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diff --git a/37420-h/37420-h.htm b/37420-h/37420-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e13fe2a --- /dev/null +++ b/37420-h/37420-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,28697 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Paint Technology and Tests, by Henry A. 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Gardner + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Paint Technology and Tests + +Author: Henry A. Gardner + +Release Date: September 13, 2011 [EBook #37420] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PAINT TECHNOLOGY AND TESTS *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Harry Lamé and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="bbox"> +<p class="center">Please see <a href="#TN">Transcriber's Notes</a> at the end of this document</p> +</div> + +<h1>PAINT TECHNOLOGY AND TESTS</h1> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo003.png" alt="McGraw-Hill advertisement" width="500" height="300" /></div> + + +<h2 style="font-size: 2em;">PAINT TECHNOLOGY<br />AND TESTS.</h2> + +<p class="center" style="line-height: 2em;"><b>BY</b></p> + +<p class="center fsize150"><b>HENRY A. GARDNER</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Assistant Director, The Institute of Industrial Research, +Washington, D. C.</i><br /> +<i>Director, Scientific Section, Paint Manufacturers’ Association +of the United States, etc.</i></p> + +<p class="center">McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY<br /> +239 WEST 39TH STREET, NEW YORK<br /> +6 BOUVERIE STREET, LONDON, E.C.<br /> +1911</p> + +<hr class="c25" /> + +<p class="center"><i>Copyright, 1911, by the</i> <span class="smcap">McGraw-Hill Book Company</span></p> + +<p class="center gesp">THE·PLIMPTON·PRESS·NORWOOD·MASS·U·S·A</p> + +<hr class="c25" /> + +<p class="center">TO<br /><span class="fsize150">MY MOTHER</span></p> + +<hr class="c25" /> +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></p> + +<h2><a name="Ch0" id="Ch0"></a>PREFACE</h2> + + +<p>A few years ago the producer and consumer of paints possessed +comparatively little knowledge of the relative durability +of various pigments and oils. There existed in some cases a +prejudice for a few standard products, that often held the user +in bondage, discouraging investigation and exciting suspicion +whenever discoveries were made, that brought forth new materials. +Such conditions indicated to the more progressive, the +need of positive information regarding the value of various +painting materials, and the advisability of having the questions +at issue determined in a practical manner.</p> + +<p>The desire that such work should be instituted, resulted in +the creation of a Scientific Section, the scope of which was to +make investigations to determine the relative merits of different +types of paint, and to enlighten the industry on various technical +problems. Paint exposure tests of an extensive nature were +started in various sections of the country where climatic conditions +vary. This field work was supplemented in the laboratory +by a series of important researches into the properties of pigments, +oils, and other raw products entering into the manufacture +of protective coatings. The results of the work were +published in bulletin form and given wide distribution. The +demand for these bulletins early exhausted the original impress, +and a general summary therefore forms a part of this volume.</p> + +<p>The purpose of the book is primarily to serve as a reference +work for grinders, painters, engineers, and students; matter of +an important nature to each being presented. Without repetition +of the matter found in other books, two chapters on raw +products have been included, and they present in condensed +form a summary of information that will prove of aid to one +who desires to become conversant with painting materials with +a view to continuing tests such as are outlined herein. In +other chapters there has been compiled considerable matter from +lectures and technical articles presented by the writer before +various colleges, engineering societies, and painters’ associations.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span>The writer wishes to gratefully acknowledge the untiring +efforts of the members of the Educational Bureau of the Paint +Manufacturers’ Association, whose early endeavors made possible +many of the tests described in this volume. Kind acknowledgment +is also made to members of the International Association +of Master House Painters and Decorators of the United States +and Canada, who stood always ready to aid in investigations +which promised to bring new light into their art and craft.</p> + +<p class="right">HENRY A. GARDNER.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Washington</span>, October, 1911.</p> + +<hr class="c25" /> +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></p> +<h2><a name="ToC" id="ToC"></a>CONTENTS</h2> + +<table class="tab500" style="line-height: 1.5em;" summary="ToC"> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">CHAPTER</td> +<td class="right">PAGE</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right top">I</td> +<td class="left"><span class="smcap"> Paint Oils and Thinners</span></td> +<td class="right bot"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right top">II</td> +<td class="left"><span class="smcap"> A Study of Driers and Their Effect</span></td> +<td class="right bot"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right top">III</td> +<td class="left"><span class="smcap"> Paint Pigments and Their Properties</span></td> +<td class="right bot"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right top">IV</td> +<td class="left"><span class="smcap"> Physical Laboratory Paint Tests</span></td> +<td class="right bot"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right top">V</td> +<td class="left"><span class="smcap"> The Theory and Practice of Scientific Paint Making</span></td> +<td class="right bot"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right top">VI</td> +<td class="left"><span class="smcap"> The Scope of Practical Paint Tests</span></td> +<td class="right bot"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right top">VII</td> +<td class="left"><span class="smcap"> Conditions Noted at Inspection of Tests</span></td> +<td class="right bot"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right top">VIII</td> +<td class="left"><span class="smcap"> Results of Atlantic City Tests</span></td> +<td class="right bot"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right top">IX</td> +<td class="left"><span class="smcap"> Results of Pittsburg Tests</span></td> +<td class="right bot"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right top">X</td> +<td class="left"><span class="smcap"> A Laboratory Study of Test Panels</span></td> +<td class="right bot"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right top">XI</td> +<td class="left"><span class="smcap"> Additional Tests at Atlantic City and Pittsburg</span></td> +<td class="right bot"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right top">XII</td> +<td class="left"><span class="smcap"> North Dakota Paint Tests</span></td> +<td class="right bot"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right top">XIII</td> +<td class="left"><span class="smcap"> Tennessee Paint Tests</span></td> +<td class="right bot"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right top">XIV</td> +<td class="left"><span class="smcap"> Washington Paint Tests</span></td> +<td class="right bot"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right top">XV</td> +<td class="left"><span class="smcap"> Cement and Concrete Paint Tests</span></td> +<td class="right bot"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right top">XVI</td> +<td class="left"><span class="smcap"> Structural Steel Paint Tests</span></td> +<td class="right bot"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right top">XVII</td> +<td class="left"><span class="smcap"> The Sanitary Value of Wall Paints</span></td> +<td class="right bot"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> + +</table> + + +<hr class="c25" /> +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></p> +<h1>PAINT TECHNOLOGY</h1> + +<h2><a name="Ch1" id="Ch1"></a>CHAPTER I</h2> + +<h3>PAINT OILS AND THINNERS</h3> + + +<p><b>Constants and Characteristics of Oils and Their Effect upon +Drying.</b> An attempt has been made to give in this chapter a brief +summary of the most important characteristics of those oils +finding application in the paint and varnish industry. For +methods of oil analysis, the reader is referred to standard works +on this subject; the analytical constants herein being given only +for comparative purposes.</p> + +<p>It is well known that one of the most desirable features of a +paint oil is the ability to set up in a short period to a hard +surface that will not take dust. This drying property is dependent +upon the chemical nature of the oil. If it is an unsaturated +compound, like linseed oil, rapid absorption of oxygen will cause +the film to dry rapidly and become hard. If the oil be of a +fully satisfied nature, like mineral oil, oxygen cannot be taken +up to any great extent and drying will not take place. The +various animal and vegetable oils differ in their power of oxygen +absorption to a lesser or greater extent. This difference is referred +to by the chemist in terms of the iodine value. The iodine value +of linseed oil is approximately 190, meaning that one gram of +the oil will take up 190 centigrams of iodine. Oils with high +iodine values have good drying powers, while those with low +iodine values are, as a rule, very slow drying in nature.</p> + +<p>For a description of the working and drying properties of various +oils used in paints, see <a href="#Ch14">Chapter XIV</a>. The oxygen absorption of +various oils and mixtures is shown in <a href="#Ch2">Chapter II</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Linseed Oil.</b> The seed of the <a href="#Photo01">flax plant</a> which is extensively +grown in North Dakota, Argentine Republic and Russia, contains +approximately 36% of oil which may be obtained by grinding, +heating, and expression. Ripe native seed generally produces<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> +a pale oil of little odor; the oil from Argentine seed often having +a greenish tint and an odor resembling sorghum. While filtering, +pressing and ageing will remove considerable of the (“foots”) +mucilaginous matter, phosphates, silica, etc., from the oil, the +better grades which are intended for varnish making are often +refined with sulphuric acid. A light colored oil which may be +heated without “breaking” results from this treatment, but +such oils are apt to contain considerable free fatty acid, unless +they are washed with alkali subsequent to the sulphuric acid +treatment. On account of its rapid drying properties and general +adaptability for all classes of paints and varnishes, linseed oil +has never been supplanted by any other oil. Chemically it +consists of the glycerides of linoleic, oleic, and isolinoleic acid, +its constitution being responsible for its very high iodine value.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Photo01" id="Photo01"></a> +<img src="images/illo013.jpg" alt="Flax in Bloom" width="500" height="306" /> +<p class="caption">Field of Flax in bloom in North Dakota</p></div> + +<p>Boiled linseed oil, a heavier and darker product, is made by +heating the raw oil in open kettles to high temperatures, generally +with the addition of metallic driers such as litharge, and black +manganese. The resinates of lead and manganese are often +added to oil heated at a lower temperature, to obtain a boiled oil +of lighter color.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo014a.jpg" alt="New Type of Flax Harvester" width="300" height="434" /> +<p class="caption">New type of Flax Harvester which pulls plant up +by the roots, thus preventing infection of soil</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo014b.jpg" alt="Modern Concrete Elevators for Flax Seed" +width="500" height="422" /> +<p class="caption">Modern Concrete Elevators for storing Flaxseed</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo015a.jpg" alt="Linseed Oil Factory" width="500" height="446" /> +<p class="caption">View of Linseed Oil Factory showing hydraulic press, tanks, etc.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo015b.jpg" alt="Flax Seed Crushers" width="500" height="451" /> +<p class="photocredit left"><i>Photographs courtesy of Spencer Kellogg Sons</i></p> +<p class="caption">Flaxseed Crushers</p> +</div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo016a.jpg" alt="Filter Presses" width="500" height="430" /> +<p class="caption">Filter Presses for removing extraneous matter from linseed oil</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo016b.jpg" alt="Linseed Cake from Oil Press" width="500" height="379" /> +<p class="caption">Linseed Cake from Oil Press</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/illo017a.jpg" alt="Soya Bean Plants" width="500" height="396" /> +<p class="caption">Glycine Hispida<br />Mammoth soya bean plants</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/illo017b.jpg" alt="Glycine Hispida Plants, Arlington, Va." width="500" height="448" /> +<p class="photocredit center"><i>Photographs courtesy of David Fairchild, Plant Explorer, U. S. Dept. of +Agriculture</i></p> +<p class="caption">Glycine Hispida<br /> +Soya bean plants under cultivation at Arlington, Va.</p></div> + +<p>By blowing air through linseed oil that has been heated to +approximately 200 degrees Fahrenheit, either with or without +drier, heavy bodied oils are obtained, which find special application +in varnishes and technical paints. As the viscosity of these +oils increase, the iodine values decrease, and a slight rise in +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>saponification value and specific gravity is observed. The following +analyses of various types of linseed oil were recently made +by the writer:</p> + +<table class="braces fsize80" summary="Oil analyses"> + +<tr> +<td class="bt2 br bb padr1 padl1"> </td> +<td class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">Pure Raw<br />Linseed Oil</td> +<td class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">Boiled<br />L. O.<br />(Linoleate)</td> +<td class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">Boiled<br />L. O.<br />(Resinate)</td> +<td class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">Blown<br />L. O.</td> +<td class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">Litho.<br />L. O.</td> +<td class="center bt2 bb padr1 padl1">Old<br />Treated<br />Oil</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td rowspan="2" class="left br">Color</td> +<td class="center br">Amber</td> +<td class="center br">Dark</td> +<td class="center br">Reddish</td> +<td class="center br">Pale</td> +<td class="center br">Dark</td> +<td class="center">Amber</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center br">Clear</td> +<td class="center br">Brown</td> +<td class="center br">Brown</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">Brown</td> +<td class="center">Clear</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="top"> +<td class="left br">Sp. Gr. at 15° C.</td> +<td class="center br">.933<br />Average</td> +<td class="center br">.941</td> +<td class="center br">.930</td> +<td class="center br">.968</td> +<td class="center br">.970</td> +<td class="center">.943</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br">Iodine No.</td> +<td class="center br">180</td> +<td class="center br">172</td> +<td class="center br">176</td> +<td class="center br">133</td> +<td class="center br">102</td> +<td class="center">172</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Saponification No.</td> +<td class="center br">191</td> +<td class="center br">187</td> +<td class="center br">186</td> +<td class="center br">189</td> +<td class="center br">199</td> +<td class="center">197</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br">Free Fatty Acid</td> +<td class="center br">3.2</td> +<td class="center br">2.7</td> +<td class="center br">2.2</td> +<td class="center br">2.8</td> +<td class="center br">2.7</td> +<td class="center">6.9</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br">Unsaponifiable</td> +<td class="center br">1.4</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center">1.8</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br">Maumene</td> +<td class="center br">111</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center">96</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br bb2">Moisture</td> +<td class="center br bb2">.2%</td> +<td class="center br bb2">—</td> +<td class="center br bb2">—</td> +<td class="center br bb2">—</td> +<td class="center br bb2">—</td> +<td class="center bb2">none</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><b>Soya Bean Oil.</b> The <a href="#Photo02">soya plant</a> which is extensively cultivated +in Asia produces a <a href="#Photo03">seed</a> bearing up to 22% and over of a golden +colored oil having a peculiar leguminous odor. The oil, which +probably consists of the glycerides of oleic, linoleic, and palmitic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> +acids, is secured by crushing, steaming and pressing the seed. +There are several varieties of the plant, and they are said to be +the best annual legume for forage, the straw and fruit being rich +in nitrogen and very fattening as a cattle food. Soya may be +grown in nearly any country and is a great carrier of nitrogen +to land deficient in this element. Although the oil has been +used abroad for many years for soap-making purposes, its use as +a drying oil is comparatively recent; being introduced into the +paint industry of the United States during the year 1909, when +linseed oil started on its phenomenal rise in price.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><a name="Photo03" id="Photo03"></a> +<img src="images/illo018a.jpg" alt="Mammoth Soya Bean Plant" width="300" height="443" /> +<p class="caption">Glycine Hispida<br />Mammoth soya bean plant</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><a name="Photo02" id="Photo02"></a> +<img src="images/illo018b.jpg" alt="Soya Plant with Nitrogen Gathering Tubercles" width="300" height="439" /> +<p class="caption">Glycine Hispida<br />Soya bean plant, showing nitrogen gathering tubercles on roots</p> +</div> + +<p>The oil has given fair service in some paints when mixed with +upwards of 75% of pure linseed oil. It is of a semi-drying nature, +but may be made to dry rapidly when mixed with manganese +and lead linoleate driers. By compounding it under heat with +tung oil and rosin, a substitute for linseed oil is produced, which +some claim to be quite valuable.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><a href="#Tab1">Table I</a> gives the constants of several samples of soya oil examined by the +writer. <a href="#Tab2">Table II</a> shows the iodine value of mixtures of soya and linseed oils. +<a href="#Tab3">Table III</a> shows the results of drying experiments on soya oils containing +different percentages of lead and manganese driers.</p></div> + +<h4><a name="Tab1" id="Tab1"></a>TABLE I</h4> + +<h5><span class="smcap">Chemical Characteristics of Soya Bean Oil</span></h5> + +<table class="braces fsize80" summary="Table I"> + +<tr> +<td class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">Sample No.</td> +<td class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">Specific gravity</td> +<td class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">Acid No.</td> +<td class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">Saponification<br />No.</td> +<td class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">Iodine No.</td> +<td class="center bt2 bb padr1 padl1">Per cent. of<br />foots</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br">1</td> +<td class="right br padr5">0.9233</td> +<td class="right br padr3">1.87</td> +<td class="right br padr5">188.4</td> +<td class="right br padr3">127.8</td> +<td class="right padr4">3.81</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br">2</td> +<td class="right br padr5">0.9240</td> +<td class="right br padr3">1.92</td> +<td class="right br padr5">188.3</td> +<td class="right br padr3">127.2</td> +<td class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br">3</td> +<td class="right br padr5">0.9231</td> +<td class="right br padr3">1.90</td> +<td class="right br padr5">187.8</td> +<td class="right br padr3">131.7</td> +<td class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br">4</td> +<td class="right br padr5">0.9233</td> +<td class="right br padr3">1.91</td> +<td class="right br padr5">188.4</td> +<td class="right br padr3">129.8</td> +<td class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br">5</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr3">130.0</td> +<td class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br">6</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr3">132.6</td> +<td class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br">7</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr3">136.0</td> +<td class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center br bb2">Average</td> +<td class="right br bb2 padr5">0.9234</td> +<td class="right br bb2 padr3">1.90</td> +<td class="right br bb2 padr5">188.2</td> +<td class="right br bb2 padr3">130.7</td> +<td class="center bb2">—</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h4><a name="Tab2" id="Tab2"></a>TABLE II</h4> + +<h5><span class="smcap">Iodine Values of Linseed Oil and Mixed Oils</span></h5> + +<table class="braces fsize80" summary="Iodine Values Linseed and Mixed Oils"> + +<tr> +<td class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">Sample No.</td> +<td class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">Straight<br />linseed</td> +<td class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">Soya<br />25 per cent.<br />Linseed<br />75 per cent.</td> +<td class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">Soya<br />50 per cent.<br />Linseed<br />50 per cent.</td> +<td class="center bt2 bb padr1 padl1">Soya<br />75 per cent.<br />Linseed<br />25 per cent.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br">1</td> +<td class="right br padl2 padr2">190.3</td> +<td class="right br padr4">175.2</td> +<td class="right br padr4">160.7</td> +<td class="right padr4">140.4</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br">2</td> +<td class="right br padl2 padr2">189.5</td> +<td class="right br padr4">175.9</td> +<td class="right br padr4">161.7</td> +<td class="right padr4">140.8</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left br">3</td> +<td class="right br padl2 padr2">188.0</td> +<td class="right br padr4">175.4</td> +<td class="right br padr4">160.3</td> +<td class="right padr4">139.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center br bb2">Average</td> +<td class="right br bb2 padl2 padr2">189.3</td> +<td class="right br bb2 padr4">175.5</td> +<td class="right br bb2 padr4">160.9</td> +<td class="right bb2 padr4">140.4</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></p> + +<h4><a name="Tab3" id="Tab3"></a>TABLE III</h4> + +<h5><span class="smcap">Soya Bean Oil and Lead Drier</span></h5> + + +<table class="braces fsize80" summary="Iodine Values Linseed and Mixed Oils"> + +<tr> +<td class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">Per cent.<br />PbO</td> +<td colspan="3" class="bt2 br bb padr1 padl1"> </td> +<td class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">0.05</td> +<td class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">0.10</td> +<td class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">0.30</td> +<td class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">0.50</td> +<td class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">0.70</td> +<td class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">1.00</td> +<td class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">1.30</td> +<td class="center bt2 bb padr1 padl1">1.60</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎧</b></td> +<td class="right">1</td> +<td class="left br">day</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">0.07</td> +<td class="center br">0.63</td> +<td class="center br">1.34</td> +<td class="center br">1.05</td> +<td class="center br">1.53</td> +<td class="center br">0.93</td> +<td class="center">1.35</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right">3</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">0.07</td> +<td class="center br">3.52</td> +<td class="center br">4.31</td> +<td class="center br">2.75</td> +<td class="center br">4.86</td> +<td class="center br">4.82</td> +<td class="center">4.12</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">0.09</td> +<td class="center br">5.04</td> +<td class="center br">6.06</td> +<td class="center br">6.09</td> +<td class="center br">6.75</td> +<td class="center br">6.66</td> +<td class="center">5.52</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center br padr1">Per ct. gain</td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎨</b></td> +<td class="right">12</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">6.88</td> +<td class="center br">7.54</td> +<td class="center br">7.43</td> +<td class="center br">7.76</td> +<td class="center br">7.32</td> +<td class="center">6.47</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right">15</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">8.84</td> +<td class="center br">8.93</td> +<td class="center br">8.59</td> +<td class="center br">8.81</td> +<td class="center br">8.44</td> +<td class="center">7.46</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎩</b></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">0.05</td> +<td class="center br">0.20</td> +<td class="center br">9.02</td> +<td class="center br">9.08</td> +<td class="center br">8.90</td> +<td class="center br">9.03</td> +<td class="center br">8.65</td> +<td class="center">7.83</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h5><span class="smcap">Soya Bean Oil and Manganese Drier</span></h5> + +<table class="braces fsize80" summary="Soya Bean Oil - Manganese Drier"> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="center bt br padr1 padl1">Per cent. MnO<span class="denom">2</span></td> +<td colspan="3" class="center bt br padr1 padl1"> </td> +<td class="center bt br padr1 padl1">0.01</td> +<td class="center bt br padr1 padl1">0.05</td> +<td class="center bt br padr1 padl1">0.15</td> +<td class="center bt br padr1 padl1">0.26</td> +<td class="center bt padr1 padl1">0.30</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td rowspan="3" class="center br">Per ct. gain</td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎧</b></td> +<td class="right">1</td> +<td class="left br">day</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">0.02</td> +<td class="center br">0.02</td> +<td class="center">0.01</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎨</b></td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">5.06</td> +<td class="center br">6.48</td> +<td class="center br">6.10</td> +<td class="center">5.97</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="symb"><b>⎩</b></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">0.05</td> +<td class="center br">9.07</td> +<td class="center br">8.80</td> +<td class="center br">6.78</td> +<td class="center">6.51</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h5><span class="smcap">Soya Bean Oil, Manganese and Lead Drier</span></h5> + +<table class="braces fsize80" summary="Soya Bean Oil - Manganese and Lead Drier"> + +<tr class="bt bb"> +<td class="center br padl1 padr1">Per cent. PbO</td> +<td colspan="3" class="center bt br padl1 padr1"> </td> +<td class="center br padl1 padr1">0.20</td> +<td class="center br padl1 padr1">0.30</td> +<td class="center padl1 padr1">0.50</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="center br">MnO<span class="denom">2</span></td> +<td colspan="3" class="center br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.05</td> +<td class="center br">0.15</td> +<td class="center">0.25</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td rowspan="3" class="center br">Per ct. gain</td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎧</b></td> +<td class="right">1</td> +<td class="left br">day</td> +<td class="center br">3.04</td> +<td class="center br">3.77</td> +<td class="center">3.74</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎨</b></td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">5.96</td> +<td class="center br">6.43</td> +<td class="center">6.47</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="symb"><b>⎩</b></td> +<td class="right">12</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">6.33</td> +<td class="center br">6.78</td> +<td class="center">6.67</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><b>Tung Oil.</b> There are grown in China and Japan many +varieties of the “<a href="#Photo04">aleurites cordata</a>,” popularly known as the +tung tree. This tree bears great quantities of large sized <a href="#Photo05">nuts</a> +containing as high as 40% of an oil which yields itself in a viscous +yellow form upon heating and crushing of the fruit. The +raw oil, which chemically consists of the glycerides of oleic, oleo-margaric, +and probably isomeric acids, is distinguished by its +rapid drying properties. When spread in a thin layer it produces +a hard film with an opaque frosted surface, often showing +a tendency to wrinkle. Treated tung oil will dry to a clear, +water-shedding, elastic film. This oil is made by heating the raw +tung oil at a comparatively low temperature with other oils and +a metallic drier such as litharge.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo021a.jpg" +alt="Barrel Factory at Cooperage Shop" width="500" height="434" /> +<p class="photocredit left"><i>Photographs courtesy of David Fairchild</i></p> +<p class="caption">Aleurites Cordata (Chinese Wood Oil) +Barrel Factory at Cooperage Shop</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Photo05" id="Photo05"></a> +<img src="images/illo021b.jpg" alt="Aleurites Fordii fruit" width="500" height="407" /> +<p class="photocredit left"><i>Photographs courtesy of David Fairchild</i></p> +<p class="caption">Aleurites Fordii (Chinese Wood Oil)<br /> +Fruit from trees at the end of fourth year</p> +</div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>The affinity of tung oil for rosin has resulted in the production +of a series of moderate-priced varnishes most suitable for use in +floor and deck paints or wherever great hardness is required. +These varnishes are also finding application in the manufacture +of concrete, steel, and flat wall paints; being especially suitable +for the above purposes when compounded with kauri gum japan.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><a name="Photo04" id="Photo04"></a> +<img src="images/illo022a.jpg" alt="Flowering Aleurites Fordii in China" width="300" height="451" /> +<p class="caption">Aleurites Fordii<br /> +Wood Oil tree, thirty feet high and three feet in diameter, on +banks of Yangtse River, Western Szechuan, China. Opium Poppy in the foreground</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo022b.jpg" +alt="Aleurites Cordata in California" width="300" height="375" /> +<p class="caption">Aleurites Cordata<br /> +Flowering specimen of the Chinese Wood Oil tree at Riverside, California, +planted in 1907. Photograph taken in 1910, when tree had borne fifty fruits</p></div> + +<p>During the boiling of raw tung oil the temperature must not +exceed much over 400 degrees Fahrenheit. Otherwise a peculiar +“hamming” will take place, the whole mass becoming solid and +of no further value as a varnish or paint vehicle. Some peculiar +internal disturbance or rearrangement of the molecules is evidently +effected by heat, and although the reaction is not clearly +understood, it has been ascribed to auto-polymerization. Scott +has stated that the phenomenon of gelatinization is due to the +exposure of the surface of the oil to the air, and that boiling in +vacuo obviates such results. The lusterless surface produced when +tung oil varnishes are dried in vitiated air would tend to confirm +the conclusion that the oil is very subject to atmospheric influences.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>Lumbang Oil, which is obtained from a tropical species of +Tung, is very similar in appearance and properties to Linseed +Oil.</p> + +<h5><span class="smcap">Constants of Tung Oils</span></h5> + +<table class="braces fsize80" summary="Tung Oil Constants"> + +<tr class="bt2 bb"> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br padl1 padr1">Sp. Gr.</td> +<td class="center br padl1 padr1">Iodine No.</td> +<td class="center br padl1 padr1">Saponifi-<br />cation No.</td> +<td class="center padl1 padr1">Acid No.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr2">No. 1</td> +<td class="center br">.944</td> +<td class="center br">166</td> +<td class="center br">188</td> +<td class="center">3.6</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="left br">No. 2</td> +<td class="center br">.940</td> +<td class="center br">164</td> +<td class="center br">184</td> +<td class="center">1.8</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo023.jpg" +alt="Menhaden Net Drying in Sun" width="500" height="504" /> +<p class="photocredit left"><i>Photographs courtesy Alpin I. Dunn</i></p> +<p class="caption">Menhaden Net drying in the Sun</p> +</div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Photo06" id="Photo06"></a> +<img src="images/illo024a.jpg" alt="Loading Menhaden with Swinging Basket" width="500" height="308" /> +<p class="caption">Transporting Menhaden from net to deck of boat, in swinging basket</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo024b.jpg" alt="Big Catch of Menhaden" width="500" height="306" /> +<p class="caption">A big catch of Menhaden made off Narragansett Bay</p></div> + +<p><b>Menhaden Oil.</b> Of all the marine-animal oils, such as seal, +herring, sardine, whale, and menhaden, the latter is the most +valuable. It is produced by steam digestion and pressure of the +<a href="#Photo06">menhaden or “piogey” fish</a>, which are caught in great quantities +off the Atlantic Coast. Prompt cooking and treatment of the +fish results in a light-colored oil having very little odor, the residue +left in the presses being of great value as a fertilizer. Although +several grades of oil termed crude, brown, light, etc., are produced, +the most satisfactory for use in paint is that grade termed “light +winter pressed.” This oil is of a pale straw color and has a high +iodine number which is responsible for its rapid drying value. +It contains less of the stearates that precipitate from crude oil, +but sufficient to render its film water-shedding and elastic. The +presence of too great a quantity of stearates is apt to result in a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> +very soft film, and the use of hard driers, such as the metallic +tungates, is therefore advisable with menhaden oil. When mixed +with linseed oil paints the odor of menhaden oil is sometimes +noticeable, but it disappears entirely after such paints are applied. +Its use with linseed oil in technical paints exposed to +the salty air of the Coast has given good results, often preventing +“checking” and “chalking.”</p> + +<p>The following constants were determined on samples of menhaden +oil received in the writer’s laboratory:</p> + +<table class="braces fsize80" summary="Menhaden Oil Analysis"> + +<tr class="bt2 bb"> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">Sp. Gr.</td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">Iodine<br />Value</td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">Saponification<br />Number</td> +<td class="center padr1 padl1">Acid<br />Number</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br">Light</td> +<td class="center br">.927</td> +<td class="center br">175.8</td> +<td class="center br">187.9</td> +<td class="center">7.55</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Medium</td> +<td class="center br">.925</td> +<td class="center br">178.7</td> +<td class="center br">187.6</td> +<td class="center">6.19</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="left br">Dark</td> +<td class="center br">.927</td> +<td class="center br">178.0</td> +<td class="center br">187.3</td> +<td class="center">7.19</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><b>Whale Oil.</b> While ordinary whale oil is too dark and odorous +to ever come into extensive use as a paint oil, it is probable that +the refined oil will be utilized in the manufacture of certain technical +paints. Whale oil is boiled from chopped whale blubber, the +first trying being the lightest in color, while the later tryings, as +well as the product made from bones, are of darker color and of +very bad odor. Oil of mirbane is often used to mask this odor. +The oil contains large quantities of stearin and palmitin, as well +as wax-like constituents which are apt to be thrown out of solution +in very cold weather, or when the oil is mixed with other oils. +The refined oil, when ground with lead and zinc pigments and +mixed with equal parts of linseed oil and treated tung oil, dries +to an elastic and soft film. Experiments are being made to +utilize whale oil in the linoleum industry.</p> + +<p>The analyses of samples of whale oil tested by the writer are +as follows:</p> + +<table class="braces fsize80" summary="Whale Oil Analysis"> + +<tr class="bt2 bb"> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">Sp. Gr.</td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">Iodine<br />Value</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br padr1 padl1">Saponification<br />Number</td> +<td class="center padr1 padl1">Free Fatty<br />Acid</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Light Refined</td> +<td class="right br padr2">.924</td> +<td class="right br padr2">148</td> +<td class="right">190</td> +<td class="left br padr1">.2</td> +<td class="right padr3">1.2</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Dark Yellow</td> +<td class="right br padr2">.920</td> +<td class="right br padr2">142</td> +<td class="right">187</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr3">7.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="left br padr1">Dark Brown</td> +<td class="right br padr2">.910</td> +<td class="right br padr2">140</td> +<td class="right">184</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr3">18.0</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><b>Sunflower Oil.</b> Sunflower oil is produced largely in Russia +and Hungary, finding favor in those countries as an edible oil.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> +The ripe <a href="#Photo07">seeds</a> of the sunflower plant contain over 30% of oil +which is very pale in +color and of a pleasant +smell. It has +been found that sunflowers +may be +grown to advantage +in dry parts of the +United States, and +if suitable yields are +obtained from a few +experimental acres +now being cultivated, +the industry may receive +encouragement +in this country. The +oil should be well +suited for varnish +making, and although +the iodine number is not very high, it dries quite rapidly.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><a name="Photo07" id="Photo07"></a> +<img src="images/illo026.jpg" alt="Russian Sunflower Seeds" width="300" height="292" /> +<p class="caption">Russian Sunflower Seeds</p></div> + +<h5><span class="smcap">Constants of Sunflower Oil</span></h5> + +<table class="braces fsize80" summary="Sunflower Oil Analysis"> + +<tr class="bt2 bb"> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">Sp. Gr.</td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">Iodine No.</td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">Saponifica-<br />tion No.</td> +<td class="center padr1 padl1">Acid<br />No.</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="center br">.929</td> +<td class="center br">128</td> +<td class="center br">188</td> +<td class="center">4</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><b>Cottonseed Oil.</b> This oil is expressed from the seed of the +cotton plant, varying in color according to the time of its pressing +and degree of refinement. Being edible as well as highly +suited for soap making, very little of it comes into the market +as a paint oil. It contains large quantities of stearin and has a +low iodine value, making it a slow drying oil. Some samples +are extremely light in color and contain less mucilaginous matter +and foots than is present in ordinary varieties.</p> + +<h5><span class="smcap">Constants of Cottonseed Oil</span></h5> + +<table class="braces fsize80" summary="Cottonseed Oil Analysis"> + +<tr class="bt2 bb"> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">Sp. Gr.</td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">Iodine No.</td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">Saponifica-<br />tion No.</td> +<td class="center padr1 padl1">Acid<br />No.</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="center br">.922</td> +<td class="center br">106</td> +<td class="center br">190</td> +<td class="center">2.4</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span><b>Corn Oil.</b> As a by-product in the manufacture of starch and +alcoholic liquids, this material comes into the market having a +golden yellow color, and an odor resembling fermented grain. It +has a lower drying value than cottonseed oil, and its use in the +paint industry will probably be limited to color grinding, where +an oil with a semi-drying value is often desired. Like cottonseed +oil, it belongs more properly to the soap oil class. It contains +glycerides of linoleic and especially palmitic acid.</p> + +<h5><span class="smcap">Analysis of Corn Oil</span></h5> + +<table class="braces fsize80" summary="Corn Oil Analysis"> + +<tr class="bt2 bb"> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">Sp. Gr.</td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">Iodine No.</td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">Saponification No.</td> +<td class="center padr1 padl1">Acid No.</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="center br">.925</td> +<td class="center br">118</td> +<td class="center br">191</td> +<td class="center">9.5</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><b>Rosin Oil.</b> By the dry distillation of rosin, there is yielded a +series of heavy dark oils consisting principally of hydrocarbons, +resinous bodies, and free acid. These oils vary in their saponification +number from 10 to 60, while their unsaponifiable value averages +about 80. Of the grades termed first, second, third, and +fourth run, the latter two are superior for use in paints, as a rule +containing less free acid than the preliminary runs. Treatment +with steam and alkali serve to neutralize the acid nature of the +oils and to remove impurities. Refined oils are lighter in color +and are often blown and bodied to fairly rapid drying products, +especially when treated with manganese driers. Rosin oils are +seldom used with lead pigments, on account of the presence of +sulphur in the oils, which would result in darkening. Rosin oil +paints work very smoothly, even when they are curdled, producing +glossy surfaces. The rapid checking of rosin oil paints on +wooden surfaces bars the use of this oil for such purposes.</p> + +<h5><span class="smcap">Analyses of Rosin Oils</span></h5> + +<table class="braces fsize80" summary="Rosin Oil Analysis"> + +<tr class="bt2 bb"> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br padr1 padl1">Sp. Gr.</td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">Iodine<br />Value</td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">Saponifica-<br />tion No.</td> +<td class="center padr1 padl1">Acid No.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">A</td> +<td class="right padr0">.96</td> +<td class="left br padl0 padr1">6</td> +<td class="center br">41</td> +<td class="center br">27</td> +<td class="center">16.7</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="left br">B</td> +<td class="right">.99</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">48</td> +<td class="center br">38</td> +<td class="center">10.0</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><b>Hydrocarbon Oils.</b> Several grades of neutral or mineral oils, +varying somewhat in gravity, color, and quality, are produced<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> +as the last distillate in the refining of petroleum. These oils +when mixed with drying oils and strong driers find application +in the manufacture of some freight-car, barn, and other paints +which sell at a low price. A small percentage of mineral oil is +said to be valuable in structural steel paints, acting as a preventative +of hard drying and thus keeping the film soft and elastic. +Streaking and sweating is apt to ensue if any great quantity is +used. Mineral oils have a characteristic bloom, showing a greenish +fluorescence when examined by transmitted light. This bloom +is due to the presence of some strongly fluorescent material which +is shown up with intensity when mineral oils are exposed to ultraviolet +rays such as emanate from an enclosed arc light. Outerbridge<a name="FNanchor_1_1" +id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> +first proposed this test for mineral oils, and he has worked +out a “fluorescent scale,” by which very small percentages of +hydrocarbon oils may be detected in other oils. Several types of +so-called debloomed oil have been placed upon the market, and +although such oils appear under ordinary light conditions to be +free from bloom, they fluoresce quite strongly when given the +Outerbridge test.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span +class="label">[1]</span></a> Alexander E. Outerbridge, Jr.: “A Novel Method of Detecting Mineral +Oil and Resin Oil in Other Oils.” Proc. 14th Annual Meet., Amer. Soc. for +Testing Mater., Atlantic City, N.J., June 28, 1911.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo028.jpg" alt="Petroleum Paint Thinner Stills" width="500" height="455" /> +<p class="caption">View of Stills Where Petroleum Paint Thinners +are Manufactured (Waverly)</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></p> + +<h5><span class="smcap">Analysis of Debloomed Mineral Paint Oil</span><a name="FNanchor_1_2" +id="FNanchor_1_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_2" class="fnanchor"><span style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: 400;">[2]</span></a></h5> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Debloomed Mineral Paint Oil Analysis"> + +<tr class="bt2 bb"> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">Sp. Gr.</td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">Iodine No.</td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">Saponification No.</td> +<td class="center padr1 padl1">Acid No.</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="center br">.92</td> +<td class="center br">12</td> +<td class="center br">4</td> +<td class="center">0</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_2" id="Footnote_1_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_2"><span +class="label">[2]</span></a> Oil of mirbane present, probably as a deblooming agent, or to mask the +odor.</p></div> + +<p><b>Pine Oil.</b> This oil is produced by the redistillation of the +heavy, high boiling point fractions resulting from the steam distillation +of wood turpentine. It is a heavy straw-colored oil, and +should be of some use in the paint and varnish industry, where +a high boiling point solvent with an oxidizing principle is desired. +It will probably find application in the manufacture of Baking +Japans, Asphalt Paints and Enamels. Its oxidizing and solvent +values are very high. It has a distinctive sweet pine smell, +which makes it popular in the manufacture of turpentine substitutes +from petroleum spirits.</p> + +<p>The writer has examined samples of this material, and the +following appear to be of the best grade:</p> + +<h5><span class="smcap">Constants of Pine Oils</span></h5> + +<table class="braces fsize80" summary="Pine Oil Analysis"> + +<tr class="bt2 bb"> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="center br">No. 1</td> +<td class="center">No. 2</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Color</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Straw Color</td> +<td class="left padr1 padl1">Light Yellow</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Specific Gravity at 15° C.</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">.934</td> +<td class="left padr1 padl1">.936</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Boiling Point</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">192° C.</td> +<td class="left padr1 padl1">202° C.</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="top"> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Distillation</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">95% distils between<br />192-270° C.</td> +<td class="left padr1 padl1">95% distils between<br />202-280° C.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Residue on Evaporation</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">14.34%</td> +<td class="left padr1 padl1">14.60%</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="top"> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Polymerization Test</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">3<span class="enum">2</span>⁄<span class="denom">3</span>% unpolymerized at<br />end of +<span class="enum">1</span>⁄<span class="denom">2</span> hour</td> +<td class="left padr1 padl1">2<span class="enum">1</span>⁄<span class="denom">2</span>% unpolymerized at<br />end of +<span class="enum">1</span>⁄<span class="denom">2</span> hour</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Flash-Point</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">72° C.