufficiently prepaid mail matter by merely marking
+the amount on the cover. The use of stamps as checks on those responsible
+for making the collections seems not to have been appreciated, or
+more probably was not deemed necessary. At last the advantages of such a
+system seem to have become manifest, and in the Postmaster General's Report
+for the 30th June, 1906, we find the <span class="nobreak">following:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>A system of accounting for short paid postage collected by Postmasters,
+by means of special stamps known as "Postage Due" stamps,
+has been adopted by the Department. These stamps are to be affixed to
+short paid mail matter and cancelled by Postmasters when such matter
+is delivered to the addressee, and are not to be used for any other
+purpose. They cannot be used for the payment of ordinary postage,
+nor are they to be sold to the public.</p>
+
+<p>The denominations of these stamps are 1, 2 and 5 cents.</p></div>
+
+<p>The first issue of the stamps to postmasters was on the 1st June, 1906, but
+the system did not come into operation until a month later. The following is
+the official notice with the technical portions <span class="nobreak">omitted:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 10em;">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 23.5em;">OTTAWA, 1st June, 1906.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Circular to Postmasters of Accounting Offices.</i></p>
+
+<p>Commencing on the 1st July, 1906, the present system of collecting
+unpaid postage will be discontinued and thereafter the following
+arrangements will supersede the regulations now in <span class="nobreak">force:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p>(1) The Department will issue a special stamp which will be
+known as the "POSTAGE DUE" stamp and on delivery of any article
+of mail matter on which unpaid or additional postage is to be collected
+the Postmaster will affix and cancel as ordinary stamps are cancelled,
+postage due stamps to the amount of extra postage charged on such
+article.<!-- Page 216 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>(2) The short paid postage must be collected from the addressee
+before postage due stamps are affixed; otherwise the Postmaster is
+liable to lose the amount of such postage.</p>
+
+<p>(3) Postmasters will obtain postage due stamps on requisition to
+the Department but the initial supply will be furnished without requisition,
+so that the new system may go into operation on the date
+above mentioned. When a new form is ordered "postage due" stamps
+will be included in the printed list, but it is proposed to use the stock
+on hand at present which would otherwise have to be destroyed. The
+denominations of the new stamps will be 1, 2 and 5 cents.</p></div>
+
+<p>The new stamps were of the same size as the regular postage stamps, but
+with the longer dimension horizontal. A large numeral in a central tablet
+flanked by an acanthus scroll at each side, CANADA above, CENTS below,
+and POSTAGE DUE in block letters along the bottom, all on an engine-turned
+groundwork, make a very neat and effective design for the purpose
+intended. [Illustrations Nos. 58, 59 and 60 on <a href="#Plate_III">Plate III</a>.] The engraving
+is of course in the usual steel plate process, and the sheets are of 100 stamps
+in ten rows of ten. The marginal imprint is at the center of the top of the
+sheet and is the same as for the later postage issues, "OTTAWA&mdash;No&mdash;1" or
+"2". So far there have appeared the following plate <span class="nobreak">numbers:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">1 cent</td><td align="left">No. 1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">2 cent</td><td align="left">No. 1 and 2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">5 cent</td><td align="left">No. 1</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The numbers printed, according to the Reports, have been as <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><th align="left"></th><th align="center">1906</th><th align="center">1907</th><th align="center">1908</th><th align="center">1909</th><th align="center">1910</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1 cent</td><td align="right">500,000</td><td align="right">700,000</td><td align="right">300,000</td><td align="right">600,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">2 cent</td><td align="right">1,100,000</td><td align="right">500,000</td><td align="right">900,000</td><td align="right">900,000</td><td align="right">1,300,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">5 cent</td><td align="right">200,000</td><td align="right">200,000</td><td align="right">200,000</td><td align="right">200,000</td><td align="right">400,000</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>All three values were printed in the same shade of dark violet, but in
+1909 the 5 cent was reported in a red violet.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<p><!-- Page 217 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIX" id="CHAPTER_XIX"></a>CHAPTER XIX<br />
+<br />
+THE SPECIAL DELIVERY STAMP</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Postmaster General's Report for 30th June, 1898, contained the
+following <span class="nobreak">announcements:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The calendar year has witnessed the introduction of the special
+delivery stamp, whereby on the payment of a delivery fee of 10 cents
+in addition to the ordinary postage, a letter immediately upon its arrival
+at the office of destination is sent by special messenger for delivery
+to the addressee.</p>
+
+<p>A special-delivery stamp of the face-value of 10 cents was prepared,
+and the first supplies thereof were sent out sufficiently early to
+Postmasters to permit of the inauguration of the special delivery service
+on the 1st July, 1898. The object of this service is to secure special
+and prompt delivery of a letter on which a special-delivery stamp, in
+addition to the ordinary postage, has been affixed.</p></div>
+
+<p>The following circular gives the details of the new <span class="nobreak">system:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 9em;">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 19.5em;"><span class="smcap">Ottawa</span>, 7th June, 1898.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Circular to Postmasters.</i></span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Postmaster General has approved of arrangements whereby, on
+and from the first of July proximo, the senders of letters posted at any
+Post Office in Canada and addressed to a City Post Office now having
+Free Delivery by Letter Carriers shall, on prepayment by Special Delivery
+stamps of the face-value of ten cents, affixed one to each letter,
+in addition to the ordinary postage to which the same are liable, secure
+their special delivery to the persons to whom they are addressed
+within the limits of Letter Carrier Delivery at any one of the following
+Post Offices in Cities, viz:&mdash;Halifax, St. John, N. B., Fredericton,
+Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa, Kingston, Toronto, Brantford, Hamilton,
+London, Winnipeg, Victoria and Vancouver. The hours of delivery to be
+within 7 a. m. and 11 p. m. daily, except Sunday. These hours are subject
+to change as dictated by local circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>Drop-letters posted for local delivery, and bearing Special-Delivery
+stamps, in addition to the postage, will also be entitled to special de<!-- Page 218 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span>livery
+in the same manner as letters received at the Post Office by mail.</p>
+
+<p>Registered letters may likewise come under the operations of this
+scheme of Special Delivery, in the same way as ordinary letters, provided
+they bear Special-Delivery stamps, in addition to the full postage
+and the registration fee fixed by law, and the regulations respecting
+the record and receipting of registered matter are observed. In
+despatching registered letters that bear Special-Delivery stamps, the
+Postmaster should write prominently across the registered-package
+envelope the words "For Special Delivery". When Special-Delivery
+letters (unregistered) number five or more for any one office the Postmaster
+should make a separate package of them, marking it "For
+Special Delivery"; if such letters are fewer than five, he should place
+them immediately under the "facing-slip" of the letter-package which
+he makes up, either directly or indirectly, for the Special-Delivery office
+for which they are intended, so that the most prompt attention may
+be secured therefor.</p>
+
+<p>Special-Delivery stamps will be sold at all Money Order Post Offices
+in Canada, (which may secure a supply of such stamps in the same
+way as ordinary stamps are obtained,) for which the Postmasters will
+have to account as they do for ordinary stamps, and on the sales of
+which a total commission of 10 per cent, shall be allowed to Postmasters,
+except to Postmasters having fixed salaries. For the present
+Postmasters will use the existing forms of requisition in applying for
+Special-Delivery stamps. (The usual discount may be allowed to a
+licensed stamp vendor at the time that he purchases Special-Delivery
+stamps from the Postmaster). Special-Delivery stamps are to be cancelled
+as postage stamps are cancelled. Stamps intended for Special
+Delivery are not available for any other purpose, and the article upon
+which one is affixed must have, besides, the ordinary postage prepaid
+by postage stamps. Under no circumstances will Special-Delivery
+stamps be recognized in payment of postage or of registration fee,
+nor can any other stamp be used to secure Special Delivery, except the
+Special-Delivery stamp. Special-Delivery stamps are not redeemable.</p>
+
+<p>Letters intended for Special Delivery at any one of the City Post
+Offices above mentioned, and prepaid as directed, may be mailed at any
+Post Office in Canada.</p>
+
+<p>The regulations relating to First Class Matter (Inland Post) apply
+also and equally to Special-Delivery letters, the only difference being
+the special treatment which the latter receive with a view to accelerating
+their delivery.</p>
+
+<p>The object sought by the establishment of Special Delivery,&mdash;namely,
+the special delivery of letters transmitted thereunder,&mdash;will
+be much promoted if the senders of all such letters are careful to
+address them plainly and fully, giving, if possible, the street and number
+in every case. Such care will serve not only to prevent mistakes,
+but also to facilitate delivery.<!-- Page 219 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>All employees of the Post Office are enjoined to expedite, in every
+way in their power, the posting, transmission and delivery of letters intended
+for Special Delivery.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 23em;">R. M. COULTER,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 21em;"><i>Deputy Postmaster General</i>.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>For a description of the stamp itself we cannot do better than quote the
+<i>Montreal Witness</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Special Delivery stamp differs materially in design and size
+from the ordinary series, the dimensions of the engraved work being
+1&frac14; inches long by &#8542; of an inch wide [31 × 23 mm.]. The advantage of
+such a contrast is obvious. The letter to which a Special Delivery
+stamp is affixed can thus be at once picked out by those handling the
+mails including it, and its delivery greatly hastened. The design of the
+Special Delivery stamp is without any vignette, and consists substantially
+of a panel across the top containing the words "CANADA POST
+OFFICE", with a lathe-work border round the other three sides of
+the stamp. The center of the stamp is occupied by an oval containing
+lathe-work, with the word "TEN" in the center, and the phrase
+"SPECIAL DELIVERY WITHIN CITY LIMITS" in a white letter, on
+a solid panel encircling the word "TEN". On each side of the stamp,
+connecting the oval with the border, is a circle with the numeral "10";
+the space between the oval and the border is occupied by ornamental
+work. At the bottom of the stamp, in the lathe-work border, appears
+a white panel with the words "TEN CENTS".</p></div>
+
+<p>The stamp is illustrated as Number 57 on <a href="#Plate_III">Plate III</a>. It is line engraved
+and printed in sheets of 50, ten rows of five. The usual imprint,
+OTTAWA&mdash;No.&mdash;1, is found in the margin at the top of the sheet, over the
+third stamp. But one plate number has yet appeared. The color was at first a deep
+green which in 1908 took on a bluish cast. The paper used is the thick white
+wove ordinarily employed for the regular postage series, and the stamp has
+also appeared on the toned paper on which the 1 cent postage is known. The
+annual requisitions from the manufacturers have increased from 25,000 in
+1898 to 112,500 in 1910.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>To return to the Postmaster General's Reports. That of the 30th June,
+1899, states:&mdash;"The 10 cent Special-Delivery stamp, to which reference was
+made in the last report, came into use at the beginning of the current fiscal
+year, simultaneously with the commencement of the Special-Delivery Service,
+and of this stamp 52,940 were issued to meet the demands, which would go<!-- Page 220 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span>
+to show that the service is being availed of to a considerable extent throughout
+the country." The date of the first issue of the special delivery stamp to
+postmasters is given as the 28th June, 1898.</p>
+
+<p>No further mention is made of the service until the Report dated 31st
+March, 1908, which says that the special delivery service had been extended
+to thirteen places where free carrier service had been installed,<a name="FNanchor_200" id="FNanchor_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a> and
+further that "the regulations respecting special delivery have been so modified
+that it is no longer necessary for a person despatching a letter, which he desires
+to have delivered immediately, to provide himself with the 'special delivery'
+stamp issued by the department. He may now place upon his letter
+ordinary postage stamps to the value of ten cents in addition to the stamps
+required for prepayment of postage and write across the corner of the envelope
+the words 'special delivery'. This will ensure the special delivery of the
+letter as provided for in the regulations."</p>
+
+<p>The Report for 1909 states that the service has been extended to the eight
+places where free letter delivery by carrier had been installed during the
+year.<a name="FNanchor_201" id="FNanchor_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_200" id="Footnote_200"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_197">page 197</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_201" id="Footnote_201"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> Ibid.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<p><!-- Page 221 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XX" id="CHAPTER_XX"></a>CHAPTER XX<br />
+<br />
+THE "OFFICIALLY SEALED" LABELS</h2>
+
+
+<p>Strictly speaking, the so-called "officially sealed stamps" are not
+stamps, as that term is technically employed in philately. To the uninitiated
+any design impressed upon a label, whether gummed and perforated
+or not, may be termed a stamp; but the ordinarily accepted use of the
+term has been restricted, at least in philatelic lore, to the label that represents
+a value, collected or chargeable, in the service in which it is employed. There
+may therefore be postal, telegraph or fiscal stamps, and because of the identity
+in use&mdash;to show that <i>no</i> fee is required,&mdash;we can stretch our definition
+to include franking labels, such as are often used officially. But the "officially
+sealed" label performs no such function, and is, as its name implies, simply
+a <i>seal</i> which fulfils that purpose alone and therefore does not properly belong
+in the company of postage stamps. Our only reason for touching upon these
+labels here is that they have been included in some of the catalogs for years
+and many collectors possess them; consequently it seems desirable to give their
+history along with that of their more worthy prototypes.</p>
+
+<p>The label figured as Number 117 on <a href="#Plate_X">Plate X</a>, seems to have been first
+reported in <i>Le Timbre-Poste</i> for October, 1879, and its date of issue is usually
+given as that year. But little seems to have been known about it for some time,
+which perhaps was partly due to its scarcity and partly because it did not
+attract the notice that a regular postage stamp issue would have.</p>
+
+<p>The London Society's book quoted a somewhat ambiguous explanation
+of the use to which the label was put, which had appeared in the <i>Halifax
+Philatelist</i>;<a name="FNanchor_202" id="FNanchor_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a> but it remained for Major Evans to clear up the matter in the
+columns of the <i>Philatelic Record</i>.<a name="FNanchor_203" id="FNanchor_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a> We cannot do better than quote this in
+<span class="nobreak">full:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>With reference to what is said about the Canadian <i>officially-sealed</i>
+label in the London Society's new book, I am glad to be able to throw
+some light upon the question as to the manner of its employment.<!-- Page 222 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>When I was in Canada last July [1889] I made special enquiries
+about these labels, as there appeared to be some mystery about their
+use. Everyone agreed that they were not placed upon <i>all</i> letters opened
+at the Dead Letter Office and returned to their senders, and no two persons
+seemed to have quite the same theory as to the rules for their employment
+or non-employment in any particular case. Even gentlemen
+connected with the Post-Office at Halifax, such as Mr. King and others,
+could give me no definite information. I therefore determined to see
+what I could do at the head-quarters at Ottawa.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately, I was able, through a collector in an official position,
+to obtain an introduction to the Deputy Postmaster-General, who most
+kindly gave me the following particulars, which show that the employment
+of the <i>officially sealed</i> labels is very restricted, thus accounting
+for their rarity.</p>
+
+<p>Letters in Canada, as in the United States, very frequently have on
+the outside the well-known notice containing the address of the sender,
+and a request that the letter may be returned if not delivered within
+a certain time. These of course are not opened at the Dead Letter Office,
+and in fact, I think, are ordered not to be sent there, but are returned
+direct from the office to which they were originally addressed
+or from the head office of the district. On the other hand, those that
+have no indication of the address of the sender on the outside are
+sent to the Dead Letter Office, and there necessarily opened; but
+neither of these classes thus properly dealt with is considered to require
+the <i>officially-sealed</i> label. It is only if one of the former class,
+having the sender's name and address on the outside, is sent to the
+Dead Letter Office and there opened in <i>error</i> that the <i>officially-sealed</i>
+label is applied, to show that such letter has been opened officially,
+and not by any unauthorized person. Whether these pieces of gummed
+paper ever had a more extended use or not I cannot say, but I was assured
+that the above was the substance of the regulations as to their
+employment.</p>
+
+<p>The Deputy Postmaster-General further stated that there had been
+so many requests for specimens of these labels that the Department
+had been obliged to make it a rule to turn a deaf ear to all of them.</p>
+
+<p>In any case they are not <i>postage stamps</i>, properly speaking, at all.
+They indicate neither postage paid nor postage due, but simply that the
+letters to which they are attached have been opened by proper authority,
+and they at the same time afford a means for reclosing them.</p></div>
+
+<p>The labels are of relatively large size, being 25&frac12; by 38 mm. The design
+is mostly engine-turned work, with the words OFFICIALLY SEALED on
+a label across the center; above this appears, in a curve, POST OFFICE
+CANADA, and beneath likewise DEAD LETTER OFFICE. The label
+is a fine piece of line engraving, but we have been unable to ascertain the size of<!-- Page 223 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span>
+the sheets in which it was printed. Doubtless the usual four marginal imprints
+were employed, being the "Montreal" type in pearled border.</p>
+
+<p>It seems to be the general idea that the first printing of the labels, which
+were in a dark red-brown, was the only one, but no information is at hand
+concerning the quantity delivered. At any rate in the Canadian Notes in
+<i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i> for November 30, 1892 we read that:&mdash;"From
+a reliable source it is learned that the old die of the Canada official seal stamp
+has been spoiled or rather destroyed for further use by the Bank Note Company,
+who have possession of it." We suggest that the words "spoiled" and
+"destroyed" have been transposed in the original, the meaning evidently
+being that the die had been defaced as of no further use.</p>
+
+<p>The labels were normally perforated the usual 12, but the same journal
+for April 13, 1892 reports that a whole sheet had been seen in an imperforate
+condition.</p>
+
+<p>Though various rumors that the use of these labels was to be discontinued
+are to be found in the late "90's" and early "00's", and though the defacing
+of the die would perhaps indicate such intention, yet a new issue in
+changed design made its appearance about 1905, which was of course engraved
+by the American Bank Note Co., who then held the contract for furnishing
+stamps. This handsome label, figured as Number 116 on <a href="#Plate_X">Plate X</a>,
+was adapted from the magnificent "Law Stamps" of the "series of 1897",
+which stand as some of the finest fiscal stamps ever issued. The central vignette,
+with its portrait of Queen Victoria at the time of the Diamond Jubilee,
+the word CANADA arched above, and the engine-turned border, are reproduced
+in their entirety from the fiscal stamp; DEAD LETTER OFFICE
+and more engine-turned work replace the LAW STAMP inscription of the
+prototype beneath the vignette, and OFFICIALLY SEALED is filled in in
+block letters of varying heights at the top.</p>
+
+<p>The labels are of course line engraved and perforated 12, but the sheet
+arrangement or details of quantity printed cannot be given. They were
+issued at first on a pale blue paper, but subsequently, about 1907, appeared
+on plain white paper.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_202" id="Footnote_202"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> North American Colonies of Great Britain, page 19; Halifax Philatelist, I: 15.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_203" id="Footnote_203"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> Philatelic Record, XI: 210.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<p><!-- Page 224 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXI" id="CHAPTER_XXI"></a>CHAPTER XXI<br />
+<br />
+THE STAMPED ENVELOPES</h2>
+
+
+<p>In its issue for June, 1904, the <i>London Philatelist</i><a name="FNanchor_204" id="FNanchor_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a> illustrated a cover, submitted
+by Mr. E. B. Greenshields of Montreal, which had the appearance
+of a provisional 3d. envelope. Concerning it Mr. Greenshields said:&mdash;"This
+letter was posted in New Carlisle, Gaspé, Lower Canada, on April 7th, 1851,
+and was stamped 'Three Pence' in two lines, inside a square, with a black
+border of neat design round the sides. Across this was written 'Letter R. W.
+Kelly Apl. 1851'. The letter was addressed to Toronto, C. W., and on the
+other side was stamped the date the letter was received, 'Apl. 16, 1851.'"
+The design was printed on the right upper corner of the envelope, "Three
+Pence" being in script type of a style then in vogue, and the border being a
+common type of loops. No stamp appeared on the cover nor the word PAID.</p>
+
+<p>On enquiry of the Post Office Department at Ottawa the following reply
+was <span class="nobreak">sent:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 18em;"><span class="smcap">Ottawa</span>, <i>2nd. March</i>, 1904.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,&mdash;I am directed to acknowledge receipt of your communication
+of the 26th ultimo, inquiring whether R. W. Kelly was Postmaster of
+New Carlisle, Co. Gaspé, Quebec, in 1851, and in reply am directed to inform
+you that R. W. Kelly, doubtless the same man, was Postmaster
+of New Carlisle in 1851....</p>
+
+<p>As regards your inquiry as to whether postage stamps were used
+on the 7th April, 1851, and your statement that you have an envelope
+sent on that date from New Carlisle to Toronto with "Three Pence"
+printed on it, inside a fancy border, I have to say that postage stamps
+were issued to the public for the first time on the 23d April, 1851, and
+that stamped envelopes were not issued until some years later. The
+stamped envelope to which you refer may have been an envelope so
+stamped on the prepayment in the New Carlisle Post Office of three
+pence, the required charge for postage.</p>
+
+<p>I am, sir, your obedient servant,</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 12.5em;"><span class="smcap">William Smith</span>, <i>Secretary</i>.</span><br />
+</p>
+<p><!-- Page 225 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Inasmuch as the impression is type-set and printed, it was doubtless a
+scheme of the Postmaster to prepare the envelopes and save stamping them
+with the office seals afterwards, as would be necessary if no adhesive stamp
+were attached. The cover in question was evidently used for his own convenience,
+but its use as a stamped envelope would depend upon whether it
+was sold to the public for their convenience as a prepaid cover. Under
+such conditions it would assume a character akin to the Postmaster's Provisionals
+of the United States, but no such evidence has been forthcoming,
+nor are other copies known. It is an interesting cover, particularly because
+of the lack of the word PAID, which should have been stamped upon it as
+well as the indication of the amount, according to the rules in force before
+adhesive stamps were used to indicate prepayment in themselves; but it had
+no government sanction, and has not yet been shown to have even the rank
+of a "semi-official issue."</p>
+
+<p>Although following closely upon the heels of the United States in issuing
+postage stamps, less than four years having intervened, Canada was not so
+eager to introduce the stamped envelope, for she waited over six years before
+following the example of her big neighbor. The first reference to the innovation
+is found in the Postmaster General's Report for 30th September,
+1859 (although the Report is actually dated 20th February, 1860), and
+reads as <span class="nobreak">follows:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>For the promotion of public convenience by facilitating the prepayment
+of letters, Stamped Envelopes bearing Medallion Stamps of
+the postage value of 5c. and of 10c. respectively have been procured
+and issued for sale to the public, at an advance of &frac12; a cent on the value
+of each stamp, to cover the cost of the envelope, and of engraving the
+stamp, &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<p>The precise date of issue does not seem to be on record, but the year
+1860 is always given. From the stamp accounts, quoted below, we find the
+quantity issued for sale is qualified by the remark "during 8 months to Sept.
+30", which would indicate that the envelopes were issued about the 1st February,
+1860; and we have therefore assigned this date to them until a more
+authoritative one is produced.</p>
+
+<p>The next reference to the envelopes, including the accounts, appears in
+the Report for the year ending 30th September, 1860, as follows:<!-- Page 226 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<h5>STAMPED ENVELOPES.</h5>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><th align="left"></th><th align="center">5c.</th><th align="center">10c.</th><th align="center">Value</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Received from Mfrs.</td><td align="right">200,000</td><td align="right">100,000</td><td align="right">21,500.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Issued for sale during 8 months to Sept. 30,</td><td align="right">136,177</td><td align="right">45,651</td><td align="right">12,283.09</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Remaining,</td><td align="right" class="bt">63,823</td><td align="right" class="bt">54,349</td><td align="right" class="bt">9,216.91</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The number of Stamped Envelopes, actually used by the public,
+has been but small, as a considerable proportion of those issued remain
+in the hands of Postmasters.</p></div>
+
+<p>The cost of manufacture of the stamped envelopes was included, as we
+have already seen,<a name="FNanchor_205" id="FNanchor_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a> in the payments made to the American Bank Note Co.
+for stamps, etc., in 1860, so that they were obtained from that firm. They
+were not manufactured by them, however, but by George F. Nesbitt &amp; Co. of
+New York, who at that time held the contract for supplying the United States
+Government with stamped envelopes. The similarity of the stamped impression,
+both in size and general arrangement, to the United States envelope
+dies of 1860 will be noted, and the paper used for the envelopes will be found
+to be similar, even to the watermark, while the two "knives" used for cutting
+the envelope blanks will be found to agree with numbers 2 and 11 of the
+Tiffany, Bogert and Rechert catalog. It was evidently a case of the Bank
+Note Co. subletting the contract to Nesbitt, who was regularly in the
+business.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing further appears in the Reports in regard to the stamped envelopes,
+except the tables of statistics, until the Report of 30th June, 1864, which
+says:&mdash;"In order to promote the use of the Stamped Envelopes a reduction
+in the price to the public was made from 1st October, 1864, from $5.50 per
+100 for the five cent and $10.50 per 100 for the ten cent envelopes, to $5.30
+and $10.30 per 100 respectively." But even this bait did not attract, for
+the next year's Report remarks:&mdash;"The recent reduction in the price of
+stamped envelopes has not led to any material increase in the demand." For
+two years longer the accounts are given, but with the first Report of the Dominion
+of Canada, for the year ending 30th June, 1868, they disappear, the
+envelopes evidently having been given up as a bad investment at the close of
+the accounts of the Province of Canada, when it was merged into the Dominion.</p>
+
+<p>We have already quoted the figures for the first supplies received and
+the quantities first issued to postmasters. It may be well to give the entire
+record for its historical value:<!-- Page 227 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><th align="left"></th><th align="right">5 cent.</th><th align="right">10 cent.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Balance on hand, 30th Sept. 1860,</td><td align="right">63,823</td><td align="right">54,349</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Returned by Post Masters, unsold,</td><td align="right">1,529</td><td align="right">1,905</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" class="bt">65,352</td><td align="right" class="bt">56,254</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Issued for sale during year,</td><td align="right">20,700</td><td align="right">806</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Balance on hand, 30th Sept. 1861,</td><td align="right" class="bt">44,652</td><td align="right" class="bt">55,448</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Returned by Post Masters, unsold,</td><td align="right">251</td><td align="right">314</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" class="bt">44,903</td><td align="right" class="bt">55,762</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Issued for sale during year,</td><td align="right">9,595</td><td align="right">844</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Balance on hand, 30th Sept. 1862,</td><td align="right" class="bt">35,308</td><td align="right" class="bt">54,918</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Returned by Post Masters, unsold,</td><td align="right">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" class="bt">35,308</td><td align="right" class="bt">54,922</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Issued for sale during year,</td><td align="right">15,200</td><td align="right">900</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Balance on hand, 30th Sept. 1863,</td><td align="right" class="bt">20,108</td><td align="right" class="bt">54,022</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Returned by Post Masters, unsold,</td><td align="right">5,000</td><td align="right">2,997</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" class="bt">25,108</td><td align="right" class="bt">57,019</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Issued during 9 months,</td><td align="right">14,800</td><td align="right">850</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Balance on hand, 30th June, 1864,</td><td align="right" class="bt">10,308</td><td align="right" class="bt">56,169</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Returned by Post Masters, unsold,</td><td align="right">6,444</td><td align="right">5,632</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Received from manufacturers,</td><td align="right">25,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" class="bt">41,752</td><td align="right" class="bt">61,801</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Issued for sale during year,</td><td align="right">23,583</td><td align="right">5,698</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Balance on hand 30th June, 1865,</td><td align="right" class="bt">18,169</td><td align="right" class="bt">56,103</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Returned by Post Masters, unsold,</td><td align="right">382</td><td align="right">225</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" class="bt">18,551</td><td align="right" class="bt">56,328</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Issued to 30th June, 1866,</td><td align="right">16,225</td><td align="right">625</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Balance 30th June, 1866,</td><td align="right" class="bt">2,326</td><td align="right" class="bt">55,703</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Returned by Post Masters, unsold,</td><td align="right">193</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" class="bt">2,326</td><td align="right" class="bt">55,896</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Deduct envelopes short received,</td><td align="right">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right" class="bt">2,316</td><td align="right" class="bt">55,896</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Issued to 30th. June, 1867,</td><td align="right">2,270</td><td align="right">172</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Balance 30th. June, 1867,</td><td align="right" class="bt">46</td><td align="right" class="bt">55,724</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 228 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>These figures are the last that appear concerning the first issue of envelopes,
+the next Report, as already stated, having no mention of them at
+all. It was very probably because there were not enough to supply the added
+Provinces of the Dominion, in the case of the 5 cent envelopes, and principally
+because they did not seem to be popular enough to warrant continuing
+their use that the envelopes did not remain in issue under the Dominion
+Government.</p>
+
+<p>An inspection of the above table shows that the 5 cent envelopes were
+apparently issued at an average rate of perhaps 15,000 a year, while 800
+only of the 10 cent were ordinarily put forth. This might indicate a fair
+consumption of the lower value by the public, particularly as the total receipt
+from the manufacturers was 225,000 and but 46 remainders are given at the
+close of the account. But it must be remembered that the table gives the
+quantities "issued to postmasters" and not the sales to the public by the postmasters.
+We know the public did not take particularly to the use of the
+envelopes, so that there were doubtless large quantities of them in postmaster's
+hands when their sale was discontinued. These would naturally be returned
+to the Department and destroyed, which would of course materially
+reduce the quantity issued as taken from the tables. Unfortunately these
+latter figures have not been obtainable; but it is certain from the rarity of used
+copies that nothing like 224,954 of the 5 cent and 44,276 of the 10 cent
+envelopes could have been sold to the public. We are able to illustrate an
+entire used copy of each value as Numbers 130 and 131 on <a href="#Plate_XIV">Plate XIV</a>.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 150px;">
+<a href="images/i228.jpg"><img src="images/i228_tn.jpg" width="150" height="178"
+alt="Embossed envelope stamp design."
+title="[Linked to larger image of embossed envelope stamp design.]" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p>As already stated, the envelope stamps were very similar in size and
+style to the United States envelope dies of 1860. The inscription CANADA
+POSTAGE is in the frame above the head and the value below, reversing
+the United States arrangement, and there are no stars separating the legends.
+The embossed head of Queen Victoria was evidently copied from the profile
+used on the 1 cent stamp of 1859. The 5 cent stamp is printed
+in vermilion and the 10 cent in dark brown. There was but one
+size of envelope, 5&frac12; × 3&frac14; inches (140 × 83 mm.), and but
+one quality of paper for the first order&mdash;a white laid paper
+with a slightly yellowish tone, watermarked with the letters Ca
+over POD (Canada Post Office Department) which appears about twice in
+each envelope. The paper was cut so that the laid lines run diagonally,
+and the knife used was that numbered 2 in the Tiffany, Bogert and Re<!-- Page 229 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span>chert
+catalog of United States envelopes, with rounded flap and yellowish
+gum, extending nearly the length of the flap.</p>
+
+<p>In the table given it will be noticed that 25,000 more 5 cent envelopes
+were received from the manufacturers in 1865. These latter were on a white
+paper of similar quality with a slightly bluish tone, and a slightly different
+knife had been used in cutting the blanks, which corresponds to that numbered
+11 in the catalog quoted. The difference consists mainly in a more
+pointed flap than the first knife.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>London Philatelist</i> for December, 1896, contained the following
+startling announcement under the head of CANADA:<a name="FNanchor_206" id="FNanchor_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr. L. Gibb, of Montreal, kindly submitted to his fellow members
+of the London Philatelic Society, at a recent meeting, a curious variety
+among the stamps of the Colony he resides in. The specimen in question
+was the 10 c. envelope of 1860 impressed in vermilion, instead of
+its normal colour&mdash;brown, and being presumably printed in error in
+the color of the 5c. The stamp was unfortunately cut round, but was
+on the diagonally laid paper usual to the Issue, duly postmarked, and,
+in the opinion of the members present, had every appearance of authenticity,
+although surprise was expressed that so marked a variety should
+never have been noted before.</p></div>
+
+<p>Nothing further has apparently been learned about it since, but in the
+face of the above statements and opinions it seems necessary to record it.</p>
+
+<p>Both values were reprinted<a name="FNanchor_207" id="FNanchor_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a> by the Nesbitt Company in 1868 on pieces
+of white wove paper and also vertically laid buff paper, the 5 cent copying
+the color of the original, but the 10 cent being in a dark red brown instead of
+black brown. They were also printed in the same colors on entire envelopes
+of white and buff laid paper with the POD over US watermark of the regular
+United States stationery. These were a size smaller than the regular Canadian
+envelopes, being 137×77 mm. A further variety is noted in the <i>Catalogue
+for Advanced Collectors</i>,<a name="FNanchor_208" id="FNanchor_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a> as follows:&mdash;"There is also a second type
+of the 5c to be found on the same papers as above reprints which was probably
+struck off in the same year. The stamp is a trifle larger and the head
+smaller than on the accepted die; this is probably a die prepared by Nesbitt
+but refused by the Canadian Government."</p>
+
+<p><!-- Page 230 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span>
+The Dominion Government, which discarded the Provincial stamped
+envelopes from the beginning, did not essay anything in that line for nearly
+ten years. Finally the following notice was sent <span class="nobreak">out:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 10em;">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 22em;"><span class="smcap">Ottawa</span>, 6th October, 1877.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 13em;">STAMPED ENVELOPES.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>1. Letter envelopes bearing an impressed postage stamp of one
+cent, and three cents respectively, are ready for issue to Postmasters
+and through their agency to Stamp Vendors for sale to the public.</p>
+
+<p>2. These envelopes when issued to Postmasters will be charged to
+them, and will have to be accounted for by them at the following rates:</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">One cent envelopes,</td><td align="right">$1.30</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Three cent envelopes, No. 1 size,</td><td align="right">3.30</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Three cent envelopes, No. 2 size,</td><td align="right">3.35</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>3. The three-cent envelopes are of two sizes, No. 2 being larger
+than No. 1 and Postmasters, when asking at any time for a supply, will
+be careful to state how many of each size they want.</p>
+
+<p>4. Postmasters and Stamp Vendors will be required to sell these
+envelopes at the above rates per hundred to the public, and when a request
+is made for a single envelope, or for any number less than a hundred,
+the charge for the same must be made by the Postmaster or
+Stamp Vendor, as near the exact proportionate value, as compared with
+the above rates per hundred, as the fraction will permit without loss
+to the Postmaster or Stamp Vendor, thus ten of the three-cent envelopes,
+No. 1 size, should be sold for thirty-three cents, five for seventeen
+cents, and two for seven cents.</p>
+
+<p>5. When used these envelopes will represent the pre-payment of
+postage to the amount of the stamp impressed thereon, and when used
+for letters weighing more than &frac12; an oz., or on which the pre-payment
+is required of more than is represented by the impressed stamp, the
+difference may be affixed by ordinary postage stamps.</p>
+
+<p>6. The impressed stamp must be carefully cancelled by Postmasters
+when the envelopes are posted.</p>
+
+<p>7. An impressed stamp cut from an envelope cannot be used for
+pre-payment of postage in any shape, and when detached from the envelope
+on which it was impressed, it loses all value as a postage stamp.</p>
+
+<p>8. In the accounts rendered by Postmasters, the amounts of
+stamped envelopes received from the Department and sold to the public
+or to Vendors, are to be added to the postage stamp items.</p>
+
+<p>* * * * *</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 19.5em;">L. S. HUNTINGTON,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 21em;"><i>Postmaster General.</i></span><br />
+<!-- Page 231 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Memo.</i>&mdash;Stamped Envelopes are to be sold to the public at the following
+prices by Postmasters and Stamp <span class="nobreak">Vendors:&mdash;</span></p></div>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><th align="left"></th><th align="center">Per Hundred.</th><th align="center">Per Ten.</th><th align="center">For Single Envelopes.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1 Cent Envelopes</td><td align="center">$1.30</td><td align="center">13 cents</td><td align="center">2 cents, or 3 cents for 2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">3 Cent Envelopes No. 1 size</td><td align="center">$3.30</td><td align="center">33 cents</td><td align="center">4 cents, or 7 cents for 2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">3 Cent Envelopes No. 2 size</td><td align="center">$3.35</td><td align="center">34 cents</td><td align="center">4 cents, or 7 cents for 2</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>Curiously enough no mention is made in the Postmaster General's Report
+of either the issue of the stamped envelopes or their reception by the
+public, such as was the case with their predecessors in 1860. We find from
+the stamp accounts, however, that the first supplies received from the manufactures
+were 554,250 of the 1 cent; 1,257,000 of the 3 cent size 1; and
+564,250 of the 3 cent size 2. Further supplies of the 1 cent were not needed
+until two years later, of the 3 cent size 1 until three years later, and of the
+3 cent size 2 until four years later, so it is evident that no great popular demand
+sprang up for them.</p>
+
+<p>The 1 cent envelope, which was intended for the local or "drop letter"
+rate, was issued in numbers averaging about 150,000 a year up to 1889,
+when the Post Office Act of that year, which increased the limit of weight
+of the single rate letter from &frac12; to 1 ounce and fixed the drop letter rate at
+2 cents per ounce for cities having a free delivery service,<a name="FNanchor_209" id="FNanchor_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a> caused a falling
+off in the issue to 62,000 in the 1890 Report, and this gradually diminished
+to about 25,000 per annum in the Report for 1897, when the stamp under discussion
+was superseded by a new design.</p>
+
+<p>The 3 cent envelopes, being the regular letter rate, had a larger use;
+nevertheless the issue of the No. 1 size fell gradually from some 250,000 in
+1879 to about 50,000 in 1897. The No. 2 size proved more popular, though
+the demand was somewhat erratic. The issue went from 78,000 in 1879 to
+116,000 in 1884; then averaged about 85,000 for three years; next averaged
+about 120,000 for four years; and finally returned to the 85,000 mark for
+the next six years, when a new issue took its place.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 150px;">
+<a href="images/i232.jpg"><img src="images/i232_tn.jpg" width="150" height="166"
+alt="Design of embossed envelope stamp."
+title="[Link to larger image of embossed envelope stamp design.]" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p>The design of these envelope stamps is in all respects similar to the
+early type, but they are about half again as large. The embossed head of<!-- Page 232 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span>
+the Queen is copied from the profile on the "large" cent stamps of 1868 and
+is tilted forward rather awkwardly in the frame. The 3
+cent is printed in bright red varying to rose, but the 1
+cent instead of following the yellow color of the adhesive
+is printed in blue, which varies from quite pale to very
+dark. The envelopes were manufactured by the British
+American Bank Note Co. from white laid unwatermarked
+paper, and have a pointed flap with gum extending nearly the whole
+length. The smaller sized envelope was also issued with the flap rounded into
+a tongue, but the larger sized envelope is not known in this form. These
+"tongued flap" envelopes were apparently an early variety, as the <i>Philatelic
+Monthly</i> records the 3 cent in its issue for April, 1878. The 1 cent, however,
+does not seem to have been noted until the June, 1884 issue of <i>Le
+Timbre-Poste</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The earlier printings of the envelopes were upon a laid paper that had
+the "cross vergures", or single laid lines that regularly cross the general
+run, at a spacing of 18 mm. from each other. About 1888 another paper
+came into use which had these "cross vergures" spaced 24 mm. apart, and
+in some cases 27 mm. The two papers can be told at a glance as they varied
+in tone, the latter variety having a slight cream tint and the former being a
+pure white. These two varieties are of course more noticeable in the entire
+envelope than in cut squares, and have been listed as "rosy white" and "bluish
+white" papers, but we feel unable to distinguish them thus as the terms seem
+wholly inapplicable.</p>
+
+<p>The 1 cent envelope was chronicled in ultramarine in April, 1897, of
+course on the small sized envelope and the cream toned laid paper.<a name="FNanchor_210" id="FNanchor_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a></p>
+
+<p>In May, 1896, the <i>Philatelic Record</i> stated<a name="FNanchor_211" id="FNanchor_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a> that "Our publishers have
+the envelope of the 3 cents red value with stamp roughly lithographed instead
+of being embossed. Mr. J. B. Lewis, of Ottawa, says only 110 were
+printed." This was a somewhat startling statement, and Major Evans thus
+comments on it:<a name="FNanchor_212" id="FNanchor_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>There have been reports of late, in various quarters, of a certain
+number of the 3c. envelopes, of the current type, having had the stamp
+impressed upon them by lithography instead of in the usual manner.<!-- Page 233 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The story goes that the embossing die was lost, or mislaid, that a
+small supply of envelopes was wanted immediately by a business firm,
+and that a few hundreds were lithographed to fill this demand. The
+whole story sounds somewhat doubtful, to any one who knows how
+stamped envelopes are produced, but until quite recently we had not
+seen a specimen of the supposed lithographed envelopes, and therefore
+would not express any opinion upon them. A copy has lately been sent
+to our publishers, and we find it to be practically identical, as far as
+<i>almost</i> entire absence of embossing is concerned, with some specimens
+which we obtained in Canada a few years ago; the embossing, in the
+copy shown us, is not absolutely invisible, there being slight traces of
+it about the head, and especially the chignon; and if any envelopes
+have been lithographed, which we greatly doubt, this is not one of
+them.</p></div>
+
+<p>The lithographing of a comparatively few envelopes by a country like
+Canada appears somewhat incredulous on the face of it, and even more so
+does the "loss" or "misplacing" of the embossing die; the true explanation of
+the occurrence is doubtless found in the use of a much worn die, or more likely
+a defective "counter-die" or "bed-plate" which backs the paper.</p>
+
+<p>In the issue for January 1895, the <i>American Journal of Philately</i> had
+this statement:&mdash;"Mr. G. A. Lowe informs us that the 3c envelope exists on
+wove paper and was issued in 1891, probably in error." Referring to this,
+the <i>Monthly Journal</i> for May 1895, <span class="nobreak">states:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr. King tells us that he found some packets of this variety in the
+Post-office at Halifax, and that he thinks that they may be a new edition,
+on a better paper than the last. He is not certain yet about this,
+as the great majority of the stock consisted of the <i>laid</i> paper envelopes,
+and therefore the use of the wove may have been unintentional or temporary.</p></div>
+
+<p>Again in the August 1895 issue, the last quoted paper <span class="nobreak">says:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In further reference to the 3c envelopes on <i>wove</i> paper, Mr. King
+sends us replies which he received from the P. O. Department to his
+enquiries on the subject. The replies are vague, if not evasive, but
+show plainly that no intentional change was made in the paper used;
+they seemed to indicate, however, that the contractors are not restricted
+to a particular nature of paper, so long as the envelopes supplied
+are of sufficiently good quality.</p></div>
+<p><!-- Page 234 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The references to Mr. King in 1895 seem to show that he discovered the
+envelopes at about that time, so if the first statement about their appearing
+in 1891 is correct there must have been two lots issued at two different periods.
+That they were errors seems to admit of no doubt, as the usual paper
+for these envelopes was of the laid variety. They were only found in the
+large size envelope, known officially as No. 2.</p>
+
+<p>In the issue for September 1899, the <i>American Journal of Philately</i>
+noted two unusual <span class="nobreak">varieties:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr. Charles A. Benedict of Brantford has sent us samples of two
+envelopes with stamp of the 1877 type, which have not as yet been
+chronicled and which should probably be classed as printed-to-order
+envelopes. They are said to be used by a certain firm in Brantford for
+circulars and letters, and are printed on large manila amber envelopes.</p></div>
+
+<p>The size of the envelopes is given as 265×113 mm., and both the 1 cent
+and 3 cent stamps were impressed upon them. No further information
+seems to have been obtained concerning these curiosities, which must have
+been issued previous to the termination of the contract with the British
+American Bank Note Co. in 1897.</p>
+
+<p>Although the rate on "drop letters" at free delivery offices was fixed
+at 2 cents per ounce by the Post Office Act of 1889, in place of the previous
+1 cent per half ounce, it did not occur that a 2 cent envelope might be desirable
+until about five years later. In the Postmaster General's Report of
+30th June, 1894, we read:&mdash;"It is proposed to issue for use for drop letters,
+that is for letters passing within the limits of a free delivery in cities, a 2
+cent envelope which will no doubt be found a convenience to the public."</p>
+
+<p>In the next year's Report we find:&mdash;"The 2 cent envelopes, used mainly
+for drop letters, that is, for letters passing within the limits of a free delivery
+in cities, and referred to in the report for last year, have been issued
+during the year. Judging from the demand made for these envelopes
+already, they are likely to prove a convenience to the public."</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 200px;">
+<a href="images/i235.jpg"><img src="images/i235_tn.jpg" width="200" height="208"
+alt="2 cent envelope stamp design."
+title="[Linked to larger image of 2 cent envelope stamp design.]" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p>The new denomination was issued on the 14th June, 1895,<a name="FNanchor_213" id="FNanchor_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a> on the
+larger sized envelope, the paper being the cream toned laid. It is a rather<!-- Page 235 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span>
+bizarre production, being circular in form with a medallion of the Queen's
+head in the center, and a beaver perched outside the
+design at the top, while the sides are broken by maple
+leaves. The inscriptions are in colored letters, and the
+numeral of value appears for the only time on a Canadian
+envelope stamp. In spite of the "demand" for
+these envelopes, a total supply of 94,970 received from
+the manufacturers was found sufficient to last until
+the new type was issued from the Government Printing Bureau in 1899, after
+the contract with the British American Bank Note Co. had expired.</p>
+
+<p>The Postmaster General's Report for 30th June, 1898, <span class="nobreak">says:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>New stamped envelopes also came into use, and the price thereof
+<i>above the face value</i> as compared with the old envelopes of the same
+size, was reduced by 10 cents per 100, a reduction of 33&#8531; %. A further
+concession given the public was that a blank form of request (to
+return letter if not delivered within the specified time) is printed without
+extra charge on the envelope, so that at the option of the purchaser
+stamped envelopes with or without this form of request may be obtained.
+Whilst the three denominations of stamped envelopes (1 cent, 2
+cents and 3 cents) are retained, it was deemed advisable to have only
+one size instead of two as was the case with the old envelopes,&mdash;the
+small size of the latter (known as No. 1) being discontinued because of
+the tendency on the part of the mercantile community to use envelopes
+of the larger size (known officially as No. 2) or what in the commercial
+world is classed as No. 7. The latter is now the uniform size of the
+new stamped envelopes.</p></div>
+
+<p>The stamped envelopes referred to at the beginning of the above quotation
+were the 3 cent envelopes, the first value to appear in a new design, and
+the price, as stated, was reduced from the former rate of $3.30 per hundred
+to $3.20 per hundred. But this apparently applied only to the new style,
+for the old style envelopes returned to the department as "unfit for use" in
+1898, 1899 and 1900 were credited at the old rates, while the new style
+envelopes in the same condition were credited at the new rates in these same
+years. The Report for 1899 states that the old style envelopes in their two
+sizes were discontinued on 31st March, 1898.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 150px;">
+<a href="images/i236.jpg"><img src="images/i236_tn.jpg" width="150" height="178"
+alt="3 centa envelope stamp design"
+title="[Linked to larger image of 3 cents envelope stamp design.]" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p>The new stamp, while perhaps not as bizarre as the 2 cent of 1895, was
+yet a conspicuously ugly production by reason of the profile portrait of Queen
+Victoria that was employed. The die was engraved by Messrs. De La Rue<!-- Page 236 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span>
+&amp; Co., of London, and outside of the embossed head is a very neat design of
+engine turned work, with POSTAGE in small white letters
+above the inner oval and THREE CENTS beneath. The
+word CANADA was added, apparently as an afterthought,
+in colored letters <i>outside</i> the design at the top of the stamp,
+where it breaks the colored line surrounding the oval! The
+impression is in a bright red on a white wove paper of a
+slightly cream tone, and the flap is rounded, with gum extending its full
+length. The return request referred to in the Report is printed in black
+in the upper left hand corner and <span class="nobreak">reads:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>If not called for in ten days
+return to....</p></div>
+
+<p>It seems that the American Bank Note Co., upon taking the contract
+for supplying the Canadian stamps in 1897, asked to be excused from printing
+the stamped envelopes as well, because such a small number were used.
+This work was therefore given to the Government Printing Bureau at Ottawa,<a name="FNanchor_214" id="FNanchor_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a>
+which accounts for the dies having been furnished by Messrs. De La
+Rue &amp; Co. The stamp accounts give the number of 3 cent envelopes furnished
+in the new type as 110,000 in 1898 and 70,000 in 1899, a total of 180,000;
+but the reduction of the domestic letter rate from 3 cents to 2 cents on the
+1st January, 1899, made the 3 cent envelope useless, and large quantities
+were surcharged with the new rate, so that it is impossible to tell what proportion
+of the amount given is now represented by each variety. If catalog
+pricing is any criterion, the unsurcharged issue of the envelope should be
+perhaps 80,000.</p>
+
+<p>The Report for 1899 <span class="nobreak">states:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>As a result of the reduction in the Domestic Letter rate of postage,
+the issue of the 3c. letter card, 3c. stamped envelope and 3c. postage
+stamp has been discontinued, unused quantities of these, however,
+continuing available for postage purposes, or exchangeable at any post
+office for their equivalent in postage stamps of other denominations.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Report does not give the date of issue of the 3 cent stamped envelope,
+but it was chronicled in <i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i> for May 5, 1898, and<!-- Page 237 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span>
+therefore was probably issued sometime in April. The date of discontinuance
+is given, however, as December, 1898, so that it had a life, unsurcharged, of
+only about nine months.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 150px;">
+<a href="images/i237.jpg"><img src="images/i237_tn.jpg" width="150" height="181"
+alt="One cent envelope stamp design, 1898."
+title="[Linked to larger image of one cent envelope stamp design, 1898.]" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p>But meanwhile the 1 cent envelope was being prepared, and evidently
+because of the dissatisfaction expressed over the embossed head of the Queen
+on the 3 cent value, the new envelope appeared with the
+familiar youthful profile similar to that used on the British
+envelope dies for so many years. This improved the appearance
+of the stamp, which otherwise corresponded in design
+with the 3 cent and was likewise engraved by Messrs. De
+La Rue &amp; Co. It was printed in a dark green on paper like
+that of the 3 cent value, and in the same size and cut of
+envelope. The new type was issued on July 22, 1898, according to the 1899
+Report, and was sold at $1.20 per hundred. The distribution of the old
+style 1 cent envelopes was discontinued in the same month, according to the
+stamp accounts.</p>
+
+<p>Following the 1 cent envelope came the 2 cent, being identical in every
+respect save the expressed value and color, and emanating from the same
+source as its two predecessors. The Report of 1899 gives the date of issue
+of this envelope as the 2nd January, 1899, and, as the corresponding value
+in the adhesive set was a deep violet, we should expect the envelope stamp
+to follow suit. This it did, but was almost immediately followed by an issue
+in bright red, because of the reduction of the domestic letter rate from 3
+cents to 2 cents. It will be remembered that when Imperial Penny Postage
+was inaugurated on December 25, 1898, it was almost immediately announced
+that the internal postage in Canada would be reduced to the 2 cent rate on
+and from the 1st January, 1899. As the Postal Union requirements called
+for carmine as the color of the stamp for the domestic letter rate, the change
+from violet was necessary in the Canadian 2 cent stamp, but owing to the
+large stock of the violet stamps on hand and the surcharging of the 3 cent
+stamps down to 2 cent value, the change in color from violet to carmine did
+not take place in the adhesives for some eight months. Not so with the
+envelopes; the new 2 cent ones were about to be issued and had been printed
+to the amount of 10,000 in dark violet. But with the change in rates and
+therefore in color requirements, orders were given to print further supplies
+of the 2 cent envelope in red, and the latter color therefore appeared about a
+week after the violet stamp.<!-- Page 238 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>We have gone thus into detail in the matter in order to make it evident
+why the violet stamp was so short lived, and why the change was made. This
+seems necessary because such a furor was created at the time, when it became
+known that the issue of violet envelopes was small, and speculation ran high;
+the Government was accused of speculating in them and of putting them in the
+hands of favored ones, and finally, as in the case of the alleged speculation
+in the Jubilee stamps, the matter came up in Parliament. The following
+is an extract from the official report of the debates in the House of Commons
+at Ottawa:<a name="FNanchor_215" id="FNanchor_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+ISSUE OF STAMPED ENVELOPES.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr. Hughes asked: 1. When will the present 2 cent purple stamped
+envelope cease to be issued, and the red issued in its place? 2. How
+many 2 cent purple envelopes were issued, and how many distributed?
+At what offices were they distributed, how many at each office? Are
+there any more to be distributed, and if so, where will they be distributed?
+3. Is it the intention of the Government to issue an entire
+new set of stamped envelopes to replace those at present in use? If
+so, when? * * *</p>
+
+<p>The Postmaster-General (Mr. Mulock): The issue of 2 cent purple-stamp
+envelopes ceased when the supply thereof in the department became
+exhausted, the last issue having been made on the 7th January,
+1899. The subsequent issue of 2-cent stamped envelopes was in red, in
+accordance with the recommendation of the Postal Convention. *</p>
+
+<p>* * The schedule hereto annexed shows the names of the
+post offices supplied with such purple-stamp envelopes and the respective
+quantities so supplied them.</p>
+
+<p>List of Post Offices to which 2c. purple envelopes
+were issued, and the quantity in each case.</p></div>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><th>Post Office.</th><th>Quantity.</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Belleville, Ont.</td><td align="right">500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">St. Catherine's, Ont.</td><td align="right">500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Toronto, Ont.</td><td align="right">2000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Corinth, Ont.</td><td align="right">100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Haliburton, Ont.</td><td align="right">100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Mount Albert, Ont.</td><td align="right">100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Tamworth, Ont.</td><td align="right">500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Hagersville, Ont.</td><td align="right">100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Hamilton, Ont.</td><td align="right">500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Loring, Ont.</td><td align="right">100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Newton, Ont.</td><td align="right">100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ottawa, Ont.</td><td align="right">700</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">St. Casimir, Que.</td><td align="right">100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Sherbrooke, Que.</td><td align="right">500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Montreal, Que.</td><td align="right">1000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Rigaud, Que.</td><td align="right">100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Maitland, N. S.</td><td align="right">100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Truro, N. S.</td><td align="right">100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Yarmouth, N. S.</td><td align="right">100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Andover, N. B.</td><td align="right">200</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Centreville, N. B.</td><td align="right">100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Shoal Lake, Man.</td><td align="right">100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Winnipeg, Man.</td><td align="right">2000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">New Westminster, B. C.</td><td align="right">100</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Greenwood, B. C.</td><td align="right">200</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 239 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span>
+Further questioning by the same gentleman, in an effort to show that
+"inside" information had been given concerning the remainder of the 2 cent
+green envelopes at Toronto and the limited issue of the so-called "purple"
+ones, in order that favored parties might "corner" them, resulted in nothing
+definite except that in replying to the question "Was the issue of the 2c.
+purple stamped envelopes done by mistake?" the Postmaster-General said:
+"There was no mistake whatever made in the issue of said envelopes, but,
+on the contrary, the issue took place in the ordinary course of business, and
+was made on requisitions in the usual way, coming from postmasters." Considering
+the date of their issue, the cause of the change in color and the
+above reply of the Postmaster-General, in connection with an examination
+of the table of distribution of the 2c. violet envelopes, we must say that it seems
+clear that the whole business, as far as the Department was concerned, was
+legitimate and straightforward, and the aspersions cast upon the issue of this
+envelope were only animated by a spirit of jealousy or revenge on the part
+of those who unfortunately did not happen to get any, whether "tipped off"
+by friends in or out of the post-office, or not.</p>
+
+<p>The 2 cent envelope in red may have been issued on the 8th January,
+1899, or within a day or two of that date, and corresponds of course with the
+one in violet and the 1 cent envelope in all respects. It was sold at $2.20
+per hundred.</p>
+
+<p>We have already spoken of the 3 cent envelope, issued in April, 1898,
+as having been surcharged. This was due, of course, to the same reduction
+in the domestic rate of postage that operated to change the 2 cent envelope
+from violet to red, and which also rendered the 3 cent envelope practically
+useless. In order to utilize the stock of the latter envelopes, therefore, the
+Department decided on surcharging them down to a 2 cent value. This was
+done sometime during the week of 6-11 February, 1899, and we can do no
+better than quote the letter of a Canadian correspondent in the <i>Weekly Philatelic
+Era</i><a name="FNanchor_216" id="FNanchor_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a> for details concerning it.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<span class="smcap">Ottawa</span>, 17th Feb'y, 1899.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Our weekly sensation was duly on tap last week, in the shape of
+surcharges, Canada's first offence, but an aggravated case. The Post
+Office Department announced that any holders of 3c. envelopes or letter
+cards might send them in to the postage stamp branch, and have them
+surcharged, and re-issued as 2c. emissions, the difference in value being<!-- Page 240 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span>
+made good by an additional supply of surcharged stationery or in some
+other equivalent stamps.</p>
+
+<p>It was not anticipated that a very large supply of 3c. stationery
+was on hand, and consequently the arrangements for surcharging are
+of the most primitive description. Stamps of soft rubber bearing the
+figures 2c. are provided, and the surcharge is put on by hand, the
+stamps being inked on black pads. The consequence is that the work
+is ill done, and we have as many varieties of surcharge as there are
+impressions, with quantities<a name="FNanchor_217" id="FNanchor_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a> of ink varying from a black blue to a
+light grey. I have seen one envelope with the surcharge on sidewise
+reading from bottom to top.</p>
+
+<p>Independently of the variations in printing, there are two types of
+surcharge. In the first, which I shall christen the "capital surcharge",
+the figure 2 is 10&frac12; mm. high by 8 wide, the heavy parts of the figure
+being 2 mm. thick, the thin parts &frac34; mm. The C is a capital letter
+4&frac12; × 3&frac12; mm. There was only one stamp of this type, and when it
+had been in use for two or three days the difference in type was noticed
+and the stamp was destroyed. Any stationery surcharged with it
+will be exceedingly rare.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 200px;">
+<img src="images/i240.jpg" width="200" height="159"
+alt="2 cents &quot;lower case surcharge&quot;" title="2 cents &quot;lower case surcharge&quot;" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The other type, which I suggest should be called the "lower case
+surcharge", has a similar figure 2 but the C is a heavy face lower case
+letter 4 × 3&frac12; mm. It is possible that there may be varieties
+of this type, as there are several stamps in use, but the
+printing is so badly done, and the stamps so subject to distortion
+by pressure, that one cannot depend on either inspection or
+measurement, a change in pressure in printing altering the appearance
+of the surcharge very materially.</p></div>
+
+<p>In the same issue of the <i>Era</i> appeared further notes from another correspondent.
+In regard to the then current 3 cent envelopes (the so-called
+"Bureau print") he says:&mdash;"The P. O. Department has surcharged the stock
+on hand, a few thousand. * * * Some of the old British American Bank
+Note 3c envelopes were also surcharged, but it is understood that there were
+very few of them on hand,&mdash;less than a thousand."</p>
+
+<p>The opportunity given the public, however, to have 3 cent envelopes in
+their possession surcharged, as well as the stock held by postmasters, which
+was returned to a considerable extent (15,848 of the 3c. 1898 returned 1899-1901;
+6,788 of the 3c. No. 1, 1877, returned 1899-1900; and 3,081 of the 3c.
+No. 2, 1877, returned 1899) and doubtless reissued in surcharged condition,
+has made these provisional envelopes fairly common. No details of the
+numbers so treated are available, but if the catalogue value is any criterion
+the 3 cent of 1898 surcharged is half again as common as the unsurcharged<!-- Page 241 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span>
+variety, or, as before remarked, the numbers issued may be divided up roughly
+as perhaps 100,000 of the former to 80,000 of the latter. Of the old envelopes
+of 1877, both sizes of which are found surcharged, it is impossible to
+hazard any guesses, save that a considerable number&mdash;several thousands of
+each size at least&mdash;must have been operated upon to render them as reasonable
+in catalogue price as we find them.</p>
+
+<p>The surcharge in its first type, as described in the quotation given, with
+the capital C, has only been found on the 3 cent envelope of 1898, which was
+the one in the reserve stock of the Department when the reduction in postage
+took effect; but the second type, with the "lower case" C is found not only
+on this envelope but also on both sizes of the old "Burland &amp; Co." envelopes
+of the 1877 issue.</p>
+
+<p>It will be remembered that it took considerably more than two years
+after the death of Queen Victoria before the change to King's head adhesives
+was made in Canada. It took even longer for the change in the envelope dies,
+as the first one to appear, the 2 cent, was not issued until the beginning of
+1905. It was thus described in <i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i>:<a name="FNanchor_218" id="FNanchor_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Mr. Wm. P. Anderson writes that the 2c Canada envelope, Queen's
+Head, is now obsolete, and that a new issue bearing the King's Head
+was first sent out Jan. 12. It is very similar to the existing type&mdash;same
+colour, shape and size and same description of paper and size of
+envelope. The bust of the King, a profile to the left, is larger, filling
+more of the central oval than did that of the young Queen. It is a very
+beautifully cut piece of embossing, the work of Wyon, the celebrated
+London die sinker. The engine turned border is not, Mr. Anderson
+thinks, so neat as that on the old stamp, from which it differs in detail.
+The word Canada has been removed from outside the frame to
+the upper label, which now reads Canada Postage. This and the value,
+two cents, on a label below the bust, are in white letters on a ground of
+solid colour. The lettering is very thin, which is the only blemish in a
+very neat and effective design.</p></div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 150px;">
+<a href="images/i241.jpg"><img src="images/i241_tn.jpg" width="150" height="170"
+alt="2 cents &quot;King's Head&quot; envelope stamp design, 1905."
+title="[Linked to larger image of 2 cents &quot;King's Head&quot; envelope stamp design, 1905.]" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p>The size of the envelope was not exactly the same as
+the previous issue, for it measures 152 x 90 mm., about 4
+mm. longer than before and 3 mm. wider, the rough measurements
+being 6 x 3&#8541; inches. The paper is a very white
+wove variety, and the color of the impression is in carmine.</p>
+
+<p>The 1 cent envelope did not appear until about two months later, the<!-- Page 242 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span>
+exact date not being available, but being very close to the 1st March, 1905.
+It is in all respects the same as the 2 cent envelope except that it is printed
+in a deep green.</p>
+
+<p>The use of stamped envelopes in Canada, though never so popular as in the
+United States, yet seems to be largely on the increase in the last twelve years,
+the 1 cent having risen in number from 85,500 in 1899 to 1,360,100 in 1910,
+and the 2 cent from 262,000 to 2,928,400 during the same period.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_204" id="Footnote_204"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> London Philatelist, XIII: 153.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_205" id="Footnote_205"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_90">page 90</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_206" id="Footnote_206"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_206"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> London Philatelist, V: 345.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_207" id="Footnote_207"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> American Journal of Philately, 2nd Series, III: 165.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_208" id="Footnote_208"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> Ibid.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_209" id="Footnote_209"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_136">page 136</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_210" id="Footnote_210"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_210"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VII: 175.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_211" id="Footnote_211"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_211"><span class="label">[211]</span></a> Philatelic Record, XVIII: 135.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_212" id="Footnote_212"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_212"><span class="label">[212]</span></a> Monthly Journal, VI: 188.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_213" id="Footnote_213"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_213"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> American Journal of Philately, 2nd Series, VIII: 365.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_214" id="Footnote_214"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era, XI: 308.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_215" id="Footnote_215"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era, XIII: 285.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_216" id="Footnote_216"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_216"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era, XIII: 204.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_217" id="Footnote_217"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> Query: "qualities"?</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_218" id="Footnote_218"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XIX: 22.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<p><!-- Page 243 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXII" id="CHAPTER_XXII"></a>CHAPTER XXII<br />
+<br />
+THE NEWSPAPER WRAPPERS</h2>
+
+
+<p>In the Postmaster General's Report for the 30th June, 1875, we find the
+following:&mdash;"Post bands bearing an impressed stamp of one cent each
+have been issued for sale to the public, at the rate of four for five cents,
+to be used in putting up newspapers and such other transmissions requiring
+to be prepaid one cent, for which they may be found convenient."</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 150px;">
+<a href="images/i243.jpg"><img src="images/i243_tn.jpg" width="150" height="168"
+alt="1 cent newspaper wrapper stamp design, 1875."
+title="[Linked to larger image of 1 cent newspaper wrapper stamp design, 1875.]" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p>The issue took place in May, 1875, and consisted of a wrapper of light
+buff wove paper measuring 9&frac12; inches in height by 5 inches in width (235 ×
+127 mm.), with the stamp impressed at the right side, about 2&frac12; inches
+from the top. The sheet is cut square and gummed along the top on the back
+side. The stamp is typographed, and consists of an upright oval containing
+the head of Queen Victoria copied from that on the adhesive stamps, CANADA
+POSTAGE above, ONE CENT below, and the figure 1 in a circle at each
+side. In this first type of the wrapper stamp these circles
+containing the numerals are surrounded by foliations of
+acanthus pattern, and each has a little quatrefoil ornament
+in the label beneath it. There is also a thin, colored, wavy
+line which follows the border of the inner oval, giving a
+scalloped effect, and serves as the distinguishing feature of
+the first type. The impression is in dark blue. The stamp accounts give the
+receipts from the manufacturers as 554,000 during 1875, and 918,000 during
+1876. No further supplies were received until 1879 so these figures
+doubtless represent the total supply printed on the buff paper, as the small
+supply received in 1879 is probably otherwise accounted for.<a name="FNanchor_219" id="FNanchor_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a></p>
+
+<p>In its issue for June 1, 1878, the <i>Philatelic Monthly</i> states that "We
+have received specimens of the newspaper wrappers with the stamp on the
+left and half way from the top." M. Moens lists it in his catalogue, where
+he gives the dimensions as 290 × 165 mm., or about 11&frac12; × 6&frac12; inches. This
+is somewhat larger than the previous size and we have been unable to confirm<!-- Page 244 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span>
+it by a specimen, but the accuracy of M. Moens' observations is seldom to be
+questioned. The London Society's work states that this wrapper is unknown
+to the members of the Society, but a cancelled copy, used by a business
+firm, is recorded in the <i>Monthly Journal</i> in 1892.<a name="FNanchor_220" id="FNanchor_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a> Evidently this variety
+was an error in the cutting of the sheet.</p>
+
+<p>In the <i>Philatelic Record</i> for December, 1881,<a name="FNanchor_221" id="FNanchor_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a> a change is noted in the
+wrapper itself, the paper being described as white instead of buff; but in
+Moens' catalogue it is listed as "very pale buff" and in fact is what we might
+call "cream toned", being more correctly described later in the <i>Philatelic
+Record</i> as "almost white".<a name="FNanchor_222" id="FNanchor_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a> The wrapper was also cut to a new size, 11 × 5
+inches or 280 × 127 mm. It is very probable that this wrapper comes from
+the lot of 197,000 received according to the stamp accounts for 1880&mdash;the
+first since 1876, barring the small lot in 1879.<a name="FNanchor_223" id="FNanchor_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 150px;">
+<a href="images/i244.jpg"><img src="images/i244_tn.jpg" width="150" height="169"
+alt="1 cent newpaper wrapper stamp design, 1882."
+title="[Linked to larger image of 1 cent newpaper wrapper stamp design, 1882.]" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p>Again, in its issue for June 1, 1882, the <i>Philatelic Monthly</i> illustrates
+a new variety in the stamp for the wrapper, stating that the color is light blue.
+The distinguishing features of the new die are the removal of the wavy line
+from the inner border of the oval, the removal of the foliations
+from around the circles enclosing the numerals, and the
+replacing of the little quatrefoil ornament beneath these
+circles by an inverted triangular ornament. This wrapper
+was presumably of the usual light buff tint as no mention
+is made of its color; but in the issue of the same paper for
+October 1, 1882, it is recorded that "We have received specimens of the newspaper
+wrapper, stamp of latest type, on yellow-buff paper." The same wrapper
+is chronicled in the <i>Philatelic Record</i> which was issued the latter part of
+September as upon "straw-colored wove paper," so it had doubtless appeared as
+early as August, 1882. The size was the same as the last wrapper, 11 × 5 inches.</p>
+
+<p>From 1882 on the wrappers have been issued in numbers approaching
+half a million per year, and as no note is made in the stamp accounts even of
+changes in design, it is of course impossible to estimate the quantities printed or
+issued of any one variety.</p>
+
+<p>In an article in the <i>Dominion Philatelist</i> upon the postal stationery of
+Canada,<a name="FNanchor_224" id="FNanchor_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a> the "yellow paper" wrapper is given as the first issued, in 1882,<!-- Page 245 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span>
+and the date 1883 is given the ordinary "pale buff" paper. The chronicles
+we have quoted, however, show that both were doubtless issued in 1882 and
+that the straw colored paper was not the first. The wrapper also appears
+on a cream paper, and the year of issue in the article quoted is given as 1885,
+but we have been unable to find any contemporary chronicle to confirm this.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 150px;">
+<a href="images/i245a.jpg"><img src="images/i245a_tn.jpg" width="150" height="170"
+alt="1 cent newspaper wrapper stamp design, 1887."
+title="[Linked to larger image of 1 cent newspaper wrapper stamp design, 1887.]" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p>Once again, in 1887, we find a change in the impressed stamp. This
+time the first design is reverted to, but with slight modifications which readily
+distinguished the new type; these are the absence of the wavy line running
+around the border of the inner oval, and the coarser shading
+on the face and neck&mdash;dotted in the first type and composed
+of lines in this third type. The new variety seems to have
+been chronicled first in the <i>Philatelic Monthly</i> for June 1,
+1887, but nothing is said about the color of the wrapper. The
+article in the <i>Dominion Philatelist</i>, however, gives it as thin
+white paper with a variety in "very thin tough white paper, fine quality."
+The same article under date of 1888 gives this wrapper in cream toned paper
+of both thick and thin quality, and in manila paper. The size of all these
+wrappers was the usual one of 11 × 5 inches.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 150px;">
+<a href="images/i245b.jpg"><img src="images/i245b_tn.jpg" width="150" height="176"
+alt="1 cent newspaper wrapper stamp design, 1892."
+title="[Linked to larger image of 1 cent newspaper wrapper stamp design, 1892.]" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p>Five years of the third type seemed to be sufficient, for in 1892 a fourth
+variety made its appearance. This, curiously enough, reverts to the second
+type in similarity, for the foliations around the numerals again disappear
+and the only distinguishing feature is the ornaments beneath
+the numerals&mdash;now little quatrefoils instead of the
+triangular ornaments found on the second type. This
+fourth type seems to have been first noted in the <i>Canadian
+Philatelist</i> for March, 1892, and is more fully described
+in the <i>Monthly Journal</i> for 30th April, 1892, as being
+upon "thin, surfaced, straw coloured paper." This wrapper was cut to a
+slightly smaller size, 10&frac34; × 5 inches. The article in the <i>Dominion Philatelist</i>
+lists it upon "cream colored paper" alone, but both varieties exist, though
+it would seem that the straw colored one was perhaps the first issued.</p>
+
+<p>There is one variety analogous to the "stamp at left" wrapper of the
+first type, and which is also doubtless due to faulty cutting of the sheets; this
+has the stamp at the usual distance from the top of the wrapper, but nearly
+in the middle as far as the spacing from the sides goes. The impression is
+in dark blue on the straw colored paper.<!-- Page 246 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In its issue for 31 March, 1894, the <i>Monthly Journal</i> chronicles a change
+in the color of the wrapper stamp (fourth type) from blue to "grey-black",
+the wrapper itself remaining a "straw" color as before. We find
+the impression to be a plain black, though if lightly inked it might show as
+gray black. Besides the pale straw colored wrapper there exists a cream
+toned one and also one of stouter paper in a very light brown tone. All these
+are cut to the last size noted, viz., 10&frac34; × 5 inches.</p>
+
+<p>All the preceding wrappers were the product of the British American
+Bank Note Co., but when their contract for supplying stamps ceased in 1897
+a new issue was naturally looked for. This did not materialize until June
+or July, 1898, when a new wrapper of the usual size and of light manila
+paper made its appearance with an impression of the 1 cent adhesive stamp
+(maple leaves in the four corners) in dark green. Unlike the stamped envelopes,
+it was manufactured by the American Bank Note Co., but the die for
+stamping it, instead of being a reproduction of the adhesive, was newly engraved
+for typographic work and is therefore much coarser in appearance than
+the adhesive stamps.</p>
+
+<p>No change was made in the wrapper die to include the numeral of value
+until the new issue with head of King Edward took place. As before, the
+design of the adhesive was copied but the die was engraved for surface printing
+and is coarser in its lines. The new wrapper probably appeared early in
+October, 1903, as we find it recorded in <i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News</i> for the
+24th October of that year. The size was as before and the paper a light
+manila.</p>
+
+<p>As a result of the changes in newspaper rates, due to the amending of the
+Postal Convention with the United States in 1907,<a name="FNanchor_225" id="FNanchor_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a> we find a set of special
+wrappers issued in that year, concerning which the Postmaster General's Report
+for 1908 <span class="nobreak">says:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>To facilitate the mailing of second class matter sent by publishers
+to their subscribers in the United States, special newspaper wrappers of
+the 1 cent, 2 cents and 3 cents denominations were introduced. As a result
+of the reduction in rate of this class of matter, made in February,
+so far as daily editions of newspapers were concerned, the demand for
+2c. and 3c. wrappers ceased, and their issue was, accordingly, discontinued.</p></div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 150px;">
+<img src="images/i247.jpg" width="150" height="175"
+alt="1 cent surcharge on newspaper wrappers, 1907."
+title="1 cent surcharge on newspaper wrappers, 1907." />
+</div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 247 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span>The first issue of these wrappers is given as the 11th July, 1907, and a
+reference to the Report of 1908, already quoted,<a name="FNanchor_226" id="FNanchor_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a> shows the reason for their
+appearance. The rate on periodicals had been raised to 1 cent per 4 ounces
+when sent to the United States, which in turn had made provision for a like
+rate on periodicals addressed to Canada, at the latter's behest. This move on
+Canada's part was aimed principally to prevent the flooding of Canadian
+mails with cheap American monthlies. But such a protest went up against
+this heavy increase, that the rates were lowered, in February 1908, to 1 cent
+per pound on newspapers only, which of course rendered any wrappers save
+the 1 cent of but little use. With becoming thrift, however, the
+unissued remainder of the two discarded values was surcharged
+"1c." in large block type in black and used up in that way.</p>
+
+<p>The quantities of these special wrappers delivered to the
+Department are given in the stamp accounts <span class="nobreak">as:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="center"><i>1908.</i></td><td align="center"><i>1909.</i></td><td align="center"><i>1910.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1 cent</td><td align="right">1,501,000</td><td align="center">353,000</td><td align="center">884,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">2 cent</td><td align="right">367,000</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">3 cent</td><td align="right">54,000</td><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Of the 2 cent wrapper the accounts give 300,300 as issued in 1908 and
+of the 3 cent wrapper 15,600. But during 1908 and 1909 213,546 of the
+former and 13,790 of the latter were returned "fit for use" by postmasters,
+and 4,574 2 cent and 790 3 cent "unfit for use" were destroyed. It would
+appear from this that the actual issue to the public of these two wrappers
+was 82,180 of the 2 cent and but 1,020 of the 3 cent! The 1909 tables, however,
+record the issue to postmasters of the total quantity of these wrappers
+then on hand, and the 1910 tables explain this by the statement:&mdash;"Withdrawn
+from issue and surcharged one cent, June 18, 1908." The quantities of the
+surcharged wrappers are therefore 280,246 of the 1 c. on 2 cents, and 52,190
+of the 1c. on 3 cents. As these wrappers were not on sale to the general public
+but only to publishers, who were obliged to purchase in quantity, their use
+was considerably restricted; and as the wrappers often enclosed papers in
+quantity, addressed to any one post office, they were removed in the United
+States post offices before distributing the papers, and very many probably
+lost sight of there as waste paper.<!-- Page 248 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>While the usual newspaper wrappers are designated officially as "Post
+Bands," these we have been describing are called "Special Wrappers." They
+were of stout manila paper, cut to 15 × 6&frac12; inches (378 × 165 mm.) in size for
+the 1 cent and 2 cent, and 13 × 8 inches (308 × 223 mm.) for the 3 cent, and
+ungummed. The stamp occupied the usual position, but at its left was the
+following two line legend in block letters, printed in the same color as the
+stamp, and occupying a length of 92 <span class="nobreak">mm:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<b>THIS WRAPPER TO BE USED ONLY BY PUBLISHERS AND FOR THE SOLE<br />
+PURPOSE OF MAILING SECOND CLASS MATTER TO THE UNITED STATES.</b><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>The 1 cent value was printed in dark green, the 2 cent in carmine, and
+the 3 cent in a slate violet. The surcharges were first noted in <i>Mekeel's
+Weekly Stamp News of</i> 12th September, 1908, though they were probably
+issued soon after the date quoted above. The overprint in each case is in shiny
+black ink, the figure being 13 mm. high and the "c" 6 mm. high, with a period
+after it.</p>
+
+<p>One curious circumstance has been noted in connection with the use of
+these wrappers&mdash;large numbers have been used without the Post Office authorities
+taking the trouble to cancel them, while in other cases they have been
+cancelled in the usual manner.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_219" id="Footnote_219"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_270">page 270</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_220" id="Footnote_220"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> Monthly Journal, III: 3.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_221" id="Footnote_221"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_221"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> Philatelic Record, III: 205; corrected, III: 227.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_222" id="Footnote_222"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> ibid., IV: 142.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_223" id="Footnote_223"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_223"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_270">page 270</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_224" id="Footnote_224"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> Dominion Philatelist, V: 130.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_225" id="Footnote_225"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_196">page 196</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_226" id="Footnote_226"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_196">page 196</a>.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<p><!-- Page 249 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIII" id="CHAPTER_XXIII"></a>CHAPTER XXIII<br />
+<br />
+THE POST CARDS</h2>
+
+
+<p>We have already remarked that Canada lagged behind the United
+States in adopting adhesive stamps and also stamped envelopes,
+but when we come to post cards we find the United States to be the
+laggard by nearly two years. In the Postmaster General's Report for 30th
+June, 1870, we find the <span class="nobreak">following:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The introduction of what are known as "post cards" in the United
+Kingdom, and the convenience which is stated to have attended their
+use, have induced the Department to make arrangements for the manufacture
+of similar post cards for the use of the public in Canada.
+These post cards will be sold at one cent each, and may be posted for
+any address within the Dominion&mdash;and will be conveyed to destination,
+and be delivered in like manner with letters&mdash;the one cent covering the
+cost both of the card and of postage.</p>
+
+<p>They may be used for any communication, which can advantageously
+be written and sent by such a medium; and, it would seem unquestionable,
+must, in Canada as in England, prove to be extremely convenient
+for many objects and purposes.</p></div>
+
+<p>The next year's Report states:&mdash;"Post Cards have been issued to the
+public from June, 1871, and it is believed have been found to be of material
+convenience. The number issued up to the 31st December was 1,470,600."</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/i249.jpg"><img src="images/i249_tn.jpg" width="400" height="244"
+alt="Post card, 1871."
+title="[Larger image of post card, 1871.]" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p>These cards were cut to a size approximately 4&#8541; × 3 inches (116 × 75
+mm.). The design consists of an engine turned border set about 3/16 of an
+inch in from the edge, with the stamp in the upper right corner of the enclosed
+space. This stamp shows
+a medallion bearing the head of
+Queen Victoria that appears on
+the "large" cents issue of 1868,
+surrounded by a frame that
+makes a roughly rectangular
+outline. The arrangement and
+style of the inscriptions on the
+card are shown by the illustration.
+At the bottom, just above the frame, is the imprint in letters of "diamond"<!-- Page 250 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span>
+size, "British American Bank Note Co. Montreal &amp; Ottawa." The card is not
+of particularly heavy stock, has a somewhat rough surface, and is of a light buff
+tint that varies some in tone. The printing was done in sheets of several impressions
+and the engravings were separated by thin colored lines running the
+whole length between them. The color of the impression is a deep blue, though
+specimens in a lighter tone are not uncommon.</p>
+
+<p>In the Postmaster General's Report for 1872 we learn that on the 1st
+November of that year, amongst other changes in connection with rates to
+Newfoundland, the exchange of post cards at the ordinary domestic rate was
+provided for. In the Report for 1873 we read:&mdash;"By arrangement with the
+United States Post Office, the post cards of Canada and of the United States
+have, from the 1st July 1873, passed freely to destination between the two
+countries on prepayment of 2 cents each, by affixing a 1 cent postage stamp
+to the card in addition to the one cent stamp printed thereon." The postal
+arrangement concluded between Canada and the United States in 1874,<a name="FNanchor_227" id="FNanchor_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a>
+however, by which mail matter was to be exchanged between the two countries
+at the domestic rates of each, obviated the necessity of the extra cent on the
+post cards from the 1st January, 1875.</p>
+
+<p>It may be remembered that the marginal imprints on the sheets of adhesive
+stamps began to be changed in 1875 and that the word "Ottawa" was
+dropped. The same change took place in the post card some time during
+1876, it being first noted in <i>Le Timbre-Poste</i> for January, 1877. The new
+card had the imprint at the bottom reading "British American Bank Note
+Co. Montreal" in letters slightly larger than on the first type. The frame of
+the card also seems to have been re-engraved as slight differences can be detected,
+and the outside or "over all" measurements are found to be about 1&frac12;
+mm. greater each way. Otherwise the appearance of the card is the same,
+but it is cut a little larger, measuring 4&frac34; × 3 inches (120 × 75 mm.), and
+the stock is a little heavier than the first card and of a slightly paler buff.
+The engravings on the plate were this time separated by short lines of color
+at the center of the sides of the cards. The color of the impression was the
+same as before and at times the front of the card was tinted bluish because of
+imperfectly wiped plates during printing.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/i251a.jpg"><img src="images/i251a_tn.jpg" width="400" height="133"
+alt="Two cents post card, 1877."
+title="[Linked to larger image of 2 cents post card, 1877.]" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p>Although Canada failed to obtain entrance into the Universal Postal
+Union on its establishment in 1875, as already detailed,<a name="FNanchor_228" id="FNanchor_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_228" class="fnanchor">[228]</a> yet she was granted<!-- Page 251 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span>
+the new rates in her correspondence with the Mother Country. This included
+a 2 cent rate for post cards, and on the 1st January, 1877, a 2 cent post card
+made its appearance which was intended particularly for British correspondence
+as is shown by the
+sub-heading "TO UNITED
+KINGDOM." It was quite
+similar in design to the 1 cent
+card, with the same medallion
+portrait of Queen Victoria on the stamp. The frame of the card is of engine-turned
+work but of different pattern from the 1 cent card, and has corner
+pieces. The arrangement of the inscriptions is shown by the illustration. The
+card is cut to the same size as the 1 cent (4&frac34; × 3 inches) and is of medium
+thickness and of a very light yellowish buff. The impression is in a deep
+yellow green.</p>
+
+<p>Of these 2 cent cards the stamp accounts give 200,000 as having been delivered
+in 1877 and 5000 more in 1879. But the issues to postmasters are
+given as 98,300 in 1877, 6090 in 1878, and 13,680 in 1879, a total of 118,070;
+and as there is a record of the return of but 35, it seems fair to assume that the
+remaining 87,000 were destroyed.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/i251b.jpg"><img src="images/i251b_tn.jpg" width="400" height="127"
+alt="Two cents &quot;Postal Union&quot; post card design, 1878."
+title="[Linked to larger image of two cents &quot;Postal Union&quot; post card design, 1878.]" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p>Canada was finally admitted to the Postal Union on the 1st July, 1878,
+and consequently the 2 cent
+rate on post cards became applicable
+to all the other Postal
+Union countries. We therefore
+find the "United Kingdom"
+card altered to conform to the new conditions, the words "Union Postale Universelle"
+now appearing at the top as shown in the illustration. The stamp has
+also been re-engraved, the frame being changed and the words CANADA and
+POSTCARD added in small capitals above and below the medallion. The card
+is of the same size as before, on good stock of a very pale yellowish tone and
+with a smooth surface, and the impression is in a strong yellow green.</p>
+
+<p>This card appeared early in 1879 and continued in use until 1896. Its
+issue to postmasters increased from 27,300 in 1879, to 67,400 in 1892, though
+it dropped to 47,000 in 1895.<!-- Page 252 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/i252.jpg"><img src="images/i252_tn.jpg" width="400" height="103"
+alt="Post card design, 1882."
+title="[Linked to larger mage of post card design, 1882.]" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p>All the previous cards had been line engraved on steel plates and of artistic
+appearance and fine workmanship.
+Beginning with
+1882, however, a cheaper
+form of production began to
+be employed, the impression being typographed probably from electrotypes.
+The frame of the card is now omitted, the design consisting simply of a curved
+banderole bearing the words CANADA POST CARD with the instructions
+beneath, and at the right the oval stamp which, from now on, corresponds to the
+contemporary stamp of the newspaper wrapper.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Philatelic Monthly</i> for 1st May, 1882, chronicled a new one cent card
+as having just appeared, but did not describe it. It doubtless appeared early in
+April and was of the design detailed in the last paragraph, the stamp being
+that of the second type of the newspaper wrapper, which lacked the foliations
+around the numerals and had the inverted triangular ornaments beneath the
+circles containing the figures "1". The impression was in blue or in ultramarine
+on a very light buff card of stout quality and cut to 5&#8539; × 3 inches (129
+× 76 mm.)</p>
+
+<p>About the end of the same year a reply card made its appearance concerning
+which the following notice was <span class="nobreak">issued:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 20em;"><span class="smcap">Ottawa</span>, 13th December, 1882.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Departmental Order</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 6.5em;">No. 27</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>* * * * *</p>
+
+<p><i>Reply Post Cards.</i></p>
+
+<p>2. For the convenience of correspondence by Post Card within the
+Dominion, a double Post Card has been prepared and is now ready for
+issue, which will afford to the original sender of this form of Card the
+means of sending with his communication, a blank prepaid Post Card
+to be used in reply. Each half of the double card will bear a one-cent
+postage stamp impressed thereon in prepayment.</p>
+
+<p>The ordinary Post Card regulations will apply to these reply cards,
+both when originally posted, and with respect to the reply half when
+re-posted.</p>
+
+<p>The reply or double Post Cards, will be issued at two cents each,
+and are to be sold to the public at that rate by Postmasters and stamp
+vendors.</p>
+
+<p>Canada reply Post Cards, to be used in correspondence with the
+United Kingdom, will also be supplied at an early date, and when Post
+Cards of this description originating in the United Kingdom and bear<!-- Page 253 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span>ing
+the impressed postage stamp thereof on both halves, have been received
+here by mail, the reply half may be re-posted in Canada, for
+return <i>to an address in the United Kingdom</i>, as a prepaid Post Card,
+and may be forwarded to destination without requiring the addition of
+any Canada postage stamp or other postage prepayment in Canada.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 27em;">JOHN CARLING,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 25.5em;"><i>Postmaster General.</i></span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Judging by the date of the circular the reply card was probably issued the
+middle of December, 1882, although it was not reported in the stamp journals
+until the next February. The stock used was the same as that for the single
+cards and cut so as to be the same size as the latter when folded. The design
+was the same as the single cards but printed in a gray black on the first and
+third faces of the folded card. The reply half is only distinguished by the word
+"(REPLY.)" placed between the banderole and the line of instructions.</p>
+
+<p>Considerable interest was aroused among philatelists in 1891-2 by a controversy
+that sprung up over a reported "error" in this reply card, which
+occurred with the stamp at the left side and the inscriptions to the right. Curiously
+enough, this card had been chronicled as a new issue in the <i>Philatelic
+Monthly</i> for March, 1885, where we read:&mdash;"We are indebted to Mr. De Wolf
+for the first specimen of a new double 1 cent card we have seen. It is slightly
+smaller than those first issued and the stamp is placed on the left side instead
+of the right." The fact of its existence had apparently lain dormant, except
+among post card specialists, until the Canadian correspondent of <i>Mekeel's
+Weekly Stamp News</i> rose to remark<a name="FNanchor_229" id="FNanchor_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a> that they could be produced by manipulating
+an uncut sheet of the regular cards. This called forth a rejoinder from
+Mr. A. Lohmeyer<a name="FNanchor_230" id="FNanchor_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a> who <span class="nobreak">wrote:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In the first place, the <i>Error Cards</i>, for such they are, do not exist
+among the 1 cent cards, but only among the 1-1 cent of 1882, or reply-paid
+cards. Of this issue a comparatively small quantity were printed
+with the stamp in the upper left corner, and the <i>error</i> was not discovered
+until after a number of post-offices had been supplied with them,
+whereupon they were recalled, withdrawn from circulation and destroyed.
+This accounts for the great scarcity of these error cards,
+which have, in reality, been in circulation, for I have several used specimens
+(halves) in my collection.</p>
+
+<p>I will now proceed to prove the absurdity of the manipulation described
+in the article referred to by facts and figures: The space be<!-- Page 254 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span>tween
+the stamp and the points of the ribbon bearing the inscription
+"Canada Post Card" on the correct issue, where the cards would have
+to be cut to manufacture Canadensis' error (?) cards, is 4 millimeters.
+If this space is equally divided in cutting the sheet, it would leave a
+margin to the left of the stamp and to the right of the ribbon, after
+being cut, of 2 millimeters, while the space between the right side of
+the stamp and the ribbon would be 10 millimeters.</p>
+
+<p>Now take an error card, and you will find the latter space to measure
+only 3 millimeters, and the outer margin to the left of the stamp
+and the right of the ribbon to be respectively 5 millimeters.</p>
+
+<p>"Figures do not lie".</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 12em;">A. Lohmeyer.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baltimore, Oct. 31, 1891.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>This would seem conclusive proof, and also serve as a means of detecting
+any false error cards which might possibly be made from an uncut sheet as
+printed&mdash;but which have never been found. Yet six months later we find the
+<i>Monthly Journal</i> making inquiries along practically the same lines. This
+brought out the following reply in <i>The Postal Card</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>By referring to our paper No. 55, issued on the 14th of May, 1890,
+you will find there a copy of a letter received by us, from the Secretary
+of the Post Office Department at Ottawa regarding this very card
+as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"I am directed to acknowledge your letter stating that you have in
+your possession a Canadian reply post card, upon which the stamp appears
+in the upper left-hand corner, and inquiring whether this stamp
+was officially issued by the department, or whether the position of the
+stamps was due to a mistake in cutting the sheets.</p>
+
+<p>"In reply, I am to say that the position of the stamp on the card
+to which you refer (a certain number of specimens of which were inadvertently
+issued by this Department) was due to a mistake in printing."</p>
+
+<p>We have never seen one of these cards which could have been produced
+by wrong cutting.</p>
+
+<p>If any Error cards <i>have</i> been made by such a manipulation, either
+by accident or design, we do not know it. However, the difference between
+a wrongly cut card and a genuine error is so apparent that it
+can be detected even without the use of a millimetre scale.</p>
+
+<p>The distance of the stamp from the end of the scroll on the error
+card is 4 mm., while if produced by wrong cutting of a sheet of the correct
+issue (stamp at right), the distance will be 14 mm.</p>
+
+<p>To prove this we take two of the latter cards (in the absence of an
+uncut sheet which we have never seen), place them end against end,
+measure the distance from the left end of the scroll on one card to the<!-- Page 255 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span>
+outer circle enclosing the figure "1" on the other card, and the result
+will be as stated above.</p>
+
+<p>This fact and the letter from the Canadian P. O. Department,
+quoted above, removes all doubts as to the true character of this rarity,
+known as the "Canada Error Card".</p>
+
+<p>We have several used specimens in our collection.</p></div>
+
+<p>The <i>Monthly Journal</i><a name="FNanchor_231" id="FNanchor_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a> later received a copy of the error card which was
+postmarked in September, 1884, and which is the earliest date that has been
+recorded for it.</p>
+
+<p>Direct evidence is given in a letter from H. F. Ketcheson to <i>Mekeel's
+Weekly Stamp News</i>; he writes as follows:<a name="FNanchor_232" id="FNanchor_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_232" class="fnanchor">[232]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Regarding the Canadian reply card (error with stamp on upper
+left hand corner) issued in 1884 (not 1885) would say that I purchased
+a quantity of them from various post-offices. I was at that
+time an employe of the Canada Post-Office Department and saw a
+number of these passing through the mails and writing to the offices
+at which they were posted found that they had received a supply from
+Ottawa, and one office informed me at the same time that they had re-received
+instructions to forward all they had on hand to Ottawa as they
+had been issued in error.</p></div>
+
+<p>The cards were identical in every respect with the regular ones, except
+for the peculiarity, and therefore call for no further description than has
+already been given them.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/i255.jpg"><img src="images/i255_tn.jpg" width="400" height="97"
+alt="Post card design, 1887."
+title="[Linked to larger image of post card design, 1887.]" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the <i>Philatelic Monthly</i> for March, 1887, is noted a change in the
+stamp on the single post card, which otherwise remained as before. The
+new stamp has the foliations
+around the numerals
+and is identical with Type 3
+of the wrapper stamps, already
+described, and which
+it preceded, in fact, by two or three months. As was to be expected, the reply
+card followed with the same change in the stamps, but no particular notice
+seems to have been taken of it in the contemporary magazines. The article
+in the <i>Dominion Philatelist</i> records it as having appeared in 1887 in "black"
+and in 1888 in "dark green", but the only chronicles that seem to have noted
+it were the <i>Philatelic World</i> for January, 1888, which says merely that<!-- Page 256 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span>
+"the stamp on the reply paid card has been slightly altered," and the <i>American
+Journal of Philately</i> for February, 1888, which says a new reply card
+in "gray on buff" has just been issued. The information is added that the
+inscription "Postage" had been changed to "Postcard", but inasmuch as this
+was a hoax which apparently started with <i>Le Timbre-Poste</i> in the fall of 1887<a name="FNanchor_233" id="FNanchor_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a>
+and went the rounds of the philatelic press, the value of the rest of the information
+is considerably lessened in consequence and we shall therefore take the dates
+as given in the <i>Dominion Philatelist</i>, which seem in the main to be correct.
+The wrapper stamp of 1875, with wavy line inside the oval, illustrated by
+<i>Le Timbre-Poste</i> as appearing on the cards in May, 1888, was never employed.
+It was probably confounded with the third type.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/i256.jpg"><img src="images/i256_tn.jpg" width="400" height="92"
+alt="Post card design, 1891."
+title="[Linked to larger image of post card design, 1891.]" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p>The next change in the cards was likewise due to a new variety in the
+stamp, which once more lost its foliations and had only a quatrefoil ornament
+beneath the numerals, as
+described for Type 4 of
+the wrappers, which it
+again preceded by a couple
+of months. The new card
+was apparently first noted in the <i>Canadian Philatelist</i><a name="FNanchor_234" id="FNanchor_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_234" class="fnanchor">[234]</a> as having been issued
+at London, Ont., on the 7th December, 1891. This of course may not have been
+its earliest date of issue but is doubtless not far from it. The normal color
+of the impression is a dull ultramarine, but the <i>Dominion Philatelist</i> chronicled
+it in January, 1892, in a "very light skim milk shade of blue", which
+may be listed as a very pale ultramarine.</p>
+
+<p>The reply card in the new type is again an uncertainty. <i>Le Timbre-Poste</i>
+for June, 1892, chronicled it in <i>blue</i>, which it never appeared in. <i>The
+Philatelic Monthly</i> for July, 1892, noted that the reply card had appeared
+in the latest type, but gave no color; probably the item was borrowed from
+the French Journal without credit. Meanwhile the <i>Dominion Philatelist</i>
+for June, 1892, merely mentions that "the reply cards of Canada are now
+appearing on a glazed thin card; design same as before," which would indicate
+no change from the current type 3. In December, 1892, however, the
+<i>Philatelic Journal of America</i> reported that it had received from Toronto
+"one of the new Canadian reply cards. The message card bears a stamp the
+same type as that of the current 1 cent postal card, but on the reply card the<!-- Page 257 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span>
+stamp is of the old type. Perhaps this is an error as the former double card
+had the same die on both." It may have been an error but it troubled no one
+but the philatelist. The <i>Monthly Journal</i> for 31st January, 1893, also notes
+the receipt of a similar copy from Mr. D. A. King. The account says:&mdash;"The
+specimen was found in a packet of reply-paid cards, the remainder of
+which had the stamp of the now obsolete type upon both halves." It would
+seem that the end of 1892 was therefore about the time of the "semi-appearance"
+of the stamp of type 4 upon the reply cards; nor does it appear that
+the double card with stamp of type 4 on both halves was issued <i>before</i> the
+"half-breed" card, as the latter continued to be used for nearly two years,
+the card with type 4 alone not being definitely chronicled until the issue of
+30th November, 1894, of the <i>Monthly Journal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The next change recorded was the issue of a large sized card for business
+purposes, which took place, according to the <i>American Journal of Philately,</i><a name="FNanchor_235" id="FNanchor_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_235" class="fnanchor">[235]</a>
+on the 17th February, 1893, in company with the two high value
+postage stamps and the letter card. The new card was of the usual light buff
+stock and measured 6 × 3&#8539; inches (152 × 92 mm.). The design was the
+same as for the ordinary card, the stamp being of the wrapper type 4 but at
+a slightly greater distance from the end of the banderole&mdash;4 mm. in the small
+card and 12 mm. in the large card. The impression was in black. This new
+card was designated as No. 1, and the ordinary small card became known as
+No. 2. The small sized card, 5 × 3 inches, soon followed the large one in
+the color of its impression, appearing in a very dark slate that was almost a
+black and being first chronicled in the <i>Monthly Journal</i> for 31st July, 1893.</p>
+
+<p>In the Postmaster General's Report for 1893 we find the following:&mdash;"The
+introduction of the large size post card has not met with the success
+which was anticipated, and it has been found expedient in Canada, as in the
+United States, where the experiment has also been tried, to return to the
+former practice, and for the future to have only one size which will be somewhat
+smaller than the large card and a little larger than that first issued."
+As the stamp accounts kept the number of large sized cards separate from
+the small sized, we are able to give the amount received from the manufacturer,
+which was 5,396,000. The number issued is given as 4,983,900, but
+nothing is said about the disposition of the remaining 412,100.</p>
+
+<p>The new medium sized card, which took the place of both the large and
+the small sized cards, was apparently issued about February, 1894, as it was<!-- Page 258 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span>
+chronicled in the <i>Monthly Journal</i> for 31st March, 1894. The new card
+measured 5&frac12; × 3&#8540; inches (140 × 85 mm.) and the stock was of a lighter
+tone than before&mdash;almost a cream. The impression was in black and the distance
+between the banderole and the stamp was changed to 8 mm.</p>
+
+<p>Whether issued especially for advertising purposes or not, this new card
+appeared on a heavier stock of rough surface and straw color early in 1896,
+being chronicled in <i>Meheel's Weekly Stamp News</i> for 30th April, 1896, as
+on a "thin card board."</p>
+
+<p>In its issue for 30th May, 1896, the <i>Monthly Journal</i> chronicles the receipt
+of the reply card in black on a very smooth buff card. This indicates
+that the better grade of stock first used for the medium sized single card was
+being employed for the reply card, and that the latter was being printed in
+the dead black ink used for the medium card instead of the dark slate color
+previously employed.</p>
+
+<p>It may be of interest to note here that on the 1st January, 1895, regulations
+went into force in Canada providing for the admission to the mails
+of advertising cards with a 1 cent stamp attached. This was very likely due
+to the failure of the Department's large sized card which was intended to fill
+such a want. As a sort of "rider" upon the circular dealing with the special
+delivery service and stamps, issued by the Department on 7th June, 1898,
+there is a paragraph <span class="nobreak">headed:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">PRIVATE POST CARDS.</p>
+
+<p>Postmasters are informed that, as regards Private Post Cards
+posted in Canada addressed to places in Canada, the words "Private
+Post Card" may either be placed thereon or omitted according to the
+option of the sender. Private Post Cards addressed to other countries
+must, however, in every case bear on the address side the words "Private
+Post Card."</p></div>
+
+<p>It is understood, however, that only in the domestic mails were private
+cards allowed to pass at the usual post card rate. If addressed to a foreign
+country a private card, if in writing, would be taxed at letter rates. In the
+<i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i> for 19th November, 1898, however, it is announced
+that the Postmaster General had issued an order admitting private mailing
+cards into the foreign mails provided the size conformed to that of the official
+post cards.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/i259a.jpg"><img src="images/i259a_tn.jpg" width="400" height="84"
+alt="Postal Union post card design, 1896."
+title="[Linked to larger image of Postal Union post card design, 1896.]" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p>The next official card that we have to consider is a new Postal Union
+card which made its appearance suddenly in the latter part of 1896. This is
+one of the most striking cards that Canada has produced, being beautifully<!-- Page 259 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span>
+engraved on steel and printed in a brilliant orange red. There is no frame,
+such as bordered the
+previous 2 cent card,
+and the stamp in the
+upper right corner
+much resembles in size and design the large 2 cent adhesive of the 1868 issue,
+except that the head of the Queen is turned to the left. The inscriptions follow
+out, in a way, the general style of British Colonial Postal Union cards, a small
+reproduction of the British arms with supporters occupying the center at the
+top. The arrangement will be seen from the illustration.</p>
+
+<p>The card is approximately 5&#8539; × 3&#8539; inches (130 × 80 mm.) in size and
+printed on a very light buff stock. A variety in shade occurs, of some degree of
+rarity, printed in carmine. The card was first chronicled in the <i>American
+Journal of Philately</i> for 1st November, 1896, and was the last "new issue"
+put forth by the British American Bank Note Co. before its long contract
+was closed. The card was noted in the Postmaster General's Report for 1897
+as follows:&mdash;"During the year a Universal Postal Union Card, conforming
+more closely to the regulations of the Union was introduced, thus superseding
+the old card." The new dimensions of the card, the removal of the frame,
+and the completing of the inscriptions in both English and French were among
+these requirements.</p>
+
+<p>The American Bank Note Co., as we all know, began its work for the
+Canadian Government by the production of the Jubilee Issue. As will be
+seen by reference to the prospectus of this series already given,<a name="FNanchor_236" id="FNanchor_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a> there
+was included a special post card of 1 cent to the number of 7 millions. These
+were delivered and all issued with the exception of 3000 on hand as shown
+by the stamp accounts in 1903. They do not appear in the 1904 accounts, so
+it is not known what became of them.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/i259b.jpg"><img src="images/i259b_tn.jpg" width="400" height="93"
+alt="Post card design with Jubilee stamps, 1897."
+title="[Linked to larger image of post card design with Jubilee stamps, 1897.]" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p>The cards were issued with the Jubilee stamps on the 19th June,
+1897.<a name="FNanchor_237" id="FNanchor_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a> They were the size of the ordinary 1 cent cards and on the same
+quality of stock. The
+stamp is a reproduction
+of the 1 cent adhesive
+of the Jubilee
+issue, but engraved for<!-- Page 260 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span>
+typographic printing. "Canada Post Card" is enclosed in a fancy frame
+at the left and the usual instructions are found beneath it.</p>
+
+<p>A curious variety of this card was noted in the <i>Metropolitan Philatelist</i>
+for August, 1897, as follows:&mdash;"We have seen the new jubilee card bearing
+the stamp only. This is an error caused by the design being in two pieces
+and in this case the inscription has dropped out."</p>
+
+<p>The regular post cards produced by the new contractors did not make
+their appearance until several months after the first adhesives of the new
+type were out. The two cent card was the first issued, having been reported
+by the Canadian correspondent of the <i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i> under date of
+4th December, 1897, as just out. It was a copy of the 2 cent card of 1896
+in every respect except the stamp, which was naturally of the new maple leaf
+type, and the color was a deeper shade of orange red.</p>
+
+<p>The 1 cent card does not appear to have been chronicled until the
+number for 1st February, 1898, of the <i>American Journal of Philately</i>, so
+that it doubtless appeared early in January or possibly the latter part of
+December, 1897, following closely the 2 cent card. It was also of the usual
+size and same stock as before and, like the Jubilee card, had a copy of the
+1 cent adhesive printed in the corner. This was of the maple leaf type,
+engraved for typographic printing and therefore of rather coarser appearance
+than its prototype. The inscriptions were simply CANADA POST
+CARD in plain Gothic letters, with the usual line of instructions beneath, all
+printed in black; while the stamp was printed in dark green.</p>
+
+<p>Early in December, 1897, the following news item appeared in the
+Canadian daily <span class="nobreak">press:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Postmaster-General Mulock has formulated a scheme with respect
+to postal cards which he has been thinking over for some time and
+which he has now got so far into shape as to be ready for publication.
+It is to remove the restriction which has hitherto existed with respect
+to using the address side of the card for any purpose other than the address.
+It is intended to allow pictures, ads., etc., on the face of the
+card so long as there is room for the address. This will enable a business
+man to advertise his business and will no doubt be appreciated
+by both the advertiser and the public. It is intended the cards shall
+be printed in sheets instead of singly for the benefit of printers and
+lithographers.</p></div>
+<p><!-- Page 261 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The following was the official <span class="nobreak">announcement:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">NOTICE TO THE PUBLIC.</p>
+
+<p>Regulations under which designs, illustrations, portraits, sketches,
+or other forms of advertisement may be engraved, lithographed, printed,
+etc., on the "address" side of the one-cent Post-Card.</p>
+
+<p>1. A clear space of, at least, a quarter of an inch shall be left
+along each of the four sides of the postage stamp.</p>
+
+<p>2. There shall be reserved for the address a clear space at the
+lower right hand corner on the "address" side of the card immediately
+below the words "The space below is reserved for address only," such
+space so reserved for the address being, at least, 3&frac14; inches long by 1&frac12;
+inches wide.</p>
+
+<p>N. B. It is in the interest of both the Department and those availing
+themselves of the privilege hereby, granted that the spaces in question
+should be unconditionally reserved for the purposes intended. If
+any printing, engraving, or other matter appears on the spaces thus
+reserved, the Post-Cards cannot be permitted to pass through the
+mails.</p>
+
+<p>Post-Cards may be ordered in sheets of sixteen or less, as desired,
+or singly; orders therefor, specifying quantity of cards required and
+number to the sheet, to be given in writing to the nearest Postmaster.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span class="smcap">Post-Office Department, Canada.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Ottawa</span>, 9th December, 1897.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p>These "advertisement" cards were issued by the Post Office Department
+singly, or printed in sheets of eight or sixteen. The single cards came in
+packages of 100 like the ordinary cards; the eight card sheets were made up
+in packages of 125 sheets, or 1000 cards all told; and the sixteen card sheets
+also in packages of 125 sheets, or 2000 cards all told. The reason for this
+is seen in the requirement that orders for these cards should be for not less
+than 1000. It is seen from the stamp accounts that the eight card sheets
+have proven the most popular, about six times as many sheets of this size as
+of the larger size having been issued in 1910, while the number of cards
+represented was five times the number of single cards issued.</p>
+
+<p>The stock is the same as used for the ordinary cards and the size of the
+single card is the same, while the arrangement on the sheets and the regulations
+require that they be cut up into cards of the proper size. The
+stamp is impressed in the right hand upper corner and is the same as for the
+ordinary card but printed in carmine. The only other thing on the card as
+issued is the directions, printed in small black Gothic capitals:&mdash;THE SPACE
+BELOW IS RESERVED FOR ADDRESS ONLY. This is placed about<!-- Page 262 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span>
+midway between the top and bottom of the card and about as far to the right
+as it will go.</p>
+
+<p>The last of the Queen's head cards were chronicled in the <i>Monthly
+Journal</i> for 30th July, 1898. These were the reply card and the Postal Union
+card in a change of color. The reply card was of the usual size, 5 × 3 inches,
+and had printed inscriptions in black like the single card, save that the word
+REPLY is placed between the two lines on the card for answer. The stamp
+is from the same die as the single card but printed in black instead of green.
+The stock is the usual pale buff.</p>
+
+<p>The same paper for 31st March, 1899, notes an error of impression
+in this card, the reply portion being printed on the back of the message card,
+so that the second card has no impression at all upon it.</p>
+
+<p>The Postal Union card was identical with the one it superseded, except
+that it was printed in deep blue, and the card is of a cream tint rather than a
+buff. The cause of the sudden change in color is not known.</p>
+
+<p>The King's head cards soon followed the adhesives. <i>Mekeel's Weekly
+Stamp News</i> reported the 1 cent in its issue for 5th September, 1903. It
+needs no further description than to say it is a counterpart of the preceding
+Queen's Head card, the stamp as before being a copy of the adhesive engraved
+for typographic work. The impression is in green for the stamp and
+black for the inscriptions.</p>
+
+<p>The advertising card or "Business Post-Card" was the next to appear,
+having been issued early in December, 1903. Again it is in every way similar
+to its predecessor save that the impression of the stamp is lighter&mdash;rather
+a pink than a carmine.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, in its issue for 20th February, 1904, <i>Mekeel's Weekly Stamp
+News</i> reports the issue of the reply card in its usual form and the Postal
+Union card, identical with the former save for the stamp, which is of course
+line engraved on this card. The issue of cards in 1910 comprised over
+26 millions of the 1 cent, 430,000 of the reply cards and 70,000 of the Postal
+Union cards.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_227" id="Footnote_227"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_227"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_120">page 120</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_228" id="Footnote_228"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_228"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_108">page 108</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_229" id="Footnote_229"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_229"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, I: 43: 1.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_230" id="Footnote_230"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> ibid., I: 44: 2.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_231" id="Footnote_231"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> Monthly Journal, IV: 171.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_232" id="Footnote_232"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, VI: 216.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_233" id="Footnote_233"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> Le Timbre-Poste, XXV: 94.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_234" id="Footnote_234"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_234"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> Canadian Philatelist, I: 49.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_235" id="Footnote_235"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> American Journal of Philately, 2nd Series, VI: 102.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_236" id="Footnote_236"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_236"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_148">page 148</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_237" id="Footnote_237"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> Ibid.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<p><!-- Page 263 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIV" id="CHAPTER_XXIV"></a>CHAPTER XXIV<br />
+<br />
+THE LETTER CARDS</h2>
+
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/i263.jpg"><img src="images/i263_tn.jpg" width="400" height="256"
+alt="Letter card design, 1893."
+title="[Linked to larger image of letter card design, 1893.]" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Postmaster General's Report for 1892 contained the following
+announcement:&mdash;"Letter cards, similar to those in use in Great Britain,
+Austria, and other European countries, are being prepared, and
+will be issued to the public in a short time." Only one value was issued, the
+3 cents, and it appeared in company with the 20 and 50 cent adhesives and
+large sized post card on the 17th February, 1893. Artistically it is a pretty
+poor production, the stamp being apparently a rough wood-cut imitation of
+the stock type used
+by Messrs. De La
+Rue &amp; Co. at that
+time for British Colonial
+stamps. The
+profile of the Queen
+is on a solid ground
+within an octagonal
+frame, and the labels
+at top and bottom
+contain the
+words POSTAGE
+and THREE
+CENTS respectively. At the left of the stamp, in two lines, is CANADA&mdash;LETTER
+CARD, the first being in Gothic, the second in Roman capitals.
+The entire impression is in carmine. The size of the card, opened out, is
+5&frac12; × 7 inches (138 × 175 mm.), the longer dimension being reduced one
+half by folding of course. The perforation gauges 12 and is in Form A of
+Senf's catalogue (both lines crossing at the corner intersections). The margin
+outside the perforations measures &#8540; inch (10 mm.) and is gummed only
+around the third face of the folded card. The stock is of fair quality and of
+a light greenish-blue tint.</p>
+
+<p>The Postmaster General's Report for 1894 says that "so far the demand<!-- Page 264 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span>
+for these letter cards has not equalled the expectations of the Department."
+On looking at the stamp accounts we find that from their date of issue to the
+30th June, 1893, 265,350 of the letter cards were distributed; but during the
+whole of the next fiscal year but 104,650 were issued and for the third year
+the amount had dropped to 77,750. The Postmaster General's plaint was
+therefore justified.</p>
+
+<p>It is perhaps best to record here a curious semi-official issue of what might
+be termed a "letter sheet" for the use of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It
+was first noted in the <i>Monthly Journal</i> for 31st January, 1894, as "a sheet
+stamped with the current 1 cent wrapper die, upon which is printed the monthly
+statement of receipts and expenditure for transmission to shareholders." Perhaps
+for the reason that the wrapper stamp was impressed upon it, this variety has
+been listed under the newspaper wrappers, but such it is not. The circular was
+printed upon a stout gray-blue paper, and had the wrapper stamp of type 4 impressed
+upon the back in black. Above the stamp appears the inscription
+"Printed Matter Only," while in the lower left corner of the address side of the
+folded sheet are two lines <span class="nobreak">reading:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>
+Canadian Pacific Ry.<br />
+Monthly Statement of Earnings and Expenses.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Three guide lines are printed for the address, as upon the old post cards.
+The sheet must have been issued in 1893 subsequent to the appearance of the
+large post card with the stamp of type 4 in black. It is stated to have been
+issued as an experiment and was in use but a short time. A second variety
+is known, however, on white laid paper, which was probably issued subsequently
+to the blue variety, but at what date is not known. Both sheets are rare so
+the experiment evidently was not carried on for long.</p>
+
+<p>Returning to the regular letter cards we find again in the Postmaster
+General's Report for 1895 that "arrangements have been made for the issue
+of letter cards of the denominations of 1, 2 and 3c. for the use of banks in
+transmitting certain notices to their customers, as well as for ordinary letters
+within those postal limits to which their denominations respectively apply."
+The next year's Report explains their use a little more <span class="nobreak">fully:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>During the year the 1 and 2 cent letter cards were introduced&mdash;the
+former to serve the purpose of the "drop letter" (<i>i. e.</i>, a letter
+posted at, and delivered from, the same office) in places where there is
+no free delivery by letter carrier; the latter to meet a similar object in<!-- Page 265 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span>
+cities where there is such a delivery. Already this extension of postal
+facilities appears to be appreciated&mdash;more especially by banks, which
+largely use these cards in transmitting notices to their customers.</p></div>
+
+<p>The 2 cent letter card is chronicled in the <i>Monthly Journal</i> for 31st October,
+1895, and the 1 cent in the same paper for the 30th November, 1895.
+Both were doubtless issued the early part of October. They conformed in all
+respects to the 3 cent letter card issued two years and a half previously, except
+for the stamp. If the 3 cent was wretched, the two new ones were hideous.
+They were not only more poorly engraved, which was needless, but the label
+at the bottom was enlarged by extending it at either side. The 1 cent was
+printed in black and the 2 cent in green&mdash;inscription and stamp in the same
+color in each case.</p>
+
+<p>In 1903 the <i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i> published the following:<a name="FNanchor_238" id="FNanchor_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_238" class="fnanchor">[238]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>A correspondent in Vermont sends Mr. Lohmeyer a 1c. letter card
+of the first issue, which he discovered in a Canadian post office recently,
+it being the only copy there and damaged at that, the perforated
+margin on the right hand side being torn off. In the lower left corner
+the bottom perforation runs to the left side perforation only, instead
+of crossing it, as on all Canadian letter cards previously seen.</p></div>
+
+<p>This is the style of perforation designated as C in Senf's catalogue&mdash;in
+which the horizontal line does not project beyond the vertical lines at either
+side. We have seen a perfect copy of the above described 1 cent letter card,
+which seems to be unlisted; but the 3 cent card with this perforation, listed
+and priced in Senf, we have not ourselves seen. It is possible that if two of
+these cards exist with perforation C, the third one&mdash;the 2 cent&mdash;will some day
+come to light.</p>
+
+<p>The change in the stamp contractors in 1897 and the use of a new design
+naturally brought changes in the letter cards as well as the other postal requisites.
+The new 2 cent letter card was chronicled in the <i>Monthly Journal</i> for
+31st January, 1898, so it is safe to assume that it appeared in December, 1897.
+The 1 cent and 3 cents are chronicled in the same paper for 28th February,
+1898, and must therefore have been issued as early as January, 1898. The
+new letter cards were in all respects the counterparts of the previous ones save
+the stamp, which was now the same as that used for the new post cards and
+wrappers, viz., a copy of the "maple leaf" Queen's head type engraved for<!-- Page 266 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span>
+typographic work. These three letter cards are known only with the perforation
+A.</p>
+
+<p>The reduction in domestic postage to the 2 cent rate on the 1st January,
+1899, rendered the 3 cent letter cards useless as well as the envelopes of like
+denomination. We have already recounted the story of the surcharged envelopes
+and the two types of the handstamp which were used in doing the
+work.<a name="FNanchor_239" id="FNanchor_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_239" class="fnanchor">[239]</a> Suffice it to say, therefore, that we have but to add the letter cards to
+the same story to make it complete. Both the 3 cent letter cards of 1893 and
+1898 were turned in for surcharging purposes, and the former not only received
+both types of the rubber hand-stamped surcharge in the usual blue-black
+or gray-black color, but is found also with the second and common type in a
+violet color.<a name="FNanchor_240" id="FNanchor_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_240" class="fnanchor">[240]</a> The surcharging was begun and the letter cards so treated were
+issued as early as February, 1899. The perforation, so far as known, is always
+A.</p>
+
+<p>In its issue for 27th January, 1900, the <i>Weekly Philatelic Era</i> notes the
+receipt of the 1 cent and 2 cent letter cards of the maple leaf type in new
+colors, conforming with the requirements of the Postal Union, the one cent in
+green instead of black and the 2 cent in carmine instead of green. In all
+other respects these letter cards conformed to their predecessors. They were
+doubtless issued early in January, 1900.</p>
+
+<p>The letter cards had been used in considerable quantities each year, particularly
+after 1895, when the 1 cent and 2 cent values were added to the
+previous 3 cent; but in 1902 they were withdrawn without any particular
+reason having been given that we have been able to discover. The stamp accounts
+for the Report of 1902 give the numbers issued in that fiscal year as
+195,100 for the 1 cent and 352,000 for the 2 cent. The only item of information
+we have to quote concerning their demise is confined to the dates: the
+last issue of the 1 cent letter card is recorded as the 4th April, 1902, and of
+the 2 cent letter card as the 28th June, 1902.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_238" id="Footnote_238"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_238"><span class="label">[238]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era, XVII: 149.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_239" id="Footnote_239"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_239"><span class="label">[239]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_240">page 240</a>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_240" id="Footnote_240"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_240"><span class="label">[240]</span></a> Monthly Journal, IX: 175.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<p><!-- Page 267 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXV" id="CHAPTER_XXV"></a>CHAPTER XXV<br />
+<br />
+OFFICIAL STATIONERY</h2>
+
+
+<p>Outside of the Dead Letter Office seals the Canadian Government
+has issued no official adhesive stamps. An attempt, however, to foist
+a series of official stationery upon an unsuspecting philatelic public
+was made by one Henry Hechler, a stamp collector and dealer, who thought
+he saw his opportunity in the Indian troubles which broke out in the Canadian
+Northwest in 1884-5. Mr. Hechler belonged to the Militia and accompanied
+the troops that were sent to quell the disturbance. He took it upon himself
+to have a quantity of envelopes, post cards and wrappers surcharged OFFICIAL
+or SERVICE and evidently expected they would be accepted without
+question.</p>
+
+<p>The first news of these surcharges seems to have come, very strangely,
+from Germany. The <i>Philatelic Record</i> for December, 1884,<a name="FNanchor_241" id="FNanchor_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241" class="fnanchor">[241]</a> <span class="nobreak">says:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Der Philatelist</i> chronicles, on the faith of a correspondent, Herr
+Von Jerzabek, of Temesvar, a set of the adhesives with Queen's head
+..., two envelopes, and the 1 cent post card, all surcharged in
+black, with the word OFFICIAL. It is alleged that they were prepared
+and issued in 1877, but after a short time were called in again.
+The surcharges are in some cases oblique, and in others perpendicular.
+It is at least strange that, considering our intercourse with Canada,
+our first knowledge of the issue of official stamps so far back as 1877
+should reach us from Temesvar, wherever that may be.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Secretary of the Philatelic Society, London, whose official journal
+the <i>Philatelic Record</i> then was, wrote direct to the Canadian Government to
+inquire into the authenticity of these so-called official issues, and received
+the following reply:<a name="FNanchor_242" id="FNanchor_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_242" class="fnanchor">[242]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center">
+POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.</p>
+<p><span style="margin-left: 23.5em;">OTTAWA, <i>18th May</i>, 1885.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>:&mdash;I am directed by the Postmaster-General to acknowledge
+receipt of your letter of the 29th ult., inquiring whether postage<!-- Page 268 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span>
+stamps bearing the word "<i>Official</i>" on their face are in circulation in
+the Dominion of Canada, and beg, in reply, to say that no such stamp,
+card, newspaper wrapper, or envelope has <i>ever</i> been issued by this department.</p>
+
+<p>
+I am, sir, your obedient servant,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 11.5em;">(<i>Signed</i>)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Wm. White, <i>Secretary</i>.</span><br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>This would ordinarily seem to have been enough of a disclaimer, but
+like Banquo's ghost the official stationery would not down, though the stamps
+seem to have been lost sight of. Not only were the envelopes of 1 cent and
+3 cents of the 1877 issue, but the newspaper wrappers of 1875 and 1882, and
+the post card of 1882, surcharged across the stamp with the word "OFFICIAL"
+or "Service" in black, blue or red ink, but sometimes the arms of
+Great Britain were added at the left of the stamp, and also, in the lower
+left corner, the words</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">"63RD. RIFLES" or</td>
+<td align="left">HEADQUARTERS,<br /> 63RD. RIFLES.</td>
+<td align="left" style="font-size:250%">}</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The lack of uniformity, or rather attempt at variety, was enough in itself
+to condemn the articles. Yet in the <i>American Philatelist</i> for June, 1888,
+we find an attempted defence of them. We quote:<a name="FNanchor_243" id="FNanchor_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_243" class="fnanchor">[243]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Henry Hechler writes us as follows: "When the Indian outbreak
+in the Northwest occurred in 1885, and some of the militia of the various
+provinces were hurriedly ordered out for active service, stringent
+measures for notifying the men calling for prompt attention had to
+be adopted. To distinguish them from ordinary mail matter by showing
+their official character they were stamped across the "adhesive"
+with the word <i>Service</i> and at the lower left corner <i>O. [H.] M. S. only</i>.
+Some were thus printed in black, others in blue, and yet others in red.
+They served for that purpose only, until an Act of Parliament was
+passed to carry all military mail matter on active service free."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hechler was captain of one of the companies of the Halifax
+Battalion, and, therefore, in a position to obtain definite information.</p></div>
+
+<p>In other words Mr. Hechler knew all about these "official" stamps and
+the Postmaster-General and his secretary, as we have seen, knew absolutely
+nothing about them! This seems to tell its own story. In fact another letter
+from the Post Office Department, dated 13th April, 1888, and published in
+this same volume of the <i>American Philatelist</i>,<a name="FNanchor_244" id="FNanchor_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244" class="fnanchor">[244]</a> reiterates the denials of the
+previous letter which we have already quoted. The <i>Philatelic Record</i> re<!-- Page 269 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span>ceived
+later,<a name="FNanchor_245" id="FNanchor_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245" class="fnanchor">[245]</a> from the Postmaster of Halifax, the information that Mr.
+Hechler had had this stationery surcharged and that it was neither issued nor
+recognized by the Government of Canada. The <i>Record</i> says:&mdash;"It was a
+smart notion of Mr. Hechler to turn his military duties into the direction of
+his business as a stamp dealer." Mr. Hechler "came back" at this in the columns
+of the <i>Philatelic Journal of America</i><a name="FNanchor_246" id="FNanchor_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246" class="fnanchor">[246]</a> with the statement that "the Post
+Office Inspector here referred the question to headquarters, and, in reply,
+was instructed to allow such matter to pass through the mails without question
+or delay." The communication was enclosed in one of the envelopes in
+question, but the Editor's remarks on this are <span class="nobreak">conclusive:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The surcharging has not impaired the postal value of the envelope
+and they are permitted to pass through the Canadian mails, but as to
+their value from a philatelic standpoint it is quite another thing.</p>
+
+<p>The printing in this case is of no more importance than any notice
+or inscription that might be placed on an envelope bearing a regular
+government stamp that in itself is sufficient to pay the postage.</p>
+
+<p>In fact the above writer admits that the surcharge had no other
+value than to enable the recipient to distinguish the letter from his
+other mail. They are of no philatelic value whatever.</p></div>
+
+<p>It was a private speculation, pure and simple, in spite of any claims of
+"recognition", and of the fact that copies passed the post. The only other
+quotation to make in the case is from Shakespeare&mdash;<i>Exeunt</i>.</p>
+
+<p>We now come to an actual official issue in the shape of a newspaper wrapper.
+It seems to have been first noted in <i>Le Timbre-Poste</i> for February, 1883, but
+is stated to have been issued in 1879. The stamp is of the 1875 issue (type
+1) and at its left is printed in blue the <span class="nobreak">following:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/i269.jpg"><img src="images/i269_tn.jpg" width="400" height="156"
+alt="Official Issue newspaper wrapper design, 1879(?)."
+title="[Linked to larger image of Official Issue newspaper wrapper design, 1879(?).]" /></a>
+<p class="center">[<a href="#Alt_text_269">Link to text version of figure.</a>]</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><!-- Page 270 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Above the English inscription is its counterpart in French. The wrapper
+itself is of a cream tone and measures 280 × 132 mm.</p>
+
+<p>The history of this wrapper does not seem to be known, save that it is
+accredited to be what it purports to be. It is quite rare, and as far as we
+have been able to find out is not known used. No mention is made of it in
+the Department reports, but it happens that the stamp accounts for 1879, the
+year of its supposed issue, give only 8,000 wrappers as received from the
+manufacturers. None had been received the two years previously, as there
+were plenty on hand, and 192,000 were received the next year. It would thus
+appear, on the face of it, that this small lot of 8,000 was quite probably the
+order of the Inland Revenue wrappers. If so, it was probably the only lot
+ever received and though they may have been used, the chances seem somewhat
+against any such number having actually been issued.</p>
+
+<p>One other official issue comes in the form of a Customs' post card notice.
+It was first chronicled in the <i>American Philatelist</i> for 10th May, 1888,
+as having been issued in connection with the parcel post system just then inaugurated
+with the United States. Postmasters received instructions to forward
+these cards free through the mails, although there was no stamp or notice
+on the address side. It is of manila card, 130 × 88 mm., blank on one
+side and having printed on the <span class="nobreak">other:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/i270.jpg"><img src="images/i270_tn.jpg" width="400" height="255"
+alt="Customs post card notice, 1888."
+title="[Linked to larger image of Customs post card notice, 1888.]" /></a>
+<p class="center">[<a href="#Alt_text_270">Link to text version of figure.</a>]</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In its September, 1888, number the <i>Halifax Philatelist</i> notes that the
+blank address side has been supplied with three dotted lines for the address, and<!-- Page 271 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span>
+inscriptions reading, in the upper left corner, "<i>Advice Note</i>", and in the upper
+right corner, "<i>Free, by order of the Post Master General</i>."</p>
+
+<p>One further official variety is somewhat unusual. The <i>American Philatelist</i>
+for September, 1889,<a name="FNanchor_247" id="FNanchor_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_247" class="fnanchor">[247]</a> <span class="nobreak">says:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"We are indebted to Donald A. King ... for information concerning
+what is certainly a novelty in the postal line, namely, an unpaid letter stamped
+envelope. When a letter is returned from the dead-letter office the sender is
+required to pay the regular postage and these envelopes have been prepared of
+various values. The only one we have seen is the 3 cent value. It is about
+175 × 120 mm., and is made of manila paper. In the place for the stamp is
+a figure 3 about 23 mm. high. In the left hand upper corner RETURNED
+DEAD LETTER; in the lower corner&mdash;</p></div>
+
+<p class="center">
+POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA,<br />
+DEAD LETTER OFFICE.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>On the reverse, <i>The enclosed Dead Letter is returned by order of the
+Postmaster-General for the reasons thereon assigned</i>. The following values
+are said to exist:</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="right">3</td><td align="left">cents, black on</td><td align="center">manila.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">6</td><td align="left">cents, black on</td><td align="center">?</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">9</td><td align="left">cents, black on</td><td align="center">?</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="left">cents, black on</td><td align="center">?</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">18</td><td align="left">cents, black on</td><td align="center">?</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>We have no further information concerning them.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_241" id="Footnote_241"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_241"><span class="label">[241]</span></a> Philatelic Record, VI: 210.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_242" id="Footnote_242"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_242"><span class="label">[242]</span></a> Ibid., VII: 84.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_243" id="Footnote_243"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_243"><span class="label">[243]</span></a> American Philatelist, II: 207.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_244" id="Footnote_244"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_244"><span class="label">[244]</span></a> Ibid., II: 173.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_245" id="Footnote_245"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_245"><span class="label">[245]</span></a> Philatelic Record, XI: 44.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_246" id="Footnote_246"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_246"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> Philatelic Journal of America, V: 202.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_247" id="Footnote_247"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_247"><span class="label">[247]</span></a> American Philatelist, III: 350.</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><a name="Alt_text_269" id="Alt_text_269"></a>
+<hr />
+<p class="center">[Text alternative to illustration on <a href="#Page_269">page 269</a>.]</p>
+<p>
+Inland Revenue, Canada.<br />
+<br />
+WEIGHTS &amp; MEASURES SERVICE.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Official Circular.</i><br />
+<br />
+<i>To</i><br />
+<br />
+This band is to be used <b>On Her Majesty's Service</b> only and must have no writing<br />
+thereon but the name and address.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<hr />
+<a name="Alt_text_270" id="Alt_text_270"></a>
+<p class="center">[Text alternative to illustration on <a href="#Page_270">page 270</a>.]</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<h4>Customs Postal Package Office.</h4>
+<p style="text-align:right">...........................188</p>
+
+<p><i>There has arrived at this office by mail from the United States,
+addressed to you as over, the following dutiable package, which will
+be delivered or forwarded to you on the receipt of the duty payable
+and the return of this card.</i></p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><th class="bt-double">NO. OF <br />MANIFEST.</th>
+<th class="bt-double-l">NO. OF <br />PACKAGE.</th>
+<th class="bt-double-l" align="center" style="padding-left:4em; padding-right:4em">DESCRIPTION.</th>
+<th colspan="2" class="bt-double-l" style="padding-left:2em; padding-right:2em">DUTY <br />PAYABLE.</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="bt">&nbsp;</td><td class="bt-l">&nbsp;</td><td class="bt-l">&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="center" class="bt-l">$</td>
+<td align="center" class="bt-l">cts.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="bl">&nbsp;</td><td class="bl">&nbsp;</td><td class="bl">&nbsp;</td><td class="bl">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="bl">&nbsp;</td><td class="bl">&nbsp;</td><td class="bl">&nbsp;</td><td class="bl">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bb">&nbsp;</td><td class="bbl">&nbsp;</td><td class="bbl">&nbsp;</td><td class="bbl">&nbsp;</td><td class="bbl">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>E. 14.</p>
+<p style="text-align:right">................<i>Collector</i>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<p><!-- Page 272 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVI" id="CHAPTER_XXVI"></a>CHAPTER XXVI<br />
+<br />
+PRECANCELLATIONS AND PERMITS</h2>
+
+
+<p>As a matter of record and without any attempt at lists of varieties,
+which would prove futile, we deem it interesting and important to
+give such information as is at hand concerning the precancellation
+of stamps for use on large quantities of identical mail matter, and of the more
+recent substitute for the precancelled stamp which is known as the "permit".
+Both ideas were of course borrowed from the United States, which was the
+originator of this form of labor saving expedient.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>London Philatelist</i> for April, 1892, quoted a letter from Mr. L.
+Gibb of Montreal which enclosed "a specimen used on the letter, but with the
+obliteration on the stamp only, and also portions of sheets gummed and unsevered,
+but neatly postmarked with horizontal wavy lines." Mr. Gibb
+wrote:<a name="FNanchor_248" id="FNanchor_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_248" class="fnanchor">[248]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Sometime back I received the enclosed stamp paying the postage
+on an open envelope containing a circular from Toronto; it has not
+been moved from its original place, and one could see it had not been
+obliterated on the envelope. After some little trouble I found the P. O.
+would, upon receiving whole sheets of stamps, cancel them, and then
+hand them back to any known firm to be placed on letters in quantity,
+these letters are then taken to a private part of the office in bulk, and
+are allowed to pass through the post without further marking.</p></div>
+
+<p>The system in the United States made use of a cancellation giving the
+town and state name, printed on the sheets by a press; but the Canadian precancellation
+was of simpler form, being of two fairly heavy horizontal lines
+with a wavy line between. No name occurs in the cancellation and it was
+applied with a roller, thus making a universal style which is more convenient
+in application than the type set form, varying for every post office.</p>
+
+<p>Further information in regard to this cancellation is found in <i>Mekeel's
+Weekly Stamp News</i><a name="FNanchor_249" id="FNanchor_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249" class="fnanchor">[249]</a> where we read:&mdash;"The Canadian one-cent stamp can<!-- Page 273 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span>celled
+on circulars is obliterated by a revolving self-inking canceler and is
+issued for use on the 5th class matter, i. e. parcels, etc., to post offices with an
+annual revenue of $3000 and over."</p>
+
+<p>In 1904 precancelled stamps began to appear with the town name and
+that of the province, separated by two horizontal bars. In answer to an inquiry
+concerning them the Department replied as follows:<a name="FNanchor_250" id="FNanchor_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_250" class="fnanchor">[250]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The main conditions governing the case are the quantities required
+for a given mailing and the limitation of the use of precancelled stamps
+to the particular kind or class of mail matter for which they have
+been issued. The minimum quantity in each such case is 25,000 pieces....
+As requisitions for precancelled stamps necessarily take longer
+to fill than the ordinary, postmasters are expected to send requisitions
+for them to the Department a few days in advance of actual
+needs.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is evident that the latter form of printed precancellation was the only
+one intended to be employed by the Department, and that the earlier form of
+impression from the roller canceller was unauthorized, for the following circular
+was issued to make matters plain for postmasters:<a name="FNanchor_251" id="FNanchor_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251" class="fnanchor">[251]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 20.5em;">OTTAWA, 16th September, 1904.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">PRE-CANCELLATION OF POSTAGE STAMPS.</p>
+
+<p>The use of pre-cancelled stamps (or stamps cancelled before actually
+used for payment of postage) is permitted in some of the larger
+cities under very stringent regulations and only when required for
+any one mailing in quantities of not less than 25,000 stamps, but postage
+stamps cancelled with the small roller canceller have been observed
+on letters and other matter passing in the mails, and Postmasters
+are accordingly instructed that UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES are
+they permitted to precancel postage stamps. The roller canceller is reserved
+for the cancellation of postage stamps on Second, Third and
+Fourth Class Matter and must be used only on stamps after being
+ACTUALLY AFFIXED to such matter.</p>
+
+<p>ANY POSTMASTER FOUND TO BE PRECANCELLING STAMPS
+IN ANY WAY OR SELLING STAMPS PRE-CANCELLED WITHOUT
+AUTHORITY WILL BE HELD RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FULL
+VALUE OF SUCH CANCELLED STAMPS.</p>
+
+<p>It is proper to explain that the authorized pre-cancelled stamps are
+struck with a special die bearing the name of the mailing office and are<!-- Page 274 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span>
+sold only to the largest mailing concerns under conditions which it
+is considered preclude any danger of such stamps being used a second
+time for postage. Such conditions would not attend the use of stamps
+pre-cancelled with the ordinary roller stamp, and in consequence the
+use of the roller stamps for such a purpose is strictly forbidden, under
+the penalty above mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>Requisitions for pre-cancelled stamps must be made direct to the
+Department (Stamp Branch). No request for pre-cancelled stamps
+can be considered where the number of pieces to be prepaid thereby is
+less than 25,000.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 20em;">R. M. COULTER,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 21em;">Deputy Postmaster General.</span><br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Not long afterward the bars were lowered somewhat on the size of the
+mailing required for the use of precancelled stamps, as the following circular
+shows:<a name="FNanchor_252" id="FNanchor_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252" class="fnanchor">[252]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 21.5em;">OTTAWA, 29th October, 1904.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">PRECANCELLED STAMPS.</p>
+
+
+<p>(Amending Departmental Circulars of 11th March and 16th
+September.)</p>
+
+<p>It is desired that the use of precancelled stamps should be attended
+with every possible degree of precaution and security and for that purpose
+only requisitions for precancelled stamps to cover mailings of
+<i>25,000 pieces at a time</i> have been allowed. It is considered, however,
+in the light of experience, that this limit is somewhat high, and in future,
+therefore, postmasters will be allowed to make requisition for
+precancelled stamps for mailings of <i>10,000 pieces at a time</i>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 20.5em;">R. M. COULTER,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 22em;">Deputy Postmaster General.</span><br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The style of cancellation which is employed by the Department at Ottawa,
+where all the pre-cancelling is evidently done, is a three line one&mdash;the town
+name above and the province name below, separated by two parallel lines. It
+is applied in black ink. Evidently considerable mail is sent out under this
+method for the precancelled stamps are fairly common. One other variety
+comes from Montreal with "FOR-THIRD-CLASS-MATTER-ONLY", (a
+line for a word) beneath MONTREAL and separated from it by two thin
+parallel lines.</p>
+
+<p>The issuing of "Permits" was an outgrowth of the precancelled stamp
+system, it being in effect a <i>stamped cover</i> fulfilling the same purpose as a<!-- Page 275 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span>
+cover with a precancelled adhesive affixed to it. The idea was again borrowed
+from the United States. The circular issued to postmasters will fully
+explain the methods adopted under this new plan:<a name="FNanchor_253" id="FNanchor_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_253" class="fnanchor">[253]</a>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center">POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 21.5em;">OTTAWA, 2nd February, 1903.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">PREPAYMENT OF THIRD-CLASS (PRINTED) MATTER IN CASH.</p>
+
+
+<p>The Postmaster General in order to facilitate the posting of printed
+matter mailed in considerable quantities addressed for delivery at post-offices
+within the Dominion of Canada, has decided that prepayment
+of postage on same may be effected in cash (instead of postage stamps)
+in conformity with the following</p>
+
+<p class="center">REGULATIONS.</p>
+
+<p>1. Each lot of mail matter which is posted under this arrangement
+must be accompanied by a Permit, which has been obtained from the
+Postmaster of the office at which it is posted. The application must
+be made in writing on one of the forms provided for the purpose, in
+which shall be stated approximately the number of pieces it is intended
+to mail, and the postage on each piece at the rate of one cent per two
+ounces or fraction thereof.</p>
+
+<p>2. The articles posted must be of an uniform weight, and must be
+put up in such a way as to admit of their being readily counted. The
+weight and number must be verified beyond doubt. Circulars to be put
+up in packages of 50, 75 or 100, with addressed sides faced all one way.
+Catalogues must be tied up in neat bundles.</p>
+
+<p>3. Each article must have printed upon its wrapper or cover an
+impression of an official stamp, a fac-simile of which is here given,
+which shall be furnished by the Postmaster of the office of posting,
+mentioning the name of the office at which posted, and stating that
+the postage was prepaid in cash.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/i275.jpg"><img src="images/i275_tn.jpg" width="400" height="245"
+alt="Official stamp for cash pre-payment, 1903."
+title="[Linked to larger image of Official stamp for cash pre-payment, 1903.]" /></a>
+<p class="center">[<a href="#Alt_text_275">Link to text version of figure.</a>]</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>4. The lowest amount which may be received in payment for matter
+mailed under these regulations is $25.00.</p>
+
+<p>5. Under these regulations payment may be made only by marked<!-- Page 276 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span>
+cheque drawn in favour of the Postmaster of the office of posting for
+deposit to the credit of the Receiver General. The cheque must accompany
+the mail matter at the time it is posted. The cheque is to be
+drawn as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"Pay to the Postmaster of ... for deposit to credit of
+Receiver General."</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 20em;">R. M. COULTER.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 22em;">Deputy Postmaster General.</span><br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Electrotypes of the "stamp" shown were furnished to all offices where
+there was a large output of the class of matter described, and the permit number
+was printed in with the impression when the order under which it was
+issued was being struck off. The "stamp" is usually printed in black, but has
+been seen in dark blue.</p>
+
+<p>In the stamp account for the year ending 30th June, 1903, no returns
+were given for mailings under these "Permits", but in 1904 we find that
+"Postage Paid in Cash on 3d Class (Printed) Matter" is given as $53,970.47,
+while in 1910 it had risen to $256,468.20&mdash;a quite respectable amount for the
+use of the "Permits".</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_248" id="Footnote_248"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_248"><span class="label">[248]</span></a> London Philatelist. I: 100.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_249" id="Footnote_249"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_249"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XIII: 388.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_250" id="Footnote_250"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_250"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XVIII: 131.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_251" id="Footnote_251"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_251"><span class="label">[251]</span></a> Ibid., XVIII: 322.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_252" id="Footnote_252"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_252"><span class="label">[252]</span></a> Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News, XVIII: 402.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_253" id="Footnote_253"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_253"><span class="label">[253]</span></a> Weekly Philatelic Era, XVIII: 63.</p></div>
+
+<hr /><a name="Alt_text_275" id="Alt_text_275"></a>
+<p class="center">[Text alternative to illustration on <a href="#Page_275">page 275</a>.]</p>
+<p class="center">
+POSTAGE PAID IN CASH<br />
+At OTTAWA, Canada<br />
+Authorized under Permit No.<br />
+ANYBODY USING THIS STAMP WITHOUT AUTHORITY<br />
+WILL RENDER HIMSELF LIABLE TO PROSECUTION<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<p><!-- Page 277 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="REFERENCE_LIST" id="REFERENCE_LIST"></a>REFERENCE LIST</h2>
+
+
+
+<h3>PROVINCE OF CANADA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">1st. SERIES. Engraved and printed by Messrs. Rawdon, Wright, Hatch &amp;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edson, New York. Unperforated.</span><br /></p>
+
+<table class="tableleft" summary="Reference list for Province of Canada, first Series.">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="2" class="heading1">1851.</td><td align="center">THIN GRAYISH LAID PAPER.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">  April 23.</td>  <td align="left" class="in0">3 pence, deep red, red, vermilion.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>              <td align="left" class="in2"><i>double strike</i>, deep red, red, vermilion.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td>  <td align="left">May 15 (?)</td> <td align="left" class="in0">6 pence, black violet, deep brown violet, slate.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>diagonal half</i> used as 3d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td> <td align="left"> June 15.</td>  <td align="left">12 pence, black.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" class="heading1"></td> <td align="center">STOUT WHITE LAID PAPER.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">3 pence, red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">6 pence, dull purple.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="2" class="heading1">1851-7.</td><td align="center">GRAYISH WOVE PAPER, THIN TO STOUT.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">3 pence, deep red, red, vermilion.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in2"><i>double strike</i>, deep red, red, vermilion.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">6 pence, black brown, brownish black, greenish black, slate, slate violet, deep violet.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">12 pence, black.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="center" class="heading1">SOFT WHITE WOVE PAPER.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">3 pence, deep red, red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>double strike</i>, deep red, red.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="center" class="heading1">STOUT HARD WHITE WOVE PAPER.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">3 pence, deep red, red, vermilion.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">6 pence, deep violet, slate violet, brown violet.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="center" class="heading1">VERY THICK HARD PAPER.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">6 pence, slate violet.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="center" class="heading1">VERY THICK SOFT PAPER.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">6 pence, dull purple.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>diagonal half</i> used as 3d.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="center" class="heading1">THIN SOFT RIBBED PAPER.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">3 pence, red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>double strike</i>, red.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="center" class="heading1">STOUT HARD RIBBED PAPER.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">3 pence, red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>double strike</i>, red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">6 pence, black violet.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1855,</td> <td align="left">Jan.</td><td align="center" class="heading1">THIN WOVE PAPER.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">10 pence, deep blue, Prussian blue.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>wide impression.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>narrow impression.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>double strike.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td><!-- Page 278 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span>
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="center" class="heading1">STOUT HARD WOVE PAPER.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">10 pence, deep blue, Prussian blue.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>wide impression.</i></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1857,</td> <td align="left">June 2 (?)</td>  <td align="center" class="heading1">THIN WOVE PAPER.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">7&frac12; pence, dark yellow green.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>wide impression.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>narrow impression.</i></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="center" class="heading1">STOUT HARD WOVE PAPER.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">7&frac12; pence, dark yellow green.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>wide impression</i>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1857,</td> <td align="left">Aug. 1.</td>  <td align="center" class="heading1">THIN WOVE PAPER.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">&frac12; penny, deep rose.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="center" class="heading1">STOUT HARD WOVE PAPER.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">&frac12; penny, deep rose.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="center" class="heading1">THIN SOFT RIBBED PAPER.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">&frac12; penny, deep rose.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>horizontal ribbing.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>vertical ribbing.</i></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Same as before, but perforated 12 by the American Bank Note Co. (?)</p>
+
+<table class="tableleft" summary="Reference list for Province of Canada, first series, perforated 12.">
+<tr><td align="left">1859,</td> <td align="left">Jan. (?)</td><td align="center">STOUT WOVE PAPER.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">&frac12; penny, deep rose.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">3 pence, red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>double strike.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">percé en scie 13</i>, (unofficial).</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>perforated 14</i>, (unofficial).</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">6 pence, black violet, slate violet, deep brown violet, black brown.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="center">THIN RIBBED PAPER</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">&frac12; penny, deep rose (?)</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">3 pence, red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>double strike.</i></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">2nd. SERIES. Engraved and printed by the American Bank Note Co., New York. Perforated 12. Wove paper.<br /></p>
+
+<table class="tableleft" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">1859,</td> <td align="left">July 1.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">1 cent, dull red, rose red, rose carmine.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, rose red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>thick hard paper</i>, rose red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>ribbed paper</i>, dull red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">5 cents, bright red, brick red, deep red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>double strike</i>, bright red, red, deep red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>worn plate</i>, red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>worn plate imperforate</i>, red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>ribbed paper</i>, red, deep red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>diagonal half</i> used as 2&frac12;c., red.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">10 cents, bright red violet, dull red violet, deep red violet,
+                      deep violet, slate violet, <br />brown violet, yellowish
+                      brown, brown, dark brown, black brown, gray brown.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, red violet, violet.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>ribbed paper</i>, deep red violet, brown violet, brown
+                                      (light to dark).</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>diagonal half</i> used as 5c., red violet, black brown.<!-- Page 279 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">12&frac12; cents, light yellow green, deep yellow green, green,
+                      blue green.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, blue green.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>ribbed paper</i>, light yellow green.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">17 cents, deep blue, Prussian blue.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, Prussian blue.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>ribbed paper</i>, Prussian blue.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1864,</td> <td align="left">Aug. 1.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">2 cents, rose red, dull red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, rose red, dull red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>ribbed paper</i>, rose red.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>DOMINION OF CANADA</h3>
+
+<p class="center">3rd. SERIES. <span class="smcap">Large Stamps</span>. Engraved and printed by the British American
+Bank Note Co., Montreal &amp; Ottawa. Perforated 12, Wove paper.</p>
+
+<table class="tableleft" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">1868,</td> <td align="left">April 1.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">&frac12; cent, gray black, black.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>horizontal pair, imperforate between.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>very thin paper.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">1 cent, brown red, deep brown red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>watermarked</i>, brown red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>laid paper</i>, brown red, deep brown red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>very thin paper</i>, deep brown red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">2 cents, pale yellow green, pale green, green, deep yellow green,
+                      deep blue green.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>watermarked</i>, green.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>very thin paper</i>, deep yellow green.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">3 cents, vermilion, bright red, deep red, brown red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>watermarked</i>, brown red, red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>laid paper</i>, vermilion, bright red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>very thin paper</i>, deep red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>very thick paper</i>, brown red.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">6 cents, pale brown, brown, deep brown, gray brown, pale yellow
+                      brown, deep yellow brown.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>watermarked</i>, deep brown.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>very thin paper</i>, deep brown.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>diagonal half</i> used for 3c., deep brown.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">12&frac12; cents, dull blue, deep blue, pale blue.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>watermarked</i>, deep blue.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>very thin paper</i>, dull blue.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">15 cents, mauve, deep mauve, lilac gray, gray violet,
+                      deep gray violet, blue gray, slate blue,
+                      greenish blue.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>watermarked</i>, lilac gray, gray violet.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>thin laid paper</i>, mauve.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>ribbed paper</i>, lilac gray.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>very thick paper</i>, mauve, slate blue, purple.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, brown violet.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1869,</td> <td align="left">Jan.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">1 cent, yellow, pale orange, orange yellow, orange.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, yellow.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1875,</td> <td align="left">Oct. 1.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">5 cents, light olive gray, dark olive gray.</td></tr>
+</table>
+<p><!-- Page 280 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center">4th SERIES. <span class="smcap">Small Stamps.</span> Engraved and printed by the British American
+Bank Note Company, Montreal &amp; Ottawa. Perforated 12. Thin to
+thick wove paper.</p>
+
+<table class="tableleft" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">1870,</td> <td align="left">Jan. (?)</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">3 cents, dull rose red, deep rose red, rose carmine (1888),
+                       brown red, red, bright red, vermilion, orange red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, dull red, vermilion.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>ribbed paper</i>, red.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1870,</td> <td align="left">Mar. (?)</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">1 cent, orange, orange yellow, deep yellow, bright yellow,
+                       pale yellow, olive yellow.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, bright yellow.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>ribbed paper</i>, yellow.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>vertical half</i>, used for &frac12;c.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1872,</td> <td align="left">Jan. (?)</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">6 cents, pale yellow brown, brown, dark yellow brown;
+                       (1888) pale chestnut, deep chestnut.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, deep chestnut.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>ribbed paper</i>, deep chestnut.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>vertical half</i>, used for 3c.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1872,</td> <td align="left">Feb. (?)</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">2 cents, pale green, green, deep green; (1888) blue green,
+                       deep blue green.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, green.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>ribbed paper</i>, green.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>vertical half</i>, used for 1c.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1874.</td> <td align="left">Nov. 1. (?)</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">10 cents, pale lilac, lilac, mauve, red violet, violet;
+                      (1888) dull rose red, dull rose, salmon red,
+                      brown red, indian red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, brown red, indian red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>ribbed paper</i>, dull rose red, dull rose.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1876,</td> <td align="left">Feb. 1. (?)</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">5 cents, pale olive gray, olive gray, dark olive gray;
+                       (1888) gray, brownish gray, brownish black.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, brownish gray.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>ribbed paper</i>, brownish black.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1882,</td> <td align="left">July.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">&frac12; cent, gray black, black.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>horizontal pair, imperforate between.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>vertical pair, imperforate between.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>ribbed paper.</i></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">5th SERIES. Engraved and printed by the British American Bank Note Co.,
+Ottawa. Perforated 12. Wove paper.</p>
+
+<table class="tableleft" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">1893,</td> <td align="left">Feb. 17.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">20 cents, bright red, vermilion.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, vermilion.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">50 cents, deep blue.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, black blue.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1893,</td> <td align="left">Aug. 1.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">8 cents, bluish gray, bluish slate, slate violet, dark slate,
+                       black violet, gray black.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, bluish gray.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><!-- Page 281 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center">6th SERIES. <span class="smcap">Jubilee Issue</span>. Engraved and printed by the American Bank
+Note Co., Ottawa. Perforated 12. Wove paper.</p>
+
+<table class="tableleft" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">1897,</td> <td align="left">June 19.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">&frac12; cent,  gray black, black.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">1 cent,    yellow orange, orange, deep orange.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>vertical half</i>, used for &frac12;c.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">2  cents,  green, deep green.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">3  cents,  carmine.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">5 cents,   deep blue.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">6 cents,   deep brown, deep yellow brown.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">8 cents,    slate violet.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">10 cents,   brown lilac.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">15 cents,   bluish slate.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">20 cents,   vermilion, bright scarlet.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">50 cents,   ultramarine.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">1  dollar, carmine lake.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">2  dollars, deep violet.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">3  dollars, orange brown.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">4  dollars, violet.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">5  dollars, olive green.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">7th SERIES. "<span class="smcap">Maple Leaf</span>" <span class="smcap">Issue</span>. Engraved and printed by the American
+Bank Note Company, Ottawa. Perforated 12. Wove paper.</p>
+
+<table class="tableleft" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">1897,</td> <td align="left">Nov. 9.</td> <td align="left" class="in0">&frac12; cent, gray black, black.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">Dec. 1. (?)</td> <td align="left" class="in0">6 cents, deep brown.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">Dec.</td> <td align="left" class="in0">1  cent,    dark blue green.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">2  cents,   red violet, violet, deep violet.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">5  cents,   dark blue on <i>bluish</i>
+                              (<i>pale</i> and <i>strong</i>).</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, dark blue on
+                              <i>pale bluish</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">8  cents,   yellow orange, deep orange.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1898,</td> <td align="left">Jan.</td> <td align="left" class="in0">3 cents,      deep carmine.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">10 cents,     brown lilac.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">8th SERIES. "<span class="smcap">Numerals</span>" <span class="smcap">Issue</span>. Engraved and printed by the American
+Bank Note Co., Ottawa. Perforated 12. Wove paper.</p>
+
+<table class="tableleft" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">1898,</td> <td align="left">June.</td> <td align="left" class="in0">1 cent,  blue green, deep blue green.
+                          <i>toned paper</i>, deep green.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">3 cents, carmine, deep carmine.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">Sept.</td> <td align="left" class="in0">&frac12; cent,  gray black, black.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">2 cents, purple, pale violet, violet, deep violet.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left" class="in0">6 cents, deep yellow brown, dark brown.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">Oct.</td> <td align="left" class="in0">8 cents, yellow orange, orange, deep orange.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">Nov.</td> <td align="left">10 cents, brown violet, deep brown violet.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1899,</td> <td align="left">July, 3.</td> <td align="left" class="in0">5 cents,  dark blue on <i>bluish
+                            (pale</i> and <i>strong).</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">Aug. 20.</td> <td align="left" class="in0">2 cents, rose carmine, carmine.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1900,</td> <td align="left">Dec. 29.</td> <td align="left">20 cents,  olive green.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1902,</td> <td align="left">Dec. 23.</td> <td align="left" class="in0">7 cents,  olive yellow.</td></tr>
+</table>
+<p><!-- Page 282 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center">9th SERIES. <span class="smcap">Imperial Penny Postage Issue.</span> Engraved and printed by
+the American Bank Note Co., Ottawa. Perforated 12. Wove paper.</p>
+
+<table class="tableleft" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">1898,</td> <td align="left">Dec. 7</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="4"></td><td align="left" rowspan="4">2 cents,</td><td rowspan="4"><span class="tallbrace2">{</span></td><td align="left">black, red and lavender.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">black, red and bluish.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">black, red and greenish blue.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">black, red and green.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"></td><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>imperforate.</i></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="3"></td><td align="left" rowspan="3">2 cents,</td><td rowspan="3"><span class="tallbrace">{</span></td><td align="left">black, red and bluish.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">black, red and greenish blue.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">black, red and green.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"></td><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>Unofficial Provisional.</i> Used at Port Hood only.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1899,</td> <td align="left">Jan. 5.</td> <td align="left">1 cent,</td><td colspan="2">greenish surcharge on vertical third of 3c. 1898.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left">2 cents,</td><td colspan="2">purple surcharge on vertical two-thirds of 3c. 1898.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"></td><td align="left" colspan="2">(These two occur as both "lefts" and "rights")</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">10th SERIES. <span class="smcap">Provisionals.</span> Surcharge typographed in black.</p>
+
+<table class="tableleft" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">1899,</td> <td align="left">July 28.</td> <td align="left">2 cents on 3 cents, 1898, <i>carmine</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>inverted surcharge</i>, carmine.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">Aug. 8.</td> <td align="left">2 cents on 3 cents, 1897, carmine.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>inverted surcharge</i>, carmine.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">11th SERIES. <span class="smcap">King's Head Issue.</span> Engraved and printed by the American
+Bank Note Co., Ottawa. (Portrait engraved by Perkins, Bacon
+&amp; Co., London). Perforated 12. Wove paper.</p>
+
+<table class="tableleft" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">1903,</td> <td align="left">July 1.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">1 cent, blue green, deep blue green.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>toned paper</i>, deep yellow green.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">2 cents, rose carmine, carmine.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, rose carmine.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">5 cents deep blue on <i>bluish</i>
+                          (<i>pale</i> and <i>strong</i>).</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2">indigo on <i>bluish</i>
+                          (<i>pale</i> and <i>strong</i>).</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">7 cents, deep olive yellow.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left">10 cents, brown lilac, brown violet, deep brown violet.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1904,</td> <td align="left">Sept. 27.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left">20 cents, deep olive green.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1908,</td> <td align="left">Nov. 19.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left">50 cents, violet.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">12th SERIES. <span class="smcap">Quebec Tercentenary Issue.</span> Engraved and printed by
+the American Bank Note Co., Ottawa. Perforated 12. Wove paper.</p>
+
+<table class="tableleft" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">1908, July 16.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">&frac12; cent, black brown, brown.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">1 cent, deep blue green.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">2 cents, carmine.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">5 cents, deep blue.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">7 cents, olive green.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left">10 cents, deep violet.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left">15 cents, red orange.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left">20 cents, deep brown.</td></tr>
+</table>
+<p><!-- Page 283 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span></p>
+
+<table class="tableleft" summary="">
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center" class="heading1">STAMP BOOKS.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">Manufactured by American Bank Note Co., Ottawa. 12-2 cent stamps.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1900,</td> <td align="left">June 11.</td> <td align="left" class="in0">2 cents, issue of 1898.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1904,</td> <td align="left">(?)</td> <td align="left" class="in0">2 cents, issue of 1904.</td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center" class="heading1">REGISTRATION STAMPS.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1875,</td> <td align="left">Nov. 15.</td> <td align="left">Engraved and printed by the British American Bank Note Co.,
+Montreal and Ottawa. Perforated 12. Thin to thick wove paper.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">2 cents, orange, orange red, vermilion; (1888) brick red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, orange.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">5 cents, yellow green, green, dark green; (1888) deep blue green.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i>, dark green.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">8 cents, bright blue, dull blue.</td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center" class="heading1">POSTAGE DUE STAMPS.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1906,</td> <td align="left">July 1.</td> <td align="left">Engraved and printed by the American Bank Note Co., Ottawa.
+Perforated 12. Wove paper.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">1 cent,  deep violet.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">2 cents, deep violet.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">5 cents, deep violet, red violet.</td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center" class="heading1">SPECIAL DELIVERY STAMP.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1898,</td> <td align="left">July 1.</td> <td align="left">Engraved and printed by the American Bank Note Co., Ottawa.
+Perforated 12. Wove paper.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left">10 cents, deep green, deep blue green.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>toned paper</i>, deep green.</td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center" class="heading1">OFFICIALLY SEALED LABELS.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">Engraved and printed by the British American Bank Note Co.,
+Montreal. Perforated 12. Wove paper.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1879 (?)</td><td></td> <td align="left">(<i>no value</i>), dark brown.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>imperforate</i> (?)</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">Engraved and printed by the American Bank Note Co., Ottawa.
+Perforated 12. Wove paper.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1905 (?)</td> <td></td><td align="left">(<i>no value</i>), black on <i>light green.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1907 (?)</td><td></td> <td align="left">(<i>no value</i>), black.</td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="center" class="heading1">STAMPED ENVELOPES.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="center" class="heading1"><span class="smcap">Province of Canada</span>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">Laid paper, watermarked Ca / POD Size 5&frac12; × 3&frac14; inches (138 × 83 mm.)</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1860,</td> <td align="left">Feb. 1.(?)</td> <td align="left"><i>Cream toned paper</i>, flap rounded.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">5 cents, bright red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left">10 cents, black brown.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>error</i>(?)</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left">10 cents, bright red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1864</td> <td align="left">(?)</td> <td align="left"><i>Very white paper</i>, flap more pointed.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0">5 cents, bright red.
+
+<!-- Page 284 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center" class="heading1">UNOFFICIAL REPRINTS, 1868.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left"><i>On pieces of white wove or vertically laid buff paper.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0"><i>5 cents, bright red.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left"><i>10 cents, dark red brown</i>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center"><i>On diagonally laid white or buff envelopes, watermarked</i> POD / US</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>Size 5&frac12; × 3 inches (138 × 77 mm).</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left" class="in0"><i>5 cents, bright red.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td align="left"><i>10 cents, dark red brown</i>.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Dominion of Canada</span>.</h4>
+
+<table class="tableleft" summary="">
+<tr><td>Sizes:</td> <td align="left">A&mdash;5&frac12;</td> <td align="left">× 3&#8539; inches (138 × 79 mm.)</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td>       <td align="left">B&mdash;6</td>     <td align="left">× 3&#8540; inches (150 × 85 mm.)</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td>       <td align="left">C&mdash;9&#8541;</td> <td align="left">× 4&frac12; inches (265 × 113 mm.)</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td>       <td align="left">D&mdash;5&#8542;</td> <td align="left">× 3&frac12; inches (148 × 87 mm.)</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td>       <td align="left">E&mdash;6</td>     <td align="left">× 3&#8541; inches (152 × 90 mm.)</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="tableleft" summary="">
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">Laid paper, cross vergures 18 mm. apart. Pointed flap.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1877,</td> <td align="left">Oct. 6.</td><td>White paper.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td>       <td align="left">Size A:</td><td>1 cent, pale blue, deep blue.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>       <td align="left">3 cents, red, rose.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td>       <td align="left">Size B:</td><td>3 cents, red, rose.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td>       <td align="left" colspan="2">Same paper, tongued flap.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td>       <td align="left">Size A:</td><td>1 cent, blue.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>       <td align="left">3 cents, red.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">Laid paper, cross vergures 24 mm. apart. Pointed flap.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1888</td> <td></td><td align="left">(?) Cream toned paper.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td>       <td align="left">Size A:</td><td>1 cent, blue, deep blue.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>       <td align="left">3 cents, red, carmine.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td>       <td align="left">Size B:</td><td>3 cents, red, carmine.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">Same paper, cross vergures 27 mm. apart.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td>       <td align="left">Size A:</td><td>1 cent, deep blue.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">White wove paper.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1895</td> <td align="left">(?) Size B:</td><td>3 cents, carmine.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">Laid paper, cream toned.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1895,</td> <td align="left">June 14.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td>       <td align="left">Size B:</td><td>2 cents, blue green.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1896</td> <td align="left">(?) Size A:</td><td>1 cent, ultramarine.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">Manila amber paper.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1896</td> <td align="left">(?) Size C:</td><td>1 cent, ultramarine.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>       <td align="left">3 cents, red.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">Wove paper, cream toned.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1898,</td> <td align="left">Apr.  1 (?)</td><td>Size D: 3 cents, bright red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1898,</td> <td align="left">July 22.</td><td>Size D: 1 cent, dark green.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1899,</td> <td align="left">Jan.  2.</td><td>Size D: 2 cents, deep violet.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1899,</td> <td align="left">Jan.  8 (?)</td><td>Size D: 2 cents, bright red, vermilion.
+<!-- Page 285 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1899,</td> <td align="left">Feb.  6. (?)</td><td>Surcharged 2c in blue-black.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">Type 1.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td>       <td align="left">Size D:</td><td>2 c. on 3 cents, red, of 1898.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">Type 2.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td>       <td align="left">Size A:</td><td>2c. on 3 cents, red, of 1877; white paper, pointed flap.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>       <td align="left">2c. on 3 cents, red, of 1888 (?) cream toned paper.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td>       <td align="left">Size B:</td><td>2c. on 3 cents, red, of 1888 (?) cream toned paper.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td>       <td align="left">Size D:</td><td>2c. on 3 cents, red, of 1898.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1901</td> <td align="left">(?)  Size D:</td><td>1 cent, dark green.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td align="left">2 cents, bright red.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">Very white wove paper.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1905,</td> <td align="left">Jan. 12.</td><td>Size E: 2 cents, bright red.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">Mar. 1 (?)</td><td>Size E: 1 cent, deep blue green.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<table class="tableleft" summary="">
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center" class="heading1">WRAPPERS.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td></td><td><span class="smcap">Type</span> 1.</td> <td>Size 9&frac12; × 5 inches (235 × 127 mm.).</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1875,</td><td> May</td>  <td>1 cent, dark blue, <i>light buff paper</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>  <td>1 cent, <i>variety</i>, stamp at left.
+                      [Size 11&frac12; x 6&frac12; inches (290 x 165 mm.)]</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>           <td>Size 11&#8539; × 4&#8542; inches (285 × 124 mm.).</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1881,</td>  <td>Nov. (?)</td> <td>1 cent, dark blue, blue, <i>cream paper</i>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td></td><td><span class="smcap">Type</span> 2.</td><td> Size as last.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1882,</td>  <td>May (?)</td> <td>1 cent, pale blue, <i>light buff paper</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td>       <td>Aug.(?)</td> <td>1 cent, blue, <i>straw paper</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1885,</td> <td></td>         <td>1 cent, ultramarine, <i>cream paper</i>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td></td><td><span class="smcap">Type</span> 3.</td> <td>Size as last.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1887,</td> <td> May (?)</td> <td>1 cent, ultramarine, <i>thin white paper</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1888,</td> <td></td>         <td>1 cent, ultramarine, <i>cream paper</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>               <td>1 cent, ultramarine, <i>light manila paper</i>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td></td><td><span class="smcap">Type</span> 4.</td> <td>Size 10&#8540; × 4&#8542; inches (264 × 124 mm.).</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1892,</td><td>Feb. (?)</td> <td>1 cent, dark blue, <i>thin straw paper</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>              <td>1 cent, <i>variety</i>, stamp half way across wrapper.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>               <td>1 cent, blue, <i>cream paper</i>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td>Size 10&frac34; × 4&#8542; inches (272 × 125 mm.).</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>               <td>1 cent, dark blue, <i>straw paper</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1894,</td> <td>Feb. (?)</td> <td>1 cent, black, <i>light buff paper</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>               <td>1 cent, black, <i>light brown paper</i>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1898,</td> <td>June (?)</td> <td>1 cent, dark green, <i>manila paper</i>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1903,</td> <td>Oct. (?)</td> <td>1 cent, dark green, <i>manila paper</i>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td>Size 15 x 6&frac12; inches (378 × 165 mm.). Inscription.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1907,</td><td> July 11.</td> <td>1 cent, dark green, <i>manila paper</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>               <td>2 cent, carmine, <i>manila paper</i>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td>Size 13 × 8 inches (308 × 223 mm.). Inscription.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>               <td>3  cents, slate violet, <i>manila paper</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">1908,</td>  <td>June 18 (?)</td> <td>Last two wrappers, surcharged.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>               <td>1 c. on 2 cents, carmine.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>               <td>1 c. on 3 cents, slate violet.</td></tr>
+</table>
+<p><!-- Page 286 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<table class="tableleft" summary="">
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center" class="heading1">POST CARDS.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">Size 4&#8541; × 3 inches (116 × 75 mm.). Imprint "Montreal &amp; Ottawa."</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1871.  </td> <td>June     </td> <td>1 cent, dull blue, deep blue, <i>light buff
+                          and pale buff card</i>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">Size 4&frac34; × 3 inches (120 × 75 mm.). Imprint "Montreal" only.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1876.  </td> <td>(end)    </td> <td>1  cent, dull blue, deep blue, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2">Inscribed "To United Kingdom."</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1877.  </td> <td>Jan. 1.  </td> <td>2  cents, deep yellow green, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2">Inscribed "Union Postale Universelle."</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1879,         </td><td></td> <td>2 cents, yellow green, <i>pale yellowish card</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2">Size 5 × 3 inches (127 × 76 mm.). No frame.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><span class="smcap">Type</span> 2 of wrapper stamp.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1882,  </td> <td>Apr. (?) </td> <td>1 cent, light blue, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td>             <td>Dec. (?) </td> <td>1 plus 1 cent, slate, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><i>Error</i>, stamps at left.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1884,  </td> <td>Sept. (?) </td> <td>1 plus 1 cent, slate, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><span class="smcap">Type</span> 3 of wrapper stamp.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1887,  </td> <td>Feb.  (?) </td> <td>1 cent, dull blue, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td>             <td>(?)</td> <td>1 plus 1 cent, slate, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1888,  </td> <td>(?) </td> <td>1 plus 1 cent, slate green, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2"><span class="smcap">Type</span> 4 of wrapper stamp.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1891,  </td> <td>Dec.  (?)  </td> <td>1 cent, dull ultramarine, pale ultramarine,
+                            <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1892,  </td> <td>Dec.  (?)  </td> <td>1 plus 1 cent, slate green, (Type 3 on reply card),
+                                   <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1894,  </td> <td>Oct.  (?)  </td> <td>1 plus 1 cent, gray black, (Type 4 on each card),
+                                 <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2">Size 6 × 3&#8541; inches (152 × 92 mm.).</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1893, </td> <td>Feb. 17.   </td> <td>1 cent, black, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2">Size 5&frac12; × 3&#8540; inches (140 × 85 mm.).</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1894, </td> <td>Feb.  (?)  </td> <td>1 cent, black, <i>pale yellowish card</i>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1895, </td> <td>Apr.  (?)  </td> <td>1 cent, black, <i>rough straw card</i>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2">Size 5&#8539; × 3&#8539; inches (130 × 80 mm.).</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1896, </td> <td>Oct.  (?)  </td> <td>2  cents, orange red, carmine, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2">Size 5&frac12; × 3&#8540; inches (140 × 85 mm.).</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1897, </td> <td>June 19.  </td> <td>1  cent, black, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">                </td> <td>1  cent, <i>variety</i>, inscriptions lacking.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2">Size 5&#8539; × 3&#8539; inches (130 × 80 mm.).</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1897, </td> <td>Dec. 1 (?) </td> <td>2  cents, deep orange red, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2">Size 5&frac12; × 3&#8540; inches (140 × 85 mm.).</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1898, </td> <td>Jan.  (?)  </td> <td>1 cent, green, dark green, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">                 </td> <td>1 cent, carmine, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2">Size 5 × 3 inches (127 × 76 mm.).</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1898, </td> <td>June (?)   </td> <td>1  plus 1 cent, black, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">                 </td> <td>1  plus 1 cent, <i>variety</i>, reply printed on back of message card.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2">Size 5&#8539; × 3&#8539; inches (130 × 80 mm.).</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1898, </td> <td>June (?)   </td> <td>2  cents, deep blue, <i>cream card</i>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2">Size 5&frac12; × 3&#8540; inches (140 × 85 mm.).</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1903, </td> <td>Aug. (?)   </td> <td>1 cent, green, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">      Dec. (?)   </td> <td>1 cent, rose, <i>pale buff card</i>.
+<!-- Page 287 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2">Size 5 × 3 inches (127 × 76 mm.).</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1904, </td> <td>Feb. (?) </td> <td>1 plus 1 cent, black, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"></td>   <td align="left" class="in2">Size 5&#8539; × 3&#8539; inches (130 × 80 mm.).</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1904, </td> <td>Feb. (?) </td> <td>2 cents, deep blue, <i>pale buff card</i>.</td></tr>
+
+
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center" class="heading1">LETTER CARDS.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1893.</td> <td>Feb. 17.</td> <td>3 cents, carmine, <i>blue-green card</i>. Perf. A. and C.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1895,</td> <td>Oct. (?)</td> <td>1 cents, black, <i>blue-green card</i>. Perf. A and C.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">                 </td> <td>2 cents, green, <i>blue-green card</i>. Perf. A.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1897,</td> <td>Dec. (?)</td> <td>2 cents, black, <i>blue-green card</i>. Perf. A.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1898,</td> <td>Jan. (?)</td> <td>1 cents, black, <i>blue-green card</i>. Perf. A.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">                 </td> <td>3 cents, carmine, <i>blue-green card</i>. Perf. A.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td></td><td colspan="2" align="left" class="in2">Surcharged "2c." in blue-black.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1899,</td> <td>Feb. (?)</td> <td>2 cents on 3 c. card of 1893, type 1.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">                 </td> <td>2 cents on 3 c. card of 1893, type 2.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">                 </td> <td>2 cents on 3 c. card of 1898, type 2.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td></td><td colspan="2" align="left" class="in2">Surcharged in violet.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">                 </td> <td>2 cents on 3 c. card of 1893, type 2.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1900,</td> <td>Jan. (?)</td> <td>1 cent, green, <i>blue-green card</i>. Perf. A.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">                 </td> <td>2 cents, carmine, <i>blue-green card</i>. Perf. A.</td></tr>
+
+
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center" class="heading1">LETTER SHEET.</td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td align="left">1894</td> <td>(?)</td> <td>1 cent, black, <i>gray blue laid paper</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">                 </td> <td>1 cent, black, <i>white laid paper</i>.</td></tr>
+
+
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center" class="heading1">OFFICIAL STATIONERY.</td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td align="left"></td> <td colspan="2">Inland Revenue Wrapper, Size 11 × 5&#8539; inches (280 × 132 mm.).</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1879</td> <td>(?)</td> <td>1 cent, dark blue, <i>cream paper</i>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left"></td> <td colspan="2">Customs Post Card, Size 5&#8539; × 3&#8539; inches (130 × 88 mm.).</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1888</td> <td>(?)</td> <td>[plain front], <i>manila card</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">                 </td> <td>[inscriptions on front], <i>manila card.</i></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left"></td> <td colspan="2">Returned Dead Letter Envelopes. Size 6&#8542; × 4&frac34; inches (175 × 120 mm.).</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">1889</td> <td>(?)</td> <td>3 cents, black, <i>manila paper</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td align="left">                 </td> <td>?       ?          ?</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 497px;">
+<a name="Plate_I" id="Plate_I"></a>
+<a href="images/plate1.jpg"><img src="images/plate1_tn.jpg" width="497" height="600"
+alt="Plate I"
+title="[Linked to larger image of Plate I.]" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Plate I</span>
+<p class="center">[<a href="#Plate_I_Key">Key to Plate I</a>.]</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 442px;">
+<a name="Plate_II" id="Plate_II"></a>
+<a href="images/plate2.jpg"><img src="images/plate2_tn.jpg" width="442" height="600"
+alt="Plate II"
+title="[Linked to larger image of Plate II]" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Plate II</span>
+<p class="center">[<a href="#Plate_II_Key">Key to Plate II</a>.]</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 496px;">
+<a name="Plate_III" id="Plate_III"></a>
+<a href="images/plate3.jpg"><img src="images/plate3_tn.jpg" width="496" height="600"
+alt="Plate III"
+title="[Linked to larger image of Plate III.]" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Plate III</span>
+<p class="center">[<a href="#Plate_III_Key">Key to Plate III</a>.]</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 486px;">
+<a name="Plate_IV" id="Plate_IV"></a>
+<a href="images/plate4.jpg"><img src="images/plate4_tn.jpg" width="486" height="600"
+alt="Plate IV"
+title="[Linked to larger image of Plate IV.]" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Plate IV</span>
+<p class="center">[<a href="#Plate_IV_Key">Key to Plate IV</a>.]</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 476px;">
+<a name="Plate_V" id="Plate_V"></a>
+<a href="images/plate5.jpg"><img src="images/plate5_tn.jpg" width="476" height="600"
+alt="Plate V"
+title="[Linked to larger image of Plate V.]" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Plate V</span>
+<p class="center">[<a href="#Plate_V_Key">Key to Plate V</a>.]</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 487px;">
+<a name="Plate_VI" id="Plate_VI"></a>
+<a href="images/plate6.jpg"><img src="images/plate6_tn.jpg" width="487" height="600"
+alt="Plate VI"
+title="[Linked to larger image of Plate VI.]" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Plate VI</span>
+<p class="center">[<a href="#Plate_VI_Key">Key to Plate VI</a>.]</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 472px;">
+<a name="Plate_VII" id="Plate_VII"></a>
+<a href="images/plate7.jpg"><img src="images/plate7_tn.jpg" width="472" height="600"
+alt="Plate VII"
+title="[Linked to larger image of Plate VII.]" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Plate VII</span>
+<p class="center">[<a href="#Plate_VII_Key">Key to Plate VII</a>.]</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 488px;">
+<a name="Plate_VIII" id="Plate_VIII"></a>
+<a href="images/plate8.jpg"><img src="images/plate8_tn.jpg" width="488" height="600"
+alt="Plate VIII"
+title="[Linked to larger image of Plate VIII.]" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Plate VIII</span>
+<p class="center">[<a href="#Plate_VIII_Key">Key to Plate VIII</a>.]</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 463px;">
+<a name="Plate_IX" id="Plate_IX"></a>
+<a href="images/plate9.jpg"><img src="images/plate9_tn.jpg" width="463" height="600"
+alt="Plate IX"
+title="[Linked to larger image of Plate IX.]" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Plate IX</span>
+<p class="center">[<a href="#Plate_IX_Key">Key to Plate IX</a>.]</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 513px;">
+<a name="Plate_X" id="Plate_X"></a>
+<a href="images/plate10.jpg"><img src="images/plate10_tn.jpg" width="513" height="600"
+alt="Plate X"
+title="[Linked to larger image of Plate X.]" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Plate X</span>
+<p class="center">[<a href="#Plate_X_Key">Key to Plate X</a>.]</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="Plate_XI" id="Plate_XI"></a>
+<a href="images/plate11.jpg"><img src="images/plate11_tn.jpg" width="600" height="487"
+alt="Plate XI"
+title="[Linked to larger image of Plate XI.]" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Plate XI</span>
+<p class="center">[<a href="#Plate_XI_Key">Key to Plate XI</a>.]</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 441px;">
+<a name="Plate_XII" id="Plate_XII"></a>
+<a href="images/plate12.jpg"><img src="images/plate12_tn.jpg" width="441" height="600"
+alt="Plate XII"
+title="[Linked to larger image of Plate XII.]" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Plate XII</span>
+<p class="center">[<a href="#Plate_XII_Key">Key to Plate XII</a>.]</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 510px;">
+<a name="Plate_XIII" id="Plate_XIII"></a>
+<a href="images/plate13.jpg"><img src="images/plate13_tn.jpg" width="510" height="600"
+alt="Plate XIII"
+title="[Linked to larger image of Plate XIII.]" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Plate XIII</span>
+<p class="center">[<a href="#Plate_XIII_Key">Key to Plate XIII</a>.]</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<a name="Plate_XIV" id="Plate_XIV"></a>
+<a href="images/plate14.jpg"><img src="images/plate14_tn.jpg" width="450" height="600"
+alt="Plate XIV"
+title="[Linked to larger image of Plate XIV.]" /></a>
+<span class="caption">Plate XIV</span>
+<p class="center">[<a href="#Plate_XIV_Key">Key to Plate XIV</a>.]</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="trans-note">
+<h4><a name="Transcribers_Notes" id="Transcribers_Notes"></a>Transcriber's Notes</h4>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_21">21</a>: changed "or" to "of" ( ... from the sender of such letter or packet ...)</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_23">23</a>: unreadable value in original ( ... the rate
+on Letters by those mails, viâ Halifax, of 1s. [missing value] sterling, if <i>un-paid</i>, ...)</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_90">90</a>: changed "setttled" to "settled" ( ... newly settled portions of the country ...)</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_99">99</a>: changed "fradulent" to "fraudulent" (To remove with fraudulent intent from any letter,
+newspaper or other mailable matter ...)</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_141">141</a>: changed "(C)" to "(D)" ((D) Limits of weight to Austria-Hungary, ...)</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_149">149</a>: changed "beseiged" to "besieged" ( ... literally besieged the post offices for the coveted treasures.)</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_149">149</a>: changed "neceessary" to "necessary" ( ... it would be necessary for you to apply early ...)</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_154">154</a>: duplicate word "in" deleted (The principal variation is only one of tone in a few values.)</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_196">196</a>: changed "monoply" to "monopoly" ( ... an accidental monopoly of a stamp, ...)</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_202">202</a>: changed "promotory" to "promontory" ( ... he disembarked on the 3d July at the foot of the promontory of Stadaconé, ...)</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_228">228</a>: changed "Qneen" (with inverted "u") to "Queen" (The embossed head of Queen Victoria was evidently copied ...)</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_238">238</a>: changed "suppy" to "supply" ( ... when the supply thereof in the department became exhausted, ...)</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_256">256</a>: changed "uncertainity" to "uncertainty" (The reply card in the new type is again an uncertainty.)</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_286">286</a>: corrected "130 × 80" to "140 × 85" (Size 5&frac12; × 3&#8540; inches (140 × 85 mm.).)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANADA: ITS POSTAGE STAMPS AND POSTAL STATIONERY***</p>
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@@ -0,0 +1,14461 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Canada: Its Postage Stamps and Postal
+Stationery, by Clifton Armstrong Howes
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Canada: Its Postage Stamps and Postal Stationery
+
+
+Author: Clifton Armstrong Howes
+
+
+
+Release Date: September 17, 2011  [eBook #37457]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANADA: ITS POSTAGE STAMPS AND
+POSTAL STATIONERY***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Simon Gardner, Adrian Mastronardi, The Philatelic
+Digital Library Project (http://www.tpdlp.net), and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made
+available by Internet Archive (http://www.archive.org)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the numerous original illustrations.
+      See 37457-h.htm or 37457-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/37457/37457-h/37457-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/37457/37457-h.zip)
+
+
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030133122
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+      Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
+
+      Text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face (=bold=).
+
+      Small caps typeface is shown as ALL UPPER CASE.
+
+      Footnotes are presented after the paragraph in which the
+      anchor appears.
+
+      This version uses the ASCII character set only. The
+      following substitutions have been made for Latin-1 symbols:
+
+        ^o   for the ordinal superscript
+        [L]  for the pound (Sterling)
+        [S]  for the section symbol
+        x    for the multiplication symbol
+        [a'] for a-grave
+        ['e] for e-acute
+        [^e] for e-circumflex
+        [e'] for e-grave
+        [c]  for c-cedilla
+        deg. for the degree symbol
+
+      The extensive block quotations within this book feature rows
+      of closely spaced asterisks (* * * * *) which function as an
+      ellipsis (unquoted or missing material). This is distinct
+      from the "thought break", indicating a change of subject.
+
+      Changes to the text have been limited to correction of
+      typographical errors which have been listed at the end.
+
+
+
+
+
+CANADA
+ITS POSTAGE STAMPS AND POSTAL STATIONERY
+
+by
+
+CLIFTON A. HOWES, B. Sc., F. R. P. S. L.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Published by
+The New England Stamp Co.
+Boston, U. S. A.
+1911
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: 1852-1857
+
+THICK HARD WOVE PAPER. DULL PURPLE. IMPERF.
+
+THICK SOFT WOVE PAPER RED-VIOLET.
+
+Specimen Page From the Collection of Charles Lathrop Pack Esq.]
+
+
+
+
+CANADA
+ITS POSTAGE STAMPS AND POSTAL STATIONERY
+
+by
+
+CLIFTON A. HOWES, B. Sc., F. R. P. S. L.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Published by
+The New England Stamp Co.
+Boston, U. S. A.
+1911
+
+Copyright 1911
+By the New England Stamp Co.
+Boston, Mass.
+
+Press of
+Newcomb & Gauss
+Salem, Mass.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                                  Page
+  KEY TO PLATES                                                      4
+  FOREWORD                                                           9
+  INTRODUCTION                                                      11
+  CHAPTER       I. Preliminary Matters                              18
+      "        II. The Issue of 1851                                28
+      "       III. The Remaining Pence Issues                       46
+      "        IV. The Perforated Pence Issues                      68
+      "         V. The Cancellations of the Early Issues            77
+      "        VI. The Issue of 1859                                82
+      "       VII. The Dominion of Canada--Preliminary              94
+      "      VIII. The Issue of 1868                               106
+      "        IX. The Small "Cents" Issue, 1870-1882              122
+      "         X. The Supplementary Values of 1893                138
+      "        XI. The Jubilee Issue of 1897                       145
+      "       XII. The "Maple Leaf" Issue of 1897                  161
+      "      XIII. The "Numerals" Issue of 1898-1902               167
+      "       XIV. The "Christmas" Stamp of 1898                   179
+      "        XV. The "King's Head" Issue of 1903-1908            188
+      "       XVI. The "Tercentenary" Issue of 1908                199
+      "      XVII. The "Registration" Stamps                       205
+      "     XVIII. The Postage Due Stamps                          215
+      "       XIX. The Special Delivery Stamp                      217
+      "        XX. The Officially Sealed Labels                    221
+      "       XXI. The Stamped Envelopes                           224
+      "      XXII. The Wrappers                                    243
+      "     XXIII. The Post Cards                                  249
+      "      XXIV. The Letter Cards                                263
+      "       XXV. Official Stationery                             267
+      "      XXVI. Precancellation and Permits                     272
+  REFERENCE LIST                                                   277
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO PLATES
+
+
+PLATE I.
+
+  No. 1.  6 pence,     1851.
+      2. 12   "          "
+      3. 10   "        1855.
+      4.  1/2 penny,   1857.
+      5.  7-1/2 pence, 1857.
+      6.  3       "    1851.
+      7.  1/2 penny,   1859.
+      8.  6 pence,       "
+      9.  3   "          "
+     10.  1 cent,        "
+     11.  2 cents,       "
+     12. 10   "          "
+     13. 12-1/2 "        "
+     14. 17   "          "
+     15.  5   "          "
+     16.  1 cent,      1868.
+     17.  1/2 "          "
+     18.  2 cents,       "
+     19.  5   "        1859, variety.
+     20.  3   "        1868.
+     21.  5   "        1875.
+     22.  6   "        1868.
+     23. 12-1/2  "       "
+     24. 15   "          "
+
+
+PLATE II.
+
+  No. 25. 1 cent,       1870.
+      26. 2 cents,      1872.
+      27. 1/2 cent,     1882.
+      28. 3 cents,      1870.
+      29. 5   "         1876.
+      30. 6   "         1872.
+      31. 8   "         1893.
+      32. 10 cents,     1874.
+      33. 20  "         1893.
+      34. 1/2 cent,     1897, "Jubilee."
+      35. 50 cents,     1893.
+      36. 1/2 cent,     1897, "Maple Leaf."
+      37. 2 cents on 3 cents, "Port Hood Provisional."
+      38. 2 cents,      1898, "Map."
+      39. 1 cent on 3 cents (pair), "Port Hood Provisional."
+      40. 1/2 cent, 1898, "Numeral."
+      41. 2 cents on 3 cents, 1899, "Maple Leaf."
+      42. 2   "   "  3   "      "   "Numeral."
+      43. 1 cent, 1903, "King's Head."
+      44. 2 cents on 3 cents, 1899, inverted, "Numeral."
+      45. 2   "   "  3   "      "      "      "Maple Leaf."
+
+
+PLATE III.
+
+  No. 46. 1/2 cent, 1908, "Tercentenary."
+      47.  1    "     "          "
+      48.  2  cents,  "          "
+      49.  5    "     "          "
+      50.  7    "     "          "
+      51. 10    "     "          "
+      52. 15    "     "          "
+      53. 20    "     "          "
+      54.  2    "   1875, Registration.
+      55.  5    "     "          "
+      56.  8    "     "          "
+      57. 10    "   1898, Special Delivery.
+      58.  1  cent, 1906, Postage Due.
+      59.  2  cents,  "      "     "
+      60.  5    "     "      "     "
+
+
+PLATE IV.
+
+  No. 61.  6 pence,     1851, pair.
+      62. 12   "          "   pair from Pack collection.
+      63.  6 pence,     1851, pair.
+      64.  6   "          "    "
+      65. 12   "          "   from Worthington collection.
+      66.  6 pence,     1851, thick soft paper, from Pack collection.
+      67.  7-1/2 pence, 1857, wide oval.
+      68.  7-1/2   "      "   narrow oval.
+      69.  7-1/2   "      "   pair.
+      70. 10       "    1855, pair, wide oval.
+      71. 10       "      "    "    narrow oval.
+      72.  6       "    1859, from Pack collection.
+      73.  6       "    1851, strip of 3 on very thick soft paper,
+                                from Worthington collection.
+      74. 10 cents,     1859, black brown, from Pack collection.
+
+
+PLATE V.
+
+  No. 75.  6 pence, 1851.
+      76.  6   "      "
+      77.  3   "      "  pair.
+      78.  6   "      "
+      79.  6   "      "
+      80.  6   "      "  strip of 3 on very thick hard paper,
+                           from Pack collection.
+      81.  7-1/2 pence, 1857, strip of three.
+      82. 12       "    1851, pair from Pack collection.
+      83. 12       "      "     "    "    "       "
+      84. 12       "      "   from Pack collection.
+      85. 12       "      "   pair from Worthington collection.
+      86. 12       "    1851, wove paper, from Pack collection.
+      87.  6     pence, 1851, split, used on piece, from Pack collection.
+      88.  3     pence, 1851, ribbed paper, from Pack collection.
+      89. 12-1/2 cents, small, from Worthington collection.
+
+
+PLATE VI.
+
+  No. 90. 12 pence, 1851, on cover, from Worthington collection.
+      91. 12 pence, 1851, on cover, from Pack collection (originally in
+                              Seybold collection.)
+
+
+PLATE VII.
+
+  No. 92.   6 pence, 1851, very thick soft paper, split, used on cover,
+                             from Pack collection.
+      93.  10 pence, 1855, pair, narrow oval.
+      94.  10   "      "   block of 4, wide oval.
+      95.  10   "      "   strip of 3, narrow oval.
+      96.   5 cents, 1859, block of 7, upper right corner stamp is
+                             variety. From Pack collection.
+      97.   5 cents, 1859, pair and split, used on piece,
+                             from Worthington collection.
+
+
+PLATE VIII.
+
+  No. 98.   6 cents, 1868, split, used on cover,
+                             from Worthington collection.
+      99.  10 cents, 1859, black brown, split, used on cover,
+                             from Worthington collection.
+
+
+PLATE IX.
+
+  No. 100.  1     cent, 1859, block of 4 imperforate.
+      101.  5     cents,  "     "   "  4     "
+      102.  2       "     "     "   "  4     "
+      103. 12-1/2   "     "     "   "  4     "
+      104. 10       "     "     "   "  4     "
+      105. 17       "     "     "   "  4     "
+      106. 20       "   1893,   "   "  4     "
+      107. 15       "   1868,   "   "  4     "
+      108. 50       "   1893,   "   "  4     "
+
+    The above blocks were selected from the Pack and Worthington
+    collections and some in the possession of the New England Stamp Co.
+
+
+PLATE X.
+
+  No. 109. 10 cents, 1874, block of 4 imperforate.
+      110.  8   "    1893,   "   "  4    "
+      111.  6   "    1872,   "   "  4    "
+      112.  5   "    1897, "Maple Leaf," block of 4, imperforate.
+      113.  2   "    1898, "Map,"          "   "  4      "
+      114.  2   "    1903, block of 4 imperforate.
+      115.  5   "    Registered, pair imperforate.
+      116. "Officially Sealed" Label, 1905.
+      117.     "         "       "    1879.
+
+    The above blocks of imperforates were from the same sources as noted
+    for Plate IX.
+
+
+PLATE XI.
+
+  No. 118. 10  cents, 1874, strip of 10, marginal imprints.
+      119. 1/2 cent,  1868,   "   "  3,     "       "
+      120.  3  cents, 1870,   "   "  3,     "       "
+      121.  1  cent,  1870, block of 8,     "       "
+      122.  3  cents, 1870, strip of 3,     "       "
+
+    The above are all from the Worthington collection.
+
+
+PLATE XII.
+
+  No. 123.   1  cent,  1870, block of 12  imperforate.
+      124.   2  cents, 1872,   "   "   4      "
+      125.   3    "    1870,   "   "   4      "
+      126.   5    "    1876,   "   "   4      "
+      127. 1/2 cent,   1882,   "   "  12      "
+
+    Nos. 123 and 127 are from the Worthington collection and the other
+    three from the Pack collection.
+
+
+PLATE XIII.
+
+  No. 128. 3 pence, 1875 (?) perforated 14, pair used on cover,
+                               from Pack collection.
+      129. 2 cents, 1872, pair imperforate used on cover,
+                               in possession of New England Stamp Co.
+
+
+PLATE XIV.
+
+  No. 130. Stamped Envelope,  5 cents, 1860.
+      131.    "        "     10   "      "
+
+    Both the above were in the Seybold collection.
+
+
+PLATE XV. (Frontispiece).
+
+A page of six pennies from the collection of Charles Lathrop Pack.
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+Twenty years ago the Philatelic Society, London, brought out their work
+on "The Postage Stamps, Envelopes, Wrappers and Post Cards of the North
+American Colonies of Great Britain." This, of course, included Canada,
+but since that time no special work, treating exhaustively of the postal
+emissions of this important Colony, has been placed before the
+philatelic public. It seems opportune, therefore, particularly in view
+of the general popularity of the stamps of the Dominion, to present this
+volume for the favor of the stamp collecting fraternity and especially
+of that considerable portion which is interested to the extent of
+specializing in the beautiful issues that Canada has given us.
+
+This work had its inception in the now popular handbook idea, but in
+looking over the ground it was soon realized by the author that there
+was need of and material enough for a much more extended treatment of
+the subject than could be encompassed in the limits of the usual
+brochure. Plans were therefore laid for a thorough study of all
+available material, and in furtherance of this it was found necessary to
+make a special trip to Ottawa, where, in the library of the House of
+Commons, is to be found the only complete set available of the Reports
+of the Postmasters General of Canada. These naturally proved a mine of
+first hand information which was availed of to its full extent; and in
+this connection must be expressed the deep appreciation of the
+assistance rendered the author by his friend M. Henri R. Landry, through
+whose influence and untiring interest the way was made easy for
+convenient and rapid examination of these invaluable files. Thanks are
+also due Mr. Edward Y. Parker of Toronto, for notes and specimens
+furnished, as well as Mr. A. McKechnie of Ottawa.
+
+But documents and descriptions are not enough for the thorough study of
+any subject which concerns tangible objects, and three famous
+collections were inspected for first hand information upon the stamps
+themselves. To Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack of Lakewood, N. J., Mr. George
+H. Worthington of Cleveland, Ohio, and the lamented Mr. John F. Seybold,
+late of Syracuse, N. Y., are due not only the author's fullest thanks
+for opportunities freely given to examine their magnificent collections
+of Canada, but the debt extends to philatelists in general for thus
+being enabled to share, through study, description, listing and
+pictorial reproduction, in the results of their specializing. Mr. Pack's
+wonderful array of rarities, beautiful copies and remarkable series of
+shades has been largely used in the compilation of the stamp lists. This
+collection though since much enlarged and improved, obtained the gold
+medal at the International Philatelic Exhibition in London, 1906. Mr.
+Worthington's fine collection has also been used in the same way and has
+furnished much information concerning plate numbers and marginal
+imprints. Mr. Seybold's covers were particularly interesting in showing
+the actual use of the stamps, the cancellations employed, and various
+other features to be gleaned from the study of original covers,
+particularly of early date. Selections for illustrative purposes were
+made from all three collections, as will be noted.
+
+Mr. John N. Morse and Mr. Edwin F. Sawyer, both of Boston, have very
+kindly placed their collections of post cards and envelopes,
+respectively, at our disposal for purposes of study.
+
+Again, the philatelic press has been diligently searched for articles,
+stray notes, etc., which would illumine the pathway, particularly by
+throwing side lights on various phases of the subject. Prominent among
+these were the articles on Canada by Messrs. C. B. Corwin, D. A. King
+and J. R. Hooper in the _Metropolitan Philatelist_ for 1890-91, and by
+Mr. Donald A. King in Stanley Gibbons' _Monthly Journal_ for 1896-97.
+
+It can readily be seen from the foregoing that the limits of a handbook
+were soon passed, and the question really became one of a pretentious
+volume which should be all that thorough research could offer and ample
+means produce. A glance at the present work shows that this was no small
+proposition, and to any one with experience in philatelic publishing it
+was apparent that the desired production would mean a heavy balance on
+the wrong side of the ledger. The author does not pose as a
+philanthropist, but he feels he has discovered such in the publishers of
+this volume. With the broad-minded policy that whatever helps Philately
+benefits all, even indirectly, the New England Stamp Company of Boston,
+having become greatly interested in the monograph, accepted the burden
+and became responsible for the publication of the work. The advantages
+of the co-operation of such a well-known firm are manifest, and the
+author takes great pleasure in acknowledging his indebtedness to this
+Company, through whose munificence it has been possible to produce this
+volume in its present form.
+
+                                     C. A. HOWES, B. Sc., F. R. P. S. L.
+
+  Boston, U. S. A.
+    December, 1910.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+The Dominion of Canada, as we know it to-day, is a confederation of the
+former British Colonies and unorganized territories of North America
+which lie to the northward of the United States. The single exception is
+the Colony of Newfoundland, which so far has resisted all overtures
+looking to its absorption. The Dominion was formed in 1867 by the union
+of the then Colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, to which
+the others were added subsequently. At that time the Colony of Canada
+consisted of two provinces, Ontario and Quebec, known also as Upper and
+Lower Canada respectively. It is with these two provinces that our
+philatelic story of Canada begins.
+
+But first let us delve a bit into earlier times and trace the
+development of the territory we are going to consider, as it may prove
+interesting for its historical value. Passing by the claims of the
+Norsemen in the tenth century to a somewhat vague exploration of the
+eastern American coast, we come to the discovery of Newfoundland by John
+Cabot in 1497, and it is upon this fact, in part, that England
+subsequently based her claim to the whole of North America. But for the
+most part the territory included within the well populated portion of
+the present Dominion was explored and settled by the French. In 1534
+Jacques Cartier entered the St. Lawrence River and took possession of
+the country in the name of France, and in 1608 the first permanent
+settlement was made at Quebec by Samuel de Champlain. The name of the
+colony was apparently furnished by the Indians, for in the manuscript
+narrative of Cartier's second voyage,[1] under "Vocabulary of the
+natives," is found: "They call a town--Canada." Baxter says: "There can
+be no doubt that the word Canada is derived from _Kannata_, which in
+Iroquois signifies a collection of dwellings, in other words a
+settlement."[2] French control continued until the middle of the
+eighteenth century when, in the war with England, the decisive victory
+of Wolfe over Montcalm at Quebec, in 1759, practically brought it to a
+close, and by the treaty of Paris in 1763 Canada was permanently ceded
+to Great Britain.
+
+[1] In the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris.
+
+[2] =A Memoir of Jacques Cartier=, by J. P. Baxter, p. 135.
+
+Tracing the development of the Colony under English rule, we find that
+by the so-called "Quebec Act" of 1774 it was placed under the
+administration of a Governor and Legislative Council appointed by the
+Crown. Following the American Revolution, however, there was a large
+immigration of former colonists into Ontario, and because of their
+English stock, while Quebec was French, a separation was deemed
+advisable. By the "Constitutional Act" of 1791 this was effected and two
+Colonies, Upper Canada (or Canada West) and Lower Canada (or Canada
+East) were constituted, each with its own separate government. Just
+fifty years later, in 1841, they were reunited under the single name of
+Canada. This brings us near the opening of our philatelic history. The
+united provinces had an area of about 350,000 square miles and a
+population, in 1850, of some 1,800,000 people. The Governor was
+appointed by the Crown and chose his own Executive Council; a
+Legislative Council of life members was also appointed by the Crown; and
+a Legislative Assembly was elected consisting of an equal number of
+representatives for each province. The Governor was made
+Governor-General of British North America.
+
+The advantages of the union of Upper and Lower Canada gradually became
+so manifest, that a convention was held at Quebec in 1864 for the
+purpose of considering the advisability of uniting all the provinces.
+The result bore fruit in the passage of an Act of Union by the British
+Parliament on March 29, 1867, under which Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick
+and Nova Scotia were formally united as the Dominion of Canada, the
+actual event being consummated on July 1, 1867. Subsequently, on July
+20, 1871, the Colony of British Columbia, and on July 1, 1873, the
+Colony of Prince Edward Island, were added to the Dominion. In 1869 the
+vast territories of the Hudson's Bay Company were acquired by purchase,
+and out of them the province of Manitoba was formed and admitted to full
+privileges in the Dominion on July 15, 1870.
+
+The absorption of the Company's Territories is interesting for, as we
+all know, this was a trading concern whose sole commodity was fur. The
+Arctic and sub-Arctic regions of the continent were the mecca of hunters
+and trappers, and their chief prey from the time the first French
+explorers began to search the Canadian lakes, and later when the
+Hudson's Bay Company succeeded to the French domain, was the beaver. In
+fact the early history of Canada was largely bound up with beaver
+catching and the sale of the skins, and for nearly a century the
+northern territories, both under French and English rule, were
+organized with a view to this traffic. In the early days of the Company
+the "standard of trade" of the Northwest was a beaver skin. Thus the
+beaver naturally became emblematic, which resulted later in its use as
+the "crest" of the Canadian coat-of-arms, a place that it retains to the
+present day over those of the Dominion. In this connection it would be
+unjust to omit a mention of that other symbol dear to the Canadian
+heart--the maple leaf. Like the rose, the thistle and the shamrock of
+the Mother land, the beautiful tree of the Colony, so widespread, so
+useful, and so gorgeous in its autumn coloring of red and gold--the
+blazon of the English arms--became a favorite emblem of the people. The
+particular variety that is so used is of course the rock or sugar maple
+(_acer saccharinum_).