</td> +<td class="left padr1 padl1">76° C.</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2 top"> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1 top">Spot Test</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Leaves no grease spot<br />but only evaporates<br />completely in 24<br />hours</td> +<td class="left padr1 padl1 top">Same as Pine Oil No. 1</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><b>Turpentine.</b> By direct fire or steam distillation of the sap +drippings collected in pockets cut into pine trees, there is obtained +the turpentine of commerce. It consists largely of pinene and +isomeric terpenes, and has the property of attracting oxygen, +with the formation of peroxides which stimulate the drying of +oils. It is a high-grade solvent for various gums, and is therefore<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> +used in the manufacture of many lacquers as well as for thinning +down oil-gum varnishes.</p> + +<h5><span class="smcap">Requisite Constants of Pure Gum Turpentine</span></h5> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Pure Gum Turpentine Analysis"> + +<tr> +<td class="left padr1 top">Color</td> +<td class="left padl1">Water White</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left padr1 top">Specific Gravity at 15° C.</td> +<td class="left padl1">.862-.875</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left padr1 top">Boiling Point</td> +<td class="left padl1">About 156° C.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left padr1 top">Distillation</td> +<td class="left padl1">95% should distil between 153 and 165° C.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left padr1 top">Residue on Evaporation</td> +<td class="left padl1">Not over 2%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left padr1 top">Polymerization</td> +<td class="left padl1">Not over 5% should remain unpolymerized at<br />end of half hour</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left padr1 top">Flash-Point</td> +<td class="left padl1">Over 40.5° C.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left padr1 top">Spot Test</td> +<td class="left padl1">No grease spot should remain when dropped on<br />paper and allowed to evaporate</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left padr1 top">Water</td> +<td class="left padl1">None</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><b>Wood Turpentine.</b> High-grade wood turpentine is now produced +by the steam distillation of finely cut fat pine wood. The +lower-grade qualities are often produced from the destructive +distillation of sawdust, stumpage, etc., and these products, on +account of their content of formaldehyde, are objectionable in +odor. In the steam distillation process, however, a high quality +product is obtained by cutting out the heavy fractions and redistilling +the lower and purer fractions. It has a high oxidizing +value, causing the rapid drying of paints and varnishes to which +it has been added. Its solvent value is often greater than that of +gum turpentine. When properly refined it has a sweet smell and +is to be highly recommended.</p> + +<p>Analyses of samples of pure wood turpentine which have come +to the writer for examination follow:</p> + +<table class="braces fsize80" summary="Wood Turpentine Analysis"> + +<tr class="bt2 bb"> +<td class="left br padr1 top"> </td> +<td class="center br padl1 top">No. 1</td> +<td class="center padl1 top">No. 2</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1 top">Sp. Gr. at 15° C.</td> +<td class="left br padl1 top">.862</td> +<td class="left padl1 top">.862</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1 top">Boiling Point</td> +<td class="left br padl1 top">158° C.</td> +<td class="left padl1 top">162° C.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1 top">Distillation: 95% distils between</td> +<td class="left br padl1 top">158 and 185° C.</td> +<td class="left padl1 top">162 and 177° C.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1 top">Residue on Evaporation</td> +<td class="left br padl1 top">1.03%</td> +<td class="left padl1 top">3.06%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1 top">Polymerization Test</td> +<td class="left br padl1 top">4.1% remains unpoly-<br />merized at end of <span class="enum">1</span>⁄<span +class="denom">2</span><br />hour</td> +<td class="left padl1 top">0.1 cc. out of 6 cc.<br />unpolymerized =<br />1.66%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1 top">Spot Test</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1 top">No grease spot on evap-<br />oration </td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1 top">No grease spot on evap-<br />oration</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1 top">Odor</td> +<td class="left br padl1 top">Excellent</td> +<td class="left padl1 top">Not objectionable</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1 top">Color</td> +<td class="left br padl1 top">Water White</td> +<td class="left padl1 top">Water White</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="left br padr1 top">Flash Point</td> +<td class="left br padl1 top"> </td> +<td class="left padl1 top">47.6° C.</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></p> + +<p><b>Petroleum Spirits.</b> There are produced from Texas crude oil +which has an asphaltum base, and Pennsylvania crude oil which +has a paraffin base, high boiling-point petroleum spirits which +have come into wide use as paint and varnish thinners. When +such materials have the proper evaporating value, high flash-point +and freedom from sulphur, they are to be highly recommended +as paint thinners. The following shows the analyses +of a few of these materials examined in the writer’s laboratory:</p> + +<h5><span class="smcap">Petroleum Spirits</span></h5> + +<table class="braces fsize80" summary="Petroleum Spirit Analysis"> + +<tr class="bt2 bb"> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="center br">Texas Base</td> +<td class="center br">California Base</td> +<td class="center">Penna. Base</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Color</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Water White</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">White</td> +<td class="left padr1 padl1">Water White</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Specific Gravity</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">.811</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">.79</td> +<td class="left padr1 padl1">.81</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Boiling Point</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">156° C.</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">138° C.</td> +<td class="left padr1 padl1">146° C.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Flash-Point</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">44° C.</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">40.5° C.</td> +<td class="left padr1 padl1">43° C.</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Residue on Evaporation</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">.2</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">.15</td> +<td class="left padr1 padl1">.12</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><b>Benzol.</b> “Solvent naphtha” or 160-degree benzol is a product +obtained from the distillation of coal tar, differing from benzine, +a product obtained from the distillation of petroleum. It is a +valuable thinner to use in the reduction of paints for the priming +of resinous lumber and refractory woods such as cypress and +yellow pitch pine. The penetrating and solvent values of benzol +are high, and it often furnishes a unison between paint and wood, +that is a prime foundation to subsequent coatings, preventing the +usual scaling and sap exudations which often appear on a painted +surface. Because of the great solvent action of benzol, it should +never be used in second and third coatings. The writer has +successfully painted inferior grades of cypress with a paint containing +benzol in the priming coat.</p> + +<p><b>Benzine.</b> Benzine is seldom used in paints on account of its +rapid evaporation, which is apt to cause pinholing of films and +other surface defects. In paints of the dipping type where +rapid evaporation is essential, benzine finds its widest application.</p> + + + +<hr class="c25" /> +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></p> +<h2><a name="Ch2" id="Ch2"></a>CHAPTER II</h2> + +<h3>A STUDY OF DRIERS AND THEIR EFFECT</h3> + + +<p>The proper drying of oils and their behavior with various +siccatives in varying quantity is an interesting problem, and obviously +of considerable importance from a practical standpoint. +Unfortunately there is a decided scarcity of reliable literature +dealing with the subject for the guidance of those concerned +in the manufacture or application of siccative products. Furthermore, +when the problem is investigated, it is not difficult to see +why this is so.</p> + +<p><b>Uniform Conditions.</b> At a glance it is evident that a decided +obstacle in experimentation on the drying properties of oils is +the difficulty in obtaining identical conditions for comparative +purposes. Inasmuch as a multitude of factors, such as uniformity +and homogeneity of the driers and the oils themselves, +intensity and source of light, temperature, uniformity of application, +and many others, play a decisive part in the siccative +tendencies of oils, the resources and ingenuity of the chemist +engaged in the research are severely taxed.</p> + +<p><b>Oxygen Absorption.</b> It is a well-known fact that linseed oil, +when applied to a clean surface, such as a glass plate, will undergo +oxidation and take up oxygen to the extent of about 16%, +forming a hard, elastic, non-sticky product which has been +called linoxyn. This material, unlike the oil from which it +has been formed, is insoluble in most solvents. Other oils, +such as cottonseed, hemp, rape, olive, etc., are more fully satisfied +in nature and have not the power to absorb the amount of oxygen +taken up by linseed oil.</p> + +<p>In carrying out the following tests, on the drying of oils, a +quantity of pure linseed oil of the following analysis was secured:</p> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Analysis of Linseed Oil"> + +<tr> +<td class="left padr2">Specific gravity at 15° C.</td> +<td class="right">0.934</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Acid number</td> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Saponification number</td> +<td class="right padr0">191</td> +<td class="left padl0"><span class="enum">1</span>⁄<span class="denom">2</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Iodine number</td> +<td class="right">188</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></p> + +<p>This oil was distributed into a number of 8-oz. oil sample +bottles, and to a series of these bottles was added varying quantities +of a very concentrated drier made by boiling oil to 400 +degrees Fahrenheit in an open kettle, with the subsequent addition +of lead oxide. The amount of drier added to each bottle +varied according to the percentage desired; being calculated +on the lead content of the drier, which was very accurately +determined by analysis.</p> + +<p>There was secured in this manner a series of oils containing +varying amounts of lead oxide, and from this lot was selected +a certain number of samples which would be representative +and typical of paint vehicles now found in the market.</p> + +<p>Another series of tests were made by combining with a large +number of samples of pure linseed oil as used above, various +percentages of a manganese drier made by boiling oil at 400° F. +and incorporating therewith manganese dioxide.</p> + +<p>Still another series of tests were made upon a number of +oils into which were incorporated various small quantities of +lead oxide and manganese oxide together, using the standard +driers made in the above manner, all of which were carefully +analyzed to determine their contents.</p> + +<p>In view of the errors in manipulation that could occur where +so many tests were made, it was not deemed advisable, in carrying +out the tests, to use glass plates on which only a minute +quantity of oil could be maintained. A much better solution +of the difficulty presented itself in using a series of small, round, +crimped-edge tin plates, about three inches in diameter, such +as are used for lids of friction-top cans.</p> + +<p>With paints it is impossible to secure films as thin as those +presented by layers of oil on glass, nor would it be desirable +to secure films of this same relative thickness. For this reason +an endeavor was made to conduct the following tests with films +of the same relative thickness as that possessed by the average +coating of paint. The drying of the films did not take place +in the same short period, nor in the same ratio, as with the thin +layer that is secured by flowing oil upon glass. The results, +however, are more practical, and of greater value to the manufacturer.</p> + +<p>The cans were carefully numbered in consecutive order, +corresponding to the numbers on the various samples of oil.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> +A very small quantity of oil was placed in each of the can covers, +which were previously weighed, and allowed to distribute itself +over the bottom surface thereof. Reweighing of the covers +gave the amount of oil which was taken for each test. The +test samples in the covers were all placed in a large box with +glass sides, having a series of perforated shelves. In the side of +this box is an opening through which a tube was passed, carrying +a continual current of air washed and dried in sulphuric acid. +Oxidation of the oil films commenced at once, and the amount +of oxygen absorbed was determined at suitable periods by +weighing, the increase in weight giving this factor. This test +was kept up for a period of twenty days.</p> + +<p>A test was also made in the same manner with a current of +damp air passing into the box, to observe the relative oxidation +under such conditions. A chart of the results obtained +has been made (<a href="#Tab6">Table VI</a>), to show the effect of the various +driers.</p> + +<p><b>Results of Tests.</b> The following outline will present to the +mind of the reader the most salient points which have been +gleaned from these experiments, and which should give the +manufacturer definite knowledge as to the best percentage of +oxides to use either in boiled oil, paints or varnishes.</p> + +<p>In the case of lead oxide, an increase in the percentage of +lead oxide in the oil causes a relative increase in the oxygen +absorption, but when a very large percentage of lead has been +added, the film of oil dries to a leathery skin.</p> + +<p>In the case of manganese oxide, the increase in oxygen absorption +on the first day is much more pronounced than is the +case with lead oxides. Furthermore, the oxidation of manganese +oils seems to be relative to the increase in manganese +up to a certain period, when the reverse of this law seems to +take place, and beyond a certain definite percentage of manganese, +added percentages seem to be of no value. It was +furthermore observed that the films dry to a more brittle and +harder skin than is the case when lead oxide is used. The oxygen +absorption with oils high in manganese has been noticed to be +excessive, and the film of oil becomes surface-coated, drying +beneath in a very slow manner; a condition that often leads +to checking. The critical percentage where the amount of +manganese appears to give the greatest efficiency seems to +be 0.02%. This critical percentage, as it may be termed, +should not be exceeded, and any added amount of manganese +has the effect of making the film much more brittle +and causes the so-called “burning up” of the paint. The +loading of paint with drier and the bad result therefrom may be +explained to some extent from the above results.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></p> +<h5><a name="Tab6" id="Tab6"></a>TABLE VI—<span class="smcap">Linseed Oil and MnO<span class="denom">2</span> +(Manganese) Drier—Test No. 1</span></h5> + +<table class="braces fsize80" summary="Linseed Oil and MnO2"> + +<tr class="bt2 bb"> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">Per cent. MnO<span class="denom">2</span></td> +<td colspan="3" class="center br padr1 padl1"> </td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">0.02</td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">0.05</td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">0.15</td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">0.25</td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">0.35</td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">0.45</td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">0.55</td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">0.70</td> +<td class="center padr1 padl1">1.00</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td rowspan="15" class="left br">Per cent. gain</td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎧</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">1</td> +<td class="left br">day</td> +<td class="center br">0.08</td> +<td class="center br">0.11</td> +<td class="center br">0.16</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">3.21</td> +<td class="center br">3.46</td> +<td class="center br">3.27</td> +<td class="center br">3.01</td> +<td class="center">2.76</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">2</td> +<td class="left br padr1">days</td> +<td class="center br">0.16</td> +<td class="center br">5.88</td> +<td class="center br">4.48</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">3.63</td> +<td class="center br">4.01</td> +<td class="center br">3.70</td> +<td class="center br">3.51</td> +<td class="center">3.18</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">3</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">0.21</td> +<td class="center br">6.79</td> +<td class="center br">4.61</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">3.83</td> +<td class="center br">4.31</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">3.91</td> +<td class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">4</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">4.64</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">5</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">3.01</td> +<td class="center br">6.84</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">4.13</td> +<td class="center br">4.68</td> +<td class="center br">4.19</td> +<td class="center br">3.91</td> +<td class="center">3.99</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">6</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">8.00</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">4.88</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">4.37</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">4.51</td> +<td class="center br">4.32</td> +<td class="center">4.13</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">7</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">8.58</td> +<td class="center br">6.92</td> +<td class="center br">4.90</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">4.48</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">4.61</td> +<td class="center br">4.52</td> +<td class="center">4.23</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎨</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">8</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">9.06</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">5.03</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">4.55</td> +<td class="center br">5.23</td> +<td class="center br">4.77</td> +<td class="center br">4.62</td> +<td class="center">4.44</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">9</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">5.12</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">4.63</td> +<td class="center br">5.40</td> +<td class="center br">4.94</td> +<td class="center br">4.79</td> +<td class="center">4.51</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">10</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">9.07</td> +<td class="center br">6.89</td> +<td class="center br">5.18</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">4.81</td> +<td class="center br">5.47</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">4.98</td> +<td class="center">4.73</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">11</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">9.15</td> +<td class="center br">7.03</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">12</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">4.98</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">5.45</td> +<td class="center br">5.33</td> +<td class="center">5.22</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">13</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">9.22</td> +<td class="center br">7.17</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">5.25</td> +<td class="center br">6.00</td> +<td class="center br">5.60</td> +<td class="center br">5.42</td> +<td class="center">5.33</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">14</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">9.25</td> +<td class="center br">7.18</td> +<td class="center br">5.55</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="symb"><b>⎩</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">20</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">7.21</td> +<td class="center br">5.81</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">5.84</td> +<td class="center br">6.70</td> +<td class="center br">5.94</td> +<td class="center br">5.84</td> +<td class="center">5.77</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h5>TABLE VII—<span class="smcap">Linseed Oil and MnO<span class="denom">2</span> (Manganese) Drier—Test +No. 2 (Check)</span></h5> + +<table class="braces fsize80" summary="Linseed Oil and MnO2 Check"> + +<tr class="bt2 bb"> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">Per cent. MnO<span class="denom">2</span></td> +<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">0.02</td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">0.05</td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">0.15</td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">0.25</td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">0.35</td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">0.45</td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">0.55</td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">0.70</td> +<td class="center padr1 padl1">1.00</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎧</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">1</td> +<td class="left br">day</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">3.12</td> +<td class="center br">4.42</td> +<td class="center br">3.86</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">3.19</td> +<td class="center br">2.98</td> +<td class="center br">3.27</td> +<td class="center">2.56</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">2</td> +<td class="left br padr1">days</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">6.15</td> +<td class="center br">4.73</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">3.51</td> +<td class="center br">3.28</td> +<td class="center br">3.70</td> +<td class="center">2.96</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">3</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">0.28</td> +<td class="center br">6.29</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">4.12</td> +<td class="center br">3.72</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">3.39</td> +<td class="center br">3.71</td> +<td class="center">3.15</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">4</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">3.83</td> +<td class="center br">6.32</td> +<td class="center br">4.75</td> +<td class="center br">4.21</td> +<td class="center br">3.87</td> +<td class="center br">3.61</td> +<td class="center br">3.58</td> +<td class="center br">4.05</td> +<td class="center">3.43</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">5</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">6.64</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">4.84</td> +<td class="center br">4.23</td> +<td class="center br">3.94</td> +<td class="center br">3.73</td> +<td class="center br">3.65</td> +<td class="center br">4.21</td> +<td class="center">3.56</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Per cent. gain</td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎨</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">6</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">8.61</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">4.87</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">4.08</td> +<td class="center br">3.81</td> +<td class="center br">3.78</td> +<td class="center br">4.35</td> +<td class="center">3.73</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">7</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">9.07</td> +<td class="center br">6.35</td> +<td class="center br">5.00</td> +<td class="center br">4.41</td> +<td class="center br">4.18</td> +<td class="center br">3.91</td> +<td class="center br">3.85</td> +<td class="center br">4.54</td> +<td class="center">3.87</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">9</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">9.25</td> +<td class="center br">6.39</td> +<td class="center br">5.16</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">4.44</td> +<td class="center br">4.11</td> +<td class="center br">4.21</td> +<td class="center br">4.63</td> +<td class="center">4.26</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">11</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">4.63</td> +<td class="center br">4.59</td> +<td class="center br">4.36</td> +<td class="center br">4.31</td> +<td class="center br">5.07</td> +<td class="center">4.46</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎩</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">16</td> +<td class="left br">days</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">6.43</td> +<td class="center br">5.30</td> +<td class="center br">4.91</td> +<td class="center br">4.83</td> +<td class="center br">4.72</td> +<td class="center br">4.71</td> +<td class="center br">5.40</td> +<td class="center">4.87</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></p> + +<h5>TABLE VIII—<span class="smcap">Linseed Oil and PbO (Lead) Drier</span></h5> + +<table class="braces fsize80" summary="Linseed Oil and PbO Drier"> + +<tr class="bt2 bb"> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">Per cent. PbO</td> +<td colspan="3" class="center br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.00</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">0.05</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">0.10</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">0.30</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">0.50</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">0.70</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">1.00</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">1.30</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">1.60</td> +<td class="center br">1.30</td> +<td class="center">1.60</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎧</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">1</td> +<td class="left br padr1">day</td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">0.042</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.04</td> +<td class="left br padl0 padr1">9</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.09</td> +<td class="left br padl0 padr1">2</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.05</td> +<td class="left br padl0 padr1">8</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.06</td> +<td class="left br padl0 padr1">6</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.06</td> +<td class="left br padl0 padr1">2</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.06</td> +<td class="left br padl0 padr1">2</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.07</td> +<td class="left br padl0 padr1">9</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.03</td> +<td class="left br padl0 padr1">9</td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">0.14</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr1">0.72</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">2</td> +<td class="left br padr1">days</td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">0.098</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.10</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.15</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.11</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">6</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.15</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.19</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">4.83</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">4.79</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">5.27</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr1">6.11</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">3</td> +<td class="left br padr1">days</td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">0.128</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.15</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.17</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.13</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.27</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.18</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">7.11</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">8.60</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">5.35</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">7.89</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr1">8.28</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">4</td> +<td class="left br padr1">days</td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">0.164</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.21</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.20</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">6</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.17</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">4.07</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">7.39</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">9.55</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">8.53</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">7.93</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr1">8.68</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">5</td> +<td class="left br padr1">days</td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">0.176</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.30</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.34</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">7.60</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">7.47</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">9.87</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">8.78</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">8.18</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">6</td> +<td class="left br padr1">days</td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">0.188</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.23</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.24</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.47</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">2</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">9.36</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">7.64</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">10.01</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">9.00</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">8.24</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr1">9.09</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Per cent. gain</td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎨</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">7</td> +<td class="left br padr1">days</td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">0.206</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.25</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.25</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">1.08</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">10.06</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">10.14</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">8</td> +<td class="left br padr1">days</td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">0.212</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.25</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.28</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">4.80</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">10.38</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">7.70</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">10.22</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">9.05</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">9</td> +<td class="left br padr1">days</td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">0.226</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.29</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.30</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">6</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.33</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">7.36</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">10.41</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">7.73</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">10.23</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">9.07</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">13</td> +<td class="left br padr1">days</td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">0.327</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.42</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.51</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.67</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">11.01</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">10.67</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">7.91</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">10.48</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">9.29</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">8.62</td> +<td class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">15</td> +<td class="left br padr1">days</td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">0.466</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.45</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.65</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">2.41</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">11.05</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">7.92</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">10.50</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">9.30</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎩</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">20</td> +<td class="left br padr1">days</td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">0.521</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">1.08</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">1.78</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">8.76</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">11.25</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">10.67</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">7.98</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">10.52</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">9.36</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<h5>TABLE IX—<span class="smcap">Linseed Oil and PbO (Lead) and MnO<span class="denom">2</span> +(Manganese)—Combination Drier</span></h5> + +<table class="braces fsize80" summary="Linseed Oil and Manganese-PbO Drier"> + +<tr class="bt2 bb"> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">Per cent. PbO</td> +<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">0.1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">0.3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">0.5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">0.7</td> +<td class="center br">0.9</td> +<td class="center br">1.1</td> +<td class="center">1.4</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">Per cent. MnO<span class="denom">2</span></td> +<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">.005</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">.015</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">0.025</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">0.35</td> +<td class="center br">0.45</td> +<td class="center br">0.55</td> +<td class="center">0.7</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td rowspan="11" class="left br padr1">Per cent. gain</td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎧</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">1</td> +<td class="left br padr1">day</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.02</td> +<td class="left br padr1">6</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.06</td> +<td class="left br padr1">1</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.05</td> +<td class="left br padr1">5</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.02</td> +<td class="left br padr1">2</td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">0.16</td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">0.11</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr1">3.06</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">2</td> +<td class="left br padr1">days</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.09</td> +<td class="left br padr1">4</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.08</td> +<td class="left br padr1">7</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.14</td> +<td class="left br padr1">3</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.16</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">5.21</td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">6.28</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr1">3.37</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">3</td> +<td class="left br padr1">days</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.11</td> +<td class="left br padr1">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.17</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">4.23</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">7.63</td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">8.31</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr1">3.74</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">4</td> +<td class="left br padr1">days</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.11</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.23</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">7.36</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">8.87</td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">9.20</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr1">4.02</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">5</td> +<td class="left br padr1">days</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.12</td> +<td class="left br padr1">0</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.12</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.29</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">9.04</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">9.13</td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">9.37</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr1">4.17</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎨</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">6</td> +<td class="left br padr1">days</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.17</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.13</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">1.44</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">9.88</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">9.26</td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">9.51</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr1">4.34</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">7</td> +<td class="left br padr1">days</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.21</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.18</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">4.65</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">10.11</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">9.28</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr1">4.45</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">11</td> +<td class="left br padr1">days</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.30</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.26</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">10.03</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">10.35</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">9.61</td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">9.85</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr1">5.11</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">12</td> +<td class="left br padr1">days</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">10.45</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">9.66</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">13</td> +<td class="left br padr1">days</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.35</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.54</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">10.37</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">10.51</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">9.67</td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">10.03</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr1">5.33</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="symb"><b>⎩</b></td> +<td class="right padr1">18</td> +<td class="left br padr1">days</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">0.49</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">3.43</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">10.38</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl1 padr0">10.62</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padl1 padr1">9.68</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padl1 padr1">5.73</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>In the same way with lead driers, excessive amounts of lead +oxide seem to have no beneficial effects on the drying of an +oil, and when the percentage which seems to be the most beneficial, +namely 0.5% lead oxide, is exceeded, the film is apt to +become brittle.</p> + +<p>Oils containing lead oxide driers are less influenced in their +drying tendencies by conditions of moisture in the atmosphere +than oils containing manganese, but frequently, however, the +former dry much better in a dry atmosphere. As a general +rule, varnishes rich in manganese dry more quickly in a dry +atmosphere, while those containing small quantities dry more +quickly in a damp atmosphere.</p> + +<p><b>Volatile Products Formed.</b> It was furthermore noticed in +these tests that sulphuric acid, placed in dishes on the bottom of +the large box in which the samples of oil were drying, was discolored +and turned brown after several days, showing that the +acid had taken up some material of a volatile nature that was a +product of the oxidation.</p> + +<p>Another curious feature of these tests was the development +of a peculiar aromatic odor which was given off by the oils +upon drying in dry air. When the oils were dried in moist air, +a rank odor resembling propionic acid was observed, and this +led the observer to believe that a reaction was effected by the +absorbed oxygen, that caused the glycerin combined with the +linoleic acid as linolein to split up into evil-smelling compounds. +It has been suggested that the oxygen first attacks the glycerin, +transforming it into carbonic acid, water, and other volatile +compounds, which are eliminated before the oil is dried to +linoxyn. Toch,<a name="FNanchor_1_3" id="FNanchor_1_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> +however, has shown that the drying of linseed +oil gives off only very small percentages of carbon dioxide. +Mulder has observed that in the process of linseed oil being +oxidized, glycerin is set free, which becomes oxidized to formic,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> +acetic, and other acids, while the acid radicals are converted by +oxygen into the anhydrides, from which they pass by further +oxidation into linoxyn.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_3" id="Footnote_1_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Toch: +The Chem. and Tech. of Mixed Paints, p. 89. D. Van Vostand +Co., N. Y.</p></div> + +<p><b>Auto-Oxidation of Oil.</b> The theory of auto-oxidation of +linseed oil has been very ably treated by Blackler, whose experiments +indicated that during the drying process the slow absorption +of oxygen was, at a critical period, followed by a rapid +absorption, which he attributes to the presence of peroxides. +The materials produced by this peroxide formation may act +as catalyzers and accelerate the formation of more peroxide. +Lead and manganese oxides may also be oxidized to peroxides +by the action of oxygen, and in this event might act as very +active catalyzing agents or carriers of oxygen. Blackler’s +statement, that the presence of driers do not increase, but +have a tendency to decrease the initial velocity of oxygen +absorption, has been confirmed by these experiments, but it +has been noticed throughout the tests that the driers have an +accelerative action at a later period.</p> + +<p><b>Effect of Metals on Drying of Oils.</b> Some most interesting +results were secured by dipping extremely fine copper gauze +into linseed oil, and then suspending the gauze in the air. The +adhesion of the oil to the copper caused the formation of films +between the network, and remarkable drying action was observed. +The copper or any superficial coating of copper oxide which +may have been present on the metal, undoubtedly affected the +result to some extent. It has been found that metallic lead is +even more efficient than copper in this respect, but this may be +due to the action of free acid in the linseed oil, forming lead +linoleates, products that greatly accelerate drying. Another +interesting experiment was made by immersing pieces of +gauze cloth in linseed oil. After the excess oil had been +removed, by pressing, the cloth was again weighed to determine +the amount of oil used for the experiment. The increase +in oxygen absorption in this case was very rapid, and the result +obtained confirmed the results in the other experiments.</p> + +<p>In order to secure a more evenly distributed state of the oil, +tests were conducted by saturating pieces of stiff blotting papers, +and, after exposure, weighing as usual.</p> + +<p><b>Influence of Light.</b> The influence of light on the drying of +oils is unquestionably a potent one. The practical painter knows<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> +that a certain varnish will dry quicker when exposed to the light +than when in the dark.</p> + +<p>Chevreul was one of the first pioneers in this field of research +to observe the effects of colored lights on drying, and he claimed +that oil exposed under white glass dried more rapidly than +when exposed under red glass, which eliminates all light of short +wave lengths.</p> + +<p>Genthe obtained interesting results in the drying of oil submitted +to the effect of the mercury lamp. Oxidation without +driers was effected probably through the formation of peroxides. +In commenting on this subject, Blackler<a name="FNanchor_1_4" id="FNanchor_1_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> +gives a description of +the use of the Uveol Lamp, which is similar to the mercury +lamp, but has, instead of a glass casing which cuts off the valuable +rays, a fused-quartz casing which allows their passage.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_4" id="Footnote_1_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> M. B. +Blackler: “The Use and Abuse of Driers,” P. and V. Society, +London, Sept. 9, 1909.</p></div> + +<p><b>Driers in Boiled Oil.</b> In the boiling of linseed oil, by certain +processes the oil is heated to 250° F. and manganese resinate +is incorporated therein. It goes into solution quite rapidly. +In other processes the oil is heated to 400° F. or over, and +manganese as an oxide is boiled into the oil. Although it is +unsafe to say that a small percentage of rosin, such as would be +introduced by the use of resinate driers, is not harmful, yet it +appears that this process should give a good oil, inasmuch as it +has been found that no matter whether the manganese is added +to the oil, as a resinate, borate or oxide, practically the same +drying effect is noticed in every case where the percentage of +manganese is the same. It is the opinion of some, however, +that the resinate driers are not as well suited for durability as +oxide driers. However, if a boiled oil is found to contain on +analysis a small percentage of rosin less than 0.5% or a +percentage only sufficient to combine with the metal present, +it should not be suspected of adulteration. Practical tests +should be made with such oil along with an oil made with +an oxide drier, before pronouncing on their relative values. +Inasmuch as the addition of certain driers to linseed oil lessens +the durability of the film, it is more practical to use the smallest +amount of drier that will serve the purpose desired, that is, +set the oil up to a hard condition which will not take dust and +which will stand abrasion.