+
+Turning now to early postal history, it is necessary to go back to the
+reign of Queen Anne, although Canada was not then under British
+dominion. In the year 1710 an Act was passed by the British Parliament
+"For establishing a General Post-Office in all Her Majesty's Dominions,"
+which not only repealed all previous enactments but placed the
+postoffice establishment on a new basis. A "General Post and
+Letter-Office" was established in London "from whence all letters and
+packets whatsoever may be with speed and expedition sent into any part
+of the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to North America and the
+West Indies, or any other of Her Majesty's dominions, or any country or
+kingdom beyond the seas," and "at which office all returns and answers
+may be likewise received." For the better "managing, ordering,
+collecting, and improving the revenue," and also for the better
+"computing and settling the rates of letters according to distance, a
+chief office is established in Edinburgh, one in Dublin, one at New
+York, and other chief offices in convenient places in Her Majesty's
+colonies of America, and one in the islands of the West Indies, called
+the Leeward Islands." "The whole of these chief offices shall be under
+the control of an officer who shall be appointed by the Queen's Majesty,
+her heirs and successors, to be made and constituted by letters patent
+under the Great Seal, by the name and stile of Her Majesty's
+_Postmaster-General_." "The Postmaster-General shall appoint deputies
+for the chief offices in the places named above." The rates to New York
+under this Act were fixed at 1 shilling per single letter. Other rates
+were charged to other parts of the American continent according to the
+distance from New York.
+
+In 1753 Benjamin Franklin received the royal commission as Deputy
+Postmaster-General for the American Colonies. No man in America had
+been so identified with the interests of the Colonial postoffice as he,
+and from 1737 he had been postmaster of Philadelphia. All his energies
+were devoted to his new work and when Canada passed by treaty to Great
+Britain in 1763, as already mentioned, his jurisdiction was extended to
+cover the new territory. It is thus curious to record that the
+(afterwards) first Postmaster-General of the United States was also the
+first Postmaster-General of Canada.
+
+In the evidence given by Franklin before the House of Commons in the
+year 1766, in regard to the extent of the post-office accommodation in
+North America, he made the following statement:--
+
+    The posts generally travel along the sea coasts, and only in a few
+    cases do they go back into the country. Between Quebec and Montreal
+    there is only one post per month. The inhabitants live so scattered
+    and remote from each other in that vast country, that the posts
+    cannot be supported amongst them. The English Colonies, too, along
+    the frontier, are very thinly settled.
+
+By 1774, however, Franklin, then in England as the Representative of the
+Colonies, had become obnoxious to the British Government, and on January
+31st of that year was removed from his office. After the Declaration of
+Independence, Mr. Hugh Finlay, who had previously been postmaster at
+Quebec, received the appointment of "Deputy Postmaster-General of His
+Majesty's Province of Canada." He had in 1791 eleven post-offices under
+his management, one as far west as Mackinaw and one as far east as the
+Baie des Chaleurs. There was a weekly mail between Quebec and Montreal
+and a monthly mail for the Western country. From a Quebec almanac of
+1796 it appears that there were seven post-offices in Upper Canada and
+five in Lower Canada. At that time mails were despatched monthly to
+England, and semi-weekly between Quebec and Montreal, or Halifax. At the
+Baie des Chaleurs the visits of the postman must have been few and far
+between, as they were only favored with a mail "as occasion offered."
+
+In 1800 Mr. George Heriot succeeded Mr. Finlay. At this time New
+Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island were all under the
+authority of the Canadian administration. The number of post-offices was
+increased to twenty-six.
+
+The following is taken from the advertising column of the _Upper Canada
+Gazette_ in 1807:--
+
+    The mail for Upper Canada will be despatched from the post-office at
+    Montreal, on the following days, to wit:
+
+    Monday, 14th January.
+
+    Monday, 12th February.
+
+    Monday, 10th March.
+
+    Monday, 7th April--the last trip.
+
+    A courier from Kingston may be looked for here in 14 or 15 days from
+    the above periods, where he will remain 2 or 3 days, and then return
+    to Kingston.
+
+    Another courier will proceed from this with the Niagara mail, via
+    Messrs. Hatts', where the Sandwich [So. Essex] letters will be left,
+    both from Niagara and this, 'till the courier comes from there to
+    return with them.
+
+    Letters put into the post-office will be forwarded any time by
+
+             W. ALLAN,
+  Acting Deputy-Postmaster.
+
+Mr. Heriot resigned in 1816 and was succeeded by Mr. Daniel Sutherland
+who, on his accession to office found Nova Scotia and Prince Edward
+Island withdrawn from Canadian charge. New Brunswick, however, continued
+to be included, but appears to have been withdrawn in 1824, so that from
+that year until the federation of the Provinces in 1867 the
+Postmaster-General was concerned only with Canada proper. Mr. Sutherland
+established a daily mail between Quebec and Montreal and a weekly mail
+between Montreal and Toronto. In 1827 there were 101 post-offices and
+2,368 miles of established post-route, the number of miles of
+mail-travel being 455,000 per annum. The letters that year were
+estimated at 340,000 and the newspapers at 400,000.
+
+The following extract from the _Quebec Mercury_, published on July 18,
+1829, conveys some idea of the postal communication with England at that
+period:--
+
+    No later advices have been received from Europe since our last. Some
+    further extracts from the London papers, to 31st May, inclusive,
+    brought to New York by the _Corinthian_, will be found in another
+    part of this number.
+
+In the _Montreal Courant_, dated September 2nd, 1829, was the following
+paragraph, showing the improvement which had been effected in the
+communication between Prescott and that city:--
+
+    EXPEDITIOUS TRAVELLING:--On Saturday last, the Upper Canada line of
+    stages performed the journey from Prescott to this city in about 17
+    hours, leaving the former place at a little before 3 a. m., and
+    arriving here a few minutes before 8 in the evening. Not many years
+    ago this journey occupied two, and sometimes three days, but owing
+    to the great improvements made by Mr. Dickinson, the enterprising
+    proprietor, by putting steam-boats on the lakes St. Francis and St.
+    Louis, and keeping his horses in excellent condition, it is now
+    performed in little more than one-third of the time.
+
+Even so late as 1833, newspaper proprietors found it (particularly in
+the Upper Province) better to employ their own couriers. As a proof of
+this we transcribe from the _Queenstown_ (Niagara) _Colonial Advocate_
+of that year, the following advertisement:--
+
+    POST-RIDER WANTED IMMEDIATELY.
+
+    The proprietor of this newspaper wishes to contract with a steady
+    man (who can find and uphold his own horse) to deliver it to the
+    subscribers once a week during the winter, on the route between York
+    and Niagara, via Ancaster.
+
+Mr. Thos. A. Stayner succeeded Mr. Sutherland in 1831, at which time
+there were 151 post-offices. Through Mr. Stayner's recommendation a
+uniform rate of 1s. 2d. sterling, per half ounce, was adopted in 1841
+between any place in Canada and the mother country. This resulted from
+the establishment of regular steam communication across the Atlantic in
+1840, by means of the Cunard Line between Liverpool and Halifax.
+
+During all this period the carrying of letters was a profitable
+business. There was, for example, a profit of $21,000 in 1824 and of
+$47,000 in 1831, all which sums were duly remitted to England to swell
+the Imperial revenue. The rates, however, were exceedingly high. It cost
+eighteen cents to send a letter from Toronto to Kingston, and thirty
+cents to send one to Montreal. The charge for sending a weekly paper
+through the mails was a dollar a year, as much as the paper now costs,
+and the postage on a daily was over two dollars a year.[3]
+
+[3] Most of the foregoing information is taken from extracts from the
+Canadian Postal Guide, published in the =Stamp Collector's Magazine= for
+Aug. 1, 1868, and the Halifax Philatelist, II: 138.
+
+The net revenues of the post-office given for 1831 must have dropped
+considerably, for we find that in 1845 the surplus of the Canadian
+Post-office was but [L]7184 ($35,000) against the $47,000 given above
+for fourteen years earlier. This amount rose to [L]22,188 ($110,000) in
+1848, fell to [L]15,725 ($78,500) the next year, and had risen again to
+a basis of [L]20,000 ($100,000) in the year previous to the introduction
+of postage stamps and the reduction of rates. The inland postage rates
+then in force, as charged under the Imperial Laws, were, for a letter
+not exceeding 1/2 ounce in weight:
+
+  For any distance not exceeding 60 miles,                            4d.
+  For any distance exceeding 60 miles and not exceeding 100 miles     6d.
+  For any distance exceeding 100 miles and not exceeding 200 miles    8d.
+  And for every additional 100 miles or fraction an additional        2d.
+
+
+
+For one hundred and forty years Great Britain had managed her colonial
+posts, or at least directed them, when on 28th July, 1849, the British
+Parliament passed an "Act for enabling Colonial Legislatures to
+establish Inland Posts."[4] This was the signal for the voluntary
+withdrawal of most of the colonial postal systems then under Imperial
+direction, and for the establishment of local systems where none had
+previously existed. Because of its historical interest we quote from the
+provisions of the Act as follows:--
+
+    Whereas under or by virtue of [_various Acts_] Her Majesty's Post
+    Master General has, by himself or his Deputies, the exclusive
+    Privilege of establishing Posts, collecting, conveying, and
+    delivering Letters, and collecting Postage, within Her Majesty's
+    Colonies, and the Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury have
+    Authority from Time to Time to fix the Rates of Postage to be
+    charged within such Colonies: And whereas the said Postmaster
+    General and Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury respectively
+    have, in exercise of such Privilege and Authority, established Posts
+    and fixed Rates of Postage in certain of such Colonies: And whereas
+    it is expedient to Authorize the Establishment of Posts and Postage
+    Rates in Her Majesty's Colonies by the Legislatures of such
+    Colonies: Be it enacted, therefore.... That it shall be lawful for
+    the Legislatures or proper Legislative Authorities of Her Majesty's
+    Colonies, or any of them, by Acts, Laws, or Ordinances to be from
+    Time to Time for that Purpose made and enacted in the Manner and
+    subject to the Conditions by Law required in respect of Acts, Laws,
+    or Ordinances of such Legislatures or Legislative Authorities, to
+    make such provisions as such Legislatures or Legislative Authorities
+    may think fit for and concerning the Establishment, Maintenance, and
+    Regulation of Posts or Post Communications within such Colonies
+    respectively, and for charging Rates of Postage for the Conveyance
+    of Letters by such Posts or Post Communications, and for
+    appropriating the Revenue to be derived therefrom.
+
+    II. [_Where the Postmaster General has actually established posts
+    and his power has not "determined," such colonial acts, etc., shall
+    not take effect until approved by Her Majesty and Privy Council, nor
+    until such time as the assent may be proclaimed in the Colony, or
+    such subsequent time as may be signified._]
+
+    III. [_After the establishment of Posts by Colonial Legislatures the
+    powers of the Postmaster General shall cease._]
+
+    IV. [_The Acts of Colonial Legislatures are to apply only to Posts
+    within the limits of the Colony and to rates of postage within such
+    limits._]
+
+[4] 12^o & 13^o Vict. Cap. LXVI.
+
+Canada lost no time in taking advantage of the above Act, and in the
+next year (1850) passed the required ordinances for the transfer of its
+domestic postal system to the control of its own Government. The next
+chapter will therefore start the Canadian postal history proper.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+PRELIMINARY MATTERS
+
+
+The most important of the British North American Colonies in 1850 were
+Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. Though not united politically,
+they yet had the common bonds of fatherland, of race, of mercantile
+interest, and the mutual dependence that comes, or should come, from
+propinquity under these conditions. It is not surprising, therefore,
+that all three should make provision for assuming control of their
+domestic postal systems in the same year, nor that they should adopt
+practically identical ordinances for this purpose, and should make
+common postal rates for their internal and inter-colonial mail matter.
+Still less surprising is it when we recall that it was but the breaking
+up into sections of what had previously been a homogeneous postal system
+for the whole of British North America, operated under the Imperial Laws
+as detailed in the last chapter.
+
+While the project of turning over local postal systems to the colonies
+was taking shape in the British Parliament, Canada "took time by the
+forelock" and made preparations for obtaining its own postage stamps.
+
+    "In the Journal of May 21, 1849, there is a message to the
+    legislative assembly of Canada relating to the establishing of a
+    general post-office for the Province, when handed over by the
+    Imperial government. A resolution was brought up in the assembly on
+    May 22, 1849, 'That postage stamps for prepayment be allowed and
+    that Colonial stamps be engraved.' This finally passed the assembly
+    on May 25, 1849, and received the assent of the legislative council
+    on the 26th."[5]
+
+[5] =Metropolitan Philatelist=, I: 253.
+
+A year later, after the passage of the enabling act by the British
+Parliament, which has been already quoted, the Canadian Parliament took
+up the consideration of the main subject and on the 10th August, 1850,
+passed what is known briefly as _The Post Office Act_, the provisions of
+which that are of most interest to us being such as follow:--
+
+    13^o & 14^o Victoriae., Cap. XVII.
+
+    An Act to provide for the transfer of the management of the Inland
+    Posts to the Provincial Government, and for the regulation of the
+    said Department.
+
+    Whereas by the Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, passed
+    in the Session held in the twelfth and thirteenth years of Her
+    Majesty's Reign, and intituled, _An Act for enabling Colonial
+    Legislatures to establish Inland Posts_, the Legislatures or proper
+    legislative authorities of Her Majesty's Colonies are empowered ...
+    to make such provisions as [they] may think fit for and concerning
+    the establishment, maintenance, and regulation of Posts and Post
+    Communications within such Colonies respectively, and for charging
+    rates of postage for the conveyance of letters by such Posts and
+    Post Communications, and for appropriating the Revenue to be derived
+    therefrom: ... And whereas it is expedient that a uniform and cheap
+    rate of postage should be established throughout the several
+    Colonies of British North America, and with a view to the
+    establishment thereof, the Local Governments of the said Colonies
+    have agreed upon certain conditions hereinafter mentioned and
+    forming a part of the provisions of this Act, and it is therefore
+    expedient to exercise the powers so vested as aforesaid in the
+    Legislature of this Province: ...
+
+    II. And be it enacted, That the Inland Posts and Post Communications
+    in the Province shall, so far as may be consistent with the Acts of
+    the Parliament of the United Kingdom in force in this Province, be
+    exclusively under Provincial management and control; the Revenue
+    arising from the duties of postage and other dues receivable by the
+    Officers employed in managing such Posts and Post Communications
+    shall form part of the Provincial Revenue, unless such moneys belong
+    of right to the United Kingdom or to some other Colony, or to some
+    foreign state; and the expenses of management shall be defrayed out
+    of Provincial Funds....
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    V. And be it enacted, That the Provincial Post Master General shall
+    be appointed by Commission under the Great Seal of the Province, and
+    to hold his office during pleasure, but the Post Masters and other
+    Officers of the Department shall be appointed and may be removed by
+    letter from the proper Officer communicating the Governor's
+    pleasure.
+
+    VI. [_All privileges, powers and authority of Her Majesty's Deputy
+    Post Master General are transferred to and vested in the Provincial
+    Post Master General._]
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    VIII. And in conformity to the agreement made as aforesaid between
+    the Local Governments of the several Colonies of British North
+    America, Be it enacted, That the Provincial Postage on letters and
+    packets not being of Newspapers or Printed Pamphlets, Magazines or
+    Books, entitled to pass at lower rate, shall not exceed the rate of
+    three pence currency, per half ounce, for any distance whatsoever
+    within this Province, any fraction of a half ounce being chargeable
+    as a half ounce: that no transit postage shall be charged on any
+    letter or packet passing through this Province or any part thereof
+    to any other Colony in British North America, unless it be posted in
+    this Province and the sender choose to pre-pay it; nor on any letter
+    or packet from any such Colony if pre-paid there: that two pence
+    sterling the half ounce shall remain as the rate in operation as
+    regards letters by British Mails, to be extended to Countries having
+    postal conventions with the United Kingdom, unless Her Majesty's
+    Government in the United Kingdom shall see fit to allow this rate to
+    be changed to three pence currency:
+
+    That the pre-payment of Provincial Postage shall be optional:
+
+    That all Provincial Postage received within the Province shall be
+    retained as belonging to it, and that all Provincial Postage
+    received within any other of the British North American Colonies,
+    may be retained as belonging to such Colony:
+
+    That the British Packet Postage and other British Postage collected
+    in this Province shall be accounted for and paid over to the proper
+    authorities in the United Kingdom; but the Colonial Postage on the
+    same letters or packets shall belong to the Colony collecting it, or
+    if pre-paid to the British Post Office, it may be credited to the
+    Colony to which such letters or packets are addressed:
+
+    That no privilege of franking shall be allowed as regards Provincial
+    Postage:
+
+    That Provincial Stamps for the pre-payment of postage may be
+    prepared under the orders of the Governor in Council, which stamps
+    shall be evidence of the pre-payment of Provincial Postage to the
+    amount mentioned on such stamp, and that such stamps prepared under
+    the direction of the proper authorities in the other British North
+    American Colonies, shall be allowed in this Province as evidence of
+    the pre-payment of Provincial Postage in such other Colonies
+    respectively, on the letters or packets to which they are affixed,
+    and which have been mailed there:
+
+    That the Provincial Postage on Newspapers, Pamphlets, Magazines and
+    Printed Books, shall remain such as it now is until it be altered by
+    regulation under this Act.... Provided always, that one copy of each
+    newspaper published in this Province may be sent free from postage
+    to any Publisher of another Newspaper in this Province, that all
+    printed documents addressed to the Publisher of any Newspaper in
+    this Province shall be delivered to him free, and that all
+    Newspapers published in this Province and addressed to Subscribers
+    in the United States, shall pass free to the Provincial line, under
+    such regulations as the Governor in Council shall make to prevent
+    the abuse of the privileges hereby granted:
+
+    And, subject to the foregoing provisions of this section and to the
+    other express provisions of this Act, the Governor in Council shall
+    have full power and authority ... for establishing the rates of
+    postage on Newspapers and Printed Pamphlets, Magazines and Books,
+    and for declaring what shall be deemed such, or directing that in
+    any case or class of cases they be free of postage, either in the
+    first instance or the case of their being re-mailed, ... for the
+    preparing and distributing of Provincial stamps for pre-payment, for
+    limiting the weight and dimensions of letters or packets to be sent
+    by Post ... for prescribing the conditions and circumstances under
+    which letters, accounts and papers relating solely to the business
+    of the Post Office, and addressed to or sent by some officer
+    thereof, shall be free from Provincial Postage, ... for providing,
+    when he shall think it expedient, means for avoiding the risk of
+    transmitting small sums of money through the Post, by establishing a
+    system of money orders to be granted by one Post Master or officer
+    of the Department on another, and fixing the terms on which such
+    orders may be obtained, for establishing a system for the
+    Registering of letters and the charge[6] be made for such
+    registration, ... for the delivery of letters and packets in the
+    larger and more populous Cities and Towns, at the residences of
+    parties to whom they are addressed, and fixing the limits within
+    which such delivery shall take place, and the rates to be paid by
+    the parties who shall prefer to have their letters and packets so
+    delivered, rather than apply for them at the Post Office: ... and
+    generally to make such regulations as may be deemed necessary for
+    the due and effective working of the Post and Postal business and
+    arrangements, and for carrying this Act fully into effect:
+
+    IX. And be it enacted, That subject always to the provisions and
+    regulations aforesaid, the Provincial Post Master General shall have
+    the sole and exclusive privilege of conveying, receiving,
+    collecting, sending and delivering letters within this Province; and
+    that any person or party who shall (except in the cases hereinafter
+    excepted) collect, send, convey or deliver, or undertake to convey
+    or deliver any letter within this Province, or who shall receive or
+    have in his possession any letter for the purpose of conveying or
+    delivering it, otherwise than in conformity with this Act, shall for
+    each and every letter so unlawfully conveyed or undertaken to be
+    conveyed, received, delivered or found in his possession, incur a
+    penalty not exceeding five pounds currency: [_exceptions are letters
+    taken by friends journeying, by special messengers, Court
+    Commissions, etc._]
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    XI. And be it enacted, That as well the Colonial, British or Foreign
+    as the Provincial Postage on any letter or packet shall (if not
+    pre-paid) be payable to the Provincial Post Master General by the
+    party to whom the same shall be addressed, or who may lawfully
+    receive such a letter or packet, which may be detained until the
+    same be paid: ... and if any letter or packet be refused, or if the
+    party to whom it is addressed cannot be found, then such postage
+    shall be recoverable by the Provincial Post Master General from the
+    sender of such letter or packet: ... and that all postage may be
+    recovered with costs, by civil action in any Court having
+    jurisdiction to the amount, or in any way in which duties are
+    recoverable.
+
+    XII. And for avoiding doubts, and preventing inconvenient delay in
+    the delivery of letters, Be it declared and enacted, That no Post
+    Master shall be bound to give change, but the exact amount of the
+    postage on any letter or packet shall be tendered or paid to him in
+    current coin or in Provincial Postage stamps.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    XIV. [_Letters of Soldiers, Seamen, etc., shall be charged a certain
+    fixed sum in place of all British or Provincial postage._]
+
+    XV. [_Posted letters to be property of party addressed._]
+
+    XVI.... To forge, counterfeit or imitate any Postage Stamp issued or
+    used under the authority of this Act, or by or under the authority
+    of the Government or proper authority of the United Kingdom, or of
+    any British North American Province, or of any Foreign Country, or
+    knowingly to use any such forged, counterfeit or imitated stamp, or
+    to engrave, cut, sink or make any plate, die or other thing whereby
+    to forge, counterfeit or imitate such stamp or any part or portion
+    thereof, except by the permission in writing of the Provincial Post
+    Master General, or of some officer or person who under the
+    regulations to be made in that behalf, may lawfully grant such
+    permission, or to have possession of any such plate, die or other
+    thing as aforesaid, without such permission as aforesaid, or to
+    forge, counterfeit or unlawfully imitate, use or affix to or upon
+    any letter or packet, any stamp, signature, initials, or other mark
+    or sign purporting that such letter or packet ought to pass free of
+    postage, or at a lower rate of postage, or that the postage thereon
+    or any part thereof hath been pre-paid or ought to be paid by or
+    charged to any person, department or party whomsoever, shall be
+    felony, punishable by imprisonment in the Provincial Penitentiary
+    for life.
+
+[6] sic.
+
+The passage of the above Act and its approval by the Queen in Council
+gave opportunity for preparations to be made to carry out its
+provisions, the date being set for the 6th April, 1851. Three weeks
+previous to the appointed time the following notice was sent out to
+postmasters in anticipation of the transfer.
+
+
+NOTICE TO POSTMASTERS.
+
+  GENERAL POST OFFICE,
+  MONTREAL, 14TH MARCH, 1851.
+
+    SIR:--
+
+    I am commanded by His Excellency the Governor General, to
+    communicate to you the following Instructions, for your guidance in
+    the performance of your duties, under the New Post Office Law of the
+    13th and 14th Vict., chap. 17, passed at the last Session of the
+    Provincial Parliament, which will take effect, and supersede the
+    Imperial Post Office Acts, hitherto in force in Canada, on and from
+    the 6th day of April next:
+
+    1. From the above date, all Letters transmitted by the Post in
+    Canada, with the exception of Packet Letters to and from the United
+    Kingdom, will be liable to a uniform rate of _Three_ Pence,
+    currency, per half-ounce, for whatever distance conveyed:
+    pre-payment will be optional: the charge increasing according to the
+    weight of the Letter, one single rate for every additional
+    half-ounce, counting the fraction of a half-ounce as a full rate,
+    thus:
+
+    A Letter, weighing not exceeding 1/2 ounce, will be liable to 3d.
+    Postage.
+
+    A Letter, weighing more than 1/2 ounce, and not exceeding 1 ounce,
+    will be liable to 6 d. Postage.
+
+    A Letter, weighing more than 1 ounce, and not exceeding 1-1/2
+    ounces, will be liable to 9d. Postage.
+
+    A Letter, weighing more than 1-1/2 ounces, and not exceeding 2
+    ounces, will be liable to 1 s. Postage.
+
+    A Letter, weighing more than 2 ounces, and not exceeding 2-1/2
+    ounces, will be liable to 1 s., 3 d. Postage, and so on.
+
+    It will be observed that the above scale differs from that now
+    followed, in advancing one rate for each half-ounce after the first
+    ounce.
+
+    2. The single Packet rate for Letters by the Atlantic Steam Packet
+    Mails to and from England, via the United States, of 1s. 2d.
+    sterling, if _un-paid_, and 1s. 4d. currency if _pre-paid_, as also
+    the rate on Letters by those mails, via Halifax, of 1s. [missing
+    value] sterling, if _un-paid_, and 1s. 1-1/2 d. currency, if
+    _pre-paid_, remain unaltered, and the present scale of weights is to
+    remain in force as regards such Letters.
+
+    Post Masters must be very careful to observe this distinction when
+    taxing Letters, weighing over one ounce, intended for the English
+    Mails.
+
+    3. The regulations now in force with regard to Letters to and from
+    Soldiers and Sailors in Her Majesty's Service, by which under
+    certain conditions such Letters pass through the Post on pre-payment
+    of a penny only, will remain unaltered.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    5. Letters addressed to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward's
+    Island, or Newfoundland, are to be rated with the uniform rate of
+    3d. per half-ounce.
+
+    6. Letters to and from the United States will be liable to the
+    uniform rate of 3d. per half-ounce, between the Frontier Line and
+    the place of posting or place of destination in Canada; and until
+    further arrangements can be made, this charge on Letters from Canada
+    to the United States must be pre-paid at the time of posting.
+
+    7. [_Rates and regulations for Newspapers, Pamphlets, etc., to
+    remain as at present._]
+
+    8. [_Printed matter addressed to Editors is free._]
+
+    9. The charge on Letters posted at an Office for delivery in the
+    same City, Town, or Place, and any additional charge made on Letters
+    delivered at the residences of parties to whom they are addressed,
+    are to remain as at present, until further instructions.
+
+    10. No Franking Privilege is allowed under the New Act except with
+    regard to Letters and Packets on the business of the Post Office,
+    addressed to or transmitted by the Post Master General.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    13. Stamps for the pre-payment of Postage are being prepared, and
+    will be distributed for the use of the public at an early date.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    16. [_Letters, etc., to Deputy Post Master General to pass free._]
+
+         T. A. STAYNER.
+  _Deputy Post Master General._
+
+[*] [Transcriber's Note: 2 or 3 characters here are unreadable.]
+
+Meanwhile, under the authority given the Governor in Council by _The
+Post Office Act_, an agreement had been drawn up between the post office
+Departments of Canada and the United States for the purpose of
+establishing and regulating the interchange of mails between the two
+countries. This was signed on the 25th March, 1851, and was communicated
+to the Canadian post-masters by the first department order, as
+follows:--
+
+    DEPARTMENT ORDER [NO. 1.]
+
+    LETTERS, ETC., BETWEEN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES, INCLUDING
+    CALIFORNIA AND OREGON.
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT,
+            TORONTO, _2nd April_, 1851.
+
+    Commencing on and from the 6th instant, Letters, Newspapers, &c.,
+    will pass through the Mails between Canada and the United States,
+    including California and Oregon, at the Rates of Postage and under
+    the Regulations herein mentioned.
+
+    1. Letters posted at any Office in Canada, addressed to any place in
+    the United States, except California and Oregon, are to be rated
+    with a uniform rate of six-pence, currency, per half-ounce.
+
+    2. Letters posted in any part of the United States, except
+    California and Oregon, addressed to Canada, will be rated there with
+    a uniform charge of ten cents, equal to six-pence, currency, per
+    half-ounce.
+
+    3. The Postage Rate on Letters passing between Canada and California
+    and Oregon, will be a uniform charge of nine-pence, currency, equal
+    to fifteen cents per half-ounce.
+
+    4. It is to be understood that the above rates include the whole
+    charge for the transmission of a Letter between any place in Canada
+    and any place within the United States, including California and
+    Oregon.
+
+    5. The scale for computing the charge upon Letters weighing more
+    than 1/2 ounce, will be the same as that for Letters passing within
+    the Province.
+
+    6. Pre-payment of Letters passing between Canada and any place
+    within the United States, including California and Oregon, will, in
+    all cases, be optional.
+
+    7. Newspapers, Pamphlets, &c., posted in Canada, addressed to the
+    United States, including California and Oregon, are, ... to be
+    forwarded through the Post at the same rates of charge as if
+    addressed to a place within the Province; the said rates must,
+    however, be _pre-paid_--as, if the ordinary Canada Rate is not paid
+    at the time of posting a Newspaper or Pamphlet, &c., it cannot be
+    forwarded to the United States.
+
+    8. United States Newspapers, Pamphlets, &c., addressed to places in
+    Canada, will be received in the Province with the American Postage
+    thereon pre-paid--leaving the ordinary Canada Rate of charge from
+    the Frontier Line to the place of destination, to be ... collected
+    by the Post Master who may deliver the same in Canada.
+
+    9.-10.-11. [_Copies of newspapers or printed documents sent by or to
+    publishers or editors are free of Canadian postage._]
+
+    12. The Canada Postage Stamps, when used, will be taken in the
+    United States as evidence of pre-payment of Postage on Letters going
+    from Canada to the United States, and in like manner the United
+    States Postage Stamps on Letters coming into Canada, are to be taken
+    by Post Masters in this Province as evidence of pre-payment having
+    been made in the United States.
+
+    13. The following are appointed to be the Offices in Canada through
+    which the Post communication with the United States will be
+    maintained, and to which Post Masters are to forward their Mail
+    matter for the United States, according to the relative position of
+    their several Offices:
+
+  PORT SARNIA,                                         |
+  WINDSOR,                                             | KINGSTON,
+  FORT ERIE,                                           |
+                                                       | BROCKVILLE,
+  QUEENSTON,       { Intended in the mean time to      |
+                   { be the Channel of Communication   | PRESCOTT,
+                   { with the United States for the    |
+                   { Country West of Toronto.          | MONTREAL,
+                                                       |
+  NIAGARA,                                             | ST. JOHN'S,
+  TORONTO,                                             |
+                                                       | DUNDEE,
+  COBOURG,         { A Communication during Summer     |
+                   { only, by Steamer to Rochester.    | STANSTEAD,
+
+  By Command,
+    W. H. GRIFFIN.
+
+Both the _Post Office Act_ and the above Department Order treat of the
+disposition of periodicals and other printed matter without giving the
+rates of postage required thereon. A subsequent Order gives us these
+rates:--
+
+    DEPARTMENT ORDER, [NO. 3.]
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT,
+       TORONTO. _17th April_, 1851.
+
+    _Printed Circulars, Price Currents, Handbills, Pamphlets,
+    Periodicals, Books, and other Printed Matter transmitted by Post in
+    Canada._
+
+    1. Upon each Printed Circular, Price Current or Handbill, and other
+    Printed matter of a like description, when unconnected with any
+    manuscript or written communication and of no greater weight than
+    one ounce, there shall be charged One penny; and for each additional
+    ounce or fraction of an ounce, One penny additional.
+
+    2. Upon each Periodical or Magazine, Pamphlet and Book, bound or
+    unbound, there shall be charged a rate of One half-penny per ounce.
+
+    3. Pre-payment of the foregoing rates will be optional, except when
+    the Printed matter is addressed to the United States, and in that
+    case the charge must invariably be pre-paid.
+
+    4. On such Printed matter received into Canada by Mail from the
+    United States, the above Canada Rates will always remain to be
+    collected on delivery in this Province.
+
+    5.[_Exchange of one copy between publishers is free._]
+
+    6. [_Must be unsealed; if writing is enclosed will be treated as a
+    letter._]
+
+    7. No Book or packet of Periodicals, Magazines, &c., can be
+    forwarded through the Post, if exceeding the weight of forty-eight
+    ounces.
+
+  JAMES MORRIS. _Post Master General._
+
+
+It is of course understood that the above does not apply to newspapers,
+which were charged to a nominal rate of 1/2d. each, the term _newspaper_
+being considered to aply to periodicals issued not less often than once
+a week.
+
+A supplementary order was issued, a couple of days later than the
+preceding, which announces a book post with England. It is a bit curious
+as prohibiting the use of postage stamps in prepayment of the charges,
+at a time when their introduction was supposed to be an improvement in
+the postal service.
+
+    SUPPLEMENTARY ORDER.
+
+    POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT.
+
+    TORONTO, 19_th April_, 1851.
+
+    _Book Post with England._
+
+    Under the authority of Her Majesty's Government, an arrangement will
+    take effect on the fifteenth day of May next, under which Printed
+    Books, Magazines, Reviews, or Pamphlets, whether British, Colonial,
+    or Foreign, may be sent through the Post, between Canada and the
+    United Kingdom, at the Following Rates of Postage:
+
+  [S] = Sterling
+                                                    | [S] |   Currency
+  For a single volume,                              |     |
+    _i.e._, Book, Magazine, Review, or Pamphlet,    |     |
+    not exceeding half lb. in weight                | 6d. | Equal to 7-1/2d.
+                                                    |     |
+  For a single volume, &c.,                         |     |
+    exceeding half lb. and not exceeding one lb.    | 1s. |   "   to 1s. 3d.
+                                                    |     |
+  For a single volume, &c.,                         |     |
+    exceeding one lb. and not exceeding two lbs.    | 2s. |   "   "  2s. 6d.
+                                                    |     |
+  For a single volume, &c.,                         |     |
+    exceeding two lbs. and not exceeding three lbs. | 3s. |   "   "  3s. 9d.
+
+    The above charge must always be pre-paid, on printed Books, &c.,
+    &c., sent to the United Kingdom under this Regulation, at the time
+    of posting in Canada; and the pre-payment must be made in money, and
+    cannot be taken in Canada Postage Stamps.
+
+    Postmasters, as with pre-paid Letters for England must rate the
+    Books, &c., posted under this Regulation, in _red ink_, with both
+    the sterling rate and its equivalent in currency, ...--thus, a Book,
+    &c., weighing 3-1/2 pounds, will be rated:--
+
+    "Paid 4s. sterling--equal to 5s. currency."
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    JAMES MORRIS, _Post Master General._
+
+The Department Circular No. 5, published from Toronto on 20th June,
+1851, contains but one paragraph of interest to us.
+
+    Post Masters are informed that the transfer of the Post Office in
+    the Provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia to Provincial
+    control, will take place on the 6th July next, and that from that
+    date the uniform rate of 3d. per 1/2 ounce will form the sole charge
+    on a Letter transmitted between any place in Canada and any place in
+    New Brunswick, or Nova Scotia. Pre-payment will be optional.
+
+On the 30th August, 1851, the Canadian Parliament passed an _Act to
+Amend the Post Office Act_. The only section of any particular interest
+to us is the following:--
+
+    14^o & 15^o Vict. Cap. LXXI.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    XV. And be it enacted, That the Post Master General shall be
+    authorized, whenever the same may be proper for the accommodation of
+    the public in any city, to employ Letter Carriers for the delivery
+    of letters received at the Post Office in such city, excepting such
+    as the persons to whom they are addressed may have requested, in
+    writing addressed to the Postmaster, to be retained in the Post
+    Office, and for the receipt of letters at such places in the said
+    city as the Postmaster General may direct, and for the deposit of
+    the same in the Post Office; and for the delivery by Carrier of each
+    letter received from the Post Office, the person to whom the same is
+    delivered shall pay not exceeding One Penny, and for the delivery of
+    each newspaper and pamphlet One Halfpenny, and for every letter
+    received by a Carrier to be deposited in the Post Office, there
+    shall be paid to him, at the time of the receipt, not exceeding One
+    Half-penny:--all of which receipts, by the Carriers in any city,
+    shall, if the Postmaster General so direct, be accounted for to the
+    Postmaster of the said city, to constitute a fund for the
+    compensation of the said Carriers, and to be paid to them in such
+    proportions and manner as the Postmaster General may direct.
+
+But in the meantime the postage stamps, which will now be our main
+study, were issued to the public, and we will therefore turn back to the
+period of their birth and trace their history, together with the
+development of the post that accompanies it, through the nearly sixty
+years that have since elapsed.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE ISSUE OF 1851
+
+
+According to all good catalogues, the date of the first issue of stamps
+for Canada is the year 1851. If we find some more precise statement put
+forth in a special article on the subject, the date is apt to be given
+as the 6th April, 1851. If we go back into the dusty archives of the
+Canadian Post Office Department, we find the circular announcing the
+forthcoming stamps is dated a fortnight later than the hitherto supposed
+correct date for their issue. We reproduce it here in its entirety:--
+
+    DEPARTMENT ORDER [NO. 4.]
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT,
+       TORONTO, _21st April_, 1851.
+
+    _Stamps for the pre-payment of Postage on Letters._
+
+    Postage Stamps are about to be issued, one representing the Beaver,
+    of the denomination of Three pence; the second representing the head
+    of Prince Albert, of the denomination of Six pence; and the third,
+    representing the head of Her Majesty, of the denomination of One
+    shilling; which will shortly be transmitted to the Post Masters at
+    important points, for sale.
+
+    Any Post Master receiving Stamps from this Department will, by the
+    next mail, acknowledge the receipt of the amount. At the expiration
+    of each Quarter, and with his Quarterly Postage Accounts, he will
+    render an account of Stamps on a form which will be hereafter
+    supplied, charging himself therein with any amount which remained on
+    hand at the close of the preceding Quarter, and with the amounts
+    received during the Quarter just ended, and crediting himself with
+    the amount then remaining on hand. The balance of the account so
+    stated, representing the amount of Stamps he has sold or disposed
+    of, the Post Master will add to the balance due on his Return for
+    the same Quarter of Postages.
+
+    Any Letter or Packet, with one or more Stamps affixed, equal in
+    amount to the Postage properly chargeable thereon, may be mailed and
+    forwarded from any office as a pre-paid Letter or Packet; but if the
+    Stamps affixed be not adequate to the proper Postage, the Post
+    Master receiving the Letter or Packet for transmission will rate it
+    with the amount deficient in addition.--This Regulation concerning
+    Letters short paid has reference only to Letters passing within the
+    Province.
+
+    Stamps so affixed are to be immediately _cancelled_ in the office in
+    which the Letter or Packet may be deposited, with an instrument to
+    be furnished for that purpose. In Post Offices not so furnished, the
+    stamps must be cancelled by making a cross [X] on each with a pen.
+    If the cancelling has been omitted on the mailing of the Letter, the
+    Post Master delivering it will cancel the stamp in the manner
+    directed, and immediately report the Post Master who may have been
+    delinquent, to the Department. Bear in mind that Stamps must
+    invariably be cancelled before mailing the Letters to which they are
+    affixed.
+
+    Letters and Packets pre-paid by Stamps must be entered in the
+    Letter-Bill separately from other pre-paid Letters,--and in like
+    manner in the Monthly Sheets.
+
+  J. MORRIS, _Post Master General_.
+
+From the above it is plainly evident that the new stamps were _not_
+placed in use on April 6th, the day of the transfer of the Post Office
+to Provincial control, as is usually stated. Furthermore, as this order
+announcing them states that the stamps are "about to be issued," it is
+evident that they did not appear concurrently with the order, which is
+dated April 21st.[7] As a matter of fact the first supply of the 3 pence
+stamps was only received by the Department from the manufacturers on
+April 5th, the day before the transfer, and the second supply on April
+20th, the day before the above circular was issued; while the 6 pence
+and 12 pence stamps did not arrive until May 2nd and May 4th,
+respectively.[8] In a letter to Mr. Donald A. King,[9] dated 2d March,
+1904, from Mr. William Smith, Secretary of the Department at Ottawa, the
+latter states "that postage stamps were issued to the public for the
+first time on 23rd April, 1851." This agrees with the other known facts,
+and can doubtless be taken as the correct date for the 3d. stamp. The
+6d. stamp we have no further details for, but it was doubtless in use by
+the middle of May. For the 12d. stamp we have, fortunately, all the
+details, as will appear subsequently, and can give the exact date of
+issue as June 14, 1851.
+
+[7] This correction of the date must be noted, for in Mr. King's article
+in the Monthly Journal, VII: 7, it is wrongly given as 1st April, which
+might lead to erroneous conclusions. In the Article by Messrs. Corwin
+and King, (Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 149), the date is correctly
+given.
+
+[8] Metropolitan Philatelist, XVII: 83.
+
+[9] London Philatelist, XIII: 153.
+
+At the time of the transfer, the Postmaster General issued a lengthy set
+of _Regulations and Instructions for the Government of the Post Office
+Department in Canada_, and it is perhaps best to reproduce here such
+sections as may prove of interest in connection with the use of the
+stamps, various rates of postage, etc., etc.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    20. Letters posted to be sent by Mail are to be carefully postmarked
+    on the face or address side, with the name of the Post Office, the
+    month and the day of the month in which they are posted, and, except
+    when they are Prepaid by Postage stamps, with the Rate of Postage in
+    plain figures. In performing these operations great care must be
+    used to avoid interference with the address.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    22. If the Postage is Paid in Money when the Letter is posted, stamp
+    or write the word "_Paid_" against the Postage rate, and mark the
+    rate in _red ink_; but if the Letter is "_Unpaid_" the rate is to be
+    marked in _black ink_.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    42. Should the Receiving Postmaster find that any of the Letters
+    have been under-rated, that is, not charged with sufficient
+    Postage,--if for example, a Letter weighing an ounce has only been
+    charged with one rate, he will mark the additional Postage with the
+    words "_More to pay_," and his initials on the Letter.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    44.... Letters are to be postmarked on the back or seal side with
+    the date of the day on which they arrive....
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    58. On Letters not exceeding 1/2 oz. in weight between any place in
+    Canada and any other place in British North America, including
+    Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Cape
+    Breton, the rate is a uniform charge of 3d.
+
+    For every additional weight of half an oz., or any fractional excess
+    of half an oz., there shall be charged an additional rate of 3d.
+
+    59. On Letters deposited at an Office for delivery in the same
+    place, called Drop or Box Letters, the rate is One half-penny each,
+    to be brought to account by Postmasters.
+
+    60. On Letters between any place in Canada and any part of Great
+    Britain or Ireland, if conveyed in the Weekly closed Mails through
+    the United States, the rate is a uniform charge of 1s. 2d. sterling,
+    equal to 1s. 4d. currency, on a Letter not exceeding 1/2 oz., in
+    weight.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    62. On Letters between Canada and the United Kingdom, conveyed by
+    the semi-monthly Mails by way of Quebec, New Brunswick and Halifax,
+    the rate is:
+
+    On Letters not exceeding 1/2 oz., 1s. 0d. sterling equal to 1s.
+    1-1/2d. currency.
+
+    On Letters not exceeding 1 oz., 2s. 0d. sterling equal to 2s. 3d.
+    currency.
+
+    On Letters not exceeding 2 oz., 4s. 0d. sterling equal to 4s. 6d.
+    currency.
+
+    63. On Letters between any place in Canada and any part of the
+    United States, except California and Oregon, the rate is a uniform
+    charge of 6d., equal to 10c. per 1/2 oz. weight.
+
+    64. On Letters to California and Oregon, the rate is 9d., equal to
+    15c. per 1/2 oz.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    67. Letters to Newfoundland may be sent via Quebec and Halifax at a
+    Postage rate of 7-1/2d. per 1/2 oz.
+
+    68. Letters to British West Indies via Quebec, Halifax and Bermuda
+    will be charged the Canada rate of 3d. and in addition the Packet
+    rate for sea conveyance between Halifax and Bermuda of 4-1/2d.
+    currency, making on a letter not weighing more than 1/2 oz. a rate
+    of 7-1/2d.
+
+    69. Letters may also be sent from Canada to the British West Indies
+    and Havanah by the ordinary United States Mails to New York, and
+    from thence by British Steam Packet to destination, on Prepayment in
+    Canada of 9d. equal to 15c. per 1/2 oz.
+
+    70. Mails are made up at Montreal every fortnight for Halifax, Nova
+    Scotia, and despatched for conveyance to Halifax with the Mails by
+    the Royal Mail Steamers from Boston to Halifax and Liverpool by
+    which Letters may be sent to the following places at the rates
+    mentioned:
+
+    Letters to Halifax and Nova Scotia         7-1/2d. currency.
+    Letters to Newfoundland                        1s. currency.
+    Letters to Bermuda and British West Indies     1s. currency.
+
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    74--75--76. [_Almost identical with first three paragraphs of_
+    Department Order No. 4. _describing and prescribing use of postage
+    stamps_. Vide supra.]
+
+    77. If the Stamps affixed to a Letter addressed to any place in
+    British North America or to the United Kingdom be not adequate to
+    the proper Postage, the Post Master receiving the Letter for
+    transmission will rate it with the amount deficient in addition.
+
+    78. On Letters for the United States when Stamps are affixed
+    representing less than the amount of Postage to which the Letters
+    are liable, the Stamps are to be cancelled and the Letters rated
+    with the full rate as Unpaid.
+
+    79--80--81. [_Identical with last two paragraphs of_ Department
+    Order No. 4. _concerning cancelling, omission of same, and accounts
+    of stamped letters_.]
+
+    82. Stamps affixed to Letters coming from either of the British
+    North American Provinces, the United Kingdom or the United States,
+    and recognized as equivalent to pre-payment at the Office where the
+    Letter has been posted--are to be allowed in Canada as evidence of
+    pre-payment accordingly, on the Letters to which they have been
+    affixed.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    84. [_Postage Stamps must be taken when offered in payment of
+    postage on delivery of Unpaid Letters._]
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    88. [_Non-Commissioned Officers, Embodied Pensioners, Seamen and
+    Soldiers, while employed in Her Majesty's Service, can send and
+    receive letters at a rate of 1d. each, which must be paid at time of
+    posting, and letter must not exceed 1/2 oz. in weight._]
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    95. [_Rate on circulars, price currents, hand bills, etc., 1d. per
+    ounce or fraction._]
+
+    96. [_Rate on pamphlets, periodicals, magazines and books, 1/2d. per
+    ounce._]
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    100. [_Limit of weight for periodicals, etc., ([S]96) is 48 oz._]
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    103. [_Book post to England is 6d. sterling (7-1/2d. currency) for
+    1/2lb., 1s. sterling (1s. 3d. currency) for 1 lb., and at 1s. per
+    lb., rate thereafter._]
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    112. [_Postage on newspapers in Canada is 1/2d. except on exchange
+    copies, which are free._]
+
+It strikes one as curious, in glancing over the above, to note the
+several half penny and one penny rates, as well as two at 7-1/2 pence,
+and to realize that no stamp of the lowest value, at least, should have
+been arranged for whereby these amounts could have been prepaid by means
+of stamps. To be sure, the 7-1/2d. rate could be obtained by halving a
+three penny stamp in conjunction with a 6d. stamp as was the common
+practice in Nova Scotia, but no such combination is known on a Canada
+cover.
+
+Of the three stamps issued, the first and most typical of Canada was the
+3d. which was designed, so Mr. C. N. Robertson of Ottawa tells us, by
+Sir Sanford Fleming, a civil engineer and draughtsman. The central
+feature is a representation of the beaver in its native haunts, above
+which is the royal crown of England resting on a rose, thistle and
+shamrock, with the letters V and R (_Victoria Regina_) at either side. A
+reference to figure 6 on Plate I makes further description unnecessary.
+The normal color was a bright red.
+
+A quite marked variety of this stamp occurs in what is generally known
+as a "double strike" or "shifted transfer." It is _not_ due to
+accidental light contact of the sheet in printing, previous to the
+heavier impression in a slightly changed position, as is often
+suggested, but is a true plate variety, caused by a slight impression of
+the transfer roller in the wrong position on the plate previous to the
+heavy impression sunk in the proper position. This fact is shown by its
+being found in pairs and blocks with the normal stamp. It is recognized
+by the letters EE PEN being "doubled" at the top, making it appear as if
+a line had been drawn through the words and giving it the name,
+occasionally used of the "line through threepence" variety. The figure 3
+also appears doubled at the bottom. Its position in the sheet has not
+been determined, but it occurs on all papers.
+
+The 6d. stamp is in the usual upright form, containing a portrait of
+Albert, the Prince Consort. It has been impossible to trace the original
+of the picture, though diligent search has been made. The rose, thistle
+and shamrock again appear on the stamp, at either side of the oval frame
+and separating the inscriptions. Figure 1 of Plate I gives an excellent
+reproduction of this value. The normal color may be said to have been a
+slate violet.
+
+The 12d. stamp is very similar in design to the 6d. stamp, but contains
+a portrait of Queen Victoria. This beautiful head, so often seen upon
+the early British Colonial stamps, was taken from the full length
+painting by Alfred Edward Chalon, R. A., which was ordered by the Queen
+for her mother, the Duchess of Kent, as a souvenir of Her Majesty's
+first visit to the House of Lords. The occasion was the prorogation of
+Parliament, on July 17, 1837, and the Queen is portrayed in her robes of
+state, because of which fact the painting is sometimes described as "in
+Coronation Robes," but this is erroneous.[10] The stamp is illustrated
+as figure 2 on Plate I, and it will be noticed that the inscriptions in
+the oval frame are this time separated on either side by the royal
+crown. The color is black.
+
+[10] London Philatelist, VI: 147.
+
+The peculiarity in the expression of the value of this stamp as "Twelve
+Pence" instead of "One Shilling," which would seem to be the natural
+form for such an amount in English money, was long a moot question
+amongst collectors. It was even suggested as an "error" of the American
+manufacturers of the stamp! But the controversy has been practically
+settled by reference to the monetary conditions of the period. A glance
+back at the rates of postage we have already quoted will show that it
+was generally necessary to give them in two forms, "currency" and
+"sterling." The somewhat depreciated Canadian currency required fifteen
+pence, as will be noted, to equal the shilling sterling--a point that is
+brought out on the two stamps issued subsequently for the British Packet
+rates. Add to this the fact that in New England the "shilling" was a
+current expression for 16-2/3 cents (10 pence currency), while in New
+York it represented 12-1/2 cents (7-1/2 pence currency) and we can
+readily see that in Canadian territory contiguous to these sections the
+number of pence to a "shilling" might often be a debatable quantity. As
+a matter of fact the French Canadians of Lower Canada made general use
+of the "shilling" as reckoned at 10 pence (20 cents) in the old
+currency, while the "York shilling" was extensively used in Upper
+Canada.[11] "Twelve pence" was without doubt wholly intentional,
+therefore, as the designation of the stamp, and was a happy solution of
+any ambiguity in its use, even if it has proved a stumbling block to the
+understanding of latter day collectors.
+
+[11] Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 170.
+
+An interesting essay for this stamp is in existence, being a companion
+for the 3 pence "beaver," inasmuch as the shape of the stamp and the
+central design are the same, though on a larger scale; the inscriptions,
+however, are on an octagonal frame around the picture instead of an
+elliptical one, and the value is expressed as "one shilling," with "1s"
+in each spandrel. It was doubtless also a conception of Sir Sanford
+Fleming, the designer of the 3 pence, and it would be interesting to
+know what the companion 6 pence may have been.
+
+The three issued stamps were ordered from and engraved on steel by
+Messrs. Rawdon, Wright, Hatch and Edson of New York, who, it will be
+interesting to note, were the engravers of the 1847 issue of United
+States stamps--a fact which very likely may have had its influence on
+the Canadian authorities. The stamps were printed in sheets of 100, ten
+rows of ten, and had eight marginal imprints, two on each side. The
+imprint reads, "Rawdon, Wright, Hatch & Edson, New York.", in minute
+letters of the size known as "diamond" in the printing office, and it is
+placed opposite the third and eighth stamps of the horizontal or
+vertical row, as the case may be, but always with the bottom of the
+imprint next the stamps. This causes the imprints to read up on the
+left, down on the right, and upside down on the bottom margins of the
+sheets.
+
+We have found but one item in the departmental accounts for the fiscal
+year 1851-2 referring to the stamps. This reads:--
+
+    Rawdon, Wright & Co., for engraving postage stamps, [L]31.8.2
+
+This was doubtless simply a bill for printing, as it is altogether too
+small an amount to account for the engraving of three stamp dies and the
+making of three printing plates.
+
+The first delivery of the stamps from the manufacturers took place on
+April 5, 1851, according to a valuable summary from official records,
+published in the _Metropolitan Philatelist_,[12] when 100,000 of the 3
+pence value were received by the Canadian Government. A second lot,
+numbering 150,200 of the 3 pence, arrived on April 20th. The 6 pence
+value followed on May 2nd, to the number of 100,400; and the 12 pence
+two days later, on May 4th, when the only consignment ever received from
+the printers, numbering 51,400, was delivered.
+
+[12] =Metropolitan Philatelist, XVII=: 83.
+
+The paper on which the stamps were printed was a thin, tough, grayish
+white variety which we should probably call bond paper, but which at
+that time is said to have been known as bank note paper. It was
+doubtless handmade, and therefore varies considerably in thickness, the
+two extremes being usually listed as _medium_ or _ordinary_, and _very
+thin_ or _almost pelure_.
+
+It has been the custom to assume that the first deliveries of the stamps
+were probably all upon _laid_ paper, which was borne out by dates on
+covers or postmarked specimens of the stamps used during the first year
+of issue. But by June of 1852, at least, according to Messrs. Corwin and
+King,[13] the stamps were beginning to appear on paper which was simply
+_wove_, without any trace of the laid lines, though in all other
+respects similar to the first supplies. Of course a minor detail of
+manufacture like this would have no official cognizance, so there is
+nothing for us to go by in determining the quantities printed on one or
+the other kind of paper, or the dates of issue, save for what can be
+gleaned from dated covers and deductions to be drawn from them. The two
+varieties of paper, however, have been as productive of controversy in
+the case of the 12 pence stamp as the peculiar expression of its value
+proved.
+
+[13] =Metropolitan Philatelist, I=: 149.
+
+But before discussing this question, let us see what we have to work on.
+The first annual report of the Postmaster General, for the year ending
+5th April, 1852, contains the following information concerning the new
+stamps:--
+
+    Postage Stamps for the pre-payment of letters of the respective
+    values of 3d., 6d. and 1s. were procured and issued immediately
+    after the transfer, and have been kept for sale to the public at all
+    the principal Post Offices in the Province; the demand, however, has
+    not been great, as will be seen by the following statement, and the
+    sales of the last quarter of the year would seem to demonstrate that
+    the use of these Stamps in pre-payment of letters, is rather
+    diminishing than gaining ground in the community. There were
+    procured from the manufacturers, Messrs. Rawdon, Wright, Hatch &
+    Co., of New York, during the year ended 5th April 1852:
+
+                             Value.
+      250,200 3d. Stamps [L]3127 10 0
+      100,400 6d. Stamps    2510  0 0
+       51,000 1s. Stamps    2550  0 0
+      _______              __________
+      401,600            [L]8187 10 0
+
+    Of these have been issued to Postmasters for sale, to the same date:
+
+                            Value.
+      217,300 3d. Stamps [L]2716 5 0
+       63,400 6d. Stamps    1585 0 0
+          820 1s. Stamps      41 0 0
+      _______               ________
+      281,520            [L]4342 5 0
+
+The succeeding annual reports of the Postmaster General, for the years
+ending 31st March, 1853-6, give the following table of postage stamp
+statistics:--
+
+Postage stamps issued for sale as follows:--
+
+  REPORT OF 31ST. MARCH, 1853.
+
+                                      3d. Stamps  6d. Stamps   1s. Stamps
+
+    On hand 5th April, 1852              32,900      37,000        50,180
+    Since received from Manufacturers   250,000
+                                        _________________________________
+                                        282,900      37,000        50,180
+    Issued for sale during year         163,000       2,575           100
+                                        _________________________________
+    On hand 31st March, 1853            119,900       34,425       50,080
+
+  REPORT OF 31ST. MARCH, 1854.
+
+    Received from Manufacturers         250,000          ...          ...
+                                        _________________________________
+                                        369,900       34,425       50,080
+    Issued for sale during year         240,700       10,825          325
+                                        _________________________________
+    On hand 31st March, 1854            129,200       23,600       49,755
+
+  REPORT OF 31ST. MARCH, 1855.
+
+    Received from Manufacturers         250,000       50,000          ...
+                                        _________________________________
+                                        379,200       73,600       49,755
+    Issued for sale during year         355,000       25,800          265
+
+    On hand 31st. March, 1855            24,200       47,800       49,490
+
+  REPORT OF 31ST. MARCH, 1856.
+
+    Received from Manufacturers         600,300          ...          ...
+                                        _________________________________
+                                        624,500       47,800       49,490
+    Issued for sale during year         368,700       38,419          ...
+                                        _________________________________
+    On hand 31st. March, 1856           255,800        9,381       49,490
+
+In this annual report of 31st March, 1856, is the last account of the
+12d. stamp, from which it appears that none were issued to postmasters
+during the fiscal year. It does not mean that none were sold or used
+during that period, however, for with the increasing use of stamps this
+was quite probable. But it is evident from the tables given that the
+stamp was disbursed from headquarters in very limited quantities during
+the four years from 1851 to 1855 only; and we are quite fortunate in
+being able to give the exact details of this distribution. An anonymous
+article was published in the _Metropolitan Philatelist_ in 1902,[14]
+from which we have already quoted, that contained a "_Valuable summary
+of the first issue of postage stamps used in this Colony._" The
+statement is made that "it is taken from official records and is
+absolutely accurate." We quote here the information concerning the
+
+    CANADA ONE SHILLING POSTAGE STAMP.
+
+      Total number rec'd. from Contractors          51,000
+      Total number issued to postmasters             1,510
+                                                    ------
+      Balance (destroyed)                           49,490
+
+    NOTE.--On May 4, 1851, the first and only consignment of the Canada
+    1 shilling postage stamp, to the number of 51,000 (value [L]2,550),
+    was received by the Post Office Department, Canada, from the
+    Contractors, Messrs. Rawdon, Wright, Hatch & Edson, New York.
+
+    The issue of this stamp began on June 14, 1851, and concluded on
+    December 4, 1854, when the stamp was discontinued. During its issue
+    1510 stamps of that denomination were sent out to postmasters,
+    leaving a balance on hand of 49,490, which, on May 1st. 1857, were,
+    in accordance with the practice of the Department in cases of the
+    discontinuance of stamps, destroyed. As has already been observed,
+    there was only the one lot of this stamp received from the
+    contractors.
+
+    DETAILS OF ISSUE.
+
+      Date of Issue.      Name of Office.  Name of P. M.    No.
+
+      June  14, 1851      Hamilton         E. Ritchie       300
+      Oct.  17, 1851      Chippewa         W. Hepburn       100
+      Nov.  13, 1851      Thorold          J. Keefer         20
+      Nov.  25, 1851      Toronto          C. Berchy        200
+      Mar.   8, 1852      Montreal         J. Porteous      200
+      Sept. 14, 1852      Ingersoll        D. Phelan        100
+      Apr.   5, 1853  [15]Bytown           G. W. Baker      100
+      Oct.  20, 1853      Sherbrooke       Wm. Brooks        15
+      Jan.  13, 1854      Smith's Falls    Jas. Shaw         50
+      Jan.  20, 1854      Bytown           G. W. Baker      100
+      Feb.   8, 1854      L'Islet          Ballantyne        15
+      Feb.  27, 1854      Ingersoll        Chadwick          20
+      Mar.  22, 1854      Sault S. Marie   Jos. Wilson       25
+      May   15, 1854      Port. du Fort    McLaren           15
+      Oct.  21, 1854      Rowan Mills      de Blaquiere      50
+      Oct.  26, 1854      Melbourne        Thos. Tait        50
+      Oct.  27, 1854      Montreal         A. La Rocque     100
+      Dec.   4, 1854      Smith's Falls    Jas. Shaw         50
+                                                          -----
+                                     Total number issued, 1,510
+
+[14] =Metropolitan Philatelist, XVII=: 83.
+
+[15] Now Ottawa, Capital of Dominion of Canada.
+
+From the above it is seen that Hamilton and Montreal each received a
+total of 300 copies, Toronto and Bytown each 200, Ingersoll 120,
+Chippewa and Smith's Falls each 100, and so on down.
+
+So much for the 12d. stamp. The tables of the Post Office reports tell
+us also that the issues of the 6d. stamp to postmasters for these same
+four years totalled 102,600, or only 2200 more than the original number
+delivered, the second delivery of the 6d. not having taken place until
+March 21, 1855,[16] at the end of the last fiscal year of the four. If,
+then, the entire first printings of the 6d. and 12d. stamps were on laid
+paper, as is usually claimed, there would be no such thing as a 12d. on
+wove paper, and the 6d. stamp in the same state would not be found
+_used_ (provided proper postmark evidence were forthcoming) before the
+end of March, 1855. During the same period there were at least five
+deliveries of the 3d. stamp, so that several things may have happened to
+that value. But, curiously enough, it is the other two stamps that
+furnish us with our best evidence.
+
+[16] Metropolitan Philatelist, XVII: 83.
+
+We now come literally to the "nigger in the wood-pile." The 12d. stamp
+_does_ exist on the _wove_ paper! Mr. Worthington and Mr. Pack each
+possess an unused copy, and careful examination by the writer has failed
+to disclose any appreciable difference in the color, quality or
+appearance of the paper, save for the impossibility of discovering the
+laid lines, between these copies and those possessing proper credentials
+as the regular laid paper 12d. of 1851. The color of the stamp and its
+general appearance give no hint of the supposed irregularity, and a
+letter to Mr. Worthington from the well known expert, Mr. John N. Luff,
+gives his approval to the specimen in Mr. Worthington's collection. It
+was formerly considered that the supposed 12d. on wove paper was merely
+a proof, and in the "_Catalogue for Advanced Collectors_" we find the
+following note concerning it under Canada.[17]
+
+[17] American Journal of Philately, 2d. Series, III: 121.
+
+    Although the 12p is catalogued by some as existing on thin wove
+    paper, we do not believe in it as in every copy on wove paper sent
+    to us for examination some traces of the word _specimen_ were to be
+    discovered thus showing them all to be merely proofs.
+
+As far as the writer has seen them, specimen copies have been on India
+paper, which is quite distinct from the regular paper of the issue, and
+they have been overprinted with the word "SPECIMEN" in carmine ink,
+either diagonally or vertically upward. The copies referred to in the
+paragraph just quoted probably had been treated with chemicals to remove
+the red ink overprint.
+
+Of course the desideratum for the settlement of the whole question is
+to find a copy of the stamp used on cover; but inasmuch as up to the
+present time but three copies of the 12d. on laid paper are known in
+this condition, it seems a hopeless quest. Nevertheless there appear to
+be several _used_ copies of the wove paper 12d. known, the first mention
+we find of one being in the report of the proceedings of the Philatelic
+Society of London for 4th May, 1888,[18] which reads: "The business of
+the evening consisted in the revision of the Society's reference list of
+the Stamps of Canada, which was concluded, Mr. F. Ransom showing an
+undoubted postmarked specimen of the 12d. first issue, printed upon
+stout wove paper." Mr. W. H. Brouse, the eminent Canadian philatelist,
+also possessed a cancelled copy of this stamp, which later adorned the
+Ayer collection, it is understood. An editorial in the _Dominion
+Philatelist_ thus speaks of it:[19]--"We have received from W. H.
+Brouse, of Toronto, a photograph of ... 12 pence Canada on _wove paper_
+[which] appears to be a beautiful specimen with fine margin and light
+cancellation." Two fine copies, one unused and one used, were sold in
+the auction of the Mirabaud collection at Paris, in April, 1909.
+
+[18] Philatelic Record, X: 124.
+
+[19] Dominion Philatelist, No. 34, p. 8.
+
+From the above it is plainly evident that the 12d. on wove paper
+properly exists, in spite of the "first [and only] printing on laid
+paper" theory, which is usually laid down as an _a priori_
+consideration. Also it appears that it is found in a used condition,
+though this cannot be taken as an absolute test, because of the
+uncertainty that may lurk in a cancellation on a detached specimen of a
+stamp. Only the discovery of a copy properly used on the original cover,
+as already intimated, can effectually settle the question of its actual
+issue and use. But there is a fact which doubtless furnishes the clue to
+the seeming mystery of its being. We have already noted that the laid
+paper first used varied considerably in thickness, and also that the
+wove paper next used was in all respects similar to the former, but of
+course without the laid lines. Now it happens sometimes that it is quite
+difficult to distinguish the laid paper, a very careful scrutiny or even
+the extreme resort to the benzine cup being necessary to bring out the
+watermarked lines, and perhaps then only in a half suspicious way. If
+such be the case, it is only a step further to the entire disappearance
+of these "laid lines," and lo, the wove paper!
+
+Writing to Mr. F. C. Young concerning the 12d. stamp, Mr. John N. Luff
+says:[20]--"It is my opinion that both the wove and laid papers are
+quite genuine and I think it is possible that both varieties might
+occur though there was only one lot sent out by the printers. It does
+not, of course, follow that the entire batch was printed on the same day
+or that two varieties of paper might not have been used. The early
+printers were not always very particular about their paper, provided it
+was somewhat alike in a general way. Some collectors claim that laid
+paper is often of such nature that the lines do not show in some parts
+of the sheet, and I believe there is evidence to support this theory."
+Finally Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack, in some notes sent the _London
+Philatelist_, sums matters up in these words:[21]--"After a very careful
+investigation I believe that the 12d., on wove paper, was issued, and
+that the stamp was on sale at the Post Office, in Hamilton, Canada
+West." Mr. Pack writes us further:--"When I was a boy I went to school
+at St. Catherines, Ontario. There were keen stamp collectors in St.
+Catherines at that time, not only among boys, but among grown people.
+That was about 1869 or 1870. I was told that part of the 12d. Canada
+which had been on sale at the Hamilton post office were on wove paper
+and I was convinced that that was the case."
+
+[20] Canada Stamp Sheet, IV: 142.
+
+[21] London Philatelist, XVI: 144.
+
+Concerning the laid and wove papers of this issue Mr. King writes as
+follows:[22]--"The texture of these papers is virtually the same, and it
+is indeed often difficult, particularly in the case of the 6d., to
+distinguish between the _laid_ and _wove_ papers. The lines in the
+_laid_ paper are of a most peculiar character, and cannot, as a rule, be
+brought fairly out by holding the stamp between one's eyes and the
+light. The best way to test these two papers is to lay the stamps, face
+down, on a black surface, and let the light strike them at about an
+angle of fifteen degrees, when the _laid_ lines are brought most plainly
+into view. It is necessary, however, to place the specimens so that the
+light will strike them parallel to their length, as the _laid_ lines run
+horizontally in the 3d., and vertically in the 6d. and 12d."
+
+[22] Monthly Journal, VII: 9.
+
+We now come to the most interesting and confirmatory part of our
+evidence. We have already referred to the fact that Messrs. Corwin &
+King give June, 1852, as the date when the wove paper appeared, and 1852
+is given in all catalogues and lists as the year of issue for all three
+stamps on this paper. In their article on British North America, the
+above gentlemen, in discussing early dates established by entire covers
+for the varieties of paper that they describe, remark under the caption
+"_Series IV_." (the _thin wove_ paper): "We took a six-pence from a
+letter dated June 25th, 1852."[23] This statement can hardly be
+questioned, after the careful and minute study that they gave to the
+papers of this issue, and it therefore means just one thing: _the 6d. on
+wove paper came in the first lot delivered_, for we have seen that the
+second supply did not arrive until 1855. The fact is therefore
+established that the first deliveries of stamps in April and May, 1851,
+included the wove paper, and we therefore have here what amounts to the
+proper credentials for the appearance and even use of the 12d. on wove
+paper.
+
+[23] Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 149.
+
+As the 3d., having been delivered first, was undoubtedly printed first,
+this value may have been entirely upon the laid paper, particularly as
+it seems to be not especially rare on this paper and has not been
+recorded on wove paper used earlier than the receipt of the 1852
+supplies. But this of course is negative evidence, and this value may
+yet be found to have been printed upon the wove paper along with the
+other two values in 1851.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We have remarked that there were but three covers known bearing copies
+of the 12d. stamp. It is with great satisfaction, therefore, that we are
+able to present reproductions of two of them for the benefit of our
+readers. The earliest date is on the cover numbered 90 on Plate VI,
+which is in the Worthington collection. This bears the postmark of
+"Montreal, L. C. JY 21, 1852" in red. The stamp is a little heavily
+cancelled by the concentric rings type of obliteration in black. The
+word CANADA within the curved frame and the word PAID are stamped in red
+on the cover. This was a requirement of the first postal convention
+between Canada and the United States, signed on March 25, 1851. Section
+9 reads:--
+
+    "The Offices designated for the despatch and receipt of Canadian
+    Mails on the side of the United States will stamp 'U. States' upon
+    all letters sent into Canada for delivery; and the Offices
+    designated for the despatch and receipt of United States mails on
+    the side of Canada will stamp 'Canada' upon all letters sent into
+    the United States for delivery."
+
+The other two covers were both the property of the late John F. Seybold,
+but the one upon which the stamp appears in finest condition now
+ornaments the collection of Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack. This is
+illustrated as No. 91 on Plate VI and bears the postmark of "Hamilton,
+C. W. NO 23, 1853." The stamp is cancelled with the concentric rings in
+blue, and an additional handstamp appears in red reading "CANADA--PAID
+20 Cts" in two lines. The "20" is made over from "10" by the use of a
+pen in changing the first figure. In this connection it will be
+remembered that 6d. currency, equal to 10 cents, was the single rate for
+1/2oz. letters between Canada and the United States.[24]
+
+[24] See 63 on page 30.
+
+The third cover is in all respects a companion piece of the second,
+bearing the same marks and (probably) the same address originally, but
+dated from Hamilton on "DE 8, 1853."
+
+All three of these covers show the particular use of the 12d.
+stamp--simply as a multiple of the 3d. and 6d. in currency rates. That
+it was _not_ issued with any intention of being especially used for the
+British packet rate must be evident, as we have seen that this was 1s.
+4d. currency if prepaid and sent via the United States, or 1s. 1-1/2d.
+currency if prepaid and sent via Halifax[25]--rates that could not be
+made up by means of the three stamps first issued.
+
+[25] See Secs. 60 and 62 on page 30.
+
+On the other hand the stamp was quadruple the domestic rate, double the
+rate to the United States, and the single rate for the fortnightly mails
+from Montreal via Boston to Newfoundland, Bermuda and the British West
+Indies.[26] Probably letters in the first category were not common, and,
+as it happens, all our specimens fall in the second. The third category
+doubtless did not entail a large correspondence, particularly as the
+more direct route to the places mentioned, via Quebec and Halifax, was
+at the lesser rate of 7-1/2d.[27] For the above reasons, then, the
+covers as we find them evidently exemplify the usual use to which the
+12d. stamp was put, and explain why more were not used, as surely would
+have been the case had the stamp been convenient for prepaying the
+packet rate to England, with which there was a large correspondence.
+
+[26] See Sec. 70 on page 31.
+
+[27] See Secs. 67 and 68 on page 30.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Having now described the two main varieties of paper common to the three
+values of this issue, let us look at some further varieties of the stock
+used for the 3d. and 6d. values, which, because of their long term of
+use, were subject to quite a number of printings and therefore gave
+opportunity for the variation in paper which is a characteristic of this
+issue. We have already given the statistics of the receipt and issue of
+3d. and 6d. stamps for the five years from 1851 to 1856,[28] and find
+they total 1,600,500 for the 3d. and 150,400 for the 6d. From succeeding
+reports of the Postmaster General we cull the following:--
+
+[28] See pages 35-36.
+
+  REPORT OF 30TH SEPT., 1857, [including 1 year 6 months, by statute.][29]
+
+                                                     3d. stamps  6d. stamps
+
+    Balance on hand 31st March, 1856                    255,800       9,381
+    Received from Mfrs. in half-year to 30th. Sept.                  50,000
+                                                      ---------   ---------
+      Total                                             255,800      59,381
+    Issued for sale during half-year                    186,200      24,781
+                                                      ---------   ---------
+    Balance 1st October, 1856                            69,600      34,600
+    Received from Mfrs. year ending 30th Sept., 1857    600,000      50,078
+                                                      ---------   ---------
+      Total                                             669,600      84,678
+    Issued for sale during yr. ending 30th Sept., 1857  587,900      60,600
+                                                      ---------   ---------
+    Balance on hand                                      81,700      24,078
+
+  REPORT OF 30TH. SEPT., 1858.
+
+    Received from Mfrs. year ending 30th Sept., 1858    900,000     100,000
+                                                      ---------   ---------
+      Total                                             981,700     124,078
+    Issued for sale during year                         717,200      82,500
+                                                      ---------   ---------
+    Balance on hand 30th Sept., 1858                    264,500      41,578
+
+  REPORT OF 30TH. SEPT., 1859.
+
+    Rec'd from Mfrs. during 9 mos. to 30th June, 1859   449,900      70,000
+                                                      ---------   ---------
+      Total                                             714,400     111,578
+    Issued for sale during above 9 months               692,700      94,000
+                                                      ---------   ---------
+    Balance on hand 30th June, 1859                      21,700      17,578
+
+[29] 20^o Vict. cap. XXV. Sec. VII; see page 61.
+
+On July 1, 1859 the stamps in decimal currency were issued, so the above
+remainders represent the last of the 3d. and 6d. stamps. Adding the
+receipts from the manufacturers in the above tables, therefore, to the
+totals already given for the years 1851-6, and then deducting the
+remainders (which were later destroyed), we have for the total issue of
+the 3d. stamp 3,528,700, and of the 6d. stamp 402,900. In these figures
+are of course included the perforated stamps, which we will consider
+later.
+
+It will be seen from the tables that there were at least eight
+deliveries of the 3d. stamps and at least six deliveries of the 6d.
+stamps, but inasmuch as these are totalled by years, and as some of the
+amounts are quite large (_e. g._ 900,000 of the 3d. in 1858), it seems
+certain that there were even more deliveries and consequently more
+printings of the stamps than is indicated. In no other way can we
+account for the variety in the paper used, and also the variety in the
+color of the 6d. stamp. The 3d. does not vary so much, probably because
+its shade of red did not require much mixing of inks and the ingredients
+were such that slight variations in the proportions did not greatly
+affect the tone. The normal color being a bright red, we find it running
+to a deeper, almost brick red in one direction, and to a vermilion in
+the other. As to the normal color of the 6d. it would be almost
+impossible to hazard a guess, if we had simply a series of one stamp of
+each distinct variation in color or shade in which it is found. The
+common run of shades is from a slate violet to a slate or "near black"
+with a "cast" of violet, of brown, or even green. What can one do in
+trying to describe the "color" of such a chameleon stamp with such an
+uncertain basis to work upon? The check list gives the nearest
+approximation to the various shades that we have been able to translate
+into color names, but it is almost impossible to so describe some of
+them as to convey the proper idea of the exact shade to the reader.
+
+For papers used, Mr. King describes no less than fourteen.[30] Four of
+these are the two grades of the laid and wove "bank-note" paper already
+mentioned. A third variety of laid paper is described by him as entirely
+different, being a stout white paper in which "the _laid_ lines are most
+distinct, while the paper is of a different texture and color from the
+regular grey shade." Mr. Pack states: "This paper is very rare, and I
+have never seen but very few copies."[31] Mr. King's sixth variety is
+described as "hard, stout, grayish wove," but we have included it with
+the ordinary wove paper in the check list, of which it is but a little
+heavier manifestation. The same may be said of his varieties XII and
+XIII, described as "medium" and "thick, hard, white wove paper, very
+slightly ribbed," respectively, which we have classed under "stout,
+hard, white wove paper." There is an extreme case in the 6d. stamp,
+which comes on a _very_ thick hard paper, concerning which Mr. Pack
+says:--"The unused 6d. on very thick, hard paper is one of the greatest
+rarities of Canada. It is as rare as the 12d. unused. Curiously enough,
+this stamp in used condition is very rare in a pair or strip. So far as
+I know there are only two or three strips or pairs in existence. It is
+my understanding that the very thick _hard_ paper stamps were printed
+previous to those on the _soft_ paper." The last remark refers to the
+very thick, soft paper, almost a card board (Mr. King's variety XIV)
+which is now well known as an exceedingly rare variety. It is distinct,
+both in paper and color, from any other variety of the 6d. stamp, the
+shade being a dull purple. The same may be said of the thick _hard_
+paper stamp, which appears to be in a very even shade of slate violet.
+
+[30] Monthly Journal, VII: 9.
+
+[31] London Philatelist, XVI: 144.
+
+Mr. King's varieties X and XI are both peculiar, the former being a
+"very soft, thin, cream wove which is quite fragile and will not bear
+much handling," and the latter a "soft, thick, coarse white wove paper;
+the surface presents a sort of hairy appearance, and the quality is
+better than series X." The 3d. is the only value occurring in these two
+varieties, which we have placed under "soft white wove paper" in the
+check list.
+
+Lastly comes the ribbed paper. The first variety is a very soft, thin
+paper on which the 3d. appears. This is Mr. King's variety VII, and he
+makes a variety VIII of the same paper in a "cream" tone. The same value
+comes on a thicker, hard paper, Mr. King's variety IX, and he lists a
+6d. in violet black as well.
+
+From the foregoing it will be seen that the first issue of Canadian
+stamps furnishes plenty of material for study, and is an extremely
+difficult series to work out and put into proper form for a reference
+list. Mr. King truly says:--"If the papers and shades of this series of
+stamps are thoroughly studied, there are more varieties than in all the
+other British North American stamps put together; in many cases they are
+minute, in others more decided, but in every case distinct." Some
+criticism may be made of our not using _in extenso_, the excellent
+"Reference List"[32] prepared by Messrs. King and Corwin, but it has
+seemed wise, in working with the specialized collections already alluded
+to, to condense this list to some extent; nor do we think its
+correctness and usefulness have been impaired thereby.
+
+[32] Monthly Journal, VII: 9.
+
+We have spoken of the three values of stamps already treated as the
+"first issue" of Canada. Some may cavil at this, for there are three
+more values belonging to the pence series which may be regarded as part
+of the "first issue," inasmuch as they were complementary as well as
+supplementary to the original three. But they did not appear until
+nearly four or more years later, and therefore escaped the laid paper
+varieties. For this reason, and because there appears another important
+question to solve in connection with two of them, we have reserved a
+separate chapter for these three. We may also say that as one of them
+appears in the perforated series of pence values we have left the
+consideration of these latter stamps until the next following chapter.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+THE REMAINING PENCE ISSUES
+
+
+A resume of the chief happenings of the year and other items of interest
+is given in the annual reports of the Postmasters General, and a brief
+summary of these first few years will not be without its importance
+here. It will be recalled that the Provincial Government took over the
+control of its posts on the 6th April, 1851, and by the _Act to Amend
+The Post Office Act_, passed 30th August, 1851,[33] the Postmaster
+General was required by statute to "report to the Governor General of
+the Province annually, for the purpose of being laid before Parliament
+at each Session, _First_. A report of Finances, Receipts and Expenditure
+of the Post Office Department for the year ending on the fifth day of
+April previous," etc., etc. Accordingly the first annual report of the
+Postmaster General was rendered on the 5th April, 1852. In it we find
+the following information:--
+
+[33] 14^o & 15^o Vict., cap. LXXI, sec. 12.
+
+    Upon the transfer of the control of the Post Office Department in
+    this Province, by the Imperial Post Office Authorities to the
+    Provincial Government, on the 6th April, 1851, the number of Post
+    Offices in operation was found to be 601--the number of miles of
+    established Post Route, 7595--over which the annual transportation
+    of the Mails was 2,487,000 miles--and the Gross Revenue raised under
+    the authority of the Imperial Post Office, at the high tariff of
+    rates then prevailing, had been for the year preceding the transfer
+    [L]93,802 currency, including in that sum the collections in Canada
+    of British Packet Postage, estimated to have amounted to [L]10,000
+    sterling.
+
+    The Provincial Act of the 12th and 13th Vic. cap. 66, providing for
+    the management of the Department after the transfer, reduced the
+    Postage charges in Canada upon all letters passing between places
+    within the Province, or within British North America generally, to a
+    uniform rate of 3d. per 1/2 oz.; whereas under the tariff in force
+    previous to the transfer, the average charge on each letter was
+    computed to have been as nearly as possible 9d. per 1/2 oz.; the
+    reduction therefore consequent upon the introduction of the uniform
+    3d. rate was equivalent to 2/3, or 66-2/3 per cent, on the former
+    average letter Postage charge.
+
+    The Postage charge on Box or Drop Letters, and the additional charge
+    on letters delivered in the Cities by Letter Carriers, have in each
+    case been reduced to one half penny, being one half the former
+    rates.
+
+    With regard to newspapers, the Postage charge has been altogether
+    taken off upon several important branches of newspaper circulation,
+    and papers to and from the other British North American Provinces,
+    papers sent to the United States, and Editors' exchange papers, pass
+    free of all Postage charge whatever. The rates on printed papers,
+    circulars, pamphlets, books, &c., have also been modified and
+    reduced.
+
+The gross receipts of the Department for the year under review are given
+as [L]71,788 18s. 5d. currency, a drop of over [L]20,000 from the
+previous year; but this is a good showing after all, for when it is
+remembered that the new uniform rate of postage was but one third the
+former average rate, it is readily figured out that correspondence
+nearly doubled under the new tariffs. This is confirmed by the following
+comparative statement of pieces mailed:--
+
+One week preceding 5th April, 1851, No. of letters, 41,000; papers,
+90,000.
+
+One week preceding 5th April, 1852, No. of letters, 86,051[34]; papers,
+101,000.
+
+[34] This is explained in the report for 1853 as being "a clerical error
+for 71,726."
+
+There were 243 new post offices added during the year and 1023 miles of
+post routes.
+
+"An agreement was concluded with the Post Master General of the United
+States, which has continued in satisfactory operation since April, 1851,
+under which letters pass between any place in Canada, and any place in
+the United States, at a Postage rate of 6d. currency, per half oz.,
+except to and from California and Oregon, when, the distance being over
+3,000 miles, the rate is 9d. per half oz. Letters are posted on either
+side, paid or unpaid, at the option of the sender."
+
+The total correspondence passing between the two countries is given as
+having a postage rating of $85,636.97.
+
+The second annual report of the Postmaster General is dated the 31st
+March, 1853, and contains little of interest but statistics. 176 new
+post offices were established and 504 miles of new post routes added.
+The gross revenue of the Department for the fiscal year is given as
+[L]84,866.6.11-1/2. and the total postage on the correspondence passing
+between Canada and the United States was $104,966.40.
+
+The third report, of 31st March, 1854, speaks of a large reduction in
+the postal charges upon newspapers circulating within the Province and
+on certain classes of periodical prints, which took place on Feb. 1,
+1854, but gives no further details. Concerning the British packet
+postage, however, the report says:--
+
+    In March, 1854, the charge on packet letters passing between Canada
+    and the United Kingdom and most foreign countries was reduced by the
+    Imperial Government from 1s. 2d. sterling to 8d. sterling per 1/2
+    oz. when sent in closed mails through the United States, and from
+    1s. to 6d. when sent direct from a Provincial Port, Quebec or
+    Halifax.
+
+Further on are the following recommendations:--
+
+    Should no further change be likely soon to take place in the charges
+    on the correspondence with England, it would promote the public
+    convenience to procure Postage stamps of the value of 10d. and 7-1/2
+    d. respectively to correspond with the present packet letter
+    charges.
+
+And again:--
+
+    Much unnecessary labor and waste of time is occasioned to this
+    Department by the practice now followed of rating and collecting
+    Postage on all Government and Legislative correspondence, and it
+    would be an improvement, in my belief, very worthy of adoption, to
+    authorize by enactment the transmission of all such matter through
+    the mails, under proper regulations, free of Postage charge, and
+    that in lieu thereof, a certain fixed annual sum estimated to be
+    equivalent to the aggregate of the Postage arising upon such
+    correspondence, should be paid by the Receiver General to the Post
+    Office, to be accounted for as Post Office Revenue.
+
+Perhaps the most pregnant remark is one short statement:--"The use of
+stamps has materially increased"; for it will be remembered that the
+first annual report of the Postmaster General was pessimistic with
+regard to the employment of stamps, fearing that their use was
+diminishing.
+
+The accounts accompanying the report contain but one item concerning
+stamps:--
+
+  Rawdon, Wright & Co., Postage Stamps furnished Post Office
+  Department                                        [L]12.11.3
+
+This amount was of course only for printing supplies, evidently for the
+250,000 3d. stamps received during the fiscal year.
+
+In the fourth report, of 31st March, 1855, there are several items of
+interest. The lowering of the British packet rates proved a popular
+step, naturally, and the report states that "Notwithstanding the
+important reduction granted by the Imperial Government in the postage
+rate between this country and the United Kingdom in March, 1854," the
+results were as follows:--
+
+British Packet Postage collected in Canada in year ending 31 March, 1855
+(postage rate 8d. sterling) [L]16,449.14.3-1/2.
+
+British Packet Postage collected in Canada in year ending 31 March, 1854
+(postage rate 1s. 2d. sterling) [L]17,495.1.4-1/2. which was a drop of but
+six per cent. in receipts upon a reduction of over forty per cent. in
+the postal charge.
+
+Again:--
+
+    In March, 1855 the Imperial Post Office authorized a reduction in
+    the charge on letters passing through the English Posts between
+    Canada and France, from 2s. 8-1/2d. Currency to 1s. 8d. Currency per
+    1/4 oz. letter.
+
+The suggestions contained in the report for 1854 concerning the franking
+of official mail matter, and the payment of a fixed annual sum to the
+Post Office Department on this account, were acted upon, and the report
+states:--
+
+    In July last the Act of last Session came into effect, removing
+    altogether the Postage charge on the circulation of Provincial
+    Newspapers and according a franking privilege to the correspondence
+    of the Legislature and of the Public Departments of the Government.
+
+The Act referred to was doubtless the following:--
+
+    18^o Vict. Cap. LXXIX.
+
+    An act to abolish Postage on Newspapers published within the
+    Province of Canada, and for other purposes connected with the Post
+    Office Department of this Province.
+
+    [_Assented to_ 19th May, 1855.]
+
+    WHEREAS papers devoted to the advancement of Education, Temperance,
+    Science, Agriculture and other special objects, are now exempt from
+    postage; And whereas it would further materially aid the diffusion
+    of useful knowledge to remove all postal restrictions on the
+    transmission of Newspapers in general, published within this
+    Province, and of all documents printed by order of either House of
+    Parliament: Be it therefore enacted by the Queen's Most Excellent
+    Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative
+    Council and the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada, * *
+    * * and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, as
+    follows:
+
+    I. All Newspapers published within the Province of Canada, shall be
+    transmitted by mail free of Postage.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    IV. All Letters and other mailable matter addressed to or sent by
+    the Governor of this Province, or sent to or by any Public
+    Department at the seat of Government, shall be free of Provincial
+    Postage under such regulations as may be directed by the Governor in
+    Council.
+
+    V. All Letters and other mailable matter addressed to or sent by the
+    Speaker or Chief Clerk of the Legislative Council or of the
+    Legislative Assembly, or by or to any Member of either of said
+    branches of the Legislature during any Session of the Legislature,
+    shall be free of Provincial Postage.
+
+    VI. All public documents and printed papers may be sent by the
+    Speaker or Chief Clerk of the Legislative Council or of the
+    Legislative Assembly, to any Member of either of the said branches
+    of the Legislature of Canada, during the recess of Parliament, free
+    of Postage.
+
+    VII. Members of either branch of the Legislature of Canada may send
+    during the recess of Parliament by mail, free of Postage, all papers
+    printed by order of either branch of the Legislature of Canada.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    IX. This Act shall come into effect on and after the first day of
+    July, eighteen hundred and fifty-five.
+
+There is a bit of conflict here. The "enactment clause" of the above Act
+makes it operative unequivocally on July 1, 1855. Yet the Postmaster
+General's report, just quoted, which is supposed to be for the fiscal
+year ending 31st March, 1855, distinctly states that the provisions of
+the above Act came into effect "in July last," which would seem to be
+July, 1854. The Act itself is not in error, so the discrepancy must lie
+in the Postmaster General's report. Probably the report was written much
+later in the year than March 31st, as it was not presented to Parliament
+until the fall session, and therefore gave opportunity to refer back to
+happenings in July.
+
+The growth of the Department during the first four years under
+Provincial control is illustrated by the following table:--
+
+                  Post       Miles   Letters                    Correspondence
+        Date      Offices    of      mailed  Gross Revenue           with
+                  in         Routes. per                           the U. S.
+                  operation.         week
+
+  6th April, 1851    601     7,595   41,000 [L] 93,802
+  5th April, 1852    840     8,618   71,726 [L] 71,788.18. 5      $ 85,636.97
+  31st Mar., 1853  1,016     9,122   81,896 [L] 84,866. 6. 11-1/2 $104,966.40
+  31st Mar., 1854  1,166    10,027   98,350 [L] 98,495. 6. 7      $129,921.67
+  31st Mar., 1855  1,293    11,192  116,671 [L]110,747.12. 9-1/2  $145,377.69
+
+
+
+The number of post offices had more than doubled; the length of the post
+routes had increased by fifty per cent; and although the revenue had
+dropped one quarter during the first year, owing to the reduction in
+postage rates, it had increased by half in the next three years; while
+the total correspondence between Canada and the United States had
+increased by two thirds in the same three years.
+
+But the item that interests us particularly in this report reads:--
+
+    To promote the general convenience in prepaying letters to the
+    United Kingdom at the new rate, postage stamps of the value of 10d.
+    Currency, equal to 8d. sterling, were procured and issued for sale
+    to the public.
+
+Thus part of the recommendation contained in the report for the
+preceding year was carried out.
+
+In the accounts for the fiscal year we find the following entries:--
+
+  1st. Quarter, Rawdon, Wright & Co., Postage Stamps
+    for P. O. Dept.                                [L]12.12.6
+
+  3rd. Quarter, Rawdon, Wright & Co., Making Stamps   42.18.6
+
+  4th. Quarter, Rawdon, Wright & Co., Postage Stamps
+    for P. O. Dept.                                   17.13.6
+
+From this it would appear that the bill for engraving ("making") the new
+10d. stamp was paid in the third quarter of the fiscal year,
+corresponding to the last quarter of 1854. According to the table of
+receipts from manufacturers in the "summary" already quoted,[35] the
+10d. stamp was first received by the Post Office Department on Jan. 2,
+1855. In Mr. King's "Reference List,"[36] however, the date "Dec. 5,
+1854" is given as being "taken from used stamps on the original covers,"
+but this must certainly be a mistake. The "summary" also gives the
+quantities issued to postmasters by quarters, and there were none issued
+(naturally) in the quarter ending Dec. 31, 1854. In the next quarter,
+ending Mar. 31, 1855, there were 16,200 issued to postmasters, so that
+the first issue probably took place soon after receipt, that is, in
+January, 1855. The total number received from the manufacturers in this
+first delivery was 100,080.
+
+[35] Metropolitan Philatelist, XVII: 83.
+
+[36] Monthly Journal, VII: 9.
+
+The plate for this stamp is stated to have been made up for printing
+sheets of 100 impressions in ten rows of ten, like the three values of
+1851, and also to have had the eight marginal imprints. But there are
+reasons for thinking it may have been made to print 120 impressions,
+ten rows of twelve each, concerning which more will be said later.
+Suffice it to remark here that the number delivered (100,080) is exactly
+divisible by 120, making 834 full sheets, which is not the case if 100
+is used. The normal color of the stamp is a very deep blue.
+
+The design of the new 10d., illustrated as No. 3 on Plate I, corresponds
+in general style to the 6d. and 12d. of 1851, but the portrait in the
+central oval is of Jacques Cartier, the explorer and founder of Canada.
+There has been some discussion over the identity of the original, it
+having been claimed that the subject was Sebastian Cabot, the
+discoverer, just as the portrait on the 6d. stamp has been assigned to
+Lord Elgin, Governor-General of Canada from 1846 to 1854.[37]
+Unfortunately no circular announcing the issue of the stamp has come to
+hand, and, as seen from the quotation already given, the report of the
+Postmaster General does not give us the information. It is nevertheless
+a fact that the portrait represents Cartier, the original being a
+three-quarter length painting in the Hotel de Ville at St. Malo, France,
+the birthplace of Cartier. The inscriptions in the oval frame are in
+this case separated by a small picture of the beaver at the right, and
+three maple leaves at the left. The value is expressed as TEN PENCE,
+with the numerals "10" in the lower spandrels, followed by the letters
+"cy" for "currency." In the upper spandrels is the corresponding value
+in sterling money, expressed as "8d stg". The relation between sterling
+and currency values and their equivalents in the decimal coinage of the
+United States was fixed by law, and the matter seems important enough to
+reproduce the statute here.
+
+[37] Philatelic Record, X: 50.
+
+
+    16^o Vict. Cap. CLVIII.
+
+    An Act to regulate the Currency. [Assented to 14th June, 1853.]
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    II. And be it enacted, That the denominations of money in the
+    Currency of this Province, shall be pounds, dollars, shillings,
+    pence, cents and mills: the pound, shilling and penny shall have,
+    respectively, the same proportionate values as they now have, the
+    dollar shall be one-fourth of a pound, the cent shall be
+    one-hundredth of a dollar, and the mill one-tenth of a cent....
+
+    III. And be it enacted, That the Pound Currency shall be held to be
+    equivalent to and to represent one hundred and one grains and three
+    hundred and twenty-one thousandths of a grain Troy weight of Gold of
+    the Standard of fineness now prescribed by Law for the Gold Coins of
+    the United Kingdom; and the Dollar Currency shall be held to be
+    equivalent to and to represent one fourth part of the weight
+    aforesaid of Gold of the said Standard....
+
+    IV. And be it enacted, That the Pound Sterling shall be held to be
+    equal to one pound, four shillings and four pence, or four dollars,
+    eighty-six cents and two-thirds of a cent, Currency....
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    IX. And be it enacted, That ... the Gold Eagle of the United States,
+    coined after [1st. July, 1834], ... and weighing ten penny weights,
+    eighteen grains, Troy weight, shall pass current and be a legal
+    tender in this Province for ten Dollars or two pounds ten shillings
+    currency....
+
+Further supplies of the 10d. stamp were not needed for three years, the
+next lot, numbering 72,120, having been delivered during the year ending
+30th Sept., 1858, according to the table of stamp statistics. These two
+lots were the only ones delivered, and the balance on hand when the
+decimal stamps appeared being 31,200, we find a total issue for the 10d.
+stamp of 141,000.
+
+Puzzling questions seem to be the rule with this first series of
+Canadian stamps, and the 10d. is no exception. The stamp occurs, to all
+appearances, in at least _two sizes_, one of which has been termed the
+"wide oval" and the other the "narrow oval." These are well brought out
+by illustrations Nos. 70 (wide) and 71 (narrow) on Plate IV. Very likely
+the peculiarity was noticed much earlier, but it seems to have been
+brought to the attention of collectors generally for the first time by
+Mr. W. H. Brouse, in a paper read before the London Philatelic Society
+on Feb. 3, 1894.[38] We quote this entire:--
+
+[38] London Philatelist, III: 34.
+
+    "I have carefully read such Philatelic articles or publications
+    relating to British North American stamps as have come under my
+    notice, but have as yet not come across anything relating to the
+    difference in Canadians that is to be found in the 7-1/2d. Canadian
+    currency (6d. sterling), green, and the 10d., blue, and so concluded
+    that it may have passed my observation, or, if not, has not yet been
+    'written up.' Will you therefore pardon a short note on the subject?
+
+    "Of the 10d., blue, there are three distinct varieties in design,
+    viz.,
+
+      First  (_a_) the long and narrow;
+      Second (_b_) the long and broad: and
+      Third  (_c_) the short and broad.
+
+    "The outside edges or ornaments are in all three cases the same, but
+    the difference lies in the fact of the oval or frame around the head
+    having been, as the case may be, elongated or contracted, or
+    sometimes widened out.
+
+    "The extreme variation in length is about one-sixteenth of an inch,
+    which is considerable in a postage stamp. I doubt very much if this
+    happened through intention, but rather think that it is the result
+    of what might be termed 'engravers' license.' However, whatever it
+    may be, the result is that there are three distinct varieties.
+
+    "It will, I think, be found that the earlier one of these is the
+    long and narrow, on thinnish paper; then the long and broad (which
+    is the most common), on thicker paper; and lastly, the short and
+    broad, on medium paper. The latter is the scarcer, and consequently
+    the most valuable.
+
+    "I have for a long time known of the above differences, and at first
+    thought it only an optical delusion, owing to some of the copies
+    having had their sides closely trimmed, but on closer observation
+    the distinct differences, as I have mentioned, were manifest. What
+    is said of the 10d. may also be said of the 7-1/2d. (but to a lesser
+    degree of variation), only the latter are generally found in the
+    long and broad frame or oval. A slight difference also occurs in the
+    6d., violet; no variation appears in the length of the stamp, though
+    I have two specimens in which the oval or frame shows a contraction
+    in width to the extent of about one-forty-eighth of an inch, and is
+    quite noticeable.
+
+    "This may be 'piper's news' to some of the members of the Philatelic
+    Society, London, but to others it may be of interest, and for that
+    reason I beg your indulgence."
+
+    Mr. Castle, in reading the foregoing paper at the meeting of the
+    London Philatelic Society, shewed specimens of the stamps described
+    by Mr. Brouse, and added a few remarks as under.
+
+    "I venture to think the modest disclaimer on the part of Mr. Brouse,
+    in his closing sentence, is hardly borne out in view of the
+    interesting communication he has made. To me the information was
+    certainly novel, and I could hardly credit that there should exist
+    such differences in size until I had verified the fact by
+    examination of specimens. Owing to the kindness of Messrs. Stanley
+    Gibbons, Limited, and Mr. W. H. Peckitt, I was enabled to inspect a
+    number of these pence issues, and I have tabulated the measurements
+    as nearly as I  can:--
+
+                  HALFPENNY.
+
+              Size.                              Paper.
+
+      (_a_) 22 x 18-1/2 mm.                  Medium thick
+      (_b_) 22-1/2 x 18 mm.                  Medium thick
+
+                  THREEPENCE.
+
+      (_a_) 22 (full) x 18 mm.             Very thin wove
+      (_a_) 22 x 18mm.                     Very thin laid
+      (_b_) 22-1/2 x 17-1/2 mm.                      Thin
+      (_c_) 22-3/4 x 17-1/2 mm.                     Thick
+
+                  SIXPENCE.
+
+      (_a_) 22 x 18 mm.                         Thin wove
+      (_a_) 22 x 18 mm.                         Thin Laid
+      (_b_) 22-3/4 x 17-3/4 mm.                     Thick
+
+                  SEVENPENCE-HALFPENNY.
+
+      (_a_) 22-1/4 x 18-1/2 mm. (bare)         Med. thick
+      (_a_) 22-1/2 x 18-1/2 mm.              Medium thick
+      (_a_) 22-3/4 x 18 mm.                  Medium thick
+      (_a_) 22-3/4 x 18-1/2 mm.              Medium thick
+
+                  TENPENCE.
+
+      (_a_) 22-3/4 x 17-1/2 mm.         Thin to very thin
+      (_b_) 22-1/2 x 18 mm. (full)                  Thick
+      (_b_) 22-3/4 x 18-1/2 mm. (bare)              Thick
+      (_c_) 22 x 18 mm.                              Thin
+
+    "The varieties of the Tenpence are those described by Mr. Brouse as
+    (_a_) long and narrow, (_b_) long and broad, and (_c_) short and
+    broad. I may add that in the case of this value I have examined and
+    measured some forty copies, including a strip of three, as also a
+    proof on very thin India paper, which corresponds exactly in
+    measurement with variety (_b_) on the thick paper (22-3/4 x
+    18-1/2mm.). It is obvious that to be absolutely accurate beyond a
+    half mm. with an ordinary gauge is hardly possible, but in several
+    of the given cases I have averaged the sizes of several that very
+    closely approximated.
+
+    "As will be seen, I have gone somewhat beyond the lines of Mr.
+    Brouse's paper in including the 1/2d., the 3d., and 6d., the
+    variation in the former being slight, but in the two latter
+    noteworthy. The question how these varieties have arisen is an
+    interesting one, nor can I see that they can be accounted for by
+    shrinkage of the paper, as in the case of the 10d. proof above
+    cited, which is on all fours with the ordinary stamp on thick paper.
+    In the case of the strip of this value I found all three stamps
+    measured the same, and the fact remains that variety (_c_) is short
+    _and_ broad. In any case the existence of these varieties is
+    palpable, the question of their origin a genuine philatelic problem,
+    and I think that the thanks of us all are therefore due to Mr.
+    Brouse for his interesting paper."
+
+This may have been the first record of the peculiarity in the case of
+the Canadian stamps, but it was at least not the first time that
+variation in the dimensions of certain line engraved stamps, supposed to
+have been produced from the same original die, had been noted and
+discussed. We refer to the case of the early Ceylon stamps, which
+furnished food for contention in the philatelic press for many years.
+The first mention of a difference in the length of these seems to have
+been in December, 1864.[39] Ten years later the reference list of Ceylon
+prepared by the London Philatelic Society[40] noted the fact that the
+stamps of 1863 on unwatermarked paper were in general about a millimeter
+shorter in the vertical dimension than the succeeding issue on paper
+watermarked Crown C C, although the engraved designs were otherwise
+absolutely identical. Major Edw. B. Evans, in his catalogue,[41] appends
+a note on the unwatermarked stamps of 1863 as follows:--
+
+    These stamps are apparently (indeed, we may say certainly) from the
+    same plates as the other issues, but at the same time the
+    impressions on this paper are about 1-16 inch shorter than those on
+    other papers. This can only have been occasioned by the paper having
+    shrunk to some extent since the stamps were printed....
+
+[39] The Stamp Collectors' Magazine, II: 191.
+
+[40] The Philatelist, IX: 10.
+
+[41] A Catalogue for Collectors, page 39.
+
+Later, in 1887, Mr. T. K. Tapling, writing in _Le Timbre-Poste_,[42]
+claims the difference cannot be due to shrinkage of paper because the
+stamps have all shrunk evenly, and attributes it to some defect in the
+process of making the plates. He reasons thus:--
+
+    Les timbres sur les feuilles de n'importe quelle valeur ['e]taient
+    tous identiques comme type. Ils furent grav['e]s sur acier, je pense
+    par MM. Perkins Bacon et Co., chaque timbre par un proc['e]d['e] de
+    r['e]duplication, ['e]tant reproduit d'une matrice; la planche
+    ['e]tant ensuite durcie pour l'impression. Il n'y a par
+    cons['e]quent pas de vari['e]t['e] de types, les lignes des gravures
+    sur les timbres courts ['e]tant les m[^e]mes que celles sur les
+    timbres longs, except['e] qu'elles sont un tant soit peu
+    contract['e]es.... Il me semble plus que probable que la
+    diff['e]rence en longeur des exemplaires puisse [^e]tre attribu['e]e
+    [a'] un l['e]ger d['e]faut dans le proc['e]d['e] de r['e]duplication
+    des planches de la matrice originale.
+
+[42] =Le Timbre-Poste=, Num['e]ro Jubilaire, page XXXV.
+
+As a matter of fact the stamps did not shrink evenly, but very unevenly.
+Mr. W. B. Thornhill, writing on these same stamps in 1889,[43]
+says:--"You can hardly find two stamps of exactly the same measurements
+in the same value, though the difference in many cases is too small to
+signify"; and he proceeds to show the extreme variations in a carefully
+prepared table including every value on every variety of paper for
+issues from 1855 to 1867. The greatest variation in the vertical
+dimension seems to be about 1 mm. in 26 mm., or roughly 4%, and in the
+horizontal dimension about 1/4 to 1/2 mm. in 19 mm. or roughly 1-1/4 to
+2-1/2%. These dimensional differences being so palpably existent,
+therefore, what factors are we to consider in looking for their cause?
+There seem to be but three: first, an original die or matrix for each
+different size; second, one original die only, whose impressions on the
+printing plate show variations resulting from the process of
+transferring them; third, a printing plate with all the impressions
+exact duplicates of the one original die, but whose reproductions in ink
+on dampened paper are varied by the shrinkage of the paper in drying.
+
+[43] =Philatelic Record=, XI: 71.
+
+Mr. Thornhill convinces himself by inspection that the first proposition
+is untenable; in fact its absurdity is at once apparent on a little
+thought, for the engraving of the original die is a laborious and costly
+piece of work, and that very fact, coupled with the comparative ease of
+exact reduplication by mechanical processes on the printing plate,
+furnishes the chief reason for the employment of this method of
+producing stamps. Since there is such a variety in the size of the
+stamps, therefore, the first theory would indicate many original dies,
+and this we know was not the case. Its refutation indeed is seen in the
+stamps themselves; for each original die, if differing in size from its
+fellows, meant a separate engraving, and it is humanly impossible to
+make these separate engravings exact duplicates, whereas, on the other
+hand, no appreciable variation in line or dot can be detected on the
+same stamp in its different sizes save the general expansion or
+contraction of the design, which is proportionate in all its parts. The
+different die or matrix theory is therefore thrown out on grounds of
+impracticability and absurdity.
+
+Accepting the one original die proposition, then, Mr. Thornhill agrees
+with Mr. Tapling in turning down the shrinkage of paper theory and
+favoring the second supposition, that the variation comes on the plates
+and is due to the process of transference. Let us glance at this a
+moment. The original die is engraved on a block of soft steel of very
+fine and even quality. When finished it is tempered to a very great
+degree of hardness. Next the engraving is transferred by tremendous
+pressure to a transferring roller of similar soft steel, which is in
+turn hardened. In this process there might be an opportunity for a
+slight variation in the size of the transferred impression, due to the
+expansion and contraction of the steel in the tempering process. Next,
+this hardened transfer roller is impressed upon the printing plate of
+soft steel as many times as there are copies desired. These naturally
+all agree among themselves and with the transfer roller impression in
+size. Now when the printing plate in turn receives its hardening, there
+may again be a chance for a slight difference between the transfer
+roller and the plate impressions; _but_ it is wholly unlikely that the
+plate impressions will vary much among themselves, otherwise the
+perfection of Mr. Jacob Perkins' invention, the chief merit of which was
+exact reduplication, would be impaired. As a matter of fact, the high
+grade and even quality of the steel necessarily employed, and the care
+naturally taken in hardening the plate, preclude any other than an even
+variation, if any, due to the tempering process. This means that such
+variations would be practically constant over the printing surface of
+the plate, and that therefore the impressions would still remain
+practically identical in size.
+
+Where, then, does this bring us? With such numerous and well defined
+variations in dimensions in the printed stamps, we should look for the
+cause in the simplest and most natural method by which they could
+readily be produced, which is furnished by the third theory presented.
+Concerning this we quote from the London Philatelic Society's work on
+Ceylon:[44]--
+
+    In reference to the variations in the size of the stamps of Issues
+    III and V [no watermark and Crown CC], Major Evans, who was the
+    first to propound the theory that these variations were due to
+    differences in the nature of the paper employed, writes as
+    follows:--
+
+    "The theory of the expansion and contraction of the paper being now
+    pretty generally accepted, as accounting for the variations observed
+    in the size of the stamps of the early issues of Ceylon, it seems
+    necessary to explain exactly what that theory is, and how these
+    differences are supposed to arise. Previous to printing from plates
+    engraved in _taille-douce_ the paper is wetted, which, as is well
+    known, causes it to expand; the amount of expansion varies, no
+    doubt, considerably in different kinds of paper, and it must also
+    vary with the amount of moisture in the same kind of paper, for as
+    the paper dries it returns to its original dimensions, and,
+    therefore, up to a certain point, the wetter it is the greater will
+    be the expansion. In any case the paper is in a state of expansion
+    at the time of printing, both from being wetted and from being
+    stretched out flat and pressed, and the impression when first
+    printed is then, and then only, in all cases the size of the
+    engraving upon the plate. It then dries, and in so doing contracts,
+    and the greater the amount of expansion the greater will be the
+    amount of the subsequent contraction, so that the smallest stamps
+    are those printed on the paper which expanded most, and the largest
+    those on the paper which expanded least. The minor variations of
+    size may be due to the paper being more or less damp when used, but
+    probably a very slight difference in the thickness or density of the
+    paper would cause some variation in its expansion. The marked
+    difference in size of the stamps on thin, unwatermarked paper, which
+    were the first to attract the attention of Philatelists, is no doubt
+    due to that particular variety of paper, which is very tough and
+    elastic, and which has been found to expand very greatly on being
+    wetted and stretched."
+
+[44] =Postage Stamps, &c., of British India and Ceylon=, page 69.
+
+So much for the Ceylon stamps, which we have discussed _in extenso_; but
+we have only to substitute in every case a reference to the first
+Canadian issues, particularly the 10d. which we started out with, to
+make the discussion apply with equal force in this case as in the other.
+The question is the same--the variations occur in the same way, the
+method of engraving and reproduction is the same, and the varieties in
+the paper are very similar.
+
+Major Evans, in a reply to Mr. Thornhill's paper,[45] states that he
+tried some experiments in wetting a thin, tough note paper, and found an
+expansion of three per cent., while by stretching it he increased the
+expansion to eight per cent, without difficulty! Yet the greatest
+variation in Mr. Thornhill's table was only four per cent. Major Evans
+then tried some of the 1863 Newfoundland stamps, which he judged were
+on paper of almost the same nature as that of the unwatermarked Ceylons
+of the same year, and they gave precisely similar results.
+
+[45] =Philatelic Record=, XI: 158.
+
+Mr. Frank C. Young, who was in the printing business, also tells of
+similar experiments which he carried still further.[46]
+
+    Having provided some twenty-five sheets of paper of different
+    qualities and thicknesses, each was cut into sixteen pieces.
+    Selecting a common half tone cut which measured exactly 100 x 69 mm.
+    and dampening the sheets of paper to different degrees of wetness I
+    proceeded to impress the cut on each sheet, using a common roller
+    proof press. After the printed sheets had been allowed to dry it
+    became a matter of a good millimeter gauge and careful measurements
+    of the printed impressions, not the paper.
+
+    ... Hardly two sheets of the whole lot were identical in size, nor
+    was I able to formulate any table as to how much or how little or
+    which way of the paper shrinkage would occur. The only general rule
+    which seemed to come out clearly was that thin paper would
+    invariably shrink more than thick. In many of the sheets the
+    difference was barely noticeable, while, on the other hand, such
+    measurements as 96 x 68, 97 x 68-1/2, 99 x 67-1/2, 98 x 68 mm. were
+    fairly common, and one sheet, after several very careful
+    measurements, was undeniably 95-1/2 x 69 mm., thus showing a
+    shrinkage of 4-1/2 per cent, one way and none at all the other. This
+    was very thin laid linen paper.
+
+    Contrary to all expectations, more than one impression measured more
+    than either the cut or those printed on dry paper, one on thin wove
+    paper being fully 101 mm. long.
+
+[46] =Canada Stamp Sheet=, IV: 173.
+
+Looking back now at Mr. Castle's tables,[47] we find his greatest
+variations in length amount to 3/4 mm. in 22 mm., or roughly 3-1/2%, and
+in width 1 mm. in 18 mm., or roughly 5-1/2%--results entirely within
+bounds according to Major Evans' and Mr. Young's experiments, and
+doubtless settling once and for all the reason of the "three distinct
+varieties in design" of Mr. Brouse.
+
+[47] See page 54.
+
+As for the paper actually used for the printing of the 10d. stamp, we
+find it a hard, white wove variety varying very much in thickness from a
+very thin, almost pelure quality, through which the design is quite
+plainly evident, to a medium and finally a considerably thicker quality.
+The pelure paper seems naturally to be the one on which the greatest
+variation in dimensions occurs, the _long_ and _broad_ size of the stamp
+coming principally on the thicker paper,[48] which is supposed to shrink
+the least upon drying and therefore keeps the printed impression nearest
+the size of the plate impression. The _long_ and _narrow_ impression,
+being the commoner variation, was probably due to the paper being fed
+to the press the same way of the "grain" as a rule, while the _short_
+and _broad_ variation, which is much scarcer, occurred by an occasional
+sheet of paper being fed the other way of the "grain." That paper has a
+"grain" is readily proved by tearing a piece in one direction and then
+tearing it at right angles to the first tear; one will be found much
+easier of accomplishment generally than the other, and this "grain"
+doubtless has its due effect in the amount of shrinkage in one way or
+the other upon drying a dampened sheet.
+
+[48] See page 56.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+One further variety we have to record in the 10d. stamp, this being a
+"shifted transfer" variety similar to that occurring in the 3d. value.
+In this case we find the letters A D A and S of "Canada Postage," and P
+E N of "Pence" showing a distinct doubling at the bottom, the transfer
+roller evidently having been set a little too high at first and a very
+slight impression made on the plate. The stamp has not been seen in a
+pair to prove its character absolutely, but it bears all the ear-marks
+of being a proper plate variety and not due to a careless impression
+when printing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To continue again with the Postmaster General's reports. We find in that
+for 31st March, 1856, a note to the effect that the postage on letters
+to France had been once more reduced, this time to 10d. currency per 1/4
+oz., which gave further employment to the new 10d. stamp. There is also
+some information concerning the registry system, but this will be
+treated later under that head. One item is found in the accounts to
+interest us:--
+
+    Rawdon, Wright, Hatch & Edson, for printing 300,000 postage
+  stamps for Post Office Department [L]15.2.3.
+
+As only 3d. stamps were received during the year, this of course refers
+to that value, and the price charged is found to be practically one
+shilling, currency, per thousand, or twenty cents American money.
+
+In June of 1857 the Canadian Parliament made further changes in the
+newspaper rates, etc., according to the following Act:--
+
+
+    20^o Vict. Cap. XXV.
+
+    An Act to Amend the Post-Office Laws of this Province.
+
+    [Assented to 10th June 1857.]
+
+    Whereas it is expedient to amend the Post-Office Laws, in the manner
+    hereafter provided: Therefore, Her Majesty, by and with the advice
+    and consent of the Legislative Council and Assembly of Canada enacts
+    as follows:--
+
+    I. [Repeals sections I and V of 18^o Vict. Cap. 79.][49]
+
+    II. Newspapers printed and published within this Province and
+    addressed from the Office of Publication, shall be transmitted from
+    the Post-Office where mailed to any other Post-Office in Canada, or
+    to the United Kingdom, or to any British Colony or Possession, or to
+    France, free of Canadian Postage.
+
+    III. Newspapers printed and published in the United Kingdom, or in
+    any British Colony or Possession, or in France, when received in
+    mails addressed to this Province, and directed to any place in
+    Canada, shall pass through the Post and be delivered at the
+    Post-Office addressed, free of Canadian postage.
+
+    IV. For the purposes of this Act, the word "newspapers" shall be
+    held to mean periodicals published not less frequently than once in
+    each week, and containing notices of passing events, or any such
+    newspaper published fortnightly or monthly at the time of the
+    passage of this Act.
+
+    V. Periodicals printed and published in this Province other than
+    newspapers, when specially devoted to Religious and to General
+    Education, to Agriculture or Temperance, or to any branch of
+    Science, and addressed directly from the Office of Publication,
+    shall be transmitted from the Post-Office where mailed to any other
+    Post-Office in this Province free of postage.
+
+    VI. Letters and other mailable matter addressed to or sent by the
+    Speaker or Chief Clerk of the Legislative Council or of the
+    Legislative Assembly, or to or by any Member of the Legislature at
+    the seat of Government, during any session of the Legislature, or
+    addressed to any of the Members or Officers in this section
+    mentioned, at the seat of Government as aforesaid, during the ten
+    days next before the meeting of Parliament, shall be free of
+    postage.
+
+    VII. So much of the twelfth section of the Post-Office Act, passed
+    in the session held in the 14th and 15th years of Her Majesty's
+    Reign and chaptered 71, as requires the Postmaster General to make
+    to the Governor General of this Province, annually, certain Reports
+    for the purpose of being laid before the Provincial Parliament at
+    each Session thereof, for the year ending the fifth day of April
+    previous to such Session, is hereby repealed; and it shall,
+    hereafter, be the duty of the Postmaster General to furnish such
+    Reports annually so that they may be laid before the Provincial
+    Parliament within ten days after the assembling thereof, and such
+    Annual Reports shall be made up to the thirtieth day of September
+    previous to each Session.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    X. This Act shall take effect on and from the first day of August
+    next.
+
+[49] See page 50.
+
+Although the enactment clause made the above Act operative on 1st
+August, 1857, because of which we should not expect it to affect the
+Postmaster General's report for the year ending 31st March, 1857, yet we
+find this report dated 30th September, 1857, thus including the year
+and a half from 1st April, 1856. Among other items of interest in this
+report we find the following:--
+
+    There is very material economy of labor to the Department in dealing
+    with letters pre-paid by stamp as compared with letters on which the
+    postage is collected in money, as well as a manifest gain to the
+    public, in the increased facilities which pre-payment by stamp
+    enables the Post Office to afford for posting and delivering letters
+    so pre-paid.
+
+    It is gratifying, therefore, to observe that the use of stamps is
+    gradually gaining ground, encouraging as it does the hope that it
+    may be found practicable and expedient ere long to make prepayment
+    by stamp the prevailing rule in Canada, as it has for some time been
+    in the United Kingdom, in France, and in the United States.
+
+    A reduction in the charge of Book Post Packets, when not exceeding 4
+    oz., in weight between Canada and the United Kingdom, of one half
+    the former rate has been made.
+
+    To facilitate the pre-payment of letters passing from Canada to
+    England by the Canadian steamers, a new stamp bearing value at 6
+    pence sterling, or 7-1/2 pence currency, being the Canadian Packet
+    rate, has been secured and put in circulation.
+
+    A new stamp has also been introduced of the value of one halfpenny
+    to serve as the medium for prepaying transient Newspapers.
+
+The above is the only reference we have to the issue of the 7-1/2d.
+stamp. The accounts for the fiscal year ending 30th September, 1857,
+contain the following item:--
+
+      "Rawdon, Wright and Co., Postage Stamps, [L]165.9.6"
+
+which must include the cost of dies and plates for the two new values.
+There is no record of the date of issue of the 7-1/2d. stamp, as far as
+our research has gone. The London Society's work[50] gives it as June 2,
+1857, but upon what authority is not stated. It will be recalled that a
+stamp of this value was suggested, in company with the 10d., in the
+Postmaster General's report for 31st March, 1854, as being the reduced
+rate granted in that same month on letters sent "direct from a
+Provincial Port, Quebec or Halifax," to England. The _Halifax
+Philatelist_ states:[51]--"This stamp was rendered necessary on account
+of the contract between the Canadian Government and the Allan Line of
+Steamers in regard to carrying the mails, and by which contract the
+postage was reduced." It hardly seems to have been very "necessary" when
+it took three years at least to bring the Postmaster General's
+suggestion to a realization. Besides, the Allan Line steamers began
+their service over a year before the appearance of the stamp, and the
+rate it represented had even then been in force for two years, nor was
+it reduced for many years thereafter.
+
+[50] The Postage Stamps, etc., of the North American Colonies of Great
+Britain, page 14.
+
+[51] Halifax Philatelist, II: 74.
+
+The Postmaster General's Report for 1856 says:--
+
+    The month of May, 1856, was marked by the first voyage to the St.
+    Lawrence of the line of Canadian Mail Steamers, under the contract
+    between Mr. Hugh Allan of Montreal, and the Provincial Government.
+    These vessels have performed the service for which they were bound,
+    with laudable punctuality, and have crossed the Atlantic at an
+    average speed which compares successfully with the performances of
+    the steamers of the Cunard and Collins lines from New York and
+    Boston.
+
+The average time of passage is given as--Westward, 12 days, 20-1/2
+hours; Eastward, 11 days, 2 hours.
+
+The design of the stamp was simply adapted from that of the discarded
+12d. stamp, as will readily be seen from the illustration (No. 5 on
+Plate I). The inscriptions were changed to CANADA PACKET POSTAGE, which
+of course referred to the fast mail steamers then known as "packets,"
+and not to any "parcel post" as is sometimes erroneously stated; and SIX
+PENCE STERLING, a new departure in labeling a Canadian stamp. Like the
+10d. that preceded it, however, the corresponding values were inserted
+in the spandrels, "6d. stg." in the left hand pair and "7-1/2d. cy." in
+the right hand pair. The stamp is generally listed under its "currency"
+value to conform with the rest of the set and avoid confusion with the
+regular "six pence" stamp. The normal color of the stamp is a dark
+green.
+
+The 7-1/2d. stamp is known to have been arranged on the plate for
+printing sheets of 120 stamps, ten rows of twelve stamps each, this
+being to facilitate the reckoning in English money. The eight marginal
+imprints appeared as on the other values. There was but one supply
+received, on the first order, of 100,080 stamps which, if we divide by
+120, gives an even 834 sheets. Now, if we but glance back at the first
+supply received of the 10d. stamp[52] we find exactly the same number,
+evenly divisible by 120 but not by 100. The second supply of the 10d.
+stamp works out in exactly the same way,--72,120 makes an even 601
+sheets at 120 per sheet. Is it not probable to suppose, therefore, in
+the absence of entire sheets or horizontal rows of the 10d. stamp, that
+the latter was also printed in sheets of 120, as previously suggested,
+instead of sheets of 100 as stated in Mr. King's article?[53]
+
+[52] See page 51.
+
+[53] =Monthly Journal=, VII: 8.
+
+When the issue of the decimal stamps took place, on July 1, 1859, there
+were 17,670 of the 7-1/2d. stamps on hand, so that the total issue of
+this value was 82,410 copies.
+
+As will be gathered from Mr. Brouse's paper, which we quoted in
+connection with the 10d. stamp, a similar variation in the width of the
+oval is to be found in the case of the 7-1/2d. stamp, but the extremes
+are not so great and it is therefore not so noticeable. A glance at the
+table of measurements[54] will show that the variation in width is
+confined to a half millimeter and that in height to practically the same
+amount. Of course the discussion and conclusions detailed at length
+under the 10d. stamp apply with equal force in the present instance, and
+the fact that the 7-1/2d. stamp is not found on the very thin paper
+probably accounts for the lack of extreme variations. It was printed
+upon paper of the same kind as used for the 10d., but only on the medium
+and thicker qualities. A pair of the stamps in juxtaposition, showing
+the wide oval and the narrow oval, will be found as numbers 67 and 68
+respectively on Plate IV.
+
+[54] See page 54.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The last--and also least--of the pence issues was the half-penny stamp.
+There had been a need for this value since the introduction of stamps,
+for there were several rates that were impossible to make up with the
+denominations that were issued and which therefore had to be paid in
+money. Among these were the 1/2d. charge on newspapers from 1851 to
+1855, the same charge per ounce on magazines and books during the entire
+period, the 1/2d. and 1d. carrier's fees, the 1d. rate on circulars and
+on soldier's letters, and the several 7-1/2d. rates for letters and for
+the book post with England. But the Act last quoted,[55] which restored
+a charge on transient newspapers, seems to have been the direct cause of
+the belated issue of the half-penny stamp. The circular announcing its
+issue is as follows:[56]--
+
+    POSTAGE ON NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS.
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT,
+      TORONTO, 18th July, 1857.
+
+    Under the Post Office Law of last Session, taking effect from 1st.
+    August, 1857, Newspapers printed and published in Canada, and
+    mailed direct from Office of Publication, will pass free of Canadian
+    Postage.
+
+    Periodicals so printed, published, and mailed when specially devoted
+    to Religious and to General Education, to Agriculture, or
+    Temperance, or to any branch of Science, will pass free from any one
+    Post-Office to another within the Province.
+
+    Transient and re-mailed Papers and Periodicals will pass by Post if
+    pre-paid by Postage stamp--one halfpenny on each Newspaper, and on
+    each Periodical, one halfpenny, if not exceeding 3 oz., in weight,
+    and 2d. if over 3 oz.
+
+    Postage Stamps of the value of one halfpenny each will be sold to
+    the public at all the principal Post Offices (including all Money
+    Order Offices), with a discount of 5 per cent upon purchases of not
+    less than twenty stamps, and will be available in prepayment of
+    Newspapers and Periodicals, and of Drop and Town Letters.
+
+    R. SPENCE, _Postmaster-General_.
+
+[55] See pages 60-61.
+
+[56] =Canada Stamp Sheet=, IV: 184.
+
+The London Society's work gives the date of issue of the 1/2d. value as
+18th July, 1857, and it is clearly seen from the preceding notice where
+the date was obtained. But it is more likely that the stamp was issued
+on 1st. August, the day the new rates took effect.
+
+The new stamp was very plain, as will be seen from the illustration, No.
+4 on Plate I. The profile head of Queen Victoria was quite evidently
+taken from the head on the British penny stamp. The usual inscription,
+CANADA POSTAGE, occupies the upper part of the oval frame, and ONE HALF
+PENNY the lower part, but the value is not expressed by numerals in the
+corners, as on all the other stamps of the issue, the spandrels being
+merely filled in with a reticulated pattern. The stamp was printed in
+sheets of 100, ten rows of ten, with the eight marginal imprints as
+described for the series of 1851.
+
+The tables of statistics in the Postmaster General's reports give the
+number of 1/2d. stamps received previous to 1st. October, 1857, as
+1,341,600; during the next fiscal year 1,258,920 were received; and
+between 1st. October, 1858 and 30th June, 1859, when they were
+superseded, 850,100 more arrived, making a total stock of 3,450,620. The
+balance on hand when the decimal series was issued was 60,660, which
+makes the total issue of the 1/2d. stamp 3,389,960.
+
+The normal color of the stamp is a deep rose. It is found printed on a
+soft ribbed paper, with the ribbing both horizontal and vertical, as
+well as on the ordinary hard white wove paper of this issue in both the
+thin and thicker qualities.
+
+The London Society's work has the following remarks:[57]--
+
+    Two _soi-disant_ provisionals have been chronicled; viz., the
+    Halfpenny surcharged in black--one with an Arabic numeral "1," and
+    the other with "8d. STG." The Society can furnish no information
+    concerning these two stamps; but supposing the surcharges to be
+    genuine, they are probably only notifications of insufficient
+    postage applied after the letters were posted.
+
+[57] =The Stamps, etc., of the North American Colonies of Great
+Britain=, page 14.
+
+We find that the original chronicle of these varieties was in _Le
+Timbre-Poste_ in 1869. Concerning them M. Moens writes as follows:--
+
+    Un de nos correspondants nous annonce qu'il poss[e']de un timbre
+    rose 1/2 penny, surcharg['e] de la marque: 8 _d. stg._ Cette
+    ['e]mission, provisoire sans doute, doit [^e]tre le r['e]sultat de
+    la penurie momentan['e]e de timbres 10 pence, dans un ou plusieurs
+    bureaux secondaires.[58]
+
+[58] =Le Timbre-Poste=, VII: 82.
+
+And in the next issue of the paper:--
+
+    On nous a montr['e] le 1/2 p. rose, non dent['e]l['e], surcharg['e]
+    en noir, du chiffre 1, de 20 mm. environ et plac['e] dans le sens
+    horizontal. C'est probablement encore un timbre ['e]mis
+    provisoirement, pour une raison qui nous ['e]chappe, le 1 penny
+    n'ayant jamais exist['e]. Quant au timbre dont nous avons parl['e]
+    le mois dernier, le chiffre 8 et la lettre S ont pour dimension 16
+    mm.[59]
+
+[59] =ibid.= VII: 94.
+
+We think all idea of a "surcharge" can be at once dismissed, as the
+raising of the value, particularly to 8d., would be a very foolish and
+doubtless wholly unnecessary proceeding, and certainly some record of
+such procedure would have been found ere this. The impressions were
+probably from rating stamps that were accidentally struck on the postage
+stamps, or possibly used purposely as cancellations.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The report of the Postmaster General for the 30th Sept. 1858, notes the
+fact that previous to 1854 all newspapers were rated at 1/2d. each, but
+in that year were granted free transmission. Concerning the new
+regulations it continues:--
+
+    In pursuance of the Act of 1857, limiting free transmission to such
+    as are posted directly from the office of publication, a halfpenny
+    rate, pre-payable by postage stamps, has been taken since 1st.
+    August, 1857 on all transient newspapers--that is, papers posted by
+    individuals other than the Publishers.
+
+
+
+The same report states:--"The Department has, from 1st. January, 1859,
+put in operation an arrangement for the conveyance of Parcel Packets
+between any two Post Offices in Canada with the ordinary mails." The
+charge was fixed at 1s. 3d. per pound with a maximum weight of two
+pounds, and prepayment was enforced.
+
+In the Department accounts we find the following:--
+
+    Rawdon, Wright, Hatch & Co., Supply of letter and newspaper
+  stamps                                                [L]99.6.6
+
+which was simply a printing bill. The last payment for the pence issue
+of stamps appears in the report for 30th Sept., 1859, and is for the
+deliveries during the nine months from 30th. Sept. 1858 to 30th June,
+1859, when the pence stamps were retired. The charge is given in decimal
+currency:--
+
+  Rawdon, Wright & Co., supply of letter and newspaper stamps
+                                                      $238.69
+
+The report for 1858 gives an interesting table showing the growth of the
+postal business by decades for the thirty years previous. The remarkable
+increase during the last period, within which the Province assumed
+control and the use of stamps was introduced, is to be noted:--
+
+         Number of   Miles of   Gross    Letters   Newspapers
+  Year  P. Offices  P. Routes  Postage   Annually   Annually
+
+  1828     101        2,368  [L]15,000    340,000     400,000
+  1838     380        5,486     35,000  1,000,000   1,250,000
+  1848     539        6,985     65,000  2,000,000   3,000,000
+  1858   1,566       13,600    151,000  9,800,000  13,500,000
+
+The year 1859 brings us to the end of the pence issues, but before
+leaving them there is still one more question to consider, that of the
+perforated varieties, which will form the subject of the next chapter.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE PERFORATED PENCE ISSUES
+
+
+The perforated series of the pence issues of Canada furnishes another
+one of those knotty problems for which these stamps are noted. The first
+intimation of the improvement that was announced officially appears in
+the Report of the Postmaster General for 30th September, 1857, in these
+words:--
+
+    Moreover, the Department has been led, by the increasing use of
+    Postage Stamps, to take measures for obtaining the Canadian Postage
+    Stamps on sheets perforated in the dividing lines, in the manner
+    adopted in England, to facilitate the separation of a single stamp
+    from the others on a sheet when required for use.
+
+One would naturally suppose that the stamps would be ordered in this
+condition from the manufacturers, and we think they were; but no further
+light is thrown upon the matter by the Reports, and other facts that
+persist in intruding themselves have given rise to a theory that the
+Department either bought perforating machines of its own and operated
+upon the stock on hand, or engaged some local concern to perforate the
+stock in question. This _might_ have been done, but if so why were the
+7-1/2 and 10 pence stamps omitted? Again, had such been the case, it is
+passing strange that the 1/2 penny, issued unperforated but two months
+before the date of the report, should be approximately twice as common
+in that state as perforated. In the case of the 3d., taking stock on
+hand the 30th September, 1857, and subsequent deliveries, two-fifths of
+the entire issue should have been perforated, which would make the
+latter stamps almost as common as the earlier issues; while in the case
+of the 6d., under similar conditions, almost the same ratio holds, the
+figures being a trifle more in favor of the perforated series. This does
+not conform with facts at all, and it can hardly be explained by
+supposing that a relatively small stock of but three values was operated
+upon in 1857 and the improvement then dropped for a couple of years.
+
+For further proof of the incorrectness of this theory we think the
+following fact speaks for itself. Appended to each Postmaster General's
+Report are various tables of expenditures. One of these statements is
+headed:--
+
+"Sums paid in discharge of Tradesmen's Bills," and in it are found the
+amounts paid to various parties named for all kinds of supplies
+furnished the Department. This is where the payments to the engravers of
+the stamps appear, as well as items for cancelling stamps, post-marks,
+etc. Now a careful examination of all items for the years 1857, 1858 and
+1859 fails to disclose any payment either for purchase of a perforating
+machine or for having the stamps perforated by outside parties. This may
+be "negative evidence" but we feel that it has its due weight.
+
+Nevertheless, we find at least two other perforations on stamps of this
+issue besides the regulation gauge 12, which has made it appear to some
+that the Department might have experimented with means of separation
+before settling definitely on the type adopted. The stamp operated upon
+was the 3d., probably as being the most commonly employed value, which
+would naturally be the case were the perforations the efforts of private
+parties. The first "irregular" perforation was listed by Major Evans[60]
+as gauging 13, and the London Society's work lists it as well, probably
+following the earlier catalog. But Messrs. Corwin and King
+state:[61]--"This perforation is totally unknown in America, and we
+doubt its existence." Neither the Pack nor the Worthington collection
+contains a copy and we think it can be passed by.
+
+[60] A Catalogue for Collectors, page 33.
+
+[61] Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 226.
+
+The next perforation is of gauge 14, and this is well known though of
+extreme rarity. Messrs. Corwin and King did not know of over twenty
+specimens in 1891. We are fortunate in being able to illustrate a fine
+used pair on piece of cover from the Pack collection as No. 128 on Plate
+XIII. Most unfortunately, however, as will be noted, some vandal cut the
+cover, though perhaps unwittingly, just so as to destroy most of the
+postmark and thus lose forever the date and place of mailing. Messrs.
+Corwin and King state:[62]--
+
+[62] ibid. I: 275.
+
+    We have lately seen a pair of 3d. perf. 14, upon the original cover,
+    but which, unfortunately, presents a most indistinct dating stamp,
+    and, although endorsed by the recipient with date of writing, May
+    30, date of receipt and date of reply, all three year dates are so
+    indistinctly written that one is unable to tell whether it is 1857
+    or 1859, although we think the former was the date. Should this be
+    the case it would seem as though the perf. 14 and another curious
+    perforation just discovered ... were experimental, or provisional,
+    pending the receipt from the makers of those perf. 12. Most of the
+    few stamps perf. 14 which we have seen, appear cut on one or more
+    sides with the shears, as though the users were not familiar with
+    the advantages of perforation as a means of separating the stamps,
+    and adhering in a measure to the old methods. This is one of the
+    reasons which lead us to believe that these stamps, perf. 14, were
+    issued before those perf. 12, because the latter are almost
+    invariably separated by tearing apart as is proper.... The writer
+    has in his collection seven copies of the 3d. perf. 14, and of these
+    four specimens show double perforation on one or more sides. It is a
+    rare occurrence when a double perforation is found upon any of the
+    stamps so treated by the American Bank Note Co. or their
+    predecessors, and when we find four out of seven specimens in that
+    condition, we are justified in stating that these stamps, gauging
+    14, were never perforated by the makers.
+
+In another part of the article just quoted is the following:[63]--
+
+    The American Bank Note Co. and Rawdon, Wright, Hatch and Edson,
+    their predecessors, have never, according to official information
+    from them, employed any other gauge than 12, in fact they call 12
+    their standard and only perforation. Allowing that they did
+    perforate the ones found perf. 12 (which are the rule, while those
+    perf. 14 are the exception), then those perf. 14 must have been
+    certainly operated upon elsewhere than in the shops of the Bank Note
+    Co., where this perforation is unknown.
+
+[63] Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 226.
+
+From all the foregoing we can seem to make but one deduction for the 3d.
+perforated 14 and that is--unofficial. The dated cover, if 1859, would
+be but a month before the issue of the decimal stamps, and the regular
+"perf. 12" stamps were plentifully supplied at that time. It would
+therefore seem that the date must have been 1857, as suggested, which
+would have been well ahead of the appearance of the "perf. 12" issues as
+we shall see later. Then the fact that the manufacturers cannot be held
+responsible for this perforation, and the Department accounts furnish no
+item of expenditure directly traceable to such work, make it seem wholly
+probable that it was done by private parties for their own or customers'
+convenience.
+
+The "curious perforation" alluded to as just discovered was announced by
+the Scott Stamp & Coin Co. as follows:[64]--
+
+    CANADA.--In a large lot of pence issues purchased by us lately, we
+    have found two copies of 3 pence on grayish wove paper perforated 13
+    with oblique parallel cuts. This seems to confirm the theory that
+    the pence issues of Canada were not perforated by the manufacturers,
+    but either by the Canadian Government or by some persons authorized
+    by them, who most likely experimented with different perforating
+    machines, finally selecting the one perforating 12.
+
+[64] American Journal of Philately, 2d. Series, IV: 23.
+
+With regard to the deductions given, we think that what we have already
+presented concerning the unofficial character of the gauge 14
+perforation applies with even more force in the present instance, and we
+unhesitatingly put these two curios in the "privately perforated" class.
+
+Messrs. Corwin and King give further details as follows:[65]--
+
+    As one of them has passed into the possession of the writer, we are
+    able to particularize somewhat with reference to this particular
+    perforation.... Our specimen is from the bottom of the sheet, or
+    else the shears have been used, so that we find the perforation as
+    it originally existed between each stamp, before separation. This
+    perforation consists of oblique _curved_ parallel cuts; they are not
+    straight, but show a very decided curve from right to left, looking
+    at the face of the stamp. The other sides of our specimen present,
+    having been torn from the stamp on either side, a very well defined
+    saw-tooth perforation, very much like that found on the Bremen
+    stamps, but much coarser, clearly gauging 13. It occurs to us that,
+    perhaps, this is the 13 perforation listed by the London Society,
+    although, had a specimen been before the society when the reference
+    list was compiled, the peculiarity of this style of perforation
+    would surely have been noted by them.
+
+[65] Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 277.
+
+To return to the general subject, Mr. Donald A. King in his own article
+says:[66]--
+
+    It is an open question whether these stamps were delivered to the
+    Canadian Post Office Department in a perforated condition or not.
+    The manufacturers are wholly unable to throw any light on the
+    subject; and while there is much to be said in favor of their having
+    perforated the stamps, there are points against it almost as strong.
+    In favor of it there is the fact that, at the date that these stamps
+    were issued, it was more than probable that a firm like the
+    manufacturers would have perforating machines. The normal gauge of
+    the perforated set is 12, that being the only size of perforation
+    ever used by the manufacturers, or their successors, the American
+    Bank Note Company; indeed, they call 12 their standard and only
+    gauge.
+
+[66] Monthly Journal, VII: 9.
+
+The stamps in issue from the time of the announcement of perforation in
+the Report of 1857, to the appearance of the decimal stamps in 1859,
+were the 1/2d., 3d., 6d., 7-1/2d., and 10d. values, but only the first
+three appeared with perforations. The first supply of the 10d. stamp, as
+we know, was received in January 1855, and was naturally unperforated.
+The first and only supply of the 7-1/2d. stamp was received probably in
+the second quarter of 1857, and these were all unperforated. The first
+supply of the 1/2d. stamp was doubtless delivered about midsummer of
+1857, and these were evidently all unperforated. The other supplies
+received in the fiscal year of 1857 were 300,000 of the 3d. in September
+1856, and the same number again in March 1857, together with the 50,078
+of the 6d.[67] Evidently these were still in the unperforated class, as
+they were delivered before either the 7-1/2d. or 1/2d. supplies. We must
+therefore look to the supplies delivered _after_ the 30th September,
+1857, as a basis for reckoning up the perforated series. The values and
+quantities given in the stamp accounts (already quoted) are as
+follows:--
+
+                                           1/2d.      3d.      6d.    10d.
+
+  Rec'd, yr. ending 30th Sept. 1858      1,258,920   900,000 100,000 72,120
+  Rec'd. half-yr. end'g 30th June, 1859    850,100   449,900  70,000
+                                         --------- --------- ------- ------
+      Total,                             2,109,020 1,349,900 170,000 72,120
+  Balance on hand 30th June, 1859           60,660    21,700  17,578 31,200
+         (destroyed)
+                                         --------- --------- ------- ------
+  Issued                                 2,048,360 1,328,200 152,422 40,920
+
+The first thing that confronts us here is a second supply of the 10d.
+stamp in this supposed "perforated period," over half of which was
+issued for sale, and yet the 10d. stamp is practically unknown in a
+perforated condition! We say practically, because the London Society's
+work[68] remarks:--"The Seven Pence Halfpenny, green, and Ten Pence,
+blue, perforated, exist in the collection of a well known Parisian
+collector. The authenticity, however, of the perforations appears to be
+doubtful." We think it is more than doubtful, as it is practically
+certain that neither value was ever issued in this condition. Messrs.
+Corwin and King state:[69]--"We agree with the Society in doubting the
+authenticity of the 7-1/2d. and 10 pence, perforated, as these stamps,
+thus treated, have never been seen in America, nor can anything be
+ascertained from the makers of the Stamps or the Canadian Post Office
+Department concerning them." The last statement is hardly convincing,
+for neither party referred to can give any more information concerning
+the other three values that we know _were_ issued. We can heartily
+subscribe to the next remark, however:--"We have no hesitation in
+pronouncing them impostors."
+
+[67] Metropolitan Philatelist, XVII: 83.
+
+[68] North American Colonies of Great Britain, page 15.
+
+[69] Metropolitan Philatelist, I: 226.
+
+The date usually assigned to the appearance of the perforated stamps is
+January 1858. The London Society gave simply "1857," which is apparently
+set down merely because they have just quoted the announcement from the
+Postmaster General's Report for that year. Evans and Moens, in their
+catalogs, both name the date as November 1858. Unfortunately no more
+authoritative statement has been found, except that in Messrs. Corwin
+and King's article[70] they say "Mr. Hooper positively states that it
+took place in January, 1858." Mr. John R. Hooper was at that time [1890]
+connected with the Canadian Post Office Department at Ottawa and took
+pains to look up much information for the above-mentioned gentlemen. His
+reasons for the "positive statement" are not given, and inasmuch as he
+is quoted elsewhere as saying that "the records of the Post Office
+Department are silent as to where this perforation was performed and by
+whom,"[71] and also seems a little uncertain in some other details, we
+feel that further confirmation is needed.
+
+[70] =Metropolitan Philatelist, I=: 275.
+
+[71] =ibid. I=: 226.
+
+In our table above we have given the supplies received after the 30th
+September, 1857, and deducted the remainders so as to have the actual
+number issued. The 10d. has already proved a stumbling block, for it was
+not perforated at all! Next we find the 6d. to the number of 150,000,
+when the total issue, including the laid paper, was but 400,000; yet the
+catalog value of the imperforates is some $6 for each variety, and of
+the perforated stamp at least $30! Can anyone doubt that all these
+150,000 6d. stamps were _not_ perforated? In the case of the 3d. we have
+one and a third millions to compare with a total issue of three and a
+half millions--about a third in the supposed perforated class. Yet the
+catalog value of the latter is $2.50 against 36 cents for the wove paper
+imperforate alone. With the 1/2d. stamp there are two millions against a
+total of three and a third millions, or about two to one in favor of the
+supposed perforated stamps, yet the latter are double the catalog price
+of the former! The only conclusion to be drawn from these regularly
+appearing inconsistencies in each value is that all the supplies after
+30th September, 1857 were _not_ perforated, as the 10d. stamp very
+glaringly intimates!
+
+If this be so, is it not possible that the order to perforate new
+supplies was given to the manufacturers much later than has hitherto
+been thought to be the case? It hardly seems likely that this
+improvement would be ordered for a few supplies and then dropped, only
+to reappear a year and a half later as a permanent feature of the new
+set. Once adopted it was more than likely to be retained.
+
+Let us see, then, just for curiosity's sake, what the supplies of the
+last six months of issue yield us for data. For the 1/2d. we find
+850,000, roughly, with 60,000 remainders. Call it 800,000 issued which,
+if perforated, would be a quarter of the total issue of 1/2d. stamps, or
+a ratio to the imperforates of one to three. This is not so far away
+from the catalog ratio of two to one (inversely, of course) in the value
+of the perforated stamps. With the 3d. stamp we have 450,000, roughly,
+with 20,000 remainders, say 430,000 issued. Of a total issue of
+3,500,000 this represents one-eighth, or a ratio of one to seven. The
+inverse ratio of seven to one for catalog value comes pretty close when
+we compare $2.50 with 36 cents! In the case of the 6d. there are 70,000
+less 17,500 remainders, or 52,500. This is approximately one-eighth the
+total issue of 400,000, or again a ratio of one to seven. The inverse
+ratio of seven to one for a catalog value would make the perforated
+stamp list $42 with the imperforate at $6. But both laid and wove paper
+6d. stamps list at approximately $6, whereas if all had been issued on
+but one variety of paper we might find perhaps a single list price of
+say $4. With this as a basis, the catalog value of $30 for the
+perforated 6d. is in as close agreement with our supposition as are the
+others. And, best of all, the second supply of the 10d. stamp is
+disposed of without any difficulty whatever under this hypothesis!
+
+It may be argued that reasoning thus from catalog prices is too
+uncertain to prove of value. Granted in many cases. But here is an issue
+from fifty to sixty years old; the stamps were regularly used in
+increasing numbers during their years of issue; they have always been
+popular and eagerly collected, so that the stock in existence has been
+pretty well handled and pretty well distributed. Under these conditions
+the catalog prices should by this time reflect fairly accurately the
+_relative_ rarity of the main varieties of each stamp at least; and it
+is this relative rarity that we are after in order to approximate the
+original supplies of the main varieties. The result is certainly of more
+than mere interest, the agreement being such that we are tempted to lay
+down the following propositions in regard to the perforated stamps for
+further proof or disproof:--
+
+_First._ The regular perforation (gauge 12) was done by the
+manufacturers and applied to the last requisitions previous to the
+change to decimal stamps.
+
+_Second._ The date of the supposed issue of the perforated stamps should
+be changed from January 1858, to November 1858 or January 1859.
+
+_Third._ The quantities of perforated stamps issued are placed
+approximately at:--1/2d., 789,440; 3d., 428,200; 6d., 52,422.
+
+In further support of the above postulates, we must say that every cover
+bearing any one of the three perforated stamps which we have been able
+to get a satisfactory date from has been postmarked in _1859_! Not one
+has yet been seen which bore a date in 1858 even, and one 6d. from the
+Seybold collection, which was dated at Brantford, Dec. 29, 1857, turned
+out to be bad. Of course perforated pence stamps are hard to find on
+original covers, but it is curious that so far not one has upset the
+theory we have laid down.
+
+There is one point left which perhaps needs some attention. The London
+Society's work lists a 6d. on _laid_ paper, perforated 12, and Mr. King
+has followed by including it in his reference list. This would imply
+that the Canadian Government had perforated its stock on hand, in which
+might be a few remainders of the early laid paper issue, and naturally
+would go far toward confirming that view of the origin of the perforated
+series. But this stamp seems to be an unknown quantity, almost as much
+so as the 3d. "perforated 13" of Major Evans' Catalogue. Mr. Pack
+says:[72]--"I have never heard of the 6d. perforated, on laid paper. It
+is catalogued in the Society's publication, but a copy, so far as I can
+learn, has never been seen in Canada or in the United States."
+
+[72] =London Philatelist, XVI=: 144.
+
+We have been interested to track this stamp, and have apparently found
+the original located in the Tapling collection, now housed at the
+British Museum. In a catalog of the Canadian portion of this collection
+by Gordon Smith,[73] we find two unused copies listed on _laid_ paper,
+one marked "perf. 12" and the other "forged perf." The sequel is found
+in the _American Journal of Philately_ for 1891[74] in the following
+note:--
+
+    There is no longer any mystery in regard to the origin of that
+    _great rarity_! the perforated 6 pence on laid paper, these stamps
+    having been perforated for four or five years in the shops of
+    Messrs. Benjamin Sarpy & Co., Cullum street, London, who openly
+    boast of having manufactured and sold those in the collection of the
+    late Hon. T. K. Tapling and other prominent collectors.
+
+[73] =The Stamp News, X=: 43.
+
+[74] =American Journal of Philately=, 2d. Series, IV: 365.
+
+The paper upon which the perforated pence series is found seems to give
+further confirmation to the theory that they came from but one or
+possibly two printings. Outside of the two lower values on ribbed paper,
+which are rare, the series seems to be entirely on a hard, white wove
+paper, varying in thickness from a medium to a thicker quality, which is
+in every way similar to the paper employed for the succeeding cents
+issue. On the thin ribbed paper the London Society (1889) and Messrs.
+Corwin and King (1891) list the 1/2d. stamp, but this is not found in
+the catalog of the Tapling collection already referred to, nor in the
+Pack or Worthington collections; we have therefore listed it with a
+query. The 3d. stamp we have seen, however, and Mr. Pack says it "is a
+scarce stamp even in used condition, but in unused condition I find it
+one of the great rarities of Canada."[75]
+
+[75] =London Philatelist, XVI=: 144.
+
+As noted under Chapter II,[76] the use of split stamps was not usual, as
+in Nova Scotia, but Mr. King chronicles the 6d. perforated, in dark
+violet, split diagonally and used as a 3d. in like manner to its
+unperforated predecessor.
+
+[76] See page 32.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE CANCELLATIONS OF THE EARLY ISSUES
+
+
+A rather interesting study, particularly for the collector of entires,
+is that of postmarks and cancellations, and sometimes much assistance in
+the solution of knotty questions is rendered by these often despised and
+neglected adjuncts to the proper use of postage stamps.
+
+The early cancellations of Canada have been the subject of some
+attention, more so, in fact, than the postmarks, as they were required
+to be used on the stamps while the postmark was struck on the cover,
+where the date and place of mailing would be plainly visible. In one of
+the early volumes of reports it is stated that "Office Stamps and Seals
+were supplied from England on 21st July, 1851." It is presumed that this
+included postmarks and cancellations.
+
+It will be remembered, perhaps, that in the circular announcing the
+issue of stamps in 1851[77] it was ordered that "Stamps so affixed are
+to be immediately _cancelled_ ... with an instrument to be furnished for
+that purpose." The first one so supplied was the "concentric rings"
+cancellation, consisting of seven concentric circles and having an outer
+diameter of 18 mm. This is the most common of all, being found from the
+very earliest dates down to 1870, at least, as it occurs on the early
+shades of the "small" cents issue. It was generally struck in black ink,
+but may occasionally be found in a dull blue. A good illustration of
+this cancellation is seen on the cover numbered 90 on Plate VI.
+
+[77] See page 28.
+
+By 1855, at least, a modified form of the concentric ring cancellation
+was introduced. This had a number in the center in large figures, some 8
+mm. high, with four concentric circles enclosing it, the outside
+diameter being about 23 mm. This type was generally struck in black, but
+is sometimes found in a dull blue also. It can be seen on the strip of
+stamps numbered 81 on Plate V. The numbers, of course, were placed in
+the cancellations with a definite purpose, and a little study of entire
+covers shows that certain numbers were assigned to certain post
+offices, as might be suspected. Number 21, for instance, is the most
+common one and will be found to be connected with Montreal. Further
+study will reveal the fact that the names of the post offices were taken
+in alphabetical order, and the numbers assigned to them consecutively in
+that way. Still further inspection develops the fact that most of the
+post offices were those in Upper Canada (or Canada West), while but a
+few of the most important ones were included from Lower Canada (or
+Canada East.)
+
+Mr. Edgar Nelton seems first to have made a study of these numbers in an
+attempt to identify their corresponding post offices, and he published a
+list of some twenty-two as the result of his examination of many
+original covers.[78] The numbers run up to 52 at least, and using the
+facts that we have deduced concerning the arrangement of the names, we
+have endeavored to fill out his skeleton list with such offices as it
+seems possible may yet be identified with the corresponding numbers. We
+have done this with some assurance for the following reasons:--
+
+[78] =Chicago Collectors' Monthly, II=: 21.
+
+We were fortunately able to examine a Canada Directory for 1857-8, and
+on looking up the postal information given therein, found a list of the
+money order offices then existing. This was in two sections, the first
+containing the names, alphabetically arranged, of 31 offices in "Class
+No. 1," which included most of the principal cities and towns; and the
+second a lengthy alphabetical list of offices in "Class No. 2." The
+first section had a somewhat familiar appearance, and inspection showed
+that a majority of the names on Mr. Nelton's list of numbered
+cancellations were there in proper order! But 21 more names were needed,
+according to the cancellation numbers, to fill out the latter series.
+The second section was therefore examined for such towns as had the
+largest populations and were presumably most important. The result
+enabled more than one name, already on Mr. Nelton's list, to be fitted
+in its proper place! Here, then, was apparently the solution of the
+first series of numbered cancellations, and we hazard a guess that the
+52 names are the original list of money order offices, arranged when the
+money order system was instituted in February, 1855.
+
+The subjoined table gives the list of post offices and their
+corresponding numbers, which has been worked out along the lines above
+mentioned. It is offered in the hope that more will be done to determine
+positively the correspondence between the two. The names in ordinary
+type are those that have been identified without any reasonable doubt;
+those that have been fitted in tentatively are in italics. The Roman
+numeral following indicates the Class to which the Money Order Office
+belongs.
+
+
+LIST OF NUMBERED CANCELLATIONS.
+
+   1. _Barrie, U. C._              I
+   2. Belleville, U. C.            I
+   3. _Berlin, U. C._              I
+   4. Bowmanville, U. C.           I
+   5. Brantford, U. C.             I
+   6. _Brighton, U. C._           II
+   7. _Brockville, U. C._          I
+   8. Chatham, U. C.               I
+   9. _Clinton, U. C._            II
+  10. _Cobourg, U. C._             I
+  11. _Cornwall, U. C._            I
+  12. _Dundas, U. C._              I
+  13. Galt, U. C.                  I
+  14. _Goderich, U. C._            I
+  15. _Guelph, U. C._              I
+  16. Hamilton, U. C.              I
+  17. _Ingersoll, U. C._          II
+  18. Kingston, U. C.              I
+  19. London, U. C.                I
+  20. Melbourne, L. C.            II
+  21. Montreal, L. C.              I
+  22. Napanee, U. C.              II
+  23. _Napierville, L. C._        II
+  24. _Newcastle, U. C._          II
+  25. _Niagara, U. C._             I
+  26. _Oakville, U. C._           II
+  27. Ottawa, U. C.                I
+  28. _Paris, U. C._               I
+  29. Perth, U. C.                II
+  30. Peterborough, U. C.          I
+  31. Picton, U. C.               II
+  32. _Port Dover, U. C._         II
+  33. _Port Hope, U. C._           I
+  34. Port Sarnia, U. C.          II
+  35. Prescott, U. C.              I
+  36. _Preston, U. C._            II
+  37. Quebec, L. C.                I
+  38. St. Catherines, U. C.        I
+  39. _St. Hyacinthe, L. C._      II
+  40. _St. Johns, L. C._          II
+  41. _St. Thomas, U. C._          I
+  42. _Sherbrooke, L. C._         II
+  43. Simcoe, U. C.               II
+  44. _Smith's Falls, U. C._      II
+  45. Stanstead, L. C.            II
+  46. Stratford, U. C.             I
+  47. Three Rivers, L. C.          I
+  48. _Toronto, U. C._             I
+  49. Whitby, U. C.               II
+  50. _Windsor, U. C._             I
+  51. _Woodstock, U. C._           I
+  52. _York, U. C._               II
+
+It will be noticed, if Mr. Helton's list is compared with the above,
+that there are a few discrepancies. He assigns Toronto to No. 24, which
+is manifestly out of place. Owen Sound is given to No. 26, while 28
+should be its location; the latter must be reserved for Paris, however,
+which is a first class office where Owen Sound is but second class.
+Richmond is given as No. 42, but as St. Catherines, a first class
+office, has been identified as No. 38, there seems no place for the
+second class office of Richmond, which should precede it alphabetically.
+Niagara has been assigned to No. 23, but in such case it would
+necessitate two blanks preceding Ottawa, so it seems that the proper
+number should be 25. With these few exceptions no further trouble was
+experienced in working out the list, and since it was drawn up Numbers
+2, 4, 8, 38 and 49 have been identified and tallied exactly with it!
+Such proof has gone far toward confirming our propositions in regard to
+it, and we hope for more.
+
+A third cancellation, which was apparently used mainly for newspapers
+and packages, consisted of nine somewhat thick diagonal bars, the whole
+impression having a square outline. This was generally struck in black,
+but occasionally in dull blue.
+
+Postmarks were supposed to be used only on the cover, where they would
+plainly exhibit the story they were to tell, while the cancellation
+marks were intended to deface the stamp. But sometimes the postmarks are
+found used for the latter purpose. They seem to be mostly of two
+varieties, both circular in outline, a larger one having the town name
+in a curve above, with U. C., L. C., C. W., or C. E., at the bottom, and
+arcs of two concentric circles filling in the outline between; a second
+being smaller with a single arc of a circle filling in the outline. The
+first variety is plainly shown on the cover numbered 90 on Plate VI, and
+the second on the cover numbered 130 on Plate XIV. The date in the
+center seems always to be given in full--month, day and year. The
+postmarks are generally in black, as usual, but sometimes in dull blue.
+
+Penmarked specimens are sometimes met with, but not often.
+
+With the issue of 1859 the duplex mark seems to have been adopted, with
+the postmark (the ordinary complete circle with the usual arrangement of
+name, abbreviation of province and date) and the cancellation mark (a
+series of parallel lines with a circular outline) on the same instrument
+so as to be struck on the letter together.
+
+With the 1868 issue for the Dominion we of course find the cancellations
+of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, then British Columbia and finally
+Prince Edward Island, all of which introduce complications. A new
+cancellation, which seems to have been for the Dominion as a whole,
+consisted of two heavy concentric circles containing a number. It is one
+of this kind that Mr. Nelton refers to in his article as having the
+number 627. A notable cancellation is one in the shape of a large maple
+leaf.
+
+An interesting and rare postmark which was found on the 3 cent of the
+1868 issue, is thus written up by Mr. F. G. Bing[79]:--
+
+[79] =The Postage Stamp, VII=: 6.
+
+    The stamp had been obliterated with a small thick lined circle in
+    which appear the words "WAY LETTER" in large type. Eventually a
+    full account of the matter was obtained from the Canadian postal
+    authorities.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.
+
+    OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE POSTAGE STAMP BRANCH.
+
+  OTTAWA, 13th March, 1908.
+
+    DEAR SIR:--Replying to your enquiry on the subject, as to the object
+    of the post office mark consisting of a rather thick circle in which
+    are the words "WAY LETTER" only, impressed upon a Canada postage
+    stamp (3c.) similar to the one you enclosed, and which I herewith
+    return, I find on enquiry that previous to the Confederation of the
+    Dominion of Canada in 1867, there was in Nova Scotia and New
+    Brunswick a regulation requiring mail couriers on the coach roads to
+    accept letters for mailing, when these were offered them at a
+    distance of not less than one or two miles from the nearest post
+    office, to place them in a locked leather pouch provided for the
+    purpose, and to post them at the first post office, the Postmaster
+    of which was instructed to stamp these with the words "WAY LETTER."
+    After Confederation this postmark lingered at some of the offices in
+    the provinces named, when it was used for general cancellation
+    purposes, if not for its primary purpose. It has now, however,
+    wholly disappeared. Some think it lasted up to 1887 or 1891, but I
+    am sorry I cannot furnish you with a more definite date as to its
+    extinction.
+
+   Very truly yours,
+  E. P. STANTON, _Superintendent_.
+
+    It will be seen from this interesting letter that the postmark was
+    in the first instance applied to the postage stamps of Nova Scotia
+    and New Brunswick, and it is quite possible that only upon the
+    stamps of these two provinces does it possess its full original
+    significance. At the same time it does not follow that the
+    regulations under which this cancellation was in use were
+    immediately withdrawn with the Confederation of the Dominion of
+    Canada; and it is more than probable that the custom based upon
+    these regulations of accepting letters from the public at a distance
+    from a post office, and applying the special obliteration, would
+    continue long after that date, as it is evident that the use of the
+    "Way Letter" postmark was never definitely prohibited by the
+    Canadian postal authorities, or the date of its extinction would not
+    have been in doubt. It is, however, quite certain that only a
+    comparatively small number of letters would be entitled to receive
+    this special mark, and its rarity is therefore indisputable.
+
+Various new varieties came with the "small" cents issue and later,
+concerning which there is not so much of interest as in the earlier
+years of the postal service; we therefore pass them by, remarking only
+on the special "jubilee" machine cancellation which was used at Montreal
+in 1897. This was of the "flag" form and somewhat ornate, bearing the
+name "VICTORIA" and the dates "1837" and "1897."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE ISSUE OF 1859
+
+
+With two valuations placed upon the cumbrous English monetary system
+inherited by Canada from the Mother Country--"sterling" and
+"currency"--and with the practical illustration of the advantages of the
+decimal system manifest in all the transactions with its great southern
+neighbor, whose currency was already legalized in the Province,[80] it
+was only a question of time when Canada would adopt a decimal system of
+its own. This was done, but all that interests us is the Decimal Postage
+law resulting, which is as follows:--
+
+[80] See page 52.
+
+    22^o Vict. Cap. XVII.
+
+    An Act to amend the Post Office Laws.
+
+    [_Assented to 4th May, 1859._]
+
+    Whereas it is expedient to amend the Post Office Laws, in the manner
+    hereinafter provided: Therefore, Her Majesty, by and with the advice
+    and consent of the Legislative Council and Assembly of Canada,
+    enacts as follows:
+
+    1. There shall be payable on all Newspapers sent by Post in Canada,
+    except "Exchange Papers" addressed to Editors and Publishers of
+    Newspapers, such rate of Postage, not exceeding one cent on each
+    such Newspaper, as the Governor in Council shall from time to time
+    direct by regulation, and such rate shall be payable on all such
+    Newspapers posted on or after the first day of July next.
+
+    2. So much of any Act as provides that Newspapers posted within this
+    Province shall pass free of Postage, in cases other than those in
+    which they will be free under this Act, is hereby repealed.
+
+    3. In order to adapt the operations of the Post Office to the
+    Decimal Currency, the internal letter postage rate shall be changed
+    from three pence to its equivalent of five cents, per half
+    ounce--the charge for advertising a dead letter from three farthings
+    to two cents--the charge for returning a dead letter to the writer,
+    from one penny to three cents; and in all cases where a one
+    half-penny or penny rate of Postage is chargeable, these rates shall
+    be changed to one cent and two cents respectively.
+
+    4. To promote simplicity and economy in the business of the Post
+    Office, all letters posted in Canada for any place within the
+    Province, and not prepaid, shall be charged seven instead of five
+    cents per half ounce on delivery; and on letters posted for the
+    British Mails, for the other British North American Provinces, or
+    for the United States, when not prepaid, there shall be charged such
+    addition to the ordinary rate, not in any case exceeding a double
+    rate, as the Post Master General may agree upon with the Post Office
+    Authorities of those Countries, for the purpose of enforcing
+    prepayment.
+
+    5. The Post Master General may establish a Parcel Post and parcels
+    other than letters and not containing letters, may be sent by such
+    Parcel Post, and when so sent shall be liable to such charges for
+    conveyance and to such regulations as the Governor in Council shall
+    from time to time see fit to make.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    8. [_To inclose a letter in a parcel or a newspaper, posted as such,
+    is a misdemeanor._]
+
+From the above Act we see that the transmission of newspapers has again
+been subjected to revision looking toward an increase of revenue, all
+free transmission by post being now limited to exchange copies between
+editors or publishers. The making of prepayment by stamps obligatory was
+another step which had been quite strongly recommended in the last
+Postmaster General's report in these terms:--
+
+    No single improvement would be so valuable to the Post Office
+    service as the introduction of the system of the pre-payment of
+    letters by stamp. It is not recommended that pre-payment of letters
+    should be made absolutely compulsory, but where stamps are readily
+    procurable, pre-payment in that form should be insisted on, and the
+    principle of pre-payment should be enforced by imposing an
+    additional charge on letters posted unpaid.
+
+By referring to the Act subsequently passed we see that these
+recommendations were carried out to the letter.
+
+In regard to the fifth section of the Act, concerning the Parcel Post,
+we come across another example of the curious shuffling of dates and
+apparent _ex post facto_ law making which we have previously noted. In
+quoting the Postmaster General's report for _30th Sept., 1858_,[81] we
+found it stated that the Parcel Post had been in operation "from _1st
+January, 1859_," and now we have the Legislative Act providing for it
+passed under date of _4th May, 1859_! This is going it one better on
+"reading history backward" by actually making it backward! The reports
+at least, as we previously deduced, were evidently written some time
+after the dates given them and did not confine their record to
+happenings previous to those fictitious dates. Confirmation of this is
+furnished by the Postmaster General's report that we have to consider,
+that of the Hon. Sydney Smith for the year ending 30th September, 1859,
+the report being actually dated 20th February, 1860.
+
+[81] See page 67.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Further details concerning the Parcel Post are not given until the
+Report for 30th June, 1864, where we read:--
+
+    By means of the Parcel Post a parcel may be sent within the Province
+    to or from any place, however remote from the ordinary lines of
+    traffic conveyance, on prepayment of a postage rate of 25 cents per
+    lb., provided that the weight or size of the parcel does not exceed
+    the carrying capacity of an ordinary mail bag; and provided that the
+    contents of the parcel are not of a character to injure the rest of
+    the mail.
+
+The rate is given in decimal currency, then in use, but at the time of
+the establishment of the Parcel Post the equivalent rate would have been
+1s. 3d. currency. In the Report for 1865 it is stated that:--
+
+    The provisions of the Parcel Post have been extended to parcels
+    passing between Canada and New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and
+    parcels not containing letters may now be forwarded by post from one
+    end of British North America to the other, on prepayment of a
+    uniform rate of 25 cents per lb.
+
+In the report for 1859, mentioned above, we find the following:--
+
+    The Law of last Session directing the conversion of all postage
+    rates into decimals, and the collection of postage in the new
+    decimal currency, was put in operation on the 1st July.... Decimal
+    stamps of the value of 1 cent, 5 cents, and 10 cents for ordinary
+    correspondence, and of 12-1/2 cents for Canadian, and of 17 cents
+    for British Packet Postage Rates were obtained in readiness for the
+    commencement of the Decimal Postage Law in July, 1859, and have from
+    that date been issued in lieu of the stamps previously in use.
+
+The cents issue of Canadian stamps therefore dates from July 1, 1859.
+The stamps themselves were merely an adaptation of the designs of the
+pence series to the corresponding values of the decimal currency. The
+ONE CENT stamp was unchanged from the half-penny except for the
+substitution of the new for the former value. The FIVE CENTS stamp had
+these words in place of the old denomination, with a quarterfoil
+ornament separating them at each side from CANADA and POSTAGE. Oblique
+figures 5 were placed in the spandrels on a cross-hatched ground
+instead of the upright figures 3 on foliations. A similar change was
+made in the TEN CENTS, Roman numerals X being placed obliquely in the
+spandrels on a cross-hatched ground where upright figures 6 were
+previously on foliations; while the new denomination was substituted for
+the old. The sole change in the 12-1/2 cent stamp was to substitute
+"12-1/2c." in the spandrels for the former values in sterling and
+currency. The 17 cent stamp had the value in words replacing TEN PENCE,
+but the new value was so much longer that the emblems between the old
+value and CANADA POSTAGE were removed and replaced by two small elliptic
+ornaments. "8d. stg." still occupies the upper spandrels, but figures 17
+are placed in each of the lower ones. The central designs in each of the
+above stamps are absolutely identical with those of the pence stamps
+that preceded them--indeed the portrait and surrounding oval with
+inscriptions on the 12-1/2 c. are all unchanged. From this it is evident
+that the new dies were "built up" from the old ones, the central
+portions being transferred and the required changes in surrounding
+inscriptions, etc., being newly engraved. This was easy enough of
+accomplishment since the American Bank Note Co., who furnished the new
+stamps, were the successors of Messrs. Rawdon, Wright, Hatch and Edson,
+the firm name having been changed on May 1, 1858, and the dies of the
+pence issue were of course in their possession. Illustrations of the
+five values will be found as Nos. 10, 15, 12, 13 and 14, respectively,
+on Plate I.
+
+There was one addition to the list of values in this set during its
+period of use--a 2 cent stamp. In the Postmaster General's Report for
+30th June, 1864, it is noted:--"A new Postage Stamp, of the value of two
+cents, was added to the other denominations supplied, from the 1st.
+August last [1864]." The Report for the succeeding year has this further
+to say:--"A provision has been made for the transmission and delivery of
+Canadian periodicals, addressed to the United Kingdom, at the reduced
+rate of two cents each," and it was evidently largely on account of this
+that the new stamp was ordered. Its design was unmistakably "built up"
+as with the rest of the set, the 1 cent stamp serving as the model,
+figures 2 being placed in ovals in the spandrels and the wording of the
+value being changed to correspond. (Illustration No. 11 on Plate I). The
+stamp was issued as stated on the 1st August, 1864.
+
+All the stamps of this issue were, as before, line engraved and printed
+in sheets of 100, ten rows of ten. The same style of marginal
+inscriptions as in the first issue is found--"American Bank Note Co.
+New-York" in minute letters of the type known as "diamond," repeated
+twice in each margin, reading up on the left, down on the right, and
+inverted at the bottom of the sheet. In the 1, 2, 5 and 12-1/2c. stamps
+the imprint is placed against the third and eighth stamps of each
+marginal row of ten, but from a block of 10c. at hand the inscriptions
+in the case of this value are apparently "centered" over the space
+between the third and fourth and the seventh and eighth stamps of each
+marginal row, thus bringing them over two stamps instead of one.
+Curiously enough, the 17c. value has no marginal inscriptions at all.
+
+The same plate variety that occurs in the 3d. stamp--the "shifted
+transfer" or "double strike"--is repeated in its successor, the 5c.
+stamp. That it is a true plate variety is abundantly proved by the fine
+block of seven stamps illustrated as No. 96 on Plate VII. The variety
+will be found in the upper right corner stamp, and the doubling of the
+frame lines at the left and of the oval frame line above CANADA will be
+readily apparent. A single copy is illustrated as No. 19 on Plate I. It
+seems to have been first noted by Mr. R. Wuesthoff in the _American
+Journal of Philately_ for June, 1892.
+
+A minor variety of the 5c. stamp printed from a worn plate is also to be
+noted, in which the fine lines of the groundwork have almost
+disappeared.
+
+The entire series comes regularly perforated 12, the identical normal
+perforation of the pence stamps that immediately preceded it, and which
+we have endeavored to trace to the same source. The abnormal varieties
+in this series are of course the imperforate ones, and of these we
+present cuts of a full set in blocks of four, numbered 100 to 105 on
+Plate IX. That the stamps were actually issued and used in this
+condition is proved by copies of several with the proper postmarks of
+the period in the Pack collection. Mr. Pack writes of them[82]:--
+
+    I have the 1c. and 5c. postmarked in 1860 and 1861 at Toronto and
+    Prescott, Canada West. I also believe that these varieties were on
+    sale at Kingston, Canada West, at about that time. I have also the
+    2c. and 10c. in undoubtedly early used condition.
+
+[82] =London Philatelist, XVI=: 144.
+
+Further varieties are formed by "split" stamps, as before, though these
+were never authorized and seldom used. We are fortunate in being able to
+illustrate two five cent stamps used with half of a third to make up the
+12-1/2c. packet rate. This is No. 97 on Plate VII. The postmark is
+unfortunately mostly torn away, but is evidently "Montreal," and the
+last numeral in the year figures seems to be an "8," which would mean
+"1868." A 10c. stamp also split and used for a 5c. is shown on the
+entire as No. 99 on Plate VIII. The postmark is "Bowmanville, U.C., Feb.
+15, 1860."
+
+The normal colors for the stamps of this series may be given as 1 cent
+deep rose, 2 cents dull rose, 5 cents deep red, 12-1/2 cents deep green,
+and 17 cents Prussian blue. It will be noticed that we have omitted the
+10 cents--and with reason. If the 6 pence stamp of the preceding issue
+was difficult to select a normal color for, how shall we find one for
+its successor? Messrs. Corwin and King say[83]:--"The most surprising
+fact about this issue is the vast number of colors and shades to be
+found in the 10 cents. We have several hundreds of them in our
+collection, and are continually adding new color varieties." They run
+all the way from a bright red lilac through shades of violet and brown
+to a black brown, which is so dark and distinct that it has for years
+been catalogued separately.
+
+[83] =Metropolitan Philatelist, II=: 3.
+
+The paper on which these stamps were printed does not show as much
+variation as in the previous issue. Mr. King[84] gives a list of five
+varieties, all of which vary considerably in thickness. It seems
+sufficient for our purposes, however, to list them under three heads as
+ordinary wove paper, a thick, hard wove paper, and ribbed paper.
+
+[84] =Monthly Journal, VII=: 32.
+
+These stamps were in issue from the 1st July 1859, until the series
+issued for the new Dominion of Canada appeared on 1st April, 1868. The
+stamp accounts in the various Postmaster General's Reports give the
+quantities received and issued, and we present here a summary of these
+tables as their reproduction entire would serve no useful purpose unless
+to show the increase in the consumption of stamps from year to year as
+the postal business increased.
+
+  _Received from_
+     _manufacturers_:       1c.         5c.        10c.     12-1/2c.    17c.
+  quarter ending
+       30th Sept. 1859   1,000,400   1,000,089    200,000    200,000   50,000
+  year ending
+       30th Sept. 1860   2,000,050   2,499,986    300,000    300,000   50,000
+  year ending
+      30th Sept. 1861    2,200,100   3,400,300    499,998    199,996   50,000
+  year ending
+      30th Sept. 1862    2,799,900   3,300,350    400,000    399,996   50,000
+  year ending
+       30th Sept. 1863   3,500,200   4,300,450    600,050    300,000  100,000
+  9mos. ending
+       30th June 1864    3,000,000   3,999,999    800,000    399,990   49,999
+  year ending
+       30th June 1865    3,064,800   4,890,598    700,000    676,600  100,000
+  year ending
+      30th June 1866     3,910,000   8,100,000    800,000    400,100   50,000
+  year ending
+       30th June 1867    5,100,000   5,100,500    999,650    299,950  100,000
+  year ending
+       30th June 1868   (?)900,000   3,199,900    400,000       ?      ......
+                        ----------   ---------    -------  ---------  -------
+     Totals             27,475,450  39,792,172  5,799,698  3,176,632  599,999
+
+The yearly supplies of the 2 cent stamps, first appearing in the 1865
+accounts, were as follows:--
+
+  1865   360,000
+  1866   300,000
+  1867   200,500
+  1868    50,000(?)
+         -------
+  Total  910,500
+
+Unfortunately the stamp accounts for 1868 do not separate the supplies
+received in the old and new designs, so that in the case of the 1, 2 and
+12-1/2 cent stamps, which appear in both issues, the quantity delivered
+by the manufacturers is a total which we cannot divide with certainty.
+An approximation may perhaps be made, particularly with the 2 cent
+stamp. The balance of this value on hand 30th June, 1867, was 171,000,
+and the deliveries in the year ending 30th June, 1868, were 2,050,000.
+Inasmuch as the yearly issue of this value had been some 250,000, the
+probability is that the odd 50,000 delivered belonged to the 1859
+series, as this would make 221,000 for the nine month's supply to 1st
+April; the even two millions were doubtless the order for the new
+series. The yearly issue of the 1 cent had been some 3-1/2 to 4
+millions; if from the 2,900,000 received, according to the 1868 Report,
+we take the odd 900,000, we find it makes 3,308,900 when combined with
+the balance on hand in 1867. This gives a sufficient supply for the nine
+months of the old issue and leaves an even two millions again for the
+new series. The 12-1/2 cent presents a slightly different aspect. The
+yearly issue had been some 400,000, and the amount on hand in 1867 was
+385,750--without doubt a plentiful supply for the nine months preceding
+the issue of the new stamps. It must be remembered, also, in all these
+cases, that the "amount on hand" was that of the Department's stock, and
+that the postmasters were of course in possession of local stocks. It
+therefore seems probable that the 500,000 12-1/2 cent stamps received in
+1868 were of the new series alone. The 5 and 10 cent stamps, however,
+which are lacking in the new set, can at once be added to their
+preceding deliveries, and it will be noted that no further supplies of
+the 17c. stamp were required during the year.
+
+We find in the Department accounts that the American Bank Note Co. was
+paid $1331.70 for "engraving postage stamps" during the fiscal year,
+which was the final settlement with that Company.
+
+What became of the remainder of the old issue does not appear, but it
+seems probable that they were largely used up in the course of regular
+business, as no object would be gained by turning in the relatively
+small quantities remaining, for accounting and destruction, unless it be
+the 17 cent value, which had become rather useless. Curiously enough,
+the stamp accounts _do_ separate the old and new issues in the "balance
+on hand, 30th June, 1868," which was three months after the appearance
+of the new set. These figures are as follows:--
+
+   1 cent        319,900
+   2 cents           700
+   5 cents       138,400
+  10 cents        60,650
+  12-1/2 cents    68,750
+  17 cents        33,876
+
+Glancing now over the Postmaster General's reports for the years
+1859-1868, during which the above issue was in use, and which were the
+last years of the strictly provincial control, we find many items of
+interest.
+
+In the report for 1859 it is noted that "the issue and use by the public
+of Postage Stamps has increased with great rapidity since last return,"
+and the issue of stamped envelopes "for the promotion of public
+convenience" is announced. These will be treated of by themselves in a
+later chapter. We find the experiment was made of placing street letter
+boxes in Toronto, and "with very encouraging results as to the extent to
+which the number of letters posted in these boxes would appear to
+demonstrate their usefulness. These Pillar Boxes are visited, at least
+twice each day, at suitable hours, by Post Office Messengers, in order
+to convey the letters deposited in them to the Post Office."
+Preparations were also being made to install letter boxes in Montreal
+and Quebec.
+
+The Department accounts have the following entries:--
+
+  Rawdon, Wright & Co., supply of letter and newspaper stamps     $238.69
+  American Bank Note Co., engraving letter and newspaper stamps   1487.40
+
+Of course the amounts all went to the same concern, as the firm name had
+been changed on May 1, 1858, as already noted.
+
+The report for 1860 contains interesting statistical information
+concerning the growth of the Department, which it may be well to put on
+record:--
+
+  Year  No. of   Miles of  No. of letters  Postal Revenue     Remarks
+       Offices.    Post      by Post       (deducting
+                  Route.     per annum.    dead letters.)
+  1851   601      7,595      2,132,000
+
+  1852   840      8,618      3,700,000    $230,629.00   {First year of
+                                                        { account under
+                                                        { Provincial control.
+  1853  1016      9,122      4,250,000     278,587.00   {Charge on
+                                                        { newspapers
+                                                        { reduced one-half.
+  1854  1166     10,027      5,100,000     320,000.00
+
+  1855  1293     11,192      6,000,000     368,166.00   {Newspapers conveyed
+                                                        { without charge.
+  1856  1375     11,839      7,000,000     374,295.00
+
+  1857  1506     13,253      8,500,000     462,163.00
+
+  1858  1566     13,600      9,000,000     541,153.00
+
+  1859  1638     13,871      8,500,000     678,426.98
+
+  1860  1698     14,202      9,000,000     658,451.99   {Additional 2c. rate
+                                                        { on unpaid letters
+                                                        { and charge
+                                                        { made on newspapers.
+
+The Report continues:--
+
+    From the experience of the past, the confident hope may be
+    entertained that, by a wise and judicious economy, (and without
+    withholding from newly settled portions of the country, the Postal
+    accommodations without which the settlement of the country cannot
+    advance), in a comparatively short space of time the Postage upon
+    letters may be reduced from the present five cent to a _three cent
+    rate_, as near an approach to the Penny sterling postage system of
+    the Mother Country as the relative value of our currency will
+    conveniently permit.
+
+It was eight years before these hopes were realized, however.
+
+The "epistolary intercourse with the United States" is given for the
+same period, but we need only note that the postal value of the total
+correspondence exchanged was $83,630.97 in 1852, had increased to
+$187,469.59 in 1857, and then dropped gradually to $178,132.39 in 1860.
+The Report says:--
+
+    The prepayment of letters passing between the two countries
+    continues optional on either side, at the combined rate of 10 cents
+    per 1/2 oz. from any place in Canada to any place in the United
+    States and _vice versa_, except to or from the States on the
+    Pacific, California and Oregon, when the rate is 15 cents per 1/2
+    oz.
+
+The accounts present a charge in favor of the American Bank Note Co. of
+$1697.95 "for engraving Letter and Newspaper stamps and Stamped
+Envelopes." Of the latter we shall have more to say in their proper
+place.
+
+The Reports of 1861 and 1862 contain nothing special, and the accounts
+show payments of $1451.87 and $1583.63 respectively to the American Bank
+Note Co.
+
+The Report of 1863 states that in November of that year an agreement
+was entered into with the United States for the transmission between the
+two countries of seeds, bulbs, etc., at 1 cent per ounce, and also book
+manuscripts, printers' proof sheets, maps, prints, etc., at the same
+rate.
+
+In January 1864, the Imperial Post Office extended to the mails between
+Canada and the United Kingdom regulations conceding patterns of
+merchandise and trade samples at the same rates as books and printed
+matter.
+
+The American Bank Note Co. was paid $1946.62.
+
+The next Report is dated 30th June, 1864, instead of the usual 30th
+September, and is therefore for nine months only. This was done to bring
+the fiscal year of the Post Office Department to correspond with the
+financial year of the General Government.
+
+The enactment which was the cause of the change follows:--
+
+
+    27^o--28^o Vict. Cap. VI.
+
+    An Act to amend the Law respecting the Public Accounts, and the
+    Board of Audit.
+
+    (_Assented to 30th June, 1864_)
+
+    10. It shall be the duty of the Board of Audit to prepare and submit
+    to the Minister of Finance the Public Accounts to be annually laid
+    before Parliament.
+
+    11. The said Public Accounts shall include the period from the
+    thirtieth of June in one year to the thirtieth of June in the next
+    year, which period shall constitute the Financial Year....
+
+There is nothing particular in the Report for these nine months to quote
+here, except the payment of the relatively small sum of $619.25 to the
+American Bank Note Co.
+
+The Report for 1865 states that "Regulations have been adopted
+establishing a sample and pattern post in Canada, and packets of trade
+samples, or patterns of merchandise, may be sent by post between any
+places within this Province, on prepayment of one cent per ounce, under
+certain conditions to prevent an abuse of the privilege." It further
+announces that "Street Letter boxes are being placed in all the
+principal streets of Montreal."
+
+The Reports of 1866 and 1867 were published together, but contain little
+of interest beyond the statistics we have already used. Payments to the
+American Bank Note Co. were $2630.11 in 1866 and $1699.03 in 1867. The
+final payment to the American Co., which we have already quoted from the
+1868 report, was $1331.70. We read that "The street letter boxes put up
+in the city of Montreal have worked satisfactorily. The number of
+letters and papers posted therein weekly, appeared from returns taken
+to be, Letters 2400, Papers 500, or at the rate of 150,000 letters and
+papers per annum."
+
+Authority to establish letter boxes was given by an Act of Parliament
+which contains several other matters of interest and which we therefore
+quote.
+
+    29^o--30^o Vict. Cap. XI.
+
+    An Act to amend the Post Office Act.
+
+    [_Assented to 15th August, 1866._]
+
+    Whereas the more effectually to prevent frauds upon the Post Office
+    Revenue, it is expedient to amend the Post Office Act: Therefore,
+    Her Majesty, by and with the consent of the Legislative Council and
+    Assembly of Canada, enacts as follows:
+
+    1. If any person uses or attempts to use in payment of postage on
+    any letter or mailable thing posted in this Province, any postage
+    stamp which has been before used for a like purpose, such person
+    shall be subjected to a penalty of not less than Ten and not
+    exceeding Forty dollars for every such offense, and the letter or
+    other mailable thing on which such stamp has been so improperly used
+    may be detained, or in the discretion of the Postmaster General
+    forwarded to its destination charged with double the postage to
+    which it would have been liable if posted unpaid.
+
+    2. [_To enclose a letter in a parcel, packet of samples or
+    newspaper, posted an such, shall be an offense punishable by a fine
+    of not less than ten or more than forty dollars in each case._]
+
+    3. The Postmaster General may grant licenses, revocable at pleasure,
+    to Agents, other than Postmasters, for the sale to the Public, of
+    Postage Stamps and Stamped envelopes, and may allow to such Agents a
+    commission not exceeding five per cent, on the amount of their
+    sales;--and it shall not be lawful for any person to exercise the
+    business of selling Postage Stamps or Stamped envelopes to the
+    Public unless duly licensed to do so by the Postmaster General and
+    under such conditions as he may prescribe: and any person who shall
+    violate this provision by selling Postage Stamps or Stamped
+    envelopes to the public without a license from the Postmaster
+    General, shall on conviction before a Justice of the Peace, incur a
+    penalty of not exceeding forty dollars for each offence.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    5. The Postmaster General may, when in his judgment the public
+    convenience requires it, establish Street Letter Boxes or Pillar
+    Boxes for the reception of letters and other mailable matter in the
+    streets of any City or Town in this Province, and from the time that
+    a letter is deposited in any such Street Letter Box or Pillar Box it
+    shall be deemed to be a Post Letter within the meaning of the Post
+    Office Act.
+
+    6. [_Wilfully injuring such letter boxes is a misdemeanor._]
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    8. The Governor in Council may, by regulations to be from time to
+    time made, provide for the transmission through the Mails of this
+    Province, of patterns and samples of merchandise and goods for
+    sale, and of packages of seeds, cuttings, bulbs, roots and scions or
+    grafts, on such terms and conditions as may be set forth in such
+    regulations.
+
+    9. [_Wilfully destroying, damaging or detaining any of above
+    articles is a misdemeanor._]
+
+The only other item to quote from the report of 1867 is the
+following:--"On 1st July, 1867 the Union Act came into operation, and
+brought under one central administration the Postal Service throughout
+the Dominion." With this statement we close the account of the Postal
+history of the Province of Canada, and in the next chapter open up the
+larger one of the Dominion of Canada, whose later issues, though not
+without interest, still lack the charm that time can never tear from the
+simple, yet dignified and beautiful stamps of the Province.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+THE DOMINION OF CANADA
+
+
+PRELIMINARY.
+
+As outlined in our Introductory Chapter, the union of Upper and Lower
+Canada into the single Province of Canada had been so manifestly
+advantageous that it started an agitation for the union of all the
+British North American provinces. The result was a convention, held at
+Quebec in 1864, which drafted a proposed Constitution that was later
+embodied by the British Parliament in "An Act for the Union of Canada,
+Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and the Government thereof,"[85] which
+was passed on the 29th March, 1867. The preamble recites that "the
+provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick have expressed their
+desire to be federally united into One Dominion under the Crown of the
+United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with a Constitution similar
+in Principle to that of the United Kingdom." The Act is cited in brief
+as "The British North America Act 1867," and provides that the Dominion
+of Canada shall be divided into four provinces named Ontario, Quebec,
+Nova Scotia and New Brunswick; that there shall be a Governor General
+who may select his own Privy Council; that there shall be a Parliament
+consisting of a Senate, with members appointed by the Governor General
+for life, and a House of Commons of elected representatives; that the
+seat of Government shall be at Ottawa; that each Province shall have a
+Lieutenant Governor appointed by the Governor General and a local
+legislature similar to the Dominion Parliament; and making provision for
+the admission of Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, British Columbia
+and Rupert's Land and the North-western Territory. The Act took effect
+on the 1st July, 1867, which day is annually observed as "Dominion Day."
+
+[85] 30^o--31^o Vict. Cap. III.
+
+The first Parliament of Canada, which convened at Ottawa on November 6,
+1867, was naturally largely concerned in revising and consolidating the
+laws of the various Provinces, and among these of course appeared the
+Post Office Laws. A number of changes were introduced, but many of the
+provisions of former Acts were embodied almost as they stood in the new
+statute. We reproduce its most important features in our line of
+inquiry.
+
+    31^o Vict. Cap. X.
+
+    An Act for the regulation of the Postal Service.
+
+    [_Assented to 21st. December_, 1867.]
+
+    Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and
+    House of Commons of Canada, enacts as follows:
+
+
+    PRELIMINARY--INTERPRETATION.
+
+    1. This Act shall be known and may be cited as _The Post Office Act_
+    1867; and the following terms and expressions therein shall be held
+    to have the meaning hereinafter assigned to them....
+
+    The term "Letter" includes Packets of Letters;
+
+    The term "Postage" means the duty or sum chargeable for the
+    conveyance of Post Letters, Packets and other things by Post;
+
+    The term "Foreign Country" means any country not included in the
+    dominions of Her Majesty;
+
+    The term "Foreign Postage" means the postage on the conveyance of
+    Letters, Packets or other things, within any Foreign Country or
+    payable to any Foreign Government;
+
+    The term "Canada Postage" means the postage on the conveyance of
+    Letters, Packets and other things by Post within the Dominion of
+    Canada or by Canada Mail Packet;
+
+    The term "Mail" includes every conveyance by which Post Letters are
+    carried, whether it be by land or by water;
+
+    The term "British Packet Postage" means the postage due on the
+    conveyance of letters by British Packet Boats, between the United
+    Kingdom and British North America;--And the term "British Postage"
+    includes all Postage not being Foreign, Colonial or Canadian;
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    The term "Post Letter" means any letter transmitted or deposited in
+    any Post Office to be transmitted by the Post;--And a letter shall
+    be deemed a Post Letter from the time of its being so deposited or
+    delivered at a Post Office, to the time of its being delivered to
+    the party to whom it is addressed....
+
+    2. All Laws in force in the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia or New
+    Brunswick, at the Union thereof on the first of July, one thousand
+    eight hundred and sixty-seven, in respect to the Postal Service, and
+    continued in force by the "British North America Act 1867," shall be
+    and the same are hereby repealed.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL PROVISIONS.
+
+    7. There shall be at the seat of Government of Canada a Post Office
+    Department for the superintendence and management of the Postal
+    Service of Canada, under the direction of a Postmaster General.
+
+    8. The Postmaster General shall be appointed by Commission under the
+    Great Seal of Canada, and shall hold his office during pleasure.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    10. The Postmaster General may, subject to the provisions of this
+    Act:
+
+    1. Establish and close Post Offices and Post Routes;
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    3. Enter into and enforce all contracts relating to the conveyance
+    of the Mails or other business of the Post Office;
+
+    4. [_Make regulations concerning mailable matter and limits of
+    weight and dimensions of such._]
+
+    5. [_Establish rates of postage and conditions on matter not already
+    provided for._]
+
+    6. Cause to be prepared and distributed Postage Stamps, necessary
+    for the prepayment of Postages under this Act, also stamped
+    envelopes for the like purpose;
+
+    7. [_Make arrangements concerning Posts and Postal business with
+    postal authorities outside of Canada._]
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    11. Prescribe and enforce such Regulations as to letters directed to
+    be registered as to him may seem necessary, in respect to the
+    registration of letters and other matter passing by Mail, as well
+    between places in Canada, as between Canada and the United Kingdom,
+    any British Possession, the United States or any other Foreign
+    Country, and to the charge to be made for the same; and also in
+    respect to the registration by the officers of the Post Office of
+    letters unquestionably containing money or other valuable enclosure
+    when posted without registration by the senders of the same, and to
+    imposing a rate of two cents registration charge upon such letters;
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    14. Establish and provide Street Letter Boxes or Pillar Boxes or
+    Boxes of any other description for the receipt of letters and such
+    other mailable matter as he may deem expedient, in the streets of
+    any City or Town in Canada, or at any Railway Station or other
+    public place where he may consider such Letter Boxes to be
+    necessary;
+
+    15. Grant licenses revocable at pleasure, to Agents other than
+    Postmasters, for the sale to the Public of Postage Stamps and
+    Stamped Envelopes, and allow to such Agents a commission of not
+    exceeding five per cent, on the amount of their sales.
+
+    RATES OF POSTAGE.
+
+    19. On all letters transmitted by Post for any distance within
+    Canada, except in cases herein otherwise specially provided for,
+    there shall be charged and paid one uniform rate of three cents per
+    half ounce in weight, any fraction of an ounce being chargeable as a
+    half ounce, provided that such three cents postage rate be prepaid
+    by postage stamps or in current coin at the time of posting such
+    letters; and when such letters are posted without prepayment being
+    made thereon, then and in such case it shall be lawful to charge
+    upon letters so posted unpaid a rate of five cents per half ounce.
+
+    20. On letters not transmitted through the mails, but posted and
+    delivered at the same Post Office, commonly known as local or drop
+    letters, the rate shall be one cent, to be in all cases prepaid by
+    postage stamp affixed to such letters.
+
+    21. [_Seamen and Soldiers, etc. in Her Majesty's service, entitled
+    to receive and send letters on payment of a certain special sum in
+    lieu of all British postage, shall be freed likewise from Canadian
+    postage._]
+
+    22. The rate of postage upon newspapers printed and published in
+    Canada, and issued not less frequently than once a week, from a
+    known office of publication, and sent to regular subscribers in
+    Canada by mail, shall be as follows: upon each such newspaper, when
+    issued once a week, the rate for each quarter of a year, commencing
+    on the first of January, first of April, first of July, or first of
+    October of each year, shall be five cents, when issued twice a week,
+    ten cents, when issued three times a week, fifteen cents, when
+    issued six times a week, thirty cents, and in that proportion,
+    adding one rate of five cents for each issue more frequent than once
+    a week; and such postage must be pre-paid in advance from the first
+    day of the quarter from which the payment commences, for a term of
+    not less than a quarter of a year: ... provided, nevertheless, that
+    _Exchange Papers_, addressed by one editor or publisher of a
+    newspaper to another editor or publisher, may be sent by Post free
+    of charge.
+
+    23. On all newspapers sent by Post in Canada, except in the cases
+    hereinbefore expressly provided for, there shall be payable a rate
+    not exceeding two cents each, and when such newspapers are posted in
+    Canada this rate shall in all cases be prepaid by postage stamp
+    affixed to the same.
+
+    24. For the purposes of this Act, the word "Newspapers" shall be
+    held to mean periodicals published not less frequently than once in
+    each week, and containing notices of passing events.
+
+    25. The rate of postage upon periodical publications, other than
+    newspapers, shall be one cent per four ounces, or half a cent per
+    number, when such periodicals weigh less than one ounce and are
+    posted singly, and when such periodical publications are posted in
+    Canada, these rates shall in all cases be prepaid by postage stamps
+    affixed to the same.
+
+    26. On books, pamphlets, occasional publications, printed circulars,
+    prices current, handbills, book and newspaper manuscript, printer's
+    proof sheets whether corrected or not, maps, prints, drawings,
+    engravings, photographs when not on glass, in cases containing
+    glass, sheet music whether printed or written, packages of seeds,
+    cuttings, bulbous roots, scions or grafts, patterns or samples of
+    merchandize or goods, the rate of postage shall be one cent per
+    ounce; provided that no letter or other communication intended to
+    serve the purpose of a letter be sent or enclosed therein, and that
+    the same be sent in covers open at the ends or sides or otherwise so
+    put up as to admit of inspection by the Officers of the Post Office
+    to ensure compliance with this provision--and this postage rate
+    shall be prepaid by postage stamps in all cases when such articles
+    are posted in Canada.
+
+    27. [_Foregoing rates subject to such conditions as may be agreed
+    upon between Canada and any other country._]
+
+    28. [_Postage on unpaid letters is due from addressee, or if refused
+    may be recovered with costs by civil action from sender._ (See
+    13^o--14^o Vict. Cap. 17, Sec. 12.)]
+
+    29. In all cases where letters and other mailable matter are posted
+    for places without the limits of Canada, on which stamps for
+    pre-payment are affixed of less value than the true rate of Postage
+    to which such letters are liable,--or when stamps for prepayment are
+    affixed to letters addressed to any place as aforesaid for which
+    prepayment cannot be taken in Canada,--the Postmaster General may
+    forward such letters, charged with postage, as if no stamp had been
+    affixed.
+
+    30. And for avoiding doubts, and preventing inconvenient delay in
+    the posting and delivery of letters,--no Postmaster shall be bound
+    to give change, but the exact amount of the postage on any letter or
+    other mailable matter shall be tendered or paid to him in current
+    coin as respects letters or other things delivered, and in current
+    coin or postage stamps as the case may require in respect to the
+    letters or other things posted.
+
+    31. [_The Postmaster General may make reasonable compensation to
+    Masters of vessels not Post Office Packets for conveyance of ship
+    letters from foreign ports to Canada._]
+
+    32. [_Postmaster General has exclusive privilege of collecting,
+    conveying and delivering letters, etc._; $20 _penalty for
+    infraction_. (See 13^o--14^o Vict. Cap. XVII. Sec. 9.)]
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    35. [_The Postmaster General may employ Letter Carriers, and charge
+    two cents for delivery of a letter and one cent for a newspaper or
+    pamphlet._ (See 14^o--15^o Vict. Cap. LXXI. Sec. 15.)]
+
+    36. It shall be lawful for the Postmaster General, with the consent
+    of the Governor in Council, to establish in any city, when he shall
+    deem it expedient, a system of free delivery by Letter Carrier of
+    letters brought by mail and he may direct that from the time that
+    such system is established, no charge shall be made for the delivery
+    of such letters by Letter Carriers in such city, and further that on
+    drop or local letters when delivered by Letter Carrier in such city,
+    one cent only per half ounce shall be charged in addition to the
+    ordinary local or drop letter rate.
+
+    37. [_Postmaster General may establish a parcel post._ (See 22^o
+    Vict. Cap. XVII. Sec. 5.)]
+
+    38. [_Usual franking of official matter._ (See 18^o Vict. Cap.
+    LXXIX. Secs. 4, 5, 6, 7 and 24^o Vict. Cap. XXV. Sec. 6), _but
+    limited to transmission in Canada_.]
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    40. Letters, or other articles, which from any cause remain
+    undelivered in any Post Office, or which having been posted, cannot
+    be forwarded by post, shall under such regulations as the Postmaster
+    General may make, be transmitted by Postmasters to the Post Office
+    Department as Dead Letters, there to be opened and returned to the
+    writers on payment of any postage due thereon, with five cents
+    additional on each Dead Letter to defray the costs of returning the
+    same, or such Dead Letters may in any case or class of cases be
+    otherwise disposed of as the Postmaster General may direct.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    77. [_Stealing mail matter or forging stamps, etc._, (see 13^o--14^o
+    Vict. Cap. XVII. Sec. 16) _is a felony. Stealing or damaging printed
+    matter, package of merchandise, etc., or enclosing a letter in other
+    mail matter, or obstructing mails is a misdemeanor_.]
+
+    Sub. sec. 16. To remove with fraudulent intent from any letter,
+    newspaper or other mailable matter, sent by Post, any postage stamp
+    which shall have been affixed thereon, or wilfully, with intent
+    aforesaid remove from any postage stamp which shall have been
+    previously used, any mark which shall have been made thereon at any
+    Post Office, shall be a misdemeanor.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    81. If any person uses or attempts to use in prepayment of postage
+    on any letter or other mailable matter posted in this Province, any
+    postage stamp which has been before used for a like purpose, such
+    person shall be subject to a penalty of not less than Ten and not
+    exceeding Forty dollars for every such offense, and the letter or
+    other mailable matter on which such stamp has been so improperly
+    used may be detained, or in the discretion of the Postmaster General
+    forwarded to its destination charged with double postage.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    91. This Act shall come into operation on the first day of April,
+    one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight.
+
+Although the above Act gives most of the groundwork upon which the Post
+Office Department of Canada has since been operated, save of course the
+changes in detail that will be noted in their proper places, yet it
+seems advisable, in spite of some possible repetition, to quote the
+larger part of the Instructions sent out to Postmasters in preparation
+for the impending changes, because of additional details to be found
+therein.
+
+    TO ALL POSTMASTERS, AND OTHER PERSONS EMPLOYED IN THE POSTAL SERVICE
+    OF CANADA:
+
+    DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 2.
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT,
+      OTTAWA, 1ST MARCH, 1868.
+
+    The Post Office Act, passed on the 21st December, 1867, for the
+    regulation of the Postal Service, will come into operation
+    throughout the Dominion on and from the 1st April, 1868.