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>The results of this investigation would indicate that when lead +or manganese linoleates are used, the most efficient drying is +shown with 0.5% lead or with 0.02% manganese, or with a combination +of 0.5% lead and 0.02% manganese.</p> + +<p>Until more definite results have been obtained with the +<i>tungates</i>, which will probably prove of exceptional interest as +driers, the above driers will probably be used to the greatest +extent.</p> + +<p><b>Co-operative Drying Tests.</b> A series of important drying tests +made by members of a special committee<a name="FNanchor_1_5" id="FNanchor_1_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> +appointed by the +American Society for Testing Materials, of which the writer +was chairman, is herewith shown:</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_5" id="Footnote_1_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> +Sub-Committee C of Committee D-1, on Testing Paint Vehicles. Proc. +Amer. Soc. for Test. Mater., 1911.</p></div> + +<p>“At the January meeting of Committee D-1, a sub-committee +consisting of the following members was appointed to investigate +paint vehicles:</p> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Sub-Committee"> +<tr><td class="left">G. B. Heckel,</td></tr> +<tr><td class="left">Glenn H. Pickard,</td></tr> +<tr><td class="left">Allen Rogers,</td></tr> +<tr><td class="left">A. H. Sabin,</td></tr> +<tr><td class="left">H. A. Gardner, <i>Chairman</i>.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>“At a subsequent meeting of the sub-committee it was determined +to start the investigations with a series of tests on certain +drying, semi-drying, and non-drying oils, determining their +drying values, rate of oxygen absorption, etc., when spread out +in thin films. A quantity of the following oils was selected for +the tests and subsequently secured from sources known to be +reliable:</p> + +<table class="fsize80" style="text-align: left;" summary="Selected Oils"> + +<tr> +<td>Lead and manganese linoleate drier.<a name="FNanchor_2_6" id="FNanchor_2_6"></a><a +href="#Footnote_2_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></td> +<td>Cottonseed oil.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Lithographic linseed oil.</td> +<td>Sunflower oil.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Boiled linseed oil (resinate type).</td> +<td>Menhaden oil.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Boiled linseed oil (linoleate type).</td> +<td>Chinese wood oil, raw.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Blown linseed oil (containing drier while being blown). </td> +<td>Chinese wood oil, treated.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Heavy mineral oil.</td> +<td>Perilla oil.<a name="FNanchor_3_7" id="FNanchor_3_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Rosin oil.</td> +<td>Lumbang oil.<a href="#Footnote_3_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Soya bean oil.</td> +<td>Dry rosin 20%, boiled in 80% linseed oil.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Corn oil.</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_6" id="Footnote_2_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> +The drier used, upon analysis, showed the presence of 4.36% PbO +and 2.51% MnO<span class="denom">2</span>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_7" id="Footnote_3_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> +The lumbang and perilla oils were imported and arrived subsequent +to the starting of the tests. They were therefore not included in the tests.</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>“Four-ounce +sample bottles of each oil were sent to the Committee +members, with the request to proceed with the tests +along the lines agreed upon at the Committee meeting. The +instructions for making these tests are outlined as follows:</p> + +<p>(<i>a</i>) A series of small glass plates, approximately 5 by 7 ins., +are to be prepared by each member of the Committee. These +plates are to be thoroughly cleaned and carefully numbered and +weighed upon a chemical balance. The oils to be used for the +tests are to be numbered corresponding to the plates. A test +of each oil is to be made by painting it upon the surface of a +glass plate with a camel’s-hair brush, subsequently weighing the +plate and the oil. These tests are to be exposed under constant +conditions of temperature, if possible, for three weeks’ time, +making weighings of each plate every day for six days and then +every other day for twelve days.</p> + +<p>(<i>b</i>) Another series of tests shall be made, in which 80% +of raw linseed oil is to be combined with each of the above +oils named. Previous to making any of the tests, <i>there should +be added to each oil, or to each combination, 5% of a drier +containing lead and manganese</i>. The drier to be used is of the +standard grade submitted, together with the oil samples. The +results of the tests are to be charted and submitted at the end +of the tests, so that they may be compared with the results +obtained by each member of the Committee.</p> + +<p>(<i>c</i>) If possible, the oils and mixture of oils used in the above +tests are to be ground with pure silica and painted out upon sized +paper, three-coat work, the films to be stripped and tested for +strength upon a paint filmometer, at two periods two months +apart.”</p> + +<p>The drying of oils to a firm surface when spread in a thin layer +is accompanied by an increase in weight, due to the absorption +of oxygen. The percentage of oxygen absorbed often affords a +criterion of the drying of the oil under examination, and this +factor, together with data regarding the appearance of the oil +film, should be taken into consideration when judging the value +of an oil or oil mixture. Conditions of light, air, temperature, +etc., often cause great variations in the drying of oils and the +percentage of oxygen absorbed, as shown by the results obtained +in the following tests. Although it was impossible in these tests +to have the conditions under which each experimenter worked<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> +parallel in nature, the tests afford nevertheless considerable +information for guiding future work of a similar nature.</p> + +<p>An examination of the results obtained showed generally that +the greatest increase in weight occurred during the period in +which the oil dried up to a firm film. This occurred in most cases +within 48 hours. After this period a slight increase in weight +was often noticed, and then a more or less steady decline, varying +with the oil examined. Had the oil tests been continued for a +greater length of time, a much greater loss might have been +observed.</p> + +<p>It was impossible to include in the tests the oil-silica film work, +on account of lack of time. It is believed, however, that these +tests should be conducted, as they would throw much light on +the elasticity and strength given to paint films by various oils.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></p> + +<table class="braces fsize80 wide" summary="Table pages 32-41"> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="tabhead"><span class="smcap">Table I.</span>—(<i>a</i>) <span class="smcap">Boiled +Linseed Oil (Resinate Type) 100 Per Cent.</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Observer.</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Wt. of Oil<br />for Test,<br />grams.</td> +<td colspan="38" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Percentage Increase in Weight, in Days.</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt bb padr1 padl1">Remarks.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr3 padl3">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr3 padl3">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr3 padl3">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr3 padl3">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr3 padl3">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr3 padl3">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr3 padl3">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr3 padl3">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr3 padl3">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr3 padl3">10</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr3 padl3">11</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr3 padl3">12</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr3 padl3">13</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr3 padl3">14</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr3 padl3">15</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr3 padl3">16</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr3 padl3">17</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr3 padl3">18</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr3 padl3">19</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Gardner</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.1997</td> +<td class="right">11.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">12.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">12.7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">13.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">12.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">12.7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Dried to firm, smooth film in<br />2 days.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sabin</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.6242</td> +<td class="right">14.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">13.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td class="right">12.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td class="right">11.7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">11.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0 padr1">7</td> +<td class="right">10.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0 padr1">4</td> +<td class="right">10.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0 padr1">2</td> +<td class="right">10.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0 padr1">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0 padr1">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0 padr1">3</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Pickard</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.5027</td> +<td class="right">10.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td class="right">10.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td class="right">9.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td class="right">9.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right">8.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0 padr1">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0 padr1">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0 padr1">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left">Rogers<br />North</td> +<td class="fsize150 br">}</td> +<td class="center br">0.6024</td> +<td class="right">13.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td class="right">13.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td class="right">12.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td class="right">12.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td class="right">12.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td class="right">12.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0 padr1">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Tacky at end of 1st day. Nearly<br />dry, end +of 2d day. Perfectly dry,<br />end of 10th day.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="center"><table class="heading" summary="Table Heading"> + <tr><td class="left">(<i>b</i>)</td> + <td class="left smcap padr2">Boiled Linseed Oil (Resinate Type)</td> + <td class="left smcap padl2">20 Per Cent.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="left smcap padr2">Raw Linseed Oil</td> + <td class="left smcap padl2">80 Per Cent.</td> + </tr> +</table></td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bt"> +<td class="left">Gardner</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.1933</td> +<td class="right">13.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">14.7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">14.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">14.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">14.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">14.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14.7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14.7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14.7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Dried to firm, smooth film in<br />2 days.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sabin</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.3660</td> +<td class="right">0.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td class="right">1.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td class="right">10.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td class="right">13.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Pickard</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.4640</td> +<td class="right">12.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="right">11.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">11.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td class="right">11.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td class="right">10.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left">Rogers<br />North</td> +<td class="fsize150 br">}</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="tabhead"><span class="smcap">Table II.—</span>(<i>a</i>) <span class="smcap">Boiled Linseed Oil +(Linoleate Type) 100 Per Cent.</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Observer.</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Wt. of Oil<br />for Test,<br />grams.</td> +<td colspan="38" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Percentage Increase in Weight, in Days.</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt bb padr1 padl1">Remarks.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">10</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">11</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">12</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">13</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">14</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">15</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">16</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">17</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">18</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">19</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bt"> +<td class="left">Gardner</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.1226</td> +<td class="right">10.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">12.2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">12.7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">12.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">12.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">12.2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12. </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Dried firmly with smooth, even<br />film in 2 days.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sabin</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.5384</td> +<td class="right">14.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td class="right">13.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td class="right">12.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="right">11.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td class="right">10.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="right">10.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right">10.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td class="right">9.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Pickard</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.5696</td> +<td class="right">10.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right">10.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td class="right">10.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">10.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td class="right">9.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left">Rogers<br />North</td> +<td class="fsize150 br">}</td> +<td class="center br">0.3306</td> +<td class="right">12.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td class="right">11.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td class="right">10.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td class="right">11.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td class="right">10.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td class="right">11.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Tacky at end of 1st day.<br />Slightly tacky, end 2d day. +Dry,<br />but curled, end of 10th day.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="center"><table class="heading" summary="Table Heading"> + <tr><td class="left">(<i>b</i>)</td> + <td class="left smcap padr2">Boiled Linseed Oil (Linoleate Type)</td> + <td class="left smcap padl2">20 Per Cent.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="left smcap padr2">Raw Linseed Oil</td> + <td class="left smcap padl2">80 Per Cent.</td> + </tr> +</table></td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bt"> +<td class="left">Gardner</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.1843</td> +<td class="right">11.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">13.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">15.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">15.2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">15.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">14.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14.4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14.4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14.7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Dried with smooth film in 2<br />days.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sabin</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.5790</td> +<td class="right">10.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td class="right">15.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td class="right">13.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td class="right">12.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">11.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right">10.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td class="right">9.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right">9.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Pickard</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.4653</td> +<td class="right">12.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td class="right">11.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td class="right">11.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td class="right">11.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td class="right">10.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left">Rogers<br />North</td> +<td class="br fsize150">}</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="tabhead"><span class="smcap">Table III</span>.—(<i>a</i>) <span class="smcap">Lithographic Linseed Oil +100 Per Cent.</span><span class='pagenum' style="font-size: 100%"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Observer.</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Wt. of Oil<br />for Test,<br />grams.</td> +<td colspan="38" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Percentage Increase in Weight, in Days.</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt bb padr1 padl1">Remarks.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">10</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">11</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">12</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">13</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">14</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">15</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">16</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">17</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">18</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">19</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bt"> +<td class="left">Gardner</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.4011</td> +<td class="right">6.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8.7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.3</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Dried to glossy, firm film,<br />slightly crinkled in 2 days. Oil<br /> +made very thick film on account<br />of heavy body.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sabin</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.8733</td> +<td class="right">0.8</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td class="right">3.8</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td class="right">5.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td class="right">6.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td class="right">6.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">6.8</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td class="right">7.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">2</td> +<td class="right">7.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">6</td> +<td class="right">7.5</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.8</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.8</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Pickard</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.8812</td> +<td class="right">3.6</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td class="right">5.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td class="right">5.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td class="right">6.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td class="right">6.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left">Rogers<br />North</td> +<td class="fsize150 br">}</td> +<td class="center br">2.7318</td> +<td class="right">.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">51</td> +<td class="right">.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">51</td> +<td class="right">.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">51</td> +<td class="right">.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">41</td> +<td class="right">.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">81</td> +<td class="right">.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">69</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">52</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">1.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">84</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">1.6</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">41</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">2.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Remained sticky to 10 days,<br />and even at end of 38 days<br /> +was slightly tacky.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="center"><table class="heading" summary="Table Heading"> + <tr><td class="left">(<i>b</i>)</td> + <td class="left smcap padr2">Lithographic Linseed Oil</td> + <td class="left smcap padl2">20 Per Cent.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="left smcap padr2">Raw Linseed Oil</td> + <td class="left smcap padl2">80 Per Cent.</td> + </tr> +</table></td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bt"> +<td class="left">Gardner</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.1300</td> +<td class="right">10.2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">11.3</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">11.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">12.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">11.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">11.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Dried to firm, glossy film in<br />2 days.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sabin</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.7750</td> +<td class="right">11.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td class="right">11.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td class="right">10.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td class="right">10.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td class="right">10.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.5</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td class="right">9.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td class="right">9.8</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td class="right">9.6</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.6</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.5</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.6</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left">Pickard</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.6538</td> +<td class="right">9.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td class="right">10.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td class="right">10.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td class="right">10.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td class="right">9.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.5</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.6</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="tabhead"><span class="smcap">Table IV.</span>—(<i>a</i>) <span class="smcap">Blown Linseed Oil 100 +Per Cent.</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Observer.</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Wt. of Oil<br />for Test,<br />grams.</td> +<td colspan="38" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Percentage Increase in Weight, in Days.</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt bb padr1 padl1">Remarks.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">10</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">11</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">12</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">13</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">14</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">15</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">16</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">17</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">18</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">19</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bt"> +<td class="left">Gardner</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.2105</td> +<td class="right">8.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">10.2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">10.2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">10.2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">10.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Ropiness of oil made very thick<br />film, but dried in less +than 2<br />days to smooth film. Films<br />exhibited ridges.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sabin</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.8394</td> +<td class="right">9.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td class="right">8.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td class="right">5.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td class="right">9.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td class="right">8.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td class="right">8.8</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td class="right">8.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td class="right">8.8</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.5</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Pickard</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.8457</td> +<td class="right">5.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td class="right">6.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">6</td> +<td class="right">6.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td class="right">6.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td class="right">6.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">6.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">6.8</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.6</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.8</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left">Rogers<br />North</td> +<td class="fsize150 br">}</td> +<td class="center br">1.0398</td> +<td class="right">4.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td class="right">4.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td class="right">5.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">2</td> +<td class="right">5.6</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">2</td> +<td class="right">5.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td class="right">6.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">6.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">6.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">6.5</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">6.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Formed skin, end 1st day.<br />Slightly tacky, end 2d; dry, but<br /> +curled, end of 10th day.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="center"><table class="heading" summary="Table Heading"> + <tr><td class="left">(<i>b</i>)</td> + <td class="left smcap padr2">Blown Linseed Oil</td> + <td class="left smcap padl2">20 Per Cent.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="left smcap padr2">Raw Linseed Oil</td> + <td class="left smcap padl2">80 Per Cent.</td> + </tr> +</table></td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bt"> +<td class="left">Gardner</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.0774</td> +<td class="right">10.4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">12.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">13.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">12.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">12.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">11.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Dried up to very glossy film<br />in 2 days.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sabin</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.5329</td> +<td class="right">11.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">12.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td class="right">10.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="right">10.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td class="right">9.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td class="right">9.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right">8.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td class="right">8.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left">Pickard</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.6218</td> +<td class="right">10.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Glass broke.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="tabhead"><span class="smcap">Table V.</span>—(<i>a</i>) <span class="smcap">Mineral Oil 100 +Per Cent.</span><span class='pagenum' style="font-size: 100%"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Observer.</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Wt. of Oil<br />for Test,<br />grams.</td> +<td colspan="38" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Percentage Increase in Weight, in Days.</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt bb padr1 padl1">Remarks.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">10</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">11</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">12</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">13</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">14</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">15</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">16</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">17</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">18</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">19</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bt"> +<td class="left">Gardner</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br br">0.1632</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>12.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>14.2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>16.7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>19.4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>19.4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>19.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>19.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>19.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>19.3</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>19.4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>19.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>19.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Oil lost in weight throughout<br />test on account of presence of<br /> +volatiles. No drying action<br />observed. Film wet at end of test.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sabin</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="fsize150">{</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="left">Broken before weighings were<br />made.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Pickard</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left">Rogers<br />North</td> +<td class="fsize150 br">}</td> +<td class="center br br">0.1975</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>8.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>16.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>21.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>25.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>28.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>28.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>35.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>35.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>43.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>45.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>48.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Remained oily during entire<br />test.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="center"><table class="heading" summary="Table Heading"> + <tr><td class="left">(<i>b</i>)</td> + <td class="left smcap padr2">Mineral Oil</td> + <td class="left smcap padl2">20 Per Cent.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="left smcap padr2">Raw Linseed Oil</td> + <td class="left smcap padl2">80 Per Cent.</td> + </tr> +</table></td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bt"> +<td class="left">Gardner</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.1884</td> +<td class="right">6.4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">6.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">7.2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">7.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">7.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Fair drying observed end of 2d<br />day. Film tacky until end +8th<br />day; after that, fairly firm film<br />shown.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sabin</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.5663</td> +<td class="right">11.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td class="right">8.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td class="right">6.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td class="right">5.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td class="right">4.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">2.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">3.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">2.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">2.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">2.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">1.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">0.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>0.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Pickard</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.405 </td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_9">[9]</a></span>9.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_9">[9]</a></span>8.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_9">[9]</a></span>6.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_9">[9]</a></span>6.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_9">[9]</a></span>4.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_9">[9]</a></span>2.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>0.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>0.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>0.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>0.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>0.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left">Rogers<br />North</td> +<td class="fsize150 br">}</td> +<td class="center br">0.2598</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_9">[9]</a></span>6.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_9">[9]</a></span>5.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_9">[9]</a></span>2.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_9">[9]</a></span>1.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_9">[9]</a></span>1.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_9">[9]</a></span>1.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_9">[9]</a></span>2.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>0.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>0.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>0.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Sticky, end of 1st day; tacky,<br />end of 2d day and end of<br /> +38 days.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="tabhead"><span class="smcap">Table VI.</span>—(<i>a</i>) <span class="smcap">Soya Bean Oil 100 Per +Cent.</span><span class='pagenum' style="font-size: 100%;"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Observer.</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Wt. of Oil<br />for Test,<br />grams.</td> +<td colspan="38" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Percentage Increase in Weight, in Days.</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt bb padr1 padl1">Remarks.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">10</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">11</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">12</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">13</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">14</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">15</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">16</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">17</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">18</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">19</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bt"> +<td class="left">Gardner</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.1377</td> +<td class="right">7.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8.4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">12.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">12.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">12.7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.3</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.3</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.3</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Film tacky until 3d day. Clear<br />and fairly firm after 4th day.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sabin</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.3972</td> +<td class="right">9.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td class="right">9.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td class="right">8.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td class="right">7.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td class="right">7.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">6.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td class="right">6.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">6.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td class="right">5.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">3.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Pickard</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.4366</td> +<td class="right">9.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td class="right">9.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td class="right">9.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right">8.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td class="right">8.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">6.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left">Rogers<br />North</td> +<td class="fsize150 br">}</td> +<td class="center br">0.3564</td> +<td class="right">8.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right">7.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="right">7.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">6.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td class="right">6.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td class="right">6.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">6.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Sticky, end of 1st day; tacky,<br />end of 2d day; slightly tacky,<br /> +end of 10th and 38th days.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="center"><table class="heading" summary="Table Heading"> + <tr><td class="left">(<i>b</i>)</td> + <td class="left smcap padr2">Soya Bean Oil</td> + <td class="left smcap padl2">20 Per Cent.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="left smcap padr2">Raw Linseed Oil</td> + <td class="left smcap padl2">80 Per Cent.</td> + </tr> +</table></td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bt"> +<td class="left">Gardner</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.2218</td> +<td class="right">11.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">11.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">12.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">13.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">14.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">14.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">13.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">13.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">13.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">13.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Clear, firm film observed at<br />end of 2d day.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sabin</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.2877</td> +<td class="right">12.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td class="right">12.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td class="right">11.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td class="right">12.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td class="right">10.6</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td class="right">10.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td class="right">9.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">6</td> +<td class="right">9.5</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.5</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Pickard</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.4581</td> +<td class="right">13.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">6</td> +<td class="right">12.6</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td class="right">11.8</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td class="right">11.5</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td class="right">11.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">6.6</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">6.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">6.6</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left">Rogers<br />North</td> +<td class="br fsize150">}</td> +<td class="center br">0.2249</td> +<td class="right">11.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td class="right">12.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td class="right">10.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td class="right">9.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td class="right">9.6</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">6</td> +<td class="right">9.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Tacky at end of 1st and 2d days.<br />Dry, end 10th day.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="tabhead"><span class="smcap">Table VII.</span>—(<i>a</i>) <span class="smcap">Rosin Oil +100 Per Cent.</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Observer.</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Wt. of Oil<br />for Test,<br />grams.</td> +<td colspan="38" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Percentage Increase in Weight, in Days.</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt bb padr1 padl1">Remarks.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">10</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">11</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">12</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">13</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">14</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">15</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">16</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">17</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">18</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">19</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bt"> +<td class="left">Gardner</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.2590</td> +<td class="right">1.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">1.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">1.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">3.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">5.2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">4.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Tacky throughout test.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sabin</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Pickard</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Too much on. Showed<br />constantly increasing loss<br />owing to +the fact that it did<br />not dry and ran off glass.</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left">Rogers<br />North</td> +<td class="fsize150 br">}</td> +<td class="center br">0.4822</td> +<td class="right">2.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td class="right">2.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td class="right">2.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">1.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td class="right">1.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td class="right">0.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">0.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">0.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">0.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">0.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">0.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Oily on 1st and 2d days. Tacky,<br />end of 10 and 38 +days. </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="center"><table class="heading" summary="Table Heading"> + <tr><td class="left">(<i>b</i>)<span class='pagenum' style="font-size: 100%;"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span></td> + <td class="left smcap padr2">Rosin Oil</td> + <td class="left smcap padl2">20 Per Cent.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="left smcap padr2">Raw Linseed Oil</td> + <td class="left smcap padl2">80 Per Cent.</td> + </tr> +</table></td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bt"> +<td class="left">Gardner</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.1636</td> +<td class="right">7.4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">7.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8.4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Film dried up nicely during 3d<br />day, but remained +slightly soft.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sabin</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.7105</td> +<td class="right">6.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td class="right">6.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td class="right">6.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right">5.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td class="right">5.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">4.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">4.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td class="right">4.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">3.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">3.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Pickard</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.4016</td> +<td class="right">12.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td class="right">11.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right">11.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td class="right">10.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td class="right">10.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left">Rogers<br />North</td> +<td class="fsize150 br">}</td> +<td class="center br">0.3263</td> +<td class="right">11.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="right">12.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">10.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td class="right">10.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td class="right">10.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">10.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Oily at end of 1st and 2d days.<br />Slightly tacky, end of +10th day.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="tabhead"><span class="smcap">Table VIII.</span>—(<i>a</i>) <span class="smcap">Corn Oil 100 Per +Cent.</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Observer.</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Wt. of Oil<br />for Test,<br />grams.</td> +<td colspan="38" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Percentage Increase in Weight, in Days.</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt bb padr1 padl1">Remarks.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">10</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">11</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">12</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">13</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">14</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">15</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">16</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">17</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">18</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">19</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bt"> +<td class="left">Gardner</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.0574</td> +<td class="right">1.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">4.2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">4.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">4.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">7.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">7.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">6.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Film soft and sticky throughout<br />test. Very soapy in appearance.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sabin</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.5858</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>0.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">7.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td class="right">8.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td class="right">7.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td class="right">7.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right">6.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">5.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td class="right">5.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">3.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Pickard</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.4981</td> +<td class="right">1.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">5.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td class="right">7.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a name="FNanchor_1_10" id="FNanchor_1_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_10">[10]</a></span>11.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right">11.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">6.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left">Rogers<br />North</td> +<td class="fsize150 br">}</td> +<td class="center br">0.3300</td> +<td class="right">4.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td class="right">7.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td class="right">7.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td class="right">6.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td class="right">6.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td class="right">6.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">6.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="center"><table class="heading" summary="Table Heading"> + <tr><td class="left">(<i>b</i>)</td> + <td class="left smcap padr2">Corn Oil</td> + <td class="left smcap padl2">20 Per Cent.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="left smcap padr2">Raw Linseed Oil</td> + <td class="left smcap padl2">80 Per Cent.</td> + </tr> +</table></td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bt"> +<td class="left">Gardner</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.1664</td> +<td class="right">7.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8.4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">10.2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">10.4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">10.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.3</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.3</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.3</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Film tacky at end of test.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sabin</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.5469</td> +<td class="right">13.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td class="right">12.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td class="right">11.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">10.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="right">10.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="right">9.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Pickard</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.3716</td> +<td class="right">13.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td class="right">12.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">12.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td class="right">11.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td class="right">11.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left">Rogers<br />North</td> +<td class="fsize150 br">}</td> +<td class="center br">0.1711</td> +<td class="right">11.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td class="right">11.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td class="right">9.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="right">8.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td class="right">8.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td class="right">8.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Tacky, end of 1st and 2d days.<br />Dry, end 10th day.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="center tabhead"><span class='pagenum' style="font-size: 100%;"><a name="Page_37" +id="Page_37">[37]</a></span><span class="smcap">Table IX.</span>—(<i>a</i>) <span class="smcap">Cotton +Seed Oil 100 Per Cent.</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Observer.</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Wt. of Oil<br />for Test,<br />grams.</td> +<td colspan="38" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Percentage Increase in Weight, in Days.</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt bb padr1 padl1">Remarks.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">10</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">11</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">12</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">13</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">14</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">15</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">16</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">17</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">18</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">19</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bt"> +<td class="left">Gardner</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.2026</td> +<td class="right">4.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">4.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">4.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">5.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8.7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Film showed very little hardening<br />and remained soft and tacky.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sabin</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.7247</td> +<td class="right">8.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td class="right">7.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="right">6.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="right">6.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td class="right">5.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right">5.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td class="right">4.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right">4.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Pickard</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.4135</td> +<td class="right">7.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td class="right">7.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td class="right">6.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">6.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td class="right">5.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">3.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">2.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">1.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">2.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">2.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">2.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left">Rogers<br />North</td> +<td class="fsize150 br">}</td> +<td class="center br">0.3583</td> +<td class="right">6.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td class="right">5.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td class="right">4.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right">4.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right">4.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td class="right">4.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">2.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">3.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">3.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">3.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Tacky, end 2d day. Slightly<br />tacky, end 10th and 38th days.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="center"><table class="heading" summary="Table Heading"> + <tr><td class="left">(<i>b</i>)</td> + <td class="left smcap padr2">Cotton Seed Oil</td> + <td class="left smcap padl2">20 Per Cent.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="left smcap padr2">Raw Linseed Oil</td> + <td class="left smcap padl2">80 Per Cent.</td> + </tr> +</table></td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bt"> +<td class="left">Gardner</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.1516</td> +<td class="right">8.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8.7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">10.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">11.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">11.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Fair drying observed at end of<br />4th day. Film +slightly tacky at<br />end of test.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sabin</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.9498</td> +<td class="right">11.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td class="right">11.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right">10.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="right">10.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td class="right">9.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">9.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">9.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right">9.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Pickard</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.6160</td> +<td class="right">10.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td class="right">10.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td class="right">10.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td class="right">10.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td class="right">9.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left">Rogers<br />North</td> +<td class="fsize150 br">}</td> +<td class="center br">0.2553</td> +<td class="right">11.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td class="right">11.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td class="right">10.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right">9.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td class="right">9.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td class="right">9.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Tacky on 1st and 2d days. Dry<br />on 10th day.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="center tabhead"><span class="smcap">Table X.</span>—(<i>a</i>) <span class="smcap">Sun +Flower Oil 100 Per Cent.</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Observer.</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Wt. of Oil<br />for Test,<br />grams.</td> +<td colspan="38" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Percentage Increase in Weight, in Days.</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt bb padr1 padl1">Remarks.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">10</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">11</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">12</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">13</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">14</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">15</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">16</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">17</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">18</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">19</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bt"> +<td class="left">Gardner</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.1414</td> +<td class="right">6.3</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8.2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">11.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">11.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">11.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">11.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.3</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.3</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.3</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.3</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Film fairly firm, end of 3d<br />day.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sabin</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.6292</td> +<td class="right">9.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td class="right">9.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">7.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td class="right">7.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td class="right">7.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">6.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">6.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right">6.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">5.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Pickard</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.5837</td> +<td class="right">7.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right">7.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td class="right">7.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right">7.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">6.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left">Rogers<br />North</td> +<td class="fsize150 br">}</td> +<td class="center br">0.2540</td> +<td class="right">8.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td class="right">6.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td class="right">6.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td class="right">6.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td class="right">5.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td class="right">6.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">6.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Sticky, end 1st day; tacky, end<br />2d day; slightly tacky, end<br />10th day.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="center"><table class="heading" summary="Table Heading"> + <tr><td class="left">(<i>b</i>)<span class='pagenum' style="font-size: 100%"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span></td> + <td class="left smcap padr2">Sun Flower Oil</td> + <td class="left smcap padl2">20 Per Cent.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="left smcap padr2">Raw Linseed Oil</td> + <td class="left smcap padl2">80 Per Cent.</td> + </tr> +</table></td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bt"> +<td class="left">Gardner</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.1600</td> +<td class="right">9.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">11.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">11.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">11.3</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">11.4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">10.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Good firm, glossy film shown at<br />end of 2d day.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sabin</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.5030</td> +<td class="right">14.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td class="right">14.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td class="right">12.6</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">6</td> +<td class="right">14.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td class="right">11.5</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td class="right">10.6</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td class="right">10.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td class="right">10.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Pickard</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.4470</td> +<td class="right">12.6</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">2</td> +<td class="right">12.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">2</td> +<td class="right">11.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td class="right">11.6</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td class="right">10.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">6.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5.5</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">6.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5.8</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left">Rogers<br />North</td> +<td class="fsize150 br">}</td> +<td class="center br">0.2261</td> +<td class="right">11.5</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td class="right">11.8</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td class="right">9.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">2</td> +<td class="right">9.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td class="right">8.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td class="right">9.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.5</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.5</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.6</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Dry on 1st, 2d and 10th days.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="center tabhead"><span class="smcap">Table XI.</span>—(<i>a</i>) <span class="smcap">Menhaden +Oil 100 Per Cent.</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Observer.</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Wt. of Oil<br />for Test,<br />grams.</td> +<td colspan="38" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Percentage Increase in Weight, in Days.</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt bb padr1 padl1">Remarks.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">10</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">11</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">12</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">13</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">14</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">15</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">16</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">17</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">18</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">19</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bt"> +<td class="left">Gardner</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.1944</td> +<td class="right">7.7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">10.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Good drying during 2d day.<br />Fairly firm film.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sabin</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.5282</td> +<td class="right">12.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td class="right">12.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td class="right">11.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td class="right">11.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td class="right">11.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td class="right">11.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td class="right">11.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td class="right">11.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.8</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Pickard</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.7005</td> +<td class="right">10.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td class="right">10.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td class="right">10.8</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td class="right">10.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td class="right">10.5</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left">Rogers<br />North</td> +<td class="fsize150 br">}</td> +<td class="center br">0.3150</td> +<td class="right">11.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td class="right">10.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">6</td> +<td class="right">9.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">2</td> +<td class="right">9.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td class="right">9.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td class="right">10.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.8</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Sticky, end 1st day. Slightly<br />sticky, end 2d and 10th days.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="center"><table class="heading" summary="Table Heading"> + <tr><td class="left">(<i>b</i>)</td> + <td class="left smcap padr2">Menhaden Oil</td> + <td class="left smcap padl2">20 Per Cent.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="left smcap padr2">Raw Linseed Oil</td> + <td class="left smcap padl2">80 Per Cent.</td> + </tr> +</table></td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bt"> +<td class="left">Gardner</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.2448</td> +<td class="right">8.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">10.4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">12.2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">12.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">12.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">12.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Good firm, elastic film shown<br />after 2d day.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sabin</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.4959</td> +<td class="right">14.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td class="right">13.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td class="right">12.6</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td class="right">12.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td class="right">11.5</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td class="right">11.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td class="right">11.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td class="right">10.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Pickard</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.4201</td> +<td class="right">13.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td class="right">12.8</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td class="right">12.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td class="right">11.8</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td class="right">11.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.5</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left">Rogers<br />North</td> +<td class="fsize150 br">}</td> +<td class="center br">0.2456</td> +<td class="right">10.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td class="right">11.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td class="right">9.5</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">6</td> +<td class="right">8.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td class="right">8.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">2</td> +<td class="right">8.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Nearly dry on 1st and 2d days.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="center tabhead"><span class="smcap">Table XII.</span>—(<i>a</i>) <span class="smcap">Raw Chinese Wood +Oil 100 Per Cent.</span><span class='pagenum' style="font-size: 100%;"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Observer.</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Wt. of Oil<br />for Test,<br />grams.</td> +<td colspan="38" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Percentage Increase in Weight, in Days.</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt bb padr1 padl1">Remarks.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">10</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">11</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">12</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">13</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">14</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">15</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">16</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">17</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">18</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">19</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bt"> +<td class="left">Gardner</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.2266</td> +<td class="right">4.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">11.2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">14.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">14.4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">14.4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">14.2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14.2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14.2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14.2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14.2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14.2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Film crystallized and remained<br />soft until 3d day. Hard but<br /> +opaque film shown after 4th day.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sabin</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.5545</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">2</td> +<td class="right">11.5</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td class="right">11.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.5</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td class="right">10.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td class="right">10.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td class="right">10.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.8</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.8</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">6</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Pickard</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.4933</td> +<td class="right">0.5</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td class="right">2.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td class="right">5.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td class="right">7.5</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">6</td> +<td class="right">8.6</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.6</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left">Rogers<br />North</td> +<td class="fsize150 br">}</td> +<td class="center br">0.4036</td> +<td class="right">0.5</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td class="right">2.8</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td class="right">5.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td class="right">6.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td class="right">6.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td class="right">7.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.5</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Sticky, end of 1st and 2d days;<br />dry but drawn, +end of 10th day.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="center"><table class="heading" summary="Table Heading"> + <tr><td class="left">(<i>b</i>)</td> + <td class="left smcap padr2">Raw Chinese Wood Oil</td> + <td class="left smcap padl2">20 Per Cent.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="left smcap padr2">Raw Linseed Oil</td> + <td class="left smcap padl2">80 Per Cent.</td> + </tr> +</table></td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bt"> +<td class="left">Gardner</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.2087</td> +<td class="right">9.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">12.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">12.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">12.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">12.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">12.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Clear and firm film shown after<br />3d day.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sabin</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.2967</td> +<td class="right">14.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">6</td> +<td class="right">13.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td class="right">11.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">2</td> +<td class="right">10.6</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td class="right">9.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.6</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">6</td> +<td class="right">8.8</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">6</td> +<td class="right">8.8</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td class="right">8.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Pickard</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.3683</td> +<td class="right">14.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td class="right">13.6</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">6</td> +<td class="right">13.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td class="right">12.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td class="right">11.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.5</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.8</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left">Rogers<br />North</td> +<td class="fsize150 br">}</td> +<td class="center br">0.2285</td> +<td class="right">11.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td class="right">11.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td class="right">10.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td class="right">9.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td class="right">9.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td class="right">9.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">7.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Dry at end of 1st day.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="center tabhead"><span class="smcap">Table XIII.</span>—(<i>a</i>) <span class="smcap">Chinese Wood Oil +(Treated) 100 Per Cent.</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Observer.</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Wt. of Oil<br />for Test,<br />grams.</td> +<td colspan="38" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Percentage Increase in Weight, in Days.</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt bb padr1 padl1">Remarks.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">10</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">11</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">12</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">13</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">14</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">15</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">16</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">17</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">18</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">19</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bt"> +<td class="left">Gardner</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.1678</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>38.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>30.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>28.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>28.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>28.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>28.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>28.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">27.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>26.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>26.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>26.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>26.2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Loss observed due to presence<br />of volatiles. Firm, clear +film<br />shown at end of 1st day.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sabin</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.4159</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>19.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">6</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>20.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">6</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>20.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>20.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>20.8</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>21.0</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>20.8</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>20.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>20.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>20.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>20.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>21.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>21.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Pickard</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.2934</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>0.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">2</td> +<td class="right"><span class="fnanchor"><a href="#Footnote_1_8">[8]</a></span>0.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td class="right">0.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">2</td> +<td class="right">0.7</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">9</td> +<td class="right">0.1</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">0.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">0.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">0.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">0.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">0.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">0.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left">Rogers<br />North</td> +<td class="fsize150 br">}</td> +<td class="center br">0.3937</td> +<td class="right">3.5</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td class="right">3.5</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td class="right">3.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td class="right">3.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td class="right">3.3</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td class="right">2.9</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">2.5</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">3.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">3.2</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">2.6</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">2.4</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Dry at end of 1st day.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="center"><table class="heading" summary="Table Heading"> + <tr><td class="left">(<i>b</i>)<span class='pagenum' style="font-size: 100%;"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span></td> + <td class="left smcap padr2">Chinese Wood Oil (Treated)</td> + <td class="left smcap padl2">20 Per Cent.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="left smcap padr2">Raw Linseed Oil</td> + <td class="left smcap padl2">80 Per Cent.</td> + </tr> +</table></td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bt"> +<td class="left">Gardner</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.1638</td> +<td class="right">8.4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9.4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9.7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Clear and hard film shown<br />during 2d day.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sabin</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.6572</td> +<td class="right">9.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right">8.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td class="right">7.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td class="right">6.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right">6.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td class="right">5.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td class="right">5.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td class="right">5.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Pickard</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.4892</td> +<td class="right">8.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td class="right">8.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td class="right">8.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td class="right">8.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td class="right">7.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">6.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">6.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">6.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left">Rogers<br />North</td> +<td class="fsize150 br">}</td> +<td class="center br">0.2644</td> +<td class="right">3.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td class="right">3.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="right">2.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right">1.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="right">1.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td class="right">1.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">2.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">1.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">0.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">1.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Dry at end of 1st day.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="center tabhead"><span class="smcap">Table XIV.</span>—(<i>a</i>) <span class="smcap">20 Per Cent. Dry +Rosin in 80 Per Cent. Linseed Oil 100 Per Cent.</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Observer.</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Wt. of Oil<br />for Test,<br />grams.</td> +<td colspan="38" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Percentage Increase in Weight, in Days.</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt bb padr1 padl1">Remarks.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">10</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">11</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">12</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">13</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">14</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">15</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">16</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">17</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">18</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">19</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bt"> +<td class="left">Gardner</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.2030</td> +<td class="right">12.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">14.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">14.8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">14.2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">14.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">14.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Rapid drying observed. Hard<br />film shown during 2d day.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sabin</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Pickard</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.5185</td> +<td class="right">3.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td class="right">8.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td class="right">9.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td class="right">9.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td class="right">8.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left">Rogers<br />North</td> +<td class="fsize150 br">}</td> +<td class="center br">0.2554</td> +<td class="right">1.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td class="right">11.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="right">12.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td class="right">12.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td class="right">12.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">12.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">13.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Oily, end 1st and 2d days;<br />slightly tacky, end 10th day.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="center"><table class="heading" summary="Table Heading"> + <tr><td class="left">(<i>b</i>)</td> + <td class="left smcap padr2">20 Per Cent. Dry Rosin in 80 Per Cent. Linseed Oil</td> + <td class="left smcap padl2">20 Per Cent.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="left smcap padr2">Raw Linseed Oil</td> + <td class="left smcap padl2">80 Per Cent.</td> + </tr> +</table></td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bt"> +<td class="left">Gardner</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.1500</td> +<td class="right">10.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">13.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">13.6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">13.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">13.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">13.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">13.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">13.1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">13.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">13.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">13.2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Clear, hard film after 2d day.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sabin</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.7105</td> +<td class="right">14.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td class="right">13.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td class="right">11.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td class="right">11.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td class="right">10.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td class="right">10.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td class="right">10.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td class="right">10.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Pickard</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.4568</td> +<td class="right">12.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td class="right">12.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td class="right">12.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td class="right">12.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">11.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left">Rogers<br />North</td> +<td class="fsize150 br">}</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="center tabhead"><span class="smcap">Table XV.</span>—(<i>a</i>) <span class="smcap">Raw Linseed Oil +100 Per Cent.</span><a name="FNanchor_1_11" id="FNanchor_1_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a><span +class='pagenum' style="font-size: 100%;"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Observer.</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Wt. of Oil<br />for Test,<br />grams.</td> +<td colspan="38" class="center bt br bb padr1 padl1">Percentage Increase in Weight, in Days.</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center bt bb padr1 padl1">Remarks.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">10</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">11</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">12</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">13</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">14</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">15</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">16</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">17</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">18</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb">19</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bt"> +<td class="left">Sabin</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.5274</td> +<td class="right">0.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td class="right">0.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td class="right">0.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td class="right">2.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right">9.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="right">14.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="right">14.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="right">13.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">13.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">12.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">11.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left">Pickard</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">0.5326</td> +<td class="right">12.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">12.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td class="right">11.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="right">11.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td class="right">11.0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">9.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10.7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="43" class="center tabhead">(<i>b</i>) <span class="smcap">Drier 100 Per Cent.</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bt bb"> +<td class="left">Rogers<br />North</td> +<td class="fsize150 br">}</td> +<td class="center br">0.3445</td> +<td class="right">48.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right">48.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td class="right">48.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="right">48.6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="right">48.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="right">48.