+
+    A copy of the Statute, and of the General Regulations founded
+    thereon, will be forwarded to every Postmaster, whether in charge of
+    a regular Post-Office, Way Office or Sub-Office, and to every
+    Railway Mail Clerk; meanwhile the following summary of the principal
+    provisions of the Act, as affecting the organization of the
+    Department, in relation to the several Provinces of the Dominion,
+    the postage rates to be charged from and after the 1st. April, etc.,
+    etc., is supplied for the information of Postmasters and other
+    persons employed in the Post Office Service of Canada.
+
+    ORGANIZATION OF THE DEPARTMENT.
+
+    1. The Superintendence and Management of the Postal Service of
+    Canada is vested in the Post Office Department, at the seat of
+    Government, Ottawa, under the direction of the Postmaster General of
+    Canada.
+
+    2. Subject to the directions of the Postmaster General, the general
+    management of the business of the Department will be with the Deputy
+    Postmaster General of Canada.
+
+    3. The local Superintendence of Post Office business, and
+    performance of such duties as are assigned to them by the Statute,
+    or entrusted to them from time to time by the Postmaster General,
+    will be confided to the Post Office Inspectors, of whom there are
+    seven, stationed and exercising their powers and functions in the
+    undermentioned Postal Divisions.
+
+        _Postal Division._                   _Post Office Address._
+
+      Nova Scotia                                       Halifax, N. S.
+      New Brunswick and the Bay
+        Chaleurs, Coast of Gasp['e]      Frederickton, for the present
+      Province of Quebec, as far West as Three Rivers           Quebec
+      Province of Quebec, from Three Rivers Westward          Montreal
+      Province of Ontario, as far as Cobourg                  Kingston
+      Province of Ontario, from Cobourg to Hamilton            Toronto
+      Province of Ontario, from Hamilton Westward               London
+      */
+
+      /#
+      4. All Postmasters, including Way Office and Sub-Office Keepers,
+      are continued in Office, and all Bonds and Mail Contracts continued
+      in force, subject to the ordinary conditions of such appointments and
+      engagements, and to the future action of the Department.
+
+      PRINCIPAL RATES OF POSTAGE.
+
+      LETTERS.
+
+      5. On letters passing between any two places within the Dominion
+      of Canada, a uniform rate, (irrespective of distance) of three
+      cents per 1/2 oz., if prepaid; and five cents per 1/2 oz., if posted
+      unpaid.
+
+      6. On letters between any place in the Dominion and any place in
+      the United States, 6 cents per 1/2 oz., if prepaid; and 10 cents per
+      1/2 oz., if posted unpaid.
+
+       7. On letters to or from the United Kingdom, in Mails by Canada
+      Packets, to or from Quebec in summer, or Portland in winter; or by
+      Mail Packet to or from Halifax, 12-1/2 cents per 1/2 oz.
+      #/
+
+      On do. in Mails via New York Packet                15 cents per 1/2 oz.
+      On letters to Prince Edward Island, if prepaid,     3   "    "  do
+                                    if posted unpaid,     5   "    "  do
+      On letters to Newfoundland, to be in all cases
+                                             prepaid, 12-1/2  "    "  do
+      On letters to British Columbia and Vancouver
+      Island, in all cases to be prepaid,                10   "    "  do
+        On letters to Red River,
+                          to be in all cases prepaid,     6   "    "  do
+        On letters to Red River,
+                          to be in all cases prepaid,     6   "    "  do
+
+    NEWSPAPER RATES.
+
+    8. Newspapers printed and published in Canada may be sent by Post
+    from the office of publication to any place in Canada at the
+    following rates, if paid quarterly in advance, either by the
+    Publisher, at the Post Office where the papers are posted or by the
+    subscriber, at the Post Office where the papers are  delivered:--
+
+      For a paper published once a week    5 cents per quarter of a year.
+            do              twice a week  10        do
+            do              three times   15        do
+            do              six times     30        do
+
+    If the above rates are prepaid by the Publisher, the Postmaster
+    receiving payment must be careful to have the papers so prepaid
+    separately put up, and marked, distinctly, as prepaid.
+
+    When the above rates are not prepaid in advance, by either the
+    Publisher at the Office of posting or by the subscriber at the
+    Office of delivery, the papers are to be charged one cent each on
+    delivery.
+
+    9. Canadian Newspapers, addressed from the Office of publication to
+    subscribers in the United Kingdom, the United States, Prince Edward
+    Island and Newfoundland, may be forwarded, on prepayment at the
+    Office in Canada where posted, at the above commuted rates,
+    applicable to such papers within the Dominion.
+
+    10. Exchange Papers passing between publishers in Canada, and
+    between publishers in Canada and publishers in the United States,
+    Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland, are to pass free--one copy of
+    each paper to each publisher.
+
+    11. Transient Newspapers include all Newspapers posted in Canada,
+    other than Canada Newspapers sent from the Office of publication,
+    and when addressed to any place within the Dominion, to the United
+    Kingdom, to the United States, Prince Edward Island or Newfoundland,
+    must be prepaid two cents each by postage stamp.
+
+    12. Newspapers coming into Canada will be subject to the following
+    charges on delivery:
+
+        If from the United Kingdom, by mail packet to Quebec, Halifax or
+        Portland--Free on delivery.
+
+        By mails via the United States (New York), Two cents each.
+
+        If from the United States, two cents each, to be rated at the
+        Canada Frontier, or exchange Office receiving mails from the
+        United States.
+
+        If from Prince Edward Island or Newfoundland, when received by
+        regular subscribers in Canada from the Office of publication,
+        the ordinary commuted rates applicable to Canada Newspapers.
+
+        Transient Papers--two cents each.
+
+    13. The Canada Postage rates on Newspapers coming or going to the
+    United Kingdom and the United States, will thus be the same as those
+    charged in the United Kingdom and the United States on Newspapers
+    there received from or sent to Canada.
+
+    14. Canada News Agents may post to regular subscribers in Canada,
+    British Newspapers free, and United States Newspapers unpaid, such
+    papers in the latter case, must be duly rated two cents each for
+    collection on delivery.
+
+    PRINTED PAPERS, CIRCULARS, PRICES CURRENT, HAND BILLS, BOOKS,
+    PAMPHLETS.
+
+    15. The rate on printed matter of this description posted in Canada,
+    and addressed to any place in Canada, Prince Edward Island,
+    Newfoundland or the United States, will be one cent per ounce, to be
+    prepaid by Postage Stamp; and a like rate will be payable on
+    delivery, when received from the United States, Prince Edward Island
+    or Newfoundland.
+
+    PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS.
+
+    16. When posted in Canada for any place in Canada, Prince Edward
+    Island, Newfoundland or the United States, the rate will be one cent
+    per four ounces.
+
+    17. A like rate will be payable on delivery in Canada, when received
+    from the United States, Prince Edward Island or Newfoundland.
+
+    18. Periodicals weighing less than one ounce per number, when posted
+    in Canada for any place within the Dominion, Prince Edward Island,
+    Newfoundland or the United States may, when put up singly, pass for
+    one half cent per number, to be prepaid by Postage Stamp.
+
+    19. As the Postage Rates on Periodicals, other than Newspapers, will
+    be payable in advance, and as certain classes of such periodicals,
+    printed and published in Canada, and sent from the office of
+    publication to regular subscribers, have for some time past been
+    exempted from postage where exclusively devoted to the education of
+    youth, to temperance, agriculture and science, or for other reasons,
+    it is ordered, that with respect to periodicals which do now enjoy
+    this privilege or exemption, the exemption shall continue until the
+    expiration of the current year--that is until the 31st December,
+    1868, and that from the 1st. January, 1869, all such special
+    exemptions and privileges shall cease.
+
+    PARCEL POST.
+
+    20. The rate on Parcels, by Parcel Post, will be 12-1/2 cents per 8
+    ounces, that is to  say:--
+
+      On a parcel not exceeding 8 oz          12-1/2 cents
+      Over 8 oz., and not exceeding 1 lb      25     cents
+      Over 1 lb., and not exceeding 24 oz     37-1/2 cents
+      And so on, to the limit of three lbs.
+
+    BOOK AND NEWSPAPER MANUSCRIPT, AND OTHER MISCELLANEOUS MATTER.
+
+    21. On Book and Newspaper Manuscript (meaning written articles
+    intended for insertion in a newspaper or periodical, and addressed
+    to the Editor or Publisher thereof, for insertion), Printers' Proof
+    Sheets, whether corrected or not, Maps, Prints, Drawings,
+    Engravings, Music, whether printed or written, packages of Seeds,
+    Cuttings, Roots, Scions or Grafts, and Botanical Specimens, the rate
+    will be 1 cent per ounce, when posted for any place in Canada or the
+    United States, and prepaid by Postage Stamp.
+
+    POSTAGE STAMPS.
+
+    22. To enable the Public to prepay conveniently by Postage Stamp the
+    foregoing rates, the following denominations of Postage Stamps for
+    use throughout the Dominion, have been prepared, and will be
+    supplied to Postmasters for sale:--#/
+
+      Half Cent           Stamps }
+      One cent                do }
+      Two cent                do }
+      Three cent              do } All bearing, as a device, the effigy
+      Six cent                do }    of Her Majesty.
+      Twelve and a half cent  do }
+      Fifteen cent            do }
+
+    23. The Postage Stamps now in use in the several Provinces may be
+    accepted, as at present, in prepayment of letters, etc., for a
+    reasonable time after the 1st of April; but from and after that date
+    all issues and sales to the public will be of the new denomination.
+
+    FRANKING AND FREE MATTER.
+
+    The following matter is exempt from Canadian Postage:--
+
+    24. All letters and other mailable matter addressed to or sent by
+    the Governor of Canada.
+
+    25. All letters or other mailable matter addressed to or sent by any
+    Department of the Government, at the seat of Government at Ottawa,
+    under such regulations as may from time to time be made by the
+    Governor in Council.
+
+    26. All letters and other mailable matter addressed to or sent by
+    the Speaker or Chief Clerk of the Senate or of the House of Commons,
+    or to or by any Member of either House, at the Seat of Government,
+    during any Session of Parliament--or addressed to any of the Members
+    or Officers in this section mentioned at the Seat of Government as
+    aforesaid, during the ten days next before the meeting of
+    Parliament.
+
+    27. All public documents and printed papers sent by the Speaker or
+    Chief Clerk of the Senate or of the House of Commons to any Member
+    of either House during the recess of Parliament.
+
+    28. All papers printed by order of either House sent by Members of
+    either House during the recess of Parliament.
+
+    29. Petitions and Addresses to either of the Provincial Legislatures
+    of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, or to any branch
+    thereof; and votes, proceedings and other papers, printed by order
+    of any such Legislature, or any branch thereof, during any Session
+    thereof,--provided such petitions and addresses, votes, proceedings
+    and other papers, are sent without covers, or in covers open at the
+    ends or sides, and contain no Letter or written communication to
+    serve the purpose of a Letter.
+
+    30. Letters and other mailable matter (except that provided for as
+    above) addressed to or sent by the Provincial Governments or
+    Legislatures of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, will
+    be liable to the ordinary rates of Postage.
+
+    31. Public documents and printed papers sent under the foregoing
+    clauses should bear, as part of the address, the bona fide
+    superscription of the Speaker, Chief Clerk, or Officer specially
+    deputed for this purpose to act for those functionaries, or of the
+    Member sending the same.
+
+    32. The privilege of free transmission, as above described, has
+    effect only as respects Canada Postage rates.
+
+    33. All letters and other mailable matter to and from the Postmaster
+    General and the Deputy Postmaster General, and all Official
+    communications to and from the Post Office Department, and to and
+    from the Post Office Inspectors, are to pass free of Canadian
+    Postage.
+
+    34. All letters and communications on the business of the Post
+    Office Department, intended for the Post Office Department at
+    Ottawa, should be invariably addressed to "The Postmaster General."
+    The branch of the Department for which the letter or communication
+    is intended should be written on the left hand upper corner of the
+    letter,  thus:--
+
+      "For Accountant"
+      "For Secretary"
+      [etc.]
+
+    as the case may be, but the main direction must be to the Postmaster
+    General, or Deputy Postmaster General.
+
+    35. All letters containing a remittance on account of the Public
+    Revenue sent by any Postmaster in Canada to a Bank or Bank Agency;
+    and all remittances or acknowledgements sent by a Bank or Bank
+    agency, on account of Public Revenue, to any Postmaster in Canada,
+    are to pass free through the Post, as respects both postage and
+    registration charge.
+
+    36. No change is made in the Way or Sub-Office system of Nova Scotia
+    and New Brunswick, Quebec or Ontario.
+
+    37. No change is made in the Money Order System.
+
+    38. A system of Post Office Savings Banks will be instituted on the
+    1st. April, and will be extended as quickly as practicable to all
+    the principal cities, towns and places throughout the Dominion.
+
+  A. CAMPBELL, _Postmaster General_.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THE ISSUE OF 1868
+
+
+A glance at the new regulations quoted in the last chapter will show
+that there is no five or seventeen cent prepaid rate, and but one at ten
+cents--to British Columbia and Vancouver Island; as a result these three
+denominations are not found in the new set of Dominion postage stamps.
+On the other hand the half cent transient newspaper rate, the three cent
+letter rate, with its double at six cents, and the new British Packet
+rate via New York of fifteen instead of seventeen cents, necessitated
+these four additional denominations in the new series.
+
+The stamps themselves are as usual line engraved on steel, and present
+more "continuity of design" throughout the set than before. The main
+feature of this design is a circular medallion bearing a diademed
+profile portrait of Queen Victoria to right, on a horizontally lined
+ground. Arched above this medallion are the words CANADA POSTAGE, and
+beneath it the value, both in words and Arabic numerals, a slightly
+different arrangement occurring on each denomination. Foliations of
+acanthus pattern fill in the remainder of the design, making the outline
+somewhat irregular. The stamps are fairly large, averaging 20 x 24 mm.
+in size, except the half cent, which is considerably smaller, being only
+17 x 21 mm. They will be found illustrated as Nos. 17, 16, 18, 20, 22,
+23 and 24 on Plate I.
+
+The stamps were printed in sheets of 100, ten rows of ten, and by the
+imprint we find they were the product of a new concern. This imprint
+appears in colorless capitals on a narrow strip of color with bossed
+ends, and reads BRITISH AMERICAN BANK NOTE CO. MONTREAL & OTTAWA. This
+strip is framed by a very thin parallel line, its entire width being but
+one millimeter, while its length is about 51 mm. It occurs but once on a
+side, being placed against the middle two stamps (numbers 5 and 6) of
+each row at a distance of about 3 mm. (see illustration 107 on Plate
+IX.) The inscription reads up on the left and down on the right, as
+before, but the bottom one is now upright, instead of being reversed.
+
+In the case of the half cent stamp at least, we find an additional
+marginal imprint over the second and third stamps of the top row. This
+consists of the words HALF CENT, in shaded Roman capitals 4 mm. high,
+the whole being about 40 mm. long, (illustration 119 on Plate XI).
+Presumably the same thing, varied for each denomination, occurs on other
+values of the series, as we find it does on the succeeding issue; but a
+strip from the top of a sheet of the 15 cent stamps proves that it was
+lacking on that value at least.
+
+The normal colors of the stamps of this series are approximately:--1/2
+cent, black; 1 cent, brown red; 2 cents, green; 3 cents, deep red; 6
+cents, dark brown; 12-1/2 cents, deep blue; 15 cents, mauve. We say
+approximately, since there is considerable variation as may be noted by
+a glance at the Reference List. Particularly is this the case with the
+15 cent stamp. The earliest tint is the one we have noted--mauve; but
+the stamp was in practically continuous use down to 1900, and the gamut
+of shades and colors through which it passed in that time is almost
+equal to the 10 cent stamp of the preceding issue.
+
+Of the approximate dates of issue of some of the more pronounced shades
+of the 15 cent stamp it is possible to give an idea through the
+chronicles of various contemporary magazines which noted them. The
+original stamp we know was in a mauve tint, and was so chronicled in the
+_Stamp Collector's Magazine_ for May 1868 (VI: 71). The _American
+Journal of Philately_ for April 20, 1868, (I:18) describes it as
+"lilac". The _Stamp Collector's Magazine_ in December, 1874 (XII: 182)
+says it has "just appeared in a dull deep mauve." Next M. Moens notes
+that it has become gray lilac, in _Le Timbre-poste_ for March, 1877.
+Again in the issue for June, 1880, he records it in bright violet, while
+in May, 1881, it is described as a dark slate color (_ardoise
+fonc['e]_). In the July, 1888, issue of the _Halifax Philatelist_ the
+color is said to have reverted to the mauve tint of the first printings
+except that it was "more bluish", and once more in May, 1890, the
+_Dominion Philatelist_ states that "The Canada 15c. has again changed
+color. It is now bright violet." Finally, in _Mekeel's Weekly_ for March
+12, 1896, under "Canadian Notes", we read that "quite a large stock is
+still on hand in the P.O. Department, but no more are being printed.
+What are going out now are the remainders of various batches. They are
+coming in all shades; some being almost the first issue colors."
+
+It remains to note two additions to this series. The first was a change
+in color:--the 1 cent and 3 cent stamps were quite naturally found to be
+too nearly alike in shade to properly differentiate them in the rush of
+post office business. Hence the 1 cent was changed to an orange yellow,
+appearing in its new dress in 1809. The exact date seems not to be
+available, but we find it first noted in _The Philatelist_ for April 1,
+1809, in these words:--"The 1 cent and 3 c. of this colony have been
+hitherto almost identical in hue; that anomaly is now rectified by the
+recent emission of the former value in bright orange." In the "Summary
+for the year 1809", the same paper credits the issue to January,
+1869.[86]
+
+[86] =The Philatelist=. IV: 42.
+
+The second addition was a 5 cent stamp, which is a bit of an anomaly
+inasmuch as it is a companion in size and design to the 1868 series, but
+was issued on October 1, 1875, after the series in reduced size, begun
+in 1870, had been practically completed. The explanation is simple: the
+die of this large 5 cent stamp had been engraved in 1867 with the other
+values of the first Dominion series,[87] but as there were no rates
+requiring such a denomination in the set, it was not issued. When in
+1875 the need for a 3 cent value arose, the unused die was employed to
+make a plate for temporary use, until a new die conforming in size and
+design with the small stamps could be prepared. The large 5 cent stamp
+is thus really in the nature of a provisional, for its smaller and
+permanent successor followed it in about four months.
+
+[87] In the first series of the =American Journal of Philately= for June
+1, 1868 (I: 25) we read: "The Canadian Government have had a 5 cent
+stamp prepared, engraved of the same type as the present set, the most
+noticeable difference being the circle round the head which is corded.
+The specimen sent us is printed in brown on India paper, bearing the
+Company's imprint underneath."
+
+The statement is often made that the 5 cent denomination was required
+because of Canada's entry into the Universal Postal Union, which was
+instituted on July 1, 1875. The statement has elements of truth in it,
+inasmuch as the indirect results of Canada's application produced the 5
+cent rate which required the new stamp; but the statement is not exact
+because Canada was not actually admitted to the Postal Union until three
+years later. The Postmaster General's Reports tell the story. The Report
+for 30th June, 1875 says:--
+
+    A treaty for the formation of a General Postal Union, and for the
+    adoption of uniform postage rates and regulations for International
+    correspondence, was arranged and signed at Berne, Switzerland, in
+    October, 1874, by the representatives of the Post Offices of the
+    chief Nations of the world. This agreement took effect between all
+    the countries which were directly parties to the Treaty, in July
+    last.
+
+    The Treaty did not include the British Possessions beyond the sea,
+    but Canada has, with the concurrence of the Imperial Government,
+    applied for admission as a member of this Postal Union. Meanwhile
+    the letter rate of postage between Canada and the United Kingdom
+    has, by arrangement with the Imperial Post Office, been reduced to
+    the International rate of 2-1/2 pence sterling--5 cents currency,
+    established by the Union regulations; and this reduction has also
+    been made applicable to correspondence passing by way of New York,
+    making the rate between Canada and the United Kingdom uniform at 5
+    cents by whatever route conveyed.
+
+From the Report of 30th June, 1876 we find that the application of
+Canada for admission to the Universal Postal Union was not successful
+owing to the opposition of France. Because of differences with Great
+Britain in regard to admitting Colonies beyond the seas at the same
+rates as European countries, British India and the French Colonies had
+been admitted with a reduced rate of 6 pence per half ounce letter, so
+as to include cost of sea transit. France contended that Canada should
+be kept to the same terms. From the Report of 30th June, 1877 we learn
+that Canada by treaty had obtained the Postal Union rate of 5 cents with
+Germany, including Prussia, Saxony, Hanover, Bavaria, Baden and
+Wurtemberg. The letter rate with Newfoundland had also been reduced from
+6 cents to 5 cents per half ounce.
+
+The Report for 30th June, 1878 brings matters to fruition:--
+
+    At the meeting of the International Postal Congress, which, under
+    the provisions of the Postal Treaty of Berne, concluded in October,
+    1874, took place at Paris in May, 1878, Canada was admitted to be a
+    member of the General Postal Union from the 1st July, 1878, and in
+    consequence the rate of letter postage between Canada and all Europe
+    became one uniform charge of 5 cents per half ounce. Newspapers and
+    other printed matter, and samples and patterns of merchandise also
+    became subject to uniform postage rates and regulations for all
+    destinations in Europe. Existing postal arrangements between the
+    United States and Canada were, by mutual agreement, allowed to
+    remain undisturbed by the entry of Canada into the Union, under a
+    provision of the General Postal Union Treaty applicable to such a
+    case.
+
+The last remark refers to the treaty which took effect on 1st February,
+1875, by which letters posted in Canada or the United States could be
+sent to the other country at the single domestic rate of three cents--of
+which more later.
+
+This large 5 cent stamp was of course line engraved like the rest of the
+series, and issued in sheets of 100, ten rows of ten. The sheet bore
+four marginal imprints, arranged as before, but of a slightly different
+type from the 1868 issue. This new imprint is in capitals and lower case
+letters on a colored strip 56 mm. long and 2-1/2 mm. wide, with a border
+of pearls, and reads: "British American Bank Note Co. Montreal."
+Doubtless the words "FIVE CENTS" in shaded Roman capitals would be found
+over the second and third stamps of the top row if one were fortunate
+enough to possess this portion of a sheet. The stamp is illustrated as
+No. 21 on Plate I, and the marginal imprint is of the type shown in
+illustration No. 118 on plate XI. The normal color of this 5 cent stamp
+is an olive gray, and it is perforated 12, as are all the other values
+of the set.
+
+The paper upon which the series of 1868 was printed was in general an
+ordinary white wove variety which varied considerably from a very thin,
+almost pelure quality to a quite hard and thick variety. Laid paper also
+makes its appearance again in this set. In Messrs. Corwin and King's
+article[88] we read:--"The 3 cents on laid paper was first brought to
+attention in the _Philatelic Record_ for March, 1882,[89] wherein it was
+stated that Mr. Tapling had a copy in his collection. The 1 cent was
+first mentioned in the _National Philatelist_ for January, 1883, by Mr.
+Corwin, its discoverer, in these words: 'Some time since I saw noted in
+the _Philatelic Record_ the existence of a 3 cent Canada stamp, emission
+of 1868, on laid paper. In looking through my Canadian varieties, after
+reading this note, I discovered also a copy of the one cent red, same
+emission, on laid paper'". The 1 cent yellow is likewise catalogued by
+the London Society,[90] but the following remark is added: "The One
+Cent, yellow, on laid paper, is not known to the Society. It is taken
+from _The Halifax Philatelist_ for July, 1888, page 74." Concerning this
+Messrs. Corwin and King state:[91] "This was inserted in the _Halifax
+Philatelist_ in error; so far as we know this stamp does not exist. The
+original sin of chronicling this stamp, however, rests with M. Moens,
+for in the _Philatelic Record_ for January, 1883, the fact is stated
+that M. Moens states that he knows of the existence of the 1c. orange on
+laid paper." Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack adds his testimony against this
+quondam stamp:[92] "I do not believe that the 1c, yellow, exists on
+laid paper, None of the large collectors of Canada or of this country
+have seen it, and I believe there is no real authority for listing it."
+There was none: and now that we have tracked it down, the laugh seems to
+be on the _Philatelic Record_, and M. Moens is absolved from his
+"original sin." In _Le Timbre-Poste_ for January, 1883, under the
+heading CANADA we read: "Semblable au 3 cents, 1868, sur papier
+_verg['e]_ blanc, il existe: 1 cent, brun-orange." This was the
+information quoted in the _Philatelic Record_,[93] but the translator
+evidently mistook the proper rendering of the French color name as
+_orange-brown_, and translated it simply _orange_, whence the error
+spread. We can therefore dispose quite effectually of the question and
+of the phantom stamp in the same breath.
+
+[88] =Metropolitan Philatelist=, II: 57.
+
+[89] This is an error, for in =Le Timbre-Poste= for November, 1877 (XV:
+841). M. Moens says: "M. Four['e] nous fait remarquer que le 3 cents
+[1868] a ['e]t['e] imprim['e] exceptionnellement sur papier verg['e]."
+
+[90] =North American Colonies of Great Britain=, page 16.
+
+[91] =Metropolitan Philatelist=, II: 57.
+
+[92] =London Philatelist=, XVI: 144.
+
+[93] =Philatelic Record=. IV: 213.
+
+Concerning the laid paper stamps Messrs. Corwin and King say they "must
+have been among the first issued, as we have seen a copy of the 1 cent,
+red-brown, postmarked November 27, 1868."[94] That this must have been
+the case is proved by the existence of the 1 cent in brown-red and not
+in yellow, as would have been the case if the paper were used in 1869 or
+thereafter. _Mekeel's Weekly_[95] also records the 3 cent on a cover
+bearing date of August 31, 1868.
+
+[94] =Metropolitan Philatelist=, II: 57.
+
+[95] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, IX: 64.
+
+The 15 cent stamp was reported in the _American Journal of Philately_
+for October, 1892, in these words: "Mr. F. de Coppet has shown us a 15
+c. of the 1868 issue on thin paper, horizontally laid," and the stamp is
+described as "violet". We have not seen a copy, but if it was in the
+early "mauve" tint it probably was a companion of the 1 cent and 3
+cents, the latter being found on both thick and thin horizontally laid
+paper according to Messrs. Corwin and King's lists. If the "violet" was
+of the gray shades, it belonged to a later printing and not with the
+early stamps. Mr. Pack lists another variety still[96]: "I also have a
+copy of the 15 c. on distinctly soft ribbed paper." This stamp is in the
+lilac gray shade and therefore belongs to later printings as we shall
+see, for this ribbed paper is found in all values of the small stamps of
+the succeeding issue.
+
+[96] =London Philatelist=, XVI: 144.
+
+One other variety of paper needs our attention, and that is the
+watermarked paper. The fact of its use was early known to collectors,
+for in _The Philatelist_ for February, 1870, in an article on "British
+North America" by W. Dudley Atlee, after the "Issue for Confederation"
+is the following "Note.--There is also in the last series of adhesives
+a Three Cent printed on paper _watermarked_ with maker's name; these
+were most probably issued after the thin paper and before the usual
+stout paper emissions." Mr. H. F. Ketcheson, commenting on the above in
+1889,[97] remarks: "the one cent red also appears on same paper, as I
+have two specimens of each in my possession." The _Halifax
+Philatelist,_[98] in its contemporary issue, also happened to note the
+discovery of two more values: "Mr. F. C. Kaye has shown us the 2 cent
+and 6 cent of the 1868 issue, with large watermarked letters of the same
+type as those in the 1 cent and 3 cent." The 12-1/2 and 15 cent were
+later found, but the 1/2 cent and 1 cent yellow have never been
+discovered. This latter fact doubtless determines the period when the
+paper was used, for, like the laid paper, if employed in 1869 or later
+we should find the 1 cent yellow instead of brown red printed on it. On
+the other hand, it could not have been used when the first consignments
+were being printed, probably early in 1868, or the 1/2 cent would be
+included in the series. This is determined by the fact that the first
+supply of the 1/2 cent lasted until the fiscal year of 1871-2, before
+any further printings were made. The watermarked paper must therefore
+have been used sometime during the course of the year 1868, probably the
+middle, when supplies of all values except the 1/2 cent were printed.
+
+[97] =Dominion Philatelist=, I: 5.
+
+[98] =Halifax Philatelist=, III: 8.
+
+For the determination of the character of the watermark we are indebted
+to Mr. John N. Luff, whose thoroughness and acumen when delving into a
+philatelic problem are proverbial. The result of his study was published
+in 1895[99] and we take the following extracts from his interesting
+paper:--
+
+[99] =American Journal of Philately=, VIII: 77.
+
+    Most philatelic writers, when treating of the Canadian issue of
+    1868-75, give small space to the series watermarked with large
+    letters. Most of them make a few speculative remarks as to the
+    probable watermark and then drop the subject. So far as I am aware,
+    no one has taken the trouble to ascertain what the watermark
+    actually is. The London Society in the _North American Colonies of
+    Great Britain_ says: "Some of the stamps on wove paper have been
+    catalogued with a watermark, consisting of various letters. It is
+    probable that these letters are portions of the name of the
+    papermaker, which most likely exists in the margin of the sheets."
+    Other writers are equally superficial. The _Catalogue for Advanced
+    Collectors_ says: "Although we catalogue as varieties the stamps on
+    watermarked paper, it is very possible that these form a separate
+    issue. It may have happened that the printers, having-run short of
+    the regular paper, replaced it by some similar paper that they had
+    in stock, bearing this watermark"....
+
+    In the _Stamps of British North America_, by Messrs. C. B. Corwin
+    and Donald A. King (_Metropolitan Philatelist_, June 1891), this
+    watermark is given more attention. The possibility that it is the
+    words "Canada Postage" or "Canada Post Office Department" is
+    discussed and rejected, because the authors have found certain
+    letters and pairs of letters which do not occur in these words.
+
+    It has seemed to me that it would be of interest, probably of value,
+    to know exactly what this watermark is. I have therefore given the
+    matter considerable study, and now have the pleasure of presenting
+    the result to your readers. The extensive stock of the Scott Stamp &
+    Coin Co., being placed at my disposal, together with a quantity of
+    stamps from private sources ... I believe I have correctly
+    reconstructed the watermark.
+
+    As the broadest letter measures only 12 mm., and the stamps are
+    about 23mm. from center to center of perforations, there are usually
+    parts of two or three letters on each stamp. I have found a large
+    number of single letters, pairs, portions of three letters, and in
+    one instance, a pair and parts of two letters. Of many combinations
+    I have found several examples. I have also found quite a number of
+    stamps showing parts of two rows of letters, one above the other.
+
+    Taking these in sequence we reconstruct the watermark
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  E. & G. BOTHWELL
+    CLUTHA MILLS]
+
+    The reader will please bear in mind, that when the stamps are viewed
+    from the back, the letters read from right to left (at least when
+    the sheets were placed normally in the press) as is usual with the
+    Crown and CC, CA and other watermarks.
+
+    The letters are plain double lined capitals, except the third in the
+    first line, C, which is more fancy, having a decided hook at the end
+    of the lower curve and the upper curve ending in a point, instead of
+    being cut off squarely, as in the case of the other letters. The E
+    and C are followed by periods 2-1/2 mm. square. The initial capitals
+    E, C and B are 13 mm. high, the other letters 12-1/2 mm. The upper
+    row is about 140 mm. long, the lower about 122 mm., and the distance
+    between the rows 11-1/2 mm. The watermark will thus fall on twelve
+    stamps in each sheet of one hundred. But it cannot be argued from
+    this that the stamps with watermark are only eight times as rare as
+    those without, as we must take into consideration the
+    proportionately large number of sheets on ordinary unwatermarked
+    paper. The sheets were apparently placed on the press without much
+    care, as the letters are frequently found reversed and inverted. I
+    have not however found any placed vertically, nor have I found any
+    other letters than the above....
+
+    As to the position of the watermark in the sheets, I believe it to
+    be central. Its height, 37 mm., is great for a marginal watermark,
+    and the fact that none of the letters have been found vertically, as
+    is so frequently the case with marginal watermarks, is also in favor
+    of a central location. We might also expect to find stamps on
+    watermarked paper showing, as is not uncommon, the imprint of the
+    contractors above or below, if the watermark were marginal. I, at
+    least, have found none.
+
+Mr. Luff considers that the watermarked stamps "are on an unofficial
+paper used temporarily," which is without doubt the case, at least as
+far as the temporary nature goes. He says further: "Compared with the
+large number without watermark, they are sufficiently scarce to indicate
+a provisional use of the paper and at the same time there are enough of
+them to show that a considerable number of sheets were printed."
+
+For other varieties in this series we have the 1/2 cent on "bluish-white
+wove paper", listed by M. Moens in the sixth edition of his catalogue.
+Messrs. Corwin and King say this "corresponds to our grayish paper, the
+shade sometimes being quite intense." But they list the entire series on
+"thin, soft, grayish wove paper", as well as the 1/2 cent and 1 cent
+brown-red on "pelure grayish paper". It may be that imperfect wiping of
+the plates had left an extra grayish tint upon the paper of the specimen
+that Moens singled out for cataloguing, just as occurred in the case of
+most values of the Post Office Department stamps of the United States.
+
+Messrs. Corwin and King[100] give an extremely lengthy reference list of
+this issue on no less than _seventeen_ varieties of paper, with the
+remark that, "every variety we mention is distinct from any other", but,
+with Major Evans, we must remark that "we confess we are unable to
+follow our friend Mr. King through all the intricacies of these
+varieties of paper ... but the differences are, perhaps, more real than
+is indicted in the descriptions." On inspection the "seventeen
+varieties" seem to combine themselves into I: laid paper, of thick and
+thin qualities; II: watermarked paper; III: yellowish wove paper, very
+thin to very thick; and IV: grayish wove paper, from pelure to very
+thick. In both of the wove papers are found the differences due to the
+process of manufacture, the even texture of the plain wove variety and
+the mottled texture of the so-called "wire-wove" variety.
+
+[100] =Metropolitan Philatelist=, II: 55 and =Monthly Journal=, VIII:
+236.
+
+The paper used for this issue is responsible for variations in the size
+of the stamps similar in character and origin to those we have already
+thoroughly discussed in connection with the 7-1/2 and 10 pence stamps of
+1855-7. The design of the series is not calculated to render these
+variations so apparent as in the former case, but the extreme variations
+we have found have been carefully noted and are presented in the
+following list. It will be seen that the variation is confined to a half
+millimeter in each dimension.
+
+  1/2    cent,     16-3/4 x 21-1/2 mm.
+                   17     x 21     mm.
+  1      cent,     19-1/2 x 24-1/2 mm.
+                   20     x 24     mm.
+  2      cents,    19-1/2 x 24-1/2 mm.
+                   20     x 24     mm.
+  3      cents,    19-1/2 x 24-1/2 mm.
+                   20     x 24     mm.
+  5      cents,    19     x 24-1/2 mm.
+                    ?       ?
+  6      cents,    20     x 24-1/2 mm.
+                   20-1/2 x 24     mm.
+  12-1/2 cents,    19-1/2 x 24-1/2 mm.
+                   20     x 24     mm.
+  15     cents,    19-3/4 x 24-1/2 mm.
+                   20     x 24     mm.
+
+It is also stated that these stamps exist perforated 11-1/2 x 12,[101]
+as well as the usual 12 all around. As the perforation was done by
+guillotine machines, this would apparently indicate a machine of 11-1/2
+gauge used for the vertical perforations, and we should expect to find
+some stamps at least perforated 12 x 11-1/2, if not 11-1/2 all around.
+Such do not seem to have been reported and we have no further
+information concerning the variety mentioned.
+
+[101] =Monthly Journal=, IX: 125.
+
+For imperforate stamps in this series we find the 1 cent, yellow, and
+the 15 cents in a peculiar shade of brown violet. The former is known
+only in cancelled condition, we believe, but we are able to illustrate
+an unused block of four of the latter as No. 107 on Plate IX.
+
+The only case of the use of a split stamp in this issue that we have to
+record is of the 6 cent, cut diagonally and used for the ordinary 3 cent
+rate on a letter posted at "Annapolis, N. S. JY 2,1869." While having no
+more authorization than any other of the occasional Canadian "splits,"
+yet this cover is particularly interesting because of its hailing from
+Nova Scotia, where split stamps had been used and recognized for their
+fractional values when the local issue was employed. An illustration of
+this cover will be found as No. 98 on Plate VIII.
+
+Concerning the quantities issued of the various denominations in this
+series we cannot be quite as exact as in some of the previous cases. No
+distinction was made between the various issues in the tables of amounts
+received from the manufacturers, provided the denomination was the same.
+In the case of the 1/2, 3, 6 and 15 cent stamps, which were new values,
+the quantities given in the Report for 1868 can be used, but with the 1,
+2 and 12-1/2 cent stamps the last deliveries of the 1859 series and the
+first of the 1868 series are lumped together. We have already made a
+tentative division of the receipts for these latter values,[102]
+however, which we think is safe enough to use for our purposes. It must
+be recognized that we are approaching conditions in the business of the
+Post Office where the quantity of stamps used, particularly if they be
+of low value and are in service for a number of years, mounts to such an
+enormous total that the actual figures representing the numbers issued
+have practically no philatelic value. While interesting, therefore, the
+totals shown below may be "out" by several per cent without appreciably
+altering their usefulness--or lack of it.
+
+[102] See page 88.
+
+With these considerations as a basis, we can lay out the series up to
+certain limits as follows:--
+
+  RECEIVED FROM MANUFACTURERS.
+
+                         1/2c.          1c.            2c.          3c.
+
+  30th June, 1868      1,500,000     2,000,000(?)  2,000,000(?)  6,000,000
+   "     "   1869         ...        9,250,000     4,000,000    12,000,000
+   "     "   1870         ...        2,300,000     1,300,000    11,300,000
+   "     "   1871         ...           ...        1,800,000        ...
+   "     "   1872        500,000        ...        3,200,000        ...
+   "     "   1873-82   4,756,700        ...           ...           ...
+   "     "   1876-96      ...           ...           ...           ...
+                       ---------    ----------    ----------    ----------
+        Totals         6,756,700    13,550,000    12,300,000    29,300,000
+
+
+                           6c.         12-1/2c.      15c.
+
+  30th June, 1868       2,000,000      500,000(?)   212,500
+   "     "   1869       2,000,000    1,000,000      600,000
+   "     "   1870       2,230,000      300,000       ...
+   "     "   1871       3,070,000      734,000       ...
+   "     "   1872       2,325,000       ...          ...
+   "     "   1873-82       ...          ...          ...
+   "     "   1876-96       ...          ...       1,765,400
+                       ----------    ---------    ---------
+        Totals         11,625,000    2,534,000    2,577,900
+
+The above table shows that the first deliveries of the 1/2 cent were
+sufficient to last until 1872; from that time there were yearly
+deliveries approximating a half million up to the issue of the miniature
+1/2 cent in 1882. The figures for that year doubtless included a large
+quantity of this latter stamp, so we can safely approximate the quantity
+of the 1/2 cent of 1868 issued as 6-1/2 millions. The large 1 cent stamp
+was superseded about March 1870, so the above figures may very likely
+be reduced by say two millions in 1870, leaving 11-1/2 millions of the
+large stamps, but in both brown-red and yellow. A large part of the
+1868-9 deliveries must have been of the brown-red stamp, however, as the
+yellow one did not appear until January 1869, and from the catalog
+prices the former would seem to be twice as common as the latter. The
+large 3 cent was also superseded about January 1870, so that a
+considerable portion of the deliveries of 1869-70 were doubtless due its
+successor. Some 20 millions or more can without doubt be credited to the
+1868 stamp, nevertheless.
+
+The 2 cent and 6 cent were both superseded early in 1872, so their
+totals can be reduced probably to approximately 10-11 millions for the
+former and perhaps 10 millions of the latter.
+
+With the 12-1/2 and 15 cent stamps we find no successors, but we do find
+that none of the former was delivered after 1871, so that our total of
+2-1/2 millions is correct, barring our first approximation. From the
+lists of "Issues to Postmasters" it is evident that the stamp was
+regularly used, but in decreasing quantities, down to 1888, when the
+last figures "1100" appear. A summing up of these issues to postmasters
+(again allowing for the first approximation) gives us a total of
+1,944,100 issued; but of these there were 44,086 returned by the
+postmasters as unfit for use, the last return (84 copies) being received
+in 1893. The result for the 12-1/2 cent stamp is therefore approximately
+1,900,000 issued and used, and some 634,000 probably destroyed.
+
+The 15 cent stamp, after the amount received in the 1869 account, needed
+no further supplies until the 1875 account, although it was issued to
+postmasters each year. The changes in rates in 1875 made it again useful
+as a multiple of the 5 cent stamp and in connection with registration.
+From that time until 1893 it was regularly printed and delivered, but
+this was evidently the end of its usefulness, as the only receipt
+thereafter was of 400 in 1896--undoubtedly a small remainder which the
+engravers wanted to get rid of. It was regularly issued to postmasters,
+however, up to 1900, the last amount, 21,350 appearing in that year's
+accounts, though 70 copies were turned in for destruction in 1901. Some
+31,000 all told were returned as unfit for use, but the rest were
+probably all used in the course of business.
+
+Of the large 5 cent stamp we can only judge as with the preceding. The
+Report for 1876 includes the deliveries of both large and small stamps,
+the total being 2 millions. As succeeding deliveries of the small stamp
+averaged a million or more for several years thereafter, it is highly
+probable that the above total was evenly divided and that the large 5
+cent was at least printed to the number of a million copies.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Turning now to the Postmaster General's Reports for the several years
+during which the large sized stamps were the general issue, we find in
+the _First Report of the Dominion of Canada, for the Year ending 30th
+June, 1868,_ the following remarks concerning the new order:--
+
+    The Post Office Laws and Regulations of the several Provinces of the
+    Dominion, in force at the date of the Union, remained in operation
+    under the authority of the Union Act until superseded by the statute
+    known as "_The Post Office Act 1867_", passed in the first session
+    of the Dominion Parliament, for the regulation of the Postal
+    Service, and which general Act took effect from the 1st. April,
+    1868.
+
+    By this Act a uniform system of Post Office organization was
+    provided for, the ordinary rate of domestic letter postage was
+    reduced from five cents to three cents per half ounce, and the
+    charge on letters sent to and received from the United States was at
+    the same time lowered from ten to six cents per half ounce weight
+    (the latter being the combination of the three cent letter rates of
+    both Countries), and lastly, low rates of postage charge were
+    established for the conveyance of newspapers, periodicals, printed
+    papers, parcels and other miscellaneous matter by Post.
+
+    In Nova Scotia and New Brunswick the additional newspaper postage
+    collected under the new Statute, applying equal charges on newspaper
+    matter throughout the Dominion, approximately balanced the loss in
+    the reduction of the letter rates, in fact the collections in Nova
+    Scotia in the first fiscal year after the change in the postage
+    rates, shew a marked improvement on the revenue of the previous
+    year, and there has been a material increase in the number of
+    letters passing by Post in the Maritime Provinces, as well as in
+    Ontario and Quebec.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    Postage stamps of denominations corresponding to the reduced rates
+    of postage authorized by the Post Office Act of 1867, were prepared
+    by the British American Bank Note Co. at Ottawa, and distributed by
+    the Department throughout the Dominion for use on the 1st. April.
+    1868, from which date the new rates of postage came into operation.
+
+Some statistics are also given which it will not be out of place to
+quote here for future comparison.
+
+There were 87 new Post Offices established in Ontario and Quebec during
+the [fiscal] year and 74 Post Offices and Way Offices in New Brunswick
+and Nova Scotia. On the 1st January, 1869, there were 3638 Post Offices
+and Way Offices in the Dominion, and also:--
+
+                  _Miles of_      _Letters_   _Revenue_
+                  _Post Route_   _Annually_  (_fiscal year_)
+  Ontario & Quebec     18,716          14,750,000           $906,663.04
+  New Brunswick         3,379           1,350,000             53,827.80
+  Nova Scotia           5,579           2,000,000             64,219.77
+                       ------          ----------          ------------
+  Totals               27,674          18,100,000          1,024,710.61
+
+The total correspondence passing between the United States and Canada is
+given as $319,352.53, but with no returns from the Maritime Provinces.
+
+The next year's Report, dated 30th June, 1869, gives the revenue as
+$973,056, a drop of fifty thousand dollars, due to its being the first
+complete year since the reduction of the postage rates. The total
+correspondence with the United States is also given as $227,699.13, the
+drop having come through the reduction to a 6 cent rate, although the
+Maritime Provinces were included this time. The Report also notes that
+"From 1st January, 1870, the Postal rate to the United Kingdom was
+reduced from 12-1/2 to 6 cents per 1/2 ounce letter."
+
+The report for 1870 states that the Postal Packet rate was reduced on
+the 1st January, 1870, but does not give the new rate. It is also said
+that "measures will be taken to organize the whole postal system of the
+new Province of Manitoba on the same footing as the rest of Canada, from
+an early date."
+
+The Province of Manitoba, as we have already noted, was admitted to full
+privileges in the Dominion on July 15, 1870, and the former Colony of
+British Columbia came in on July 20, 1871. The Postmaster General's
+Report for 30th June, 1871 says of these:--
+
+    The rates of postage have been made uniform in both newly
+    confederated Provinces with those prevailing in the older sections,
+    as well in respect to correspondence passing between British
+    Columbia and Manitoba, and the rest of the Dominion, as in regard to
+    the transmissions within each of the said Provinces.
+
+    Arrangements have been made with the Post Office of the United
+    States, under which mails to and from British Columbia pass in
+    closed bags (through the United States mails) between Windsor
+    (Ontario) and Victoria (British Columbia), via San Francisco, for
+    the conveyance of which through the United States, a transit rate is
+    paid by the Dominion to the United States Post Office, as in the
+    case of similar closed mails passing to and from Manitoba.
+
+The report for 30th June 1872 states that:--
+
+    Arrangements between Canada and Newfoundland came into effect from
+    1st. November, 1872, establishing a uniform prepaid rate of 6 cents
+    per 1/2 ounce on letters passing between any Post Office in the
+    Dominion and any Post Office in Newfoundland, instead of 12-1/2
+    cents as before, and providing that Newspapers, Books, printed
+    matter and post cards shall be prepaid at ordinary Canadian rates
+    and vice versa.
+
+The postal revenue for the year was $1,193,062, it being the first year
+that the postal business of British Columbia and Manitoba was included.
+The former was credited with 38 Post Offices and the latter with 27 Post
+Offices.
+
+It will be remembered that Prince Edward Island joined the Dominion on
+July 1, 1873, and the Report of that year credits the former Colony with
+180 Post Offices.
+
+The report of 30th June, 1874, states that "The System of free-delivery
+by letter-carriers in the principal cities, of letters and papers coming
+by mail has been commenced at Montreal and Toronto." This was under the
+authority of section 36 of _The Post Office Act_ 1867 which we have
+already quoted.[103] The text of a new postal treaty between Canada and
+the United States is given from which we make the following excerpts:--
+
+[103] See page 98.
+
+    POSTAL ARRANGEMENT
+
+    BETWEEN THE DOMINION OF CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES.
+
+    ART. I. Correspondence of every kind, written and printed, ...
+    [_mailed in each country and addressed to the other_], shall be
+    fully prepaid at the domestic postage rates of the country of
+    origin, and the country of destination will receive, forward and
+    deliver the same free of charge.
+
+    ART. II. Each country will transport the domestic mails of the other
+    by its ordinary mail routes in closed pouches through its territory,
+    free of charge.
+
+    ART. III. [_Patterns and samples, weighing not over 8 oz., unsealed,
+    10 cents each, prepayment obligatory._]
+
+    ART. IV. [_No further accounts to be kept between the two
+    countries._]
+
+    ART. VIII. The existing arrangements for the exchange of registered
+    letters between the two countries shall continue in full force; but
+    the registration fee on registered letters sent from the United
+    States to Canada shall be the same as the registration fee charged
+    in the United States for domestic registered letters.
+
+    ART. IX. This arrangement, except so far as it relates to letter
+    postage, shall take effect from the first of January, 1875. The
+    reduced letter rate will come into operation on the first of
+    February, 1875....
+
+    Done in duplicate and signed at Ottawa the 27th day of January,
+    1875.
+
+From the above it is seen that the double domestic postage rate on
+letters between the two countries, and the keeping of accounts of the
+total correspondence passing through the exchange offices, were done
+away with on the 1st February, 1875, and since that date all such mail
+matter has passed freely between the two countries at the ordinary
+domestic rates of each. The figures given in this Report were the last
+for the total correspondence between Canada and the United States, and
+were presumably for the seven months from 1st July, 1874, to 1st
+February, 1875: they were $478,516.91, which would represent some eight
+million letters were that the only class included, and all of them
+single letters; this would be at the rate of some thirteen million
+letters per year, a very respectable figure for the intercommunication
+of the two countries.
+
+Because of further postal changes which came in 1875 and also the fact
+that a new type of stamp had gradually been replacing the large sized
+first issue of the Dominion during the last few years, we will close
+this chapter with the 1874 Report.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+THE SMALL "CENTS" ISSUE, 1870-82
+
+
+In the _American Journal of Philately_ for August 20, 1869 we find the
+following: "Canada is shortly to have a new set of stamps. Taking
+lessons in economy from our own country, it seems they are about
+altering their stamps to make them smaller, so as to save paper. The
+head will still remain exactly the same as now, but the frame and margin
+around the head will be considerably less." The 1869 set of the United
+States was then in use, and it may well be that the smaller sized stamps
+appealed to the authorities in comparison with their own rather large
+sized productions, even though their suggested parsimony had nothing to
+do with it. The current 1/2 cent stamp was taken as the model, and the
+other values reduced in size to correspond with it, while keeping their
+former colors. The main features of the designs were therefore retained.
+
+No special announcement of the new series was made that we have been
+able to discover, and they were only introduced, apparently, as stocks
+of the large sized stamps on hand were used up. We find the first record
+of the change in the _American Journal of Philately_ for February 20,
+1870: "The stamps of the New Dominion have now made their appearance,
+altered as described by us last August." Though not specified, this
+referred to the 3 cent stamp, and its actual issue probably took place
+in January. _The Philatelist_ chronicles it in the issue of March 1,
+1870, as being of "the same colour and general description as before".
+[Illustration No. 28 on Plate II.]
+
+The next value to appear was the 1 cent, which was noted in the _Stamp
+Collector's Magazine_ for April 1, 1870; it was probably issued,
+therefore, some time in March, for the _American Journal of Philately_
+records it in its issue of April 20, 1870. [Illustration No. 25 on Plate
+II.]
+
+Two years then elapsed before further additions were made, and lent some
+color to the report in several European journals that the cause of the
+new issue was the destruction by fire in Montreal of the plates of the 1
+cent and 3 cent of 1868, and that the other values of the set would
+remain as before. The _American Journal of Philately_ learned, however,
+that only the press room of the Bank Note Co. was damaged, and that the
+plates were intact. At last the 6 cent in reduced size made its
+appearance and was chronicled in the _American Journal of Philately_ for
+February, 1872, to be followed in the March issue by the announcement of
+the 2 cent. The former value must therefore have been issued in January
+and the latter in February. [Illustrations Nos. 30 and 26 on Plate II.]
+
+Again in the _American Journal of Philately_ for November 20, 1874, we
+find it "reported" that Canada "has issued a 10c. rose", and the next
+issue says it "is printed in a peculiar pale rose, we can not call to
+mind any other stamp of this particular tint." The actual issue
+therefore, was probably about November 1, 1874. Just what called forth
+this new value in the Dominion series does not appear, unless it be the
+section in the Postal Treaty between Canada and the United States which
+fixed the rate on patterns and samples at 10 cents for not over 8 oz.,
+with prepayment obligatory.[104] This rate did not go into effect,
+however, until January 1, 1875. Of course as a multiple of the 5 cent
+rates which came into force on October 1, 1875, the new 10 cent stamp
+was very useful, but that was nearly a year subsequent to its issue. The
+new stamp is illustrated as No. 32 on Plate II.
+
+[104] See page 121.
+
+The next of the series to make its appearance was the 5 cent, which was
+noted in the _American Journal of Philately_ for February 20, 1876 as
+having "just been issued." [Illustration No. 29 on Plate II.] This
+doubtless means about the 1st February, so that its large sized
+predecessor had only about four months of life. There were now left in
+the large sized stamps only the 12-1/2 and 15 cents. In its issue for
+May, 1872, the _Stamp Collector's Magazine_ quoted from the _Canadian
+Philatelist_ as follows:--"It is unlikely that the 12-1/2 c. small size
+will be issued, as the large ones are very little used, and can now be
+bought at the post-office at 12 cents." This last statement is rather
+surprising. Nevertheless, it was announced in the _American Journal of
+Philately_ for October, 1879 that "Canada will shortly issue the 12-1/2
+and 15c. values of postals in small size, to correspond with the others
+of the series." This paper seemed to have been usually well informed
+concerning Canadian postal matters, but the expected new stamps did not
+materialize. The dies and plates were undoubtedly prepared, for the
+12-1/2 cent stamp at least exists in a finished state, but is very
+scarce. Proofs of both values were illustrated in _Le Timbre-Poste_ for
+November, 1888, with the following remarks: "On nous envoie les essais
+des futurs timbres 12-1/2 et 15 centavos qui doivent compl['e]ter un
+peu tardivement, la s['e]rie des timbres [a'] ce format. Nos exemplaires
+sont imprim['e]s, le premier en lilas, le second en vert sur papier de
+la Chine." Commenting on this in the _American Philatelist_ for
+December, 1888, Mr. W. C. Stone says: "We heard of these some ten or
+twelve years ago and saw them both last summer in New York." We have
+been fortunate enough to be able to illustrate the 12-1/2 cent (see No.
+89 on Plate V) from the Worthington collection, and this finished copy,
+with full gum, is in a bright blue as we should expect. We regret that
+it was impossible to locate a copy of the reduced 15 cent to illustrate
+as a companion piece. The reasons that the plates of these two stamps
+were never actually brought into use, though evidently prepared with the
+other values in smaller size, were probably these: The 12-1/2 cent of
+1868, as we have seen, though issued to postmasters for several
+subsequent years, was not printed after 1871, nor was the old stock
+exhausted when its use was discontinued. There was therefore no call for
+any supply to be printed from the new plate. The 15 cent was not printed
+between 1869 and 1875, and after that in such relatively small
+quantities each year until 1896, that, unless we are greatly mistaken,
+the original plate never wore out, but was used without change to the
+end.
+
+The old adage that "history repeats itself" was again exemplified in
+Canadian stamps when in July, 1882, the 1/2 cent stamp, for fourteen
+years unaltered, was once more reduced to a smaller size than the
+regular series. The general effect of the design remained the same, but
+the foliate ornamentation gave place to angular outlines. The
+illustration will be found as No. 27 on Plate II.
+
+All of the above mentioned stamps, except the 1/2 cent as will be
+explained, were line engraved on steel and printed in sheets of 100, ten
+rows of ten. The marginal imprints turn out to be of three varieties in
+this series, and we have pieced together what information we can
+concerning them, for strips with marginal imprints are extremely hard to
+find now. The first plates made, including at least the 1, 2, 3, 5, and
+6 cent stamps, and probably the 10 cent as well, since that was engraved
+before the 5 cent, had the denomination in shaded Roman capitals, 4 mm.
+high, [Illustration No. 121 on Plate XI], over stamps 2 and 3 of the top
+row. Sometimes the shading is hardly apparent, as in our illustration,
+but it can be detected. Beginning over stamp 4, extending over stamps 5
+and 6, and ending over stamp 7, is the inscription we found on the
+series of 1868 (see illustration 107 on Plate IX), "BRITISH AMERICAN
+BANK NOTE CO. MONTREAL & OTTAWA" in colorless Roman capitals in the
+little strip of color 1 mm. wide and 51 mm. long. This imprint is also
+beneath the bottom row of stamps and at each side, reading up at the
+left and down at the right [Illustration No. 111 on Plate X]. We have so
+far not seen this inscription on the 5 cent and 10 cent sheets, and
+doubt if it exists on the former at least.
+
+About 1875 the engraving company seem to have dropped their Ottawa
+branch, for on the large 5 cent stamp, whose plate was made in that
+year, we find the new imprint "British American Bank Note Co. Montreal"
+in capitals and lower case letters on a colored strip 56 mm. long and
+2-1/2 mm. wide, having a pearled border. This imprint is found on all
+four sides of the sheet, as before, as reference to Plates X, XI and XII
+will show, and on the plates of all values. In the case of the 6 and 10
+cent stamps, and perhaps some others as well, the value SIX, TEN, etc.
+is now found in the shaded Roman capitals over stamp number 9 of the top
+row, but lacking the word CENTS. Over stamp number 2 of the top row is
+the figure of value, 6 mm. high, [Illustration No. 118, Plate XI]. A
+sheet of the small 5 cent stamps which we have seen, however, does not
+follow this arrangement but reverts to the first style with FIVE CENTS
+in the shaded Roman capitals over the first three stamps of the top row
+only, though having the four "Montreal" imprints. Again, a sheet of 3
+cent that we have examined has the word THREE alone in the shaded Roman
+capitals over the first two stamps of the top row, and the "Montreal"
+imprint at the center of the top and bottom rows only, there being
+nothing at the sides. A sheet of 1 cent presents still another style,
+having the "Montreal" imprint at top and bottom alone, and no other
+marginal inscriptions. We have seen no sheet or margin of the 2 cent
+stamp bearing the "Montreal" imprint, but it doubtless exists.
+
+Whether the arrangement of these marginal inscriptions is a special one
+for each value, or whether each style described exists in all values
+there does not seem to be material enough at hand to determine. Probably
+neither statement is wholly in accordance with facts, as there must have
+been a great many plates of the 1 cent and 3 cent stamps, with
+proportionately fewer for the less used values. There seems to have been
+no system of plate numbering, as far as we can discover, though some
+margins show reversed letters or figures about 3 to 4 mm. high in
+various positions; they do not appear to have any special significance,
+however.
+
+In regard to the 1/2 cent of 1882, which we excepted from the above
+statements, there is a special arrangement to consider. The stamp was
+of course line engraved on steel, as before, but the plate printed two
+panes of 100 impressions each, side by side. These panes were the usual
+10 x 10 arrangement, and were separated by a space of 11 mm. through
+which they were cut into two "post office sheets". The marginal
+inscriptions were simply the "Montreal" imprint [illustration No. 127 on
+Plate XII] which appeared six times--at the top and bottom of each pane,
+in the right margin of the right hand pane and the left margin of the
+left hand pane, there being no imprint in the space between the two
+panes. Over the top inscription of the right pane is the reversed figure
+1, 4 mm. high, and in the same position on the left pane the
+corresponding figure 2, evidently to designate the panes.
+
+Once again, and this time the fact was noted in some of the philatelic
+journals, the imprint was changed. The engraving company had been
+required by the Government to do its printing at Ottawa,[105] and under
+"Canada Notes" in _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_ for December 21, 1892,
+"Canadensis" reports: "The new plates of the Canada stamps now bear this
+imprint: 'British American Bank Note Co. Ottawa', instead of Montreal.
+The matrix being made from the old die are exactly like the previous
+issues." The new imprint is a copy of the first one we described, with
+"Montreal &" omitted. It is 40 mm. long and 1-1/2 mm. wide and is well
+shown in illustration No. 123 on Plate XII. These new plates were
+doubtless the ones heralded in the _Dominion Philatelist_ for September,
+1892, wherein it is stated that "the present issue of Canada 3 c. Stamps
+are being printed and issued in sheets of 200 instead of 100 as
+formerly." And again in the same paper for May, 1893: "The Canada 1c.,
+2c., and 3c. stamps are now being printed in sheets of 200." This new
+sheet arrangement consisted of ten horizontal rows of twenty stamps
+each. The "Ottawa" imprint appears three times, once in the middle of
+the top margin, over stamps 10 and 11, and twice in the bottom margin,
+beneath stamps 5 and 6, and again beneath stamps 15 and 16. There are no
+imprints at the sides. The denomination appears in the top margin at
+both right and left and in a new style of lettering on these larger
+plates. Thus we find ONE CENT or TWO CENT over stamps 2 and 3 as well as
+18 and 19, or THREE CENT over the first four and last four stamps in
+plain Egyptian capitals, (see illustration No. 120 on Plate XI).
+
+[105] See page 128.
+
+One other imprint was used on the 2 cent value at least, but we have so
+far seen it on no other. It was 49 mm. long and nearly 2 mm. wide, but
+otherwise is a duplicate of the smaller "Ottawa" imprint. A portion of
+it is seen in illustration No. 129 on Plate XIII. The sheet was in the
+10 x 10 form, and the imprint appeared at top and bottom only, there
+being no other marginal inscriptions. From the sheet form it would seem
+probable that it preceded the use of the sheets of 200 stamps.
+
+The colors of these small stamps were intended to be the same as those
+of the larger stamps they superseded, and in the main they were so. The
+orange and orange yellow shades of the 1 cent stamp appear to have been
+the earlier ones, while the yellow tints came in the later printings.
+The 2 cent follows the green of its predecessor very closely. The 3
+cent, as might be expected, is more prolific in the variety of shades
+presented. The _Philatelist_ chronicled it (March, 1870) in the "same
+colour as before," while Moens, in _Le Timbre-Poste_, was more specific
+and gave it as red-brown. In May, 1873, the _Stamp Collector's Magazine_
+lists it in orange-vermilion, while _The Philatelist_ says vermilion and
+_Le Timbre-Poste_ bright orange. The 5 cent stamp did not vary a great
+deal except in tone, though _Le Timbre-Poste_ notes it as "black-gray"
+in July, 1877. The 6 cent was also fairly constant in its brown shade.
+The 10 cent appeared at first in what, for want of a better name, may be
+called a rose-lilac. The _Stamp Collector's Magazine_ called it pale
+rose, and the _American Journal, of Philately_ said it was a "peculiar
+pale rose" which was a new tint. The latter paper notes it again in a
+"bright carnation" in March, 1876, while _Le Timbre-Poste_ in August of
+the same year chronicles it in "pale red instead of lilac."
+
+We have been thus particular in listing the record of early shades
+because of the changes which come later.
+
+In the January, 1888, issue of the _Halifax Philatelist_ we find the
+following note under "Canada":--"The plate of the 2 c. stamp has been
+re-engraved. Color is now dark green". No details of such re-engraving
+were forthcoming, but in the June, 1888, number of the _Philatelic
+Record_ is a paragraph which evidently refers to the same stamp:--"A
+correspondent has sent us a specimen of the 2 cents, green, which he
+calls a _new die_. We fail to see it; but what we do see is, that the
+stamp is printed from a lithographed transfer." This surprising
+statement seemed to excite no special comment save from the sagacious M.
+Moens, who remarks:[106] "Nous avons ['e]galement re[c]u ce timbre qui
+parait lithographi['e], par suite d'usure de la planche, croyons-nous,
+car la feuille enti[e']re que nous avons annonce que l'impression a
+['e]t['e] faite, comme ant['e]rieurement, par la British American Bank
+Note Co. de Montreal et Ottawa, qui ne s'occupe pas d'impression
+lithographique que nous sachions."
+
+[106] =Le Timbre-Poste=, XXVI: 61.
+
+Without doubt M. Moens gave the correct explanation, for the imprint
+that he mentions will be recognized as the one to be found on the
+earliest plates of the small stamps, and 1888 was thirteen years at
+least after the second type of imprint with "Montreal" only had been
+introduced. Hence the stamp in question was probably a late print from a
+worn plate, which gave a rather flat and indistinct impression that
+might suggest lithography, though it is certain that Canada has never
+yet stooped to such a cheap means of postage stamp production. A similar
+case may be recalled with the 1/2 penny stamp of St. Helena which was
+issued in 1884, and which presented a like appearance.
+
+Whether the above incident had anything to do with the change of the
+printing company from Montreal to Ottawa, which we have already noted in
+describing the imprints, we cannot say, but it is certain that it was
+the beginning of changes, in shade at least, which affected the whole
+series of stamps. We have the authority of the Postmaster General's
+Report for 1889 that the "removal of the British American Bank Note Co.
+from Montreal to Ottawa" had taken place--evidently early in 1888, as
+will be seen later--so that the use of an old worn-out plate might have
+been a case of temporary necessity. Further details are given by the
+Canadian correspondent of the _Weekly Philatelic Era_[107] as follows:
+"About six years ago the Government insisted on their contractors doing
+their printing at the Capital, and the British American Bank Note Co.
+erected a handsome establishment on Wellington Street, where all postage
+stamps have since been printed. It may be remembered that the Ottawa
+printings were signalized by distinct varieties in shade from the
+earlier Montreal issues, varieties that have never been sufficiently
+distinguished in the standard catalogues."
+
+[107] =Weekly Philatelic Era=, XII: 23.
+
+These changes in the stamp shades were soon noted. In March, 1888, the
+_Philatelic Record_ described the 10 cent stamp as "now in carmine-red",
+while two months later it chronicled the 5 cent as changed "from
+bronze-green to greenish-grey." We have already noted the change in the
+15 cent to a color approximating its original mauve, "only more of a
+bluish tinge," which the _Halifax Philatelist_ recorded in July, 1888.
+The following October the same paper listed the 3 cent in a "bright
+carmine", and in July, 1889, announced the 2 cent in "blue green". The
+6 cent lagged behind the others and did not manifest itself until the
+_American Journal of Philately_ announced it in October, 1890, in a
+"rich brown." Once again, _Le Timbre-Poste_ for April, 1892, stated that
+the 5 cent had "since the 8th March, appeared in gray black". The 1 cent
+doubtless had its special hue of yellow along with the other changes,
+but it was not recorded, probably because not distinct enough from the
+usual run of variations in which it had been appearing.
+
+That the above changes were hardly of a character to warrant dignifying
+them as a "new issue," which is frequently done, is shown by a moment's
+consideration. The 1/2 cent and 1 cent stamps showed no appreciable
+difference in coloring and therefore caused no comment. The 2 cent did
+not maintain its blue green shade unaltered, and the 3 cent soon
+reverted to its former brilliant red hue, as the _Philatelic Journal of
+America_ for May, 1889, says that "the carmine color recently adopted
+has been dropped, and the stamps are printed in colors similar to the
+ones in use before the change was made." The 5, 6 and 10 cent stamps,
+however, made permanent changes, but only such as might readily be
+traceable to a new mixing of the inks in the case of the first two. The
+10 cent can hardly be so easily disposed of, as lake and brown-red are
+of quite different composition from a rose-lilac. But there can have
+been no official intention of altering the shades or colors or more
+definite and permanent changes would certainly have been made throughout
+the set. It remains, therefore, to classify them simply as shade
+varieties of the original set.
+
+Mr. King gives a list of eight varieties of paper[108] for the "small
+cents issues", but we have deemed it sufficient to note a thick and a
+thin white wove paper, and a closely ribbed paper. All values are
+reported as existing with the compound perforation (11-1/2 x 12) spoken
+of under the 1868 issue. We also find all values occurring in an
+imperforate condition. The 3 cent was first noted in the _Philatelic
+Record_ for December, 1882; the 15 cent we have already spoken of under
+the 1868 issue; and the 5, 6 and 10 cent at least, from the shades of
+the specimens we have seen, belong to the printings subsequent to the
+color modifications of 1888-90. Concerning these imperforates, we find
+in a paper on Canada, read before the Royal Philatelic Society by Mr. M.
+H. Horsley,[109] the following note:--
+
+    In my opinion, which I have had confirmed by several most competent
+    authorities, the various imperforated copies which I show you, some
+    used and some unused, are absolutely genuine varieties. Imperforated
+    copies of various values were sold over the Post-office counter in
+    Montreal about the years 1891-3, at their face value, and have been
+    good for postage whenever people cared to use them. The quantities
+    in this condition are, I believe, extremely small.
+
+[108] =Monthly Journal=, VIII: 237.
+
+[109] =London Philatelist=, XVI: 88.
+
+Supplementing this Mr. Pack writes:[110]--
+
+    I quite agree with Mr. Horsley in regard to the various imperforate
+    copies of the issues of 1882 to 1895. There are a good many
+    specimens of these stamps imperforate, and they were on sale at a
+    Canadian Post Office.
+
+[110] =London Philatelist=, XVI: 144.
+
+The above statements are correct, and we can vouch for them by
+documentary evidence. Not only were the various values of the series we
+are considering on sale in imperforate condition, but also the 8, 20 and
+50 cent stamps which we are next to consider, and the shade of the 8
+cent stamp shows it to have been among the earlier printings--probably
+in 1893. We are fortunate in being able to present illustrations of all
+these imperforates in blocks of four or more, which will be found on
+Plates IX, X and XII.
+
+That these imperforates are perfectly good for postage and are
+recognized by the Canadian Post Office to this day, equally with their
+perforated prototypes, has been proved to our satisfaction because we
+have employed some on registered matter addressed to the United States.
+As this class of mail requires to be fully prepaid, any irregularity
+would at once be detected and the covers would tell the story. We
+illustrate a pair of the 2 cent imperforate on a registered cover mailed
+at Como, Quebec, on March 20, 1905. [Plate XIII, No. 129.]
+
+As before, we find that a few stamps have been "split" and used for half
+their value, copies of the 2 cent and 6 cent having been cut vertically
+and doing unquestioned duty as 1 cent and 3 cent stamps respectively. As
+this practise is unauthorized they can be regarded mearly as freaks that
+have slipped through by carelessness--or favor.
+
+Turning once more to the Postmaster General's Reports, we begin with
+that of the 30th June, 1875. This notes that:--
+
+    The Act passed in the last Session of Parliament for the regulation
+    of the Postal Service of Canada, came wholly into force on the 1st
+    October, 1875.
+
+    1. Letters passing by mail at 3 cents per 1/2 oz.
+
+    2. Local or drop letters at 1 cent per 1/2 oz.
+
+    3. Post cards 1 cent each.
+
+    4. Canadian newspapers and periodicals, from office of publication
+    at 1 cent per pound of bulk weight.
+
+    5. Transient newspapers and periodicals, circulars, books,
+    pamphlets, etc., open, 1 cent per 4 oz.
+
+    6. Newspapers or periodicals weighing less than 1 oz. each, when
+    posted singly, 1/2 cent each.
+
+    7. Closed parcels not containing letters, 12-1/2 cents per 8 oz.
+
+The Act referred to was "An Act to amend and consolidate the Statute Law
+for the regulation of the Postal Service. [_Assented to 8th April,
+1875._]"[111] and was mainly a repetition of _The Post Office Act,
+1867_,[112] with certain amendments incorporated. The principal changes
+which interest us are as follows:--
+
+[111] 38^o Vict. Chap. 7.
+
+[112] 31^o Vict. Cap. X. See page 95.
+
+    1. This Act shall be known and may be cited as "The Post Office Act,
+    1875," etc., etc.
+
+    10.--6. Cause to be prepared and distributed postage and
+    registration stamps necessary for the prepayment of postages and
+    registration charges, under this Act; also stamped envelopes for the
+    like purpose and post-cards and stamped post bands or wrappers for
+    newspapers or other mailable articles not being post letters.
+
+    19. [_Letter rate of 3 cents per 1/2 oz._]: and such postage rate of
+    three cents shall be pre-paid by postage stamp or stamps at the time
+    of posting the letter, otherwise such letter shall not be forwarded
+    by post, except that letters addressed to any place in Canada and on
+    which one full rate of three cents has been so pre-paid, shall be
+    forwarded to their destination charged with double the amount of the
+    postage thereon not so prepaid, which amount shall be collected on
+    delivery.
+
+    20. [_Drop letter rate restricted to_ "one cent per half ounce
+    weight."]
+
+    22. The rate of postage on newspaper and periodical publications
+    printed and published in Canada, and issued not less frequently than
+    once a month from a known office of publication or news agency, and
+    addressed and posted by and from the same to regular subscribers or
+    news agents, shall be one cent for each pound weight, or any
+    fraction of a pound weight, to be prepaid by postage stamps or
+    otherwise as the Postmaster General may, from time to time, direct;
+    and such newspapers and periodicals shall be put into packages and
+    delivered into the post office, and the postage rate thereon prepaid
+    by the sender thereof, under such regulations as the Postmaster
+    General may, from time to time, direct.
+
+    23. Newspapers and periodicals weighing less than one ounce each may
+    be posted singly at a postage rate of half a cent each, which must
+    be in all cases prepaid by postage stamp affixed to each.
+
+    24. On all newspapers and periodicals posted in Canada, except in
+    the cases hereinbefore expressly provided for, and on books, etc.,
+    etc., [_repeats Sec. 26 of Act of 1867_], the rate of postage shall
+    be one cent for each four ounces or fraction of four ounces, ... and
+    this postage rate shall be prepaid by postage stamps or stamped post
+    bands or wrappers....
+
+    27. [_Repeats Sec. 29 of Act of 1867_] And when any letter or other
+    mailable matter is posted in Canada without prepayment, or
+    insufficiently prepaid, in any case in which prepayment is by this
+    Act made obligatory, the Postmaster General may detain the same, and
+    cause it to be returned, when practicable, to the sender.
+
+    28. [_Replaces Sec. 30 of Act of 1867_] And for avoiding doubts, and
+    preventing inconvenient delay in the posting and delivery of
+    letters,--no Postmaster shall be bound to give change, but the exact
+    amount of the postage on any letter or other mailable matter shall
+    be tendered or paid to him in current coin as respects letters or
+    other things delivered, bearing unpaid postage, as shall also the
+    exact value in current coin as respects postage stamps, registration
+    stamps, stamped envelopes or post cards, post bands or wrappers,
+    purchased from any Postmaster and the exact amount of postage
+    payable to any letter-carrier on any letter or mailable matter
+    delivered by him.
+
+    38. [_Repeats Sec. 40 of Act of 1867 concerning dead letters, but
+    lowers the charge for returning to three cents and allows for
+    deduction of postage prepaid in the case of insufficiently prepaid
+    matter._]
+
+    87. The foregoing sections of this Act shall come into force and
+    effect on the first day of October, in the present year one thousand
+    eight hundred and seventy-five, except only in so far as they relate
+    to the rates of postage on newspapers and periodicals sent to the
+    United States, as to which they shall come into force on the first
+    day of May now next....
+
+From the above quotations we see that the new Act made prepayment of
+letters by stamps obligatory, and imposed a fine of double the
+deficiency if insufficiently prepaid; that the unlimited weight of drop
+letters was restricted to 1/2 oz. per rate; that newspapers and
+periodicals were classed together and publishers given the low rate of 1
+cent per pound; that the rate of 2 cents on transient newspapers was
+reduced to 1/2 cent per ounce, and 1 cent up to four ounces; etc.
+
+The Report of 1875 further informs us that the free delivery of letters
+by carrier had been commenced in the following cities on the dates
+given:--
+
+      Montreal        1st October, 1874.
+      Toronto         1st March,   1875.
+      Quebec          1st April,     "
+      Ottawa          1st May,       "
+      Hamilton        1st  "         "
+      St. John, N.B.  1st  "         "
+      Halifax, N.S.   1st July,      "
+
+    Previous to the above dates a charge (in addition to the ordinary
+    postage) of two cents on each letter received by mail, of one cent
+    on each letter posted in the city, and of one cent on each
+    newspaper, was collected by the letter-carrier on delivery of the
+    same. Halifax was an exception, as letters and papers sent out for
+    delivery by letter-carrier had been delivered without extra charge
+    since 1851.
+
+The British American Bank Note Co. was paid for
+
+    Engraving and printing postage stamps for Post Office Department,
+    $22,675.50.
+
+The Report of 1876 contains no special items not already noted, but that
+of 1877 states that the letter rate of postage with Newfoundland had
+been reduced from 6 cents to 5 cents per 1/2 oz., and the same rate had
+been obtained with Germany from 1st April, 1877.
+
+The Report of 1878 announces the admission of Canada into the Universal
+Postal Union from the 1st July, as we have already detailed.[113] The
+Report of 1879 says: "A reduction has been made, from the 1st September
+last, in the postage rate on closed parcels sent by post within the
+Dominion, from 12-1/2 cents per 8 oz. of weight to 6 cents per 4 oz.
+Under this change small parcels not exceeding 4 ounces in weight are
+admitted to pass for 6 cents instead of 12-1/2 cents as before." This
+sounded the death knell of the 12-1/2 cent stamp, which dropped in the
+number issued to postmasters from 84,150 in 1879 to 13,400 in 1880 and
+4950 in 1881. It was issued in decreasing numbers down to 1888, when it
+disappears from the accounts.
+
+[113] See page 109.
+
+Nothing further of importance transpired until 1881, when a
+supplementary agreement touching certain points was signed with the
+United States Post Office Department:--
+
+    ADDITIONAL ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE DOMINION OF CANADA AND
+    THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+    For the purpose of affording to the public increased facilities for
+    the exchange of written correspondence, and also of preventing
+    evasions by publishers, of the postal laws and regulations of the
+    United States, the undersigned, duly authorized by their respective
+    Governments, have agreed upon the following additional articles to
+    the Postal Agreement of 27th January and 1st February, 1875:
+
+
+    Article I.
+
+    Insufficiently paid letters mailed in the United States and
+    addressed to Canada, or _vice versa_, mailed in Canada and addressed
+    to the United States, on which a single rate of postage or more has
+    been prepaid, shall be forwarded charged with the amount of the
+    deficient postage, to be collected on delivery and retained by the
+    Post Department of the country of destination. The amount of such
+    deficient postage shall be indicated in figures, by the despatching
+    exchange office, on the upper left-hand corner of the address.
+
+
+    Article II.
+
+    When newspapers, periodicals and other printed matter, published or
+    originating in the United States, are brought into Canada and posted
+    there for destinations in the United States, apparently to evade the
+    postage rates or regulations applicable to such matter in the United
+    States, the Canada Post Office may require prepayment of the same to
+    be made at a rate equivalent to double the Canada domestic rates.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+
+    Article IV.
+
+    The present articles shall be considered additional to those agreed
+    upon between the two offices on the 27th January and 1st February,
+    1875, and shall come into operation on the 1st of May, 1881.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+The Report of June 30, 1882 states that newspapers and periodicals
+published in Canada (under certain conditions as to form and manner of
+posting) are transmitted free by Post within the Dominion when posted
+from the office of publication to regular subscribers, from 1st June,
+1882. This must have been due to a Department Order, as the Statutes of
+Canada reveal no such enactment at this time. The same Report announces
+the issue of reply post cards, but those will be dealt with later.
+
+Statistics make up most of the Reports until that of 1886, when an item
+of interest in connection with the completion of the Canadian Pacific
+Railway is found: "The first through train left Montreal on Monday the
+28th June, 1885, and arrived at Port Moody, the Pacific terminus of the
+road on the 4th July. Mails for British Columbia commenced to pass over
+the Canadian Pacific Railway by this first train." This marked the
+independence of Canada from the United States in the matter of
+transcontinental transportation of mails. The distance from Montreal to
+Port Moody is given as 2892 miles.
+
+In connection with this event the following note may be of
+interest:[114]--
+
+    Up to the time the Canadian Pacific Railway was built, nearly all
+    letters from the Northwest bore United States stamps. The Northwest
+    mounted police took their mail to Bismarck, Dak., and others were
+    sent to Fargo, from whence they were sent around to Detroit and
+    thence into Canada. The pony express was used in the Canadian
+    Northwest, but no system, no stamps and probably no stipulated
+    charges were made to get a letter to the frontier of the United
+    States.
+
+[114] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, II: 32: 2.
+
+The Report of 1887 says that:--
+
+    Provision has been made for the transmission by mail between all
+    places in Canada, from 1st February, 1888, of small articles of
+    ordinary goods and manufactures in packages, open to inspection, on
+    payment of a postage charge of 1 cent per oz. Also a new convention
+    with the United States Post Office providing that from the 1st
+    March, 1888, the same class of matter will be admitted to pass
+    between Canada and the United States, subject to Customs inspection.
+
+The Report of 1888 announces the extension of free delivery by letter
+carriers to Victoria, B. C. Since the list of free delivery offices
+given on page 133, there are to be added as well:--
+
+      London, Ontario        24th April, 1876.
+      Winnipeg, Manitoba,     1st April, 1882.
+      Kingston, Ontario,      1st July,  1882.
+
+The Report of 1889 states that "the Post Office Act of 1889 increased
+the limit of weight of a single rate letter from 1/2 ounce to 1 ounce.
+The rate on drop letters at the same time was fixed at 2 cents per
+ounce." The Act[115] referred to was an amendment to the Post Office
+Act, (assented to on the 2nd May, 1889), and the notice of the changes
+issued to the public was as follows:--
+
+    NOTICE TO THE PUBLIC.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    CHANGES IN POSTAGE RATES UNDER AUTHORITY OF POST OFFICE ACT 1889.
+
+    The rate of postage upon Letters posted in Canada, addressed to
+    places within the Dominion or in the United States, will be 3 cents
+    per ounce instead of 3 cents per half ounce as heretofore.
+
+    Upon Drop Letters posted at an Office from which letters are
+    delivered by Letter Carrier, the postage rate will be 2 cents per
+    ounce, instead of 1 cent per half ounce. The rate of postage upon
+    Drop Letters, except in the Cities where free delivery by Letter
+    Carrier has been established, will be 1 cent per ounce.
+
+    The fee for the Registration of a letter or other article of mail
+    matter, will be five cents upon all classes of correspondence
+    passing within the Dominion. For the present and until further
+    instructed, the registration fee may be prepaid by using the 2 cent
+    Registration Stamps and Postage Stamps to make up the amount.
+
+    Letters insufficiently prepaid will be charged double the deficiency
+    as heretofore, provided at least a partial prepayment has been made.
+
+    Letters posted wholly unpaid will be sent to the Dead Letter Office
+    for return to the writer.
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT,                                 JOHN G. HAGGART.
+   OTTAWA, 8th MAY, 1889                              _Postmaster General_
+
+[115] 52^o Vict. Chap. 20.
+
+The Act also made another change, not noted in the circular, by which
+section 24 of _The Post Office Act_, 1875, which provided a rate of 1
+cent per 4 ounces on printed matter, seeds, etc., and samples of
+merchandise, was amended so as to limit the weight of printed matter to
+2 ounces for the 1 cent rate.
+
+The 1889 Report also chronicles the "removal of the British American
+Bank Note Co. from Montreal to Ottawa," a fact which we have already
+commented upon at length in its results upon the stamps issued after the
+transfer.[116]
+
+[116] See page 128.
+
+In 1890 we find that "the complaints which were so prevalent some time
+since, of the want of adhesiveness in the postage stamps have almost
+entirely ceased. It is hoped, therefore, that the efforts of the
+manufacturer to remove the cause of complaint have been successful." And
+again in 1891: "Complaints of defective mucilage would be far less
+frequent if the public would kindly bear in mind that it is the
+_envelope_ of a letter, or the _cover_ of a packet, and _not the postage
+stamp_, which should be moistened when stamps are affixed in prepayment
+of postage. When a stamp is passed over the tongue the mucilage is
+frequently almost wholly removed." They should have had these
+instructions engraved on the margins of the plates, as did the British
+authorities with the old one penny black!
+
+The Report for 1892 announces the preparation of letter cards, which
+will be treated of later, and also says: "Postage stamps of the value of
+20 cents and 50 cents are about to be issued. These will be useful in
+prepayment of parcel post." And this brings us to our next chapter.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+THE SUPPLEMENTARY VALUES OF 1893
+
+
+Before proceeding with the subject matter of this chapter in detail, it
+may be well to reproduce here a synopsis of the Canadian Postal Rates
+and Regulations as set forth in the _Dominion Philatelist_ in December,
+1893, and taken from the then current _Canada Postal Guide_. This will
+give a comprehensive review of the results of the various Acts and
+Amendments and Department Orders that we have quoted--and of some of the
+last that we have been unable to obtain.
+
+    _1st. Class Matter._--Includes Letters, Post Cards, Legal and
+    Commercial Papers wholly or partially written, with the exception of
+    those specially exempted, and all matter of the nature of a letter
+    or written correspondence.
+
+    The letter rate for Canada, Newfoundland and the United States is 3
+    cents per oz., and for all other destinations 5 cents per 1/2 oz.
+
+    Insufficiently paid letters posted in and addressed to Canada are
+    charged with double the amount of the postage due thereon.
+
+    When posted wholly unpaid they will be sent to the Dead Letter
+    Office.
+
+    Insufficiently paid letters for or from the United States, are
+    charged with the deficient postage on delivery. Letters for the
+    United States must be prepaid at least one full rate, 3 cents.
+
+    Wholly unpaid letters for and from the United Kingdom and other
+    countries, are charged double postage on delivery, and
+    insufficiently prepaid letters double the deficiency.
+
+    Letters addressed to mere initials, or to fictitious names, will not
+    be delivered, unless a street address, the number of a box, or some
+    other definite direction is added.
+
+    Letters bearing mutilated stamps, or stamps so soiled and defaced as
+    to make it impossible for the sorting clerks to decide whether they
+    have been used before or not, will be sent to the Dead Letter
+    Office.
+
+    _Post Cards._ Nothing whatever may be attached to a post card, nor
+    may it be cut or altered in any way. A previously used post card,
+    bearing a 1 cent stamp, will not be accepted as a post card.
+
+    _2nd Class Matter.--For Canada, Newfoundland and the United
+    States._--Newspapers and Periodicals posted from the office of
+    publication, for regular subscribers in other places in Canada,
+    Newfoundland and the United States, pass free of postage.
+
+    Newspapers and periodicals issued less frequently than once a month,
+    and addressed to regular subscribers or news agents, and on all
+    specimen newspapers, one cent per pound or fraction of a pound.
+
+    British newspapers and periodicals brought by mail to Canadian
+    booksellers, or News Agents, for regular subscribers in Canada are
+    liable to 1 cent per lb. or fraction of a lb.
+
+    Newspapers from offices of publication for city delivery are subject
+    to ordinary transient newspaper rates.
+
+    _3rd Class Matter.--Addressed to Canada._--1. Transient newspapers
+    and periodicals. Rate, 1 cent per 4 oz.; prepayment compulsory;
+    limit of weight, 5 lbs. A single paper weighing not more than 1 oz.
+    may pass for 1/2 cent.
+
+    2. Book packets. Rate, 1 cent per 4 oz.; limit of weight, 5 lbs.,
+    except for a single book, in which case the limit is 7 lbs.
+
+    3. Miscellaneous matter. (_a_) Printed pamphlets, printed circulars,
+    etc., and also seeds, cuttings, bulbs, etc.; rate, 1 cent per 4 oz.
+    (_b_) Maps, lithographs, photographs, circulars produced by a
+    multiplying process easy to recognize, deeds, mortgages, insurance
+    policies, militia, school and municipal returns, printed stationery,
+    etc.; rate, 1 cent per 2 oz.
+
+    Circulars, Prices Current, etc., to pass at 1 c. rate must be
+    ENTIRELY PRINTED. Any insertion in ink is not permissible, except
+    the name and address of the addressee, the name of the sender and
+    the date of the circular itself.
+
+    Circulars type-written, or in such form as to resemble type-written,
+    are liable to letter rate.
+
+    All miscellaneous matter must be put up so as to admit of easy
+    inspection. The limit of weight is 5 lbs.
+
+    4. Patterns and samples. Rate, 1 cent per 4 oz.; limit of weight 24
+    oz.; must be securely put up and open to inspection, and boxes or
+    linen bags should be used for flour and similar matter.
+
+    _Miscellaneous Matter for the United States._--(_a_) Newspapers and
+    periodicals; rate 1 cent per 4 oz. (_b_) Other miscellaneous matter,
+    including books; rate, 1 cent per 2 oz., but a minimum prepayment of
+    5 cents is required for legal and commercial papers.
+
+    The limit of weight for patterns and samples is 8 oz., and for other
+    matter under this head 5 lbs.
+
+    _4th Class Matter.--Parcel Post for Canada._--Parcels must not
+    exceed five lbs. in weight nor two feet in length by one foot in
+    breadth or thickness. The postage is 6 cents per 4 oz., and the
+    parcel should be marked "by PARCEL POST." Parcels may be registered
+    by affixing a 5 cent Registration Stamp thereto, in addition to the
+    postage.
+
+    Insufficiently paid parcels may be forwarded charged with simply
+    the deficient postage, provided one full rate is paid and the
+    deficiency does not exceed one rate.
+
+    _5th Class Matter._--Comprises such articles of general merchandise
+    as are not entitled to any lower rate of postage. Postage 1 cent per
+    oz., or fraction of an ounce. Limit of weight, 5 lbs.; of size, two
+    feet in length by one foot in width or depth. Matter claiming to be
+    5th Class _must be open to inspection_ and there must be no
+    correspondence enclosed. Packages of 5th Class matter, including
+    Seeds, Bulbs, Cuttings, Roots, may be sent to the United States for
+    the same prepayment as required within the Dominion, but the
+    contents will be liable to Customs inspection and collection of duty
+    in the United States. Sealed tins containing fish, lobster,
+    vegetables, meats, &c., if put up in a solid manner and labelled in
+    such a way as to fully indicate the nature of their contents may be
+    sent as 5th Class Matter within the Dominion, but no sealed matter
+    can be forwarded to the United States under this head. Liquids, oils
+    and fatty substances may be sent to places in Canada and the United
+    States as 5th Class Matter, if put up in accordance with the ruling
+    referring to such articles in the Canada Postal Guide. Electrotype
+    blocks are included in this class. An insufficiently prepaid packet
+    of 5th Class Matter may be forwarded charged with double the
+    deficient postage, provided the deficiency does not exceed 5 cents.
+
+    _Parcel Post.--For the United Kingdom and the Countries and Colonies
+    with which the United Kingdom maintains Parcel Post relations, and
+    for Newfoundland, Barbados, British Guiana, Grenada, St. Lucia, St.
+    Vincent, Jamaica, Turks Island, Curacoa and Japan._--Parcels
+    securely and substantially packed and closed for the United Kingdom,
+    and other countries and colonies to which parcels may be sent via
+    England, and for Newfoundland, limited in size to 2 feet in length
+    by one foot in width or depth. The postage for the United Kingdom,
+    which must be prepaid, is 20c. for the first lb. and 16c. for each
+    additional lb. or fraction of a pound; the limit of weight is 11
+    lbs. For Japan the postage is 25c., the limit of weight is 7 lbs.
+    For Newfoundland, 15 c. per lb., or fraction of a pound. For
+    Barbados, British Guiana, Jamaica, Grenada, St. Lucia and St.
+    Vincent, 20 c. per lb. Parcels for Newfoundland are daily forwarded
+    on to Halifax, N.S. For Japan, on to Vancouver, B. C. For Barbados,
+    British Guiana, Grenada, St. Lucia and St. Vincent, on to St. John,
+    N.B., and for the United Kingdom and other countries and colonies by
+    the weekly mail and conveyed by the steamers of the Canadian Lines.
+    Parcels posted without the formalities required are sent to the Dead
+    Letter Office, Ottawa.
+
+    _Registration._--All classes of matter may be registered to places
+    in Canada, the United States and Postal Union Countries, and the
+    sender may entitle himself to an acknowledgement of delivery from
+    the party addressed by the payment of a fee of 5 cents in addition
+    to the registration fee.
+
+    (A) _Commercial Papers_, (B) _Books and_ (C) _Samples, for Postal
+    Union Countries_.
+
+    "Commercial papers" comprise all papers or documents, written or
+    drawn, wholly or partly by hand, (except letters or communications
+    in the nature of letters, or other documents having the character of
+    an actual and personal correspondence), documents of legal
+    procedure, Deeds drawn up by public functionaries, copies of, or
+    extracts from Deeds under private seal, Way-Bills, Bills of Lading,
+    Invoices and other documents of a mercantile character, documents of
+    Insurance and other public companies, all kinds of manuscript music,
+    the manuscript of books and other literary works, and other papers
+    of a similar description.
+
+    "Printed Papers" include periodical works, books, stitched or bound,
+    sheets of printed music, visiting cards, address cards, proofs of
+    printing with or without the manuscript relating thereto,
+    engravings, photographs, when not on glass or in frames containing
+    glass, drawings, plans, maps, catalogues, prospectuses,
+    announcements and notices of various kinds, printed, engraved,
+    lithographed, printed circulars.
+
+    (A) Limits of weight and size: 5 lbs. for the United Kingdom, and 4
+    lbs. for other countries, 18 inches in length and 12 inches in width
+    or depth.
+
+    (B) 5 lbs. for the United Kingdom, and 4 lbs. to other countries, 2
+    feet long and 1 foot wide or deep.
+
+    (C) United Kingdom, 5 lbs. in weight, 2 feet in length by 1 foot in
+    breadth or depth.
+
+    (D) Limits of weight to Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Egypt, France,
+    Hawaii, Italy, Portugal, Roumania and Switzerland, is 12 ozs., limit
+    of size 1 foot in length by 8 inches in width and 4 inches in depth.
+    If in form of a roll it may be 12 inches in length and 6 inches in
+    diameter.
+
+    The limit of weight to other Postal Union Countries is 8 ozs., limit
+    of size same as to Austria-Hungary, &c., &c.
+
+    _Matter Which Cannot be Forwarded Through the Post._--Liquids, Oils,
+    etc., not properly put up. Explosive Substances and other matter
+    likely to entail risk or injury to the ordinary contents of the
+    mail, cannot be sent by post.
+
+    Letters containing Gold or Silver Money, Jewels, or precious
+    articles, or anything liable to Customs duties, cannot be forwarded
+    by Post to any of the Postal Union Countries except the United
+    States.
+
+We see from the above postal packet rates where the use of a 20 cent
+stamp would be convenient, which accounts for the announcement of the
+new value in the Postmaster General's Report last quoted in the
+preceding chapter. The 50 cent stamp of course would serve a useful
+purpose in making up relatively large amounts of postage. The above
+rates also show that there was still use for the 15 cent stamp in
+payment of parcels to Newfoundland.
+
+We find notice of the issue of the new values in the _Dominion
+Philatelist_[117] as follows:--
+
+    As foreshadowed in the Postmaster General's report, there have
+    appeared Canada postage stamps of the value of 20c. and 50c.; the
+    20c. is a bright deep orange and the 50c. is indigo blue, they are
+    of similar design and resemble very much the third issue bill stamp
+    and may be described as follows: head and shoulders of Queen to
+    left, with widow's cap and chin resting on right hand, enclosed in a
+    circle; above the circle the words "Canada Postage", below the
+    circle at either side the value in figures and across the bottom the
+    value in words.... The above were all placed on sale Feb. 22nd. The
+    20c. and 50c. stamps were intended for parcel post.
+
+[117] =Dominion Philatelist=, V: 31.
+
+The somewhat ambiguous description will be more readily understood by
+reference to the illustrations, numbers 33 and 35 on Plate II.
+
+The stamps, as stated, are very evidently copied from the design of the
+dollar values of the Bill Stamps issued in 1868. The portrait of the
+Queen in her widow's weeds, in fact, is doubtless reproduced directly
+from the original die engraved twenty-five years previously. The stamps
+were of course line engraved on steel, and printed in the usual sheet
+arrangement of 100, ten rows of ten. The plates of course emanated from
+Ottawa, but bear a new imprint, similar to the second one used in
+Montreal. The colored strip is now 38 mm. long and 2-1/2 mm. high with
+square ends, and bears the legend: "British American Bank Note Co.
+Ottawa." within a pearled border. It appears only twice, in the center
+of the top and of the bottom margins, and can be seen in illustrations
+Nos. 106 and 108 on Plate IX. The colors are not exactly as described in
+our quotation, the 20 cent being a vermilion or bright red, similar to
+the colors of the 3 cent, and the 50 cent a deep blue, but not indigo.
+According to the advices of the _American Journal of Philately_ (VI:
+102) the stamps were issued on the 17th February--five days earlier than
+the above quotation states.
+
+Both values were printed on a medium white wove paper and perforated 12.
+Both were ordered to the number of half a million copies in 1893, and in
+1895 25,000 more of the 20 cent and 30,000 more of the 50 cent were
+delivered, with a final 200 copies of each in 1896. These quantities
+were sufficient to last until the 20 cent was superseded by the newer
+type in 1901, and the 50 cent by the King's head stamp in 1908. Some
+1500 of the 20 cent were returned for destruction and about 10,000 of
+the 50 cent!
+
+Both these stamps are found imperforate and in this condition are to be
+classed in the same category as the imperforates of the "small cents
+issue," which we have already considered.[118] Illustrations of blocks
+of four of each will be found as numbers 106 and 108 on Plate IX. The 50
+cent is in a peculiar black blue shade.
+
+[118] See page 130.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the preceding chapter we quoted a circular from the Postmaster
+General which called attention to the changes made by _The Post Office
+Act, 1889_. A uniform registration fee of 5 cents was one of these, and
+to enable the 2 cent registration stamps to be used up permission was
+given to make up the difference by postage stamps when registering mail
+matter. Four years later it was decided to discontinue the use of the
+special stamp for the registration fee, and to permit its prepayment by
+ordinary postage stamps. As the combined letter and registration rate
+was eight cents, a stamp of this value for use on registered letters was
+deemed advisable. We read under "Canadian Notes" in _Mekeel's Weekly
+Stamp News_ for August 10, 1893:--
+
+    The following orders were posted up in all the Canadian post-offices
+    on August 1st:
+
+    "A new postage stamp of the value of 8c. is now being put into
+    circulation. This stamp will be available for the prepayment either
+    of registration fee and postage combined, or of postage only. The
+    5c. registration stamp, when the present supply is exhausted, will
+    be withdrawn."
+
+The new stamp reverted to the small size and general design of the
+"small cents issue", but with the important difference that the head was
+turned to the _left_ instead of the right, as with all the others of
+that series. It was line engraved on steel, as usual, and the only
+entire sheet we have seen was of 200, in ten horizontal rows of twenty
+stamps, but without a sign of any marginal imprints. The perforation
+variety 11-1/2 x 12 is reported as occurring in this value also, as well
+as the regular gauge 12. The color was at first a bluish gray, which
+soon darkened and ran through a series of shades as if in emulation of
+the old 6 pence stamp. Mr. Horsley states[119] that it appeared in
+slate-blue in October of 1893, and slate in 1895. _Alfred Smith's
+Monthly Circular_ for December, 1895, records it in a "dark
+slate-black," and the _Weekly Philatelic Era_ for November 30, 1895,
+says that "a peculiar feature in connection with the new shade of the
+current eight cent Canada postage stamp is that upon being put in water
+and left there for a few minutes the paper becomes of a pinkish tint
+which after the stamp becomes dry still remains." This "new shade" was
+doubtless the dark slate color referred to, which must have been issued,
+therefore, in October or November of 1895. In December, 1897, the
+_Monthly Journal_ notes it in a "deep purple", similar in shade to the 8
+cent Jubilee stamp, and very likely printed from the same mixing of ink.
+
+[119] =London Philatelist=, XVI: 88.
+
+The stamp was printed upon a medium white wove paper, and is found in
+imperforate condition like the other values of the then current stamps,
+which we have already described.[120] The imperforates are in the early
+bluish gray color, so that it is fair to suppose they were from the
+first printings in 1893. A block of four is illustrated as number 110 on
+Plate X.
+
+[120] See page 130.
+
+The first delivery of these stamps--and of course the first
+printing--was of 100,000, as recorded in the stamp accounts for 1893. As
+these accounts were made up to 30th June, and there is no record of any
+"issue to postmasters," the stamps were doubtless delivered just before
+the accounts were closed, so that opportunity had not been given to
+distribute the new value. For the next few fiscal years the amount
+received from the manufacturers averaged over a million and a half
+annually, so that by the time it was superseded it had been printed to
+the number of at least 7-1/2 millions.
+
+There is nothing of special importance concerning postage stamps in the
+Postmaster General's Reports from 1893 to 1897, but we glean an item of
+interest from _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_ of December 3, 1896:--
+
+    A new regulation has been put in force by the Canadian post-office
+    department. Until a few days ago it was unlawful for any person to
+    sell unused current Canadian stamps without a government license [as
+    a stamp vendor]. Merchants and others who received a great many
+    unused stamps as remittances, have heretofore been compelled to send
+    them to the department at a discount of five per cent, or dispose of
+    them by illegitimate means, running the risk of being prosecuted for
+    selling without license. A great deal of complaint was made to the
+    department concerning this matter, and last week Hon. Mr. Mulock
+    announced that thenceforth, all unused Canadian stamps would be
+    cashed at one per cent. discount in amounts of over $1.00. The
+    stamps may be pasted on paper, as they will not be put in
+    circulation again.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+THE JUBILEE ISSUE OF 1897
+
+
+The so-called "Diamond Jubilee" of the accession of Queen Victoria, who
+had then been on the throne of the United Kingdom for sixty years,
+occurred on the 20th June, 1897, and several of the British Colonies, as
+on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary, considered it fitting to
+celebrate the event with a commemorative issue of postage stamps.