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">48.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">48.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">48.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">48.2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Dry at end of 1st day.</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_8" id="Footnote_1_8"></a><span class="label">[8]</span> Lost in weight throughout +test.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_9" id="Footnote_1_9"></a><span class="label">[9]</span>Gained in weight throughout +test.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_10" id="Footnote_1_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> +Moth got in.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_11" id="Footnote_1_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> +The test of this oil was made without the addition of 5 per cent. of drier, the quantity used in all the other tests.</p></div> + +<hr class="c25" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="Ch3" id="Ch3"></a>CHAPTER III</h2> + +<h3>PAINT PIGMENTS AND THEIR PROPERTIES</h3> + +<p>For the student of paint technology, who is not already acquainted +with the chemistry and physics of the various raw +pigments which are largely used in the manufacture of paints, +the writer advises a careful reading of this chapter, in which the +matter has been condensed as much as possible. In order to +more thoroughly acquaint the reader with the physical constitution +of the pigments under consideration, there has been +included photomicrographs, which show to advantage the +structure of each.<a name="FNanchor_1_12" id="FNanchor_1_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_12" id="Footnote_1_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> +The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance of Dr. J. A. Schaeffer +in the preparation of the photomicrographs shown in this chapter.</p></div> + +<table class="illo" summary="Illustration P 42"> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter padr2"><a name="Photo08" id="Photo08"></a><img src="images/illo053a.jpg" alt="Carbonate-White Lead Polarized" +width="300" height="299" /></td> +<td class="figcenter padl2"><img src="images/illo053b.jpg" alt="Carbonate-White Lead Transmitted" width="302" height="300" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="subcaption padr2">By Polarized Light</td> +<td class="subcaption padl2">By Transmitted Light</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="caption">Basic Carbonate-White Lead</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><b>Basic Carbonate-White Lead.</b> This <a href="#Photo08">pigment</a> is made by +stacking clay pots containing dilute acetic acid and lead buckles, +in tiers, and covering them with tan bark. Fermentation of +the tan bark, with subsequent formation of carbon dioxide +acting on the acetate of lead formed within the pots, produces +basic carbonate of lead. After complete corrosion, the white +lead is ground, floated, and dried. Corroded white lead has a +specific gravity of 6.8 and contains about 85% lead oxide and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> +15% of carbon dioxide and water. Its opaque nature and +excellent body renders it extremely valuable as a constituent +of paints. Checking and chalking progress rapidly when the +pigment is used alone. The various sized particles, both large +and small, resulting from the corrosion process, are prominently +shown in the photomicrograph.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><a name="Photo13" id="Photo13"></a> +<img src="images/illo054a.jpg" alt="Cerrusite Crystals in Old Dutch Process White" width="300" height="296" /> +<p class="caption">Crystals of Cerussite in Old Dutch Process White +Lead. (Greatly magnified)</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><a name="Photo12" id="Photo12"></a> +<img src="images/illo054b.jpg" alt="White Lead Quick Process" width="300" height="302" /> +<p class="caption">White Lead (Quick Process)</p></div> + +<p>On account of its alkaline nature, this pigment acts upon the +saponifiable oil in which it is ground, forming lead soaps which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> +accelerate chalking of white lead—the greatest evil attending +its use. Solubility in carbonic acid of the atmosphere and +decay in the presence of sodium chloride may be active causes +of the rapid chalking of this pigment at the seashore. Checking +in some climates appears to proceed rapidly on white lead paints, +in a deep hexagonal form, leaving a series of rough crests and +cracks. This checking is secondary to the chalking which takes +place.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Photo09" id="Photo09"></a> +<img src="images/illo055a.jpg" alt="Corrosion Cylinders for making Quick Process White Lead" width="500" height="350" /> +<p class="caption">Corrosion cylinders used for making Quick Process White Lead</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Photo10" id="Photo10"></a> +<img src="images/illo055b.jpg" alt="Lead Melting Pots" width="500" height="368" /> +<p class="caption">Lead Melting Pots</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span><b>White Lead (Quick Process).</b> By acting on atomized metallic +lead, contained within large revolving <a href="#Photo09">wooden cylinders</a>, with dilute +acetic acid and carbon dioxide, the <a href="#Photo12">quick-process white lead</a> is +produced. Its value is equal to the <a href="#Photo13">Dutch-process white lead</a>, and +it is considered by some as possessing greater spreading value.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo056a.jpg" +alt="Sheet iron box for hydrating Lead" width="500" height="345" /> +<p class="caption">Sheet iron box luted at bottom with water. Atomized lead, +blown into box with steam, falls to bottom and becomes +hydrated (Mild Process)</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Photo11" id="Photo11"></a> +<img src="images/illo056b.jpg" alt="Agitation Tanks for making Mild Process Lead" width="500" height="344" /> +<p class="photocredit left"><i>Photographs courtesy of Stowe Neal</i></p> +<p class="caption">View of agitation tanks for making Mild Process Lead</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></p> + +<p><b>White Lead (Mild Process).</b> The Mild Process of manufacturing +white lead consists of first <a href="#Photo10">melting the pig lead</a> and +converting it into the finest kind of lead powder, then mixing thoroughly +with <a href="#Photo11">air and water</a>. The lead takes up water and oxygen +and forms a basic hydroxide of lead. Carbon dioxide gas is +next pumped slowly through the <a href="#Photo11">cylinders</a> which contain the +basic hydroxide of lead. The result is basic carbonate of lead—the +dry white lead of commerce. The process is called “Mild” +because it is the mildest process possible for the manufacture of +white lead. It is the only method in practical operation which +does not require the use of acids, alkalis or other chemicals, +every trace of which should be removed from the finished product +by expensive purifying processes. The failure of such washing +and purifying means a product of inferior quality, which necessarily +reduces the durability of any paint in which it is used.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo057.jpg" alt="Steam Jected Pans" width="500" height="367" /> +<p class="caption">Steam Jected Pans for Drying White Lead</p></div> + +<p><b>Basic Sulphate-White Lead (Sublimed White Lead).</b> By +the action of the oxygen of the air on the fume produced by the +<a href="#Photo15">roasting</a> and subsequent volatilization of galena, this fine, white, +amorphous pigment is made. On analysis, its composition +shows approximately 75% of lead sulphate, 20% of lead oxide, +and 5% of zinc oxide. It has a specific gravity of 6.2.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> +Possessed of extreme stability, it finds wide use as a constituent +of paints and as a base for tinting colors. The <a href="#Photo14">photomicrograph</a> +of this pigment shows its extremely fine, amorphous nature +with complete absence of crystals. In fineness it closely +approaches zinc oxide. On account of its non-poisonous +properties it is replacing corroded lead in many places. Unified +paints containing sublimed white lead are of great value, showing +upon long exposure very little decay.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Photo15" id="Photo15"></a> +<img src="images/illo058.jpg" alt="Sublimed White Lead Furnace" width="500" height="428" /> +<p class="caption">View of Furnace for Making Sublimed White Lead</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo059a.jpg" alt="Goosenecks Used for Collecting Sublimed White Lead Fume" +width="300" height="425" /> +<p class="caption">View of Goosenecks Used for Collecting Sublimed White +Lead Fume</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo059b.jpg" +alt="Bag Room for Deposit of Sublimed White Lead" width="300" height="391" /> +<p class="caption">Bag Room Where Sublimed White Lead is Deposited</p> +<p class="photocredit left"><i>Photographs courtesy of Picher Lead Co.</i></p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><a name="Photo14" id="Photo14"></a> +<img src="images/illo060a.jpg" alt="Sublimed White Lead" width="300" height="297" /> +<p class="caption">Sublimed White Lead</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo060b.jpg" alt="Hazards, Pa. Zinc Oxide Works" width="500" height="246" /> +<p class="caption">View of largest Zinc Oxide Works in America, at Hazards, Pa.</p></div> + +<p><b>Sublimed Blue Lead.</b> Sublimed blue lead is made by burning +coarsely broken lumps of galena, admixed with bituminous coal, +in a special form of furnace. The fumes which are volatilized +from this mixture are very complex in their chemical make-up, +and in color are white, blue, and black. After being drawn +through the cooling pipes by the suction of huge fans, whereby +the fumes are cooled, the pigment is deposited in bags. This +pigment is bluish black in color, and has been highly recommended +for use on iron and steel. Its composition runs approximately +as follows:</p> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Table P 49"> + +<tr> +<td class="left padr2">Lead sulphate</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left padr2">Lead oxide</td> +<td class="right">35%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left padr2">Lead sulphide</td> +<td class="right">5%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left padr2">Lead sulphite</td> +<td class="right">5%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left padr2">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">2%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left padr2">Carbon</td> +<td class="right">3%</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo061a.jpg" alt="Zinc Oxide Furnaces" width="300" height="429" /> +<p class="caption">View of Zinc Oxide Furnaces</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo061b.jpg" alt="Zinc Oxide Fume Pipes with electric suction Fans" +width="300" height="423" /> +<p class="photocredit left" style="margin-right: -2em;"><i>Photographs courtesy Geo. B. Heckel and N. J. Zinc Co.</i></p> +<p class="caption">View of Zinc Oxide Fume Pipes with +electrically driven Suction Fans</p></div> + +<p>The color of the pigment is largely due to the carbon and the +lead sulphide. Its specific gravity is 6.4, and it grinds in +10% of oil to a stiff paste, 100 lbs. of which may be thinned +with about 26 lbs. of oil to working consistency. Paint manufacturers +use it in mixture with iron oxide and other pigments +for the production of paints for metal surfaces. Wood and +others have found it of great value for this purpose. It has a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> +tendency to chalk, but this may be overcome by admixture +with other pigments such as zinc oxide and iron oxide. Lane +has found it to be very durable when admixed with lampblack.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo062.jpg" alt="Bag Room receiving Zinc Oxide" width="300" height="400" /> +<p class="caption">View of Bag Room receiving Zinc Oxide</p></div> + +<p><b>Zinc Oxide.</b> This extremely white and fine pigment is prepared +by the roasting and sublimation of franklinite, zincite, +and other zinc-bearing ores largely found in New Jersey. Its +purity approaches in most instances 99.5 or more. It has a +specific gravity of 5.2. On account of its stability, whiteness, +and opacity, it is invaluable as a pigment when a constituent +in a combination formula. Its extreme hardness renders it less +resistant to temperature changes, when used alone. <a href="#Photo16">Under the +microscope</a> the fineness and structure of the particles are clearly +evident. The French-process zinc oxide produced in America +by the sublimation and oxidation of spelter is the purest made, +and superior to imported grades which often contain ultramarine +blue as a whitening agent.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></p> + +<table class="illo" summary="Illustrations P 52"> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><a name="Photo16" id="Photo16"></a> +<img src="images/illo063a.jpg" alt="Zinc Oxide" width="300" height="300" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><a name="Photo17" id="Photo17"></a> +<img src="images/illo063b.jpg" alt="Zinc Lead White" width="300" height="304" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption">Zinc Oxide</td> +<td class="caption">Zinc Lead White</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo063c.jpg" alt="Zinc Lead" width="300" height="300" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="caption">Zinc Lead. By transmitted light<br />(<i>The Pigment shows black</i>)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><a name="Photo18" id="Photo18"></a> +<img src="images/illo063d.jpg" alt="Lithopone" width="300" height="302" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><a name="Photo19" id="Photo19"></a> +<img src="images/illo063e.jpg" alt="Magnesium Silicate (Asbestine)" width="300" height="299" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption">Lithopone</td> +<td class="caption">Magnesium Silicate (Asbestine)</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><b>Zinc Lead White.</b> This extremely fine pigment, consisting +of about equal parts of zinc oxide and lead sulphate,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> results +from the reduction, volatilization and subsequent oxidation of +sulphur-bearing lead and zinc ores. It has a specific gravity of +4.4. Its slightly yellowish tint bars it from being used alone +very extensively, but when mixed with white lead, zinc oxide +and inert pigments, or used as a base for colored paints, it is of +considerable value. The <a href="#Photo17">magnification</a> of the particles shows +the peculiar way in which the pigment agglomerates, and the +characteristics of a fine, uniform pigment.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo064.jpg" alt="Easton, Pa. Asbestine Mine" width="500" height="405" /> +<p class="caption">Asbestine Mine at Easton, Pa.</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo065a.jpg" alt="American Barytes" width="300" height="302" /> +<p class="caption">American Barytes. Transmitted light<br /> +(<i>The Pigment shows black</i>)</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo065b.jpg" alt="German Barytes" width="300" height="303" /> +<p class="caption">German Barytes. Mag. 250 Diam.<br /> +(<i>The Pigment shows white</i>)</p></div> + +<p><b>Lithopone.</b> Lithopone, probably the whitest of pigments, +results from the double decomposition of zinc sulphate and +barium sulphide, thereby forming a molecular combination of +zinc sulphide and barium sulphate. The peculiar property which +it possesses, of darkening under the actinic rays of the sun, +makes it essential that it be combined with other, more stable +pigments to prolong its life when exposed to weather. Lithopone +contains approximately 70% barium sulphate, 25 to +28% zinc sulphide, and as high as 5% of zinc oxide. Its +specific gravity is about 4.25. It is excellently suited<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> for +interior use in the manufacture of enamels and wall finishes. +When properly mixed with other pigments, such as zinc oxide +and calcium carbonate, fair results are obtained as a pigment +for outside work. Lead pigments are never used with lithopone, +as lead sulphide results, giving a black appearance. Its characteristic +flocculent, non-crystalline nature is plainly evident +when examined <a href="#Photo18">under the microscope</a>.</p> + +<table class="illo" summary="Illustrations P 54"> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><a name="Photo20" id="Photo20"></a><img src="images/illo066a.jpg" alt="Barium Sulphate Polarized Light" +width="300" height="300" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo066b.jpg" alt="Barium Sulphate Transmitted Light" width="300" height="298" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="subcaption">By Polarized Light</td> +<td class="subcaption">By Transmitted Light</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="caption">Barium Sulphate (Barytes)</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><b>Magnesium Silicate (Asbestine and Talcose).</b> This pigment +comes in two forms: as <a href="#Photo19">asbestine</a> and as talcose (talc, etc.). +The former is very fibrous in nature and is a very stable pigment +to use in the manufacture of paint, on account of its inert nature +and tendency to hold up heavier pigments, and prevent settling. +It also has the property of strengthening a paint coat in which +it is used. The talcose variety is very tabular in form. Both +varieties are transparent in oil, and very inert. They have a +gravity of about 2.7 and grind in about 32% of oil.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo067a.jpg" alt="Barium Carbonate" width="300" height="308" /> +<p class="caption">Barium Carbonate. Mag. 250 Diam.<br /> +(<i>The Pigment shows white</i>)</p></div> + +<table class="illo" summary="Illustrations P 57 bottom"> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><a name="Photo21" id="Photo21"></a><img src="images/illo067b.jpg" alt="Barium Sulphate" +width="300" height="299" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><a name="Photo22" id="Photo22"></a><img src="images/illo067c.jpg" alt="Barium Carbonate" +width="300" height="295" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption">Barium Sulphate (Blanc Fixe)</td> +<td class="caption">Calcium Carbonate (Whiting)</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo068a.jpg" alt="Calcium Carbonate" width="300" height="301" /> +<p class="caption">Calcium Carbonate. By transmitted light<br /> +(<i>The Pigment shows black</i>)</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo068b.jpg" alt="Calcium Sulphate" width="300" height="301" /> +<p class="caption">Calcium Sulphate. By transmitted light<br /> +(<i>The Pigment shows black</i>)</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo069a.jpg" alt="Calcium Sulphate" width="300" height="302" /> +<p class="caption">Calcium Sulfate</p></div> + +<table class="illo" summary="Illustrations P 58 bottom"> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><a name="Photo23" id="Photo23"></a><img src="images/illo069b.jpg" alt="Calcium Sulphate (Gypsum)" +width="300" height="304" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><a name="Photo24" id="Photo24"></a><img src="images/illo069c.jpg" alt="Silica (Silex)" +width="300" height="304" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption">Calcium Sulphate (Gypsum)</td> +<td class="caption">Silica (Silex)</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo070a.jpg" alt="Silex" width="300" height="300" /> +<p class="caption">Silex. Mag. 250 Diam.<br /> +(<i>The Pigment shows white</i>)</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><a name="Photo25" id="Photo25"></a> +<img src="images/illo070b.jpg" alt="China Clay" width="300" height="302" /> +<p class="caption">China Clay. By transmitted light<br /> +(<i>The Pigment shows black</i>)</p></div> + +<p><b>Barium Sulphate (Barytes).</b> By grinding the crude ore, +treating with acid to remove the iron, and finally washing, +floating, and drying, there is produced the commercial form of +this valuable pigment. It is used in large quantity as a base +upon which to precipitate colors, and also together with other +white pigments in the manufacture of ready-mixed paints. It +renders the paint coating more resistant to abrasion, and gives +to the paint certain very important brushing qualities. It is a +very stable pigment, not being materially affected by either acid +or alkali, and can be used with the most delicate colors. In +oil it is transparent and must be mixed with opaque pigments +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>when used in ready-mixed paints. It is generally used with +lighter pigments, such as asbestine, in order to prevent settling. +Under the <a href="#Photo20">microscope</a>, both by polarized and transmitted light, +the sharp angles of the particles appear distinctly, with no tendency +to mass into a compact form. Although transparent +in oil, it is valuable in moderate percentage in a ready-mixed +paint.</p> + +<p><b>Barium Sulphate (Blanc Fixe).</b> Blanc fixe is the precipitated +form of barium sulphate, resulting from the action of soluble +barium salts on soluble sulphates. The specific gravity (4.2) +of this compound is lower than that of barytes. Possessing +greater opacity in oil, it is of more value as a paint pigment for +some purposes. It comes in for its greatest use as a base on +which to precipitate lake colors. The <a href="#Photo21">very fine particles</a> show +a slight tendency to agglomerate.</p> + +<p><b>Calcium Carbonate (Whiting).</b> The natural form of calcium +carbonate, prepared from chalk, has a much higher specific +gravity (2.74) than that of the artificial form (2.5) prepared by +the precipitation of calcium carbonate. The latter, however, +possesses greater hiding properties. Both grades find a wide +use in distemper work and in the manufacture of putty. It is +often used in small percentage in many ready-mixed paints. +The <a href="#Photo22">photomicrograph</a> of the pigment shows the presence of +many large particles.</p> + +<p><b>Calcium Sulphate (Gypsum).</b> The mineral gypsum, consisting +of calcium sulphate and about 21% of water of combination, +is sometimes used as a paint pigment after grinding +and dehydration. Being slightly soluble in water it has a +tendency to pass into solution when exposed to atmospheric +agencies. It lacks hiding power in oil. Its specific gravity is +2.3. As in the case of all pigments prepared directly from +mineral substances, the many-sized and shaped particles appear +clearly when <a href="#Photo23">enlarged</a>. Partially and wholly dehydrated forms +of gypsum are also used in paint.</p> + +<p><b>Silica (Silex.)</b> This white pigment possesses great tooth and +spreading properties. It is of use as a wood filler and as +a constituent in combination paints. It wears especially well +when used in combination with zinc oxide and white lead. Its +purity often approaches 97%. The particles when <a href="#Photo24">enlarged</a> +are seen to have sharp angles and are not uniform in size, +which accounts for its marked tooth and properties.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></p> + +<table class="illo" summary="Illustrations P 61"> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo072a.jpg" alt="Aluminum Silicate" width="300" height="303" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><a name="Photo26" id="Photo26"></a> +<img src="images/illo072b.jpg" alt="Ochre" width="300" height="296" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption">Aluminum Silicate (China Clay)</td> +<td class="caption">Ochre</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><a name="Photo27" id="Photo27"></a><img src="images/illo072c.jpg" alt="Raw Sienna" +width="300" height="298" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo072d.jpg" alt="Burnt Sienna" width="300" height="297" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="subcaption">Raw</td> +<td class="subcaption">Burnt</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="caption">Sienna</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><a name="Photo28" id="Photo28"></a><img src="images/illo072e.jpg" alt="Raw Umber" +width="300" height="302" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo072f.jpg" alt="Burnt Umber" width="300" height="296" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="subcaption">Raw</td> +<td class="subcaption">Burnt</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="caption">Umber</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span><b>Aluminum Silicate (China Clay).</b> China clay, or aluminum +silicate, is a permanent and valuable white pigment showing +very little hiding power in oil. It is found widely distributed +in granitic formations. It is very stable, with a gravity of 2.6. +<a href="#Photo25">Particles</a> are found in many shapes and sizes, showing sharp +and definite angles.</p> + +<p><b>Ochre.</b> Ochre is a hydrated ferric oxide permeating a clay +base, largely used as a tinting material. It has a specific gravity +of about 3.5, and a decidedly golden yellow color. A good +quality should contain 20% or over of iron oxide. The <a href="#Photo26">particles</a> +of this pigment are flocculent and very uniform in +appearance.</p> + +<p><b>Sienna.</b> Sienna, like umber, is essentially a silicate of iron +and alumina, containing manganic oxide. It contains, however, +a lower percentage of the latter than in the case of umbers. The +<a href="#Photo27">photomicrograph</a> of the burnt variety shows clearly the fine +condition of the pigment, while large particles are shown in the +raw variety.</p> + +<p><b>Umber.</b> Umber, another naturally occurring pigment, consists +of iron and aluminum silicates, containing varying proportions +of manganic oxide, its color and tone varying according +to the percentage of the latter. The raw variety is drab in +color, which in burning changes to reddish brown. A marked +percentage of large-sized <a href="#Photo28">particles</a> exist in this pigment.</p> + +<p><b>Indian Red.</b> Indian red is the term applied to natural hematite +ore pigments and to those produced by the roasting of +copperas (iron sulphate). They generally contain 95% or +more of iron oxide, with varying percentages of silica. The +pigment is heavier (specific gravity 5.2) than that of Metallic +Brown. The crystalline, mineral-like structure of the <a href="#Photo29">particles</a> +differ greatly from the amorphous particles of Metallic Brown.</p> + +<p><b>Metallic Brown.</b> The natural hydrated iron oxide or carbonate +as mined largely in Pennsylvania, yields, when roasted, a sesquioxide +of iron known as Metallic Brown. It contains a high +percentage of alumina and silica, and has a characteristic brown +color with a gravity of 3.1. It finds wide application as a pigment +for protective purposes. The <a href="#Photo30">particles</a> when enlarged +show the usual appearance of a natural compound which has +been roasted and ground.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></p> + +<table class="braces fsize80" summary="Table P 63"> + +<tr> +<td rowspan="2" class="center bt2 bb">No.</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center bt2 br bb">Name</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center bt2 br bb">Iron Oxide</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center bt2 br bb">Calc.<br />Sulph.<br />(CaSO<span class="denom">4</span>)</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center bt2 br bb">Alumina<br />(Al<span class="denom">2</span>O<span class="denom">3</span>)</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center bt2 br bb">Insoluble<br />(Silica<br />and<br />Silicates)</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center bt2 bb">Color</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center br bb">FeO</td> +<td class="center br bb">Fe<span class="denom">2</span>O<span class="denom">3</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right">0</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Bright Red</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">0.71</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">96.52</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">.30</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1">Bright Scarlet</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right">1</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Bright Red</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">.71</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">95.92</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">.30</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1">Scarlet Tone</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right">2</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Indian Red</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">.57</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">96.00</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">.78</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">1.40</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">.90</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1">Indian Red, Medium Shade</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right">3</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Indian Red</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">0.29</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">97.82</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">.85</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">.52</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1">Indian Red, Dark Shade</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right">4</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Indian Red</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">0.28</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">95.72</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">1.21</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">1.26</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">.58</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1">Indian Red, Light Shade</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Persian Gulf Mix</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">4.53</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">62.25</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">1.75</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">27.64</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1">Rich, Medium Red</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Native Red Oxide</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">0.85</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">89.00</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">0.91</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">6.09</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1">Medium Red, Brownish Tone</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Special Red</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">0.57</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">43.87</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">50.88</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">2.03</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">1.30</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1">Scarlet Tone</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Red Oxide</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">1.44</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">60.25</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">.78</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">5.41</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">15.78</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1">Brownish-Red</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right">11</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Venetian Red</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">.30</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">34.08</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">52.60</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">2.20</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">3.39</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1">Bright Red-Brown</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right">12</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">B. Oxide</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">0.58</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">67.68</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">2.48</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">1.97</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1">Dark Red Brown</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right">13</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Venetian Red</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">0.29</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">25.92</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">58.62</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">2.16</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">1.42</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1">Medium Red Tone</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right">14</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Venetian Red</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">0.57</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">35.36</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">.99</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">12.06</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">47.97</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1">Brown</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right">15</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Metallic Brown</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">2.59</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">64.00</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">.63</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">5.82</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">23.42</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1">Rich Brown</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right">16</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Crimson Oxide</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">0.57</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">66.24</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">1.77</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">3.60</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">25.63</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1">Rich Dark Red</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right">17</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Red Oxide</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">2.30</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">80.39</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">.37</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">.03</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">9.63</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1">Medium Brown</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right">18</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Red Oxide</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">0.57</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">61.28</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">.97</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">2.68</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">15.94</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1">Light Chocolate Brown</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Red Oxide</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">7.78</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">46.72</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">1.70</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">7.64</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">20.38</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1">Dark Reddish Brown</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right">23</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Special French Oxide</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">0.58</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">72.48</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">8.80</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">4.48</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1">Deep Chocolate Brown</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right">24</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Micaceous Black Oxide</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">2.02</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">86.27</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">2.04</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">9.50</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1">Dark Gray Tone</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right">25</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Black Oxide</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">33.12</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">57.12</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">1.44</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1">Jet Black</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right">26</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Red Oxide</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">0.57</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">84.16</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">5.00</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">2.00</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">.63</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1">Deep Red</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right">27</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Special Red</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">0.57</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">38.40</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">55.62</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">2.12</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">1.53</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1">Medium Red</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="right">28</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Oxide C</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">30.40</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">.94</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">13.60</td> +<td class="right br padr3 padl3">42.30</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1">Brown</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></p> + +<p><b>Analysis of Iron Oxide Pigments.</b> Because of the great +consideration now being given to iron oxide paints, the writer +secured a series of oxides widely used in this country, and has +determined the most important constituents of each.</p> + +<p><b>Basic Lead Chromate (American Vermilion).</b> By boiling +white lead with chromate of soda and subsequently treating with +small quantities of sulphuric acid, American vermilion, or basic +lead chromate, is prepared. It contains 98% of lead compounds, +frequently free chromates, and has a gravity of 6.8. +The <a href="#Photo31">particles</a> appear granular and large, frequently assuming +a square structure.</p> + +<p><b>Red Lead.</b> By the continued oxidation of litharge in reverberatory +furnaces, red lead is produced as a brilliant red pigment +with a specific gravity of 8.7. The pigment <a href="#Photo32">particles</a> +appear to be of many sizes, showing a slight tendency to form a +compact mass.</p> + +<p><b>Paranitraniline Red.</b> Paranitraniline red, a very bright red +material largely used in tinting paints, is prepared by diazotizing +paranitraniline in hydrochloric acid by means of sodium nitrite +in the cold. This compound is rendered insoluble when precipitated +directly on barytes, by acting on it with an alkaline +solution of beta naphthol. It is the most stable and permanent +bright red organic pigment which the paint manufacturer uses. +The <a href="#Photo33">particles</a> of this pigment appear in various sizes, due, no +doubt, to a massing of the particles in the precipitation process.</p> + +<p><b>Chrome Yellow.</b> The neutral chromate of lead, made from +either the nitrate or acetate of lead and chromate of soda, finds +wide use as a tinting pigment. When precipitated on a white +pigment base, various trade names are given to it. The <a href="#Photo34">microscope</a> +shows clearly the physical character of this pigment.</p> + +<p><b>Zinc Chromate.</b> This <a href="#Photo35">pigment</a> is made either from zinc salts +and bichromate of potash or zinc oxide heated with chrome +salts, frequently in the presence of acid. Like the rest of the +chromate pigments, it is a very slow-drying material, often requiring +over a week to set up, unless considerable drier is added. +In spite of the impurities which it carries, it has shown itself +to be one of the most inhibitive pigments known and has +demonstrated its value in even small percentages in paints for +iron and steel. It dries to a hard adherent film that tends to +protect metal from corrosion.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></p> + +<table class="illo" summary="Illustrations P 65"> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><a name="Photo29" id="Photo29"></a><img src="images/illo076a.jpg" alt="Indian Red" +width="300" height="298" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><a name="Photo30" id="Photo30"></a><img src="images/illo076b.jpg" alt="Metallic Brown" +width="300" height="296" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption">Indian Red</td> +<td class="caption">Metallic Brown</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><a name="Photo31" id="Photo31"></a><img src="images/illo076c.jpg" alt="Basic Lead Chromate" +width="300" height="299" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><a name="Photo32" id="Photo32"></a><img src="images/illo076d.jpg" alt="Red Lead" +width="300" height="301" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption">Basic Lead Chromate (American Vermilion)</td> +<td class="caption">Red Lead</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><a name="Photo33" id="Photo33"></a><img src="images/illo076e.jpg" alt="Paranitraniline" +width="300" height="298" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><a name="Photo34" id="Photo34"></a><img src="images/illo076f.jpg" alt="Chrome Yellow" +width="300" height="304" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption">Paranitraniline</td> +<td class="caption">Chrome Yellow</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span><b>Prussian Blue.</b> On oxidizing the precipitate resulting from +the interaction of solutions of prussiate of potash and copperas +(iron sulphate), Prussian blue as used in the paint trade is prepared. +It has a specific gravity of 1.9. The pigment shows +an amorphous structure, the <a href="#Photo36">particles</a> varying greatly in size.</p> + +<p><b>Ultramarine Blue.</b> This bright blue pigment is prepared by +burning silica, china clay, soda ash and sulphur in pots or furnaces. +It has a specific gravity of 2.4. It is of little value as +a paint pigment on account of its sulphur content, which causes +darkening when mixed with lead pigments, and corrosion when +applied to iron or steel. The darkness of the <a href="#Photo37">photograph</a> is due +to the massing of the pigment particles.</p> + +<p><b>Chrome Green.</b> Chrome green is prepared as a paint pigment +from nitrate of lead, Chinese blue, and bichromate of soda. +It has a gravity of 4 and is liable to contain slight traces of lead +salts. The <a href="#Photo38">particles</a> when magnified appear very fine and +flocculent. This color is often precipitated on pigments, such +as barytes, which do not reduce its tone.</p> + +<p><b>Bone Black.</b> By grinding the carbonaceous matter resulting +from the charring of bones, in iron retorts, the pigment bone +black is prepared. It contains about 15% of carbon and +85% of calcium phosphate. It has a gravity of 2.7. Comparatively +large <a href="#Photo39">particles</a> of charred bone can be seen scattered +throughout the mass, resulting from the difficulty of +grinding to a uniform size.</p> + +<p><b>Carbon Black.</b> This form of very pure carbon results from +the combustion of gas. Its gravity, 1.09, is lower than that +of lampblack, which shows a gravity of 1.8. It is used in +much the same way and for the same purposes as lampblack. +In <a href="#Photo40">physical appearance</a> it shows great similarity to the particles +of lampblack.</p> + +<p><b>Lampblack.</b> This pigment, made from the combustion of +oils, consists very often of more than 99% carbon. It has +wonderful tinting value. The <a href="#Photo41">particles</a> show a fine, fibrous +structure with a tendency toward agglomeration. They differ +greatly in physical appearance from those of either graphite or +bone black, being exceedingly more uniform than the latter.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></p> + +<table class="illo" summary="Illustrations P 67"> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><a name="Photo35" id="Photo35"></a> +<img src="images/illo078a.jpg" alt="Zinc Chromate" width="300" height="299" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><a name="Photo36" id="Photo36"></a><img src="images/illo078b.jpg" alt="Prussian Blue" +width="300" height="297" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption">Zinc Chromate</td> +<td class="caption">Prussian Blue</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><a name="Photo37" id="Photo37"></a><img src="images/illo078c.jpg" alt="Ultramarine Blue" +width="300" height="296" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><a name="Photo38" id="Photo38"></a><img src="images/illo078d.jpg" alt="Chrome Green" +width="300" height="298" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption">Ultramarine Blue</td> +<td class="caption">Chrome Green</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><a name="Photo39" id="Photo39"></a><img src="images/illo078e.jpg" alt="Bone Black" +width="300" height="295" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><a name="Photo40" id="Photo40"></a><img src="images/illo078f.jpg" alt="Carbon Black" +width="300" height="301" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption">Bone Black</td> +<td class="caption">Carbon Black</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span><b>Graphite.</b> Graphite, both in the natural and artificial form, +contains impurities such as silica, iron oxide and alumina, but +the natural form has a much greater percentage of these foreign +materials, in some cases as high as 40%. Graphite is usually +mixed with other pigments, such as red lead and sublimed blue +lead, thus serving better as a paint coating. The difference +in physical appearance of the various carbon pigments is interesting, +as each pigment has characteristics of its own. In +graphite we find a great tendency toward agglomeration or +massing of <a href="#Photo42">particles</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mineral Black.</b> Mineral black is a pigment made by grinding +a black form of slate. It contains a comparatively low percentage +of carbon and consequently has low tinting value. It +finds use as an inert pigment in compounded paints, especially +for machine fillers. The pigment has a flocculent appearance, +the <a href="#Photo43">particles</a> showing a strong tendency to mass.</p> + +<p>Photomicrographs of two combination paint pigments are +<a href="#Photo44">here</a> given, to show the various pigments as they appear under +the microscope, when in combination.</p> + +<h5>PERCENTAGES OF OIL REQUIRED FOR GRINDING VARIOUS<br /> +DRY PIGMENTS INTO AVERAGE PASTE FORM</h5> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Table P 63"> + +<tr> +<td class="left">White lead (corroded)</td> +<td class="right padl1">9%</td> +<td class="left padl2">Chrome green, 25%, color extra dark</td> +<td class="right padl1">17%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">White lead (sublimed)</td> +<td class="right padl1">10%</td> +<td class="left padl2">Graphite (pure)</td> +<td class="right padl1">40%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc lead (American)</td> +<td class="right padl1">12%</td> +<td class="left padl2">Indian red, (98%)</td> +<td class="right padl1">20%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">French process zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right padl1">17%</td> +<td class="left padl2">Ochre, yellow, American</td> +<td class="right padl1">26%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">American process zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right padl1">16%</td> +<td class="left padl2">Ochre, yellow, French</td> +<td class="right padl1">28%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Blanc fixe</td> +<td class="right padl1">30%</td> +<td class="left padl2">Ochre, golden</td> +<td class="right padl1">28%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Barytes (natural)</td> +<td class="right padl1">9%</td> +<td class="left padl2">Red, Venetian</td> +<td class="right padl1">23%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Paris white (whiting)</td> +<td class="right padl1">20%</td> +<td class="left padl2">Red, Oxide</td> +<td class="right padl1">25%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Terra alba (gypsum)</td> +<td class="right padl1">22%</td> +<td class="left padl2">Red, Tuscan</td> +<td class="right padl1">27%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Floated silica or Silex</td> +<td class="right padl1">26%</td> +<td class="left padl2">Red, Turkey</td> +<td class="right padl1">28%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Kaolin (China clay)</td> +<td class="right padl1">28%</td> +<td class="left padl2">Red, lead</td> +<td class="right padl1">12%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Asbestine</td> +<td class="right padl1">32%</td> +<td class="left padl2">Red, lake</td> +<td class="right padl1">55%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Blue, ultramarine</td> +<td class="right padl1">27%</td> +<td class="left padl2">Sienna, Italian, raw</td> +<td class="right padl1">52%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Blue, Chinese or Prussian</td> +<td class="right padl1">50%</td> +<td class="left padl2">Sienna, Italian, burnt</td> +<td class="right padl1">45%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Black, gas carbon</td> +<td class="right padl1">82%</td> +<td class="left padl2">Sienna, American, burnt</td> +<td class="right padl1">38%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Black, lamp</td> +<td class="right padl1">72%</td> +<td class="left padl2">Sienna, American, raw</td> +<td class="right padl1">40%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Black, drop</td> +<td class="right padl1">60%</td> +<td class="left padl2">Ultramarine green</td> +<td class="right padl1">28%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Black, bone</td> +<td class="right padl1">50%</td> +<td class="left padl2">Umber, Turkey, raw</td> +<td class="right padl1">48%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Brown, mineral</td> +<td class="right padl1">24%</td> +<td class="left padl2">Umber, Turkey, burnt</td> +<td class="right padl1">47%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Brown, vandyke</td> +<td class="right padl1">50%</td> +<td class="left padl2">Umber, American, burnt</td> +<td class="right padl1">36%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Chrome yellow, lemon</td> +<td class="right padl1">23%</td> +<td class="left padl2">Umber, American, raw</td> +<td class="right padl1">38%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Chrome yellow, medium</td> +<td class="right padl1">30%</td> +<td class="left padl2">Verona green (terra verte or green earth)</td> +<td class="right padl1">32%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Chrome yellow, orange</td> +<td class="right padl1">20%</td> +<td class="left padl2">Vermilion, English (quicksilver)</td> +<td class="right padl1">14%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Chrome yellow, dark orange</td> +<td class="right padl1">15%</td> +<td class="left padl2">Vermilion, American (chrome red)</td> +<td class="right padl1">16%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Chrome green, Chem. pure light</td> +<td class="right padl1">21%</td> +<td class="left padl2">Paris green, American</td> +<td class="right padl1">23%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Chrome green, Chem. pure extra dark</td> +<td class="right padl1">25%</td> +<td class="left padl2">Zinc chromate (permanent yellow)</td> +<td class="right padl1">15%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Chrome green, 25%, color light</td> +<td class="right padl1">13%</td> +<td class="left padl2"> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></p> + +<table class="illo" summary="Photos P 69"> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><a name="Photo41" id="Photo41"></a> +<img src="images/illo080a.jpg" alt="Lampblack" width="300" height="295" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><a name="Photo42" id="Photo42"></a> +<img src="images/illo080b.jpg" alt="Graphite" width="300" height="295" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption">Lampblack</td> +<td class="caption">Graphite</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="figcenter"><a name="Photo43" id="Photo43"></a><img src="images/illo080c.jpg" alt="Mineral Black" +width="300" height="299" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="caption">Mineral Black</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><a name="Photo44" id="Photo44"></a> +<img src="images/illo080d.jpg" alt="Asbestine and Whiting" width="300" height="297" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo080e.jpg" alt="Silica and Asbestine" width="300" height="303" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption">Asbestine and Whiting</td> +<td class="caption">Silica and Asbestine</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<hr class="c25" /> +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV</h2> + +<h3>PHYSICAL LABORATORY PAINT TESTS</h3> + + +<p>For the paint chemist who desires to familiarize himself with +the more recent analytical methods worked out in American +laboratories, reference may be had to treatises on the analysis +of paints, by Gardner and Schaeffer,<a name="FNanchor_1_13" id="FNanchor_1_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_13" +class="fnanchor">[13]</a> and Holley and Ladd.<a name="FNanchor_2_14" id="FNanchor_2_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_14" +class="fnanchor">[14]</a> +Analytical methods are not included in this chapter, the writer’s +desire being to treat the subject from the standpoint of the physical +properties of painting materials. The work outlined herein +is of a nature that affords a wide field of research, and a brief +study will doubtless suggest similar work to the student of paint.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_13" id="Footnote_1_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_13"><span +class="label">[13]</span></a> The Analysis of Paints and Painting Materials. McGraw-Hill Book +Co., New York, 1910.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_14" id="Footnote_2_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_14"><span +class="label">[14]</span></a> Mixed Paints, Color Pigments and Varnishes. John Wiley & Sons, +New York, 1908.</p></div> + +<p><b>Preparation of Paint Films.</b> The study of paint films is one +that has become of vital importance, and is receiving at the +present time great attention. Among the many methods which +have been suggested and attempted for securing paint films, a +few already well known may be mentioned.</p> + +<p>By painting upon zinc and eating away the zinc with acid: +The objection to this method is very evident, namely, the action +of the acid upon the paint coating, which is likely to be very +severe. Another method has been to spread paraffin on a glass +plate, and painting upon this surface. When the paint is dried, +the paraffin is melted off and thus the film is obtained. This +method is open to objections, in that the paraffin surface is not +a comparable one upon which to paint, and also that the complete +removal of the paraffin is not assured.</p> + +<p>Another method consists in covering a piece of glass with tin +foil, painting out the film upon the foil, and after drying properly, +to remove the sheet of foil with its coating of paint and immerse +in a bath of mercury which, by amalgamation of the tin, leaves +the paint film.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span>We now come to a method worked out in our laboratories, which +can be recommended as being not only simple but efficient and +practical. It has been found that a size from noodle glue, when +painted upon ordinary fair-quality paper, makes a surface from +which the paint may be subsequently stripped. The paint is +applied in the ordinary way to the paper, which is held during +the operation by thumb tacks, and allowed to dry. The paint +may be separated by immersion in water kept at about 50 degrees +Centigrade. By this method large films may be obtained, but it +has been found very unhandy to work with films exceeding an +area of eight inches square. When the film of paint has been +detached from the sized paper through the dissolving of the +noodle glue, the paint film is then immersed in a fresh solution +of water, in order to remove whatever excess of noodle glue there +may be remaining. A glass rod is then introduced into the +bath, in which the paint film is floated upon the glass rod, which +is then hung up to dry in a suitable container to prevent the +accumulation of dust, etc.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo082.jpg" +alt="Relative Permeability of Films by Amount of Whiting" width="500" height="350" /> +<p class="caption">Bottles Showing Relative Permeability of Films by Amount of Whiting +Formed Within</p></div> + +<p><b>The Permeability of Paint Films.</b> A series of tests were made +to determine the water-excluding values of various combinations +of painting pigments ground in pure linseed oil. White pine +boards, six inches long, four inches wide, and one inch thick, were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> +carefully prepared and numbered and given three coats of a white +paint formula of the corresponding number. After drying, the +boards were carefully weighed and immersed in a tub of water +for three weeks. After removal, the surfaces of the boards were +dried with blotting paper and the boards weighed. The gain +in weight, corresponding to the amount of water penetrating +through the pores of the wood, was observed. The boards were +again immersed and at the end of two months the following +results were obtained:</p> + +<table class="braces fsize80" summary="Table P 72"> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center">Formula<br />No.</td> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +<td class="center">Grammes of water<br />absorbed<br />through paint</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1">1.</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left">Soya bean oil</td> +<td class="right padr6">120</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1">2.</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left">Linseed oil</td> +<td class="right padr6">102</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1">3.</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left">Calcium sulphate</td> +<td class="right padr6">93</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1">4.</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left">Barytes</td> +<td class="right padr6">88</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1">5.</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left">Asbestine</td> +<td class="right padr6">74</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1">6.</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left">Corroded white lead</td> +<td class="right padr6">59</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td rowspan="5" class="right padr1">7.</td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎧</b></td> +<td class="left">Basic carb.—White lead</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎫</b></td> +<td rowspan="5" class="right padr6">58</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="left padr1">Basic sulph.—White lead</td> +<td class="right">20%</td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎨</b></td> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎬</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="left">Calcium sulphate</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎩</b></td> +<td class="left">Calcium carbonate</td> +<td class="right">5%</td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎭</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1">8.</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left">Sublimed white lead</td> +<td class="right padr6">56</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1">9.</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right padr6">56</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎧</b></td> +<td class="left">Zinc lead white</td> +<td class="right">30%</td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎫</b></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">40%</td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1">10.</td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎨</b></td> +<td class="left">Basic carb.—White lead</td> +<td class="right">20%</td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎬</b></td> +<td class="right padr6">42</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎩</b></td> +<td class="left">Calcium carbonate</td> +<td class="right">10%</td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎭</b></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td rowspan="2" class="right padr1">11.</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left">Basic carb.—White lead</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="fsize150">}</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right padr6">42</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td rowspan="3" class="right padr1">12.</td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎧</b></td> +<td class="left">Basic carb.—White lead</td> +<td class="right">38%</td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎫</b></td> +<td rowspan="3" class="right padr6">38</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎨</b></td> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">48%</td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎬</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="symb"><b>⎩</b></td> +<td class="left">Silica</td> +<td class="right">14%</td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎭</b></td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p>The test boards were then exposed, with their content of +water, to the action of the sun’s rays. Blistering of the painted +surfaces took place in many cases, caused by the rapid withdrawal +of the water and its consequent action on the paint film. +The tests seem to indicate that a mixture of white lead and zinc +oxide, with or without a small percentage of the inert pigments, +is not as subject to the action of the water as the single pigment +paints. In order, however, to corroborate these tests, it occurred +to the writer to develop a more visible means of demonstrating +the passage of moisture through paint films.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo084.jpg" alt="Bell Jar Apparatus" width="300" height="520" /> +<p class="caption">Bell Jar Apparatus for Testing Permeability of Paint Films</p> +<p class="subcaption">Paint films sealed over mouths of Bottles containing Lime Water. +Carbonic Acid Gas generated under Bell Jar passes through Plate +Films and precipitates Calcium Carbonate</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>Another series of white pine boards were therefore soaked in +a solution of iron sulphate for several hours. After removal, the +surface of each board was dried and coated with one coat of the +paints previously tested. After thorough drying for forty-eight +hours, there was placed on the surface of each board a few drops +of a solution of potassium ferrocyanide. This solution has the +effect of producing a blue coloration with iron sulphate, and in +every case when it was placed on a paint of considerable porosity, +the solution penetrated through and formed a blue coloration +beneath the paint. The results corroborated the original tests +referred to above.</p> + +<p>A series of sheets or films of paints were then prepared according +to the method referred to on <a href="#Page_71">page 71</a>. These films were +placed over glass dialyzing cups, allowing the inner surfaces to +sag so as to hold a small amount of dilute ammonium chloride +solution. Distilled water was placed on the reverse side of +the dialyzing apparatus and the tests started. At the end of +six days the distilled water in each test was examined and the +following results obtained:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="ind10">Test No. 1 (corroded white lead and asbestine film) allowed +the passage of 0.002 gm. ammonium chloride.<br /> +Test No. 2 (corroded white lead and zinc oxide film) allowed +the passage of 0.0003 gm. ammonium chloride.</p> +</div> + +<p>Tests were also made with dilute solutions of other salts such +as ferric chloride, having a dilute solution of potassium sulpho-cyanide +on the reverse side of the apparatus. In the latter case +the formation of a pink color, characteristic upon the mingling +of these solutions, was obtained in a few hours.</p> + +<p><b>Film-Testing Machine.</b> A <a href="#Photo45">film-testing apparatus</a>, termed a +“filmometer” by its originator, Mr. R. S. Perry, was constructed, +with the following features: A graduated upright +tube is fixed by means of sealing wax to two metallic plates which +carry an evenly bored hole, exactly under the hole in the upright +tube. This hole measures exactly one square centimeter +in area, and is circular. The upright tube is graduated into lineal +centimeters and is called the pressure tube.</p> + +<p>Attached to the lower end of this pressure tube, close to the +metallic plates which serve as carriers for the paint film to be +tested, is a side-neck, which is inclined at an angle of 45 degrees +to the pressure tube, and serves the purpose of introducing the +mercury, as will be described later. Immediately under the +openings in the metallic plates which carry the film are arranged +two pieces of iron inclined at a 90-degree angle, so arranged that +when the pressure of mercury is applied and causes rupture of +the film, the falling mercury shall be caught between these two +insulated plates and cause contact. These two plates are connected +up by wire with a pair of magnets, thence to an electric +bell, and from there to storage batteries which supply the current.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo086.jpg" alt="Gardner Accelerated Test Box" width="500" height="274" /> +<p class="caption">Gardner Accelerated Test Box</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><a name="Photo45" id="Photo45"></a> +<img src="images/illo087.jpg" alt="Perry Film Testing Machine" width="300" height="441" /> +<p class="caption">Perry Film Testing Machine</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span>A film of paint is tested in the following manner: A piece of +film one inch square is cut out and placed between the two +metallic plates which hold the film immediately under the pressure +tube. Mercury is run in from a burette through the side-neck +and applies pressure upon the film by gravity. As the +mercury is run in it rises of course in the tubes until this pressure +becomes so great as to finally break the film. At this point the +mercury will run out, and, falling upon the two insulated iron +plates immediately below, will cause contact and close the +circuit which rings an electric bell, which is a signal for the operator +to shut off the inflow of mercury through the side-neck from +the burette.</p> + +<p>The pressure tube is also supplied with a piston which is made +of a piece of thin iron wire having a disc attached to its lower +end. As the mercury rises in the pressure tube this iron wire +is pushed up, being very delicately counterpoised over a wheel. +Upon the breaking of the film the mercury runs out, but upon +falling upon the two iron plates underneath causes contact to be +made, which causes the current to run through the pair of magnets +before mentioned, which, becoming electrified, attract the piston +in the pressure tube, giving a reading for the maximum height +of the column of mercury.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"><img src="images/illo089.png" alt="Diagram of Perry Filomometer" width="350" height="505" /> +<p class="caption">Diagram of Perry Filmometer</p> +<p class="center fsize80"><a href="images/large089.png">Open large scale image (49 kB).</a></p> +</div> + +<p>The supply of mercury being shut off, the operator is now in +a position to determine the total sum of both the elasticity and +ductility of the paint film, and also the pressure at which the +film broke. The breaking pressure of course is read directly +upon the pressure column, which is divided into centimeters +as has been described above, the piston indicating the maximum +height of the mercury column. What may be termed +the elasticity of the film can now be calculated. As is perfectly +evident, the film in stretching does so by distending from a flat +surface to a curved or cup-like surface. If the pressure tube is +calibrated in cubic centimeters reckoned from a flat surface +where the film was introduced, the stretch of the paint film in +distending from a flat surface to a curved surface may be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span> determined. +The cubic contents of the pressure tube and side-arm +become increased, owing to the cup-like shape the paint film +takes on. By subtracting the amount of mercury indicated by +the piston in the pressure tube from the amount of mercury +delivered from the burette, the amount contained in the distended +paint film is obtained, which serves as a measure of elasticity. +The temperature is a most important point to consider +in running daily tests upon the filmometer. The tests made by +the writer were conducted at 70 degrees Fahrenheit throughout.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"><a name="Photo46" id="Photo46"></a> +<img src="images/illo090.jpg" alt="Gardner-de Horvath Apparatus" width="250" height="479" /> +<p class="caption">Gardner-de Horvath film testing apparatus</p></div> + +<p><b>Gardner-de Horvath Filmometer.</b> Another type of filmometer +which gives very concordant results was recently devised +by the writer and de Horvath. This apparatus is shown <a href="#Photo46">above</a>.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>It consists of a three-necked Wolff bottle having provision +at one of its necks for exhausting the air from the bottle. The +reverse neck is provided with a gauged glass tube dipping into +a porcelain crucible containing mercury, thus acting as a manometer. +The middle neck is fitted to accommodate two ground +glass plates. Both these plates are provided with a central +orifice one millimeter in diameter. Between the plates is placed +a small section of paint film. The plates may be pressed together +or clamped together and placed over the middle neck of the +bottle, a close contact being made with Canada balsam. As +the air is exhausted from the bottle, the mercury in the tube +will rise and continue in its ascent until the film, which is +exposed to atmospheric pressure, has offered it maximum resistance, +which is shown by the breaking point. This point is +observed on the manometer and the result expressed in centimeters +of mercury.</p> + +<p><b>Table of Film Testing Results.</b> By means of the Perry film-testing +apparatus, described in the above, interesting results have +been obtained, which are embodied in the following table:</p> + +<h5><span class="smcap">Comparative Strengths of Films as Obtained by the Breaking<br /> +Machine</span></h5> + +<table class="braces fsize80" summary="Table P 72"> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="bt2 br bb"> </td> +<td class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">No. Coats</td> +<td class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">Pressure</td> +<td class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">Thickness</td> +<td class="center bt2 bb padr1 padl1">Stretch</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1">1.</td> +<td class="left padr1 br">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="center br">3</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">33.2</td> +<td class="center br">0028</td> +<td class="center">.30</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1">2.</td> +<td class="left padr1 br">Zinc lead</td> +<td class="center br">3</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">32.7</td> +<td class="center br">0034</td> +<td class="center">.35</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1">3.</td> +<td class="left padr1 br">Asbestine</td> +<td class="center br">3</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">28.0</td> +<td class="center br">0045</td> +<td class="center">.15</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1">4.</td> +<td class="left padr1 br">Sublimed white lead</td> +<td class="center br">3</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">17.9</td> +<td class="center br">0024</td> +<td class="center">.38</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1">5.</td> +<td class="left padr1 br">Barytes</td> +<td class="center br">3</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">13.3</td> +<td class="center br">0042</td> +<td class="center">.33</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1">6.</td> +<td class="left padr1 br">Lithopone</td> +<td class="center br">3</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">13.1</td> +<td class="center br">0024</td> +<td class="center">.49</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1">7.</td> +<td class="left padr1 br">Whiting</td> +<td class="center br">3</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">13.0</td> +<td class="center br">0033</td> +<td class="center">.32</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1">8.</td> +<td class="left padr1 br">Quick process white lead</td> +<td class="center br">3</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">11.3</td> +<td class="center br">0025</td> +<td class="center">.38</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1">9.</td> +<td class="left padr1 br">Gypsum</td> +<td class="center br">3</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">10.8</td> +<td class="center br">0039</td> +<td class="center">.29</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1">10.</td> +<td class="left padr1 br">China clay</td> +<td class="center br">3</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">10.8</td> +<td class="center br">0035</td> +<td class="center">.16</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1">11.</td> +<td class="left padr1 br">Silex</td> +<td class="center br">3</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">9.6</td> +<td class="center br">0032</td> +<td class="center">.32</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1">12.</td> +<td class="left padr1 br">Blanc fixe</td> +<td class="center br">3</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">8.5</td> +<td class="center br">0030</td> +<td class="center">.28</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1">13.</td> +<td class="left padr1 br">Corroded white lead</td> +<td class="center br">3</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">7.3</td> +<td class="center br">0020</td> +<td class="center">.33</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="right padr1">14.</td> +<td class="left padr1 br">Barium carbonate</td> +<td class="center br">3</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">7.2</td> +<td class="center br">0028</td> +<td class="center">.16</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p>By means of this machine it is possible to obtain very valuable +information concerning the effect of age upon a paint as influencing +its strength and elasticity. These are two vital qualities +in a paint, as it is through its strength that a paint resists abrasion, +cracking, peeling, and blistering. That elasticity is a vital qualification<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> +of a paint may easily be seen through the checking of +oil paintings, which, as Ostwalt has pointed out, is due to the +unequal coefficients of expansion between the ground and the +paint. This is particularly noticeable in the alligatoring of many +enamels which contain large percentages of zinc.</p> + +<p>Curves have been prepared having pressure as an abscissa +and elasticity as ordinate. These curves show remarkable +differences in different pigments. For instance, in the case of +white lead, the curve takes a steep upward trend when it apparently +reaches a maximum, the curve then flattening out and +finally taking another steep upward trend just before breaking. +This may be construed as follows: That under low pressures +the white lead film is perfectly elastic, when a maximum is +obtained, beyond which elasticity does not extend. This point +is the maximum point of the upward trend. From here on +pressure may be applied without any increase in stretch, this +being represented by the flat part of the curve, while the steep +upward trend just before breaking shows where the paint begins +to tear, finally culminating in breaking. In the case of asbestine, +however, the curve is more of a straight line up to the breaking +point, which would go to prove that elasticity is proportionate +to pressure in the case of this pigment.</p> + +<p><b>Moisture Absorption.</b> The structure of certain pigments is +such that when they are ground in linseed oil and painted out, +films are produced which are very water-resistant. This action +is possibly due to the filling of the voids in the oil, thus making +a compact and water-resistant film. Pigments which are coarse +and which present an angular crystalline structure, often produce +films which contain a relatively large number of voids and are +less waterproof. Certain pigments are chemically active and +tend to produce, when ground in oil, metallic soaps which act +for a time more or less as varnish gums, in keeping out moisture. +Later on, however, such films are apt to break down and admit +moisture in quantity. The tests herein described were designed +by the author to determine the water-excluding value of a number +of typical pigments when ground in linseed oil and painted out +into films. Unfortunately, no method has been devised by +which films of the same gauge could be prepared. The variations +in the thickness of the films used in these experiments, however, +are not very great.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><a name="Photo47" id="Photo47"></a> +<img src="images/illo093.jpg" alt="Apparatus for Determining Excluding Properties" width="300" height="412" /> +<p class="caption">Apparatus for Determining Excluding Properties of Paint Films</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span>A +series of small <a href="#Photo47">glass bottles</a> with wide mouths, holding +about two ounces, were half filled with concentrated sulphuric +acid, and paint films were tightly sealed over the mouths of the +bottles with Canada balsam. The bottles were then carefully +labeled, numbered, and accurately weighed upon chemical balances. +Later they were exposed under a large glass bell jar containing +air saturated with moisture and kept at a constant +temperature. The bottles were removed from the receptacle +every week and reweighed. The increase in weight, due to the +amount of moisture which had penetrated through the films, and +absorbed by the sulphuric acid, owing to its hygroscopic nature, +was thus determined. In another series of bottles, lumps of +calcium chloride were substituted for the sulphuric acid. The +results obtained from these tests correspond to those of the +former tests, and led to the conclusion that the porosity of linseed +oil films varied when different pigments were used in the oil.</p> + +<h5><span class="smcap">Moisture Experiments</span></h5> + +<p class="center">Figures Given Express Percentage Gain in Weight,<br />e.g., Water Absorbed</p> + +<table class="fsize80 braces" summary="Table P 83"> + +<tr> +<td class="center bt2 br bb"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">7 days</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">21 days</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center bt2 bb padr1 padl1">49 days</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">White lead and zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right padl2">0.043</td> +<td class="left padl0 padr2 br">%</td> +<td class="right padl2">0.115</td> +<td class="left padl0 padr2 br">%</td> +<td class="right padl2">0.266</td> +<td class="left padl0 padr2">%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Zinc lead white</td> +<td class="right padl2">0.049</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl2">0.130</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl2">0.284</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Red lead</td> +<td class="right padl2">0.049</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl2">0.130</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl2">0.295</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Sublimed white lead</td> +<td class="right padl2">0.049</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl2">0.128</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl2">0.292</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Zinc chromate</td> +<td class="right padl2">0.064</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl2">0.176</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl2">0.417</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right padl2">0.065</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl2">0.172</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl2">0.391</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Barytes</td> +<td class="right padl2">0.074</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl2">0.202</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl2">0.466</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Willow charcoal</td> +<td class="right padl2">0.077</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl2">0.236</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl2">0.694</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Lithopone</td> +<td class="right padl2">0.083</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl2">0.228</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl2">0.550</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Chinese blue</td> +<td class="right padl2">0.092</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl2">0.276</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl2">0.671</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Natural graphite</td> +<td class="right padl2">0.104</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl2">0.350</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl2">0.951</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="left br padr1">Ultramarine</td> +<td class="right padl2">0.119</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl2">0.336</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padl2">0.814</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p>Another series of tests was started, in which were used films +prepared from various oils and varnishes made especially for +the test from different gums. The results of this series are very +interesting, as they indicate that certain gums are more powerful +than others in making oils resistant to moisture. The reader +should study with care the data on treated Chinese wood oil, +most excellent results having been obtained when it was used +in the proper percentage.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></p> + +<h5><span class="smcap">Excluding Tests on Oil Vehicles and Varnishes<br />showing Percentage +of Moisture absorbed at<br />various Periods</span></h5> + +<table class="braces fsize80" summary="Table P 84"> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="bt2 br bb"> </td> +<td class="center bt2 br bb padl1 padr1">6 days</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center bt2 br bb padl1 padr1">18 days</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center bt2 bb padl1 padr1">24 days</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left br">Linseed oil, 100%</td> +<td class="center br">.233</td> +<td class="right">.68</td> +<td class="left br padl0 padr1">6</td> +<td class="right">.89</td> +<td class="left padl0 padr1">5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left br">Soya bean oil, 100%</td> +<td class="center br">.340</td> +<td class="right">1.06</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">1.39</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Linseed oil, 80%</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="br fsize150">}</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br">.250</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right">.75</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="left br padl0 padr1">5</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right">.98</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="left padl0 padr1">7</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Soya bean oil, 20%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Linseed oil, 60%</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="br fsize150">}</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br">.289</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right">.85</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="left br padl0 padr1">7</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right">1.12</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="left padl0 padr1">5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Soya bean oil, 40%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Linseed oil, 40%</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="br fsize150">}</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br">.355</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right">1.05</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right">1.39</td> +<td rowspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Soya bean oil, 60%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Linseed oil, 20%</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="br fsize150">}</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br">.260</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right">.78</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="left br padl0 padr1">9</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right">1.03</td> +<td rowspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Soya bean oil, 80%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left br">China wood oil treated, 100%</td> +<td class="center br">.130</td> +<td class="right">.29</td> +<td class="left br padl0 padr1">7</td> +<td class="right">.37</td> +<td class="left padl0 padr1">5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Linseed oil, 80%</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="br fsize150">}</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br">.182</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right">.55</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="left br padl0 padr1">9</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right">.72</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="left padl0 padr1">8</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">China wood oil treated, 20%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Linseed oil, 60%</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="br fsize150">}</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br">.173</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right">.54</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="left br padl0 padr1">0</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right">.70</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="left padl0 padr1">8</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">China wood oil treated, 40%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Linseed oil, 40%</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="br fsize150">}</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br">.119</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right">.34</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="left br padl0 padr1">8</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right">.45</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="left padl0 padr1">0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">China wood oil treated, 60%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Linseed oil, 20%</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="br fsize150">}</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br">.127</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right">.37</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="left br padl0 padr1">5</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right">.49</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="left padl0 padr1">4</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">China wood oil treated, 80%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Kauri gum, 33%</td> +<td class="symb br"><b>⎫</b></td> +<td rowspan="3" class="center br">.061</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="right">.19</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="left br padl0 padr1">1</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="right">.30</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="left padl0 padr1">2</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Linseed oil, 33%</td> +<td class="symb br"><b>⎬</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Turpentine, 33%</td> +<td class="symb br"><b>⎭</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Kauri gum, 25%</td> +<td class="symb br"><b>⎫</b></td> +<td rowspan="3" class="center br">.096</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="right">.26</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="left br padl0 padr1">6</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="right">.34</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="left padl0 padr1">6</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Linseed oil, 50%</td> +<td class="symb br"><b>⎬</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Turpentine, 25%</td> +<td class="symb br"><b>⎭</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Kauri gum, 20%</td> +<td class="symb br"><b>⎫</b></td> +<td rowspan="3" class="center br">.122</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="right">.36</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="left br padl0 padr1">7</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="right">.44</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="left padl0 padr1">9</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Linseed oil, 60%</td> +<td class="symb br"><b>⎬</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Turpentine, 20%</td> +<td class="symb br"><b>⎭</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Kauri gum, 15%</td> +<td class="symb br"><b>⎫</b></td> +<td rowspan="3" class="center br">.187</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="right">.42</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="left br padl0 padr1">1</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="right">.60</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="left padl0 padr1">1</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Linseed oil, 70%</td> +<td class="symb br"><b>⎬</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Turpentine, 15%</td> +<td class="symb br"><b>⎭</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Congo copal gum, 20%</td> +<td class="symb br"><b>⎫</b></td> +<td rowspan="3" class="center br">.228</td> +<td rowspan="3" colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td rowspan="3" colspan="2" class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Linseed oil, 50%</td> +<td class="symb br"><b>⎬</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Turpentine, 30%</td> +<td class="symb br"><b>⎭</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sierra Leone copal, 20%</td> +<td class="symb br"><b>⎫</b></td> +<td rowspan="3" class="center br">.099</td> +<td rowspan="3" colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td rowspan="3" colspan="2" class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Linseed oil, 50%</td> +<td class="symb br"><b>⎬</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Turpentine, 30%</td> +<td class="symb br"><b>⎭</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zanzibar gum, 20%</td> +<td class="symb br"><b>⎫</b></td> +<td rowspan="3" class="center br">.082</td> +<td rowspan="3" colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td rowspan="3" colspan="2" class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Linseed oil, 50%</td> +<td class="symb br"><b>⎬</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Turpentine, 30%</td> +<td class="symb br"><b>⎭</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Amimi gum, 20%</td> +<td class="symb br"><b>⎫</b></td> +<td rowspan="3" class="center br">.080</td> +<td rowspan="3" colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td rowspan="3" colspan="2" class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Linseed oil, 50%</td> +<td class="symb br"><b>⎬</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Turpentine, 30%</td> +<td class="symb br"><b>⎭</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left br padr1">Boiled linseed oil (linoleate type)</td> +<td class="center br">.210</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Collodion solution (6 oz.), 80%</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="br fsize150">}</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br">.201</td> +<td rowspan="2" colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td rowspan="2" colspan="2" class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="left">Boiled linseed oil, 20%</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></p> + +<table class="illo" summary="Illustrations P 85"> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo096a.jpg" alt="Cedar Section" width="300" height="302" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo096b.jpg" alt="Maple Section" width="300" height="300" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption">Microscopic view of section of cedar</td> +<td class="caption">Microscopic view of section of maple</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo096c.jpg" alt="White Pine Section" width="300" height="302" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="caption" style="width: 300px;">Microscopic view of section of white pine</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"><img src="images/illo096d.jpg" alt="Gardner Photomicroscope" width="250" height="496" /> +<p class="caption">Gardner photomicroscope in position against painted surface</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span><b>Use of the Microscope.</b> 4. The microscope is a necessary +adjunct of every well-ordered paint laboratory, as has been +recognized throughout the whole paint industry. The writer +has attempted to collect certain data which may materially +assist those manufacturers who employ this instrument to +judge of the quality of their raw and finished products. The +fineness of grinding considerably affects the quality of the paint, +and this can be easily controlled through the intelligent use of +the microscope. This instrument may also be used to detect +certain adulterations. Appended is a <a href="#TabP87">table</a> giving the fineness +of grinding of the various pigments, together with their characteristics +under the microscope. In this table measurements +are given both in millimeters and in inches, in order to accommodate +itself to the use of those chemists employing a millimeter +stage micrometer, or those employing the English or inch system. +Although it is not yet certain that any and all combinations +of pigments may be detected under the microscope the writer +is working toward a method which will allow a manipulator to +judge of the composition of the paint under observation.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo097.jpg" alt="Inside White on White Pine" width="300" height="298" /> +<p class="caption">Inside White on White Pine</p></div> + +<p>In order to properly prepare a paint for microscopic examination, +the following method is recommended: A microscopic turn-table<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span> +is a convenient accessory of the microscope, and its use is +to be recommended. A glass slide being placed in position upon +the turn-table, a very small amount of either the pigment rubbed +up in oil, or the paint, is applied to the slide; a small drop of +Canada balsam is then applied by means of a glass rod dipped +in a solution of balsam in xylol, and dropped upon the slide. +The rod is then used to thoroughly incorporate the pigment with +the balsam, and a cleaned cover glass is dropped over the whole +and pressed down tightly, so that a small amount of balsam will +exude from under the edges and thus firmly seal the glass. In +order to make permanent slides it has been found advisable to +rim the cover glass with balsam and even follow this up with +some suitable black varnish, the slide being then carefully labeled +and placed in the collection. Following is a table of the characteristics +of the fourteen chief pigments:</p> + +<h5><a name="TabP87" id="TabP87"></a><span class="smcap">Table of the Size of Particles of the Chief Pigments with their<br /> +Characteristics under the Microscope</span></h5> + +<table class="braces fsize80" summary="Table P 87"> + +<tr> +<td rowspan="2" class="center bt2 br bb">No.</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center bt2 br bb">Name</td> +<td colspan="6" class="center bt2 br bb">Diameter in Millimeters</td> +<td colspan="6" class="center bt2 bb">Diameter in Inches</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr2 padl2">Small</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr2 padl2">Aver.