+Probably no proprieties would be violated were it observed, sub rosa,
+that the pecuniary gains connected with such issues were probably more
+of a factor in determining their birth than the superabundance of
+jubilation over the auspicious occurrence. Such a suspicion is quite
+readily aroused when considering all the facts in connection with the
+special set of stamps that Canada felt it necessary to put forth at this
+time.
+
+But the story runs a little farther back and hinges on other changes.
+What proved a prophetic utterance appeared under "Canadian Notes" in the
+_Weekly Philatelic Era_ of August 1, 1896, as follows:--
+
+    For the first time in 18 years a Liberal, or Reform government has
+    full control of the Dominion.... Mr. William Mulock, J. C., of
+    Toronto, is the new Postmaster General and I am informed that
+    considerable pressure is being brought to bear upon him to have an
+    entirely new set of stamps issued to replace those which have been
+    in use in Canada for something over a quarter of a century.
+
+Under the same "Notes" in the issue of the above paper for January 23,
+1897, we find the result of the "pressure":--
+
+    The British American Bank Note Company, which for so many years have
+    had the contract for printing Canada's paper currency and postage
+    stamps, have been notified that their services will no longer be
+    required. The shareholders in that company were not of the right
+    political stripe for the new Government. The contract has now been
+    given to the American Bank Note Company of New York. This company
+    will have to establish a branch office at Ottawa and all the work
+    will have to be done in Canada.
+
+_Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_ gives further details in a clipping from
+the _Montreal Herald_, dated "Ottawa, Jan. 11," [1897]:[121]--
+
+    The contract for the Government engraving, for which tenders were
+    called two months ago, has been awarded to the American Bank Note
+    Company, of New York, for a period of five and a quarter years. The
+    contract is worth $600,000, and may be renewed for a similar period.
+    The work consists of engraving Dominion bank notes, revenue and
+    postage stamps, postal cards, etc. At present the British American
+    Bank Note Company, better known as Burland and Company, formerly of
+    Montreal, have the contract. They tendered this time, but the New
+    York company was the lowest. The New York company is one of the
+    largest and best known in the world. The firm engraves notes for
+    some of the banks in Canada, including the Canadian Bank of
+    Commerce. Under the terms of the new contract, the Company will
+    require to establish a place in Ottawa to do the work, where the
+    Government can have supervision of it. As compared with the prices
+    paid under the Burland contract, the Government will effect a saving
+    of $120,000 by the new contract.
+
+[121] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, IX: 25.
+
+The next step appears in the _Weekly Philatelic Era_ of January 30,
+1897, where we read under "Canadian Notes":--
+
+    Many suggestions are being made and many plans laid for the fitting
+    celebration of the sixtieth year of Her Majesty's reign. In Canada
+    this celebration is being coupled with that of the four hundredth
+    anniversary of Cabot's discovery of America. Tn this connection a
+    proposal has been made and an agitation started for the issue of a
+    commemorative set of postage stamps by the Dominion government....
+    It has been suggested that the new stamps be made a trifle larger
+    than the present ones, that a somewhat recent picture of Her Majesty
+    replace the present one, and that the figures and colors be made
+    more pronounced. If possible some reference to the combined
+    celebrations will likely be made. The agitation for a new issue is
+    quite pronounced and is by no means confined to philatelists. There
+    appears to be general desire on the part of the people to have a
+    change.
+
+A step further is recorded in the _Era_ for March 27th, as follows:--
+
+    The _Toronto World_ in its edition of March 15th. contained the
+    following as one of its leaders: "Here is good news for postage
+    stamp collectors. The Postmaster-General proposes, as far as his
+    department is concerned, to commemorate Her Majesty's diamond
+    jubilee by the issue of a new 3-cent postage stamp appropriate to
+    the occasion. It will have a limited circulation only, probably for
+    a period of months covering the jubilee celebrations during the
+    coming summer. When the sale is stopped the present 3-cent stamp
+    will be put in circulation again.... So far the design of the new
+    stamp has not been made public although the Hon. Mr. Mulock, the
+    Postmaster-General, has sent a sketch of it to the British-American
+    [_sic_] Bank Note Company to be engraved. It it said to be oblong
+    and nearly as large as the Columbian issue".
+
+If only this original intention had been adhered to!
+
+More precise information finally appeared in the _Era_ for May 29th:--
+
+    During the last week the Canadian papers have been full of Canada's
+    Jubilee issue, which has now been definitely decided upon.
+
+    _The Toronto Evening Telegram_ of a few days ago has perhaps the
+    most to say concerning the stamps, and it is to that paper that your
+    correspondent is indebted for the following. The new Jubilee stamp
+    will be issued in another month. The design represents Her Majesty
+    at two important eras in her life, namely at her accession on the
+    20th of June, 1837, and within a few weeks of her Jubilee in 1897.
+    The first vignette, showing her on her coronation day, is from a
+    well known portrait of that period. It is a full faced portrait and
+    her Majesty wears the crown. Looking at the stamp this vignette is
+    at the left side. To the right is a picture of Her Majesty as she
+    appears today; the face is profile looking toward the vignette of
+    1837. The latter picture represents Her Majesty wearing the Empress
+    crown. Between and above the two vignettes is a beautifully executed
+    copy of the Imperial crown of England and under it the letter "V"
+    with the letters "R. I." in the fork of the "V". The three letters
+    meaning Victoria Regina (Queen), Imperatrix (Empress). In the
+    semi-circle or upper part of the vignette are the words "Canada
+    Postage" and underneath these are respectively the dates 1837-1897
+    and between the vignettes are ornamentation of maple leaves, while
+    in the lower corners of the stamps are also maple leaves, and
+    between these and at the base of the stamp is its denomination in
+    black letters on a white ground. There will be sixteen varieties of
+    the new stamp and a post card.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    The first set of stamps printed will be sent to H. R. H. the Prince
+    of York [_sic_], who is an enthusiastic stamp collector. The second
+    set will be presented to Her Excellency Lady Aberdeen (wife of the
+    Canadian Governor General).
+
+The same paper credits the suggestion of the general idea of the Jubilee
+design to Mr. Pareira, an official of the Interior Department.
+
+A few days later the matter of the proposed issue came up in Parliament,
+and the Postmaster General was interpellated in the House of Commons.
+His reply was published in the _Canadian Hansard_, the official record,
+of 20th May, 1897, as follows:--
+
+    The Postmaster-General (Mr. Mulock): It is the intention of the
+    Government to issue a set of Jubilee postage stamps. Such stamps
+    will be put into public use by being delivered to postmasters
+    throughout Canada for sale to the public in the same manner as
+    ordinary postage stamps are sold. There will be a limit to the
+    quantity to be issued. The denominations of Jubilee stamps, and the
+    total number of such Jubilee stamps to be issued, are set forth in
+    the following schedule:--
+
+    Schedule showing the Denominations and Total Number of Jubilee
+    Stamps to be issued:
+
+      Number to be issued.    Denomination.
+
+         150,000              1/2 c. stamps
+       8,000,000                1 c.   "
+       2,500,000                2 c.   "
+      20,000,000                3 c.   "
+         750,000                5 c.   "
+          75,000                6 c.   "
+         200,000                8 c.   "
+         150,000               10 c.   "
+         100,000               15 c.   "
+         100,000               20 c.   "
+         100,000               50 c.   "
+          25,000              $ 1 00   "
+          25,000              $ 2 00   "
+          25,000              $ 3 00   "
+          25,000              $ 4 00   "
+          25,000              $ 5 00   "
+       7,000,000                1 c. post cards.
+
+      Total value of one stamp of each kind, $ 16.21-1/2.
+
+    As soon as the total number of stamps mentioned in said schedule is
+    issued the plates from which they will have been engraved will be
+    destroyed in the presence of the head and two officers of the
+    department. On the 10th June the Post Office Department will proceed
+    to supply Jubilee postage stamps to the principal post offices in
+    Canada, and through them the minor post offices will obtain their
+    supply until the issue is exhausted. If this Jubilee issue were to
+    wholly displace the ordinary postage stamps it would supply the
+    ordinary wants of the country for between two and three months, but
+    as the use of the ordinary postage stamps will proceed concurrently
+    with that of the Jubilee stamps, it is expected that the Jubilee
+    stamp will last beyond the three months. Inasmuch as the department
+    is already receiving applications for the purchase of Jubilee
+    stamps, it may be stated that the department will adhere to the
+    established practice of supplying them only to postmasters, and
+    through them to the public, who may purchase them on and after the
+    19th June, 1897.
+
+
+
+Promptly, "as advertised", the stamps were placed on sale throughout the
+Dominion on the morning of Saturday, the 19th of June. The natural
+result followed: an expectant populace, for various reasons but with one
+main object, literally besieged the post offices for the coveted
+treasures. The advance publication of the quantities of the various
+denominations to be issued gave speculators the hint as to the most
+desirable values to "corner", and as a result the 1/2 cent and 6 cent
+stamps were a special mark in all quarters. This action seems to have
+been more or less anticipated, for these values were doled out in very
+small quantities, if at all, in spite of the large orders that were
+everywhere given for them. This was doubtless largely due to the
+following circular, sent out with the initial supply of the stamps to
+all postmasters:[122]--
+
+    N. B.--Requisitions for _full sets_ of the Jubilee stamps will be
+    filled until the issue is exhausted.--E. P. S.
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA,
+       POSTAGE STAMP BRANCH,
+                                  OTTAWA, _June_,1897.
+
+    SIR,--I am directed by the Postmaster-General to send you herewith a
+    supply of the Jubilee stamps and 1 c. post card, equal to one
+    month's ordinary requirements of your office. Should this quantity
+    prove insufficient it will, on your requisition addressed to this
+    branch, be supplemented; but as the Jubilee issue is limited, it
+    would be necessary for you to apply early in order to secure further
+    supplies of the same.
+
+    I am also to instruct you not to sell any of the accompanying stamps
+    or post cards before the opening of your office at the regular
+    office hours on the 19th June instant--the eve of the anniversary
+    they are intended to commemorate.
+
+    These stamps and cards are, of course, like the ordinary issues, to
+    be sold at face value.
+
+    I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,
+
+                             E. P. STANTON, _Superintendent_.
+
+  THE POSTMASTER.
+
+    P. S.--As there appears to be a somewhat general desire on the part
+    of many persons to purchase, for souvenir purposes, complete sets of
+    the Jubilee stamps, it is hoped that you will so manage the sale of
+    such stamps that persons applying to purchase full sets may be able
+    to get them.
+
+  E. P. S.
+
+[122] =Monthly Journal=, VIII. 177.
+
+The conditions that developed when the stamps were actually issued seem
+to have surprised the Department, and caused additional measures to be
+taken for an equable distribution. We quote Mr. F. W. Wurtele:[123]--
+
+    The experience of the first day's sale convinced our government that
+    halves and sixes would very soon be bought up by speculators unless
+    some action was taken to further restrict their sale; they therefore
+    came to the conclusion that those persons who were willing to
+    contribute to the revenues of the Canadian Government to the extent
+    of $16.22 for a complete set of jubilee stamps were entitled to
+    protection, and decided that they at least should not pay more than
+    face value for their 1/2 and 6. In consequence the following
+    circular was issued by the post-office department, and no more of
+    these values could be obtained from any licensed vendor.
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA,
+       POSTAGE STAMP BRANCH,
+                              OTTAWA, 26th June, 1897.
+
+    SIR,--With reference to the numerous demands upon this office for
+    the 1/2 c. and 6c. Jubilee stamps, I am directed to explain that the
+    respective quantities of Jubilee stamps ordered bear, relatively,
+    the same proportions to the actual requirements of the Postal
+    Service, but the tendency to exhaust the HALVES and SIXES has
+    increased to such a degree, that it has become necessary to restrict
+    their sale to the purchasers of full sets. Hence I am to express the
+    Postmaster-General's regret that he is unable, having regard to the
+    limited character of the Jubilee issue, to comply with any requests
+    for the 1/2c or 6c denomination, apart from those for full sets.
+    These sets may be obtained as long as the series of Jubilee stamps
+    lasts, but as the demands upon it are unusually heavy, it would be
+    advisable to apply for full sets at the earliest possible moment.
+
+    When Postmasters obtain such sets to fill orders actual or
+    prospective at their respective offices, they must not, in any case,
+    break the sets.
+
+    I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,
+
+  E. P. STANTON, _Superintendent_.
+
+    P. S.--Under no circumstances will there be any issue of Jubilee
+    stamps, beyond the limits mentioned in the accompanying extract from
+    Hansard, containing the Postmaster-General's statement on the
+    subject.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    It was necessary to print 3,000 copies of the foregoing circular in
+    order to reply to all the demands on the department at Ottawa for
+    1/2 c. and 6 c.
+
+[123] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, X: 54.
+
+Not only were the sales of the 1/2 and 6 cent stamps thus restricted,
+but notices were posted in the offices that none of the 1/2c., 6c., 8c.,
+$1.00, $2.00, $3.00, $4.00, or $5.00 stamps would be sold unless the
+whole set were taken. This proceeding naturally resulted in considerably
+more protest on the part of stamp collectors and the public (?). Rumor
+had it just after the issue was placed on sale that the 8 cent stamp had
+been withdrawn, which probably accounts for the "run" upon that value
+and its inclusion in the above restrictions. In fact a correspondent of
+_Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_, writing from Winnipeg, Man., on 25th June,
+stated that "a sensation was caused amongst those interested by the
+government on Tuesday [22nd June] recalling, by wire, all the 8c. stamps
+of the new issue on hand at this office." This was later explained by a
+letter published in the _Weekly Philatelic Era_:[124]--
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA,
+       POSTAGE STAMP BRANCH,
+                              OTTAWA, 29th July, 1897.
+
+    SIR,--In reply to your letter of the 26th inst., I am directed to
+    say that the question of issuing partial sets of Jubilee stamps is
+    now under the consideration of the Department. In respect to the
+    recall of the 8 c. Jubilee stamps, I may say that it was but a
+    partial one, and intended to render possible a re-distribution of
+    that stamp on a basis more in accordance with the actual demand
+    therefor.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+  I am, Sir,
+      Your obdt. servant,
+          E. P. STANTON,
+               Superintendent.
+
+
+[124] =Weekly Philatelic Era=, XI: 416.
+
+Under date of 31st July it was announced from Ottawa that "the demand
+for complete sets has been very large, about nine thousand sets having
+already been issued".[125] The "partial sets" referred to in the above
+letter were the next step in the unbending process, the decision to put
+them on sale having been reached on 31st July, and their issue to the
+public beginning on 4th August. Concerning this concession Mr. Donald A.
+King says:[126]--
+
+    So soon as the demand for these [complete] sets was, to some extent
+    satisfied, the department yielding to another class of enquiries and
+    requests for sets up to and including the 50 cents and $1.00
+    respectively, made a distribution of such sets, the numbers being
+    apportioned upon a basis of the revenue of each money order office
+    throughout the Dominion. Between 30,000 and 40,000 sets were thus
+    distributed, and rapidly sold, as a very large number of requests
+    for further supplies came in from the different offices. The
+    following is the circular sent to postmasters regulating the sale of
+    these partial sets:
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT. CANADA,
+       POSTAGE STAMP BRANCH,
+                                OTTAWA, [August] 1897.
+
+    SIR.--I am directed to transmit to you the accompanying partial sets
+    of Jubilee stamps. These sets consist of two kinds: one from a 1/2c.
+    to $1.00 (value $2.20-1/2), the other from 1/2c. to 50c. (value
+    $1.20-1/2). You are instructed to sell these stamps as sets, and as
+    sets only, representations having been made to the department that
+    in various parts of the Dominion there is a desire to obtain such
+    sets for souvenir purposes. You must not, under any circumstances,
+    break a set; for, besides the disappointment that such a course
+    would cause, you would render yourself liable to loss, the
+    department having decided not to allow credit for any broken sets
+    returned to it by a postmaster who, notwithstanding the instructions
+    herein given, sells any denominations of the stamps making up a set
+    apart from the rest.
+
+    I am also to ask you to use your best judgment in the sale of these
+    sets, checking, as far as possible, any attempt on the part of
+    speculators to monopolize them, and thus securing as general a
+    distribution of such sets in your vicinity as the circumstances may
+    permit. To enable you to make change in connection with the sale of
+    the enclosed sets I include a sufficient quantity of ordinary 1/2 c.
+    postage stamps.
+
+    I may add that the accompanying supply has been based strictly upon
+    the annual revenue of your office, and, having regard to the total
+    number of sets available and the extent of their distribution,
+    represents that proportion to which you are entitled.
+
+    I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,
+
+                      E. P. STANTON, _Superintendent_.
+  THE POSTMASTER.
+
+[125] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XI: 78.
+
+[126] =Monthly Journal=, VIII: 178.
+
+For disingenuousness, for pathetic regard for the public and the
+postmaster, and yet withal a keen eye for the "interests" of the
+department, this circular is a model which should be preserved for
+posterity--and "businesslike" post office departments.
+
+Mr. King continues:--
+
+    The demand for the small sets was so great that the supply was
+    exhausted almost all at once, and in reply to repeated requests for
+    more sets the department issued the following circular:--#/
+
+                POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.
+  (_Office of the Superintendent of the Postage Stamp Branch_).
+                                                    Ottawa,... 1897.
+
+    SIR,--The partial sets of Jubilee stamps already issued to your
+    office constituted its share of these sets, having regard to their
+    limited number and the area of their distribution, which comprised
+    all the money order offices in the Dominion.
+
+    Except a reserve for complete sets (from 1/2c. to $5.00 inclusive,
+    cost $16.20-1/2) there is not a Jubilee stamp left in the
+    department--all having been issued to postmasters. The plates, I may
+    add, were destroyed on the 10th September instant.
+
+    I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,
+
+                             E. P. STANTON, _Superintendent_.
+  THE POSTMASTER.
+
+
+
+Such is the history of the Diamond Jubilee set of Canadian stamps. We
+make no comment on it--it seems as if none were necessary and that the
+presentation is amply sufficient for each to judge for himself
+concerning it. We will only add Major Evans sapient remark[127]: "All
+the trouble was the natural result of pretending to treat a
+commemorative and limited issue as if it had been an ordinary and
+permanent one. Ordinary common sense should have suggested the issue of
+large supplies of the lowest value, and a certain number of all values
+to every office."
+
+[127] =Monthly Journal=, VIII: 230.
+
+To revert to the stamps themselves. We have already given a description
+of the design in one of our previous quotations, but it needs to be
+amended in one or two particulars. The portrait of Queen Victoria
+labelled "1837" on the stamp will be recognized as identical with that
+on the old 12 pence and later 7-1/2 pence values. In fact Mr. Wurtele
+tells us[128] that a prominent Montreal collector, whose advice was
+asked when the issue was under consideration, gave the government a
+magnificent unused copy of the 7-1/2d. green, to be used in engraving
+the picture. It does not, as stated, show Her Majesty on her coronation
+day, but is from the painting representing her on the occasion of the
+prorogation of Parliament, on 17th July, 1837, as already
+described.[129] The portrait labelled "1897" is from a full length
+painting executed by command in 1886 by Prof. Von Angelo of Vienna. It
+represents Her Majesty as she appeared on the assumption of the title
+"Empress of India", and the curious may find the entire figure copied on
+the 3 pence post card of Great Britain issued in 1889, and also on the
+1 penny card of 1892. This State portrait of the Queen is now in
+Buckingham Palace. The crown at the top center of the stamp is not the
+Imperial State Crown of Great Britain but the so-called Tudor Crown. The
+Imperial Crown is well illustrated on the 3 pence and 5 cent "beaver"
+stamps, and a comparison with the Jubilee issue will plainly show the
+difference in the "style" of these two crowns.
+
+[128] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, X: 63.
+
+[129] See page 33.
+
+Our illustration (No. 34 on Plate II) shows a sample of the whole set,
+the only variation, outside of the color, being the denomination in the
+label at the bottom. This is in each case expressed in words. The stamps
+are beautifully engraved on steel as usual, and are printed on stout
+wove paper and perforated 12. The values from 1/2 cent through 5 cents
+were printed in sheets of 100, ten rows of ten. Above the 5 cent, that
+is from 6 cents through 5 dollars, they were printed in sheets of 50,
+ten horizontal rows of five stamps each. The marginal inscriptions are
+very meagre, consisting merely of "OTTAWA--No--1" (or some other plate
+number) in hair-line Roman capitals 2-1/2 mm. high, at the top of the
+sheet only. The inscription is 40 mm. long, being centered over stamps 5
+and 6 of the top row in the sheets of 100, and over stamp number 3 in
+the sheets of 50. This is the first time that plate numbers appear on
+the sheets of Canadian postage stamps, and it is well to record them.
+Taking them serially we find the plates of the various values were made
+as follows:--
+
+  Plate 1    3 cents
+        2    3   "
+        3    3   "
+        4    3   "
+        5    1   "
+        6    1   "
+        7    2   "
+        8    2   "
+        9  1/2   "
+       10    5   "
+       11    3   "
+       12    3   "
+       13    3   "
+       14    3   "
+       15    1   "
+       16    1   "
+       17    6 cents
+       18   15   "
+       19   10   "
+       20    8   "
+       21   20   "
+       22    4 dollars
+       23   50 cents
+       24    3 dollars
+       25    5   "
+       26    2   "
+       27    1   "
+       28    3 cents
+       29    3   "
+       30    3   "
+       31    3   "
+
+The colors, which will be found in the Reference List, are quite
+constant, as would be expected. The principal variation is only one of
+tone in a few values.
+
+A newspaper despatch from Ottawa tells us that "A return brought down
+to-day shows that the cost of printing the jubilee stamp was 20 cents
+per thousand."[130]
+
+[130] =Post Office=, IX: 37.
+
+Considerable criticism was naturally aroused by the inclusion of the
+values from one to five dollars, and outside of the palpable attempt to
+"make capital" from stamp collectors and others, it was claimed that the
+four and five dollar values were useless, as the "highest amount that
+can _possibly_ be required on a parcel sent by mail from Canada is $3.59
+(including registration). This owing to limitations of weight, etc., and
+the highest amount that can be required on a letter is $1.65".[131] An
+"official" replied[132] that "very frequently parcels leave the Toronto
+Post Office with $15 and $20 postage on them, and in some cases the
+postage has reached the amount of $63. There is another way in which the
+$4 and $5 stamps may be used, viz.:--in second class rate books. Canada
+does not issue Newspaper or Periodical stamps so these two high values
+can be used in this way."
+
+[131] =Weekly Philatelic Era=, XI: 383.
+
+[132] =ibid.=, XI: 406.
+
+Someone wrote the Postmaster General, quoting the above letter and
+asking further particulars. The reply stated[133] that "the regulations
+do not fix any limit to the weight of letters.... According to the
+regulations of this Department 'Second Class Matter' comprises
+newspapers and periodicals addressed to regular subscribers, (including
+sample copies) and that, postage being payable upon such matter at a
+bulk rate of 1c. per lb., the stamps required for prepayment are not
+affixed to the packages, but are placed in small books and cancelled.
+The books for this purpose are supplied by the Department to all Post
+Offices where they are required." This was analogous to the practice in
+the United States, only regular postage stamps were employed instead of
+special newspaper and periodical stamps. As a matter of fact the high
+value Jubilee stamps, which later became a drug on the market, were
+largely used for this purpose. Mr. King confirms the fact of large
+postage payments:[134] "I have seen packages originating at and passing
+through the post office here [Halifax] that had from $12.00 to $15.00
+postage on them ... and the case can be recalled of a letter on which
+$40 was prepaid."
+
+[133] =ibid.=, XI: 426.
+
+[134] =Monthly Journal=, VIII: 177.
+
+The question of the unlimited validity of the Jubilee stamps for postage
+was also brought up, doubtless because of the temporary nature of their
+issue, and a special circular was issued touching this point, of which
+the following is a copy:[135]--
+
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.
+       POSTAGE STAMP BRANCH.
+                              OTTAWA, 24th June, 1897.
+
+    SIR--I am directed to send you for your information and guidance,
+    the following statement, which has just been given to the press:
+
+    "Enquiry having been made at the Post Office Department as to
+    whether the Canadian Jubilee Postage Stamps would continue good as
+    postage for a limited period only, it has been officially stated
+    that the Jubilee stamp will remain valid for postage purposes so
+    long as they may continue in circulation. _They will not, however,
+    be redeemed by the Department, a distinction being drawn in this
+    respect between them and the ordinary postage stamps._"
+
+  I am Sir,
+      Your obedient Servant,
+          E. P. STANTON,
+               Superintendent.
+
+
+[135] =Weekly Philatelic Era= XII: 210.
+
+A curious case of splits is recorded from the _Sussex, N. B.,
+News_:[136]--
+
+    The _Railway News_ last week on account of not receiving permission
+    from the Post-Master General to allow papers to go through the mails
+    free, was compelled to pay postage. No half cent stamps being
+    available, the post office department allowed one cent stamps to be
+    cut in halves for postage. This is the first time on record we
+    believe where such was allowed and the stamps have been eagerly
+    sought after, one dollar being paid for a single stamp with the post
+    office stamp on it. The _News_ will pay twenty-five cents each for
+    the one cent Jubilee stamps cut in halves bearing the post office
+    stamp of November 5th, 6th, or 8th, which was allowed to pass
+    through the mails on that date owing to there being no regular half
+    cent stamps obtainable.
+
+[136] =ibid.=, XII: 96.
+
+The 1 cent ordinary also did duty at some offices for like reasons, but
+the practice was not approved from headquarters, as postmasters were
+officially instructed in such cases to use whole 1 cent stamps and get a
+refund on the difference in value.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It may be recalled that one of our quotations stated that the first set
+of Jubilee stamps printed would be presented to the "Prince of York"--a
+slip for the "Duke of York," afterwards Prince of Wales, and now His
+Most Gracious Majesty King George V. An account of this presentation
+set may not be without interest here:[137]--
+
+    A very unique and handsome piece of work is the postal portfolio
+    which is to be presented to His Royal Highness, the Duke of York, by
+    the Dominion Government, and which is on exhibition in the window of
+    Kyrie Brothers, Jewelers, Toronto. The portfolio is in the form of
+    an album, the cover of which is of royal blue morocco leather,
+    handsomely decorated in gold. In the center of the front cover is a
+    raised shield in white on which are the words in gold letters,
+    "Dominion of Canada, Diamond Jubilee Postage Stamps, 22nd June,
+    1897." The corners of the portfolio are decorated with guards of
+    Canadian gold made from British Columbia and Ramey district ore. The
+    right hand upper corner decoration is a design of maple leaves, and
+    the lower corner of English oak leaves and acorns. The portfolio is
+    fastened with a clasp of Canadian gold in the form of oak leaves,
+    while the bracket on the front holding the clasps in position is
+    entwined with maple leaves with the monogram of H. R. H. the Duke of
+    York--G. F. E. A.--George Frederick Ernest Albert. On the third page
+    is the inscription, "This collection of postage stamps issued at
+    Ottawa by the Dominion of Canada in commemoration of the Diamond
+    Jubilee of Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria is presented to
+    H. R. H. the Duke of York, K. G., by the Government of Canada,
+    1897." The last page of this unique stamp album will contain the
+    certificate of the destruction of the dies and plates in the
+    presence of Hon. Wm. Mulock, postmaster-general of Canada.... This
+    is probably the dearest stamp album in the world, and contains only
+    a single specimen of each denomination of the jubilee issue.
+
+[137] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, X: 28
+
+It will be noted that the Superintendent's last circular concerning the
+exhaustion of the Jubilee stamps stated that the plates had been
+destroyed. An eye witness sent _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_ (X: 166) an
+account of the process which is interesting enough to reproduce.
+
+    On Friday afternoon, Sept. 10th, ... I presented myself at the
+    Post-Office Department and joined a party who were just leaving the
+    building to go over to the American Bank Note Co's. building, a
+    couple of blocks away.... Arriving, we were conducted to the top
+    floor by the manager. The plates, dies, etc., were brought out by
+    those in charge, and the seventeen original dies after inspection by
+    those present were placed one by one under a press and an
+    obliterating roller passed over them several times: proofs were then
+    pulled which faintly showed the outline of the ovals, etc., but the
+    words showing the value could not even be made out. Next the rolls
+    for transferring the impression from the dies to the plates came in
+    for their share of attention. There were nineteen of them, and a few
+    burns from an emery wheel quickly put each one "out of sight". The
+    plates, 31 in number, were subjected to the same treatment as the
+    dies and the total time occupied in the destruction of the various
+    parts occupied almost two hours.
+
+The Postmaster General's Report for the 30th June, 1897, reprints the
+extract from the _Canadian Hansard_ of 20th May, which we have already
+given.[138] The stamp accounts show a few curious things. In the first
+place the announcement of the issue gave the quantity of 8 cent stamps
+as 200,000. The accounts for 1897 give the number received from the
+manufacturers as 240,000, and we find in the column headed "Returned by
+Postmasters as unfit for use," 40,000 copies, and in the column headed
+"Stamps destroyed as unfit for use", a like amount! When the Post Office
+Department estimates for the ensuing year were being discussed in
+Parliament in May, 1898, the following interpellation occurred and was
+replied to by the Postmaster General:[139]--
+
+    _Mr. Ingram._ I notice that 40,000 eight cent stamps were returned
+    by the postmasters as unfit for use, and that 40,000 were destroyed
+    as unfit for use.
+
+    _The Postmaster-General._ The explanation of that is this: The total
+    number issued was limited to the schedule mentioned in the answer
+    that I gave to Parliament. By a mistake a larger quantity was
+    delivered to the department, and before it was discovered the
+    department had distributed a larger quantity than was mentioned in
+    the schedule.[140] They discovered it when the mail had gone out,
+    and at once recalled the over-issue. Of course they were at once
+    destroyed, so as to keep the amount within the figure named by
+    Parliament.
+
+    _Mr. Ingram._ Then it was not through stamps being unfit?
+
+    _The Postmaster-General._ I do not know how it is worded there;
+    "Unfit for use" is not a proper description. There was not one stamp
+    in excess of the limit stated in Parliament that got into the hands
+    of the public. There was that little error I speak of, but it was
+    detected at once and corrected, and of course the extra amount was
+    at once destroyed--I suppose by the Auditor-General and by Mr.
+    Stanton of the stamp department.
+
+[138] See page 148.
+
+[139] =Monthly Journal=, VIII: 230.
+
+[140] The stamp accounts show that 223,600 8 cent stamps had been
+"issued to postmasters" previous to 30th June, 1897.
+
+Well, perhaps the excess did not reach the public, but the stamp
+accounts exhibit a peculiar coincidence in connection therewith. The
+tables of receipt and issue of stamp supplies for 1897, as already
+stated, contain the memos of the return of 40,000 8 cent stamps, by
+postmasters, and their destruction. The tables for 1898 contain two
+columns, one of stamps returned by postmasters, "unfit for use", and the
+other "fit for use". The former were supposed to be destroyed, the
+latter placed in stock again. Now note: the values from 1/2 cent to 50
+cents inclusive, "fit for use", were returned in quantities varying from
+200 to 250 copies, with two exceptions; the dollar values in quantities
+from 400 to 675. The two exceptions were the 6 cent at 1,148 copies,
+_and the 8 cent at 42,300 copies_!! This last figure looks so familiar
+that we cannot help wondering whether a second call had been sent out
+for the return of 40,000 _more_ of the 8 cent, subsequent to the closing
+of the 1897 accounts, or if (which seems more probable) the first return
+had not been slipped into stock instead of being actually destroyed, and
+reappeared thus in the 1898 accounts! _Quien sabe?_
+
+All the other values to and including the 2 dollars, were received in
+their proper amounts and were all issued to postmasters, the last record
+of the series from 1/2 cent to 1 dollar, inclusive, appearing in the
+1900 Report. The figures for the dollar values prove rather interesting
+so we give them here:--
+
+                                                            1905     Ret'd and
+                 1897.   1898.  1899.  1900.  1901.  Total. On hand. Destroyed.
+  $1.00 received 7,500  15,000  2,400   100   ...    25,000    ...        94
+        issued   5,830  16,771  3,599   500   ...    26,700
+
+  $2.00 received 7,500   5,000    ...  6,000  6,500  25,000    ...        66
+        issued   5,830   4,334    888  7,225  8,775  27,052
+
+  $3.00 received 7,500   5,000    ...   500   1,000  14,000   2,650    1,835
+        issued   5,830   4,044    591 1,700   1,250  13,415
+
+  $4.00 received 7,500   5,000    ...   500   2,000  15,000   3,050    2,013
+        issued   5,830   3,945    640 1,675   1,775  13,865
+
+  $5.00 received 7,500   5,000    ...   500   3,000  16,000   2,100    1,240
+        issued   5,830   3,844    689 2,075   3,325  15,763
+
+Comment:--The three highest dollar values were apparently never
+delivered to their full requisition--25,000 each. All but the 1 dollar
+were issued in goodly numbers in 1901,--four years after their first
+appearance! The 1 and 2 dollar stamps were both issued to an amount of
+about 2,000 more than were received from the manufacturers, but this
+excess is easily explained by the reissue of stamps returned by
+postmasters and placed again in stock. The entire issue drops out of
+sight with the 1901 Report, but the 1905 Report suddenly presents the
+figures given for the three high values still on hand, and records 30 of
+the 5 dollar stamps turned in for destruction. Once more, in the 1909
+Report, we find 1,783 of the 3 dollar, 1,954 of the 4 dollar and 1,151
+of the 5 dollar stamps returned for destruction, so that allowing for
+the total number destroyed and the amount on hand (which may be) we have
+for the actual issue of the three high values, instead of 25,000 each,
+but 9,515 of the 3 dollar, 9,937 of the 4 dollar and 12,660 of the 5
+dollar stamps.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+THE "MAPLE LEAF" ISSUE OF 1897
+
+
+Rumors of a new issue, as we know, had been "in the air" ever since the
+change in the contractors for supplying stamps had been announced. Of
+course the Jubilee issue was a special affair, and for a time
+sidetracked other considerations. A new permanent series was not
+forgotten, however, and under "Ottawa Notes" in the _Weekly Philatelic
+Era_ for October 9, 1897, we find the following advance information
+concerning it:--
+
+    A new general issue of Canadian postage stamps is imminent, being
+    necessitated by the fact that the present Liberal government has
+    entered into a new contract for engraving and printing Dominion
+    treasury notes, postage and revenue stamps, and in short, all
+    government matter. The previous contractors were the British
+    American Bank Note Co. of Montreal.... When the bids for a renewal
+    of the engraving contract were opened last winter, it was found that
+    the American Bank Note Company of New York were the lowest bidders,
+    and that they bound themselves in the event of the acceptance of
+    their tender to build and equip a printing establishment in Ottawa,
+    in compliance with the conditions of the bids. Their tender was
+    accepted and they have carried out their undertaking by building a
+    commodious and fully equipped establishment near that of their
+    rivals on Wellington Street. Of the new presses the Jubilee issue of
+    postage stamps were the first fruits. The impending general issue
+    will be required as soon as the existing stock of the current issue
+    is exhausted, and it is rumored that the supply of some values is
+    running low.
+
+    This much is announced,--that the design for the new issue has been
+    decided upon; that the center of the stamp will contain a portrait
+    of the Queen taken at the time of the Jubilee, approved and signed
+    by the Queen as the best existing likeness of her, and that our
+    national emblem, the maple leaf, will appear in the corners--not the
+    unnatural and misshapen leaf that appears on the Jubilee issue, but
+    the real article, copied from actual leaves gathered on Parliament
+    hill. This would indicate that there will be only one die for all
+    the values, but I have as yet no information as to size, colours, or
+    details.
+
+A couple of weeks later a circular was sent to postmasters announcing
+the new stamps, etc., of which the following is a copy:[141]--
+
+    Circular to Postmaster.
+
+  NEW ISSUE OF POSTAGE STAMPS, ETC.
+
+    The Postmaster-General has made arrangements for a new issue of
+    postage stamps, letter cards, stamped envelopes, post cards and post
+    bands. These will be supplied to postmasters in the usual way.
+
+    Postmasters are, however, instructed not to sell the stamps of any
+    denomination of the new issue until the stamps of the corresponding
+    denomination of the present issue are disposed of. The filling of
+    requisitions by the Postage Stamp Branch will be regulated by the
+    same principle--that is to say, no item of the proposed issue will
+    be sent out until the corresponding item of the present issue has
+    been exhausted.
+
+    To conform to the requirements of the International Postal Union,
+    the color of the new 1c. stamp will be green and that of the 5c.
+    stamp a deep blue.
+
+                                R. M. COULTER,
+                                          Deputy Postmaster-General.
+  Post-Office Department, Canada.
+      Ottawa, 25th October, 1897.
+
+[141] =American Journal of Philately=, 2nd Series, X: 502.
+
+These instructions were followed out, and the issue of the new series
+was thus stretched over a considerable length of time. The first to
+appear was the 1/2 cent, two weeks after the date of the above circular.
+The circumstances of its d['e]but are told under "Ottawa Notes" in the
+_Weekly Philatelic Era_:[142]--
+
+    The half cent stamp of the new issue was placed on sale today [9th
+    November, 1897], its appearance having been precipitated by events
+    over which the postal authorities had no control.... The
+    philatelists, anticipating an early exhaustion of the old half cent
+    stamp, helped the thing along by quietly but assiduously buying in
+    every copy in sight. As a consequence the stock ran down much faster
+    than that of other values, and a few weeks ago orders were issued
+    that no more were to be sold to the public, but that publishers
+    entitled to the half cent rate should take their papers to the
+    post-offices and there have the stamps affixed by the staff. Even
+    that did not save the distance [_sic_]. I hear that in Montreal it
+    was found necessary to use cent stamps to prepay the half cent
+    rate.[143] Fortunately for the reputation of Canadian stamps, these
+    stamps were not over-printed with new value, and we have been spared
+    a surcharge. However, the postal authorities hurried forward the
+    printing and circulation of the new issue, in that value at least,
+    and it is an accomplished fact.
+
+[142] =Weekly Philatelic Era=, XII: 86.
+
+[143] See page 156.
+
+The next value to appear was the 6 cent, which was announced in the
+_Weekly Philatelic Era_ under date of 4th December, 1897 as having been
+put in circulation. Following closely upon this came the 1, 2, 5 and 8
+cent stamps, and in January, 1898 the 3 and 10 cent.
+
+The new stamps were very simple in design, the central oval containing a
+portrait of Queen Victoria copied from a photograph by W. & D. Downey of
+London, taken at the time of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations. CANADA
+POSTAGE and the value in words only appear in Egyptian capitals on the
+oval frame to the portrait, and each spandrel is occupied by a maple
+leaf. Much criticism was engendered by the fact that the portrait was
+too large for its frame, making the design appear cramped and thus
+giving a disappointing effect to what otherwise might have proved a most
+neat and effective stamp. [Illustration No. 36 on Plate II].
+
+The stamps were as usual line engraved on steel, and printed on the same
+stout white wove paper that was employed for the Jubilee issue, as well
+as on a thinner and more brittle quality. The 5 cent, for the first time
+in Canadian philatelic history, appeared on a colored paper, the stock
+having a decidedly bluish tint. The perforation was the regulation gauge
+12. But one irregularity seems to be known, and that is the 5 cents
+imperforate, a block of four of which we are able to illustrate as No.
+112 on Plate X.
+
+The sheet arrangement was intended to be the usual block of 100
+impressions, ten by ten, but the Ottawa correspondent of the _Weekly
+Philatelic Era_ tells us that in the case of the 1/2 cent stamp the
+first plate was twice this size.
+
+    By some misunderstanding the contractors, the American Bank Note
+    Co., set the sheet up with 200 stamps, and the first five hundred
+    sheets were so printed. The sheets were afterwards cut in two
+    through the imprint, and we have these half sheets with a close
+    imperforated margin on either the left or right edge. Afterwards
+    sheets of 100 stamps were issued, all the stamps perforated on all
+    four sides. Plate number collectors will find the earliest sheets
+    difficult to obtain. Both sheets bear the plate number 1.[144]
+
+[144] =Weekly Philatelic Era=, XII: 132.
+
+The imprint on the sheets was the same as that on the Jubilee sheets,
+OTTAWA--No--1, etc., but instead of numbering the plates all
+consecutively, each denomination began its own series with "No 1." The
+imprint is placed in the top margin only, over the middle two stamps (5
+and 6) of the top row. In the case of the 14 cent stamps each style of
+the first two plates was numbered "1". The plate of 200 impressions was
+arranged in ten horizontal rows of twenty stamps each, thus bringing the
+imprint over stamps 10 and 11 of the top row, and as it was between
+these that the large sheets were severed, the imprint was cut in two in
+the process. All the other values were made up in sheets of 100 only.
+
+For the information of plate number collectors we give a list of such
+numbers as we have been able to ascertain.
+
+  1/2 cent, No.  1 (2 plates).
+   1   "    Nos. 1, 2.
+   2   "    Nos. 1, 2, 3.
+   3   "    Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
+   5   "    No.  1,.
+   6   "    No.  1.
+   8   "    No.  1.
+  10   "    No.  1.
+
+The quantity of each value issued before they were replaced by the
+stamps with numerals is stated to have been as follows:[145]--
+
+  1/2 cent          2,000,000
+   1   "           34,000,000
+   2   "           12,000,000
+   3   "           44,000,000
+   5   "            3,500,000
+   6   "              500,000
+   8   "            1,400,000
+  10   "              500,000
+
+[145] =Metropolitan Philatelist=, X: 117.
+
+A similar variation is found in the dimensions of these stamps to that
+occurring in the 7-1/2 d. and 10d. stamps and the issue of 1868, and has
+caused quite a little comment from those unfamiliar with this
+phenomenon. As much as 1/2 mm. in the vertical measurements can be found
+between many stamps. The cause is of course the uneven shrinking of the
+dampened paper when drying after being printed upon. This was fully
+discussed in an earlier chapter.[146] As the paper in the present
+instance is very similar in quality to that used for printing the
+United States stamps, in which the same peculiarity occurs, we will
+quote Mr. Melville's comment on the subject:[147]--
+
+    As we have said, the paper is impressed when damp.... This
+    wetting-down business has another effect which has always puzzled
+    philatelists. The wet paper is taken into a hot room to dry, and in
+    drying it contracts. The contraction is not uniform and the
+    philatelist in trying to prove the existence of more than one
+    original die will pin his faith to the idea that if the varieties
+    noticeable were due to contraction of the paper the contraction
+    would be proportionate on all sides of the stamp. This is not the
+    case however.
+
+    Paper, when absorbing moisture, expands more in one direction than
+    the other. The direction of greater expansion is what is technically
+    known as the "cross direction", and is the direction _across_ the
+    flow of pulp in the paper making machine. During the flow of the
+    pulp the bulk of the fibres lie parallel with the movement of the
+    wire gauze, and it is a scientific fact that the diameter of a fibre
+    is increased by absorption of water much more than is the length.
+    The subsequent shrinking on drying also is uneven.
+
+[146] See page 53 =et seq.=
+
+[147] =United States Postage Stamps=, 1894-1910, page 16.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Postmaster General's Report for 1897 says:--
+
+    The contract with the British American Bank Note Company expired on
+    the 22nd April, 1897, and a contract was entered into with the
+    American Bank Note Company for the manufacture and supply of postage
+    stamps &c. An estimate of the probable ordinary requirements for the
+    next fiscal year and the comparison based thereon between the old
+    and the present rates show that, under the new contract, stamp
+    supplies will cost the department, say, $10,000 per annum less than
+    under the old contract, a reduction in outlay of about 20%.
+
+It is also noted that during 1896-7 electric cancelling ("mail marking")
+machines were introduced, six of which were rented and installed in the
+Montreal Post Office and one at Ottawa.
+
+The reduction in the domestic letter rate from 3 cents to 2 cents per
+ounce is forecasted, as well as a proposed reduction from 5 cents to 2
+cents per 1/2 ounce on letters between Great Britain and many of her
+colonial possessions. This will be more thoroughly discussed later.
+
+Concerning the postal changes we have been considering the report
+says:--
+
+    Owing to the change of contract for the manufacture and supply of
+    postage stamps, a new series of stamps became necessary at the
+    beginning of the present fiscal year. New stamps ranging in value
+    from the 1/2 cent to the 10 cent denomination (inclusive) were
+    printed, and the first supplies thereof sent out to postmasters as
+    the corresponding denominations of the old stamps became exhausted.
+    A considerable quantity of the higher values of that series (15
+    cents, 20 cents and 50 cents) remaining over from the late contract,
+    these three stamps continued to be issued, so that the department,
+    previous to the introduction of the same denominations in the new
+    series, might, in accordance with the universal practice, dispose of
+    the old stamps in each case before issuing any of the new. The
+    design of the new stamps is of a uniform character, and consists of
+    an engraved copy (reduced) of an authorized photograph of Her
+    Majesty taken during the Diamond Jubilee year. This, placed within
+    an oval bearing the usual inscriptions, is enclosed in a rectangular
+    frame, a maple leaf on a lined ground occupying each of the
+    triangular spaces between the two frames. To conform to the
+    regulations of the Universal Postal Union, the colour of the new 1
+    cent stamp is green, and that of the 5 cents a deep blue. This
+    necessitated corresponding changes in the colours of the other
+    stamps of the new series; for example, purple, instead of green,
+    being selected for the 2 cent denomination, and orange instead of
+    slate for the 8 cent.
+
+The special delivery system was also introduced, and will be treated of
+later.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+THE "NUMERALS" ISSUE, 1898-1902
+
+
+Hardly had the "maple leaf" issue gotten generally into use before
+complaints began to be heard about the difficulty of distinguishing the
+different values. The _Weekly Philatelic Era_ for June 4, 1898, quotes a
+plaint of this character as follows:--
+
+    The Toronto _World_ says: "We take the liberty of suggesting to the
+    Postmaster-General that we have a large figure indicating the value
+    in cents of the various issues of Canadian stamps. It is hard to
+    make them out at present."
+
+    This is only one of the numerous complaints made daily against our
+    new issue. Some changes ought to be made.
+
+But the _Metropolitan Philatelist_ in its issue for April 2, 1898, had
+already given information of an impending change which in the main
+proved correct. It says:--
+
+    Much dissatisfaction is expressed by the French speaking inhabitants
+    of the rural parts at the lack of figures of value on the stamps,
+    the denomination in all cases being printed in English which they
+    are unable to understand. It has, therefore, been decided to alter
+    the new stamps by removing the maple leaves from the lower corners
+    and inserting large numerals of value in their place. The space
+    occupied by the head will also be somewhat enlarged and the value
+    will be placed on a straight band below.
+
+All of which transpired save the placing of the value on the "straight
+band". In the issue of the _American Journal of Philately_ for June 1,
+1898, a Canadian correspondent reported: "I saw yesterday the proof of
+the new Canadian stamps. The frame is slightly changed and the value in
+figures is at the bottom on each side of the stamp, in place of the
+maple leaves." No date is given, but it was doubtless early in May.
+Finally _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_ reported the actual issue of the 1
+cent and 3 cent stamps, stating that a Montreal correspondent had
+purchased them at the post office on June 21st, which was doubtless
+their approximate date of issue.
+
+No further news of the numeral set is recorded until the issue of the
+_Weekly Philatelic Era_ for September 17th, wherein its Toronto
+correspondent says that "Last week the 2c. purple with numerals in lower
+corners made its debut, a few days later the 1/2c arrived similarly
+altered, followed closely by the 6c." This evidently puts the issue of
+these three values within the first ten days of September. The 8 cent
+was recorded in the same paper for October 15th, so that it must have
+been issued about the first of the month. The 10 cent did not make its
+appearance until November, being noticed under the "Toronto Letter" in
+the _Weekly Philatelic Era_ for November 19th, so that again it was
+doubtless the early part of the month that saw its advent.
+
+For six months nothing further was heard of new "numeral" stamps, when
+finally the 5 cent, which was the one value lacking to complete the set
+in its altered form, made its appearance on July 3, 1899, according to a
+correspondent of _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_.[148]
+
+[148] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XIII: 265.
+
+The new type of stamp, as already stated, was merely an alteration of
+the preceding "maple leaf" design, due to two criticisms--that no
+numerals were shown, making it often difficult without a close look to
+tell the denomination, and bothersome to the large population of French
+origin who did not speak English; and that the portrait was too large
+for its oval frame, giving a somewhat cramped effect. In the new design,
+illustrated as number 40 on Plate II, the first objection was met by
+placing the proper numerals in small squares in the lower corners, which
+necessitated the removal of the maple leaves from the lower spandrels;
+and the second objection was met by enlarging the oval frame containing
+the portrait, thus giving a much better effect. To do this the oval was
+extended to the outside of the stamp, cutting the rectangular border
+lines instead of lying wholly within them, as in the design it
+superseded.
+
+The stamps were of course line engraved on steel and printed in the
+usual sheets of 100, ten rows of ten. The imprint was the same as on the
+last issue, and the plates again began with No. 1 for each denomination.
+As far as we have been able to ascertain, the plate numbers are as
+follows:--
+
+  1/2 cent       No. 1.
+   1   "          "  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
+   2   "          "  1, 2, 3, 4.
+   3   "          "  1, 2, 3, 4.
+   5   "          "  1, 2, 3.
+   6   "          "  1.
+   8   "          "  1.
+  10   "          "  1.
+
+
+
+There were of course many more plates of the 1 cent stamp, at least,
+which remained in use for five years, and probably several more of the
+2, 3, and 10 cent, but there seems to have been very little interest in
+Canada in keeping track of these.
+
+But during the life of this series there were important changes taking
+place which were reflected in the stamp issues, and we must keep track
+of them.
+
+In the first place, the Hon. William Mulock, the Canadian
+Postmaster-General, was a firm believer in and an active agitator for
+Imperial Penny Postage. At the Imperial Conference on Postal Rates in
+London, in July, 1898, the project was carried through, and a rate of
+one penny (2 cents) per half ounce established by certain colonies in
+connection with the Mother Country, to take effect on Christmas Day of
+1898. Concerning this we shall have more to say in the next chapter; but
+meanwhile Canada's domestic rate stood at 3 cents per ounce or fraction,
+in spite of attempts to reduce it, particularly since the United States
+had lowered its internal rate in 1883. The anomaly would be presented
+under such conditions of a letter mailed from one town to another in
+Canada costing three cents, even if weighing a half ounce or less, while
+the same letter could cross to Great Britain and travel to Cape Colony,
+for instance, on payment of but two cents postage.
+
+The agitation and the London conference evidently had their effect, for
+on the 13th June, 1898, a bill[149] in amendment of the Post Office Act
+was assented to in Parliament which substituted 2 cents for 3 cents as
+the domestic postage rate per ounce weight. It also provided that the
+new rate should not take effect until a date to be named by the Governor
+General. After the date for the inauguration of Imperial Penny Postage
+was fixed, the Governor General named New Year's day following as the
+date for the change in Canada's domestic rate. The following notice was
+published in the _Canada Gazette_:[150]--
+
+  Order in Council,
+
+           Post Office Department.
+
+    By Proclamation dated the 29th day of December, 1898, in virtue of
+    the Act further to amend the Post Office Act (61 Victoria, chapter
+    20) and of an Order in Council in accordance therewith, it was
+    declared that the postage rate payable on all letters originating in
+    and transmitted by post for any distance in Canada for delivery in
+    Canada, should be one uniform rate of two cents per ounce weight,
+    from the 1st January, 1899.
+
+[149] 61 Vict. Chap. 20.
+
+[150] =Canada Gazette=, XXXII: 1223.
+
+This of course had the immediate effect of vastly increasing the
+consumption of 2 cent stamps and also of rendering the 3 cent stamps
+practically useless. Another point would be that whereas the Postal
+Union requirements named red as the color for the stamp used for
+domestic postage, and the 3 cent had been in its proper hue, the stamp
+for the new internal rate was printed in purple and would therefore have
+to be changed. This change was not forced, however, the Post Office
+Department as usual preferring to use up the stock on hand of the
+current 2 cent stamp before issuing the new one. It took considerable
+time to do this, so that the 2 cent carmine did not make its appearance
+until the 20th August, according to a correspondent of _Mekeel's Weekly
+Stamp News_.[151] It was of course the same stamp as before but printed
+in the color of the 3 cent value, and we have to record plate numbers 3,
+4, 5, 6 and 7, though there were doubtless many more.
+
+[151] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XIII: 324.
+
+But the 3 cent stamp still remained on hand in large quantities, and in
+order to use them up more quickly and perhaps save confusion between
+them and the new 2 cent stamps, the Post Office Department decided upon
+surcharging the stock on hand down to 2 cents, thus making Canada's
+first offence in this line. The notice concerning this change and some
+others that were decided upon was as follows:--
+
+
+  _Department Circular_.
+                    POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA,
+                                               OTTAWA, 1st July, 1899.
+
+    Owing to the reduction in the Domestic letter rate of postage, the
+    issue of the 3 c. letter-card, the 3c. stamped envelope and the 3
+    cent postage stamp from the Department has ceased. Any unused 3c.
+    letter-cards, 3c. stamped envelopes or 3c. stamps, still extant,
+    will, however, continue available for postage purposes, or may be
+    exchanged at any Post Office, at their full face value, for postage
+    stamps of other denominations.
+
+    The color of the Domestic-rate postage stamp, as prescribed by the
+    Universal Postal Union, is red, and it is intended to discontinue
+    the issue of the ordinary two cents purple colored stamps as soon as
+    the present supply on hand is exhausted. This will be about the 20th
+    July, 1899. Thereafter the Department will issue two cents stamps in
+    red, first, however, surcharging down to two cents the unissued
+    remnant of the three cents stamps in red, now in the possession of
+    the Department, and as soon as the supply of such surcharged
+    _threes_ is exhausted, the issue of two cents stamps in red will
+    begin. The surcharged stamps will be issued to Postmasters as 2c.
+    postage stamps and be recognized as postage stamps of that
+    denomination.
+
+    Postmasters are requested to exchange, as above mentioned, all
+    unused 3c. letter-cards, 3c. stamped envelopes and 3c. stamps which
+    may be offered them to be exchanged for other postage stamps of an
+    equal value.
+
+    Postmasters, who as a result of such exchange, may find the 3c.
+    stamps, etc., unsaleable, are at liberty, in the case of an
+    _Accounting Post Office_, to send them direct to the Department for
+    credit; and in the case of a _Non-Accounting Post Office_, to send
+    them to the City Post Office from which it obtains its supplies,
+    asking in lieu of those returned other stamps to an equal value.
+
+    It is especially requested that, in the case of stamps sent direct
+    to the Department, under this authority, that is to say, _by
+    Accounting Post Offices_,--Postmasters will be so good as to carry
+    out the following instructions:--
+
+    (1) Each transmission should be registered, and accompanied with a
+    brief memorandum, plainly stamped with the date stamp of the Post
+    Office, and indicating the number and value of the 3c. stamps, etc.,
+    claimed to be enclosed. If other stamps are required to replace
+    those returned, a separate requisition therefor (not enclosed in the
+    package) should be sent direct to the Department in the usual way.
+
+    (2) Single stamps, and stamps that are not in complete sheets,
+    should be pasted on alternate pages of separate sheets of paper,
+    with _not more than one hundred stamps on each page_. Any stamps
+    that have stuck together whilst in the possession of the Postmaster,
+    must be taken apart (which can easily be done by immersing them for
+    a few minutes in water) and then pasted on sheets of paper as above
+    directed.
+
+    Postmasters of _Non-Accounting_ Offices are particularly asked to
+    bear in mind that any 3c. letter-cards, 3c. stamped envelopes or 3c.
+    postage stamps which conformably to this instruction, they may
+    receive from the public in exchange for other stamps and find
+    unsaleable, _must be returned, as above directed, to the City Post
+    Offices from which they respectively obtain their supplies_, and not
+    to the Department.
+
+    _As only the unused remnant of 3c. stamps now in the Department will
+    be surcharged_, Postmasters must not send in, with a view to their
+    surcharge, any 3c. stamps in their possession nor accept 3c. stamps
+    from the public for that purpose.
+
+    Postmasters must distinctly understand that the exchange of stamps
+    herein permitted applies _only_ to the 3c. letter-card, the 3c.
+    stamped envelope and 3c postage stamp.
+
+  R. M. COULTER,
+  _Deputy Postmaster General_.
+
+
+
+As a matter of fact the 2 cent purple seems to have lasted about a week
+longer than was anticipated in the above circular, so that the
+surcharged 3 cent stamps were not issued until the 28th July.[152] A
+correspondent of the _Weekly Philatelic Era_, in its issue for 22nd
+July, said: "I learn that the 3c numeral and some 3c with the four maple
+leaves will be surcharged," which proved correct; those first issued on
+the date mentioned above were of the numeral type, while on the 8th
+August[153] the "maple leaf" 3 cent made its appearance with the same
+surcharge.
+
+[152] =Monthly Journal=, X: 35.
+
+[153] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XIII: 308.
+
+Illustrations of the two stamps will be found as numbers 41 and 42 on
+Plate II. It is stated that the surcharge was made up in its peculiar
+form so as to prevent counterfeiting by the use of ordinary type. At any
+rate the graded height of the numeral and letters, giving the concave
+effect to the top of the surcharge, shows it to have been specially
+prepared. There is some variation in the thickness of the surcharge, due
+perhaps to inking and to wearing of the plates. The overprinting was
+done in full sheets of one hundred from a special plate, in black ink,
+and should normally be horizontally across the bottom of the stamps.
+Poor registering of the sheets in printing caused the position to vary
+even up to about the middle of the stamp in some cases, and of course
+there had to be some inverted surcharges in both varieties. The number
+of these has not been published. Illustrations of the inverts will be
+found as numbers 44 and 45 on Plate II.
+
+The quantity of 3 cent stamps surcharged was reported by the Ottawa
+correspondent of the _Weekly Philatelic Era_[154] as "variously stated
+to be 9,000,000 to 11,000,000," while _Stanley Gibbons Monthly Journal_
+is more definite[155] in saying that "there are some 9,000,000 of 3c.
+stamps in stock, of which about 6,000,000 are of the four leaves type,
+and the rest have the numerals in the lower corners." Just where these
+figures were obtained does not appear, but the Postmaster General's
+report for 30th June, 1900, makes the following statement:--"Included in
+the stamp output of the year was $123,600 worth of 3 cent stamps, which
+constituted the unissued remnant of 3 cent stamps in the possession of
+the department; on the occasion of the reduction of the domestic letter
+rate of postage they were surcharged and issued as 2 cent stamps." The
+figures quoted account for only 4,120,000 of the 3 cent stamps, and
+this quantity is confirmed in the Report for 1901, which says:--"In
+1899-1900 3 cent stamps to the number of 4,120,000 were included in the
+output solely with a view to surcharging them down to 2 cents and
+transference to that column." The two varieties, however, are not
+separated in the accounts, but inasmuch as the catalogue prices are now,
+after ten years, at the same figure for each, it is reasonable to
+suppose that one is as common as the other and that therefore they must
+have been issued in approximately equal amounts.
+
+[154] =Weekly Philatelic Era=, XIII: 393.
+
+[155] =Monthly Journal=, X: 35.
+
+Plate numbers for the surcharges seem to be again recorded in only a
+half hearted way. But one reference has been found to those of the
+numeral type, plates 5 and 6[156], and none for the "maple leaf" type.
+
+[156] =Weekly Philatelic Era=, XIII: 400, 403.
+
+The reduction in the domestic rate of postage was also the cause of
+another provisional, but of quite a different character. _Stanley
+Gibbons Monthly Journal_ for January 31, 1899, says:--
+
+    In some offices 1c. and 2c. stamps ran short, and their places were
+    supplied by one-third and two-thirds portions of 3c. stamps divided
+    vertically. In some places, our correspondent says, these divided
+    stamps were employed without further alteration, but in others we
+    regret to hear that they were surcharged with a figure "2", in
+    _purple_, upon the figure "3" of the larger portion, or the word
+    "one" in _green_, upon the smaller part; or, to further complicate
+    matters, when thirds of two adjoining stamps were used for 2c. each
+    part was impressed with a figure "2". Our informant's letter is
+    franked in part by 2/3 of a 3c. stamp surcharged "2" so we fear that
+    this horrible tale is founded on fact.
+
+In the _Journal_ for March 31, 1899, is further light:--
+
+    The surcharged fractions appear to have been used only at the office
+    at Port Hood, N. S., where the Postmaster apparently did not
+    consider it safe to use divided stamps without some distinguishing
+    mark. We have seen other copies since, and find that a figure "1"
+    was struck upon the smaller portion; not the word "one" as
+    previously stated.
+
+Again in the _Journal_ for April 29, 1899, we find:--
+
+    In reference to the cut and surcharged 3c. stamps, a correspondent
+    sends us the following extract from a letter from the postmaster of
+    Port Hood:--
+
+    "When the change in Canadian postage was made--of which we got
+    notice by wire--I had only very few two cent stamps in stock, so
+    that before I got my supply from Ottawa I ran completely out of
+    them, and, to keep my account straight, I was compelled to cut
+    threes. This was for one day only, and not over 300 stamps were cut.
+    I would say about 200 '2' and 100 '1' were used. Those stamps I put
+    on letters for delivery within the county as much as possible. About
+    100 '2' and probably nearly as many '1' were marked with the figures
+    3 and 1 as you describe, and were placed on letters for delivery in
+    towns throughout the Dominion. Those were the only provisional
+    stamps used by this office."
+
+Mr. Horsley reports having a copy on the original cover with the
+postmark of Port Hood dated 5 January, 1899, which is doubtless the "one
+day" that they were employed.
+
+A Canada correspondent, writing in _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_[157]
+concerning these "splits", says that "the Dominion Government has
+announced that they were not authorized and letters having them on for
+postage should have been charged double rate when delivered." They may
+be interesting as curiosities, but they are assuredly not worthy of any
+great attention from collectors. Illustrations of the "2" cent and a
+pair of the "1" cent will be found as Nos. 37 and 39 respectively on
+Plate II.
+
+[157] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XIII: 187.
+
+Nothing further in the line of novelties is to be reported until the
+29th December, 1900, when a new 20 cent stamp suddenly made its
+appearance as a companion in design to the rest of the "numeral" series.
+The large 20 cent stamp of 1893 had finally been exhausted, and the new
+comer in its neat olive green was a welcome addition to the current set.
+It of course conformed to the others in engraving, sheet arrangement,
+etc., and had the plate number 1. An examination of the stamp accounts
+during its term of life make it appear probable that approximately
+500,000 were issued.
+
+Finally the long heralded 7 cent stamp, which was supposed to take the
+place of the 8 cent stamp after the reduction of domestic postage, made
+its appearance nearly four years late! It was announced in a despatch to
+the _Toronto Mail and Empire_ as follows:--
+
+    Ottawa, Dec. 18th, [1902].--The Post Office Department announces
+    that on the 24th instant it will be in a position to supply a
+    seven-cent postage stamp to accounting post offices throughout
+    Canada. This stamp, which is of a yellow color, will be especially
+    convenient for postage and registration fee on single rate letters,
+    while it may also be used for other postage purposes to the extent
+    of its face value. Non-accounting offices can obtain their supply
+    through the city post offices. This new stamp will bear the Queen's
+    head, the department not having yet decided on the design for the
+    King's head issue.
+
+
+
+The Postmaster General's Report for 1903, however, gives the issue of 7
+cent stamps as occurring on the 23rd December, 1902. The stamp, as was
+the case with the 20 cent, conformed in all respects to the others of
+the numeral issue, but was printed in a hideous shade of olive yellow.
+There was but one plate number, No. 1. It seems probable that about one
+million copies constituted its total issue.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The above completes the issues of the numeral type stamps with the
+Queen's head. Glancing over the Reports of the Postmaster General, as
+usual, for the period during which they were in issue, we find the
+following items of interest.
+
+In the Report for 30th June, 1899, the introduction of "Domestic Penny
+Postage" is thus recorded:--
+
+    On the 1st January, 1899, the letter rate within Canada was reduced
+    from 3 to 2 cents per ounce. This change has been accompanied by
+    such a marked and continuous increase in the number of domestic
+    letters being transmitted through the mails, as to warrant the
+    conclusion that the loss of revenue consequent on such reduction
+    will soon be overcome.
+
+    As a result of the reduction in the Domestic Letter rate of postage,
+    the issue of the 3c. letter card, 3c. stamped envelope and 3c.
+    postage stamp has been discontinued, unused quantities of these,
+    however, continuing available for postage purposes or exchangeable
+    at any post office for their equivalent in postage stamps of other
+    denominations.
+
+On the 1st January, 1899, also, the provisions of the Act which
+reimposed postage payment on newspapers and periodicals went into
+effect. This was _An Act further to amend the Post Office Act_ (assented
+to 13th June, 1898)[158] which we have already quoted as being the Act
+authorizing the reduction in the domestic postage rate to 2 cents per
+ounce. The third section of this Act repealed section 26 of the _Post
+Office Act_ and substituted the following therefor:--
+
+    =26.= On and after the first day of January, one thousand eight
+    hundred and ninety-nine, newspapers and periodicals, printed and
+    published in Canada, mailed by the publisher in the post office at
+    the place where they are published and addressed to regular
+    subscribers or newsdealers in Canada, resident elsewhere than in
+    the place of publication, shall be transmitted by mail to their
+    respective addresses as follows:--
+
+    If they are required to be transmitted by mail a distance within
+    twenty miles from the place of publication or within a circular area
+    of a diameter not exceeding forty miles, and if their publication is
+    of no greater frequency than once a week, they shall be so
+    transmitted free of postage within one or other of such areas to be
+    selected by the publisher in accordance with regulations in that
+    behalf to be established by the Postmaster General; if they are
+    required to be transmitted a greater distance, or if their
+    publication is of greater frequency than once a week, then in either
+    of such cases postage thereon shall be paid on and after the said
+    first day of January, and until and inclusive of the thirtieth day
+    of June next following, at the rate of one-quarter of one cent, and
+    thereafter at the rate of one-half of one cent, for each pound
+    weight or any fraction of a pound weight, which shall be prepaid by
+    postage stamps or otherwise, as the Postmaster General from time to
+    time directs; provided  that--
+
+        (_a_) such newspaper or periodical is known and recognized as a
+        newspaper or periodical in the generally received sense of the
+        word, and consists wholly or in great part of political or other
+        news or of articles relative thereto or to other current topics,
+        and is published regularly at intervals of not more than one
+        month;
+
+        (_b_) the full title, place and date of publication, and the
+        distinguishing number of the issue are printed at the top of the
+        first page, and every subsequent page, and also on any paper,
+        print, lithograph or engraving purporting to be a supplement to
+        it and sent with it;
+
+        (_c_) it is addressed to a _bona fide_ subscriber, or to a known
+        news-dealer in Canada; and--
+
+        (_d_) it is delivered into the post office under such
+        regulations as the Postmaster General, from time to time, makes
+        for that purpose.
+
+    2. For the purpose of determining the weights of such newspapers or
+    periodicals, each newspaper or periodical transmitted separately
+    through the mails shall be held to weight not less than one-half of
+    one ounce.
+
+    3. [_The Postmaster General to decide whether any publication comes
+    under this section, and whether the requirements have been complied
+    with in any case._]
+
+    4. [_Books for the blind transmitted free of Canadian postage._]
+
+[158] 61 Vict. Chap. 20.
+
+One other item, not strictly philatelic perhaps, but interesting to
+record here, is the announcement of the issue of postal notes, the
+system having been inaugurated throughout Canada on the 4th August,
+1898. It was intended mainly to obviate the need of remitting small
+sums by mail in postage stamps, with the consequent difficulty to the
+recipient of disposing of any quantity. The notes were for certain fixed
+values, odd amounts between values being made up by affixing postage
+stamps.
+
+Their denominations and dates of issue are recorded as follows:--
+
+   4th August        issued notes of 25, 50 and 70 cents.
+  23rd    "            "      "   "  $1, $2.50 and $5.
+  21st October         "      "   "  40 cents, $1.50 and $2.
+  25th November        "      "   "  20, 30, 60 and 80 cents.
+  23rd January, 1899   "      "   "  90 cents, $3. and $4.
+
+In the Report for 1900 we find mention of the issue of stamp books.
+
+    In the month of June, 1900, the department commenced the issue to
+    Postmasters, of a small book of 2 cent postage stamps, containing 12
+    stamps, disposed on two sheets of 6 stamps each, and interleaved
+    with wax paper to prevent adhesion of the sheets. The size of the
+    book is such as to make it convenient to be carried in the pocket or
+    pocket-book. Printed on the cover is postal information calculated
+    to be of interest to the public. The price at which the book is
+    issued is 25 cents, one cent over the face value of the stamps being
+    charged to cover the cost of binding, etc.
+
+The stamp accounts give the date of issue of the stamp books as 11th
+June, 1900. That they have proved popular is evidenced by the increase
+in the number issued to postmasters from some 320,000 in 1901 to about
+1,400,000 in 1910.
+
+The books are about two by three inches in size, with stiff cardboard
+covers which are bound together by red cloth. The coat-of-arms of Canada
+with the words CANADA POSTAGE beneath are engraved in red on the front
+cover, while inside are four pages of postal information and the two
+sheets of six stamps each--three horizontal pairs--backed by leaves of
+paraffined tissue paper.
+
+Notice is also given of the discontinuance of two denominations of
+postage stamps, the old 15 cent of 1868 passing quietly away at the age
+of 31 years, 1 month and 1 day--or on the 2nd November, 1899, to be
+exact. The 6 cent stamp, for which there was but little call since the
+reduction of the letter postage to 2 cents, was discontinued on the 10th
+February, 1900.
+
+From the Report of 1901 we learn that the last issue of the $1 Jubilee
+stamps took place on 27th June 1900, but nothing is said of dates for
+the cents values, all of which appear for the last time in the "issued
+to postmasters" column in amounts of 700 or 800, and even 2000 in the
+case of the 1/2 cent.
+
+The Report of 1902 notes the last issue of the 3 cent stamp in March,
+1901, and of the 8 cent stamp, which had been of but little use since
+the reduction of postage, on the 16th December, 1901.
+
+The Report of 1903 announces the issue of the new King Edward stamps,
+and of the prepayment of printed matter in cash, instead of by stamps,
+under the "permit" system. Both of these subjects will be considered in
+their proper chapters.
+
+Though the Report for 1904 takes us into the period of the King Edward
+stamps, yet we find it noted therein that the last issue of 6 cent and 8
+cent stamps (Queen's head) took place on the 4th September, 1902. Both
+these values had already been disposed of apparently, but it seems that
+100,000 of the 6 cent and 125,000 of the 8 cent were "received from
+manufacturers" and "issued to postmasters", according to the stamp
+accounts of 1902-3, and rumor has it that some large concern ordered
+them for the mailing of catalogues. The date, 4th September, was
+probably that of delivery to the purchasers.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+THE "CHRISTMAS" STAMP OF 1898
+
+
+Ocean Penny Postage, which became the dream of Postal Reformers almost
+from the date of the adoption of the plan of Rowland Hill, is at length
+within measurable distance of becoming an accomplished fact. It is
+true that it is not yet to be the Universal Penny Postage, or
+even the Imperial Penny Postage so perseveringly advocated by Mr.
+Henniker-Heaton; but these will come in time, and an immense step in the
+desired direction has been taken by the adoption of the partial scheme,
+which is to come into force within a few months." So wrote Major Evans
+in July, 1898,[159] upon the conclusion of the Imperial Conference on
+Postal Rates which took place in London during that month.
+
+[159] =Monthly Journal, IX=: 1.
+
+Many of our readers may have seen the illustrated envelopes, in various
+designs, which were issued some fifty or sixty years ago in advocacy of
+an "Ocean Penny Postage." Great Britain, having committed herself to
+domestic penny postage in 1840, after the herculean labors of Sir
+Rowland Hill in that behalf, seems to have been looked to by succeeding
+postal reformers to furnish over-sea transportation along the same
+lines. Chief among these advocates was Elihu Burritt, the "learned
+blacksmith" of New Britain, Conn., who not only published documents on
+the subject but went to England and delivered addresses in support of
+the idea. Major Evans says:[160]--"What appears to have been the first
+pamphlet on 'Ocean Penny Postage', issued by Elihu Burritt, was probably
+published quite at the end of 1848, or early in 1849. It contains a poem
+dated Christmas, 1848, which may give us approximately the date of
+publication." This proves extremely interesting, inasmuch as Imperial
+Penny Postage was put into effect on Christmas, 1898, just a half
+century later to a day.
+
+[160] =Stamp Lover, I=: 263.
+
+But Burritt's proposal was not that which was accomplished so long
+afterward. In his own words:[161]--
+
+    By the term "_Ocean Penny Postage_" we mean simply this:--That the
+    single service of transporting a letter, weighing under
+    half-an-ounce, from any port of the United Kingdom to any port
+    beyond the sea, at which the British mail-packets may touch, shall
+    be performed by the British Government for _one penny_; or one penny
+    for its mere conveyance from Folkestone to Boulogne, Liverpool to
+    Boston, &c., and _vice versa_. Thus the entire charge upon a letter
+    transmitted from any town in the United Kingdom to any port beyond
+    the sea, would be two pence;--one penny for the inland rate, and the
+    other for the ocean rate.
+
+[161] =A Penny All the Way=, Melville, p. 23.
+
+Of course this does not reckon in what might be added for an inland rate
+at the "port beyond the sea", but the main point was the transportation
+on the ocean part of the journey at a uniform rate of one penny.
+
+This was practically accomplished--and even bettered--by the
+establishment of the Universal Postal Union in 1875; for where Burritt
+wrote:[162]--"It would meet the terms of our proposition if every letter
+under half an ounce, from any town in Great Britain to any town in the
+Colonies, should pay _three pence_; one penny for the home inland rate,
+another penny for the ocean, and the third for the colonial inland rate,
+and _vice versa_" the Postal Union fixed a charge of but twopence
+halfpenny as the standard rate between _all_ countries that subscribed
+to its provisions.
+
+[162] =ibid.=, page 22.
+
+To quote further:[163]--
+
+    The later discussion in England on the extension of Penny Postage
+    across the seas has alternated between the proposals for Universal
+    Penny Postage and Imperial Penny Postage. Mr. Henry Fawcett, who was
+    Postmaster-General in 1880, was keenly interested in endeavouring to
+    get the Colonies to accept a lower postal rate to and from the
+    Mother Country, but the Colonies were afraid to lower their
+    rates.... Mr. Henniker-Heaton brought up the subject in the House of
+    Commons in 1885 by moving for the opening of negotiations with other
+    Governments, with a view to establishing Universal Penny Postage....
+    In 1890 the Jubilee of the introduction of Uniform Penny Postage was
+    celebrated in London and throughout the United Kingdom, and public
+    interest in postal matters received a new stimulus.... The long
+    sustained agitation for Imperial Penny Postage was at last brought
+    to a definite issue at the Imperial Conference on Postal Rates in
+    1898. The London _Standard_ of 13th July, 1898, stated:--
+
+    "We are authorized by the Postmaster-General to state that, as the
+    result of the Imperial Conference on Postal Rates, it has been
+    agreed, on the proposal of the Representative of the Dominion of
+    Canada, that letter postage of one penny per half-ounce should be
+    established between the United Kingdom, Canada, Newfoundland, the
+    Cape Colony, Natal, and such of the Crown Colonies as may, after
+    communication with, and approval of, Her Majesty's Government, be
+    willing to adopt it. The date on which the reduction will come into
+    effect will be announced later on. The question of a uniform reduced
+    rate for the whole Empire was carefully considered; but it was not
+    found possible to fix upon a rate acceptable to all the Governments
+    concerned. A resolution was therefore adopted, leaving it to those
+    parts of the Empire which were prepared for penny postage to make
+    the necessary arrangements among themselves".
+
+    The Postmaster-General who had the distinction of issuing this
+    important communication was the Duke of Norfolk, and the
+    representative of Canada was the Hon. (now Sir) William Mulock, LL.
+    D., Q. C., Postmaster-General of Canada, who gave the chief credit
+    for the reform to the British Empire League.
+
+[163] =ibid.=, page 36.
+
+Nevertheless, Mr. Mulock had been interested not only in the scheme of
+Imperial Penny Postage but also in endeavoring to obtain a reduction of
+the Canadian domestic postage to the penny (2 cents) basis. The inland
+letter rate, it may be remembered, was made 3 cents per half ounce
+throughout the new Dominion on the 1st April, 1868. Not until the 2nd
+May, 1889, did legislative enactment raise the limit of weight to one
+ounce. Meanwhile the United States, on the 1st October, 1883, had
+lowered its inland rate, which also applied to letters for Canada, to 2
+cents per ounce. Agitation for the same reduction had naturally taken
+place in Canada, but instead of this it was proposed late in 1897[164]
+to reduce the Postal Union rate of 5 cents per half ounce to the
+domestic rate of 3 cents per ounce on letters to Great Britain and the
+Colonies. An Order in Council was actually passed announcing a rate of 3
+cents per half ounce to any place in the British Empire, to take effect
+on 1st January, 1898, but the Imperial authorities objected to it as
+exceeding Canada's powers as a member of the Postal Union, and it was
+necessarily abandoned.
+
+[164] =Weekly Philatelic Era=, XII: 129.
+
+Finally legislative enactment was passed on the 13th June, 1898, making
+the long desired reduction in the domestic rate to 2 cents, but not to
+come into operation until the date named by the Governor-General[165].
+Within a month, as we have already detailed, the Imperial Conference in
+London decided on a penny (2 cent) rate for the British Empire and in
+November it was decided to put this in operation on Christmas day of
+1898. Thus the anomaly was created of a 2 cent rate from Canada to
+England or Africa, but a 3 cent rate from one town to another in Canada.
+This was remedied a week later, as we have seen, by the proclamation
+putting the domestic 2 cent rate into force from 1st January, 1899.
+
+[165] See page 169.
+
+As a leader in the final adoption of Imperial Penny Postage, Canada
+could look with pride upon its accomplishment and may be pardoned for
+its mild celebration of the event in the guise of a _single_
+commemorative stamp. It was unnecessary, of course, and no other Colony
+attempted it, but Mr. Mulock recognized the opportunity and rose to the
+occasion. The following clipping from the _Ottawa Evening Journal_[166]
+gives some interesting details:--
+
+    The new Imperial Penny Postage Stamp, to be used between Great
+    Britain and a number of her colonies after Christmas Day next, has
+    been designed by the Postmaster-General and is ready to be issued.
+    It is not to be a special issue, but will take its place among the
+    regular issues. When Mr. Mulock was in Britain he was surprised to
+    notice that the great mass of the people did not appreciate the
+    value of the greatness of the British possessions abroad. This was
+    especially true of Canada. The idea therefore suggested itself to
+    him, when he was considering a new stamp, to prepare something that
+    would show the dimensions of Great Britain compared with all other
+    countries. Mr. Mulock asked for some designs from a few artists when
+    he came back to Canada, but they did not meet with his views, and he
+    roughly sketched out something himself and passed it over to an
+    artist to have it touched up.
+
+    The feature of the new stamp is a neatly executed map in miniature
+    of the world, showing the British possessions as compared with all
+    other countries. The empire is distinguished from the possessions of
+    the other powers by being in red. Surmounting this map is a
+    representation of the crown, underneath which is a bunch of oak and
+    maple leaves, symbolizing the unity of the Mother Country and
+    Canada. At the upper edge of the stamp are the words "Canada
+    Postage" in a neat letter. Underneath the map is placed "Xmas,
+    1898", so that the date of the inauguration of Imperial Penny
+    Postage shall be a matter of record. On the lower corners are the
+    figures "2", indicating the denomination of the stamp, and at the
+    lower edge is this suggestive passage taken from the works of one
+    of our patriotic poets: "We hold a vaster empire than has been". Mr.
+    Mulock will be able to claim the credit of giving the public the
+    cheapest map of the world ever issued. The size of the stamp is
+    about the same as the Jubilee issue.
+
+[166] =Monthly Journal, IX=: 87.
+
+A reproduction of this _multum in parvo_ composition is shown as No. 38
+on Plate II.
+
+This remarkable stamp caused no end of criticism, at home and abroad,
+not only because of its novel and startling design, but also because of
+the bombastic legend which appeared upon it. The following clipping from
+the _Chicago Tribune_[167] explains the origin of the motto:--
+
+    The motto chosen by Mr. Mulock, "We hold a vaster empire than has
+    been," is from the jubilee ode of Sir Lewis Morris, entitled a "Song
+    of Empire", with the date, June 20, 1897, as a subtitle, indicating
+    its tone and purpose. An excerpt from the last stanza, from which
+    the motto was taken, is as follows:
+
+      "We love not war, but only peace,
+      Yet never shall our England's power decrease!
+      Whoever guides our helm of state,
+      Let all men know it, England shall be great!
+      We hold a vaster empire than has been!
+      Nigh half the race of man is subject to our Queen!
+      Nigh half the wide, wide earth is ours in fee!
+      And where her rule comes all are free.
+      And therefore 'tis, O Queen, that we,
+      Knit fast in bonds of temperate liberty,
+      Rejoice to-day, and make our solemn jubilee!"
+
+[167] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XIII: 76.
+
+In consequence of the peculiar legend, the stamp has been dubbed, not
+ineptly, the "has been" stamp.
+
+We learn from a despatch to the _Toronto Telegram_ that the printing of
+the stamp began on the 1st December:--
+
+    Ottawa, Dec. 2, 1898.--(Special)--The Governor-General and Hon.
+    William Mulock, Postmaster-General, presided yesterday at the
+    printing of the first copies of the new imperial penny postage
+    stamp. The design is Mr. Mulock's own[168].
+
+[168] =Ibid.=, XII: 206.
+
+It was thus brought into the world under distinguished patronage--that
+of its official father and god-father, so to speak. Its baptism came on
+the 7th December, rather earlier than expected, but explained by the
+following newspaper clipping[169]:
+
+    Ottawa, Ont., Dec. 5--It having been stated in some newspapers that
+    the new two-cent Imperial stamp would not become available until
+    Christmas day, inquiry made at the Post Office Department today to
+    ascertain the truth of this statement elicits the fact that,
+    although it was the original intention of the department that the
+    new stamp should not come into use until the 25th inst., the demand
+    from the public for it has become so pressing that the department
+    has decided to issue it at once, and permit its immediate use to the
+    extent of its face value for all postage purposes. In other words,
+    as soon as it reaches the public it may, if preferred by the
+    purchaser, be used instead of the ordinary two-cent stamp. The
+    two-cent inter-Imperial rate does not, of course, come into effect
+    until Christmas Day.
+
+[169] =Ibid.=, XII. 213.
+
+In the _Weekly Philatelic Era_, the Canadian correspondent discourses
+upon its advent as follows, under date of 7th December[170]:--
+
+    The new Imperial stamps referred to in past numbers of the _Era_
+    were issued this morning, and although the new Imperial rate does
+    not come into effect until Xmas-day, and they bear that inscription,
+    they are receivable for ordinary postage now.
+
+    The general design has already been described, but it may be well to
+    say that the stamps are printed in three colours. The frame is in
+    black with white letters, the seas are in a pale blue, or rather a
+    lavender, and the British possessions are in a bright red. The map
+    of the world is on Mercator's projection, which magnifies high
+    latitudes; consequently the Dominion of Canada, which occupies the
+    middle of the upper part of the stamp, looks bigger than all the
+    other British possessions put together. The border of the stamp is
+    of cable pattern and measures 32 mm. in width by 22-1/2 in height.
+    The stamp is printed on medium, machine-wove, white paper, similar
+    to that used for the Jubilee and subsequent Canadian issues, and is
+    perforated 12.
+
+[170] =Weekly Philatelic Era=, XIII: 105.
+
+The above quotation settles the fact that the first color in which the
+"seas" were printed was lavender. There has been some discussion on this
+point. Again, a correspondent of the _Weekly Philatelic Era_ wrote under
+date of "Dec. 20th" that "A government official of Canada states that
+the 2c Imperial postage stamp is to be changed in color from a lavender
+to a blue. One of your contemporaries states that the color is to be
+green[171]." Under date of "Ottawa, Dec. 29," another correspondent of
+the same paper writes[172]:--"The first issue of these geographical
+stamps, on the 7th instant, had the sea coloured a light lavender. About
+the 20th, I cannot fix the exact day, a second supply had the sea
+coloured a light blue, as nearly as I can judge Prussian blue. And now I
+am told the third lot are to have the seas much darker in colour, but
+that is only a rumour." A clipping from the _Winnipeg Free Press_,
+however, states that "the second shipment, which arrived on Dec. 13th,
+were of an entirely different print, although the fact passed unnoticed
+for some days. The sea on these stamps--and on all the thousands
+received since--is printed in pale green!" The first shipment is noted
+as "lavender or pale blue" as usual. Evidently the change in color took
+place within the first week or ten days after printing began. A dark
+shade of green is apparently as common as the pale green, and a
+cancelled copy dated January 13, 1899, is noted in _Ewen's Weekly Stamp
+News_. Doubtless it was issued much earlier. The lavender shade seems to
+have been reverted to in the later issues of the stamp, for it is noted
+in chronicles as having been received from Canada in February and March,
+1899, and the stamp was considered obsolete in April. We venture to
+think, however, that it was not a reversion to lavender in the printing
+of the stamp, but rather the remainder of the first printings--for it is
+well known that when bundles of stamp sheets are placed in stock some of
+the first packages received may remain at the bottom of the pile for
+years, while the later ones, placed on top, are used to fill orders.
+
+[171] =ibid.=, XIII: 121.
+
+[172] =ibid.=, XIII: 129.
+
+The stamps were printed in the usual sheet arrangement of 100, ten rows
+of ten. The black portion was from line engraved plates, but the red and
+lavender (or green) portions were doubtless printed on the sheets by
+lithography previous to the impression of the main design of the stamp
+in black. There are four marginal imprints reading AMERICAN BANK NOTE
+CO. OTTAWA in Roman capitals 1/2 mm. high, the inscription being about
+29 mm. long, (see illustration number 113 on Plate X). They are placed
+above the third and eighth stamps of the top row and beneath the
+corresponding stamps of the bottom row. A plate number, in hair line
+figures about 4 mm. high, is placed over the division between the fifth
+and sixth stamps of the top row, and higher up than the imprints. Plates
+1, 2, 3 and 5 are known, but we have been unable to find plate 4
+recorded, though it would be presumed to exist. All four known plates
+come with the lavender sea, and probably all four were used with the
+light green and dark green seas, although we have only been able to find
+record of plate 1 with the former and plate 2 with the latter.[173]
+
+[173] =Ewen's Weekly Stamp News=, II: 122.
+
+Mr. Ewen, in his exhaustive article on these stamps,[174] notes an
+apparent retouching of one of the plates. He says:--"Readers will have
+noted that the stamps are each surrounded by what appears to be a rope.
+On the sheet of plate 3 before us, the outer edge of this rope on the
+stamps at the end of each row (right hand side of each sheet) has worn
+away and has been replaced by a straight line engraved on the plate,
+except on stamp No. 80, which still shows the very defective nature of
+the rope." Much space is also given to a description of minor varieties
+in the red portions of the stamp--omission of islands, extra islands,
+peninsulas instead of islands, etc., etc. The chief variety, however,
+occurs in the two dots representing two islands in mid-Pacific: in the
+normal stamps these two lie one above and one below the "equator", if
+properly placed; in the variety, which is the sixth stamp in the fifth
+row (No. 46 in the sheet) both islands lie horizontally just below the
+equator.
+
+[174] =Ewen's Weekly Stamp News=, II: 122.
+
+A further variety is the stamp in imperforate condition, of which we are
+able to illustrate a block of four from the Worthington collection as
+number 113 on Plate X. This occurs with the bluish, the pale green and
+the deep green oceans.
+
+It would be interesting to know the number of stamps printed in each of
+the distinct shades, but we do not know even the total issue of the map
+stamps. The only reference is in the _London Philatelist_,[175] where it
+is remarked that "we understand [it] has been issued to the number of
+sixteen millions." They were not separated in the stamp accounts, but
+were reckoned in with the ordinary 2 cent stamps, and the above figure
+may very likely be the correct one as the number must have been large.
+We find from a newspaper clipping that the cost of manufacture of these
+stamps was 45 cents per thousand.[176]
+
+[175] =London Philatelist=, VIII: 79.
+
+[176] =Post Office=, IX: 37.
+
+In closing this account of the Christmas stamp it may be interesting to
+record the story of the first letter sent from Canada at the new rate
+and bearing the commemorative stamp in prepayment. It is taken from a
+Toronto newspaper.
+
+    Penny ocean postage came into force at midnight on Saturday. The
+    first letter to be posted was one by Mr. J. Ross Robertson, written
+    to Mr. Edward Letchworth, the Grand Secretary, at Freemason's Hall,
+    Great Queen-street, London.... The letter was received at the
+    General Post-Office, Adelaide-street, Toronto, at one second past 12
+    o'clock on the morning of Sunday, Dec. 25th, by Mr. John Carruthers,
+    the Assistant Postmaster, who certified to the posting with his
+    signature on the envelope. At five seconds past 12 it was handed to
+    Mr. H. S. Allen, chief of the night staff, who, at twelve seconds
+    past the hour, dropped it into one of the electric stamping
+    machines, and at fifteen seconds past midnight it came out in due
+    and proper form, bearing the Toronto postmark of Dec. 25, and the
+    new two-cent stamp in the right-hand corner, duly cancelled, so that
+    it was all ready for the London mail bag, waiting for it and
+    succeeding letters going by the next British mail.
+
+    On the envelope was the name of the sender in the upper left-hand
+    corner and the following endorsation in the lower left-hand corner.
+
+    "This is to certify that this letter was mailed at the Toronto
+    Post-Office at one-quarter of a minute past 12 o'clock on the
+    morning of Dec. 25, 1898, and is the first letter to be posted and
+    cancelled at the Toronto postoffice, bearing the new imperial penny
+    postage stamp, addressed to Great Britain, (signed) John Carruthers,
+    assistant postmaster."
+
+    And under this:
+
+    "Received at Freemason's Hall, London, Eng., at ... o'clock, ... day
+    of January, 1899.
+
+  ...
+  "Grand Secretary."
+
+
+This is probably the first time in philatelic history that race-track
+timing has been employed on the passage of mail matter through the
+post!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+THE "KING'S HEAD" ISSUE OF 1903-1908
+
+
+The death of the beloved Queen Victoria on January 22, 1901, portended
+momentous changes in the multitude of stamps bearing her effigy
+throughout the Empire. Canada of course was expected to make the proper
+substitution of the portrait of the new ruler, King Edward the Seventh,
+but as time went on seemed in no hurry to do so. In fact it was nearly
+two years and a half after the Queen's death before the King Edward
+stamps appeared, and in the meantime but little could be learned
+concerning Canada's intentions in the matter.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+About the first of January, 1903, it was reported in the newspapers that
+Postmaster-General Mulock had announced "that designs had been
+submitted, and it has been decided to select one bearing an excellent
+likeness of His Majesty." In its issue for 18th April, 1903, the
+_Metropolitan Philatelist_ again gave advance information concerning
+Canadian stamp matters in the following detailed account:--
+
+    The King's head series of Canadian stamps will probably shortly make
+    its appearance. The die has been received by the Post Office
+    Department and approved of. The stamp will be very similar to the
+    present stamp except that the maple leaf in each of the upper
+    corners will be replaced by a crown. The figures of value will
+    appear in the lower corner as at present and the value will be
+    spelled out as at present in the oval frame which surrounds the
+    portrait. This frame will be as in the present stamp. The portrait
+    of the King shows him three-quarters to the right--head and
+    shoulders, as the Queen is in the present stamp, but there is no
+    crown on his head. The portrait is an exceptionally nice one and it
+    is understood that Royalty has had something to do with its
+    selection. The die was made in England, although the American Bank
+    Note Co. are contractors for the government work.
+
+The details given proved correct. The official announcement of the
+forthcoming issue was given in a circular to postmasters dated 10th June
+and signed by the Deputy Postmaster-General:[177]--
+
+    Postmasters are hereby informed that a new issue of postage stamps,
+    bearing the portrait of His Majesty King Edward VII., and comprising
+    five denominations (1c., 2c., 5c., 7c., and 10c.), is about to be
+    supplied to Postmasters for sale in the usual way, but none of these
+    stamps are to be sold until the first of July, 1903.
+
+    The colours of the forthcoming series will be the same respectively,
+    as those now used for the denominations specified, except that the
+    shade of the 7c. will be slightly deeper.
+
+    Postmasters will please bear in mind that, notwithstanding the new
+    issue, they are not to return to the Department any of the old
+    stamps on hand, but will sell them in the ordinary way. At first,
+    the public may prefer getting new stamps, and if so, there is no
+    objection to this wish being acceded to, but it is also desirable to
+    work off in due course all remnants of old stamps.
+
+    A change in the design of the stamp of the present series of
+    post-cards, post-bands and stamped envelopes, to correspond with
+    that above referred to, will be made as soon as the present stock of
+    these items shall have been exhausted.
+
+[177] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XVII: 254.
+
+The new stamps were accordingly issued on "Dominion Day" (July 1st) of
+1903. Their actual appearance brought forth the following interesting
+account of their preparation in the _London Philatelist_:[178]--
+
+    Although for a long time past we have been aware of the
+    circumstances attending the preparation of the new postage stamps
+    for Canada, and in a position to illustrate the approved design, we
+    have refrained from publishing the facts in compliance with the
+    desire of the authorities that no details should be made public
+    until the stamps had been completed and were ready to be put into
+    circulation.
+
+    We believe that the delay which has taken place in bringing out the
+    new issue has been due to questions arising out of the existing
+    contract under which the postage stamps of the Dominion are
+    produced, and that even after the approval of the design and the
+    receipt of the die some difficulties were experienced in connection
+    with the preparation of the plates by the contractors.
+
+    These have happily been surmounted, and now that the issue is an
+    accomplished fact it is with much gratification that we illustrate
+    the design of the new stamp, our illustration, prepared some time
+    back, being taken from a proof from the steel die engraved by
+    Messrs. Perkins, Bacon and Co., of London, and used in the
+    manufacture of the plates of the several values issued by the
+    Canadian postal authorities on the 1st. instant. By comparing our
+    illustration with the stamp as issued it will be seen that the
+    contractors or the postal authorities have made some alterations in
+    the design, which, in our judgement, are by no means improvements.
+    The leaves in the lower corners have been redrawn on a smaller
+    scale, and hardly impinge upon the frame; their drawing is vastly
+    inferior, and the graceful effect of the broken circle is lost. The
+    numerals of value are in colour on a white ground, reversing the
+    original design, the labels being larger and the figures taller and
+    thinner; this also detracting materially from the charming
+    homogeneity of the stamp as first proposed. The greatest alteration,
+    and the worst, is the substitution of heavy diagonal lines for
+    horizontal ones in the background. The latter were finely drawn and
+    delicately shaded, leaving the King's Head in clear outline, and
+    _framed_ by the dark oval band containing the inscriptions. The
+    background and frame no longer present this artistic effect, and the
+    whole design materially suffers thereby.
+
+    [Illustration]
+
+    The circumstances connected with the inception of the issue are as
+    gratifying as they are novel, and will be hailed with acclamation by
+    the Philatelists of the British Empire.
+
+    The Postmaster of Canada, Sir William Mulock, being one of the many
+    distinguished visitors to this country during the Coronation
+    festivities, took the opportunity afforded by his visit of
+    approaching the Prince of Wales, and of meeting His Royal Highness's
+    suggestions and advice in the preparation of a new die for the
+    Canadian stamps. The Prince, with his characteristic energy and
+    courtesy, cheerfully undertook the task, and it will be seen from
+    our illustration with absolute and conspicuous success. H. R. H.
+    wisely decided, in the first instance, that it is advisable to have
+    some continuity of design in succeeding issues, and therefore
+    adopted the frame and groundwork of the then current stamps as a
+    basis. In selecting a portrait of His Majesty the Prince decided to
+    rely upon a photograph giving a true likeness of the King as we know
+    him, in lieu of an idealised representation by an artist. The
+    photograph eventually chosen, with the full approval of His Majesty,
+    was one taken shortly before the Coronation.
+
+    The likeness is undoubtedly what is termed a speaking one, and with
+    the addition of the Coronation robes represents as faithful and as
+    pleasing a picture of the King, at the time of his accession to the
+    throne, as it is possible to find. The introduction of the Tudor
+    crowns in the upper angles, which was another of the Prince's
+    innovations, obviates the difficulty that has so often made "the
+    head that wears a crown" lie "uneasy" on a postage stamp. These
+    emblems of sovereignty, taken in conjunction with the Canadian
+    maple leaves in the lower angles, complete a design that for
+    harmony, boldness, and simplicity has assuredly not been excelled by
+    any hitherto issued stamps of the British Empire. It is palpable, on
+    analyzing the stamp, (1) that the attractiveness of the design has
+    in no way been allowed to militate against its utility, for its
+    country of origin and denomination are clearly expressed; (2) that
+    the boldness of the design has not been detracted from (as is so
+    often the case) by superfluous ornamentation, and that the design
+    has been artistically balanced by the introduction of the
+    _right-sized portrait_ and the proper treatment of light and shade.
+
+[178] =London Philatelist=, XII: 162.
+
+We think it will be obvious, on comparing the illustration of the
+original design above with the issued stamps, that the modifications
+introduced into the lower corners by the American Bank Note Co. did not
+improve the appearance of the design. [Illustration No. 43 on Plate II.]
+
+As stated in the Post Office circular, the colors followed those of the
+Queen's head stamps, except that the 7 cent value was given a darker
+shade, more of an olive than before and an improvement on its
+predecessor. The stamps were of course line engraved and printed in the
+usual sheet arrangement of ten rows of ten. The imprint was the same as
+on the Queen's head plates, being placed only over stamps 5 and 6 of the
+top row. The plate numbers began as before at No. 1 for each stamp, and
+up to the present writing, (Dec. 1910) there have been recorded the
+following:--
+
+   1 cent--1-10, 13, 14, 18, 19, 22, 24, 25, 34, 47, 48, 51, 52, 55, 58
+   2 cent--1-30, 35-40, 47, 53-59, 62, 63, 67-74, 78
+   5 cent--1, 2
+   7 cent--1
+  10 cent--1, 2
+
+Over a year elapsed before any additions were made to the above set.
+Finally _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_[179] published in its chronicle the
+following note from a correspondent:--"On Tuesday, 27th September,
+[1904] the last sheets of the 20c numerals were issued to the
+distributing offices, and the first issue of the 20c King's Head was
+made on the same day." The stamp of course corresponds in all
+particulars with the others of the set and continues the fine olive
+green color of its predecessor. But one plate number, 1, has so far
+appeared. The amount delivered by the manufacturers since its appearance
+has averaged about 400,000 per year.
+
+[179] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XVIII: 338.
+
+The remaining value of the regular Canadian series, the 50 cent, because
+of its limited use and the stock of the 1893 issue still on hand, had
+escaped being included in either of the Queen's Head issues. But the old
+stock at last ran out in 1908 and on the 19th November, according to
+_Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_,[180] this value appeared in the King's
+Head type, printed in a rich violet and making a very handsome addition
+to the series. It conforms in all respects to the other values, and
+bears the plate number 1. The supply of the stamp received up to 31st
+March, 1910, was 300,000 copies.
+
+[180] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XXII: 414.
+
+It may have been noticed, however, that no 1/2 cent stamp has appeared
+in the King's head design. Trouble over this value seems to have begun
+to brew with the Jubilee stamps. We have already detailed the story as
+far as that issue is concerned, and also the manner in which the 1/2
+cent "maple leaf" was forced to appear before the authorities reckoned.