</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr2 padl2">Large</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr2 padl2">Small</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr2 padl2">Aver.</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center bb padr2 padl2">Large</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">1</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Asbestine</td> +<td class="right padr0">.002</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">.12</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">.00015</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">.049</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">2</td> +<td class="left br padl1">China clay</td> +<td class="right padr0">.003</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">.06</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right padr0">.00009</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">.025</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">3</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Barium carbonate</td> +<td class="right padr0">.000</td> +<td class="left br padl0">76</td> +<td class="right padr0">.005</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right padr0">.01</td> +<td class="left br padl0">72</td> +<td class="right padr0">.00003</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">.00024</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">.001</td> +<td class="left padl0">1</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">4</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Blanc fixe</td> +<td class="right padr0">.000</td> +<td class="left br padl0">73</td> +<td class="right padr0">.003</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td class="right padr0">.00</td> +<td class="left br padl0">73</td> +<td class="right padr0">.00003</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">.00014</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">.000</td> +<td class="left padl0">3</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">5</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Silex</td> +<td class="right padr0">.003</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td class="right padr0">.009</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right padr0">.03</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">.00014</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">.00036</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">.001</td> +<td class="left padl0">2</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">6</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Gypsum</td> +<td class="right padr0">.003</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td class="right padr0">.011</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">.05</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">.00014</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">.00044</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">.002</td> +<td class="left padl0">2</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">7</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Amer.-Paris white</td> +<td class="right padr0">.001</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right padr0">.005</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td class="right padr0">.04</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">.00006</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">.00022</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">.001</td> +<td class="left padl0">8</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">8</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Barytes</td> +<td class="right padr0">.001</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right padr0">.009</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right padr0">.05</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">.00006</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">.00036</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">.002</td> +<td class="left padl0">1</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">9</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Zinc lead</td> +<td class="right padr0">.000</td> +<td class="left br padl0">37</td> +<td class="right padr0">.001</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="right padr0">.00</td> +<td class="left br padl0">37</td> +<td class="right padr0">.00001</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td class="right padr0">.00007</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">.000</td> +<td class="left padl0">14</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">10</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Sublimed white lead</td> +<td class="right padr0">.000</td> +<td class="left br padl0">37</td> +<td class="right padr0">.001</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="right padr0">.00</td> +<td class="left br padl0">37</td> +<td class="right padr0">.00001</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td class="right padr0">.00007</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">.000</td> +<td class="left padl0">14</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">11</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Lithopone</td> +<td class="right padr0">.000</td> +<td class="left br padl0">76</td> +<td class="right padr0">.001</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">.00003</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">.00007</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">12</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right padr0">.000</td> +<td class="left br padl0">46</td> +<td class="right padr0">.001</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="right padr0">.00</td> +<td class="left br padl0">037</td> +<td class="right padr0">.00002</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">.00007</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">.000</td> +<td class="left padl0">14</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">13</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Quick Pro. lead</td> +<td class="right padr0">.000</td> +<td class="left br padl0">61</td> +<td class="right padr0">.003</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td class="right padr0">.00</td> +<td class="left br padl0">48</td> +<td class="right padr0">.00002</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">.00012</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">.000</td> +<td class="left padl0">18</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="right br padr1">14</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Dutch Pro. lead</td> +<td class="right padr0">.000</td> +<td class="left br padl0">61</td> +<td class="right padr0">.001</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="right padr0">.00</td> +<td class="left br padl0">66</td> +<td class="right padr0">.00002</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">.00007</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">.000</td> +<td class="left padl0">26</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><b>Film Sectioning and Deductions to be Drawn Therefrom.</b> 5. +Investigations were undertaken into the innermost structure +of paint films as revealed under the microscope. Up to the +present time, work has been done upon barytes, asbestine, blanc +fixe, and white lead, painted upon wood, and a combination +paint upon wood. The films, the preparation of which has +been described in the foregoing, were sectioned and prepared +for microscopic examination in the following manner:</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span>A solidifying dish was partly filled with low melting-point +paraffin which was allowed to harden, when a small piece of +paint was thrown upon it and then more paraffin poured over it. +After hardening, sections were obtained of the paint film by +means of a microtome.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo099.jpg" alt="Section Barytes Film" width="300" height="299" /> +<p class="caption">Section Barytes Film</p></div> + +<p>A view of these sections of paint films under the microscope +gave to the operator a better idea of the structure of a paint +than had ever been afforded heretofore. It was easy to perceive +the relative position of the pigment particles and the +three coats. The penetration of one coat into another was +easily discernible, and measurements were made upon the sections +in order to determine the average thickness of coat and +its general appearance.</p> + +<p>Sections were also made of Inside and Outside White upon +wood. These sections revealed under the microscope the thickness +of the coats and also the penetration of the priming coat +into the wood. Appended is a <a href="#TabP89">table</a> giving microscopic measurements.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></p> + +<h5><a name="TabP89" id="TabP89"></a><span class="smcap">Paint Section Measurements under Microscope</span></h5> + +<table class="braces fsize80" summary="Table P 87"> + +<tr> +<td class="bt2 br bb"> </td> +<td class="bt2 br bb"> </td> +<td class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">Millimeters</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center bt2 bb padr1 padl1">Inches</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Barytes</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">3 coats (sum)</td> +<td class="center br">.1068</td> +<td class="right">.0042</td> +<td class="left padl0">1</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Single coat</td> +<td class="center br">.0356</td> +<td class="right">.0014</td> +<td class="left padl0">0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Inside. White on wood</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">3 coats (sum)</td> +<td class="center br">.1624</td> +<td class="right">.0063</td> +<td class="left padl0">9</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Outside coat</td> +<td class="center br">.0230</td> +<td class="right">.0009</td> +<td class="left padl0">1</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Next coat</td> +<td class="center br">.0443</td> +<td class="right">.0017</td> +<td class="left padl0">5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Field in photographs</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Next coat</td> +<td class="center br">.0620</td> +<td class="right">.0024</td> +<td class="left padl0">5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Penetration</td> +<td class="center br">.0294</td> +<td class="right">.0011</td> +<td class="left padl0">6</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">White lead</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Inside</td> +<td class="center br">.0215</td> +<td class="right">.0008</td> +<td class="left padl0">5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Middle</td> +<td class="center br">.0405</td> +<td class="right">.0015</td> +<td class="left padl0">9</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Outside</td> +<td class="center br">.0184</td> +<td class="right">.0007</td> +<td class="left padl0">3</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">3 coats (sum)</td> +<td class="center br">.0811</td> +<td class="right">.0031</td> +<td class="left padl0">9</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Asbestine</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">3 coats (sum)</td> +<td class="center br">.1840</td> +<td class="right">.0072</td> +<td class="left padl0">5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Blanc fixe</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">3 coats (sum)</td> +<td class="center br">.1068</td> +<td class="right">.0042</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Single coat</td> +<td class="center br">.0356</td> +<td class="right padr0">.0001</td> +<td class="left padl0">4</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Outside. White on wood</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Outside coat</td> +<td class="center br">.1329</td> +<td class="right">.0052</td> +<td class="left padl0">3</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Inside</td> +<td class="center br">.1845</td> +<td class="right">.0072</td> +<td class="left padl0">7</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Penetration</td> +<td class="center br">.0737</td> +<td class="right">.0029</td> +<td class="left padl0">0</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><b>Polar Micro-Examinations and Photomicrographs.</b> By Polar +Micro-Examination is meant the examination of pigments under +polarized light. A polarizing apparatus, though not an essential +in the hands of the paint chemist, is nevertheless much to be +desired, for by its help deductions may be drawn as to the contents +of a paint, which by other means might not be possible. +The polarizing apparatus as marketed by most manufacturers +of the microscope is attached in the following manner:</p> + +<p>The diaphragm immediately under the sub-stage container +is swung out and opened to its widest limit, allowing the insertion +of the polarizer. This polarizer carries one of the pair of Nicols +prisms and is countersunk to allow of the introduction of gypsum +or selenite plates. The analyzer fits over the eyepiece on the +tube.</p> + +<p>The use of polarized light upon paint is valuable on account of +its action upon crystalline substances. The re-enforcing pigments, +such as Asbestine, China Clay, Gypsum, Silex, Barytes, +etc., are crystalline and consequently act upon the polarized +light. In most cases these pigments are used in ready-mixed +paints in small amounts, varying between 5 and 25%. When +a slide containing a small amount—for example, less than<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span> +3%—of these crystalline pigments is examined under the +microscope by ordinary transmitted light, they will often +escape observation, owing to the small amount in which they +are present. However, in the case of polarized light, this could +hardly happen.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo101.jpg" alt="Barytes under Polarized Light" width="300" height="304" /> +<p class="caption">Microscopic View of Barytes under +Polarized Light</p></div> + +<p>A slide of paint containing these re-enforcing pigments is +prepared in the usual manner. On examining this under the +microscope and using the polarizing apparatus, the crystalline +pigments are at once detected by revolving the analyzer. At +one position of the analyzer, one sees an ordinary field, as with +transmitted light, but if one revolves the analyzer, the field +gradually becomes darker until total darkness is obtained +throughout, except in such places where crystalline substances +are present, when the crystal is shown up with beautiful distinctness. +Photomicrographs of various single pigments and +pigment combinations are shown under <a href="#Ch3">Chapter III</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Effect of Pigments on Oil.</b> Certain pigments have the property +of acting upon the linseed oil in which they are ground, +forming metallic linoleates which accelerate the drying of oil. +This is especially true of lead and zinc pigments. The inert +crystalline pigments, when ground in linseed oil and painted +out, distribute the oil so as to allow a great surface to be exposed +to the air. Thus by physical action, and possibly catalytic or +contact action, these inert pigments stimulate the drying of oil<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> +paints in which they are ground. Lead and zinc paints, of +course, have the greatest drying values on account of the added +effect of the linoleates formed, as outlined above. The writer +has made a series of tests in which the action of various pigments +upon linseed oil is shown. The tests were made in the following +manner:</p> + +<p>Five grams of each of a series of commonly used paint pigments, +including those of inert crystalline nature as well as the more +valuable amorphous pigments which are considered more or +less chemically active, were ground separately in an agate +mortar, with 5 grams of raw linseed oil. The ground paste +in each case was placed in a marked glass beaker, and allowed +to stand in a dustless section of the laboratory for one month. +The oil-pigment paste from each beaker was then separately +extracted with benzine to remove the linseed oil from the pigment. +The benzine solutions of oil were then heated to remove +the benzine and the residue of oil burned to ash in crucibles. +The ash from each test was weighed, and if it ran above the +percentage of ash determined on a blank sample of linseed oil +(namely, .003%), the ash was analyzed qualitatively for metallic +constituents. The following table of results shows the percentage +increase in ash, as well as the constituents of ash on the +various samples tested:</p> + +<h5><span class="smcap">Table of Results</span></h5> + +<table class="braces fsize80" summary="Table P 87"> + +<tr> +<td class="center bt2 br bb">Pigment in Oil</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">Per cent. of<br />Ash in Oil<br />Extracted +from<br />Oil-Pigment<br />Paste</td> +<td class="center bt2 bb padr1 padl1">Analysis of Ash</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Raw linseed oil without pigment</td> +<td class="right">0.003</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Barytes</td> +<td class="right">0.003</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Blanc fixe</td> +<td class="right">0.003</td> +<td class="br padr2"> </td> +<td class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Silica</td> +<td class="right">0.003</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Asbestine</td> +<td class="right">0.005</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">China clay</td> +<td class="right">0.007</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Whiting</td> +<td class="right">0.008</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center">—</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Chrome yellow</td> +<td class="right">0.025</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left padl1">Lead oxide (PbO)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Lithopone</td> +<td class="right">0.031</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left padl1">Zinc oxide (ZnO)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Prussian blue</td> +<td class="right">0.032</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left padl1">Iron oxide (Fe<span class="denom">2</span>O<span class="denom">3</span>)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Sublimed white lead</td> +<td class="right">0.033</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left padl1">Lead oxide (PbO)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">0.105</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left padl1">Zinc oxide (ZnO)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Corroded white lead</td> +<td class="right">0.116</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left padl1">Lead oxide (PbO)</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="left br padr1">Red lead</td> +<td class="right">0.211</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="left padl1">Lead oxide (PbO)</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span>Observation of these results shows that pigments such as +Barytes, Blanc Fixe, and Silica have no chemical action on the +linseed oil. The results on Asbestine and China Clay also are +negative, the extremely slight increase in amount of ash from +these samples probably being due to traces carried over mechanically +into the oil mixture; the last named pigments being more +fluffy and difficult to separate from oil. Slight action seemed to +be apparent in the case of whiting, a pigment somewhat alkaline +in nature. A longer test might have shown this pigment to have +possessed still greater action. Corroded white lead showed +considerable action, resulting in the formation of lead linoleate +or some other organic compound. Zinc oxide and lithopone, +the latter pigment containing 30% of zinc sulphide, both +indicated action on the oil. Chrome yellow (chromate of lead) +showed some action, as did also Prussian blue, the ash from +the last named pigment showing a heavy percentage of iron +oxide.</p> + +<p>Red Lead showed a most astounding gain in these tests, +chemical action of the pigment on the oil being apparent soon +after the tests were started, as shown by the formation of a +hard cake with the linseed oil.</p> + +<p>The Raw Linseed Oil which was used in these tests had an +acid value of 1.84%, which is very low. The neutralization of +this free fatty acid by some of the alkaline pigments used, may +account for part of the increased percentage of ash, but in most +cases the pigments, and more especially the basic pigments, +had a direct saponifying action upon the glycerides of the oil.</p> + + + +<hr class="c25" /> +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></p> +<h2><a name="Ch5" id="Ch5"></a>CHAPTER V</h2> + +<h3>THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF SCIENTIFIC PAINT MAKING</h3> + + +<p><b>Laws of Paint Making.</b> To secure a proper comprehension +of the composition of paints, and to be able to interpret the +functions of their various constituents, requires an understanding +of the general physical principles involved. The modern +grinder has accepted the Law of Minimum Voids, and upon this +law he bases the design of paint formulæ, aiming toward the +production of what have been properly termed Scientifically +Prepared Paints. Perry’s formulation of the Law of Minimum +Voids in a paint coating, and the analogy which he has drawn +between a scientifically prepared paint and a well-proportioned +concrete, was the result of genuine scientific thought following +observation and experimentation. It must be admitted that +analogies are not always safe to draw conclusions from, but it +surely is no fallacy in reasoning to draw analogies between these +two materials, when they resemble each other in so many ways. +To carry out processes of reasoning, and to formulate laws from +such close analogies, is certainly a step in the right direction.</p> + +<p>A graphic summary of the analogies between a properly proportioned +concrete and a paint, are shown on next page.</p> + +<p>Although this table graphically summarizes the principles +involved, the matter is presented with greater clearness in +the following:</p> + +<p>Law No. 1—The law of minimum voids to be observed in +constructing a paint formula—this law having already been +accepted as mathematically correct and technically proved in +the technology of concrete and cement.</p> + +<p>Corollary—The requisite thickness of a paint film together +with the utmost attainable strength and impermeability can +best be obtained by a properly proportioned blend of pigments +of three or more determinate sizes.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></p> + +<h5>AN EXHIBITION OF CERTAIN ANALOGIES GOVERNING THE MANUFACTURE<br /> +OF CONCRETE AND OF PAINT</h5> + +<table class="fsize80 braces" summary="Exposition P 94 top"> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1">1</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left padr1 br">Concrete aggregate = solids + vehicle</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left padl1">Paint aggregate = solids + vehicle</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="blankrow"> +<td style="width: 10px;"> </td> +<td style="width: 110px;"> </td> +<td style="width: 110px;"> </td> +<td class="br" style="width: 10px;"> </td> +<td style="width: 10px;"> </td> +<td style="width: 110px;"> </td> +<td style="width: 110px;"> </td> +<td style="width: 10px;"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 top">2</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left padr1 br top"><table class="exposition center" summary="Concrete 2"> + <tr> + <td>Solids</td> + <td> = </td> + <td>coarse</td> + <td> + </td> + <td>medium</td> + <td> + </td> + <td>fine</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> + <td>(stone)</td> + <td> </td> + <td>(gravel)</td> + <td> </td> + <td>(sand)</td> + </tr> +</table></td> +<td colspan="3" class="left padl1"><table class="exposition center" summary="Paint 2"> + <tr> + <td>Solids</td> + <td> = </td> + <td>coarse</td> + <td colspan="2"> + </td> + <td>medium</td> + <td> + </td> + <td>fine</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3">(pigments</td> + <td class="symb">⎧</td> + <td>pulverized</td> + <td class="symb">⎫</td> + <td rowspan="3" class="fsize150">{</td> + <td rowspan="3">precipi-<br />tated</td> + <td rowspan="3" class="fsize150">}</td> + <td rowspan="3">(fume)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="symb">⎨</td> + <td>cryst'lline</td> + <td class="symb">⎬</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="symb">⎩</td> + <td>(etc.)</td> + <td class="symb">⎭</td> + </tr> +</table> +</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="blankrow"> +<td colspan="4" class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 top">3</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left padr1 br top"><table class="exposition center" summary="Concrete 3"> + <tr> + <td colspan="4" class="left">Vehicle =</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> = </td> + <td>reactive binder</td> + <td> + </td> + <td>evapor'g thinner</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="fsize150">{</td> + <td>cement and com-<br />bining water</td> + <td class="fsize150">}</td> + <td>(excess water)</td> + </tr> +</table> +</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left padl1 top"><table class="exposition center" summary="Paint 3"> + <tr> + <td colspan="4" class="left padl1">Vehicle =</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> = </td> + <td>reactive binder</td> + <td> + </td> + <td>evaporating thinner</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td>(linseed oil)</td> + <td> </td> + <td>(volatiles)</td> + </tr> +</table> +</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="blankrow"> +<td colspan="4" class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 top">4</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left padr1 br top"><table class="exposition center" summary="Concrete 4"> + <tr> + <td>Solids</td> + <td> + </td> + <td>compacting</td> + <td> = </td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> + <td>(tamping)</td> + <td colspan="2"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> = </td> + <td colspan="3">elimination of accidental voids</td> + <td> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + </td> + <td colspan="3">proper adhesive contact</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> +</table> +</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left padl1 top"><table class="exposition center" summary="Paint 4"> + <tr> + <td>Solids</td> + <td> + </td> + <td>compacting</td> + <td> = </td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> + <td>(brushing)</td> + <td colspan="2"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> = </td> + <td colspan="3">elimination of accidental voids</td> + <td> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + </td> + <td colspan="3">proper adhesive contact</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> +</table> +</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="blankrow"> +<td colspan="4" class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 top">5</td> +<td colspan="3" class="center padr1 top br">Vehicle + reaction = hydrosilicates, etc.</td> +<td colspan="3" class="center padl1 top">Vehicle + reaction = linoxyn</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="3" class="center br">(setting)</td> +<td colspan="3" class="center">(drying)</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="blankrow"> +<td colspan="4" class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 top">6</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left padr1 br top"><table class="exposition center" summary="Concrete 6"> + <tr> + <td colspan="7">Solids + vehicle +</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + </td> + <td>lubrication</td> + <td> + </td> + <td colspan="3">chemical reaction</td> + <td> = </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2"> = </td> + <td rowspan="2">final product</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="fsize150">{</td> + <td colspan="2">solidified binder</td> + <td> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="fsize150">}</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2"> + solids</td> + </tr> +</table> +</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left padl1 top"><table class="exposition center" summary="Paint 6"> + <tr> + <td colspan="7">Solids + vehicle +</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + </td> + <td>lubrication</td> + <td> + </td> + <td colspan="3">chemical reaction</td> + <td> = </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2"> = </td> + <td rowspan="2">final product</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="fsize150">{</td> + <td colspan="2">solidified binder</td> + <td> + </td> + <td rowspan="2" class="fsize150">}</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2"> + solids</td> + </tr> +</table> +</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="blankrow"> +<td colspan="4" class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="4"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 top">7</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left padr1 br top">Final product = concrete</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left padl1 top">Final product = paint coating</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padr1 top"><table class="exposition" summary="Concrete 7-2"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3" class="left">(of max. strength</td> + <td class="symb">⎧</td> + <td class="left">shearing</td> + <td class="symb">⎫</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="symb">⎨</td> + <td class="left">tensile</td> + <td class="symb">⎬</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="symb">⎩</td> + <td class="left">crushing, etc.</td> + <td class="symb">⎭</td> + </tr> +</table> +</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left padl1 top"><table class="exposition" summary="Paint 7-2"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3" class="left">(of maximum</td> + <td class="symb">⎧</td> + <td class="left">strength</td> + <td class="symb">⎫</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="symb">⎨</td> + <td class="left">impermeability</td> + <td class="symb">⎬</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="symb">⎩</td> + <td class="left">durability</td> + <td class="symb">⎭</td> + </tr> +</table> +</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="blankrow"> +<td colspan="8"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="3" class="right"><span class="padr5">*</span><span class="padl5 padr5">*</span><span class="padl5 padr5">*</span><span +class="padl5 padr2">*</span></td> +<td colspan="3" class="left"><span class="padl2 padr5">*</span><span class="padl5 padr5">*</span><span class="padl5 padr5">*</span><span +class="padl5">*</span></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="blankrow"> +<td colspan="8"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="8" class="left">If we assume for both paint and concrete</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="6" class="left">proper lubrication</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="6" class="left">proper proportion of vehicle and solids</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="8" class="left">Then the <i>essential difference</i> between a thin film of</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="blankrow"> +<td colspan="8"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3" class="center">Concrete</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">and</td> +<td colspan="3" class="center">Paint</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">is</td> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="blankrow"> +<td colspan="8"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="center">Cement Binder</td> +<td colspan="4" class="center">Linoxyn Binder</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="blankrow"> +<td colspan="8"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="center"><i>Disadvantages</i></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="3" class="just top padr1 br">Non-elastic and hence an impracticable binder for a film to protect non-similar structural +surfaces.</td> +<td colspan="3" class="just top padl1">Slowly perishable from oxidation by the air.</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="blankrow"> +<td colspan="8"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="center"><i>Advantages</i></td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="3" class="just top padr1 br">Durable and with the qualities of a natural mineral.</td> +<td colspan="3" class="just top padl1">Semi-elastic and therefore a practicable binder for a film to protect structural surfaces.</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="blankrow"> +<td colspan="8"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="8" class="center">Postulate (def. Webster's Dictionary—A self-evident problem)</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="blankrow"> +<td colspan="8"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="8" class="just">Postulate No. 1—The organic linoxyn or semi-elastic binder of the +paint vehicle (unlike the cement binder) is perishable and its purity, +strength and protection from attack means life to the paint coating, +and hence the <i>life</i> of the oil is the <i>life</i> of the paint.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="8" class="just">Postulate No. 2—The inorganic or powdered mineral solids of a paint +coating will crumble unless held together by the binder, but the +imperishable pigments must be so ground and blended in the binder that +they will protect the binder and present the greatest possible solid +front to the atmospheric attack.</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="blankrow"> +<td colspan="8"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="3" class="right"><span class="padr5">*</span><span class="padl5 padr5">*</span><span class="padl5 padr5">*</span><span +class="padl5 padr2">*</span></td> +<td colspan="3" class="left"><span class="padl2 padr5">*</span><span class="padl5 padr5">*</span><span class="padl5 padr5">*</span><span +class="padl5">*</span></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="blankrow"> +<td colspan="8"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="8" class="just">A paint, to secure the greatest protection and life for the linoxyn, +together with the durable qualities of cement,</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="blankrow"> +<td colspan="8"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="center"><i>Therefore</i></td> +</tr> + +<tr class="blankrow"> +<td colspan="8"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="center">Should expose to air decay</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="3" class="just padr1 br top">within limits of physical strength</td> +<td colspan="3" class="just padl1 top">within limits required for elasticity,</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="3" class="just padr1 br top">The greatest amount of pigm't material</td> +<td colspan="3" class="just padl1 top">etc. The least amount of exposed linoxyn</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="3" class="center br top">(which is)</td> +<td colspan="3" class="center top">or</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="3" class="just padr1 br top">Durable and with the inert qualities of +natural mineral</td> +<td colspan="3" class="just padl1 top">Considering the linoxyn present between pigment particles as the void or point of attack,</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="3" class="center">Then</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="br"></td> +<td colspan="3" class="just padl1 top">the minimum exposure of linoxyn</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="6" class="center">or minimum voids obtainable by proportioned pigments of different particle +sizes.</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span>Law +No. 2—The law of the flat arch in paint coatings—i.e., +the fact that in studying the fundamental physical principles +governing the strength and durability of a paint coating it is +necessary to regard the coating as consisting of a series of flat +arches, in which the pigment particles of largest characteristic +size serve as the piers or supports for the flat arches of which the +continuous film is composed.</p> + +<p>Corollary A—The strength and durability of a paint coating +is determined by the strength and durability of the piers or +supports (which consist of the characteristic pigment particles +of the largest size).</p> + +<p>Corollary B—Owing to their inherent strength and durability +the pigment particles of largest characteristic size which serve +as supports for the paint coating should consist, in part at least, +of chemically inert pigments, such as natural crystalline barium +sulphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium silicate, etc.</p> + +<p>Corollary C—It follows directly that the thickness of a paint +coating is determined by the particles of pigments having the +largest characteristic size, even if that pigment be present only +in moderate percentage. Upon this principle depends the comparatively +great thickness of film and moderate spreading rate +of paints composed of such pigments as basic carbonate—white +lead, red lead, barytes, etc., and the strongly contrasted thinness +of film and high spreading rate of paints composed of the +sublimated pigments such as lamp black, zinc oxide, basic sulphate—white +lead, zinc-lead white, leaded zinc, etc.</p> + +<p>In commenting upon the announced laws set forth above, +Heckel says: “The recognition of these laws was an exercise +of pure deduction. Paint manufacturers before Mr. Perry’s +announcement were producing paints containing three or more +pigments with particles of varying characteristic sizes; but their +procedure was based largely on empirical knowledge, the result +of accumulated experience, due to a conscientious endeavor to +produce the highest type of paints for economic service. In +the absence of any law to govern or to limit the use of the reinforcing +pigments, inexperienced manufacturers had brought +upon the market paints which were badly proportioned as to +the several pigments, or burdened beyond the limits of effectiveness +with reinforcing pigments. To all paint manufacturers +Perry rendered a substantial service in deducing for them the +laws set forth in his address. In the results following a recognition +of these laws there was nothing new or startling, but Perry<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span> +was the first to give the principles from which it can be determined +in advance whether a paint formula will prove to be physically +good or bad in practice.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo107a.jpg" +alt="Paint Chasers, Mixers and Grinders" width="500" height="349" /> +<p class="caption">Series of Paint Chasers, Mixers, and Grinders</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo107b.jpg" alt="Overhead Churn Mixer" width="500" height="373" /> +<p class="caption">Overhead Churn Mixer</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo108a.jpg" alt="Battery of Modern Underdriven Paint Mixers and Grinders" +width="300" height="365" /> +<p class="caption">Battery of Paint Mixers and Grinders of +Modern Underdriven Type</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo108b.jpg" alt="Shrinkage of Paint Pigment after Grinding in Oil" +width="500" height="352" /> +<p class="photocredit left"><i>Photographs courtesy of Ernest Heath</i></p> +<p class="caption">View showing Shrinkage in Bulk of Paint Pigment after being +ground in Oil. Filled Barrel on Right with the Oil forms one-third +Barrel Paste as shown in Barrel on Left</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo109.jpg" +alt="Careful Dressing of Bull Stone Mill from Grinder" width="300" height="302" /> +<p class="caption">View showing careful Dressing of Bull Stone Mill from +Grinder</p></div> + +<p>“As has been before stated, he was not the first to recognize +the law governing minimum voids, but by that scientific use of +the imagination which Tyndall so highly commends, he recognized, +as by inspiration, the fundamental similarity existing +between a film composed of solid particles cemented together +by a semi-solid homogeneous menstruum and a layer of concrete +composed of solid particles cemented together by a solid homogeneous +medium. His application of the law permits the paint +manufacturers to design a paint formula with full knowledge of +the controlling conditions, so that it shall produce a coating +neither too thick, and therefore uneconomical and subject to +excessive internal strains, nor too thin, and thus weak and inefficient +for protection. That Mr. Perry’s contention was +well-founded, other paint technologists have since demonstrated; +notably Mr. Wirt Tassin, in his microscopic studies of paint +films in situ, and Prof. G. W. Thompson who, in his address to +the Penna. Association of Master Painters at Reading, said:—“I +want to agree with Mr. Perry * * * where he says that a +pigment should be made up of particles of different sizes. Mr. +Perry also draws a further parallel between paint and concrete +where he refers to the form of the reinforcing pigment particles +and suggests that in paint coatings as in concrete a field can be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span> +found for the chemically inert pigments with rod-like or hair-like +structure, to strengthen the film, just as the steel rods and +iron mesh are used to reinforce concrete in structural work—a +suggestion which, since the first publication of the address, has +been widely accepted as a practical aid in the manufacture of +good paints.”</p> + +<p><b>Use of Inert Pigments.</b> There seems to be no reasonable +doubt as to the efficiency of a small amount of inert pigments +in paint, and the writer has often compared the manufacture of +paint of the above type to the making of various alloys wherein +zinc, copper, and other metals are added to gold in order to make +a product possessed of greater durability, etc.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo110.jpg" alt="Color Grinding Mills" width="500" height="308" /> +<p class="caption">Batteries of Color Grinding Mills</p></div> + +<p>There has been considerable inquiry as to just what is meant +by the statement that “a moderate percentage of inert pigments, +combined with properly adjusted mixtures of white lead +and zinc oxide, have given wonderful service in all the tests.” +The writer has been asked to define what “moderate” means. +A “moderate percentage of inert pigments” should be defined +as that amount of natural crystalline pigments that will, when +mixed with white lead and zinc oxide, not materially detract +from the hiding power of white lead and zinc oxide. It is possible +to mix a certain percentage of these crystalline pigments +with white lead and zinc oxide, and, by thorough grinding, incorporate +them in such a manner that the mixture will show nearly +as good a hiding power as the straight white lead and zinc oxide.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span> +When certain limits have been reached, however, and these +limits must be determined by the manufacturer and painter in +making practical tests, the further addition of inert pigments +lowers the hiding power of the paint and therefore lowers the +value of the paint. These remarks do not apply to artificial +crystalline pigments, such as precipitated whiting, which possess +greater hiding values than the natural pigments.</p> + +<p><b>Perry’s Principles of Paint Making.</b> Parts of the original +paper<a name="FNanchor_1_15" id="FNanchor_1_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_15" +class="fnanchor">[15]</a> in which Perry so clearly set forth the principles from +which the preceding laws were formed, follow:</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_15" id="Footnote_1_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_15"><span +class="label">[15]</span></a> Physical Characteristics of a Paint Coating. R. S. Perry. Michigan +Chapter, Amer. Institute of Architects, 1907.</p></div> + +<p><b>Sealing Quality or Imperviousness of the Coating.</b> “It has +been emphasized that for durability and protection, the strength +and imperviousness of a paint coating are vital factors. The +protective value of the paint coating of course ceases with its +chalking or disintegration, but, while it is true that the protecting +or final life of the coating ceases with this disintegration, it is +also true that a paint coating has always during its true life more +or less porosity from the nature of the linoxin or oxidized linseed +oil. Therefore during its protecting life the degree of its imperviousness +influences its resistance to attack upon its own life and +its protection of the underlying materials. The more impervious +the paint coating without loss of strength, the slower the oxidation +or disintegration of the paint coating itself and the greater +protection to the underlying material.</p> + +<p>“A coating of linseed oil alone is not only weak, but the +simplest and crudest experiments will show its porosity and this +porosity increases rapidly with progressive oxidation, the porosity +of course definitely hastening the over-oxidation or chalking. +In proportion, therefore, to our success in filling the voids in the +linseed oil film with proper pigment materials, we will in that +degree succeed in excluding agencies of decay, not only from the +mass of the paint coating itself, but also from the surface to be +protected. These conditions are exactly parallel in the requirements +and performance of the best-made concrete, and Taylor +& Thompson in their work on concrete have clearly stated that +to obtain imperviousness there must be freedom from voids, and +that to obtain these conditions, the materials used must have +at least three determining sizes.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo112a.jpg" +alt="Voids between Larger and Smaller Shot" width="300" height="304" /> +<p class="caption">Equal Volume (One Cubic Centimetre) of Each +Size of Shot Taken. Note that the Smaller +Shot Cover more than Half as much again as +the Larger Shot and the Voids are Smaller.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo112b.jpg" alt="Two Determining Sizes of Solid Particles in Concrete" +width="500" height="324" /> +<p class="caption">Diagram Illustrating Two Determining Sizes of +Solid Particles in Concrete</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo112c.jpg" alt="Three Determining Sizes of Solid Particles in Concrete" +width="500" height="332" /> +<p class="caption">Diagram Illustrating Three Determining Sizes of +Solid Particles in Concrete</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></p> + +<p>“‘It is a fact that with particles of different sizes as against +uniform size the densest mixture can be obtained. This is so +evident as to require no proof.’ It follows that the least density +and hence the largest percentage of voids occur when the grains +are all of the same size, and it is shown that the most voids occur +in a mass of large particles. The least voids occur when the +voids between the large particles are filled with smaller particles +and when these smaller voids between the smaller particles are +in turn filled with still finer particles. In other words—particles +with three determining sizes will fill up a given space more completely +than particles of two determining sizes and very much +more completely than particles of one size.</p> + +<p><b>Elasticity and Strength.</b> “The paint coating here again is +governed by many of the laws which govern the similar material, +i.e., concrete. We find, by again referring to Taylor & Thompson, +on Concrete, page 275, that tests at the Watertown Arsenal on +concrete convinced the investigators that the ultimate strength +of a concrete is identical with the shearing strength of particles +of stone making up the aggregate.</p> + +<p>“This means that in its ultimate form the good concrete will +crack or shear through the broken rock contained therein, and +resistance to shearing is directly proportionate to the strength of +the broken rock chosen for the mixture. The film of semi-liquid +linseed oil when fresh is extremely weak, but as it hardens, its +characteristics and physical properties will obviously be those +qualities which are a composite of the qualities of the solid particles +and of the semi-solid linolein incorporated together in the +paint coating. These physical properties of the suspended and +incorporated pigments profoundly modify the film in this respect.</p> + +<p>“The dried vehicle, linoxin, is notable for its elasticity, and +it is weak in crushing and tensile strength, and in hardness or +resistance to surface wear. The fact that it is a semi-solid +furnishes an opportunity to modify and improve those characteristics +of a solid in which it is deficient. The semi-solid, rubber-like +linoxin between the coarser particles of the pigment obviously +uses these coarser particles as supporting points. The medium +sized particles of the second group of alteration products serve +the same purpose as the broken rock in concrete. The coarser +particles absolutely do not, and can not, serve the purpose of +stiffening or of reinforcing or modifying the consistency and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span> +qualities of the semi-solid linoxin, for a number of reasons, one +of which may be mentioned, namely, that particles of the first, +or coarse, class have a determining size which is a large fraction—a +heavy percentage—of the total thickness of coating, and are +in some instances thicker in diameter than the thickness of an +oil coating not reinforced with the fine or fire group.