+Primarily intended for prepaying the rate on transient newspapers, this
+value was supposed to be employed only in that way, though its use had
+never been so restricted. Its yearly issue to postmasters had gradually
+increased from some 300,000 in 1869 to 900,000 in 1895. In 1898 the
+latter number had doubled, and by 1902 had only fallen to about
+1,200,000. The trouble seemed to be partly due, at least, to the fact
+that stamp collectors were buying them up, and using them largely on
+their letter mail. This came to the attention of the Post Office
+Department, and resulted in the following Department Circular, published
+in the _Montreal Star_ for the 6th December, 1902:[181]--
+
+    The attention of postmasters is drawn to the fact that the postal
+    necessity for the 1/2 cent stamp, as such, is now confined to one
+    purpose--prepayment of newspapers and periodicals posted singly, and
+    weighing not more than one ounce each (see Postal Guide, page xii,
+    section 47). As publications of the kind referred to must, in the
+    nature of things, be few, and as in the case of their being mailed
+    to subscribers by the office of publication, the bulk rate of
+    postage would be far cheaper and more convenient for the publisher,
+    the demand for the 1/2 cent stamp throughout the Dominion must be
+    appreciably diminished as a result of this restriction of its use.
+    While, of course, any number of 1/2 cent stamps on an article of
+    correspondence will be recognized to the full extent of their
+    aggregate face value, it is not the wish of the Department to supply
+    them except for the sole specific purpose above mentioned, and an
+    intimation to that effect should be given by postmasters to patrons
+    of their office who are in the habit of buying 1/2 cent stamps for
+    other postal purposes.
+
+[181] =ibid.=, XVI: 471.
+
+This circular seems to have had the desired effect, at least in good
+measure, for the stamp accounts in the Reports for succeeding years
+showed an average issue to postmasters of approximately 400,000 1/2 cent
+stamps, being a reduction of two-thirds. Finally, on the 19th May, 1909,
+an amendment[182] to the Post Office Act was passed which repealed the
+provision granting the 1/2 cent rate to newspapers and periodicals
+weighing less than one ounce, when posted singly. This placed them in
+the one cent per ounce class and sounded the death knell of the 1/2 cent
+stamp. The stamp accounts in the 1910 Report show 1,700 1/2 cent stamps
+on hand April 1, 1909, and 600,000 more received from the manufacturers.
+These were all issued to postmasters and a foot-note finishes the story:
+"Discontinued June 10, 1909."
+
+[182] 8-9 Edward VII, Chap. 30.
+
+Just why the 1/2 cent stamp never was issued in the King's head type
+cannot be stated. All the other values then in use in Canada had made
+their appearance in this design, the 20 cent and 50 cent even having
+delayed their advent until the stock of previous types had been
+exhausted; but the 1/2 cent Queen's Head with numerals was regularly
+received from the printers and distributed to postmasters down to the
+middle of 1909, six years after the King's Heads first made their
+appearance. With the end of its usefulness at that time, of course,
+disappeared all hope of ever seeing it in the King's Head set.
+
+In the issue for October 10, 1908, _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_
+published the following editorial:--
+
+    We are enabled to report the existence of the two-cent Canada,
+    current issue, imperforate, a reader having-shown us a sheet of one
+    hundred of these varieties bearing the plate number 18. This is a
+    discovery of momentous interest which must attract much attention
+    not alone from specialists but from collectors, as we may say for
+    the sake of distinction, as well. The fact that the pane bears so
+    early a plate number removes it from any inclusion in the theory
+    that the Canadian authorities propose to issue stamps in imperforate
+    sheets in the manner that has been employed by the United States.
+    Without doubt, the sheet under notice was regularly prepared for
+    issue in the accepted way and it is the belief from information at
+    hand that a sheet of four hundred of the stamps was printed and
+    reached the public.
+
+This announcement created some comment and was made the subject of
+enquiry of the Post Office Department at Ottawa. The officials
+repudiated the idea that any such irregularity could have happened, but
+finally took steps to authenticate the report. In the issue of February
+20, 1909, of the paper already quoted, is the full story of the "find",
+which has a peculiar interest, as will be seen later.
+
+    The sheet as found was not of 400 stamps but of over 200 stamps, as
+    the right hand half of the sheet on which our report was based and
+    which was not before us when we wrote, contained a pane of 100
+    stamps, plate number 14 and an irregularly torn part of plate number
+    13, showing about fifteen whole stamps and parts of others. Assuming
+    that the lower pane in the left half was torn approximately in the
+    manner of the right lower pane, or plate number 13, the find
+    consisted originally of 230 stamps, more or less. This reckoning
+    agrees, we believe, with the recollection of the person who rescued
+    the imperforates from oblivion, in a philatelic sense. The plate
+    numbers on the sheet that gave authority for the chronicling of the
+    stamps by the _Weekly_ are 13 and 14, respectively, and not 18 as
+    first printed.
+
+    A. N. Lemieux of Chicago is the man who found the stamps. While in
+    Ottawa five years ago or so[183], when he was in business in that
+    city, he saw the stamps just within the iron fence that has been
+    described as surrounding the establishment of the bank note company
+    that prints the Canadian stamps. The day was a rainy one and the
+    sheet had evidently been blown out of the window. Mr. Lemieux
+    apparently attached no value to the sheet of over two hundred stamps
+    which was in a wet, crumpled condition and without gum. Mr. Lemieux
+    was under the impression, no doubt, that, gum had been on the sheet
+    but had been washed off by the rain.... Before he showed the stamps
+    to the _Weekly_, Mr. Lemieux had disposed of the left half of the
+    sheet or about 115 whole stamps to a collector ... on an exchange
+    basis.... Mr. Lemieux was informed that the stamps still in his
+    possession had no little philatelic interest as curiosities and he
+    sold the specimens to Mr. Severn.
+
+[183] This was later corrected to June, 1906.
+
+Mr. Severn subsequently submitted the stamps to the officials at Ottawa,
+who pronounced them "printer's waste" and stated that "they seemingly
+had been trampled upon and subjected to the usage that would be given
+such cast off material. Further, it was said that they had been blown or
+thrown out of a window, no doubt. It was suggested that the stamps be
+returned to Ottawa and that there were moral grounds for such a course
+on the part of the holders. The description of 'printer's waste' seems
+to be correct and the inference is that the stamps never had been
+gummed. They belong to that class of curiosities that appeals strongly
+to the specialist but which the ordinary collector regards as something
+apart from his collecting policy."[184]
+
+[184] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XXIII: 66.
+
+But now mark the result. The stamps very naturally did not go back to
+Ottawa, so Ottawa took pains to "get back" at the stamps! In the
+_Weekly_ of May 22, 1909, a correspondent writes:--
+
+    It may be of interest to know that the last supplement to the
+    Canadian Post Office Guide contains the following: "In view of
+    representations which have been made to the Department, it has been
+    decided to permit the sale of the 2-cent denomination of Canadian
+    postage stamps of the current issue, in sheets of 100, _without the
+    usual perforation_." I at once asked for a sheet of 2-cent and
+    incidentally said I would take a sheet of the other denominations if
+    available. A reply came today informing me that only the 2-cent
+    would be available, and then, not for some time, as the department
+    intends to make a separate printing of these stamps, to supply
+    whatever demand may occur.
+
+The quotation from the _Guide_ appeared in the supplement for April,
+1909, and concluded with the sentence:--"Applications for the same
+should be made to the Postmaster at Ottawa."
+
+It might be inferred, perhaps, from the announcement in the _Guide_,
+that the activities of the mailing machine companies had induced the
+Canadian Post Office Department to cater to their convenience, as had
+been done in the United States, by issuing sheets of stamps, only
+purchaseable as such, in imperforate form. But no! The Department gave
+itself away! Note the following points:--Mr. Severn sent the original
+imperforates to Ottawa for examination. They had the plate numbers 13
+and 14 on them. They were returned with the intimation that "it would be
+safer not to dispose of the sheet in view of the circumstances under
+which it reached the public. It was suggested that Mr. Severn might be
+'recouped' the amount that he paid for the stamps if he relinquished
+them."[185] Naturally the stamps did not again see Ottawa. Six months
+later the Department placed on sale the 2 cent stamp in imperforate
+sheets of 100, BUT--it was announced that they could only be procured
+from the Postmaster at Ottawa; that only the 2 cent would be available;
+that the Department intended to make a _separate printing_ of the
+stamps; and when collectors obtained them they were found to be from the
+identical plates 13 and 14 of the "irregular" imperforates that Mr.
+Severn held, although the regular issues of 2 cent stamps at that time
+were being printed from plates numbered at least up to 62. We said
+"identical plates," but in view of the early plate numbers and the
+delay in issuing the imperforates, the suspicion is strong that new
+plates may have been made and given the old numbers.
+
+[185] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XXIII: 190.
+
+As no other values have since been issued imperforate, and as no other
+plate numbers have appeared in the 2 cent imperforate except the
+original 13 and 14, there is but one explanation for this "special
+printing" on these early plates, and that is an attempt to checkmate the
+holder of the originals and "to destroy what may be called an accidental
+monopoly of a stamp, the issue of which was not intended previously." As
+a clincher we make one more quotation:--"Now that Mr. Lemieux, the
+finder of the imperforates, has received the Quarterly Supplement
+alluded to, containing the order creating the imperforates neatly
+blue-pencilled, it is assumed that the issue of the stamps in this form
+has been made with the idea of rendering the sheet that escaped the
+department of no value. Thus philately plainly has its influence in this
+new emission ... and an interesting variety has been added to the
+philatelic supply by reason of the refusal to return the sheet that
+accidentally escaped some years ago."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Postmaster General's Reports for the several years of the King's
+Head issue (1903 to date) have but little of special interest. The
+Report of 30th June, 1903, says:--"Towards the end of the fiscal year a
+new series of postage stamps, bearing the portrait of His Majesty King
+Edward VII, and comprising five denominations was supplied to Post
+Masters so as to be on sale throughout the Dominion on the 1st July,
+1903."
+
+The Report of 1905 states that a Postal Convention between Canada and
+Mexico came into operation on 1st July, 1905 by which first, second and
+third class matter can be sent from either country to the other at the
+domestic rates of the country of origin.
+
+The fiscal year was once more changed from the 1st July to the 1st April
+of each year, so that the Reports of the Postmaster General have been
+made up to the 31st March since 1907. The Report of 1908 states that
+"for some time past the provisions of the Postal Convention between
+Canada and the United States relative to the postage on newspapers and
+periodicals passing between the two countries were felt to be
+unsatisfactory, and an amendment was made to the Convention (taking
+effect on 8th May, 1907) by which the rate was fixed at 1 cent for each
+4 ounces, calculated on the weight of each package of newspapers or
+periodicals, and prepaid by means of postage stamps affixed. The
+amendment was subsequently modified: and copies of legitimate daily
+newspapers posted from the office of publication addressed to regular
+subscribers and newsdealers, can now be sent from Canada to the United
+States and from the United States to Canada at the rate of 1 cent per
+pound. Newspapers and periodicals published less frequently than daily
+are still subject to the rate of 1 cent per 4 ounces."
+
+The issue of the "6c. International Reply Coupon" is recorded as having
+taken place on the 5th October, 1907. A supply of 500,000 was received
+from Berne, and of these 62,625 were distributed. The Report for 1909
+gives but 2,475 issued from headquarters, and the 1910 Report 14,050.
+
+The 1908 Report also notes the extension of free delivery of letters by
+carrier to the following places: in Ontario:--Peterboro, Guelph, Berlin,
+Stratford, Windsor, St. Catherines; in Quebec:--Sherbrooke, St.
+Hyacinthe, Trois Rivi[e']res; in Prince Edward Island:--Charlottetown;
+in Manitoba:--Brandon; in Alberta:--Calgary, Edmonton.
+
+The Report for 1909 states that "a greatly desired reduction was made in
+August 1908, in the rate of postage on letters posted for local delivery
+in cities and other places having free letter carrier delivery service.
+The former rate was two cents per ounce; the present rate is one cent
+per ounce."
+
+Further changes in newspaper regulations are noted as follows:--
+
+    Some changes have been made in the regulations respecting newspapers
+    and periodicals posted from the office of publication addressed to
+    regular subscribers and newsdealers. (1) The former rate of 1/2 cent
+    per pound applicable to newspapers and periodicals which required to
+    be transmitted a distance in Canada exceeding three hundred miles,
+    or which were addressed for delivery in a place having Free Letter
+    Carrier Delivery service has been abolished; and now all newspapers
+    and periodicals published not less frequently than once a month can
+    be posted from the place of publication to any place in Canada at
+    the bulk rate of a quarter of a cent per pound. (2) The extent of
+    the circular area in Canada within which newspapers and periodicals
+    published no more frequently than weekly and no less frequently than
+    monthly can be sent free of postage to regular subscribers has been
+    increased from an area having a radius of 20 miles to an area having
+    a radius of 40 miles, the center of which may either be the place of
+    publication or some place not more than 40 miles distant therefrom,
+    according to the wish of the publisher.
+
+The following places are given as having had the system of free delivery
+of letters by carrier extended to them: in Ontario:--Chatham, Fort
+William, Port Arthur, Sarnia, St. Thomas; in New Brunswick:--Moncton; in
+Saskatchewan:--Regina; in British Columbia:--New Westminster.
+
+The Report for 1910 contains nothing special. New Parcels Post
+regulations are noted with the United Kingdom, British West Indies,
+British Guiana and Mexico, by which the rate is made 12 cents per pound
+or fraction, with a limit of 11 pounds.
+
+In closing the chapter on the King Edward stamps, doubtless ere long to
+be superseded by "King George" stamps, it may be well to record the
+following statistics in order to note the progress made in the Post
+Office Department for the period we have been considering.
+
+                                           _31st. Mar. '03._  _31st. Mar. '10._
+  Number of Post Offices,                             10,150          12,887
+    "    "  letters and post cards annually,     262,437,000     501,189,000
+    "    "  registered letters annually,           5,470,000      10,465,000
+    "    "  pieces of 3rd class matter annually,  46,794,000      87,237,000
+    "    "  packets and parcels annually,          3,790,740       7,112,660
+  Mileage travelled on mail routes annually,      35,752,087      46,773,727
+  Net revenue,                                    $4,366,127.75   $7,958,547.72
+
+A very important fact is also to be found on examining the financial
+reports of the Department--that from a deficit (as usual for many years)
+of $416,183.99 in 1901, and a wee surplus of $5,109.14 in 1902, there
+has grown to be a surplus of $743,210.25 in 1910. Evidently Canada's
+Post Office Department is at least run efficiently and economically!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+THE "TERCENTENARY" ISSUE OF 1908
+
+
+It may be remembered, perhaps, that in our introductory chapter we noted
+the fact that the first permanent settlement in Canada was made by
+Champlain at Quebec in 1608. As the year 1908 approached, the idea of
+celebrating in proper manner the three hundredth anniversary of this
+event was strongly agitated, particularly by the French population of
+the Province of Quebec. Plans were formed and materialized in the shape
+of fetes, historical pageants, etc., which took place at Quebec in July,
+1908, and to be present at which the Prince and Princess of Wales made a
+special trip across the Atlantic in one of Britain's most powerful
+warships.
+
+In view of former precedents it was to be expected that the Canadian
+Post Office Department would also celebrate in a fitting way, and
+although a new Postmaster General had taken the place of Sir William
+Mulock, he nevertheless arose to the occasion as the following newspaper
+despatch shows:--
+
+    QUEBEC, March 31.--Hon. Rudolphe Lemieux, Postmaster Gen. of Canada,
+    announces that a series of postage stamps commemorative of the
+    Champlain tercentenary will be issued at Ottawa on the third of
+    July, which marks the exact anniversary of the foundation of Quebec
+    by Champlain.
+
+No sooner was this fact made known than the Postmaster General was
+showered with suggestions of all kinds as to the designs of stamps
+appropriate to the occasion. But after the first announcement the Post
+Office Department was very reticent in regard to the matter, and letters
+of enquiry concerning the proposed issue were answered as evasively as
+possible.
+
+At last the veil was lifted and the following despatch to the _Toronto
+Globe_[186] gave definite information concerning the proposed issue:--
+
+    OTTAWA, July 3, (Special).--Postmaster-General Lemieux has given
+    instructions to issue a series of postage stamps commemorating the
+    tercentenary.
+
+    They are eight in number. Four of them bear portraits of persons
+    dear to Canada, or whose names recall great events. The first
+    represents the Prince and Princess of Wales; the second the King and
+    Queen. Next come Cartier and Champlain, and then, in connection with
+    the battlefields park scheme, Wolfe and Montcalm.
+
+    The second part of the issue represents Cartier's arrival before
+    Quebec. On the calm waters of the mighty St. Lawrence stand in bold
+    relief three ships of the discoverer of Canada, flying the
+    fleur-de-lys.
+
+    As a sequel to the above is a very picturesque tableau. In
+    Champlain's narrative of his third voyage to Canada is found the
+    following passage:
+
+    "With our canoes laden with provisions, our arms and some
+    merchandise to be given as presents to the Indians, I started on
+    Monday, May 27, from the Isle of Saincte H['e]laine, accompanied by
+    four Frenchmen and one Indian. A salute was given in my honor from
+    some small pieces of artillery."
+
+    The artist, under the inspiration of these few lines, has depicted
+    Champlain's departure for the west. There stand two canoes. In one
+    Champlain's companions have already taken their places, paddle in
+    hand, whilst the great explorer is still on shore, bidding good-bye
+    to a few friends. The picture is full of life. The legend underneath
+    reads as follows: "Partement de Champlain pour L'ouest." The word
+    "partement", now obsolete, is the one used by Champlain for the
+    modern one "d['e]part."
+
+    The same note of old France is used in connection with a view of the
+    first house in Quebec, indeed in Canada, Champlain's habitation,
+    which is called in his narrative "l'abitation de Qu['e]becq." This
+    stamp is a clear reproduction of a cut from Champlain's work.
+
+    Quebec as it was in 1700 is the next view, copied from Bacqueville
+    de la Potherie's "Histoire de la Nouvelle France." It is a quaint
+    picture of the old city, showing steeples here and there, the fort
+    on the river front and in faint lines the Laurentide Mountains in
+    the background.
+
+    All stamps bear with the words "Canada Postage" the line "IIIe
+    centenaire de Qu['e]bec."
+
+    The postmaster-general has given special attention to the selection
+    of portraits and historical scenes to be represented. His choice has
+    been an excellent one.
+
+    The carrying out of the engraving part of the plan has been
+    entrusted to Mr. Machado, of the American Bank Note Co., who, with
+    keen artistic sense, has performed his part of the work with great
+    success.
+
+[186] =Ewen's Weekly Stamp News=, No. 462.
+
+Excellent reproductions of this attractive series will be found as Nos.
+46-53 on Plate III.
+
+The stamps were placed on sale at Ottawa on the 16th July. They are of
+the same shape as the Jubilee issue, though the dimensions are 1 mm.
+higher and nearly 3 mm. longer. The designs are as already described,
+except that the legend "Partement pour l'ouest" does not have
+Champlain's name in it, and the dates 1608 and 1908 are placed in the
+upper corners. The colors do not wholly correspond with the regular set;
+the 1, 2 and 5 cent naturally conform, but the 1/2 cent is in a
+black-brown and the 7 cent in the fine olive green of the regular 20
+cent. The 10 cent is also changed to a handsome violet, while the 15
+cent is in orange and the 20 cent in a dark brown.
+
+The stamps are beautifully engraved, as usual, and printed in sheets of
+100, ten rows of ten. Above the 5th and 6th stamps of the top row is the
+regular marginal imprint: "OTTAWA--No.--" and the figure representing
+the plate number. A peculiar variety has been recorded, however, in the
+sheets of the 2 cent value, some of those with plate numbers 3 and 4
+having the imprint _inverted_ in the _bottom_ margin of the sheet.[187]
+As it occurs both ways, the only explanation seems to be that the plates
+may have printed _two panes_, which were afterwards separated into post
+office sheets of 100 stamps each, and that by error, perhaps, the
+imprint was inverted on one of these panes.
+
+[187] =Ewen's Weekly Stamp News=, Nos. 478, 480.
+
+The plate numbers of the several values are as follows:--
+
+  Plate No.  1.            1/2c., 7c., 10c., 15c., 20c.
+    "   Nos. 1, 2.                                  5c.
+    "   Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4.                       1c., 2c.
+
+The stamps are on stout white wove paper and perforated 12.
+
+It may not be out of place to further describe some of the designs of
+these stamps because of their historical interest. Of course the
+portraits of the British Royal Family are familiar, that of the Princess
+of Wales being the one used on the handsome 4 cent stamp of
+Newfoundland, and that of the Prince of Wales being from a photograph
+taken by W. and D. Downey of London, just before the Prince's journey to
+India in 1906. The portrait of Cartier will also be recognized as the
+one that appeared on the early 10d. stamp of the Province of Canada.
+
+Concerning the picture on the 20 cent stamp, "Arriv['e]e de Cartier,
+Qu['e]bec 1535," we find some interesting details given by M. Th.
+Lemaire:[188]--
+
+    In 1533 Jacques Cartier obtained from Philippe de Chabot, Admiral of
+    France, authority to arm ships "to voyage, discover and conquer in
+    New France, as well as to find, by the North-west, the passage to
+    Cathay." On his first voyage he touched Newfoundland, but the
+    advanced season obliged him to return to France. King Francis I
+    thereupon ordered him, as a "royal pilot", to arm three vessels for
+    a second voyage. On the 19th of May, 1535, the flotilla set out from
+    St. Malo. It was composed of two ships, the _Grande-Hermine_ of 120
+    tons and the _Petit-Hermine_ of 80 tons, and a galley, the
+    _H['e]merillon_, of 40 tons. These are the ones shown on the stamp.
+    The ships were built with the high bows and sterns of those days,
+    and were armed with "falconets" (small cannon) along the sides and
+    "culverins" (long cannon) in a battery on the bridge. The galley was
+    long and narrow, low in the water, and was propelled both by sails
+    and oars; it was armed with two small cannon forward and a dozen
+    large arquebuses. The complement of the three ships comprised in
+    all--officers, gentlemen, volunteers, chaplains, sailors, workmen,
+    servants--a hundred and ten men.
+
+    On the 14th September, Cartier arrived at an Indian village,
+    Stadacon['e], called also by the natives Canada (or _the town_), the
+    residence of the chief Donnacona. This village was built on the bay
+    which the river St. Charles forms where it flows into the St.
+    Lawrence, against the steep flank of a mountain, on the spot where
+    now is built the south-eastern section of Quebec. The 20-cent stamp
+    represents this arrival of Cartier at Stadacon['e], the future
+    Quebec.
+
+    Samuel de Champlain, whose effigy figures on the 1 cent stamp beside
+    that of Cartier, was sent by Henri IV in 1603 to found a settlement
+    in Canada. On his first voyage he sailed up the St. Lawrence river
+    and established friendly relations with the native chiefs. On the
+    second expedition, in 1608, he disembarked on the 3d July at the
+    foot of the promontory of Stadacon['e], accompanied by only thirty
+    men.
+
+    His first care was to find a favorable place to built a "habitation"
+    with a view to wintering there. "I could find nothing more
+    convenient or better situated, said he, than the point of
+    Qu['e]becq, so called by the savages, which was filled with walnut
+    trees." It was on the same spot where, seventy-three years before,
+    Cartier had constructed a fort of tree trunks.
+
+    Thanks to the activity displayed by all, the "habitation" was
+    quickly finished. It was composed of three main houses of two
+    stories, each measuring fifteen by eighteen feet. The magazine was
+    thirty-six by eighteen feet, with a six foot cellar. Champlain
+    lodged in the same building with part of the workmen, but on the
+    first story. The other buildings served for the workmen and for
+    storing the arms and munitions. In an ell back of Champlain's
+    quarters, several artisans slept beside their forge. All around the
+    buildings a gallery six feet wide served as a promenade. A ditch
+    fifteen feet wide and six feet deep served to protect the colonists
+    from the aggressions of the savages. Champlain had several
+    breastworks thrown up outside the ditch where he placed his cannon.
+    There remained, between the habitation and the river, only a strip
+    of land about twenty-five feet wide, and behind, on the side of the
+    cape, a plot of cultivated ground about 100 to 120 paces by 60
+    paces. There Champlain had wheat and rye planted and also set out
+    vines.
+
+[188] =Journal des Philat['e]listes=, 5th Series, page 298.
+
+As with the Jubilee stamps, some special sets were made up for
+presentation purposes. The following press clipping gives the
+details:[189]--
+
+    As the Prince of Wales is an enthusiastic collector of stamps, His
+    Royal Highness will no doubt be very pleased to receive the set of
+    the special tercentenary stamps which will be presented to him at
+    Quebec. The stamps will be held in small gold boxes, enclosed in a
+    handsome large box of Morocco leather. A second set accompanies the
+    gift in a special gold box. On the cover of the large box is the
+    Prince's crest and a gold plate inscribed as follows: "Set of
+    Canadian postage stamps issued upon the occasion of the Quebec
+    tercentenary, 1908. Presented to His Royal Highness the Prince of
+    Wales by Hon Rodolphe Lemieux, Postmaster-General of Canada." Sets
+    of these stamps, in boxes with appropriate crests and monograms,
+    will be presented to Earl Grey, Sir Wilfred Laurier and Hon.
+    Rodolphe Lemieux.
+
+[189] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XXII: 265.
+
+Unlike the Jubilee issue, no advance information concerning quantities
+printed was given out. Many attempts were made to get this interesting
+detail, but without result. Even an interpellation of the
+Postmaster-General in the House of Commons was unproductive, as witness
+the following excerpt:[190]--
+
+    Mr. McKechnie sends us information regarding the issue, indicating
+    that there is to be no such vexatious limits set upon the number to
+    be printed as was the case with the Jubilee 1/2c. Postmaster-General
+    Lemieux is reported, in the _Canadian Hansard_, to have said in
+    answer to a query as to the number printed of each denomination:
+    "Since the arrangements as to the respective quantities comprising
+    the series are thus far of a necessarily tentative character, being
+    largely dependent upon the demand therefor that may arise, no final
+    estimate has been made of the number to be issued in each
+    denomination."
+
+[190] =Canadian Hansard=, 31st March, 1909, page 3754.
+
+All of which was simply a parliamentary way of saying "mind your own
+business", as the full quota of stamps was doubtless printed and
+delivered at that time. At any rate, a _Memorandum for the Postmaster_,
+issued from headquarters under date of 12th September, 1908, states that
+"With the exception of the 10c, 15c and 20c stamps, all of the
+Tercentenary postage stamps are now exhausted." However, the question of
+the quantity issued was again brought up in the House of Commons, after
+some time, and the following two questions propounded by a
+member:[191]--
+
+    1. What was the total amount received by the Post Office Department
+    from the sale of the special Tercentenary stamps? 2. What part of
+    this sum would probably have been received as ordinary revenue if
+    there had been no special issue of stamps?
+
+    To these questions the Hon. Rodolphe Lemieux, Postmaster-General,
+    responded: The following was the issue to Postmasters of the
+    Tercentenary postage stamps:
+
+  Denominations.               Quantities.               Value.
+   1/2 cent                     2,000,000                $10,000
+   1    "                      22,530,000                225,300
+   2    "                      35,100,000                702,000
+   5    "                       1,200,000                 60,000
+   7    "                         700,000                 49,000
+  10    "                         500,000                 50,000
+  15    "                         300,000                 45,000
+  20    "                         304,200                 60,840
+                               ----------              ---------
+  Totals,                      62,634,200             $1,202,140
+
+    The department has no knowledge whether the stamps in question have
+    all been sold, as during their issue the ordinary postage stamps
+    were also on sale, both issues being in use as preferred by the
+    public. The proceeds derived from the sale of stamps of the two
+    issues were not kept separately, but treated as arising from a
+    common source. It is, therefore, impossible to state to what extent
+    the issue of the Tercentenary postage stamps may have affected the
+    ordinary revenue.
+
+[191] =Ibid.=, XXII: 256.
+
+The Report of 1909, in referring to this issue, had the following
+remarks:--
+
+    To meet what appeared to be a general wish a special series of
+    postage stamps, which has come to be known as the Tercentenary
+    Series, was introduced as a feature of the celebration in July,
+    1908, of the three hundredth anniversary of the founding of Quebec
+    by Champlain. The first supply of these stamps was sent out to
+    Postmasters about the middle of that month, and was on sale to the
+    public by the time His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales reached
+    Quebec for the celebration. The demand for the new stamps was
+    extraordinary, and for the better part of a month was steadily kept
+    up. The interest taken in them was, in no small measure, due to the
+    historic associations with which in design they were so happily
+    linked, the subjects depicted in the several denominations of the
+    series being in variety and appropriateness admirably adapted to the
+    end in view,--popular recognition of an epoch-making event.
+
+The Report of 1910 notes that the last issue of the Tercentenary stamps
+was on Oct. 14, 1908,--apparently the 15 cent denomination. The whole
+issue was thus exhausted in three months' time.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+THE REGISTRATION STAMPS
+
+
+The first mention that we find concerning the registration system in
+Canada is in the Postmaster General's report for the year ending 31st
+March, 1856, in the following words:--"The number of letters passing
+through the Post under the Registration System commenced in May 1855, is
+very great, and is rapidly increasing." The number of letters is given
+in even figures as 350,000 during the first year. The Report states
+further:--"In October 1856, an agreement with the Post Office Department
+of the United States took effect for a system of Registration to be
+applied to letters passing between the two countries. Under this
+arrangement a person posting a letter on either side can, by the
+pre-payment of a fee of 3d. in addition to the ordinary postage, secure
+a continuous record of its transmission from the place of posting to the
+place of destination, where a receipt will be taken and preserved of the
+due delivery of the letter so registered." Further details are found in
+the postal section of the Canadian Directory for 1857-8, as follows:--
+
+    Persons transmitting letters, which they desire should pass through
+    the post as "registered letters," must observe that no record is
+    taken of any letter unless specially handed in for registration at
+    the time of posting. Upon all such letters, with the exception of
+    those addressed to the United States, one penny must be prepaid as a
+    registration charge. If addressed to the United States, the ordinary
+    postage rate on the letters to that country _must be prepaid_, and
+    in addition a registration charge of 3d. per letter. The registry
+    thus effected in Canada will be carried on by the United States Post
+    office until the letter arrives at its destination.
+
+    In like manner, letters addressed to Canada may be registered at the
+    place of posting in the United States, and the registry made there
+    will accompany the letter to the place of delivery in Canada.
+
+    A certificate of registration will be given by the postmaster if
+    required.
+
+    The registration system can be applied to the letter portion of the
+    mail only....
+
+    _[The Postal Department is not liable for the loss of any registered
+    letters._]
+
+The next year's Report gives the number of registered letters posted
+annually as computed at 500,000. The Report of 30th September, 1858 also
+says: "About 500,000 letters were registered last year", and goes on to
+state:--"It is also considered that it would be an improvement on the
+system if the charge for registration were made pre-payable by a stamp,
+instead of by money as at present." From this it is evident that the
+postage stamps were not then used for indicating the payment of the
+registration fee. Just when they were permitted to be so employed does
+not appear, but it was doubtless within a comparatively short time
+thereafter, as we have seen a cover with stamp so used which was dated
+in 1862; in fact it seems probable that arrangements for using stamps to
+indicate the payment for registration may have accompanied the
+introduction of the decimal stamps in 1859.
+
+Further remarks upon the registration system are found in the Report for
+1860, as follows:--
+
+    A rate of charge for Registration so low as, in no probable degree,
+    to operate as a motive, with persons posting letters of value, to
+    deny themselves the advantage of securing from the Post Office an
+    acknowledgement of the receipt of the specific letter, has always
+    been considered to be a cardinal point in the Canadian Registration
+    System.
+
+    The Registration fee, or charge, has, therefore, under the influence
+    of this consideration, been maintained at 2 cents, though it is
+    doubtful whether such a rate of charge covers the actual cost of the
+    process; the address of the Registered Letter having, in the course
+    of transmission, to be entered on an average not less than six
+    times, and forms of certificate or receipt, and Books in which to
+    preserve permanent records at each Post Office, to to supplied.
+
+From the above it is evident that the domestic rate of registration was
+2 cents in 1860, the equivalent of the 1 penny rate already noted as
+being in force in 1857, and doubtless the original rate when the system
+was inaugurated in 1855--certainly a remarkably cheap fee for the
+service. Of course the rate for letters to the United States, which had
+been fixed at 3 pence in 1856, was held at the equivalent of 5 cents
+upon the change to decimal currency in 1859.
+
+Nothing further of special interest is found until the Report of 1864,
+in which the following dissertation occurs:--
+
+    When a letter is _registered_, that is to say marked and recorded in
+    the Post Office so as to individualize it from the bulk of ordinary
+    letter correspondence, its presence in the Post Office can be
+    identified and its course of transmission traced, and a registered
+    letter is thus secured from the chance of abstraction by an
+    unfaithful messenger employed to post it (as it is always open to
+    proof whether the letter was posted for registration or not), from
+    risk of loss by accidental misdirection on the part of the sender,
+    and from mistakes in the Post Office--such as mis-sending or
+    delivery to a wrong party. Against actual dishonesty on the part of
+    the Post Office employ['e]s, a registered letter is incomparably
+    more secure than an unregistered one, for an unregistered
+    money-letter leaves no trace behind it whilst passing in the great
+    stream of ordinary correspondence, though its presence as a
+    money-letter and the nature of its contents are, to any person
+    accustomed to handle letters, as manifest as though the letter had
+    been singled out and marked by the registered stamp. Moreover, the
+    safety of an unregistered letter in dependent on the integrity of a
+    Post Office Clerk during the whole time that it remains in his
+    custody, frequently for hours or even days; whilst a registered
+    letter will almost invariably have to be acknowledged at the moment
+    of its passing into an officer's hands, and cannot thereafter be
+    suppressed without leaving him individually accountable for its
+    disposal.
+
+In the Report for 1865 it is stated that "there has been a reduction in
+the charge on Registered letters" between Canada and the United Kingdom,
+but we are left in the dark as to the amount of the reduction or the new
+rate, as far as the Report goes, but in a _Post Office Directory for
+1866_ (dated October 1, 1865) we find the following table which gives us
+the information desired:--
+
+    REGISTRATION OF LETTERS.
+
+    The charge for Registration, in addition to the Postage, is as
+    follows, viz.:
+
+    On Letters to any other place in Canada,
+        or British North America                               2 cents
+    On Letters for the United States                           5  "
+    On Letters for the United Kingdom                      2-1/2  "
+    On Letters for British Colonies or Possessions, sent
+        _via_ England                                         25  "
+    On Letters for France and other Foreign Countries,
+        _via_ England, an amount equal to the postage rate.
+
+    Both the postage charge and registration fee must in all cases be
+    prepaid.
+
+The _Post Office Act_ 1867 made the domestic registration of letters
+containing valuables compulsory, the Postmaster General being empowered
+to prescribe and enforce regulations "in respect to the registration by
+the officers of the Post Office of letters unquestionably containing
+money or other valuable enclosure when posted without registration by
+the senders of the same, and to imposing a rate of two cents
+registration charge upon such letters."[192]
+
+[192] 31^o Vict. Cap. X. Sec. 10, par. 11. See page 96.
+
+The Report for 1868, which was the first of the Dominion of Canada, gave
+the statistics of registered letters as 640,000 for Ontario and Quebec
+(the former Province of Canada), 24,700 for New Brunswick, and 40,000
+for Nova Scotia, a total registered correspondence of 704,700. The next
+year's Report especially notes the increase in the use of the
+registration system, the total having advanced to 850,000 pieces, while
+the Report for 1870 records an even million.
+
+Finally in the Report for 1872, we find the first hint of special stamps
+for registration purposes, as follows:--
+
+    It seems expedient to adopt some distinctive postage stamp to be
+    used only in prepayment of the Registration charge, both to make it
+    clear that this charge has been duly paid and accounted for in every
+    case, and to diminish the risk which is occasionally felt at points
+    of distribution of omitting to carry on the Registration in cases
+    where the ordinary Registration postmark is not as distinct and
+    calculated to arrest attention as it should be.
+
+    It has always been the policy of the Canadian Post Office to admit
+    letters to Registration at a low rate of charge for the additional
+    security thus given, so as to leave no adequate motive, on the score
+    of cost, for sending valuable letters through the mails
+    unregistered; and, doubtless, the very large proportion of such
+    letters offered for registration demonstrates a gratifying measure
+    of success in attaining the desired object.
+
+We have here the reason for the extremely cheap domestic registry fee of
+2 cents--a reason which might, possibly with profit, even, enter more
+deeply into the calculations and published rates of even larger
+countries than Canada.
+
+The above recommendation did not bear immediate fruit, but after a delay
+of three years the suggested special stamps made their appearance on
+November 15, 1875. The Report of that year says of them:--
+
+    Registration stamps have been issued, to be used by the public in
+    prepaying the registration charges on letters passing within the
+    Dominion, or to the United Kingdom or United States, each
+    destination being distinguished by a different colour in the stamp,
+    as well as by a variation in the amount of registration charge and
+    corresponding value of the stamp.
+
+    There is a red stamp of the value of two cents for prepayment of the
+    registration charges on letters within the Dominion.
+
+    There is a green stamp of five cents value for registered letters
+    addressed to the United States.
+
+    There is a blue stamp of eight cents value for registered letters
+    addressed to the United Kingdom.
+
+    These stamps are to apply exclusively to the registration charges,
+    and the postage rates on registered letters are to be prepaid by the
+    ordinary postage stamps.
+
+    It is believed that the use of these distinctive stamps for the
+    registration charges, will tend to give registered letters
+    additional security against the risk which is sometimes felt of the
+    registration escaping observation, when such letters are dealt with
+    hurriedly or handled at night, whilst passing through the post.
+
+The special registration stamps are too well known to need any
+particular description, especially as they are excellently illustrated
+as Numbers 54, 55 and 56 on Plate III. Like the ordinary postage stamps,
+they are engraved on steel and were originally printed in sheets of 50,
+ten horizontal rows of five stamps each, which made a sheet of nearly
+the same size, only turned through an angle of 90 deg., as the ordinary
+sheet of 100 postage stamps. The imprint was the same as the second type
+employed for the "small" cents issue--"British American Bank Note Co.
+Montreal" in a pearled frame--and likewise appeared four times on the
+sheet, as already fully described in the chapter dealing with that
+issue.[193] The denomination of the stamp was also expressed as TWO
+CENTS, in the shaded Roman capitals which we found in the case of the
+postage stamps, over the first stamp in the top row of that value, but
+with the 5 cent the word FIVE alone appears. The 8 cent we have not
+seen. On the 2 cent there is also a large numeral 2, 7-1/2 mm. high,
+over the last stamp in the top row (number 5) but the 5 cent has none.
+
+[193] See page 125.
+
+The normal colors for the stamps were:--
+
+  2 cents, orange varying through orange red to vermilion.
+  5 cents, a slightly yellow green varying from pale to dark.
+  8 cents, both bright and dull blue.
+
+The stamps were printed upon the same ordinary white wove paper as was
+used for the contemporary postage stamps. The variation from thin to
+thick quality is found in the case of the 2 cent and 5 cent stamps, but
+very little variation in the 8 cent stamp. This is explained by the fact
+that there were probably but two printings of the latter stamp, 100,000
+having been delivered by the manufacturers according to the Postmaster
+General's Report for 30th June, 1875, and 25,000 more according to the
+next year's report.
+
+The stamps were normally perforated 12, but the 2 cents in orange and
+the 5 cents in dark green are both known in imperforate condition, the
+latter having been chronicled in the _Halifax Philatelist_ for November,
+1888. A vertical pair of the 5 cent is shown as illustration No. 115 on
+Plate X.
+
+In the Report for 1877 we find the following:--"The Registration charge
+on registered letters between the United Kingdom and Canada has been
+reduced from 8 cents to 5 cents by the Post Offices of the United
+Kingdom." This naturally dealt a heavy blow at the use of the 8 cent
+stamp. The _Stamp Journal_ for February, 1878, said:--"Mr. E. Burpee
+states that the 8 cent 'Registered' stamps have been called in, and that
+hereafter the fee to Great Britain and foreign countries will be the
+same as to the United States--5 cents." The next issue, however,
+corrected this:--"After January, 1878, the cost of registering letters
+to Great Britain has been fixed at 5 c, the same as to the United
+States.... To foreign countries the rate is as before, 8 cents, and
+therefore there is no suppression of the 8 cent registered stamps."
+
+Nevertheless, the rate to foreign countries must have been reduced not
+long after, as the statistics for stamps issued to postmasters between
+the 1st July, 1878 and the 1st July, 1879 give but 25 of the 8 cent
+registered stamp, which must therefore have been sent out early in the
+fiscal year. The total issues to postmasters, according to the Reports,
+were as under:--
+
+  1876    71,950
+  1877    17,200
+  1878     9,400
+  1879        25
+          ------
+  Total   98,575
+
+The number returned as "unfit for use" and presumably destroyed during
+the several years was 8,872. This gives a total issue of 89,700 for the
+8 cent stamp, according to the Reports; but the Canadian correspondent
+of _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_ stated:[194]--"In 1878 a little over
+75,000 of these [original 125,000] were destroyed by order of the
+Postmaster-General." This probably means that the stamps were called in
+after their usefulness ceased, and allowing for the amount destroyed
+during the period of issue gives us perhaps 40,000 as the number
+actually issued to the public from post offices.
+
+[194] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, II: 45:2.
+
+The 2 cent and 5 cent stamps remained in use, but when the general
+revision of rates took place in 1889 the domestic rate was raised to 5
+cents, and the 2 cent stamp lost its usefulness, the 5 cent alone
+remaining. We have already reproduced the circular announcing these
+changes,[195] and will only repeat here the paragraph relating to the
+registration fee:--
+
+    The fee for the registration of a letter or other article of mail
+    matter will be five cents upon all classes of correspondence passing
+    within the Dominion. For the present, and until further instructed,
+    the registration fee may be prepaid by using the _2 cent
+    Registration stamps and postage stamps to make up the amount_.
+
+[195] See page 136.
+
+This notice was dated 8th May, 1889, and the Report of 30th June
+following remarks further:--
+
+    The charge for the registration of a letter, parcel, book or other
+    articles of mail matter was also made uniform, and fixed at 5 cents
+    for all classes of matter. The frequent delay consequent upon the
+    prepayment of a wrong registration fee will no longer take place.
+
+The removal of the British American Bank Note Co. from Montreal to
+Ottawa, which we have already noted as resulting in some marked changes
+in the shades of the regular postage stamps,[196] was not without its
+effect upon the registration stamps. Apparently the same ink used for
+printing the ordinary 3 cent stamp was used for the 2 cent registration,
+for we find both stamps chronicled in the _Halifax Philatelist_ for
+October, 1888, as having appeared in a "bright carmine." The usual
+catalog designation for this 2 cent registration stamp is "scarlet
+vermilion", but we think that "brick red" best describes the ordinary
+shade in which these Ottawa printings are found, though the _Halifax
+Philatelist_ recorded a "dull rose" tint in March, 1889.
+
+[196] See page 128.
+
+The 5 cent stamp was also noted in blue green in the November, 1889,
+issue of the _Philatelic Record_, a few months after the regular 2 cent
+postage stamp appeared in the same shade, again apparently showing the
+use of the same ink in printing both stamps.
+
+During its regular currency the 2 cent stamp had risen from an issue to
+postmasters of 937,000 in 1876 to 2,800,000 in 1889, but the change in
+rates caused a drop to 600,000 in 1890, 14,850 in 1891, and 100 in 1892,
+while a straggling lot of 400 appeared in 1896.
+
+The 5 cent stamp was distributed to the amount of about 232,000 in 1876,
+but ran up gradually from 135,000 in the next year to half a million in
+1889. The increase in rates jumped it to nearly three times this amount
+in 1890, and by 1893, when the regular 8 cent stamp was issued for
+combined postage and registration, the annual output of the 5 cent
+registration stamp was 2,260,000.
+
+It may be remembered that after the removal of the engraving company
+from Montreal to Ottawa certain of the low value postage stamps appeared
+printed from plates of two hundred impressions instead of the ordinary
+one hundred. In like manner we find that new plates of double size were
+made for the 5 cent registration stamp also, these being in one hundred
+impressions, ten rows of ten, but without the "Ottawa" imprint which
+appeared on the enlarged plates of the regular postage stamps, according
+to the _Dominion Philatelist_, which noted the new sheet arrangement in
+October, 1892.
+
+On the 1st August, 1893, the regular 8 cent stamp was issued to prepay
+the combined postage and registration fee, and the notice we have
+already quoted in that connection stated[197] that when the supply of
+the 5 cent registration stamp on hand was exhausted no more would be
+issued. The Report for 1894 states that 307,900 were issued to
+postmasters for the year ending 30th June, and as over two and a half
+millions had been issued in the previous twelve-month, the probability
+is that the supply was exhausted about the time of the appearance of the
+8 cent postage stamp, and therefore the stock in the hands of
+postmasters must have been pretty well used up by 1894.
+
+[197] See page 143.
+
+There is one point left in connection with the registration stamps that
+deserves mention, as it has so frequently been a bone of contention. The
+2 cent stamp was formerly listed in _brown_, and quantities of printer's
+ink and valuable space have been wasted in discussing its merits. Mr.
+Donald A. King seems to have been the discoverer of the variety,
+according to the _Halifax Philatelist_,[198] where it was exploited in
+an article which is worth quoting here for its historical value.
+
+[198] =Halifax Philatelist=, II: 8.
+
+    THE CANADIAN ERROR.
+
+    The Canada 2c. brown registration is at this time mentioned
+    frequently in the _Figaro_ and several other philatelic
+    publications. As there seems to be considerable doubt as to the
+    origin, and as I was in the main instrumental in introducing them to
+    the philatelic public, I have decided to give the information I
+    possess on this subject to them.
+
+    About the beginning of January, 1887, I was shown a registered
+    letter received from Miscou Light House Post Office in New
+    Brunswick. It had a BROWN 2c. registration stamp on it--a clear
+    unmistakable dark brown. I immediately wrote the postmaster there
+    for information relative to them. He answered and said that he had
+    23 on hand. That he had originally received 50 from the P. O. Dept.
+    at Ottawa, and that they were BROWN when he received them. This he
+    stated positively. I then sent to him for them, but before my letter
+    reached him he had used two of them so that I received only 21.
+
+    Those stamps I showed to several philatelists, and could not get two
+    to agree as to their origin. Some said the change in color was due
+    to the gum, others to chemical changes, others again said it was due
+    to the atmosphere from the salt water. Very few would allow a
+    misprint. In the meantime Mr. F. C. Kaye also came across another
+    registered letter with brown registration stamp. This time it was
+    from the P. O. of New Ross in Lunenberg Co., N. S. From this office
+    about 50 were obtained. The postmaster at this office was also
+    positive as to having received them from the Dept. at Ottawa in
+    brown. The same objections were raised to those as to the others, as
+    to whether they were a genuine misprint or not. In this case the
+    atmosphere of salt water was not the cause as New Ross is in the
+    interior. If the gum was the cause of their changing color, it is
+    peculiar that we do not get more of them. Changes by chemical means
+    were also tried. The only thing which would turn the red of the
+    genuine color to brown, was sulphuric acid mixed with water, and
+    this did not give a good clear color, having a somewhat greyish
+    shade in it. Those experiments have, in my opinion, confirmed their
+    genuineness. And now as if to make assurances in regard to their
+    genuineness more sure, we find a third post office with them. This
+    was Beauly, in Antigonish Co., N. S. There were, however, only 6
+    received from there, the postmaster had the same story as the
+    others, he had received them from the Dept. at Ottawa in a brown
+    color.
+
+    The Department at Ottawa was written to in regard to them, but as
+    was to be expected, knew nothing of them whatsoever. No doubt if
+    they had been seen they would not have been allowed to be issued to
+    the public.
+
+Again we find some details given in _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_[199]
+under "Canadian Notes" which evidently refer to another lot:--
+
+    In this color the stamps were first issued in 1885, and were
+    distributed to a number of small towns in Ontario. Some months later
+    the attention of the Postmaster at Toronto was called to this stamp,
+    and as he had received no official notification of an emission in
+    this color, he caused inquiry to be made as to the authenticity of
+    these stamps. A number of offices that had them on hand were
+    communicated with, and all the answers were positive in the
+    statement that the color of the stamps when received had been a
+    decided brown, and had not undergone the slightest change by the
+    action of either time or chemicals. A number of these letters are in
+    the hands of a collector here, and are proof positive that this
+    stamp was issued in a brown color.
+
+[199] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, VI: 96.
+
+In spite of this brave showing, however, it is practically certain that
+the stamps are not a misprint but color changelings caused by oxidation,
+or rather "sulphuretting" to be more exact, an effect peculiarly liable
+to take place with stamps printed in red or orange. The same thing is
+found to occur in other Canadian stamps, the 3 pence and 5 cent of the
+Beaver type, the first issues of Newfoundland and the 3 cent, 1851, of
+the United States, as well as some of the red and orange colored revenue
+stamps of the Civil War period. In fact the change is carried almost to
+a black, at times, but can be restored to the original color by the
+application of hydrogen peroxide.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+THE POSTAGE DUE STAMPS
+
+
+Canada managed for years, like many other countries, to collect the
+postage due on insufficiently prepaid mail matter by merely marking the
+amount on the cover. The use of stamps as checks on those responsible
+for making the collections seems not to have been appreciated, or more
+probably was not deemed necessary. At last the advantages of such a
+system seem to have become manifest, and in the Postmaster General's
+Report for the 30th June, 1906, we find the following:--
+
+    A system of accounting for short paid postage collected by
+    Postmasters, by means of special stamps known as "Postage Due"
+    stamps, has been adopted by the Department. These stamps are to be
+    affixed to short paid mail matter and cancelled by Postmasters when
+    such matter is delivered to the addressee, and are not to be used
+    for any other purpose. They cannot be used for the payment of
+    ordinary postage, nor are they to be sold to the public.
+
+    The denominations of these stamps are 1, 2 and 5 cents.
+
+The first issue of the stamps to postmasters was on the 1st June, 1906,
+but the system did not come into operation until a month later. The
+following is the official notice with the technical portions omitted:--
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.
+
+                             OTTAWA, 1st June, 1906.
+
+    _Circular to Postmasters of Accounting Offices._
+
+    Commencing on the 1st July, 1906, the present system of collecting
+    unpaid postage will be discontinued and thereafter the following
+    arrangements will supersede the regulations now in force:--
+
+    (1) The Department will issue a special stamp which will be known as
+    the "POSTAGE DUE" stamp and on delivery of any article of mail
+    matter on which unpaid or additional postage is to be collected the
+    Postmaster will affix and cancel as ordinary stamps are cancelled,
+    postage due stamps to the amount of extra postage charged on such
+    article.
+
+    (2) The short paid postage must be collected from the addressee
+    before postage due stamps are affixed; otherwise the Postmaster is
+    liable to lose the amount of such postage.
+
+    (3) Postmasters will obtain postage due stamps on requisition to the
+    Department but the initial supply will be furnished without
+    requisition, so that the new system may go into operation on the
+    date above mentioned. When a new form is ordered "postage due"
+    stamps will be included in the printed list, but it is proposed to
+    use the stock on hand at present which would otherwise have to be
+    destroyed. The denominations of the new stamps will be 1, 2 and 5
+    cents.
+
+The new stamps were of the same size as the regular postage stamps, but
+with the longer dimension horizontal. A large numeral in a central
+tablet flanked by an acanthus scroll at each side, CANADA above, CENTS
+below, and POSTAGE DUE in block letters along the bottom, all on an
+engine-turned groundwork, make a very neat and effective design for the
+purpose intended. [Illustrations Nos. 58, 59 and 60 on Plate III.] The
+engraving is of course in the usual steel plate process, and the sheets
+are of 100 stamps in ten rows of ten. The marginal imprint is at the
+center of the top of the sheet and is the same as for the later postage
+issues, "OTTAWA--No--1" or "2". So far there have appeared the following
+plate numbers:--
+
+  1 cent No. 1
+  2  "   "   1 and 2
+  5  "   "   1
+
+The numbers printed, according to the Reports, have been as follows:--
+
+              1906      1907      1908      1909       1910
+  1 cent    500,000   700,000             300,000     600,000
+  2  "    1,100,000   500,000   900,000   900,000   1,300,000
+  5  "      200,000   200,000   200,000   200,000     400,000
+
+All three values were printed in the same shade of dark violet, but in
+1909 the 5 cent was reported in a red violet.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+THE SPECIAL DELIVERY STAMP
+
+
+The Postmaster General's Report for 30th June, 1898, contained the
+following announcements:--
+
+    The calendar year has witnessed the introduction of the special
+    delivery stamp, whereby on the payment of a delivery fee of 10 cents
+    in addition to the ordinary postage, a letter immediately upon its
+    arrival at the office of destination is sent by special messenger
+    for delivery to the addressee.
+
+    A special-delivery stamp of the face-value of 10 cents was prepared,
+    and the first supplies thereof were sent out sufficiently early to
+    Postmasters to permit of the inauguration of the special delivery
+    service on the 1st July, 1898. The object of this service is to
+    secure special and prompt delivery of a letter on which a
+    special-delivery stamp, in addition to the ordinary postage, has
+    been affixed.
+
+The following circular gives the details of the new system:--
+
+                POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.
+
+                                     OTTAWA, 7th June, 1898.
+
+  _Circular to Postmasters._
+
+    The Postmaster General has approved of arrangements whereby, on and
+    from the first of July proximo, the senders of letters posted at any
+    Post Office in Canada and addressed to a City Post Office now having
+    Free Delivery by Letter Carriers shall, on prepayment by Special
+    Delivery stamps of the face-value of ten cents, affixed one to each
+    letter, in addition to the ordinary postage to which the same are
+    liable, secure their special delivery to the persons to whom they
+    are addressed within the limits of Letter Carrier Delivery at any
+    one of the following Post Offices in Cities, viz:--Halifax, St.
+    John, N. B., Fredericton, Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa, Kingston,
+    Toronto, Brantford, Hamilton, London, Winnipeg, Victoria and
+    Vancouver. The hours of delivery to be within 7 a. m. and 11 p. m.
+    daily, except Sunday. These hours are subject to change as dictated
+    by local circumstances.
+
+    Drop-letters posted for local delivery, and bearing Special-Delivery
+    stamps, in addition to the postage, will also be entitled to special
+    delivery in the same manner as letters received at the Post Office
+    by mail.
+
+    Registered letters may likewise come under the operations of this
+    scheme of Special Delivery, in the same way as ordinary letters,
+    provided they bear Special-Delivery stamps, in addition to the full
+    postage and the registration fee fixed by law, and the regulations
+    respecting the record and receipting of registered matter are
+    observed. In despatching registered letters that bear
+    Special-Delivery stamps, the Postmaster should write prominently
+    across the registered-package envelope the words "For Special
+    Delivery". When Special-Delivery letters (unregistered) number five
+    or more for any one office the Postmaster should make a separate
+    package of them, marking it "For Special Delivery"; if such letters
+    are fewer than five, he should place them immediately under the
+    "facing-slip" of the letter-package which he makes up, either
+    directly or indirectly, for the Special-Delivery office for which
+    they are intended, so that the most prompt attention may be secured
+    therefor.
+
+    Special-Delivery stamps will be sold at all Money Order Post Offices
+    in Canada, (which may secure a supply of such stamps in the same way
+    as ordinary stamps are obtained,) for which the Postmasters will
+    have to account as they do for ordinary stamps, and on the sales of
+    which a total commission of 10 per cent, shall be allowed to
+    Postmasters, except to Postmasters having fixed salaries. For the
+    present Postmasters will use the existing forms of requisition in
+    applying for Special-Delivery stamps. (The usual discount may be
+    allowed to a licensed stamp vendor at the time that he purchases
+    Special-Delivery stamps from the Postmaster). Special-Delivery
+    stamps are to be cancelled as postage stamps are cancelled. Stamps
+    intended for Special Delivery are not available for any other
+    purpose, and the article upon which one is affixed must have,
+    besides, the ordinary postage prepaid by postage stamps. Under no
+    circumstances will Special-Delivery stamps be recognized in payment
+    of postage or of registration fee, nor can any other stamp be used
+    to secure Special Delivery, except the Special-Delivery stamp.
+    Special-Delivery stamps are not redeemable.
+
+    Letters intended for Special Delivery at any one of the City Post
+    Offices above mentioned, and prepaid as directed, may be mailed at
+    any Post Office in Canada.
+
+    The regulations relating to First Class Matter (Inland Post) apply
+    also and equally to Special-Delivery letters, the only difference
+    being the special treatment which the latter receive with a view to
+    accelerating their delivery.
+
+    The object sought by the establishment of Special Delivery,--namely,
+    the special delivery of letters transmitted thereunder,--will be
+    much promoted if the senders of all such letters are careful to
+    address them plainly and fully, giving, if possible, the street and
+    number in every case. Such care will serve not only to prevent
+    mistakes, but also to facilitate delivery.
+
+    All employees of the Post Office are enjoined to expedite, in every
+    way in their power, the posting, transmission and delivery of
+    letters intended for Special Delivery.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+      R. M. COULTER,
+  _Deputy Postmaster General_.
+
+For a description of the stamp itself we cannot do better than quote the
+_Montreal Witness_:--
+
+    The Special Delivery stamp differs materially in design and size
+    from the ordinary series, the dimensions of the engraved work being
+    1-1/4 inches long by 7/8 of an inch wide [31 x 23 mm.]. The
+    advantage of such a contrast is obvious. The letter to which a
+    Special Delivery stamp is affixed can thus be at once picked out by
+    those handling the mails including it, and its delivery greatly
+    hastened. The design of the Special Delivery stamp is without any
+    vignette, and consists substantially of a panel across the top
+    containing the words "CANADA POST OFFICE", with a lathe-work border
+    round the other three sides of the stamp. The center of the stamp is
+    occupied by an oval containing lathe-work, with the word "TEN" in
+    the center, and the phrase "SPECIAL DELIVERY WITHIN CITY LIMITS" in
+    a white letter, on a solid panel encircling the word "TEN". On each
+    side of the stamp, connecting the oval with the border, is a circle
+    with the numeral "10"; the space between the oval and the border is
+    occupied by ornamental work. At the bottom of the stamp, in the
+    lathe-work border, appears a white panel with the words "TEN CENTS".
+
+The stamp is illustrated as Number 57 on Plate III. It is line engraved
+and printed in sheets of 50, ten rows of five. The usual imprint,
+OTTAWA--No.--1, is found in the margin at the top of the sheet, over the
+third stamp. But one plate number has yet appeared. The color was at
+first a deep green which in 1908 took on a bluish cast. The paper used
+is the thick white wove ordinarily employed for the regular postage
+series, and the stamp has also appeared on the toned paper on which the
+1 cent postage is known. The annual requisitions from the manufacturers
+have increased from 25,000 in 1898 to 112,500 in 1910.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+To return to the Postmaster General's Reports. That of the 30th June,
+1899, states:--"The 10 cent Special-Delivery stamp, to which reference
+was made in the last report, came into use at the beginning of the
+current fiscal year, simultaneously with the commencement of the
+Special-Delivery Service, and of this stamp 52,940 were issued to meet
+the demands, which would go to show that the service is being availed
+of to a considerable extent throughout the country." The date of the
+first issue of the special delivery stamp to postmasters is given as the
+28th June, 1898.
+
+No further mention is made of the service until the Report dated 31st
+March, 1908, which says that the special delivery service had been
+extended to thirteen places where free carrier service had been
+installed,[200] and further that "the regulations respecting special
+delivery have been so modified that it is no longer necessary for a
+person despatching a letter, which he desires to have delivered
+immediately, to provide himself with the 'special delivery' stamp issued
+by the department. He may now place upon his letter ordinary postage
+stamps to the value of ten cents in addition to the stamps required for
+prepayment of postage and write across the corner of the envelope the
+words 'special delivery'. This will ensure the special delivery of the
+letter as provided for in the regulations."
+
+[200] See page 197.
+
+The Report for 1909 states that the service has been extended to the
+eight places where free letter delivery by carrier had been installed
+during the year.[201]
+
+[201] =Ibid.=
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+THE "OFFICIALLY SEALED" LABELS
+
+
+Strictly speaking, the so-called "officially sealed stamps" are not
+stamps, as that term is technically employed in philately. To the
+uninitiated any design impressed upon a label, whether gummed and
+perforated or not, may be termed a stamp; but the ordinarily accepted
+use of the term has been restricted, at least in philatelic lore, to the
+label that represents a value, collected or chargeable, in the service
+in which it is employed. There may therefore be postal, telegraph or
+fiscal stamps, and because of the identity in use--to show that _no_ fee
+is required,--we can stretch our definition to include franking labels,
+such as are often used officially. But the "officially sealed" label
+performs no such function, and is, as its name implies, simply a _seal_
+which fulfils that purpose alone and therefore does not properly belong
+in the company of postage stamps. Our only reason for touching upon
+these labels here is that they have been included in some of the
+catalogs for years and many collectors possess them; consequently it
+seems desirable to give their history along with that of their more
+worthy prototypes.
+
+The label figured as Number 117 on Plate X, seems to have been first
+reported in _Le Timbre-Poste_ for October, 1879, and its date of issue
+is usually given as that year. But little seems to have been known about
+it for some time, which perhaps was partly due to its scarcity and
+partly because it did not attract the notice that a regular postage
+stamp issue would have.
+
+The London Society's book quoted a somewhat ambiguous explanation of the
+use to which the label was put, which had appeared in the _Halifax
+Philatelist_;[202] but it remained for Major Evans to clear up the
+matter in the columns of the _Philatelic Record_.[203] We cannot do
+better than quote this in full:--
+
+    With reference to what is said about the Canadian
+    _officially-sealed_ label in the London Society's new book, I am
+    glad to be able to throw some light upon the question as to the
+    manner of its employment.
+
+    When I was in Canada last July [1889] I made special enquiries about
+    these labels, as there appeared to be some mystery about their use.
+    Everyone agreed that they were not placed upon _all_ letters opened
+    at the Dead Letter Office and returned to their senders, and no two
+    persons seemed to have quite the same theory as to the rules for
+    their employment or non-employment in any particular case. Even
+    gentlemen connected with the Post-Office at Halifax, such as Mr.
+    King and others, could give me no definite information. I therefore
+    determined to see what I could do at the head-quarters at Ottawa.
+
+    Fortunately, I was able, through a collector in an official
+    position, to obtain an introduction to the Deputy
+    Postmaster-General, who most kindly gave me the following
+    particulars, which show that the employment of the _officially
+    sealed_ labels is very restricted, thus accounting for their rarity.
+
+    Letters in Canada, as in the United States, very frequently have on
+    the outside the well-known notice containing the address of the
+    sender, and a request that the letter may be returned if not
+    delivered within a certain time. These of course are not opened at
+    the Dead Letter Office, and in fact, I think, are ordered not to be
+    sent there, but are returned direct from the office to which they
+    were originally addressed or from the head office of the district.
+    On the other hand, those that have no indication of the address of
+    the sender on the outside are sent to the Dead Letter Office, and
+    there necessarily opened; but neither of these classes thus properly
+    dealt with is considered to require the _officially-sealed_ label.
+    It is only if one of the former class, having the sender's name and
+    address on the outside, is sent to the Dead Letter Office and there
+    opened in _error_ that the _officially-sealed_ label is applied, to
+    show that such letter has been opened officially, and not by any
+    unauthorized person. Whether these pieces of gummed paper ever had a
+    more extended use or not I cannot say, but I was assured that the
+    above was the substance of the regulations as to their employment.
+
+    The Deputy Postmaster-General further stated that there had been so
+    many requests for specimens of these labels that the Department had
+    been obliged to make it a rule to turn a deaf ear to all of them.
+
+    In any case they are not _postage stamps_, properly speaking, at
+    all. They indicate neither postage paid nor postage due, but simply
+    that the letters to which they are attached have been opened by
+    proper authority, and they at the same time afford a means for
+    reclosing them.
+
+[202] =North American Colonies of Great Britain=, page 19; =Halifax
+Philatelist=, I: 15.
+
+[203] =Philatelic Record=, XI: 210.
+
+The labels are of relatively large size, being 25-1/2 by 38 mm. The
+design is mostly engine-turned work, with the words OFFICIALLY SEALED on
+a label across the center; above this appears, in a curve, POST OFFICE
+CANADA, and beneath likewise DEAD LETTER OFFICE. The label is a fine
+piece of line engraving, but we have been unable to ascertain the size
+of the sheets in which it was printed. Doubtless the usual four
+marginal imprints were employed, being the "Montreal" type in pearled
+border.
+
+It seems to be the general idea that the first printing of the labels,
+which were in a dark red-brown, was the only one, but no information is
+at hand concerning the quantity delivered. At any rate in the Canadian
+Notes in _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_ for November 30, 1892 we read
+that:--"From a reliable source it is learned that the old die of the
+Canada official seal stamp has been spoiled or rather destroyed for
+further use by the Bank Note Company, who have possession of it." We
+suggest that the words "spoiled" and "destroyed" have been transposed in
+the original, the meaning evidently being that the die had been defaced
+as of no further use.
+
+The labels were normally perforated the usual 12, but the same journal
+for April 13, 1892 reports that a whole sheet had been seen in an
+imperforate condition.
+
+Though various rumors that the use of these labels was to be
+discontinued are to be found in the late "90's" and early "00's", and
+though the defacing of the die would perhaps indicate such intention,
+yet a new issue in changed design made its appearance about 1905, which
+was of course engraved by the American Bank Note Co., who then held the
+contract for furnishing stamps. This handsome label, figured as Number
+116 on Plate X, was adapted from the magnificent "Law Stamps" of the
+"series of 1897", which stand as some of the finest fiscal stamps ever
+issued. The central vignette, with its portrait of Queen Victoria at the
+time of the Diamond Jubilee, the word CANADA arched above, and the
+engine-turned border, are reproduced in their entirety from the fiscal
+stamp; DEAD LETTER OFFICE and more engine-turned work replace the LAW
+STAMP inscription of the prototype beneath the vignette, and OFFICIALLY
+SEALED is filled in in block letters of varying heights at the top.
+
+The labels are of course line engraved and perforated 12, but the sheet
+arrangement or details of quantity printed cannot be given. They were
+issued at first on a pale blue paper, but subsequently, about 1907,
+appeared on plain white paper.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+THE STAMPED ENVELOPES
+
+
+In its issue for June, 1904, the _London Philatelist_[204] illustrated a
+cover, submitted by Mr. E. B. Greenshields of Montreal, which had the
+appearance of a provisional 3d. envelope. Concerning it Mr. Greenshields
+said:--"This letter was posted in New Carlisle, Gasp['e], Lower Canada,
+on April 7th, 1851, and was stamped 'Three Pence' in two lines, inside a
+square, with a black border of neat design round the sides. Across this
+was written 'Letter R. W. Kelly Apl. 1851'. The letter was addressed to
+Toronto, C. W., and on the other side was stamped the date the letter
+was received, 'Apl. 16, 1851.'" The design was printed on the right
+upper corner of the envelope, "Three Pence" being in script type of a
+style then in vogue, and the border being a common type of loops. No
+stamp appeared on the cover nor the word PAID.
+
+[204] =London Philatelist=, XIII: 153.
+
+On enquiry of the Post Office Department at Ottawa the following reply
+was sent:--
+
+  OTTAWA, _2nd. March_, 1904.
+
+    SIR,--I am directed to acknowledge receipt of your communication of
+    the 26th ultimo, inquiring whether R. W. Kelly was Postmaster of New
+    Carlisle, Co. Gasp['e], Quebec, in 1851, and in reply am directed to
+    inform you that R. W. Kelly, doubtless the same man, was Postmaster
+    of New Carlisle in 1851....
+
+    As regards your inquiry as to whether postage stamps were used on
+    the 7th April, 1851, and your statement that you have an envelope
+    sent on that date from New Carlisle to Toronto with "Three Pence"
+    printed on it, inside a fancy border, I have to say that postage
+    stamps were issued to the public for the first time on the 23d
+    April, 1851, and that stamped envelopes were not issued until some
+    years later. The stamped envelope to which you refer may have been
+    an envelope so stamped on the prepayment in the New Carlisle Post
+    Office of three pence, the required charge for postage.
+
+    I am, sir, your obedient servant,
+
+  WILLIAM SMITH, _Secretary_.
+
+
+
+Inasmuch as the impression is type-set and printed, it was doubtless a
+scheme of the Postmaster to prepare the envelopes and save stamping them
+with the office seals afterwards, as would be necessary if no adhesive
+stamp were attached. The cover in question was evidently used for his
+own convenience, but its use as a stamped envelope would depend upon
+whether it was sold to the public for their convenience as a prepaid
+cover. Under such conditions it would assume a character akin to the
+Postmaster's Provisionals of the United States, but no such evidence has
+been forthcoming, nor are other copies known. It is an interesting
+cover, particularly because of the lack of the word PAID, which should
+have been stamped upon it as well as the indication of the amount,
+according to the rules in force before adhesive stamps were used to
+indicate prepayment in themselves; but it had no government sanction,
+and has not yet been shown to have even the rank of a "semi-official
+issue."
+
+Although following closely upon the heels of the United States in
+issuing postage stamps, less than four years having intervened, Canada
+was not so eager to introduce the stamped envelope, for she waited over
+six years before following the example of her big neighbor. The first
+reference to the innovation is found in the Postmaster General's Report
+for 30th September, 1859 (although the Report is actually dated 20th
+February, 1860), and reads as follows:--
+
+    For the promotion of public convenience by facilitating the
+    prepayment of letters, Stamped Envelopes bearing Medallion Stamps of
+    the postage value of 5c. and of 10c. respectively have been procured
+    and issued for sale to the public, at an advance of 1/2 a cent on
+    the value of each stamp, to cover the cost of the envelope, and of
+    engraving the stamp, &c.
+
+The precise date of issue does not seem to be on record, but the year
+1860 is always given. From the stamp accounts, quoted below, we find the
+quantity issued for sale is qualified by the remark "during 8 months to
+Sept. 30", which would indicate that the envelopes were issued about the
+1st February, 1860; and we have therefore assigned this date to them
+until a more authoritative one is produced.
+
+The next reference to the envelopes, including the accounts, appears in
+the Report for the year ending 30th September, 1860, as follows:--
+
+      STAMPED ENVELOPES.
+                                                     5c.     10c.    Value
+      Received from Mfrs.                          200,000 100,000 21,500.00
+      Issued for sale during 8 months to Sept. 30, 136,177  45,651 12,283.09
+                                                   ------- ------- ---------
+      Remaining,                                    63,823  54,349  9,216.91
+
+    The number of Stamped Envelopes, actually used by the public, has
+    been but small, as a considerable proportion of those issued remain
+    in the hands of Postmasters.
+
+The cost of manufacture of the stamped envelopes was included, as we
+have already seen,[205] in the payments made to the American Bank Note
+Co. for stamps, etc., in 1860, so that they were obtained from that
+firm. They were not manufactured by them, however, but by George F.
+Nesbitt & Co. of New York, who at that time held the contract for
+supplying the United States Government with stamped envelopes. The
+similarity of the stamped impression, both in size and general
+arrangement, to the United States envelope dies of 1860 will be noted,
+and the paper used for the envelopes will be found to be similar, even
+to the watermark, while the two "knives" used for cutting the envelope
+blanks will be found to agree with numbers 2 and 11 of the Tiffany,
+Bogert and Rechert catalog. It was evidently a case of the Bank Note Co.
+subletting the contract to Nesbitt, who was regularly in the business.
+
+[205] See page 90.
+
+Nothing further appears in the Reports in regard to the stamped
+envelopes, except the tables of statistics, until the Report of 30th
+June, 1864, which says:--"In order to promote the use of the Stamped
+Envelopes a reduction in the price to the public was made from 1st
+October, 1864, from $5.50 per 100 for the five cent and $10.50 per 100
+for the ten cent envelopes, to $5.30 and $10.30 per 100 respectively."
+But even this bait did not attract, for the next year's Report
+remarks:--"The recent reduction in the price of stamped envelopes has
+not led to any material increase in the demand." For two years longer
+the accounts are given, but with the first Report of the Dominion of
+Canada, for the year ending 30th June, 1868, they disappear, the
+envelopes evidently having been given up as a bad investment at the
+close of the accounts of the Province of Canada, when it was merged into
+the Dominion.
+
+We have already quoted the figures for the first supplies received and
+the quantities first issued to postmasters. It may be well to give the
+entire record for its historical value:--
+
+                                      5 cent.  10 cent.
+  Balance on hand, 30th Sept. 1860,    63,823    54,349
+  Returned by Post Masters, unsold,     1,529     1,905
+                                       ------    ------
+                                       65,352    56,254
+  Issued for sale during year,         20,700       806
+                                       ------    ------
+  Balance on hand, 30th Sept. 1861,    44,652    55,448
+  Returned by Post Masters, unsold,       251       314
+                                       ------    ------
+                                       44,903    55,762
+  Issued for sale during year,          9,595       844
+                                       ------    ------
+  Balance on hand, 30th Sept. 1862,    35,308    54,918
+  Returned by Post Masters, unsold,                   4
+                                       ------    ------
+                                       35,308    54,922
+  Issued for sale during year,         15,200       900
+                                       ------    ------
+  Balance on hand, 30th Sept. 1863,    20,108    54,022
+  Returned by Post Masters, unsold,     5,000     2,997
+                                       ------    ------
+                                       25,108    57,019
+  Issued during 9 months,              14,800       850
+                                       ------    ------
+  Balance on hand, 30th June, 1864,    10,308    56,169
+  Returned by Post Masters, unsold,     6,444     5,632
+  Received from manufacturers,         25,000
+                                       ------    ------
+                                       41,752    61,801
+  Issued for sale during year,         23,583     5,698
+
+  Balance on hand 30th June, 1865,     18,169    56,103
+  Returned by Post Masters, unsold,       382       225
+                                       ------    ------
+                                       18,551    56,328
+  Issued to 30th June, 1866,           16,225       625
+                                       ------    ------
+  Balance 30th June, 1866,              2,326    55,703
+  Returned by Post Masters, unsold,                 193
+                                       ------    ------
+                                        2,326    55,896
+  Deduct envelopes short received,         10
+                                       ------    ------
+                                        2,316    55,896
+  Issued to 30th. June, 1867,           2,270       172
+                                       ------    ------
+  Balance 30th. June, 1867,                46    55,724
+
+
+
+These figures are the last that appear concerning the first issue of
+envelopes, the next Report, as already stated, having no mention of them
+at all. It was very probably because there were not enough to supply the
+added Provinces of the Dominion, in the case of the 5 cent envelopes,
+and principally because they did not seem to be popular enough to
+warrant continuing their use that the envelopes did not remain in issue
+under the Dominion Government.
+
+An inspection of the above table shows that the 5 cent envelopes were
+apparently issued at an average rate of perhaps 15,000 a year, while 800
+only of the 10 cent were ordinarily put forth. This might indicate a
+fair consumption of the lower value by the public, particularly as the
+total receipt from the manufacturers was 225,000 and but 46 remainders
+are given at the close of the account. But it must be remembered that
+the table gives the quantities "issued to postmasters" and not the sales
+to the public by the postmasters. We know the public did not take
+particularly to the use of the envelopes, so that there were doubtless
+large quantities of them in postmaster's hands when their sale was
+discontinued. These would naturally be returned to the Department and
+destroyed, which would of course materially reduce the quantity issued
+as taken from the tables. Unfortunately these latter figures have not
+been obtainable; but it is certain from the rarity of used copies that
+nothing like 224,954 of the 5 cent and 44,276 of the 10 cent envelopes
+could have been sold to the public. We are able to illustrate an entire
+used copy of each value as Numbers 130 and 131 on Plate XIV.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+As already stated, the envelope stamps were very similar in size and
+style to the United States envelope dies of 1860. The inscription CANADA
+POSTAGE is in the frame above the head and the value below, reversing
+the United States arrangement, and there are no stars separating the
+legends. The embossed head of Queen Victoria was evidently copied from
+the profile used on the 1 cent stamp of 1859. The 5 cent stamp is
+printed in vermilion and the 10 cent in dark brown. There was but one
+size of envelope, 5-1/2 x 3-1/4 inches (140 x 83 mm.), and but one
+quality of paper for the first order--a white laid paper with a slightly
+yellowish tone, watermarked with the letters Ca over POD (Canada Post
+Office Department) which appears about twice in each envelope. The paper
+was cut so that the laid lines run diagonally, and the knife used was
+that numbered 2 in the Tiffany, Bogert and Rechert catalog of United
+States envelopes, with rounded flap and yellowish gum, extending nearly
+the length of the flap.
+
+In the table given it will be noticed that 25,000 more 5 cent envelopes
+were received from the manufacturers in 1865. These latter were on a
+white paper of similar quality with a slightly bluish tone, and a
+slightly different knife had been used in cutting the blanks, which
+corresponds to that numbered 11 in the catalog quoted. The difference
+consists mainly in a more pointed flap than the first knife.
+
+The _London Philatelist_ for December, 1896, contained the following
+startling announcement under the head of CANADA:[206]--
+
+    Mr. L. Gibb, of Montreal, kindly submitted to his fellow members of
+    the London Philatelic Society, at a recent meeting, a curious
+    variety among the stamps of the Colony he resides in. The specimen
+    in question was the 10 c. envelope of 1860 impressed in vermilion,
+    instead of its normal colour--brown, and being presumably printed in
+    error in the color of the 5c. The stamp was unfortunately cut round,
+    but was on the diagonally laid paper usual to the Issue, duly
+    postmarked, and, in the opinion of the members present, had every
+    appearance of authenticity, although surprise was expressed that so
+    marked a variety should never have been noted before.
+
+[206] =London Philatelist=, V: 345.
+
+Nothing further has apparently been learned about it since, but in the
+face of the above statements and opinions it seems necessary to record
+it.
+
+Both values were reprinted[207] by the Nesbitt Company in 1868 on pieces
+of white wove paper and also vertically laid buff paper, the 5 cent
+copying the color of the original, but the 10 cent being in a dark red
+brown instead of black brown. They were also printed in the same colors
+on entire envelopes of white and buff laid paper with the POD over US
+watermark of the regular United States stationery. These were a size
+smaller than the regular Canadian envelopes, being 137x77 mm. A further
+variety is noted in the _Catalogue for Advanced Collectors_,[208] as
+follows:--"There is also a second type of the 5c to be found on the same
+papers as above reprints which was probably struck off in the same year.
+The stamp is a trifle larger and the head smaller than on the accepted
+die; this is probably a die prepared by Nesbitt but refused by the
+Canadian Government."
+
+[207] =American Journal of Philately=, 2nd Series, III: 165.
+
+[208] =Ibid.=
+
+The Dominion Government, which discarded the Provincial stamped
+envelopes from the beginning, did not essay anything in that line for
+nearly ten years. Finally the following notice was sent out:--
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA
+
+                          OTTAWA, 6th October, 1877.
+
+        STAMPED ENVELOPES.
+
+    1. Letter envelopes bearing an impressed postage stamp of one cent,
+    and three cents respectively, are ready for issue to Postmasters and
+    through their agency to Stamp Vendors for sale to the public.
+
+    2. These envelopes when issued to Postmasters will be charged to
+    them, and will have to be accounted for by them at the following
+    rates:
+
+      One cent envelopes,              $1.30
+      Three cent  do      No. 1 size,   3.30
+          do      do      No. 2 size,   3.35
+
+    3. The three-cent envelopes are of two sizes, No. 2 being larger
+    than No. 1 and Postmasters, when asking at any time for a supply,
+    will be careful to state how many of each size they want.
+
+    4. Postmasters and Stamp Vendors will be required to sell these
+    envelopes at the above rates per hundred to the public, and when a
+    request is made for a single envelope, or for any number less than a
+    hundred, the charge for the same must be made by the Postmaster or
+    Stamp Vendor, as near the exact proportionate value, as compared
+    with the above rates per hundred, as the fraction will permit
+    without loss to the Postmaster or Stamp Vendor, thus ten of the
+    three-cent envelopes, No. 1 size, should be sold for thirty-three
+    cents, five for seventeen cents, and two for seven cents.
+
+    5. When used these envelopes will represent the pre-payment of
+    postage to the amount of the stamp impressed thereon, and when used
+    for letters weighing more than 1/2 an oz., or on which the
+    pre-payment is required of more than is represented by the impressed
+    stamp, the difference may be affixed by ordinary postage stamps.
+
+    6. The impressed stamp must be carefully cancelled by Postmasters
+    when the envelopes are posted.
+
+    7. An impressed stamp cut from an envelope cannot be used for
+    pre-payment of postage in any shape, and when detached from the
+    envelope on which it was impressed, it loses all value as a postage
+    stamp.
+
+    8. In the accounts rendered by Postmasters, the amounts of stamped
+    envelopes received from the Department and sold to the public or to
+    Vendors, are to be added to the postage stamp items.
+
+    * * * * *
+
+                                         L. S. HUNTINGTON,
+                                            _Postmaster General._
+  */
+
+  /#
+  _Memo._--Stamped Envelopes are to be sold to the public at the following
+  prices by Postmasters and Stamp Vendors:--
+  #/
+
+                              Per
+                            Hundred.   Per Ten.    For Single Envelopes.
+
+  1 Cent Envelopes             $1.30   13 cents  2 cents, or 3 cents for 2
+  3  do     do    No. 1 size   $3.30   33 cents  4 cents, or 7 cents for 2
+     do     do    No. 2 size   $3.35   34 cents  4 cents, or 7 cents for 2
+
+Curiously enough no mention is made in the Postmaster General's Report
+of either the issue of the stamped envelopes or their reception by the
+public, such as was the case with their predecessors in 1860. We find
+from the stamp accounts, however, that the first supplies received from
+the manufactures were 554,250 of the 1 cent; 1,257,000 of the 3 cent
+size 1; and 564,250 of the 3 cent size 2. Further supplies of the 1 cent
+were not needed until two years later, of the 3 cent size 1 until three
+years later, and of the 3 cent size 2 until four years later, so it is
+evident that no great popular demand sprang up for them.
+
+The 1 cent envelope, which was intended for the local or "drop letter"
+rate, was issued in numbers averaging about 150,000 a year up to 1889,
+when the Post Office Act of that year, which increased the limit of
+weight of the single rate letter from 1/2 to 1 ounce and fixed the drop
+letter rate at 2 cents per ounce for cities having a free delivery
+service,[209] caused a falling off in the issue to 62,000 in the 1890
+Report, and this gradually diminished to about 25,000 per annum in the
+Report for 1897, when the stamp under discussion was superseded by a new
+design.
+
+[209] See page 136.
+
+The 3 cent envelopes, being the regular letter rate, had a larger use;
+nevertheless the issue of the No. 1 size fell gradually from some
+250,000 in 1879 to about 50,000 in 1897. The No. 2 size proved more
+popular, though the demand was somewhat erratic. The issue went from
+78,000 in 1879 to 116,000 in 1884; then averaged about 85,000 for three
+years; next averaged about 120,000 for four years; and finally returned
+to the 85,000 mark for the next six years, when a new issue took its
+place.
+
+The design of these envelope stamps is in all respects similar to the
+early type, but they are about half again as large. The embossed head
+of the Queen is copied from the profile on the "large" cent stamps of
+1868 and is tilted forward rather awkwardly in the frame. The 3 cent is
+printed in bright red varying to rose, but the 1 cent instead of
+following the yellow color of the adhesive is printed in blue, which
+varies from quite pale to very dark. The envelopes were manufactured by
+the British American Bank Note Co. from white laid unwatermarked paper,
+and have a pointed flap with gum extending nearly the whole length. The
+smaller sized envelope was also issued with the flap rounded into a
+tongue, but the larger sized envelope is not known in this form. These
+"tongued flap" envelopes were apparently an early variety, as the
+_Philatelic Monthly_ records the 3 cent in its issue for April, 1878.
+The 1 cent, however, does not seem to have been noted until the June,
+1884 issue of _Le Timbre-Poste_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The earlier printings of the envelopes were upon a laid paper that had
+the "cross vergures", or single laid lines that regularly cross the
+general run, at a spacing of 18 mm. from each other. About 1888 another
+paper came into use which had these "cross vergures" spaced 24 mm.
+apart, and in some cases 27 mm. The two papers can be told at a glance
+as they varied in tone, the latter variety having a slight cream tint
+and the former being a pure white. These two varieties are of course
+more noticeable in the entire envelope than in cut squares, and have
+been listed as "rosy white" and "bluish white" papers, but we feel
+unable to distinguish them thus as the terms seem wholly inapplicable.
+
+The 1 cent envelope was chronicled in ultramarine in April, 1897, of
+course on the small sized envelope and the cream toned laid paper.[210]
+
+[210] =Monthly Journal=, VII: 175.
+
+In May, 1896, the _Philatelic Record_ stated[211] that "Our publishers
+have the envelope of the 3 cents red value with stamp roughly
+lithographed instead of being embossed. Mr. J. B. Lewis, of Ottawa, says
+only 110 were printed." This was a somewhat startling statement, and
+Major Evans thus comments on it:[212]--
+
+    There have been reports of late, in various quarters, of a certain
+    number of the 3c. envelopes, of the current type, having had the
+    stamp impressed upon them by lithography instead of in the usual
+    manner.
+
+    The story goes that the embossing die was lost, or mislaid, that a
+    small supply of envelopes was wanted immediately by a business firm,
+    and that a few hundreds were lithographed to fill this demand. The
+    whole story sounds somewhat doubtful, to any one who knows how
+    stamped envelopes are produced, but until quite recently we had not
+    seen a specimen of the supposed lithographed envelopes, and
+    therefore would not express any opinion upon them. A copy has lately
+    been sent to our publishers, and we find it to be practically
+    identical, as far as _almost_ entire absence of embossing is
+    concerned, with some specimens which we obtained in Canada a few
+    years ago; the embossing, in the copy shown us, is not absolutely
+    invisible, there being slight traces of it about the head, and
+    especially the chignon; and if any envelopes have been lithographed,
+    which we greatly doubt, this is not one of them.
+
+[211] =Philatelic Record=, XVIII: 135.
+
+[212] =Monthly Journal=, VI: 188.
+
+The lithographing of a comparatively few envelopes by a country like
+Canada appears somewhat incredulous on the face of it, and even more so
+does the "loss" or "misplacing" of the embossing die; the true
+explanation of the occurrence is doubtless found in the use of a much
+worn die, or more likely a defective "counter-die" or "bed-plate" which
+backs the paper.
+
+In the issue for January 1895, the _American Journal of Philately_ had
+this statement:--"Mr. G. A. Lowe informs us that the 3c envelope exists
+on wove paper and was issued in 1891, probably in error." Referring to
+this, the _Monthly Journal_ for May 1895, states:--
+
+    Mr. King tells us that he found some packets of this variety in the
+    Post-office at Halifax, and that he thinks that they may be a new
+    edition, on a better paper than the last. He is not certain yet
+    about this, as the great majority of the stock consisted of the
+    _laid_ paper envelopes, and therefore the use of the wove may have
+    been unintentional or temporary.
+
+Again in the August 1895 issue, the last quoted paper says:--
+
+    In further reference to the 3c envelopes on _wove_ paper, Mr. King
+    sends us replies which he received from the P. O. Department to his
+    enquiries on the subject. The replies are vague, if not evasive, but
+    show plainly that no intentional change was made in the paper used;
+    they seemed to indicate, however, that the contractors are not
+    restricted to a particular nature of paper, so long as the envelopes
+    supplied are of sufficiently good quality.
+
+
+
+The references to Mr. King in 1895 seem to show that he discovered the
+envelopes at about that time, so if the first statement about their
+appearing in 1891 is correct there must have been two lots issued at two
+different periods. That they were errors seems to admit of no doubt, as
+the usual paper for these envelopes was of the laid variety. They were
+only found in the large size envelope, known officially as No. 2.
+
+In the issue for September 1899, the _American Journal of Philately_
+noted two unusual varieties:--
+
+    Mr. Charles A. Benedict of Brantford has sent us samples of two
+    envelopes with stamp of the 1877 type, which have not as yet been
+    chronicled and which should probably be classed as printed-to-order
+    envelopes. They are said to be used by a certain firm in Brantford
+    for circulars and letters, and are printed on large manila amber
+    envelopes.
+
+The size of the envelopes is given as 265x113 mm., and both the 1 cent
+and 3 cent stamps were impressed upon them. No further information seems
+to have been obtained concerning these curiosities, which must have been
+issued previous to the termination of the contract with the British
+American Bank Note Co. in 1897.
+
+Although the rate on "drop letters" at free delivery offices was fixed
+at 2 cents per ounce by the Post Office Act of 1889, in place of the
+previous 1 cent per half ounce, it did not occur that a 2 cent envelope
+might be desirable until about five years later. In the Postmaster
+General's Report of 30th June, 1894, we read:--"It is proposed to issue
+for use for drop letters, that is for letters passing within the limits
+of a free delivery in cities, a 2 cent envelope which will no doubt be
+found a convenience to the public."
+
+In the next year's Report we find:--"The 2 cent envelopes, used mainly
+for drop letters, that is, for letters passing within the limits of a
+free delivery in cities, and referred to in the report for last year,
+have been issued during the year. Judging from the demand made for these
+envelopes already, they are likely to prove a convenience to the
+public."
+
+The new denomination was issued on the 14th June, 1895,[213] on the
+larger sized envelope, the paper being the cream toned laid. It is a
+rather bizarre production, being circular in form with a medallion of
+the Queen's head in the center, and a beaver perched outside the design
+at the top, while the sides are broken by maple leaves. The inscriptions
+are in colored letters, and the numeral of value appears for the only
+time on a Canadian envelope stamp. In spite of the "demand" for these
+envelopes, a total supply of 94,970 received from the manufacturers was
+found sufficient to last until the new type was issued from the
+Government Printing Bureau in 1899, after the contract with the British
+American Bank Note Co. had expired.
+
+[213] =American Journal of Philately=, 2nd Series, VIII: 365.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The Postmaster General's Report for 30th June, 1898, says:--
+
+    New stamped envelopes also came into use, and the price thereof
+    _above the face value_ as compared with the old envelopes of the
+    same size, was reduced by 10 cents per 100, a reduction of 33-1/3 %.
+    A further concession given the public was that a blank form of
+    request (to return letter if not delivered within the specified
+    time) is printed without extra charge on the envelope, so that at
+    the option of the purchaser stamped envelopes with or without this
+    form of request may be obtained. Whilst the three denominations of
+    stamped envelopes (1 cent, 2 cents and 3 cents) are retained, it was
+    deemed advisable to have only one size instead of two as was the
+    case with the old envelopes,--the small size of the latter (known as
+    No. 1) being discontinued because of the tendency on the part of the
+    mercantile community to use envelopes of the larger size (known
+    officially as No. 2) or what in the commercial world is classed as
+    No. 7. The latter is now the uniform size of the new stamped
+    envelopes.
+
+The stamped envelopes referred to at the beginning of the above
+quotation were the 3 cent envelopes, the first value to appear in a new
+design, and the price, as stated, was reduced from the former rate of
+$3.30 per hundred to $3.20 per hundred. But this apparently applied only
+to the new style, for the old style envelopes returned to the department
+as "unfit for use" in 1898, 1899 and 1900 were credited at the old
+rates, while the new style envelopes in the same condition were credited
+at the new rates in these same years. The Report for 1899 states that
+the old style envelopes in their two sizes were discontinued on 31st
+March, 1898.
+
+The new stamp, while perhaps not as bizarre as the 2 cent of 1895, was
+yet a conspicuously ugly production by reason of the profile portrait of
+Queen Victoria that was employed. The die was engraved by Messrs. De La
+Rue & Co., of London, and outside of the embossed head is a very neat
+design of engine turned work, with POSTAGE in small white letters above
+the inner oval and THREE CENTS beneath. The word CANADA was added,
+apparently as an afterthought, in colored letters _outside_ the design
+at the top of the stamp, where it breaks the colored line surrounding
+the oval! The impression is in a bright red on a white wove paper of a
+slightly cream tone, and the flap is rounded, with gum extending its
+full length. The return request referred to in the Report is printed in
+black in the upper left hand corner and reads:--
+
+[Illustration]
+
+    If not called for in ten days return to....
+
+It seems that the American Bank Note Co., upon taking the contract for
+supplying the Canadian stamps in 1897, asked to be excused from printing
+the stamped envelopes as well, because such a small number were used.
+This work was therefore given to the Government Printing Bureau at
+Ottawa,[214] which accounts for the dies having been furnished by
+Messrs. De La Rue & Co. The stamp accounts give the number of 3 cent
+envelopes furnished in the new type as 110,000 in 1898 and 70,000 in
+1899, a total of 180,000; but the reduction of the domestic letter rate
+from 3 cents to 2 cents on the 1st January, 1899, made the 3 cent
+envelope useless, and large quantities were surcharged with the new
+rate, so that it is impossible to tell what proportion of the amount
+given is now represented by each variety. If catalog pricing is any
+criterion, the unsurcharged issue of the envelope should be perhaps
+80,000.
+
+[214] =Weekly Philatelic Era=, XI: 308.
+
+The Report for 1899 states:--
+
+    As a result of the reduction in the Domestic Letter rate of postage,
+    the issue of the 3c. letter card, 3c. stamped envelope and 3c.
+    postage stamp has been discontinued, unused quantities of these,
+    however, continuing available for postage purposes, or exchangeable
+    at any post office for their equivalent in postage stamps of other
+    denominations.
+
+The Report does not give the date of issue of the 3 cent stamped
+envelope, but it was chronicled in _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News_ for May
+5, 1898, and therefore was probably issued sometime in April. The date
+of discontinuance is given, however, as December, 1898, so that it had a
+life, unsurcharged, of only about nine months.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+But meanwhile the 1 cent envelope was being prepared, and evidently
+because of the dissatisfaction expressed over the embossed head of the
+Queen on the 3 cent value, the new envelope appeared with the familiar
+youthful profile similar to that used on the British envelope dies for
+so many years. This improved the appearance of the stamp, which
+otherwise corresponded in design with the 3 cent and was likewise
+engraved by Messrs. De La Rue & Co. It was printed in a dark green on
+paper like that of the 3 cent value, and in the same size and cut of
+envelope. The new type was issued on July 22, 1898, according to the
+1899 Report, and was sold at $1.20 per hundred. The distribution of the
+old style 1 cent envelopes was discontinued in the same month, according
+to the stamp accounts.
+
+Following the 1 cent envelope came the 2 cent, being identical in every
+respect save the expressed value and color, and emanating from the same
+source as its two predecessors. The Report of 1899 gives the date of
+issue of this envelope as the 2nd January, 1899, and, as the
+corresponding value in the adhesive set was a deep violet, we should
+expect the envelope stamp to follow suit. This it did, but was almost
+immediately followed by an issue in bright red, because of the reduction
+of the domestic letter rate from 3 cents to 2 cents. It will be
+remembered that when Imperial Penny Postage was inaugurated on December
+25, 1898, it was almost immediately announced that the internal postage
+in Canada would be reduced to the 2 cent rate on and from the 1st
+January, 1899. As the Postal Union requirements called for carmine as
+the color of the stamp for the domestic letter rate, the change from
+violet was necessary in the Canadian 2 cent stamp, but owing to the
+large stock of the violet stamps on hand and the surcharging of the 3
+cent stamps down to 2 cent value, the change in color from violet to
+carmine did not take place in the adhesives for some eight months. Not
+so with the envelopes; the new 2 cent ones were about to be issued and
+had been printed to the amount of 10,000 in dark violet. But with the
+change in rates and therefore in color requirements, orders were given
+to print further supplies of the 2 cent envelope in red, and the latter
+color therefore appeared about a week after the violet stamp.
+
+We have gone thus into detail in the matter in order to make it evident
+why the violet stamp was so short lived, and why the change was made.
+This seems necessary because such a furor was created at the time, when
+it became known that the issue of violet envelopes was small, and
+speculation ran high; the Government was accused of speculating in them
+and of putting them in the hands of favored ones, and finally, as in the
+case of the alleged speculation in the Jubilee stamps, the matter came
+up in Parliament. The following is an extract from the official report
+of the debates in the House of Commons at Ottawa:[215]--
+
+  ISSUE OF STAMPED ENVELOPES.
+
+    Mr. Hughes asked: 1. When will the present 2 cent purple stamped
+    envelope cease to be issued, and the red issued in its place? 2. How
+    many 2 cent purple envelopes were issued, and how many distributed?
+    At what offices were they distributed, how many at each office? Are
+    there any more to be distributed, and if so, where will they be
+    distributed? 3. Is it the intention of the Government to issue an
+    entire new set of stamped envelopes to replace those at present in
+    use? If so, when? * * *
+
+    The Postmaster-General (Mr. Mulock): The issue of 2 cent
+    purple-stamp envelopes ceased when the supply thereof in the
+    department became exhausted, the last issue having been made on the
+    7th January, 1899. The subsequent issue of 2-cent stamped envelopes
+    was in red, in accordance with the recommendation of the Postal
+    Convention. *
+
+    * * The schedule hereto annexed shows the names of the post offices
+    supplied with such purple-stamp envelopes and the respective
+    quantities so supplied them.
+
+    List of Post Offices to which 2c. purple envelopes were issued, and
+    the quantity in each case.
+
+         Post Office.     Quantity.
+      Belleville, Ont.          500
+      St. Catherine's, Ont.     500
+      Toronto, Ont.            2000
+      Corinth, Ont.             100
+      Haliburton, Ont.          100
+      Mount Albert, Ont.        100
+      Tamworth, Ont.            500
+      Hagersville, Ont.         100
+      Hamilton, Ont.            500
+      Loring, Ont.              100
+      Newton, Ont.              100
+      Ottawa, Ont.              700
+      St. Casimir, Que.         100
+      Sherbrooke, Que.          500
+      Montreal, Que.           1000
+      Rigaud, Que.              100
+      Maitland, N. S.           100
+      Truro, N. S.              100
+      Yarmouth, N. S.           100
+      Andover, N. B.            200
+      Centreville, N. B.        100
+      Shoal Lake, Man.          100
+      Winnipeg, Man.           2000
+      New Westminster, B. C.    100
+      Greenwood, B. C.          200
+
+[215] =Weekly Philatelic Era=, XIII: 285.
+
+Further questioning by the same gentleman, in an effort to show that
+"inside" information had been given concerning the remainder of the 2
+cent green envelopes at Toronto and the limited issue of the so-called
+"purple" ones, in order that favored parties might "corner" them,
+resulted in nothing definite except that in replying to the question
+"Was the issue of the 2c. purple stamped envelopes done by mistake?" the
+Postmaster-General said: "There was no mistake whatever made in the
+issue of said envelopes, but, on the contrary, the issue took place in
+the ordinary course of business, and was made on requisitions in the
+usual way, coming from postmasters." Considering the date of their
+issue, the cause of the change in color and the above reply of the
+Postmaster-General, in connection with an examination of the table of
+distribution of the 2c. violet envelopes, we must say that it seems
+clear that the whole business, as far as the Department was concerned,
+was legitimate and straightforward, and the aspersions cast upon the
+issue of this envelope were only animated by a spirit of jealousy or
+revenge on the part of those who unfortunately did not happen to get
+any, whether "tipped off" by friends in or out of the post-office, or
+not.
+
+The 2 cent envelope in red may have been issued on the 8th January,
+1899, or within a day or two of that date, and corresponds of course
+with the one in violet and the 1 cent envelope in all respects. It was
+sold at $2.20 per hundred.
+
+We have already spoken of the 3 cent envelope, issued in April, 1898, as
+having been surcharged. This was due, of course, to the same reduction
+in the domestic rate of postage that operated to change the 2 cent
+envelope from violet to red, and which also rendered the 3 cent envelope
+practically useless. In order to utilize the stock of the latter
+envelopes, therefore, the Department decided on surcharging them down to
+a 2 cent value. This was done sometime during the week of 6-11 February,
+1899, and we can do no better than quote the letter of a Canadian
+correspondent in the _Weekly Philatelic Era_[216] for details concerning
+it.
+
+[216] =Weekly Philatelic Era=, XIII: 204.
+
+  OTTAWA, 17th Feb'y, 1899.
+
+    Our weekly sensation was duly on tap last week, in the shape of
+    surcharges, Canada's first offence, but an aggravated case. The Post
+    Office Department announced that any holders of 3c. envelopes or
+    letter cards might send them in to the postage stamp branch, and
+    have them surcharged, and re-issued as 2c. emissions, the difference
+    in value being made good by an additional supply of surcharged
+    stationery or in some other equivalent stamps.
+
+    It was not anticipated that a very large supply of 3c. stationery
+    was on hand, and consequently the arrangements for surcharging are
+    of the most primitive description. Stamps of soft rubber bearing the
+    figures 2c. are provided, and the surcharge is put on by hand, the
+    stamps being inked on black pads. The consequence is that the work
+    is ill done, and we have as many varieties of surcharge as there are
+    impressions, with quantities[217] of ink varying from a black blue
+    to a light grey. I have seen one envelope with the surcharge on
+    sidewise reading from bottom to top.
+
+    Independently of the variations in printing, there are two types of
+    surcharge. In the first, which I shall christen the "capital
+    surcharge", the figure 2 is 10-1/2 mm. high by 8 wide, the heavy
+    parts of the figure being 2 mm. thick, the thin parts 3/4 mm. The C
+    is a capital letter 4-1/2 x 3-1/2 mm. There was only one stamp of
+    this type, and when it had been in use for two or three days the
+    difference in type was noticed and the stamp was destroyed. Any
+    stationery surcharged with it will be exceedingly rare.
+
+    The other type, which I suggest should be called the "lower case
+    surcharge", has a similar figure 2 but the C is a heavy face lower
+    case letter 4 x 3-1/2 mm. It is possible that there may be varieties
+    of this type, as there are several stamps in use, but the printing
+    is so badly done, and the stamps so subject to distortion by
+    pressure, that one cannot depend on either inspection or
+    measurement, a change in pressure in printing altering the
+    appearance of the surcharge very materially.
+
+[217] Query: "qualities"?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In the same issue of the _Era_ appeared further notes from another
+correspondent. In regard to the then current 3 cent envelopes (the
+so-called "Bureau print") he says:--"The P. O. Department has surcharged
+the stock on hand, a few thousand. * * * Some of the old British
+American Bank Note 3c envelopes were also surcharged, but it is
+understood that there were very few of them on hand,--less than a
+thousand."
+
+The opportunity given the public, however, to have 3 cent envelopes in
+their possession surcharged, as well as the stock held by postmasters,
+which was returned to a considerable extent (15,848 of the 3c. 1898
+returned 1899-1901; 6,788 of the 3c. No. 1, 1877, returned 1899-1900;
+and 3,081 of the 3c. No. 2, 1877, returned 1899) and doubtless reissued
+in surcharged condition, has made these provisional envelopes fairly
+common. No details of the numbers so treated are available, but if the
+catalogue value is any criterion the 3 cent of 1898 surcharged is half
+again as common as the unsurcharged variety, or, as before remarked,
+the numbers issued may be divided up roughly as perhaps 100,000 of the
+former to 80,000 of the latter. Of the old envelopes of 1877, both sizes
+of which are found surcharged, it is impossible to hazard any guesses,
+save that a considerable number--several thousands of each size at
+least--must have been operated upon to render them as reasonable in
+catalogue price as we find them.
+
+The surcharge in its first type, as described in the quotation given,
+with the capital C, has only been found on the 3 cent envelope of 1898,
+which was the one in the reserve stock of the Department when the
+reduction in postage took effect; but the second type, with the "lower
+case" C is found not only on this envelope but also on both sizes of the
+old "Burland & Co." envelopes of the 1877 issue.
+
+It will be remembered that it took considerably more than two years
+after the death of Queen Victoria before the change to King's head
+adhesives was made in Canada. It took even longer for the change in the
+envelope dies, as the first one to appear, the 2 cent, was not issued
+until the beginning of 1905. It was thus described in _Mekeel's Weekly
+Stamp News_:[218]--
+
+    Mr. Wm. P. Anderson writes that the 2c Canada envelope, Queen's
+    Head, is now obsolete, and that a new issue bearing the King's Head
+    was first sent out Jan. 12. It is very similar to the existing
+    type--same colour, shape and size and same description of paper and
+    size of envelope. The bust of the King, a profile to the left, is
+    larger, filling more of the central oval than did that of the young
+    Queen. It is a very beautifully cut piece of embossing, the work of
+    Wyon, the celebrated London die sinker. The engine turned border is
+    not, Mr. Anderson thinks, so neat as that on the old stamp, from
+    which it differs in detail. The word Canada has been removed from
+    outside the frame to the upper label, which now reads Canada
+    Postage. This and the value, two cents, on a label below the bust,
+    are in white letters on a ground of solid colour. The lettering is
+    very thin, which is the only blemish in a very neat and effective
+    design.
+
+[218] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XIX: 22.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The size of the envelope was not exactly the same as the previous issue,
+for it measures 152 x 90 mm., about 4 mm. longer than before and 3 mm.
+wider, the rough measurements being 6 x 3-5/8 inches. The paper is a
+very white wove variety, and the color of the impression is in carmine.
+
+The 1 cent envelope did not appear until about two months later, the
+exact date not being available, but being very close to the 1st March,
+1905. It is in all respects the same as the 2 cent envelope except that
+it is printed in a deep green.
+
+The use of stamped envelopes in Canada, though never so popular as in
+the United States, yet seems to be largely on the increase in the last
+twelve years, the 1 cent having risen in number from 85,500 in 1899 to
+1,360,100 in 1910, and the 2 cent from 262,000 to 2,928,400 during the
+same period.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+THE NEWSPAPER WRAPPERS
+
+
+In the Postmaster General's Report for the 30th June, 1875, we find the
+following:--"Post bands bearing an impressed stamp of one cent each have
+been issued for sale to the public, at the rate of four for five cents,
+to be used in putting up newspapers and such other transmissions
+requiring to be prepaid one cent, for which they may be found
+convenient."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The issue took place in May, 1875, and consisted of a wrapper of light
+buff wove paper measuring 9-1/2 inches in height by 5 inches in width
+(235 x 127 mm.), with the stamp impressed at the right side, about 2-1/2
+inches from the top. The sheet is cut square and gummed along the top on
+the back side. The stamp is typographed, and consists of an upright oval
+containing the head of Queen Victoria copied from that on the adhesive
+stamps, CANADA POSTAGE above, ONE CENT below, and the figure 1 in a
+circle at each side. In this first type of the wrapper stamp these
+circles containing the numerals are surrounded by foliations of acanthus
+pattern, and each has a little quatrefoil ornament in the label beneath
+it. There is also a thin, colored, wavy line which follows the border of
+the inner oval, giving a scalloped effect, and serves as the
+distinguishing feature of the first type. The impression is in dark
+blue. The stamp accounts give the receipts from the manufacturers as
+554,000 during 1875, and 918,000 during 1876. No further supplies were
+received until 1879 so these figures doubtless represent the total
+supply printed on the buff paper, as the small supply received in 1879
+is probably otherwise accounted for.[219]
+
+[219] See page 270.
+
+In its issue for June 1, 1878, the _Philatelic Monthly_ states that "We
+have received specimens of the newspaper wrappers with the stamp on the
+left and half way from the top." M. Moens lists it in his catalogue,
+where he gives the dimensions as 290 x 165 mm., or about 11-1/2 x 6-1/2
+inches. This is somewhat larger than the previous size and we have been
+unable to confirm it by a specimen, but the accuracy of M. Moens'
+observations is seldom to be questioned. The London Society's work
+states that this wrapper is unknown to the members of the Society, but a
+cancelled copy, used by a business firm, is recorded in the _Monthly
+Journal_ in 1892.[220] Evidently this variety was an error in the
+cutting of the sheet.
+
+[220] =Monthly Journal=, III: 3.
+
+In the _Philatelic Record_ for December, 1881,[221] a change is noted in
+the wrapper itself, the paper being described as white instead of buff;
+but in Moens' catalogue it is listed as "very pale buff" and in fact is
+what we might call "cream toned", being more correctly described later
+in the _Philatelic Record_ as "almost white".[222] The wrapper was also
+cut to a new size, 11 x 5 inches or 280 x 127 mm. It is very probable
+that this wrapper comes from the lot of 197,000 received according to
+the stamp accounts for 1880--the first since 1876, barring the small lot
+in 1879.[223]
+
+[221] =Philatelic Record=, III: 205; corrected, III: 227.
+
+[222] =ibid=., IV: 142.
+
+[223] See page 270.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Again, in its issue for June 1, 1882, the _Philatelic Monthly_
+illustrates a new variety in the stamp for the wrapper, stating that the
+color is light blue. The distinguishing features of the new die are the
+removal of the wavy line from the inner border of the oval, the removal
+of the foliations from around the circles enclosing the numerals, and
+the replacing of the little quatrefoil ornament beneath these circles by
+an inverted triangular ornament. This wrapper was presumably of the
+usual light buff tint as no mention is made of its color; but in the
+issue of the same paper for October 1, 1882, it is recorded that "We
+have received specimens of the newspaper wrapper, stamp of latest type,
+on yellow-buff paper." The same wrapper is chronicled in the _Philatelic
+Record_ which was issued the latter part of September as upon
+"straw-colored wove paper," so it had doubtless appeared as early as
+August, 1882. The size was the same as the last wrapper, 11 x 5 inches.
+
+From 1882 on the wrappers have been issued in numbers approaching half a
+million per year, and as no note is made in the stamp accounts even of
+changes in design, it is of course impossible to estimate the quantities
+printed or issued of any one variety.
+
+In an article in the _Dominion Philatelist_ upon the postal stationery
+of Canada,[224] the "yellow paper" wrapper is given as the first issued,
+in 1882, and the date 1883 is given the ordinary "pale buff" paper. The
+chronicles we have quoted, however, show that both were doubtless issued
+in 1882 and that the straw colored paper was not the first. The wrapper
+also appears on a cream paper, and the year of issue in the article
+quoted is given as 1885, but we have been unable to find any
+contemporary chronicle to confirm this.
+
+[224] =Dominion Philatelist=, V: 130.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Once again, in 1887, we find a change in the impressed stamp. This time
+the first design is reverted to, but with slight modifications which
+readily distinguished the new type; these are the absence of the wavy
+line running around the border of the inner oval, and the coarser
+shading on the face and neck--dotted in the first type and composed of
+lines in this third type. The new variety seems to have been chronicled
+first in the _Philatelic Monthly_ for June 1, 1887, but nothing is said
+about the color of the wrapper. The article in the _Dominion
+Philatelist_, however, gives it as thin white paper with a variety in
+"very thin tough white paper, fine quality." The same article under date
+of 1888 gives this wrapper in cream toned paper of both thick and thin
+quality, and in manila paper. The size of all these wrappers was the
+usual one of 11 x 5 inches.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Five years of the third type seemed to be sufficient, for in 1892 a
+fourth variety made its appearance. This, curiously enough, reverts to
+the second type in similarity, for the foliations around the numerals
+again disappear and the only distinguishing feature is the ornaments
+beneath the numerals--now little quatrefoils instead of the triangular
+ornaments found on the second type. This fourth type seems to have been
+first noted in the _Canadian Philatelist_ for March, 1892, and is more
+fully described in the _Monthly Journal_ for 30th April, 1892, as being
+upon "thin, surfaced, straw coloured paper." This wrapper was cut to a
+slightly smaller size, 10-3/4 x 5 inches. The article in the _Dominion
+Philatelist_ lists it upon "cream colored paper" alone, but both
+varieties exist, though it would seem that the straw colored one was
+perhaps the first issued.
+
+There is one variety analogous to the "stamp at left" wrapper of the
+first type, and which is also doubtless due to faulty cutting of the
+sheets; this has the stamp at the usual distance from the top of the
+wrapper, but nearly in the middle as far as the spacing from the sides
+goes. The impression is in dark blue on the straw colored paper.
+
+In its issue for 31 March, 1894, the _Monthly Journal_ chronicles a
+change in the color of the wrapper stamp (fourth type) from blue to
+"grey-black", the wrapper itself remaining a "straw" color as before. We
+find the impression to be a plain black, though if lightly inked it
+might show as gray black. Besides the pale straw colored wrapper there
+exists a cream toned one and also one of stouter paper in a very light
+brown tone. All these are cut to the last size noted, viz., 10-3/4 x 5
+inches.
+
+All the preceding wrappers were the product of the British American Bank
+Note Co., but when their contract for supplying stamps ceased in 1897 a
+new issue was naturally looked for. This did not materialize until June
+or July, 1898, when a new wrapper of the usual size and of light manila
+paper made its appearance with an impression of the 1 cent adhesive
+stamp (maple leaves in the four corners) in dark green. Unlike the
+stamped envelopes, it was manufactured by the American Bank Note Co.,
+but the die for stamping it, instead of being a reproduction of the
+adhesive, was newly engraved for typographic work and is therefore much
+coarser in appearance than the adhesive stamps.
+
+No change was made in the wrapper die to include the numeral of value
+until the new issue with head of King Edward took place. As before, the
+design of the adhesive was copied but the die was engraved for surface
+printing and is coarser in its lines. The new wrapper probably appeared
+early in October, 1903, as we find it recorded in _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp
+News_ for the 24th October of that year. The size was as before and the
+paper a light manila.
+
+As a result of the changes in newspaper rates, due to the amending of
+the Postal Convention with the United States in 1907,[225] we find a set
+of special wrappers issued in that year, concerning which the Postmaster
+General's Report for 1908 says:--
+
+    To facilitate the mailing of second class matter sent by publishers
+    to their subscribers in the United States, special newspaper
+    wrappers of the 1 cent, 2 cents and 3 cents denominations were
+    introduced. As a result of the reduction in rate of this class of
+    matter, made in February, so far as daily editions of newspapers
+    were concerned, the demand for 2c. and 3c. wrappers ceased, and
+    their issue was, accordingly, discontinued.
+
+[225] See page 196.
+
+The first issue of these wrappers is given as the 11th July, 1907, and a
+reference to the Report of 1908, already quoted,[226] shows the reason
+for their appearance. The rate on periodicals had been raised to 1 cent
+per 4 ounces when sent to the United States, which in turn had made
+provision for a like rate on periodicals addressed to Canada, at the
+latter's behest. This move on Canada's part was aimed principally to
+prevent the flooding of Canadian mails with cheap American monthlies.
+But such a protest went up against this heavy increase, that the rates
+were lowered, in February 1908, to 1 cent per pound on newspapers only,
+which of course rendered any wrappers save the 1 cent of but little use.
+With becoming thrift, however, the unissued remainder of the two
+discarded values was surcharged "1c." in large block type in black and
+used up in that way.
+
+[226] See page 196.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The quantities of these special wrappers delivered to the Department are
+given in the stamp accounts as:--
+
+             _1908._      _1909._      _1910._
+  1 cent  1,501,000    353,000    884,000
+  2  "      367,000      ...        ...
+  3  "       54,000      ...        ...
+
+Of the 2 cent wrapper the accounts give 300,300 as issued in 1908 and of
+the 3 cent wrapper 15,600. But during 1908 and 1909 213,546 of the
+former and 13,790 of the latter were returned "fit for use" by
+postmasters, and 4,574 2 cent and 790 3 cent "unfit for use" were
+destroyed. It would appear from this that the actual issue to the public
+of these two wrappers was 82,180 of the 2 cent and but 1,020 of the 3
+cent! The 1909 tables, however, record the issue to postmasters of the
+total quantity of these wrappers then on hand, and the 1910 tables
+explain this by the statement:--"Withdrawn from issue and surcharged one
+cent, June 18, 1908." The quantities of the surcharged wrappers are
+therefore 280,246 of the 1 c. on 2 cents, and 52,190 of the 1c. on 3
+cents. As these wrappers were not on sale to the general public but only
+to publishers, who were obliged to purchase in quantity, their use was
+considerably restricted; and as the wrappers often enclosed papers in
+quantity, addressed to any one post office, they were removed in the
+United States post offices before distributing the papers, and very many
+probably lost sight of there as waste paper.
+
+While the usual newspaper wrappers are designated officially as "Post
+Bands," these we have been describing are called "Special Wrappers."
+They were of stout manila paper, cut to 15 x 6-1/2 inches (378 x 165
+mm.) in size for the 1 cent and 2 cent, and 13 x 8 inches (308 x 223
+mm.) for the 3 cent, and ungummed. The stamp occupied the usual
+position, but at its left was the following two line legend in block
+letters, printed in the same color as the stamp, and occupying a length
+of 92 mm:--
+
+  =THIS WRAPPER TO BE USED ONLY BY PUBLISHERS AND FOR THE SOLE
+  PURPOSE OF MAILING SECOND CLASS MATTER TO THE UNITED STATES.=
+
+The 1 cent value was printed in dark green, the 2 cent in carmine, and
+the 3 cent in a slate violet. The surcharges were first noted in
+_Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News of_ 12th September, 1908, though they were
+probably issued soon after the date quoted above. The overprint in each
+case is in shiny black ink, the figure being 13 mm. high and the "c" 6
+mm. high, with a period after it.
+
+One curious circumstance has been noted in connection with the use of
+these wrappers--large numbers have been used without the Post Office
+authorities taking the trouble to cancel them, while in other cases they
+have been cancelled in the usual manner.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII
+
+THE POST CARDS
+
+
+We have already remarked that Canada lagged behind the United States in
+adopting adhesive stamps and also stamped envelopes, but when we come to
+post cards we find the United States to be the laggard by nearly two
+years. In the Postmaster General's Report for 30th June, 1870, we find
+the following:--
+
+    The introduction of what are known as "post cards" in the United
+    Kingdom, and the convenience which is stated to have attended their
+    use, have induced the Department to make arrangements for the
+    manufacture of similar post cards for the use of the public in
+    Canada. These post cards will be sold at one cent each, and may be
+    posted for any address within the Dominion--and will be conveyed to
+    destination, and be delivered in like manner with letters--the one
+    cent covering the cost both of the card and of postage.
+
+    They may be used for any communication, which can advantageously be
+    written and sent by such a medium; and, it would seem
+    unquestionable, must, in Canada as in England, prove to be extremely
+    convenient for many objects and purposes.
+
+The next year's Report states:--"Post Cards have been issued to the
+public from June, 1871, and it is believed have been found to be of
+material convenience. The number issued up to the 31st December was
+1,470,600."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+These cards were cut to a size approximately 4-5/8 x 3 inches (116 x 75
+mm.). The design consists of an engine turned border set about 3/16 of
+an inch in from the edge, with the stamp in the upper right corner of
+the enclosed space. This stamp shows a medallion bearing the head of
+Queen Victoria that appears on the "large" cents issue of 1868,
+surrounded by a frame that makes a roughly rectangular outline. The
+arrangement and style of the inscriptions on the card are shown by the
+illustration. At the bottom, just above the frame, is the imprint in
+letters of "diamond" size, "British American Bank Note Co. Montreal &
+Ottawa." The card is not of particularly heavy stock, has a somewhat
+rough surface, and is of a light buff tint that varies some in tone. The
+printing was done in sheets of several impressions and the engravings
+were separated by thin colored lines running the whole length between
+them. The color of the impression is a deep blue, though specimens in a
+lighter tone are not uncommon.
+
+In the Postmaster General's Report for 1872 we learn that on the 1st
+November of that year, amongst other changes in connection with rates to
+Newfoundland, the exchange of post cards at the ordinary domestic rate
+was provided for. In the Report for 1873 we read:--"By arrangement with
+the United States Post Office, the post cards of Canada and of the
+United States have, from the 1st July 1873, passed freely to destination
+between the two countries on prepayment of 2 cents each, by affixing a 1
+cent postage stamp to the card in addition to the one cent stamp printed
+thereon." The postal arrangement concluded between Canada and the United
+States in 1874,[227] however, by which mail matter was to be exchanged
+between the two countries at the domestic rates of each, obviated the
+necessity of the extra cent on the post cards from the 1st January,
+1875.
+
+[227] See page 120.
+
+It may be remembered that the marginal imprints on the sheets of
+adhesive stamps began to be changed in 1875 and that the word "Ottawa"
+was dropped. The same change took place in the post card some time
+during 1876, it being first noted in _Le Timbre-Poste_ for January,
+1877. The new card had the imprint at the bottom reading "British
+American Bank Note Co. Montreal" in letters slightly larger than on the
+first type. The frame of the card also seems to have been re-engraved as
+slight differences can be detected, and the outside or "over all"
+measurements are found to be about 1-1/2 mm. greater each way. Otherwise
+the appearance of the card is the same, but it is cut a little larger,
+measuring 4-3/4 x 3 inches (120 x 75 mm.), and the stock is a little
+heavier than the first card and of a slightly paler buff. The engravings
+on the plate were this time separated by short lines of color at the
+center of the sides of the cards. The color of the impression was the
+same as before and at times the front of the card was tinted bluish
+because of imperfectly wiped plates during printing.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Although Canada failed to obtain entrance into the Universal Postal
+Union on its establishment in 1875, as already detailed,[228] yet she
+was granted the new rates in her correspondence with the Mother
+Country. This included a 2 cent rate for post cards, and on the 1st
+January, 1877, a 2 cent post card made its appearance which was intended
+particularly for British correspondence as is shown by the sub-heading
+"TO UNITED KINGDOM." It was quite similar in design to the 1 cent card,
+with the same medallion portrait of Queen Victoria on the stamp. The
+frame of the card is of engine-turned work but of different pattern from
+the 1 cent card, and has corner pieces. The arrangement of the
+inscriptions is shown by the illustration. The card is cut to the same
+size as the 1 cent (4-3/4 x 3 inches) and is of medium thickness and of
+a very light yellowish buff. The impression is in a deep yellow green.
+
+[228] See page 108.
+
+Of these 2 cent cards the stamp accounts give 200,000 as having been
+delivered in 1877 and 5000 more in 1879. But the issues to postmasters
+are given as 98,300 in 1877, 6090 in 1878, and 13,680 in 1879, a total
+of 118,070; and as there is a record of the return of but 35, it seems
+fair to assume that the remaining 87,000 were destroyed.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Canada was finally admitted to the Postal Union on the 1st July, 1878,
+and consequently the 2 cent rate on post cards became applicable to all
+the other Postal Union countries. We therefore find the "United Kingdom"
+card altered to conform to the new conditions, the words "Union Postale
+Universelle" now appearing at the top as shown in the illustration. The
+stamp has also been re-engraved, the frame being changed and the words
+CANADA and POSTCARD added in small capitals above and below the
+medallion. The card is of the same size as before, on good stock of a
+very pale yellowish tone and with a smooth surface, and the impression
+is in a strong yellow green.
+
+This card appeared early in 1879 and continued in use until 1896. Its
+issue to postmasters increased from 27,300 in 1879, to 67,400 in 1892,
+though it dropped to 47,000 in 1895.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+All the previous cards had been line engraved on steel plates and of
+artistic appearance and fine workmanship. Beginning with 1882, however,
+a cheaper form of production began to be employed, the impression being
+typographed probably from electrotypes. The frame of the card is now
+omitted, the design consisting simply of a curved banderole bearing the
+words CANADA POST CARD with the instructions beneath, and at the right
+the oval stamp which, from now on, corresponds to the contemporary stamp
+of the newspaper wrapper.
+
+The _Philatelic Monthly_ for 1st May, 1882, chronicled a new one cent
+card as having just appeared, but did not describe it. It doubtless
+appeared early in April and was of the design detailed in the last
+paragraph, the stamp being that of the second type of the newspaper
+wrapper, which lacked the foliations around the numerals and had the
+inverted triangular ornaments beneath the circles containing the figures
+"1". The impression was in blue or in ultramarine on a very light buff
+card of stout quality and cut to 5-1/8 x 3 inches (129 x 76 mm.)
+
+About the end of the same year a reply card made its appearance
+concerning which the following notice was issued:--
+
+POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT.
+
+                                        OTTAWA, 13th December, 1882.
+
+  Departmental Order
+             No. 27
+
+    * * * * *
+
+    _Reply Post Cards._
+
+    2. For the convenience of correspondence by Post Card within the
+    Dominion, a double Post Card has been prepared and is now ready for
+    issue, which will afford to the original sender of this form of Card
+    the means of sending with his communication, a blank prepaid Post
+    Card to be used in reply. Each half of the double card will bear a
+    one-cent postage stamp impressed thereon in prepayment.
+
+    The ordinary Post Card regulations will apply to these reply cards,
+    both when originally posted, and with respect to the reply half when
+    re-posted.
+
+    The reply or double Post Cards, will be issued at two cents each,
+    and are to be sold to the public at that rate by Postmasters and
+    stamp vendors.
+
+    Canada reply Post Cards, to be used in correspondence with the
+    United Kingdom, will also be supplied at an early date, and when
+    Post Cards of this description originating in the United Kingdom and
+    bearing the impressed postage stamp thereof on both halves, have
+    been received here by mail, the reply half may be re-posted in
+    Canada, for return _to an address in the United Kingdom_, as a
+    prepaid Post Card, and may be forwarded to destination without
+    requiring the addition of any Canada postage stamp or other postage
+    prepayment in Canada.
+
+     JOHN CARLING,
+  _Postmaster General._
+
+Judging by the date of the circular the reply card was probably issued
+the middle of December, 1882, although it was not reported in the stamp
+journals until the next February. The stock used was the same as that
+for the single cards and cut so as to be the same size as the latter
+when folded. The design was the same as the single cards but printed in
+a gray black on the first and third faces of the folded card. The reply
+half is only distinguished by the word "(REPLY.)" placed between the
+banderole and the line of instructions.
+
+Considerable interest was aroused among philatelists in 1891-2 by a
+controversy that sprung up over a reported "error" in this reply card,
+which occurred with the stamp at the left side and the inscriptions to
+the right. Curiously enough, this card had been chronicled as a new
+issue in the _Philatelic Monthly_ for March, 1885, where we read:--"We
+are indebted to Mr. De Wolf for the first specimen of a new double 1
+cent card we have seen. It is slightly smaller than those first issued
+and the stamp is placed on the left side instead of the right." The fact
+of its existence had apparently lain dormant, except among post card
+specialists, until the Canadian correspondent of _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp
+News_ rose to remark[229] that they could be produced by manipulating an
+uncut sheet of the regular cards. This called forth a rejoinder from Mr.
+A. Lohmeyer[230] who wrote:--
+
+    In the first place, the _Error Cards_, for such they are, do not
+    exist among the 1 cent cards, but only among the 1-1 cent of 1882,
+    or reply-paid cards. Of this issue a comparatively small quantity
+    were printed with the stamp in the upper left corner, and the
+    _error_ was not discovered until after a number of post-offices had
+    been supplied with them, whereupon they were recalled, withdrawn
+    from circulation and destroyed. This accounts for the great scarcity
+    of these error cards, which have, in reality, been in circulation,
+    for I have several used specimens (halves) in my collection.
+
+    I will now proceed to prove the absurdity of the manipulation
+    described in the article referred to by facts and figures: The space
+    between the stamp and the points of the ribbon bearing the
+    inscription "Canada Post Card" on the correct issue, where the cards
+    would have to be cut to manufacture Canadensis' error (?) cards, is
+    4 millimeters. If this space is equally divided in cutting the
+    sheet, it would leave a margin to the left of the stamp and to the
+    right of the ribbon, after being cut, of 2 millimeters, while the
+    space between the right side of the stamp and the ribbon would be 10
+    millimeters.
+
+    Now take an error card, and you will find the latter space to
+    measure only 3 millimeters, and the outer margin to the left of the
+    stamp and the right of the ribbon to be respectively 5 millimeters.
+
+    "Figures do not lie".
+
+                        A. Lohmeyer.
+  Baltimore, Oct. 31, 1891.
+
+[229] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, I: 43: 1.
+
+[230] =ibid.=, I: 44: 2.
+
+This would seem conclusive proof, and also serve as a means of detecting
+any false error cards which might possibly be made from an uncut sheet
+as printed--but which have never been found. Yet six months later we
+find the _Monthly Journal_ making inquiries along practically the same
+lines. This brought out the following reply in _The Postal Card_:--
+
+    By referring to our paper No. 55, issued on the 14th of May, 1890,
+    you will find there a copy of a letter received by us, from the
+    Secretary of the Post Office Department at Ottawa regarding this
+    very card as follows:
+
+    "I am directed to acknowledge your letter stating that you have in
+    your possession a Canadian reply post card, upon which the stamp
+    appears in the upper left-hand corner, and inquiring whether this
+    stamp was officially issued by the department, or whether the
+    position of the stamps was due to a mistake in cutting the sheets.
+
+    "In reply, I am to say that the position of the stamp on the card to
+    which you refer (a certain number of specimens of which were
+    inadvertently issued by this Department) was due to a mistake in
+    printing."
+
+    We have never seen one of these cards which could have been produced
+    by wrong cutting.
+
+    If any Error cards _have_ been made by such a manipulation, either
+    by accident or design, we do not know it. However, the difference
+    between a wrongly cut card and a genuine error is so apparent that
+    it can be detected even without the use of a millimetre scale.
+
+    The distance of the stamp from the end of the scroll on the error
+    card is 4 mm., while if produced by wrong cutting of a sheet of the
+    correct issue (stamp at right), the distance will be 14 mm.
+
+    To prove this we take two of the latter cards (in the absence of an
+    uncut sheet which we have never seen), place them end against end,
+    measure the distance from the left end of the scroll on one card to
+    the outer circle enclosing the figure "1" on the other card, and
+    the result will be as stated above.
+
+    This fact and the letter from the Canadian P. O. Department, quoted
+    above, removes all doubts as to the true character of this rarity,
+    known as the "Canada Error Card".
+
+    We have several used specimens in our collection.
+
+The _Monthly Journal_[231] later received a copy of the error card which
+was postmarked in September, 1884, and which is the earliest date that
+has been recorded for it.
+
+[231] =Monthly Journal=, IV: 171.
+
+Direct evidence is given in a letter from H. F. Ketcheson to _Mekeel's
+Weekly Stamp News_; he writes as follows:[232]--
+
+    Regarding the Canadian reply card (error with stamp on upper left
+    hand corner) issued in 1884 (not 1885) would say that I purchased a
+    quantity of them from various post-offices. I was at that time an
+    employe of the Canada Post-Office Department and saw a number of
+    these passing through the mails and writing to the offices at which
+    they were posted found that they had received a supply from Ottawa,
+    and one office informed me at the same time that they had
+    re-received instructions to forward all they had on hand to Ottawa
+    as they had been issued in error.
+
+[232] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, VI: 216.
+
+The cards were identical in every respect with the regular ones, except
+for the peculiarity, and therefore call for no further description than
+has already been given them.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In the _Philatelic Monthly_ for March, 1887, is noted a change in the
+stamp on the single post card, which otherwise remained as before. The
+new stamp has the foliations around the numerals and is identical with
+Type 3 of the wrapper stamps, already described, and which it preceded,
+in fact, by two or three months. As was to be expected, the reply card
+followed with the same change in the stamps, but no particular notice
+seems to have been taken of it in the contemporary magazines. The
+article in the _Dominion Philatelist_ records it as having appeared in
+1887 in "black" and in 1888 in "dark green", but the only chronicles
+that seem to have noted it were the _Philatelic World_ for January,
+1888, which says merely that "the stamp on the reply paid card has been
+slightly altered," and the _American Journal of Philately_ for February,
+1888, which says a new reply card in "gray on buff" has just been
+issued. The information is added that the inscription "Postage" had been
+changed to "Postcard", but inasmuch as this was a hoax which apparently
+started with _Le Timbre-Poste_ in the fall of 1887[233] and went the
+rounds of the philatelic press, the value of the rest of the information
+is considerably lessened in consequence and we shall therefore take the
+dates as given in the _Dominion Philatelist_, which seem in the main to
+be correct. The wrapper stamp of 1875, with wavy line inside the oval,
+illustrated by _Le Timbre-Poste_ as appearing on the cards in May, 1888,
+was never employed. It was probably confounded with the third type.
+
+[233] =Le Timbre-Poste=, XXV: 94.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The next change in the cards was likewise due to a new variety in the
+stamp, which once more lost its foliations and had only a quatrefoil
+ornament beneath the numerals, as described for Type 4 of the wrappers,
+which it again preceded by a couple of months. The new card was
+apparently first noted in the _Canadian Philatelist_[234] as having been
+issued at London, Ont., on the 7th December, 1891. This of course may
+not have been its earliest date of issue but is doubtless not far from
+it. The normal color of the impression is a dull ultramarine, but the
+_Dominion Philatelist_ chronicled it in January, 1892, in a "very light
+skim milk shade of blue", which may be listed as a very pale
+ultramarine.
+
+[234] =Canadian Philatelist=, I: 49.
+
+The reply card in the new type is again an uncertainty. _Le
+Timbre-Poste_ for June, 1892, chronicled it in _blue_, which it never
+appeared in. _The Philatelic Monthly_ for July, 1892, noted that the
+reply card had appeared in the latest type, but gave no color; probably
+the item was borrowed from the French Journal without credit. Meanwhile
+the _Dominion Philatelist_ for June, 1892, merely mentions that "the
+reply cards of Canada are now appearing on a glazed thin card; design
+same as before," which would indicate no change from the current type 3.
+In December, 1892, however, the _Philatelic Journal of America_ reported
+that it had received from Toronto "one of the new Canadian reply cards.
+The message card bears a stamp the same type as that of the current 1
+cent postal card, but on the reply card the stamp is of the old type.
+Perhaps this is an error as the former double card had the same die on
+both." It may have been an error but it troubled no one but the
+philatelist. The _Monthly Journal_ for 31st January, 1893, also notes
+the receipt of a similar copy from Mr. D. A. King. The account
+says:--"The specimen was found in a packet of reply-paid cards, the
+remainder of which had the stamp of the now obsolete type upon both
+halves." It would seem that the end of 1892 was therefore about the time
+of the "semi-appearance" of the stamp of type 4 upon the reply cards;
+nor does it appear that the double card with stamp of type 4 on both
+halves was issued _before_ the "half-breed" card, as the latter
+continued to be used for nearly two years, the card with type 4 alone
+not being definitely chronicled until the issue of 30th November, 1894,
+of the _Monthly Journal_.
+
+The next change recorded was the issue of a large sized card for
+business purposes, which took place, according to the _American Journal
+of Philately,_[235] on the 17th February, 1893, in company with the two
+high value postage stamps and the letter card. The new card was of the
+usual light buff stock and measured 6 x 3-1/8 inches (152 x 92 mm.). The
+design was the same as for the ordinary card, the stamp being of the
+wrapper type 4 but at a slightly greater distance from the end of the
+banderole--4 mm. in the small card and 12 mm. in the large card. The
+impression was in black. This new card was designated as No. 1, and the
+ordinary small card became known as No. 2. The small sized card, 5 x 3
+inches, soon followed the large one in the color of its impression,
+appearing in a very dark slate that was almost a black and being first
+chronicled in the _Monthly Journal_ for 31st July, 1893.
+
+[235] =American Journal of Philately=, 2nd Series, VI: 102.
+
+In the Postmaster General's Report for 1893 we find the following:--"The
+introduction of the large size post card has not met with the success
+which was anticipated, and it has been found expedient in Canada, as in
+the United States, where the experiment has also been tried, to return
+to the former practice, and for the future to have only one size which
+will be somewhat smaller than the large card and a little larger than
+that first issued." As the stamp accounts kept the number of large sized
+cards separate from the small sized, we are able to give the amount
+received from the manufacturer, which was 5,396,000. The number issued
+is given as 4,983,900, but nothing is said about the disposition of the
+remaining 412,100.
+
+The new medium sized card, which took the place of both the large and
+the small sized cards, was apparently issued about February, 1894, as it
+was chronicled in the _Monthly Journal_ for 31st March, 1894. The new
+card measured 5-1/2 x 3-3/8 inches (140 x 85 mm.) and the stock was of a
+lighter tone than before--almost a cream. The impression was in black
+and the distance between the banderole and the stamp was changed to 8
+mm.
+
+Whether issued especially for advertising purposes or not, this new card
+appeared on a heavier stock of rough surface and straw color early in
+1896, being chronicled in _Meheel's Weekly Stamp News_ for 30th April,
+1896, as on a "thin card board."
+
+In its issue for 30th May, 1896, the _Monthly Journal_ chronicles the
+receipt of the reply card in black on a very smooth buff card. This
+indicates that the better grade of stock first used for the medium sized
+single card was being employed for the reply card, and that the latter
+was being printed in the dead black ink used for the medium card instead
+of the dark slate color previously employed.
+
+It may be of interest to note here that on the 1st January, 1895,
+regulations went into force in Canada providing for the admission to the
+mails of advertising cards with a 1 cent stamp attached. This was very
+likely due to the failure of the Department's large sized card which was
+intended to fill such a want. As a sort of "rider" upon the circular
+dealing with the special delivery service and stamps, issued by the
+Department on 7th June, 1898, there is a paragraph headed:--
+
+    PRIVATE POST CARDS.
+
+    Postmasters are informed that, as regards Private Post Cards posted
+    in Canada addressed to places in Canada, the words "Private Post
+    Card" may either be placed thereon or omitted according to the
+    option of the sender. Private Post Cards addressed to other
+    countries must, however, in every case bear on the address side the
+    words "Private Post Card."
+
+It is understood, however, that only in the domestic mails were private
+cards allowed to pass at the usual post card rate. If addressed to a
+foreign country a private card, if in writing, would be taxed at letter
+rates. In the _Weekly Philatelic Era_ for 19th November, 1898, however,
+it is announced that the Postmaster General had issued an order
+admitting private mailing cards into the foreign mails provided the size
+conformed to that of the official post cards.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The next official card that we have to consider is a new Postal Union
+card which made its appearance suddenly in the latter part of 1896. This
+is one of the most striking cards that Canada has produced, being
+beautifully engraved on steel and printed in a brilliant orange red.
+There is no frame, such as bordered the previous 2 cent card, and the
+stamp in the upper right corner much resembles in size and design the
+large 2 cent adhesive of the 1868 issue, except that the head of the
+Queen is turned to the left. The inscriptions follow out, in a way, the
+general style of British Colonial Postal Union cards, a small
+reproduction of the British arms with supporters occupying the center at
+the top. The arrangement will be seen from the illustration.
+
+The card is approximately 5-1/8 x 3-1/8 inches (130 x 80 mm.) in size
+and printed on a very light buff stock. A variety in shade occurs, of
+some degree of rarity, printed in carmine. The card was first chronicled
+in the _American Journal of Philately_ for 1st November, 1896, and was
+the last "new issue" put forth by the British American Bank Note Co.
+before its long contract was closed. The card was noted in the
+Postmaster General's Report for 1897 as follows:--"During the year a
+Universal Postal Union Card, conforming more closely to the regulations
+of the Union was introduced, thus superseding the old card." The new
+dimensions of the card, the removal of the frame, and the completing of
+the inscriptions in both English and French were among these
+requirements.
+
+The American Bank Note Co., as we all know, began its work for the
+Canadian Government by the production of the Jubilee Issue. As will be
+seen by reference to the prospectus of this series already given,[236]
+there was included a special post card of 1 cent to the number of 7
+millions. These were delivered and all issued with the exception of 3000
+on hand as shown by the stamp accounts in 1903. They do not appear in
+the 1904 accounts, so it is not known what became of them.
+
+[236] See page 148.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The cards were issued with the Jubilee stamps on the 19th June,
+1897.[237] They were the size of the ordinary 1 cent cards and on the
+same quality of stock. The stamp is a reproduction of the 1 cent
+adhesive of the Jubilee issue, but engraved for typographic printing.
+"Canada Post Card" is enclosed in a fancy frame at the left and the
+usual instructions are found beneath it.
+
+[237] =Ibid.=
+
+A curious variety of this card was noted in the _Metropolitan
+Philatelist_ for August, 1897, as follows:--"We have seen the new
+jubilee card bearing the stamp only. This is an error caused by the
+design being in two pieces and in this case the inscription has dropped
+out."
+
+The regular post cards produced by the new contractors did not make
+their appearance until several months after the first adhesives of the
+new type were out. The two cent card was the first issued, having been
+reported by the Canadian correspondent of the _Weekly Philatelic Era_
+under date of 4th December, 1897, as just out. It was a copy of the 2
+cent card of 1896 in every respect except the stamp, which was naturally
+of the new maple leaf type, and the color was a deeper shade of orange
+red.
+
+The 1 cent card does not appear to have been chronicled until the number
+for 1st February, 1898, of the _American Journal of Philately_, so that
+it doubtless appeared early in January or possibly the latter part of
+December, 1897, following closely the 2 cent card. It was also of the
+usual size and same stock as before and, like the Jubilee card, had a
+copy of the 1 cent adhesive printed in the corner. This was of the maple
+leaf type, engraved for typographic printing and therefore of rather
+coarser appearance than its prototype. The inscriptions were simply
+CANADA POST CARD in plain Gothic letters, with the usual line of
+instructions beneath, all printed in black; while the stamp was printed
+in dark green.
+
+Early in December, 1897, the following news item appeared in the
+Canadian daily press:--
+
+    Postmaster-General Mulock has formulated a scheme with respect to
+    postal cards which he has been thinking over for some time and which
+    he has now got so far into shape as to be ready for publication. It
+    is to remove the restriction which has hitherto existed with respect
+    to using the address side of the card for any purpose other than the
+    address. It is intended to allow pictures, ads., etc., on the face
+    of the card so long as there is room for the address. This will
+    enable a business man to advertise his business and will no doubt be
+    appreciated by both the advertiser and the public. It is intended
+    the cards shall be printed in sheets instead of singly for the
+    benefit of printers and lithographers.
+
+
+
+The following was the official announcement:--
+
+    NOTICE TO THE PUBLIC.
+
+    Regulations under which designs, illustrations, portraits, sketches,
+    or other forms of advertisement may be engraved, lithographed,
+    printed, etc., on the "address" side of the one-cent Post-Card.
+
+    1. A clear space of, at least, a quarter of an inch shall be left
+    along each of the four sides of the postage stamp.
+
+    2. There shall be reserved for the address a clear space at the
+    lower right hand corner on the "address" side of the card
+    immediately below the words "The space below is reserved for address
+    only," such space so reserved for the address being, at least, 3-1/4
+    inches long by 1-1/2 inches wide.
+
+    N. B. It is in the interest of both the Department and those
+    availing themselves of the privilege hereby, granted that the spaces
+    in question should be unconditionally reserved for the purposes
+    intended. If any printing, engraving, or other matter appears on the
+    spaces thus reserved, the Post-Cards cannot be permitted to pass
+    through the mails.
+
+    Post-Cards may be ordered in sheets of sixteen or less, as desired,
+    or singly; orders therefor, specifying quantity of cards required
+    and number to the sheet, to be given in writing to the nearest
+    Postmaster.
+
+      POST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.
+        OTTAWA, 9th December, 1897.
+
+
+These "advertisement" cards were issued by the Post Office Department
+singly, or printed in sheets of eight or sixteen. The single cards came
+in packages of 100 like the ordinary cards; the eight card sheets were
+made up in packages of 125 sheets, or 1000 cards all told; and the
+sixteen card sheets also in packages of 125 sheets, or 2000 cards all
+told. The reason for this is seen in the requirement that orders for
+these cards should be for not less than 1000. It is seen from the stamp
+accounts that the eight card sheets have proven the most popular, about
+six times as many sheets of this size as of the larger size having been
+issued in 1910, while the number of cards represented was five times the
+number of single cards issued.
+
+The stock is the same as used for the ordinary cards and the size of the
+single card is the same, while the arrangement on the sheets and the
+regulations require that they be cut up into cards of the proper size.
+The stamp is impressed in the right hand upper corner and is the same as
+for the ordinary card but printed in carmine. The only other thing on
+the card as issued is the directions, printed in small black Gothic
+capitals:--THE SPACE BELOW IS RESERVED FOR ADDRESS ONLY. This is placed
+about midway between the top and bottom of the card and about as far to
+the right as it will go.
+
+The last of the Queen's head cards were chronicled in the _Monthly
+Journal_ for 30th July, 1898. These were the reply card and the Postal
+Union card in a change of color. The reply card was of the usual size, 5
+x 3 inches, and had printed inscriptions in black like the single card,
+save that the word REPLY is placed between the two lines on the card for
+answer. The stamp is from the same die as the single card but printed in
+black instead of green. The stock is the usual pale buff.
+
+The same paper for 31st March, 1899, notes an error of impression in
+this card, the reply portion being printed on the back of the message
+card, so that the second card has no impression at all upon it.
+
+The Postal Union card was identical with the one it superseded, except
+that it was printed in deep blue, and the card is of a cream tint rather
+than a buff. The cause of the sudden change in color is not known.
+
+The King's head cards soon followed the adhesives. _Mekeel's Weekly
+Stamp News_ reported the 1 cent in its issue for 5th September, 1903. It
+needs no further description than to say it is a counterpart of the
+preceding Queen's Head card, the stamp as before being a copy of the
+adhesive engraved for typographic work. The impression is in green for
+the stamp and black for the inscriptions.
+
+The advertising card or "Business Post-Card" was the next to appear,
+having been issued early in December, 1903. Again it is in every way
+similar to its predecessor save that the impression of the stamp is
+lighter--rather a pink than a carmine.
+
+Finally, in its issue for 20th February, 1904, _Mekeel's Weekly Stamp
+News_ reports the issue of the reply card in its usual form and the
+Postal Union card, identical with the former save for the stamp, which
+is of course line engraved on this card. The issue of cards in 1910
+comprised over 26 millions of the 1 cent, 430,000 of the reply cards and
+70,000 of the Postal Union cards.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV
+
+THE LETTER CARDS
+
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  CANADA
+  LETTER CARD]
+
+The Postmaster General's Report for 1892 contained the following
+announcement:--"Letter cards, similar to those in use in Great Britain,
+Austria, and other European countries, are being prepared, and will be
+issued to the public in a short time." Only one value was issued, the 3
+cents, and it appeared in company with the 20 and 50 cent adhesives and
+large sized post card on the 17th February, 1893. Artistically it is a
+pretty poor production, the stamp being apparently a rough wood-cut
+imitation of the stock type used by Messrs. De La Rue & Co. at that time
+for British Colonial stamps. The profile of the Queen is on a solid
+ground within an octagonal frame, and the labels at top and bottom
+contain the words POSTAGE and THREE CENTS respectively. At the left of
+the stamp, in two lines, is CANADA--LETTER CARD, the first being in
+Gothic, the second in Roman capitals. The entire impression is in
+carmine. The size of the card, opened out, is 5-1/2 x 7 inches (138 x
+175 mm.), the longer dimension being reduced one half by folding of
+course. The perforation gauges 12 and is in Form A of Senf's catalogue
+(both lines crossing at the corner intersections). The margin outside
+the perforations measures 3/8 inch (10 mm.) and is gummed only around
+the third face of the folded card. The stock is of fair quality and of a
+light greenish-blue tint.
+
+The Postmaster General's Report for 1894 says that "so far the demand
+for these letter cards has not equalled the expectations of the
+Department." On looking at the stamp accounts we find that from their
+date of issue to the 30th June, 1893, 265,350 of the letter cards were
+distributed; but during the whole of the next fiscal year but 104,650
+were issued and for the third year the amount had dropped to 77,750. The
+Postmaster General's plaint was therefore justified.
+
+It is perhaps best to record here a curious semi-official issue of what
+might be termed a "letter sheet" for the use of the Canadian Pacific
+Railway. It was first noted in the _Monthly Journal_ for 31st January,
+1894, as "a sheet stamped with the current 1 cent wrapper die, upon
+which is printed the monthly statement of receipts and expenditure for
+transmission to shareholders." Perhaps for the reason that the wrapper
+stamp was impressed upon it, this variety has been listed under the
+newspaper wrappers, but such it is not. The circular was printed upon a
+stout gray-blue paper, and had the wrapper stamp of type 4 impressed
+upon the back in black. Above the stamp appears the inscription "Printed
+Matter Only," while in the lower left corner of the address side of the
+folded sheet are two lines reading:--
+
+  Canadian Pacific Ry.
+  Monthly Statement of Earnings and Expenses.
+
+Three guide lines are printed for the address, as upon the old post
+cards. The sheet must have been issued in 1893 subsequent to the
+appearance of the large post card with the stamp of type 4 in black. It
+is stated to have been issued as an experiment and was in use but a
+short time. A second variety is known, however, on white laid paper,
+which was probably issued subsequently to the blue variety, but at what
+date is not known. Both sheets are rare so the experiment evidently was
+not carried on for long.
+
+Returning to the regular letter cards we find again in the Postmaster
+General's Report for 1895 that "arrangements have been made for the
+issue of letter cards of the denominations of 1, 2 and 3c. for the use
+of banks in transmitting certain notices to their customers, as well as
+for ordinary letters within those postal limits to which their
+denominations respectively apply." The next year's Report explains their
+use a little more fully:--
+
+    During the year the 1 and 2 cent letter cards were introduced--the
+    former to serve the purpose of the "drop letter" (_i. e._, a letter
+    posted at, and delivered from, the same office) in places where
+    there is no free delivery by letter carrier; the latter to meet a
+    similar object in cities where there is such a delivery. Already
+    this extension of postal facilities appears to be appreciated--more
+    especially by banks, which largely use these cards in transmitting
+    notices to their customers.
+
+The 2 cent letter card is chronicled in the _Monthly Journal_ for 31st
+October, 1895, and the 1 cent in the same paper for the 30th November,
+1895. Both were doubtless issued the early part of October. They
+conformed in all respects to the 3 cent letter card issued two years and
+a half previously, except for the stamp. If the 3 cent was wretched, the
+two new ones were hideous. They were not only more poorly engraved,
+which was needless, but the label at the bottom was enlarged by
+extending it at either side. The 1 cent was printed in black and the 2
+cent in green--inscription and stamp in the same color in each case.
+
+In 1903 the _Weekly Philatelic Era_ published the following:[238]--
+
+    A correspondent in Vermont sends Mr. Lohmeyer a 1c. letter card of
+    the first issue, which he discovered in a Canadian post office
+    recently, it being the only copy there and damaged at that, the
+    perforated margin on the right hand side being torn off. In the
+    lower left corner the bottom perforation runs to the left side
+    perforation only, instead of crossing it, as on all Canadian letter
+    cards previously seen.
+
+[238] =Weekly Philatelic Era=, XVII: 149.
+
+This is the style of perforation designated as C in Senf's catalogue--in
+which the horizontal line does not project beyond the vertical lines at
+either side. We have seen a perfect copy of the above described 1 cent
+letter card, which seems to be unlisted; but the 3 cent card with this
+perforation, listed and priced in Senf, we have not ourselves seen. It
+is possible that if two of these cards exist with perforation C, the
+third one--the 2 cent--will some day come to light.
+
+The change in the stamp contractors in 1897 and the use of a new design
+naturally brought changes in the letter cards as well as the other
+postal requisites. The new 2 cent letter card was chronicled in the
+_Monthly Journal_ for 31st January, 1898, so it is safe to assume that
+it appeared in December, 1897. The 1 cent and 3 cents are chronicled in
+the same paper for 28th February, 1898, and must therefore have been
+issued as early as January, 1898. The new letter cards were in all
+respects the counterparts of the previous ones save the stamp, which was
+now the same as that used for the new post cards and wrappers, viz., a
+copy of the "maple leaf" Queen's head type engraved for typographic
+work. These three letter cards are known only with the perforation A.
+
+The reduction in domestic postage to the 2 cent rate on the 1st January,
+1899, rendered the 3 cent letter cards useless as well as the envelopes
+of like denomination. We have already recounted the story of the
+surcharged envelopes and the two types of the handstamp which were used
+in doing the work.[239] Suffice it to say, therefore, that we have but
+to add the letter cards to the same story to make it complete. Both the
+3 cent letter cards of 1893 and 1898 were turned in for surcharging
+purposes, and the former not only received both types of the rubber
+hand-stamped surcharge in the usual blue-black or gray-black color, but
+is found also with the second and common type in a violet color.[240]
+The surcharging was begun and the letter cards so treated were issued as
+early as February, 1899. The perforation, so far as known, is always A.
+
+[239] See page 240.
+
+[240] =Monthly Journal=, IX: 175.
+
+In its issue for 27th January, 1900, the _Weekly Philatelic Era_ notes
+the receipt of the 1 cent and 2 cent letter cards of the maple leaf type
+in new colors, conforming with the requirements of the Postal Union, the
+one cent in green instead of black and the 2 cent in carmine instead of
+green. In all other respects these letter cards conformed to their
+predecessors. They were doubtless issued early in January, 1900.
+
+The letter cards had been used in considerable quantities each year,
+particularly after 1895, when the 1 cent and 2 cent values were added to
+the previous 3 cent; but in 1902 they were withdrawn without any
+particular reason having been given that we have been able to discover.
+The stamp accounts for the Report of 1902 give the numbers issued in
+that fiscal year as 195,100 for the 1 cent and 352,000 for the 2 cent.
+The only item of information we have to quote concerning their demise is
+confined to the dates: the last issue of the 1 cent letter card is
+recorded as the 4th April, 1902, and of the 2 cent letter card as the
+28th June, 1902.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV
+
+OFFICIAL STATIONERY
+
+
+Outside of the Dead Letter Office seals the Canadian Government has
+issued no official adhesive stamps. An attempt, however, to foist a
+series of official stationery upon an unsuspecting philatelic public was
+made by one Henry Hechler, a stamp collector and dealer, who thought he
+saw his opportunity in the Indian troubles which broke out in the
+Canadian Northwest in 1884-5. Mr. Hechler belonged to the Militia and
+accompanied the troops that were sent to quell the disturbance. He took
+it upon himself to have a quantity of envelopes, post cards and wrappers
+surcharged OFFICIAL or SERVICE and evidently expected they would be
+accepted without question.
+
+The first news of these surcharges seems to have come, very strangely,
+from Germany. The _Philatelic Record_ for December, 1884,[241] says:--
+
+    _Der Philatelist_ chronicles, on the faith of a correspondent, Herr
+    Von Jerzabek, of Temesvar, a set of the adhesives with Queen's head
+    ..., two envelopes, and the 1 cent post card, all surcharged in
+    black, with the word OFFICIAL. It is alleged that they were prepared
+    and issued in 1877, but after a short time were called in again. The
+    surcharges are in some cases oblique, and in others perpendicular.
+    It is at least strange that, considering our intercourse with
+    Canada, our first knowledge of the issue of official stamps so far
+    back as 1877 should reach us from Temesvar, wherever that may be.
+
+[241] =Philatelic Record=, VI: 210.
+
+The Secretary of the Philatelic Society, London, whose official journal
+the _Philatelic Record_ then was, wrote direct to the Canadian
+Government to inquire into the authenticity of these so-called official
+issues, and received the following reply:[242]--
+
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.
+                             OTTAWA, _18th May_, 1885.
+
+    SIR:--I am directed by the Postmaster-General to acknowledge receipt
+    of your letter of the 29th ult., inquiring whether postage stamps
+    bearing the word "_Official_" on their face are in circulation in
+    the Dominion of Canada, and beg, in reply, to say that no such
+    stamp, card, newspaper wrapper, or envelope has _ever_ been issued
+    by this department.
+
+      I am, sir, your obedient servant,
+                             (_Signed_)        Wm. White, _Secretary_.
+
+[242] =Ibid.=, VII: 84.
+
+This would ordinarily seem to have been enough of a disclaimer, but like
+Banquo's ghost the official stationery would not down, though the stamps
+seem to have been lost sight of. Not only were the envelopes of 1 cent
+and 3 cents of the 1877 issue, but the newspaper wrappers of 1875 and
+1882, and the post card of 1882, surcharged across the stamp with the
+word "OFFICIAL" or "Service" in black, blue or red ink, but sometimes
+the arms of Great Britain were added at the left of the stamp, and also,
+in the lower left corner, the words
+
+  "63RD. RIFLES" or HEADQUARTERS, }
+                    63RD. RIFLES. }
+
+The lack of uniformity, or rather attempt at variety, was enough in
+itself to condemn the articles. Yet in the _American Philatelist_ for
+June, 1888, we find an attempted defence of them. We quote:[243]--
+
+    Henry Hechler writes us as follows: "When the Indian outbreak in the
+    Northwest occurred in 1885, and some of the militia of the various
+    provinces were hurriedly ordered out for active service, stringent
+    measures for notifying the men calling for prompt attention had to
+    be adopted. To distinguish them from ordinary mail matter by showing
+    their official character they were stamped across the "adhesive"
+    with the word _Service_ and at the lower left corner _O. [H.] M. S.
+    only_. Some were thus printed in black, others in blue, and yet
+    others in red. They served for that purpose only, until an Act of
+    Parliament was passed to carry all military mail matter on active
+    service free."
+
+    Mr. Hechler was captain of one of the companies of the Halifax
+    Battalion, and, therefore, in a position to obtain definite
+    information.
+
+[243] =American Philatelist=, II: 207.
+
+In other words Mr. Hechler knew all about these "official" stamps and
+the Postmaster-General and his secretary, as we have seen, knew
+absolutely nothing about them! This seems to tell its own story. In fact
+another letter from the Post Office Department, dated 13th April, 1888,
+and published in this same volume of the _American Philatelist_,[244]
+reiterates the denials of the previous letter which we have already
+quoted. The _Philatelic Record_ received later,[245] from the
+Postmaster of Halifax, the information that Mr. Hechler had had this
+stationery surcharged and that it was neither issued nor recognized by
+the Government of Canada. The _Record_ says:--"It was a smart notion of
+Mr. Hechler to turn his military duties into the direction of his
+business as a stamp dealer." Mr. Hechler "came back" at this in the
+columns of the _Philatelic Journal of America_[246] with the statement
+that "the Post Office Inspector here referred the question to
+headquarters, and, in reply, was instructed to allow such matter to pass
+through the mails without question or delay." The communication was
+enclosed in one of the envelopes in question, but the Editor's remarks
+on this are conclusive:--
+
+    The surcharging has not impaired the postal value of the envelope
+    and they are permitted to pass through the Canadian mails, but as to
+    their value from a philatelic standpoint it is quite another thing.
+
+    The printing in this case is of no more importance than any notice
+    or inscription that might be placed on an envelope bearing a regular
+    government stamp that in itself is sufficient to pay the postage.
+
+    In fact the above writer admits that the surcharge had no other
+    value than to enable the recipient to distinguish the letter from
+    his other mail. They are of no philatelic value whatever.
+
+[244] =Ibid.=, II: 173.
+
+[245] =Philatelic Record=, XI: 44.
+
+[246] =Philatelic Journal of America=, V: 202.
+
+It was a private speculation, pure and simple, in spite of any claims of
+"recognition", and of the fact that copies passed the post. The only
+other quotation to make in the case is from Shakespeare--_Exeunt_.
+
+We now come to an actual official issue in the shape of a newspaper
+wrapper. It seems to have been first noted in _Le Timbre-Poste_ for
+February, 1883, but is stated to have been issued in 1879. The stamp is
+of the 1875 issue (type 1) and at its left is printed in blue the
+following:--
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  Inland Revenue, Canada.
+
+  WEIGHTS & MEASURES SERVICE.
+
+  _Official Circular._
+
+  _To_
+
+  This band is to be used =On Her Majesty's Service= only and must have
+  no writing thereon but the name and address.
+
+]
+
+Above the English inscription is its counterpart in French. The wrapper
+itself is of a cream tone and measures 280 x 132 mm.
+
+The history of this wrapper does not seem to be known, save that it is
+accredited to be what it purports to be. It is quite rare, and as far as
+we have been able to find out is not known used. No mention is made of
+it in the Department reports, but it happens that the stamp accounts for
+1879, the year of its supposed issue, give only 8,000 wrappers as
+received from the manufacturers. None had been received the two years
+previously, as there were plenty on hand, and 192,000 were received the
+next year. It would thus appear, on the face of it, that this small lot
+of 8,000 was quite probably the order of the Inland Revenue wrappers. If
+so, it was probably the only lot ever received and though they may have
+been used, the chances seem somewhat against any such number having
+actually been issued.
+
+One other official issue comes in the form of a Customs' post card
+notice. It was first chronicled in the _American Philatelist_ for 10th
+May, 1888, as having been issued in connection with the parcel post
+system just then inaugurated with the United States. Postmasters
+received instructions to forward these cards free through the mails,
+although there was no stamp or notice on the address side. It is of
+manila card, 130 x 88 mm., blank on one side and having printed on the
+other:--
+
+                 Customs Postal Package Office.
+                                 ...........................188
+  _There has arrived at this office by mail from the United States,
+  addressed to you as over, the following dutiable package, which will
+  be delivered or forwarded to you on the receipt of the duty payable
+  and the return of this card._
+
+  ==============================================================
+   NO. OF   |    NO. OF   |    DESCRIPTION.     |      DUTY
+  MANIFEST. |   PACKAGE.  |                     |    PAYABLE.
+  ----------+-------------+---------------------+-------+-------
+            |             |                     |    $  |  cts.
+            |             |                     |       |
+            |             |                     |       |
+            |             |                     |       |
+            |             |                     |       |
+  --------------------------------------------------------------
+  E. 14.                        ................_Collector_.
+
+In its September, 1888, number the _Halifax Philatelist_ notes that the
+blank address side has been supplied with three dotted lines for the
+address, and inscriptions reading, in the upper left corner, "_Advice
+Note_", and in the upper right corner, "_Free, by order of the Post
+Master General_."
+
+One further official variety is somewhat unusual. The _American
+Philatelist_ for September, 1889,[247] says:--
+
+    "We are indebted to Donald A. King ... for information concerning
+    what is certainly a novelty in the postal line, namely, an unpaid
+    letter stamped envelope. When a letter is returned from the
+    dead-letter office the sender is required to pay the regular postage
+    and these envelopes have been prepared of various values. The only
+    one we have seen is the 3 cent value. It is about 175 x 120 mm., and
+    is made of manila paper. In the place for the stamp is a figure 3
+    about 23 mm. high. In the left hand upper corner RETURNED DEAD
+    LETTER; in the lower  corner--
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA,
+       DEAD LETTER OFFICE.
+
+    On the reverse, _The enclosed Dead Letter is returned by order of
+    the Postmaster-General for the reasons thereon assigned_. The
+    following values are said to exist:
+
+       3 cents, black on manila.
+       6   "      "   "    ?
+       9   "      "   "    ?
+      12   "      "   "    ?
+      18   "      "   "    ?
+
+    We have no further information concerning them.
+
+[247] =American Philatelist=, III: 350.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI
+
+PRECANCELLATIONS AND PERMITS
+
+
+As a matter of record and without any attempt at lists of varieties,
+which would prove futile, we deem it interesting and important to give
+such information as is at hand concerning the precancellation of stamps
+for use on large quantities of identical mail matter, and of the more
+recent substitute for the precancelled stamp which is known as the
+"permit". Both ideas were of course borrowed from the United States,
+which was the originator of this form of labor saving expedient.
+
+The _London Philatelist_ for April, 1892, quoted a letter from Mr. L.
+Gibb of Montreal which enclosed "a specimen used on the letter, but with
+the obliteration on the stamp only, and also portions of sheets gummed
+and unsevered, but neatly postmarked with horizontal wavy lines." Mr.
+Gibb wrote:[248]--
+
+    Sometime back I received the enclosed stamp paying the postage on an
+    open envelope containing a circular from Toronto; it has not been
+    moved from its original place, and one could see it had not been
+    obliterated on the envelope. After some little trouble I found the
+    P. O. would, upon receiving whole sheets of stamps, cancel them, and
+    then hand them back to any known firm to be placed on letters in
+    quantity, these letters are then taken to a private part of the
+    office in bulk, and are allowed to pass through the post without
+    further marking.
+
+[248] =London Philatelist=. I: 100.
+
+The system in the United States made use of a cancellation giving the
+town and state name, printed on the sheets by a press; but the Canadian
+precancellation was of simpler form, being of two fairly heavy
+horizontal lines with a wavy line between. No name occurs in the
+cancellation and it was applied with a roller, thus making a universal
+style which is more convenient in application than the type set form,
+varying for every post office.
+
+Further information in regard to this cancellation is found in _Mekeel's
+Weekly Stamp News_[249] where we read:--"The Canadian one-cent stamp
+cancelled on circulars is obliterated by a revolving self-inking
+canceler and is issued for use on the 5th class matter, i. e. parcels,
+etc., to post offices with an annual revenue of $3000 and over."
+
+[249] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XIII: 388.
+
+In 1904 precancelled stamps began to appear with the town name and that
+of the province, separated by two horizontal bars. In answer to an
+inquiry concerning them the Department replied as follows:[250]--
+
+    The main conditions governing the case are the quantities required
+    for a given mailing and the limitation of the use of precancelled
+    stamps to the particular kind or class of mail matter for which they
+    have been issued. The minimum quantity in each such case is 25,000
+    pieces.... As requisitions for precancelled stamps necessarily take
+    longer to fill than the ordinary, postmasters are expected to send
+    requisitions for them to the Department a few days in advance of
+    actual needs.
+
+[250] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XVIII: 131.
+
+It is evident that the latter form of printed precancellation was the
+only one intended to be employed by the Department, and that the earlier
+form of impression from the roller canceller was unauthorized, for the
+following circular was issued to make matters plain for
+postmasters:[251]--
+
+     POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.
+
+                          OTTAWA, 16th September, 1904.
+
+  PRE-CANCELLATION OF POSTAGE STAMPS.
+
+    The use of pre-cancelled stamps (or stamps cancelled before actually
+    used for payment of postage) is permitted in some of the larger
+    cities under very stringent regulations and only when required for
+    any one mailing in quantities of not less than 25,000 stamps, but
+    postage stamps cancelled with the small roller canceller have been
+    observed on letters and other matter passing in the mails, and
+    Postmasters are accordingly instructed that UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES
+    are they permitted to precancel postage stamps. The roller canceller
+    is reserved for the cancellation of postage stamps on Second, Third
+    and Fourth Class Matter and must be used only on stamps after being
+    ACTUALLY AFFIXED to such matter.
+
+    ANY POSTMASTER FOUND TO BE PRECANCELLING STAMPS IN ANY WAY OR
+    SELLING STAMPS PRE-CANCELLED WITHOUT AUTHORITY WILL BE HELD
+    RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FULL VALUE OF SUCH CANCELLED STAMPS.
+
+    It is proper to explain that the authorized pre-cancelled stamps are
+    struck with a special die bearing the name of the mailing office and
+    are sold only to the largest mailing concerns under conditions
+    which it is considered preclude any danger of such stamps being used
+    a second time for postage. Such conditions would not attend the use
+    of stamps pre-cancelled with the ordinary roller stamp, and in
+    consequence the use of the roller stamps for such a purpose is
+    strictly forbidden, under the penalty above mentioned.
+
+    Requisitions for pre-cancelled stamps must be made direct to the
+    Department (Stamp Branch). No request for pre-cancelled stamps can
+    be considered where the number of pieces to be prepaid thereby is
+    less than 25,000.
+
+  R. M. COULTER,
+    Deputy Postmaster General.
+
+
+[251] =Ibid.=, XVIII: 322.
+
+Not long afterward the bars were lowered somewhat on the size of the
+mailing required for the use of precancelled stamps, as the following
+circular shows:[252]--
+
+  POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.
+
+                         OTTAWA, 29th October, 1904.
+
+       PRECANCELLED STAMPS.
+
+    (Amending Departmental Circulars of 11th March and 16th September.)
+
+    It is desired that the use of precancelled stamps should be attended
+    with every possible degree of precaution and security and for that
+    purpose only requisitions for precancelled stamps to cover mailings
+    of _25,000 pieces at a time_ have been allowed. It is considered,
+    however, in the light of experience, that this limit is somewhat
+    high, and in future, therefore, postmasters will be allowed to make
+    requisition for precancelled stamps for mailings of _10,000 pieces
+    at a time_.
+
+  R. M. COULTER,
+     Deputy Postmaster General.
+
+
+[252] =Mekeel's Weekly Stamp News=, XVIII: 402.
+
+The style of cancellation which is employed by the Department at Ottawa,
+where all the pre-cancelling is evidently done, is a three line one--the
+town name above and the province name below, separated by two parallel
+lines. It is applied in black ink. Evidently considerable mail is sent
+out under this method for the precancelled stamps are fairly common. One
+other variety comes from Montreal with "FOR-THIRD-CLASS-MATTER-ONLY", (a
+line for a word) beneath MONTREAL and separated from it by two thin
+parallel lines.
+
+The issuing of "Permits" was an outgrowth of the precancelled stamp
+system, it being in effect a _stamped cover_ fulfilling the same purpose
+as a cover with a precancelled adhesive affixed to it. The idea was
+again borrowed from the United States. The circular issued to
+postmasters will fully explain the methods adopted under this new
+plan:[253]--
+
+              POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, CANADA.
+
+                                     OTTAWA, 2nd February, 1903.
+
+  PREPAYMENT OF THIRD-CLASS (PRINTED) MATTER IN CASH.
+
+    The Postmaster General in order to facilitate the posting of printed
+    matter mailed in considerable quantities addressed for delivery at
+    post-offices within the Dominion of Canada, has decided that
+    prepayment of postage on same may be effected in cash (instead of
+    postage stamps) in conformity with the following
+
+    REGULATIONS.
+
+    1. Each lot of mail matter which is posted under this arrangement
+    must be accompanied by a Permit, which has been obtained from the
+    Postmaster of the office at which it is posted. The application must
+    be made in writing on one of the forms provided for the purpose, in
+    which shall be stated approximately the number of pieces it is
+    intended to mail, and the postage on each piece at the rate of one
+    cent per two ounces or fraction thereof.
+
+    2. The articles posted must be of an uniform weight, and must be put
+    up in such a way as to admit of their being readily counted. The
+    weight and number must be verified beyond doubt. Circulars to be put
+    up in packages of 50, 75 or 100, with addressed sides faced all one
+    way. Catalogues must be tied up in neat bundles.
+
+    3. Each article must have printed upon its wrapper or cover an
+    impression of an official stamp, a fac-simile of which is here
+    given, which shall be furnished by the Postmaster of the office of
+    posting, mentioning the name of the office at which posted, and
+    stating that the postage was prepaid in cash.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  POSTAGE PAID IN CASH
+  At OTTAWA, Canada
+  Authorized under Permit No.
+  ANYBODY USING THIS STAMP WITHOUT AUTHORITY
+  WILL RENDER HIMSELF LIABLE TO PROSECUTION
+
+]
+
+    4. The lowest amount which may be received in payment for matter
+    mailed under these regulations is $25.00.
+
+    5. Under these regulations payment may be made only by marked
+    cheque drawn in favour of the Postmaster of the office of posting
+    for deposit to the credit of the Receiver General. The cheque must
+    accompany the mail matter at the time it is posted. The cheque is to
+    be drawn as follows:
+
+    "Pay to the Postmaster of ... for deposit to credit of Receiver
+    General."
+
+  R. M. COULTER.
+      Deputy Postmaster General.
+
+
+[253] =Weekly Philatelic Era=, XVIII: 63.
+
+Electrotypes of the "stamp" shown were furnished to all offices where
+there was a large output of the class of matter described, and the
+permit number was printed in with the impression when the order under
+which it was issued was being struck off. The "stamp" is usually printed
+in black, but has been seen in dark blue.
+
+In the stamp account for the year ending 30th June, 1903, no returns
+were given for mailings under these "Permits", but in 1904 we find that
+"Postage Paid in Cash on 3d Class (Printed) Matter" is given as
+$53,970.47, while in 1910 it had risen to $256,468.20--a quite
+respectable amount for the use of the "Permits".
+
+
+
+
+REFERENCE LIST
+
+
+
+PROVINCE OF CANADA
+
+1st. SERIES. Engraved and printed by Messrs. Rawdon, Wright, Hatch &
+Edson, New York. Unperforated.
+
+  1851.              =THIN GRAYISH LAID PAPER.=
+
+    April 23.  3 pence, deep red, red, vermilion.
+                 _double strike_, deep red, red, vermilion.
+    May 15 (?) 6 pence, black violet, deep brown violet, slate.
+                 _diagonal half_ used as 3d.
+    June 15.  12 pence, black.
+
+                     =STOUT WHITE LAID PAPER.=
+
+               3 pence, red.
+               6 pence, dull purple.
+
+  1851-7.            =GRAYISH WOVE PAPER, THIN TO STOUT.=
+
+               3 pence, deep red, red, vermilion.
+                     _double strike_, deep red, red, vermilion.
+               6 pence, black brown, brownish black, greenish black, slate,
+                        slate violet, deep violet.
+              12 pence, black.
+
+                     =SOFT WHITE WOVE PAPER.=
+
+               3 pence, deep red, red.
+                    _double strike_, deep red, red.
+
+                     =STOUT HARD WHITE WOVE PAPER.=
+
+               3 pence, deep red, red, vermilion.
+               6 pence, deep violet, slate violet, brown violet.
+
+                     =VERY THICK HARD PAPER.=
+
+               6 pence, slate violet.
+
+                     =VERY THICK SOFT PAPER.=
+
+               6 pence, dull purple.
+                    _diagonal half_ used as 3d.
+
+                     =THIN SOFT RIBBED PAPER.=
+
+               3 pence, red.
+                    _double strike_, red.
+
+                     =STOUT HARD RIBBED PAPER.=
+
+               3 pence, red.
+                    _double strike_, red.
+               6 pence, black violet.
+
+  1855, Jan.         =THIN WOVE PAPER.=
+
+              10 pence, deep blue, Prussian blue.
+                    _wide impression._
+                    _narrow impression._
+                    _double strike._
+
+                     =STOUT HARD WOVE PAPER.=
+
+              10 pence, deep blue, Prussian blue.
+                    _wide impression._
+
+  1857, June 2 (?)  =THIN WOVE PAPER.=
+
+           7-1/2 pence, dark yellow green.
+                    _wide impression._
+                    _narrow impression._
+
+                     =STOUT HARD WOVE PAPER.=
+
+           7-1/2 pence, dark yellow green.
+                    _wide impression_.
+
+  1857, Aug. 1.      =THIN WOVE PAPER.=
+
+             1/2 penny, deep rose.
+
+                     =STOUT HARD WOVE PAPER.=
+
+             1/2 penny, deep rose.
+
+                     =THIN SOFT RIBBED PAPER.=
+
+             1/2 penny, deep rose.
+                    _horizontal ribbing._
+                    _vertical ribbing._
+
+Same as before, but perforated 12 by the American Bank Note Co. (?)
+
+  1859, Jan. (?)     =STOUT WOVE PAPER.=
+
+             1/2 penny, deep rose.
+               3 pence, red.
+                    _double strike._
+                    _perc['e] en scie 13_, (unofficial).
+                    _perforated 14_, (unofficial).
+               6 pence, black violet, slate violet, deep brown violet,
+                        black brown.
+
+                     =THIN RIBBED PAPER=
+
+             1/2 penny, deep rose (?)
+               3 pence, red.
+                    _double strike._
+
+2nd. SERIES. Engraved and printed by the American Bank Note Co., New
+York. Perforated 12. Wove paper.
+
+  1859, July 1.
+               1 cent, dull red, rose red, rose carmine.
+                   _imperforate_, rose red.
+                   _thick hard paper_, rose red.
+                   _ribbed paper_, dull red.
+               5 cents, bright red, brick red, deep red.
+                   _double strike_, bright red, red, deep red.
+                   _worn plate_, red.
+                   _imperforate_, red.
+                   _worn plate imperforate_, red.
+                   _ribbed paper_, red, deep red.
+                   _diagonal half_ used as 2-1/2c., red.
+
+              10 cents, bright red violet, dull red violet, deep red violet,
+                        deep violet, slate violet, brown violet, yellowish
+                        brown, brown, dark brown, black brown, gray brown.
+                   _imperforate_, red violet, violet.
+                   _ribbed paper_, deep red violet, brown violet, brown
+                                        (light to dark).
+                   _diagonal half_ used as 5c., red violet, black brown.
+
+          12-1/2 cents, light yellow green, deep yellow green, green,
+                        blue green.
+                    _imperforate_, blue green.
+                    _ribbed paper_, light yellow green.
+              17 cents, deep blue, Prussian blue.
+                    _imperforate_, Prussian blue.
+                    _ribbed paper_, Prussian blue.
+  1864, Aug. 1.
+               2 cents, rose red, dull red.
+                    _imperforate_, rose red, dull red.
+                    _ribbed paper_, rose red.
+
+
+DOMINION OF CANADA
+
+3rd. SERIES. LARGE STAMPS. Engraved and printed by the British American
+Bank Note Co., Montreal & Ottawa. Perforated 12, Wove paper.
+
+  1868, April 1.
+             1/2 cent, gray black, black.
+                   _horizontal pair, imperforate between._
+                   _very thin paper._
+               1 cent, brown red, deep brown red.
+                   _watermarked_, brown red.
+                   _laid paper_, brown red, deep brown red.
+                   _very thin paper_, deep brown red.
+               2 cents, pale yellow green, pale green, green,
+                        deep yellow green, deep blue green.
+                    _watermarked_, green.
+                    _very thin paper_, deep yellow green.
+               3 cents, vermilion, bright red, deep red, brown red.
+                    _watermarked_, brown red, red.
+                    _laid paper_, vermilion, bright red.
+                    _very thin paper_, deep red.
+                    _very thick paper_, brown red.
+
+               6 cents, pale brown, brown, deep brown, gray brown,
+                        pale yellow brown, deep yellow brown.
+                    _watermarked_, deep brown.
+                    _very thin paper_, deep brown.
+                    _diagonal half_ used for 3c., deep brown.
+          12-1/2 cents, dull blue, deep blue, pale blue.
+                    _watermarked_, deep blue.
+                    _very thin paper_, dull blue.
+              15 cents, mauve, deep mauve, lilac gray, gray violet,
+                        deep gray violet, blue gray, slate blue,
+                        greenish blue.
+                    _watermarked_, lilac gray, gray violet.
+                    _thin laid paper_, mauve.
+                    _ribbed paper_, lilac gray.
+                    _very thick paper_, mauve, slate blue, purple.
+                    _imperforate_, brown violet.
+  1869,  Jan.
+               1 cent, yellow, pale orange, orange yellow, orange.
+                    _imperforate_, yellow.
+  1875, Oct. 1.
+               5 cents, light olive gray, dark olive gray.
+
+
+
+4th SERIES. SMALL STAMPS. Engraved and printed by the British American
+Bank Note Company, Montreal & Ottawa. Perforated 12. Thin to thick wove
+paper.
+
+  1870, Jan. (?)
+             3 cents, dull rose red, deep rose red, rose carmine (1888),
+                         brown red, red, bright red, vermilion, orange red.
+                  _imperforate_, dull red, vermilion.
+                  _ribbed paper_, red.
+
+  1870, Mar. (?)
+             1 cent, orange, orange yellow, deep yellow, bright yellow,
+                         pale yellow, olive yellow.
+                  _imperforate_, bright yellow.
+                  _ribbed paper_, yellow.
+                  _vertical half_, used for 1/2c.
+
+  1872, Jan. (?)
+             6 cents, pale yellow brown, brown, dark yellow brown;
+                         (1888) pale chestnut, deep chestnut.
+                  _imperforate_, deep chestnut.
+                  _ribbed paper_, deep chestnut.
+                  _vertical half_, used for 3c.
+
+  1872, Feb. (?)
+             2 cents, pale green, green, deep green; (1888) blue green,
+                         deep blue green.
+                  _imperforate_, green.
+                  _ribbed paper_, green.
+                  _vertical half_, used for 1c.
+
+  1874. Nov. 1. (?)
+            10 cents, pale lilac, lilac, mauve, red violet, violet;
+                        (1888) dull rose red, dull rose, salmon red,
+                        brown red, indian red.
+                  _imperforate_, brown red, indian red.
+                  _ribbed paper_, dull rose red, dull rose.
+
+  1876, Feb. 1. (?)
+             5 cents, pale olive gray, olive gray, dark olive gray;
+                         (1888) gray, brownish gray, brownish black.
+                  _imperforate_, brownish gray.
+                  _ribbed paper_, brownish black.
+
+  1882, July.
+            1/2 cent, gray black, black.
+                  _imperforate._
+                  _horizontal pair, imperforate between._
+                  _vertical pair, imperforate between._
+                  _ribbed paper._
+
+5th SERIES. Engraved and printed by the British American Bank Note Co.,
+Ottawa. Perforated 12. Wove paper.
+
+  1893, Feb. 17.
+            20 cents, bright red, vermilion.
+                  _imperforate_, vermilion.
+            50 cents, deep blue.
+                  _imperforate_, black blue.
+
+  1893, Aug. 1.
+             8 cents, bluish gray, bluish slate, slate violet, dark slate,
+                         black violet, gray black.
+                  _imperforate_, bluish gray.
+
+
+
+6th SERIES. JUBILEE ISSUE. Engraved and printed by the American Bank
+Note Co., Ottawa. Perforated 12. Wove paper.
+
+  1897, June 19.
+                  1/2 cent,  gray black, black.
+                  1   "      yellow orange, orange, deep orange.
+                             _vertical half_, used for 1/2c.
+                  2  cents,  green, deep green.
+                  3   "      carmine.
+                  5   "      deep blue.
+                  6   "      deep brown, deep yellow brown.
+                  8   "      slate violet.
+                  10  "      brown lilac.
+                  15  "      bluish slate.
+                  20  "      vermilion, bright scarlet.
+                  50  "      ultramarine.
+                  1  dollar, carmine lake.
+                  2  dollars deep violet.
+                  3   "      orange brown.
+                  4   "      violet.
+                  5   "      olive green.
+
+7th SERIES. "MAPLE LEAF" ISSUE. Engraved and printed by the American
+Bank Note Company, Ottawa. Perforated 12. Wove paper.
+
+  1897,  Nov. 9. 1/2 cent, gray black, black.
+         Dec. 1. (?) 6 cents, deep brown.
+         Dec.     1  cent,    dark blue green.
+                  2  cents,   red violet, violet, deep violet.
+                  5  cents,   dark blue on _bluish_
+                                (_pale_ and _strong_).
+                              _imperforate_, dark blue on
+                                _pale bluish_.
+                  8  cents,   yellow orange, deep orange.
+
+  1898,  Jan.     3   "       deep carmine.
+                 10   "       brown lilac.
+
+8th SERIES. "NUMERALS" ISSUE. Engraved and printed by the American Bank
+Note Co., Ottawa. Perforated 12. Wove paper.
+
+  1898,  June.     1 cent,  blue green, deep blue green.
+                            _toned paper_, deep green.
+                   3 cents, carmine, deep carmine.
+         Sept.   1/2 cent,  gray black, black.
+                   2 cents, purple, pale violet, violet, deep violet.
+                   6  "     deep yellow brown, dark brown.
+         Oct.      8  "     yellow orange, orange, deep orange.
+         Nov.     10  "     brown violet, deep brown violet.
+  1899,  July, 3.  5  "     dark blue on _bluish
+                              (pale_ and _strong)._
+         Aug. 20.  2  "     rose carmine, carmine.
+  1900,  Dec. 29. 20  "     olive green.
+  1902,  Dec. 23.  7  "     olive yellow.
+
+
+
+9th SERIES. IMPERIAL PENNY POSTAGE ISSUE. Engraved and printed by the
+American Bank Note Co., Ottawa. Perforated 12. Wove paper.
+
+  1898,  Dec. 7
+                           {black, red and lavender.
+                           {  "     "   "  bluish.
+                  2 cents, {  "     "   "  greenish blue.
+                           {  "     "   "  green.
+                          _imperforate._
+
+                           {black, red and bluish.
+                  2 cents, {  "     "   "  greenish blue.
+                           {  "     "   "  green.
+                          _Unofficial Provisional._ Used at Port Hood only.
+  1899,  Jan. 5.  1 cent, greenish surcharge on vertical third of 3c. 1898.
+                  2 cents, purple surcharge on vertical two-thirds of 3c. 1898.
+                          (These two occur as both "lefts" and "rights")
+
+10th SERIES. PROVISIONALS. Surcharge typographed in black.
+
+  1899, July 28.  2 cents on 3 cents, 1898, _carmine_.
+                          _inverted surcharge_, carmine.
+         Aug. 8.  2 cents on 3 cents, 1897, carmine.
+                          _inverted surcharge_, carmine.
+
+11th SERIES. KING'S HEAD ISSUE. Engraved and printed by the American
+Bank Note Co., Ottawa. (Portrait engraved by Perkins, Bacon & Co.,
+London). Perforated 12. Wove paper.
+
+  1903, July 1.
+                  1 cent, blue green, deep blue green.
+                          _toned paper_, deep yellow green.
+                  2 cents, rose carmine, carmine.
+                          _imperforate_, rose carmine.
+                  5 cents deep blue on _bluish_
+                            (_pale_ and _strong_).
+                          indigo on _bluish_
+                            (_pale_ and _strong_).
+                  7 cents, deep olive yellow.
+                 10 cents, brown lilac, brown violet, deep brown violet.
+  1904, Sept. 27.
+                 20 cents, deep olive green.
+  1908, Nov. 19.
+                 50 cents, violet.
+
+12th SERIES. QUEBEC TERCENTENARY ISSUE. Engraved and printed by the
+American Bank Note Co., Ottawa. Perforated 12. Wove paper.
+
+  1908, July 16.
+                 1/2 cent, black brown, brown.
+                   1  "  deep blue green.
+                   2 cents, carmine.
+                   5  "  deep blue.
+                   7  "  olive green.
+                  10  "  deep violet.
+                  15  "  red orange.
+                  20  "  deep brown.
+
+
+=STAMP BOOKS.=
+
+Manufactured by American Bank Note Co., Ottawa. 12-2 cent stamps.
+
+  1900, June 11. 2 cents, issue of 1898.
+  1904,   (?)    2  "      "    "  1904.
+
+
+=REGISTRATION STAMPS=.
+
+1875, Nov. 15. Engraved and printed by the British American Bank Note
+Co., Montreal and Ottawa. Perforated 12. Thin to thick wove paper.
+
+  2 cents, orange, orange red, vermilion; (1888) brick red.
+           _imperforate_, orange.
+  5 cents, yellow green, green, dark green; (1888) deep blue green.
+           _imperforate_, dark green.
+  8 cents, bright blue, dull blue.
+
+
+=POSTAGE DUE STAMPS=.
+
+1906, July 1. Engraved and printed by the American Bank Note Co.,
+Ottawa. Perforated 12. Wove paper.
+
+  1 cent,  deep violet.
+  2 cents, deep violet.
+  5  "     deep violet, red violet.
+
+
+=SPECIAL DELIVERY STAMP=.
+
+1898, July 1. Engraved and printed by the American Bank Note Co.,
+Ottawa. Perforated 12. Wove paper.
+
+  10 cents, deep green, deep blue green.
+            _toned paper_, deep green.
+
+
+=OFFICIALLY SEALED LABELS=.
+
+Engraved and printed by the British American Bank Note Co., Montreal.
+Perforated 12. Wove paper.
+
+  1879 (?)  (_no value_), dark brown.
+            _imperforate_ (?)
+
+Engraved and printed by the American Bank Note Co., Ottawa. Perforated
+12. Wove paper.
+
+  1905 (?)  (_no value_), black on _light green._
+  1907 (?)  (_no value_), black.
+
+
+=Stamped Envelopes.=
+
+PROVINCE OF CANADA.
+
+                          Ca
+  Laid paper, watermarked POD Size 5-1/2 x 3-1/4 inches (138 x 83 mm.)
+
+  1860, Feb. 1.(?) _Cream toned paper_, flap rounded.
+                5 cents, bright red.
+               10 cents, black brown.
+                        _error_(?)
+               10 cents, bright red.
+  1864 (?)     _Very white paper_, flap more pointed.
+                5 cents, bright red.
+
+
+
+
+=UNOFFICIAL REPRINTS, 1868.=
+
+    _On pieces of white wove or vertically laid buff paper._
+   _5 cents, bright red._
+  _10 cents, dark red brown_.
+
+  _On diagonally laid white or buff envelopes, watermarked_ POD
+                                                                  US
+
+          _Size 5-1/2 x 3 inches (138 x 77 mm)._
+   _5 cents, bright red._
+  _10 cents, dark red brown_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+DOMINION OF CANADA.
+
+  Sizes: A--5-1/2 x 3-1/8 inches (138 x 79 mm.)
+         B--6     x 3-3/8 inches (150 x 85 mm.)
+         C--9-5/8 x 4-1/2 inches (265 x 113 mm.)
+         D--5-7/8 x 3-1/2 inches (148 x 87 mm.)
+         E--6     x 3-5/8 inches (152 x 90 mm.)
+
+        Laid paper, cross vergures 18 mm. apart. Pointed flap.
+
+  1877, Oct. 6.  White paper.
+        Size A: 1 cent, pale blue, deep blue.
+                3 cents, red, rose.
+        Size B: 3 cents,  "    "
+        Same paper, tongued flap.
+        Size A: 1 cent, blue.
+                3 cents, red.
+
+        Laid paper, cross vergures 24 mm. apart. Pointed flap.
+
+  1888 (?) Cream toned paper.
+       Size A: 1 cent, blue, deep blue.
+               3 cents, red, carmine.
+       Size B: 3 cents,   "     "
+
+        Same paper, cross vergures 27 mm. apart.
+       Size A: 1 cent, deep blue.
+
+        White wove paper.
+  1895  (?) Size B: 3 cents, carmine.
+
+        Laid paper, cream toned.
+  1895, June 14.
+            Size B: 2 cents, blue green.
+  1896  (?) Size A: 1 cent, ultramarine.
+
+        Manila amber paper.
+  1896 (?) Size C: 1 cent, ultramarine.
+                   3 cents, red.
+
+        Wove paper, cream toned.
+  1898, Apr.  1 (?) Size D: 3 cents, bright red.
+  1898, July 22.    Size D: 1 cent, dark green.
+  1899, Jan.  2.    Size D: 2 cents, deep violet.
+  1899, Jan.  8 (?) Size D: 2 cents, bright red, vermilion.
+  1899, Feb.  6. (?) Surcharged 2c in blue-black.
+  Type 1.
+          Size D: 2 c. on 3 cents, red, of 1898.
+  Type 2.
+          Size A: 2c. on 3 cents, red, of 1877; white paper, pointed flap.
+                  2c. on 3  "     "    "  1888 (?) cream toned paper.
+          Size B: 2c. on 3  "     "    "    "        "     "     "
+          Size D: 2c. on 3  "     "    "  1898.
+
+  1901 (?)  Size D: 1 cent, dark green.
+                    2 cents, bright red.
+
+  Very white wove paper.
+
+  1905, Jan. 12.   Size E: 2 cents, bright red.
+        Mar. 1 (?) Size E: 1 cent, deep blue green.
+
+
+=WRAPPERS.=
+
+  TYPE 1. Size 9-1/2 x 5 inches (235 x 127 mm.).
+
+  1875, May  1 cent, dark blue, _light buff paper_.
+                "    _variety_, stamp at left.
+                        [Size 11-1/2 x 6-1/2 inches (290 x 165 mm.)]
+
+             Size 11-1/8 x 4-7/8 inches (285 x 124 mm.).
+
+  1881,  Nov. (?) 1 cent, dark blue, blue, _cream paper_.
+
+  TYPE 2. Size as last.
+
+  1882,  May (?) 1 cent, pale blue, _light buff paper_.
+         Aug.(?) 1  "  blue, _straw paper_.
+  1885,          1  "  ultramarine, _cream paper_.
+
+  TYPE 3. Size as last.
+
+  1887,  May (?) 1 cent, ultramarine, _thin white paper_.
+  1888,          1  "      "     _cream paper_.
+                 1  "      "     _light manila paper_.
+
+  TYPE 4. Size 10-3/8 x 4-7/8 inches (264 x 124 mm.).
+
+  1892, Feb. (?) 1 cent, dark blue, _thin straw paper_.
+                    " _variety_, stamp half way across wrapper.
+                 1  " blue, _cream paper_.
+
+  Size 10-3/4 x 4-7/8 inches (272 x 125 mm.).
+
+                 1 cent, dark blue, _straw paper_.
+  1894, Feb. (?) 1  "   black, _light buff paper_.
+                 1  "      "   _light brown paper_.
+
+  1898, June (?) 1  "   dark green, _manila paper_.
+
+  1903, Oct. (?) 1  "      "    "         "      "
+
+  Size 15 x 6-1/2 inches (378 x 165 mm.). Inscription.
+
+  1907, July 11. 1 cent, dark green, _manila paper_.
+                 2  "    carmine, _manila paper_.
+
+  Size 13 x 8 inches (308 x 223 mm.). Inscription.
+
+                 3  cents, slate violet, _manila paper_.
+  1908,  June 18 (?) Last two wrappers, surcharged.
+                 1 c. on 2 cents, carmine.
+                 1 c. "  3 "      slate violet.
+
+
+=POST CARDS.=
+
+Size 4-5/8 x 3 inches (116 x 75 mm.). Imprint "Montreal & Ottawa."
+
+  1871.  June     1 cent, dull blue, deep blue, _light buff
+                            and pale buff card_.
+
+Size 4-3/4 x 3 inches (120 x 75 mm.). Imprint "Montreal" only.
+
+  1876.  (end)    1  cent, dull blue, deep blue, _pale buff card_.
+                         Inscribed "To United Kingdom."
+
+  1877.  Jan. 1.  2  cents, deep yellow green, _pale buff card_.
+                         Inscribed "Union Postale Universelle."
+
+  1879,         2 cents, yellow green, _pale yellowish card_.
+                         Size 5 x 3 inches (127 x 76 mm.). No frame.
+
+TYPE 2 of wrapper stamp.
+
+  1882,  Apr. (?) 1 cent, light blue, _pale buff card_.
+         Dec. (?) 1 plus 1 cent, slate, _pale buff card_.
+                          _Error_, stamps at left.
+
+  1884,  Sept. (?) 1 plus 1 cent, slate, _pale buff card_.
+
+TYPE 3 of wrapper stamp.
+
+  1887,  Feb.  (?) 1 cent, dull blue, _pale buff card_.
+               (?) 1 plus 1 cent, slate, _pale buff card_.
+
+  1888,        (?) 1 plus 1  "  slate green, _pale buff card_.
+
+TYPE 4 of wrapper stamp.
+
+  1891,  Dec.  (?)  1 cent, dull ultramarine, pale ultramarine,
+                              _pale buff card_.
+
+  1892,  Dec.  (?)  1 plus 1 cent, slate green, (Type 3 on reply card),
+                                     _pale buff card_.
+
+  1894,  Oct.  (?)  1 plus 1  "  gray black, (Type 4 on each card),
+                                   _pale buff card_.
+
+Size 6 x 3-5/8 inches (152 x 92 mm.).
+
+  1893, Feb. 17.   1 cent, black, _pale buff card_.
+
+Size 5-1/2 x 3-3/8 inches (140 x 85 mm.).
+
+  1894, Feb.  (?)  1 cent, black, _pale yellowish card_.
+
+  1895, Apr.  (?)  1  "     "  _rough straw card_.
+
+Size 5-1/8 x 3-1/8 inches (130 x 80 mm.).
+
+  1896, Oct.  (?)  2  cents, orange red, carmine, _pale buff card_.
+
+Size 5-1/2 x 3-3/8 inches (140 x 85 mm.).
+
+  1897, June 19.  1  cent, black, _pale buff card_.
+                      "  _variety_, inscriptions lacking.
+
+Size 5-1/8 x 3-1/8 inches (130 x 80 mm.).
+
+  1897, Dec. 1 (?) 2  cents, deep orange red, _pale buff card_.
+
+Size 5-1/2 x 3-3/8 inches (140 x 85 mm.).
+
+  1898, Jan.  (?)  1 cent, green, dark green, _pale buff card_.
+                   1 "  carmine, _pale buff card_.
+
+Size 5 x 3 inches (127 x 76 mm.).
+
+  1898, June (?)   1  plus 1 cent, black, _pale buff card_.
+                       "      "  _variety_, reply printed on back
+                                                   of message card.
+
+Size 5-1/8 x 3-1/8 inches (130 x 80 mm.).
+
+  1898, June (?)   2  cents, deep blue, _cream card_.
+
+Size 5-1/2 x 3-3/8 inches (140 x 85 mm.).
+
+  1903, Aug. (?)   1 cent, green, _pale buff card_.
+        Dec. (?)   1  "  rose,        "    "    "
+
+Size 5 x 3 inches (127 x 76 mm.).
+
+  1904, Feb. (?) 1 plus 1 cent, black, _pale buff card_.
+
+Size 5-1/8 x 3-1/8 inches (130 x 80 mm.).
+
+  1904, Feb. (?) 2 cents, deep blue, _pale buff card_.
+
+
+=LETTER CARDS.=
+
+  1893. Feb. 17. 3 cents, carmine, _blue-green card_. Perf. A. and C.
+
+  1895, Oct. (?) 1  "     black,   "   "  "  Perf. A and C.
+                 2  "     green,   "   "  "  Perf. A.
+
+  1897, Dec. (?) 2  "       "      "   "  "  Perf. A.
+
+  1898, Jan. (?) 1  "     black,   "   "  "  Perf. A.
+                 3  "     carmine, "   "  "  Perf. A.
+
+Surcharged "2c." in blue-black.
+
+  1899,  Feb. (?) 2 cents on 3 c. card of 1893, type 1.
+                  2  "    "  3 c.  "   "   "     "   2.
+                  2  "    "  3 c.  "   "  1898,  "   2.
+
+
+Surcharged in violet.
+
+                  2 cents on 3 c. card of 1893, type 2.
+
+  1900,  Jan. (?) 1 cent, green, _blue-green card_. Perf. A.
+                  2  "    carmine, "   "   "  Perf. A.
+
+
+=LETTER SHEET.=
+
+  1894  (?)  1 cent, black, _gray blue laid paper_.
+             1  "     "     _white laid paper_.
+
+
+=OFFICIAL STATIONERY.=
+
+  Inland Revenue Wrapper, Size 11 x 5-1/8 inches (280 x 132 mm.).
+
+  1879  (?)  1 cent, dark blue, _cream paper_.
+
+  Customs Post Card, Size 5-1/8 x 3-1/8 inches (130 x 88 mm.).
+
+  1888  (?)  [plain front], _manila card_.
+  [inscriptions on front], _manila card._
+
+  Returned Dead Letter Envelopes. Size 6-7/8 x 4-3/4 inches
+    (175 x 120 mm.).
+
+  1889  (?)  3 cents, black, _manila paper_.
+                ?       ?          ?
+
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE I]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE II]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE III]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IV]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE V]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VI]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VII]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VIII]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IX]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE X]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XI]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XII]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIII]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIV]
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's notes:
+
+Page 21: changed "or" to "of" ( ... from the sender of such letter or
+packet ...)
+
+Page 23: missing or unreadable value in the original ( ... the rate on
+Letters by those mails, via Halifax, of 1s. [missing value] sterling, if
+_un-paid_, ...)
+
+Page 90: changed "setttled" to "settled" ( ... newly settled portions of
+the country ...)
+
+Page 99: changed "fradulent" to "fraudulent" (To remove with fraudulent
+intent from any letter, newspaper or other mailable matter ...)
+
+Page 141: changed "(C)" to "(D)" ((D) Limits of weight to
+Austria-Hungary, ...)
+
+Page 149: changed "beseiged" to "besieged" ( ... literally besieged the
+post offices for the coveted treasures.)
+
+Page 149: changed "neceessary" to "necessary" ( ... it would be
+necessary for you to apply early ...)
+
+Page 154: duplicate word "in" deleted (The principal variation is only
+one of tone in a few values.)
+
+Page 196: changed "monoply" to "monopoly" ( ... an accidental monopoly
+of a stamp, ...)
+
+Page 202: changed "promotory" to "promontory" ( ... he disembarked on
+the 3d July at the foot of the promontory of Stadacon['e], ...)
+
+Page 228: changed "Qneen" (with inverted "u") to "Queen" (The embossed
+head of Queen Victoria was evidently copied ...)
+
+Page 238: changed "suppy" to "supply" ( ... when the supply thereof in
+the department became exhausted, ...)
+
+Page 256: changed "uncertainity" to "uncertainty" (The reply card in the
+new type is again an uncertainty.)
+
+Page 286: corrected "130 x 80" to "140 x 85" (Size 5-1/2 x 3-3/8 inches
+(140 x 85 mm.).)
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANADA: ITS POSTAGE STAMPS AND
+POSTAL STATIONERY***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 37457.txt or 37457.zip *******
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