</p> + +<p>“We must think of the coarser particles as piers. The mixture +of linoxin with the other two groups of particles in the spaces +between these coarser particles, or piers, is the true paint body +and consists of flat reinforced arches which have the extra support +of falsework, in the shape of the structural material on which +the coating rests. Asbestine pulp, a natural product and one +of our most important natural reinforcing pigments, serves not +only in the coarse group as supporting particles for the linoxin +arch, but also because of its peculiar properties serves the more +important purposes of reinforcement. It retains, no matter +how finely ground, its peculiar needle-like, or rod-like, form of +particles, and obviously serves the purpose of reinforcing the flat +arch of linoxin, exactly as iron bars or iron netting serve in reinforced +concrete arches. The medium sized particles of the second +group of pigments produced by chemical alteration or precipitation, +serve the purpose of the broken rock in concrete, and +together with the coarser supporting particles and the finest +reinforcing particles, give minimum voids and a maximum +imperviousness to agencies of internal decay.</p> + +<p>“It goes without saying that the pigments of any one group +contain particles of dimensions which fall into the other two +groups, but no one pigment supplies the correct proportion of +each of the three required dimensions, and each pigment has so +large a percentage of approximate dimensions as to bar it from +exclusive use in the other two groups. Given similar homogeneous +coatings under identical conditions, we recognize the law +that elasticity will vary directly with thickness. Direct deduction +from this law teaches us that of two paint coatings equal +in wear, in strength, opaqueness, and in all other qualities except +thickness, we should choose the thinner coating. Therefore if we +have two paint coatings fulfilling every requirement, the first +compounded with pigments giving a thicker coating and the +second with pigments yielding a thinner coating, we must choose +the second formula and obtain the thinner coating.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span><b>Adhesive +Power.</b> “The adhesion of the linoxin to the coarse +group of particles and to the underlying material is vital to the +life of the paint coating. If the coating parts from the surface +beneath, we have scaling or peeling. It is universally admitted +that this will result from use of zinc oxide as the sole pigment. +We have only to conceive of our flat arch of reinforced linoxin +and leave out our points of support, to realize that this is the +inevitable result if the coating be subject to extreme exposure, +although good results may be obtained from zinc oxide used alone, +as, for instance, in interior house painting where extreme changes +of temperature and exposure are avoided.</p> + +<p>“Three major lines of force hold our linoxin in place—adhesion +toward the underneath surface, adhesion to the coarse particles, +and cohesion within the linoxin itself. These lines must be +represented by a flat arch of linoxin with a downward pointing +magnet therefrom, to represent adhesion to the surface. Magnets +on each side of the arch pointing toward the supporting +coarse particles, and two magnets within the arch and pointing +toward each other, or to the centre of the arch, these latter to +represent the force of cohesion.”</p> + + +<hr class="c25" /> +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></p> +<h2><a name="Ch6" id="Ch6"></a>CHAPTER VI</h2> + +<h3>THE SCOPE OF PRACTICAL PAINT TESTS</h3> + + +<p><b>The Pigment Contention.</b> During the year 1906 officials of +the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station examined +a number of paints on sale in the northwestern States. The +presence of large quantities of inert pigments as well as water, +in some of these paints, prompted agitation for State laws +requiring the formula-labeling of paints. Certain paints made +of white opaque pigments such as white lead and zinc oxide were +exempted from the statute. The white opaque pigments used +in these paints were believed by certain manufacturers as well +as by many prominent paint authorities of high standing to be +benefited in their wearing value by the addition of small percentages +of inert crystalline pigments, such as barytes, silica, +China clay, etc. Laboratory experiments had already determined +that these inert crystalline pigments had a certain definite +action in increasing the life of paints, but it had become +evident that they should be used with discretion, in moderation, +and with a proper understanding of their limitations, if the +best results were to be obtained. The addition of very large +quantities of such pigments was not indulged in by discriminating +manufacturers, but the exact percentage to use was a matter +of great doubt, even to the most experienced. In order to +determine just what percentage of crystalline pigments, admixed +with white opaque paint pigments, would give the best service +and results, it seemed imperative that practical paint tests should +be made. A series of paint tests on commercial brands of paint +had already been started at the Fargo Agricultural College, +and, at the suggestion of the Paint Manufacturers’ Association +of the United States, another series of practical paint tests were +instituted, and carried out under the supervision of Dr. E. F. +Ladd, Director of the North Dakota Experiment Station.</p> + +<p><b>Test Fences to Solve the Problem.</b> It was apparent that +the pigment question could be solved only through field tests<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span> +made on a comprehensive basis and placed under the control of +scientific and technical societies of renown, so that they might +be fair and unbiased from every standpoint. In order to secure +a comparison of the wearing of different paint formulas in various +sections of the country and under differing climatic conditions, +another series of tests was started in the East soon after the +North Dakota tests had been started. Simultaneously fences +were erected at Atlantic City, N. J., and Pittsburg, Pa. The +site of the Atlantic City fence is a strip of land running due +north from Atlantic and Savannah Avenues and within a short +distance from the Atlantic Ocean, the exposure being a severe +one. The site of the Pittsburg fence is back of the athletic field +of the Carnegie Technical Schools, the fence running east and +west and being exposed to the heavily charged sooty atmosphere +coming from the many industrial plants near by.</p> + +<p><b>Construction of Framework of Fences.</b> At these two locations +framework fences were built, upon which were placed a +series of painted panels. Heavy yellow pine posts six inches +square were set in the ground about six feet apart and to the +depth of about four feet, upon a concrete base. The posts were +solidly tamped and then braced at the top with supplementary +studding braces two inches thick. Connecting the posts was a +line of studding six inches by two inches, forming a solid framework, +the bottom of which was approximately fifteen inches from +the ground. The bottoms and tops of the fences were protected +by heavy boards two inches thick, so that the moisture and rain +might be prevented from working itself up into the wood. The +whole fence was sheathed with twelve-inch planed white pine, +thus forming a solid background for the test panels.</p> + +<p><b>Lumber for Panels.</b> The lumber for the test panels was +most carefully selected, being of three grades—white pine, +yellow pine, and cypress. A large amount of each grade of +lumber was secured, and after the best portion had been made +up into panels, the panels were inspected by an expert lumber +classer; nearly 40% being rejected on account of the presence +of knots or sappy places which appeared upon the surface. +Each of the panels finally passed upon as suitable for the test +was branded with a hot iron with consecutive numbers running +from 1 to 186. The grade of wood used for each panel was +indicated by an abbreviated mark—W for white pine, C for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span> +cypress, and Y for yellow pine. In order that a record of each +panel might be kept on file, previous to the application of paint +to the panels, a complete series of photographs was taken of the +panels in sets of four. This work seemed advisable so that the +future failure of paint on any one panel, which might be thought +due to faulty wood, could be either verified or refuted by a reference +to the series of photographs made of the bare panels.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo118.jpg" alt="Atlantic City Test Fence" width="500" height="215" /> +<p class="caption">View of Atlantic City Test Fence</p></div> + +<p><b>Construction of Panels.</b> The panels were constructed of +Dutch weather boarding, tongued and grooved together in strips +of three pieces and capped at the top with a weather strip, +forming a finished surface three feet long and fifteen and a half +inches high. They were firmly braced together at their backs +and nailed in such a manner that no portion of the nails would +appear on the surface of the panel, thus preventing the staining +of the panel from rust. The construction of the framework of +the fences at Atlantic City and Pittsburg was of such a nature +that they would each accommodate 560 panels of this type.</p> + +<p><b>Starting of Tests.</b> On account of the lateness of the season, +it was found necessary to do the painting of the tests within a +building, so that each formula might be subjected to fair and +equal conditions of application, thus excluding the blowing of +dust or rain upon the painted surfaces, which would have taken +place had the panels been painted upon the fence. The painting +of the panels began in January, 1908, the temperature within +the buildings in which the work was done averaging 50 degrees +Fahrenheit throughout the work.</p> + +<p>It was decided to test each formula in three colors, in duplicate, +and on each grade of wood, exposing the duplicates on either<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> +side of the fence. Thus for one paint formula there were required +18 panels, or 6 painted in each color and on 3 grades of wood.</p> + +<p><b>Paints for Tests.</b> The mixed paints received for the tests +were in quart cans, having been especially prepared from the +formulas submitted to manufacturers by the technical committee +in charge of the work. They were properly labeled with +their number and color, in each case. The formulas decided +upon for the test are described later. The various white leads +and other single pigment paints which were used were received +in kegs weighing 12<span class="enum">1</span>⁄<span class="denom">2</span> pounds each, having been bought in the open +market and then given a formula number. The formulas of +the paints designed for both the Atlantic City and Pittsburg +tests, as well as the numbers of the panels upon which the paints +were applied, are shown on pages <a href="#Page_131">131</a>-<a href="#Page_133">133</a>-<a href="#Page_145">145</a>. The analysis +of one of the combination paints applied is herewith given, to +show the correct method of stating the composition of a paint.</p> + +<h5><span class="smcap">Formula No. 20, Atlantic City Test Fence</span></h5> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Table P 108"> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="center">Percentage Composition</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center bt2 br bb"> </td> +<td class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">Pigment</td> +<td class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">Vehicle</td> +<td class="center bt2 bb padr1 padl1">Total</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Corroded white lead</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">67.01</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2">42.84</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">19.89</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2">12.71</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Asbestine</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">3.86</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2">2.47</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Calcium carbonate</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">9.24</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2">5.91</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Raw oil</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">94.30</td> +<td class="right padr2">34.02</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Japan drier</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">3.89</td> +<td class="right padr2">1.40</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="left br padr1">Turpentine</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">1.81</td> +<td class="right padr2">0.65</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2 br">100.00</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">100.00</td> +<td class="right padr2">100.00</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><b>Brushes.</b> Heavy 7-O round bristle brushes were used for +the priming coat so that the paint might be well worked into +the wood, while for the second and third coats three-inch chisel +edge brushes were used. These brushes were, of course, washed +several times with turpentine after painting each panel, so that +pigments from one paint could not be carried over into a paint +containing other pigments.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo120.jpg" alt="Cypress Panels" width="300" height="448" /> +<p class="caption">Cypress Panels</p></div> + +<p><b>Shellacking Panels.</b> The shellacking of any bad places of +minor nature which may have been present on the surfaces of +some of the panels, was done with the highest grade orange +shellac. It was thought advisable to determine whether shellacking +over the priming coat of paint or on the bare wood<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span> +previous to the application of the priming coat, was the better +method. Panels Nos. 1 to 8 in each test were therefore shellacked +over the priming coat, while on all other panels the +shellacking was done directly on the bare wood previous to the +application of the priming coat of paint.</p> + +<p><b>Application of Paints.</b> In order to determine just how much +paint was applied to each panel and to reckon the spreading rate +therefrom, careful weighings were made during the application +of every paint. This was carried out by placing a quart can of +paint as received, upon a laboratory balance, the gross weight +being taken and recorded. The can was shaken and its contents +transferred to a quart-size enameled cup where with the aid of +a paddle it was broken up into a mixture of even consistency. +A portion of this paint was then transferred to two small sample +cans carefully numbered with the formula number, for future +reference and analysis. The reduction of the paint was then +made. The brush used on the priming coat was placed with +the pot and the paint on the balance and the weight taken by +the official weigher. The pot was then given to the painter who +applied the priming coat to one panel. The brush, pot, and +paint were then handed back to the official weigher and the +difference in weight recorded. From these data could be reckoned +the spreading rate of the formula applied.</p> + +<p>The drying of the panels was noted every few hours and +observations made to determine whether the paints were penetrating +properly into the surface of the wood. A period of eight +days was allowed between each coat in order that thoroughly +hard setting might take place.</p> + +<p>During the application of the second coat of paint to the +panels, fresh cans of paint were used in every case so that fresh +reductions could be made of the proper consistency. Full data +were also recorded on the ease of application, working, and nature +of drying shown, as well as appearance presented by each paint +after each coat had been applied. New packages of paint were +also used for the third coat, and, as a rule, the paint was applied +without reduction or with full oil reduction, turpentine being +eliminated in nearly every case for the third coat work.</p> + +<p><b>Reductions.</b> The single pigment paints, such as white leads, +were reduced by the so-called ounce system, each ounce of oil +added to 12<span class="enum">1</span>⁄<span class="denom">2</span> +ounces of paste pigment representing one gallon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span> +of vehicle to one hundred pounds of lead. A complete report of +the reductions, spreading rates, etc., used in the tests would take +up three or four hundred pages of printed matter. The reductions +shown on the following formulas are, however, fairly +representative of the reductions used on the combination and +single pigment paints.</p> + +<div class="ind10" style="width: 60%; margin-bottom: 1.5em;"> + +<h5><span class="smcap">Reductions on Formula No. 2</span></h5> + +<div class="fsize80"> + +<p class="center"><i>White and Yellow</i></p> + +<p class="center">1st Coat</p> + +<p>Condition when opened—good.<br /> +Consistency when broken up—heavy.<br /> +Reduction recommended by manufacturer—none.<br /> +Reduction used—3 pints raw oil, 1 pint turps, 1 gallon paint.<br /> +Consistency after reducing—good, stiff.<br /> +Working—fair.<br /> +Drying—fair on pines; cypress—poor.<br /> +Penetration, pines—good; cypress—poor.</p> + +<p class="center">2nd Coat</p> + +<p>Consistency when broken up—heavy.<br /> +Reduction used—1<span class="enum">1</span>⁄<span class="denom">2</span> pints turpentine, 1 pint boiled oil.<br /> +Consistency after reducing—good.<br /> +Working—good.<br /> +Hiding—medium.<br /> +Drying on pines—good; cypress—poor. One-half pint japan added to gallon of paint.<br /> +Penetration—fair.</p> + +<p class="center">3rd Coat</p> + +<p>Reduction used—1<span class="enum">1</span>⁄<span class="denom">2</span> pints oil, <span class="enum">1</span>⁄<span +class="denom">2</span> pint turpentine.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Reductions for Lead Pastes</i></p> + +<p>Calculated on 100 lb. keg.</p> + +<p class="center">Formulas Nos. 37-38. (Corroded White Lead.)</p> + +<p class="center">1st Coat</p> + +<p>6<span class="enum">1</span>⁄<span class="denom">2</span> gallons oil, <span class="enum">1</span>⁄<span +class="denom">2</span> gallon turpentine, 1 pint turpentine japan.</p> + +<p class="center">2nd Coat</p> + +<p>3<span class="enum">1</span>⁄<span class="denom">2</span> gallons oil, 1 gallon turpentine, 1 pint japan.</p> + +<p class="center">3rd Coat</p> + +<p>3 gallons oil, 1 pint turpentine, <span class="enum">1</span>⁄<span class="denom">2</span> pint japan.</p> + +</div> +</div> + +<p><b>Hiding Power of Paints.</b> When the priming coat had thoroughly +dried on each panel, the painter carefully stencilled a +black Geneva cross over the priming coat with lampblack in oil. +The object of this black cross was to make a determination of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span> +the comparative opacity or hiding power of the different paints +applied. It is well known that various pigments when ground +in oil differ in their hiding power in direct proportion to the +difference in the refractive indices of the pigments and oils used, +those containing high percentages of pigments such as white +lead and zinc oxide being superior in hiding power. After the +second and third coat of paint had been applied to each panel, +there was evident a remarkable difference in the hiding power, +as the black cross showed through in some cases quite clearly, +while in other cases it was almost completely hidden. The +hiding power of a paint is one of the properties which the master +painter looks upon as most essential, but it should, of course, be +accompanied in a satisfactory paint by good spreading power and +longevity.</p> + +<p><b>Actinic Light Tests.</b> After the drying of all the paints, it +was decided that it would be of extreme interest to conduct a +test on the resistance of certain paints to actinic light. It is +well known that the ultraviolet or chemical rays of the sun are +most energetic in causing chemical reactions that result in the +early decay of certain types of paint. It was thought that the +disintegrating effect of these rays, as well as their effect in +the bleaching out of colors, might be prevented by placing +upon certain panels small orange colored glass slides which would +prevent the passing of these rays to the painted surface. The +slides used were five inches long and three inches wide and were +placed upon the middle board of certain panels, with picture +framing, putty, and galvanized iron tacks. The preservation of +the underlying surface from the sun’s rays would, it was thought, +prevent the deterioration of the paint, and at the same time +preserve its original color so that it might be compared to the +color of the exposed portion at the time of inspection.</p> + +<p><b>Supervision of Tests.</b> The Atlantic City tests were under +the constant supervision of Committee E of the American +Society for Testing Materials, this committee having accepted +the inspection of the fence. A representative was constantly +present throughout the work in order to see that each formula +received fair treatment. The actual painting work was under +the supervision of the writer, together with a master painter +representing George Butler who was chosen by the Master +Painters’ Association of Philadelphia as the official painter of<span +class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span> +the Atlantic City test fence. Mr. J. B. Campbell of Chicago +also acted as an official of the Paint Manufacturers’ Association +in the application of the formulas to both the Atlantic City and +Pittsburg fences.</p> + +<p>At Pittsburg the fence was placed directly under the supervision +and control of the Carnegie Technical Schools, who chose +for the fence work a committee of their technical force. Drs. +James and Schaeffer of this institution were present throughout +most of the work and were constantly represented during the +test. The Pittsburg Master Painters’ Association appointed a +committee consisting of Messrs. Dewar, Rapp, and Cluley, for +the actual painting work, and they were represented with the +writer throughout the tests.</p> + +<p>Great interest was exhibited in the work by the committees +in charge, and the skill of the practical painters, combined with +the care of the inspectors, made the treatment of each formula +fair and satisfactory.</p> + +<hr class="c25" /> +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></p> +<h2><a name="Ch7" id="Ch7"></a>CHAPTER VII</h2> + +<h3>CONDITIONS NOTED AT INSPECTION OF TESTS</h3> + + +<p><b>Inspection of Atlantic City Tests.</b> During the month of +March, just one year after the placing of the painted panels on +the Atlantic City fence, an inspection was made jointly by a +committee representing the Master Painters’ Association of +Pennsylvania, the Scientific Section of the Paint Manufacturers’ +Association of the United States, and certain members of sub-Committee +E of the American Society for Testing Materials.</p> + +<p><b>Methods Used at Inspection.</b> One of the most important +tests made when inspecting paint is the determination of the +chalking taking place.<a name="FNanchor_1_16" id="FNanchor_1_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_16" +class="fnanchor">[16]</a> There was developed during the inspection +of the Atlantic City panels a new method for determining +the comparative chalking of the various paints. It was thought +desirable to secure a method, if possible, that would show results +which might be photographed and even tabulated in percentage +form, if desired. The apparatus for the new test consisted of a +small strip of black felt three inches wide by five inches long, +placed across a small block of wood which would fit in the palm +of the inspector’s hand. This outfit resembled a blackboard +eraser and was used in a similar way. By holding the apparatus +firmly against the panel and drawing it half-way across the panel +in a straight line toward the operator, there was obtained on the +black cloth a white mark proportional in intensity to the amount +of chalking which had taken place on the given area. When a +series of these cloths were made, they were assembled and photographed +for comparison. It should be noted that the above +chalking test is useful only where the painted panels under +examination have been exposed over a period of one to two +years, during which period the chalking of paints has been shown +to be greatest and the chalked surface of a fairly adherent nature. +Where longer exposures have been made and where rains have +removed from the painted panels a considerable amount of the +chalked pigment which has formed, such a test would not be +fairly representative of the amount of chalking which had taken +place.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_16" id="Footnote_1_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Mr. +Macgregor of the Picher Lead Co. has just developed a new test +to determine the relative imperviousness of paints which have begun to +chalk. He draws a mark about two inches long upon the painted surface +with a fountain pen. The ink mark will spread rapidly to a wide area if +the chalking is of a bad order. If the chalking is slight and the film in +good condition, the ink mark will not spread.</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo126.jpg" +alt="Black Felt Cloths for Chalk Tests" width="500" height="291" /> +<p class="caption">Series of Black Felt Cloths used in making the Chalk Tests on the Various Formulas. +Numbers over Cloths represent Panels</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo127.jpg" alt="Chalking" width="300" height="459" /> +<p class="caption">CHALKING.—Type of Decay Exhibited by Improperly Made Paint +(magnified view)</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo128.jpg" alt="Checking" width="300" height="460" /> +<p class="caption">CHECKING.—Type of Decay Exhibited by Improperly Made Paint +(magnified view)</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo129.jpg" alt="Blistering" width="300" height="442" /> +<p class="caption">BLISTERING.—Type of Decay Exhibited by Improperly Made Paint +(magnified view)</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo130.jpg" alt="Cracking" width="300" height="456" /> +<p class="caption">CRACKING.—Type of Decay Exhibited by Improperly Made Paint +(magnified view)</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo131.jpg" alt="General Disintegration" width="300" height="438" /> +<p class="caption">GENERAL DISINTEGRATION.—Type of Decay Exhibited by +Improperly Made Paint (magnified view)</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo132.jpg" alt="Scaling" width="300" height="447" /> +<p class="caption">SCALING.—Type of Decay Exhibited by Improperly Made Paint +(magnified view)</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></p> + +<p><b>Gloss.</b> The gloss of the various panels was a condition which +was also reported upon, the middle board of each panel being +washed with a wet sponge one day before the inspection so that +any surface dirt might be removed. By looking at a panel +from the side, a day after the washing, the inspector was enabled +to get a fair idea of the degree of gloss exhibited by each formula.</p> + +<p><b>Hiding Power.</b> The hiding power of each paint was determined, +as before described, by observing the degree to which +the stencilled lampblack cross on the priming coat was visible +through the second and third coats. Single pigment paints +such as white lead possessed very great hiding power and obscured +the black cross almost completely, while the cross was +quite visible through paints containing high percentages of +crystalline pigments.</p> + +<p><b>Checking.</b> The checking of each panel was determined by +examining with a small high-power hand glass magnifying fifteen +diameters. It is well known that examinations with such a +hand glass will not determine whether so-called fine matt checking +is taking place, but it will determine whether checking has +appeared to any marked extent. Fine matt checking is the +first sign of the decomposition of a paint, and is preliminary to +the visible checking seen by the naked eye, which is often followed +by alligatoring. Examination of some formulas disclosed this +so-called alligatoring and even the exposed wood between the +fissured surface which had developed from what were at first +fine hair checks. It is, in the opinion of the writer, possible to +predict with a fair degree of accuracy by examination of a painted +surface, one year after exposure, how the paint will wear in the +future and what its appearance will be at the end of another +year.</p> + +<p><b>Hardness.</b> The hardness of each panel could not be determined +with any degree of accuracy, but the inspectors were able +to roughly determine this condition by very close inspection.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span> +From practical experience of the wearing of white lead and zinc +oxide, and the comparative hardness of these two pigments, +zinc oxide was selected as the maximum for hardness and termed +number 10, while white lead was selected as the minimum and +termed number 1. The varying degrees of hardness exhibited +by the formulas were recorded in terms from one to ten. This +comparison of course was only an approximate one.</p> + +<p><b>General Condition.</b> The so-called general conditions of the +panels was, as a rule, the consensus of the judgment held by +the various inspectors, with due regard to such properties as +chalking, checking, gloss, hiding power, color maintenance, +condition of surface, etc.</p> + + + +<hr class="c25" /> +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></p> +<h2><a name="Ch8" id="Ch8"></a>CHAPTER VIII</h2> + +<h3>RESULTS OF ATLANTIC CITY TESTS</h3> + +<p><b>Results on Various Woods.</b> On the Atlantic City Fence all +the tests made on yellow pine and cypress were found to be in +an unsatisfactory condition for a report, for in every case the +sap and small knots contained in such wood had a very bad effect +upon the paint, causing peeling and scaling. The white pine +panels were in very much better condition, and it was therefore +decided to make the inspection entirely from the white pine +panels and in the future to remove the yellow pine and the +cypress panels from the fence and from the test. The Committee +advised that all future tests be made on white pine, as +it is obviously unfair to use anything but the highest grade wood +for a paint test in which the desire is to determine the comparative +wearing value of pigments.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—Recent tests have shown that Cypress may be successfully +painted when the +priming coat of paint is thinned with Benzol (Solvent Naphtha).</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo136.jpg" alt="Atlantic City Fence Panels" width="500" height="289" /> +<p class="caption">Panels on Atlantic City Fence<br /> +Two Lower Sets of Panels are painted with Lithopone Paints. Rapid Failure shown</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo137.jpg" alt="Atlantic City Fence Panels" width="500" height="321" /> +<p class="caption">Panels on Atlantic City Fence</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo138.jpg" alt="Panels on Atlantic City Fence" width="500" height="309" /> +<p class="caption">Panels on Atlantic City Fence<br /> +Two Lower Sets of Panels are Painted with Combination Pigment Paints. Excellent Results shown</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span><b>Paints +Containing Lithopone.</b> One of the most striking exhibitions +of paint disintegration in the whole test was the failure +of nearly all the lithopone formulas tested. At the time these +formulas were suggested for the test, various European technical +journals had advocated the use of lithopone in large percentage +for paints to be used on exterior surfaces. Good results had +been obtained in the northwestern section of Europe, with this +pigment in certain mixtures, and the object of these lithopone +tests at Atlantic City and Pittsburg was to determine whether +satisfactory paints could be made of this pigment for exposure +in this country. Failure of the tests, however, in nearly every +case except where zinc oxide and whiting were mixed with the +lithopone, indicated that pigments such as zinc and whiting are +necessary in order to prevent the decomposition of lithopone +pigment paints. The decay of lithopone paints after they are +applied seems to start with rapid oxidation of the linseed oil, +and this oxidation seems to continue in a progressive and even +accelerated way; after six months’ exposure the surface of the +paint being chalked to a great extent and showing rapid decomposition +of the binder or vehicle. Inasmuch as lithopone +is really an inert pigment, this rapid decomposition of its +vehicle cannot be explained in the same way as the decomposition +of the vehicle of pure white lead paints, where the alkaline +nature of the lead is probably responsible for the formation +of easily destroyed compounds. As complete failure had taken +place in nearly every case where lithopone had been used, it was +decided to condemn the lithopone panels on the fence, consisting +of formulas 21 to 27, including panels 151 to 164 in white, +panels 131 to 144 in yellow, and 109 to 122 in gray. These +lithopone tests were later on replaced by new tests in 1909, +which will be reported upon <a href="#Ch11">later</a> in this book.</p> + +<p><b>General Results.</b> From these tests, the inspectors reached +the unanimous conclusion that a paint made from any mixture +of more than one white opaque pigment, either when used alone +or in combination with small percentages of inert pigments, +is far superior to any one single pigment paint. It was found +that the straight white lead paints failed in every case, and this +failure was so marked as to make it a conclusive demonstration +of the unfitness of white lead along the Atlantic coast, when +used without other pigments. Paints made with large percentages +of white lead, however, gave excellent results.</p> + +<p>Gypsum was found unsafe to use in any large proportion in +a paint, because of its solubility and liability to percolate through +the coating of linoxyn or dried film, thus destroying the surface +of the paint. Whiting, or calcium carbonate, demonstrated +that it could be used in moderate percentage with some efficiency, +but it was evident that any great excess of this pigment must also +be avoided on account of its tendency towards rapid chalking. +Magnesium silicate, aluminum silicate, and silica are three +inert pigments which proved to be of great value in strengthening +and reinforcing paints, especially when they were used in +small percentage. In the same way, black fixe and barytes, or +barium sulphate, also appeared to be useful in strengthening a +paint. As these two last named pigments are chemically the +same but physically different, the use of both in a paint formula +is considered advantageous, because of the differences in size +and form of their particles.</p> + +<p><b>Color Tests.</b> It was the unanimous conclusion of all the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span> +inspectors that panels of all formulas which were tinted either +gray or yellow were showing far superior wear and less chalking +and checking than those which were painted in plain white. +The reinforcing action of the tinting materials must be credited +for this lengthening of the wear of such paints. Formulas 5, +6, 9, and 16, for instance, in the gray, were in most excellent +condition, and in these formulas were used ochre, umber, bone-black, +carbon-black, Venetian red and other inert bases. On +the yellow panels, formulas 5, 6, 9, and 16 were also in very +superior condition, and in these formulas chrome yellow and +inert pigments were also used.</p> + +<p>Some of the color tests included the priming of boards with +white lead, zinc oxide, sublimed white lead, lithopone, and other +single pigment paints. Over these priming coats was placed a +high grade brilliant paranitraniline red. Fairly good results +were obtained in every case, but especially when lithopone or +zinc oxide was used as a priming base. These pigments seemed +to have no effect upon the constitution of the para red.</p> + +<p>Prussian blue, a colored pigment largely used, but one liable +to react with certain paint pigments, was admixed with various +paints applied to certain panels. This color was found in some +cases to have faded materially, especially when mixed with alkaline +pigments such as white lead. Sublimed white lead and zinc +oxide, which are more inert in nature, did not have such action +on Prussian blue, and the tinted bases of these pigments stood +up in a remarkable manner. The greens which were tested +were all in very good condition, with absence of fading, and +showing only slight mildew.</p> + +<p><b>Condensed Results of Inspection.</b> The results of inspection +as obtained by the fence committee<a name="FNanchor_1_17" id="FNanchor_1_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_17" +class="fnanchor">[17]</a> having in charge the inspection +of the test, have been condensed into <a href="#Page_130">table form</a>, and +are presented on pages 130-131.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_17" id="Footnote_1_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_17"><span +class="label">[17]</span></a> R. S. Perry, Director Scientific Section, Paint Manufacturers’ Association +of the U. S.; George Butler, Official Painter, representing Master House +Painters’ & Decorators’ Association, H. A. Gardner, Asst. Director.</p></div> + +<p><b>Second Annual Inspection of the Atlantic City Test Fence.</b> +After the original paints which had been applied to the Atlantic +City Fence had been exposed for over two years, another inspection +was made by a committee representing the Master Painters’ +Association of Philadelphia and the Scientific Section of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span> +Paint Manufacturers’ Association of the United States. A +digest of the report of this committee<a name="FNanchor_1_18" id="FNanchor_1_18"></a><a +href="#Footnote_1_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> follows:</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_18" id="Footnote_1_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_18"><span +class="label">[18]</span></a> George Butler, Official Painter Atlantic City Test Fence, representing +Philadelphia Master Painters’ Association; Charles Macnichol, Master +Painter; Henry A. Gardner, Director Scientific Section, Paint Manufacturers’ +Association of the U. S.</p></div> + +<p>“The painted panels were all carefully inspected by the inspectors +in the usual manner. With the aid of high-power magnifying +glasses, checking was determined. The degree of chalking +exhibited by the various paints was ascertained by rubbing a +piece of black cloth across the surface of each paint. Close +observance was made to determine scaling, peeling, cracking, +gloss, color, and the other factors to be considered when examining +a painted surface. From these observations it was possible for +the inspectors to state whether a panel exhibited general good +condition, general fair condition, or general poor condition.</p> + +<h5>CHART OF RESULTS—FIRST INSPECTION—ATLANTIC CITY TEST FENCE</h5> + +<table class="fsize80 wide" summary="Table P 130-131"> + +<tr class="bt2"> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">For-<br />mula<br />No.</td> +<td rowspan="2" colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Car-<br />bon-<br />ate<br />Lead</td> +<td rowspan="2" colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Zinc<br />Ox-<br />ide</td> +<td rowspan="2" colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Sub-<br />limed<br />White<br />Lead</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Zinc<br />Lead<br />White</td> +<td colspan="8" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">INERT PIGMENTS</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">First<br />Coat</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Sec-<br />ond<br />Coat</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Third<br />Coat</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Aver-<br />age</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Pa-<br />nel<br />No.</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Condition</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Hiding<br />Power</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Color</td> +<td rowspan="2" colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Hard-<br />ness</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Checking</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Chalking</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Gloss</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center bb padr1 padl1">Remarks</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Calci-<br />um<br />Car-<br />bon-<br />ate</td> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Calci-<br />um<br />Sul-<br />phate</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Mag-<br />ne-<br />sium<br />Sili-<br />cate</td> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Bari-<br />um<br />Sul-<br />phate</td> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Silica</td> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Blanc<br />Fixe</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">1</td> +<td class="right">30.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">70.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">610</td> +<td class="right br padr1">987</td> +<td class="right br padr1">664</td> +<td class="right br padr1">754</td> +<td class="right br padr1">1</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Excellent</td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">High</td> +<td class="left padl1">Like rubbed varnish work.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">2</td> +<td class="right">50.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">50.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">913</td> +<td class="right br padr1">1066</td> +<td class="right br padr1">948</td> +<td class="right br padr1">976</td> +<td class="right br padr1">3</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Hard Matt</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Moderate</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Med. High</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">3</td> +<td class="right">20.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">50.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">20.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">10.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">912</td> +<td class="right br padr1">914</td> +<td class="right br padr1">786</td> +<td class="right br padr1">871</td> +<td class="right br padr1">5</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="right">4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">4</td> +<td class="right">48.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">48.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">3.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">759</td> +<td class="right br padr1">939</td> +<td class="right br padr1">1047</td> +<td class="right br padr1">915</td> +<td class="right br padr1">7</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Med. High</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">5</td> +<td class="right">22.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">50.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">2.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">26.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">714</td> +<td class="right br padr1">1000</td> +<td class="right br padr1">709</td> +<td class="right br padr1">808</td> +<td class="right br padr1">9</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Weak</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="left br padl0"><span class="enum">1</span>⁄<span class="denom">2</span></td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">High</td> +<td class="left padl1">Hard surface.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">64.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">36.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">928</td> +<td class="right br padr1">1189</td> +<td class="right br padr1">863</td> +<td class="right br padr1">993</td> +<td class="right br padr1">11</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Fairly Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Weak</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Matt</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1">Surface rough.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">7</td> +<td class="right">37.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">63.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">763</td> +<td class="right br padr1">972</td> +<td class="right br padr1">891</td> +<td class="right br padr1">875</td> +<td class="right br padr1">13</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Off Color</td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">High</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">8</td> +<td class="right">38.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">48.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">14.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">786</td> +<td class="right br padr1">910</td> +<td class="right br padr1">767</td> +<td class="right br padr1">821</td> +<td class="right br padr1">15</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="left br padl0"><span class="enum">1</span>⁄<span class="denom">2</span></td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">High</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">73.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">2.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">25.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">716</td> +<td class="right br padr1">1081</td> +<td class="right br padr1">812</td> +<td class="right br padr1">870</td> +<td class="right br padr1">17</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Poor</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Heavy Matt</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">High</td> +<td class="left padl1">Peeling started.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">10</td> +<td class="right">44.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">46.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">5.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">5.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">861</td> +<td class="right br padr1">1014</td> +<td class="right br padr1">862</td> +<td class="right br padr1">912</td> +<td class="right br padr1">19</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Some</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Med. High</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">11</td> +<td class="right">50.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">50.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">822</td> +<td class="right br padr1">959</td> +<td class="right br padr1">918</td> +<td class="right br padr1">900</td> +<td class="right br padr1">21</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Excellent</td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="left br padl0"><span class="enum">1</span>⁄<span class="denom">2</span></td> +<td class="left br padl1">Med. Matt</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Some</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Med. High</td> +<td class="left padl1">Some washing and discoloration.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">12</td> +<td class="right">60.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">34.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="8" class="center br"><span class="spaced">6% Inert Pigments</span></td> +<td class="right br padr1">862</td> +<td class="right br padr1">965</td> +<td class="right br padr1">734</td> +<td class="right br padr1">854</td> +<td class="right br padr1">23</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="right">4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Heavy Matt</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Bad</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">13</td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">27.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">60.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">3.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">10.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">916</td> +<td class="right br padr1">1031</td> +<td class="right br padr1">1121</td> +<td class="right br padr1">1073</td> +<td class="right br padr1">25</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="right">4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">14</td> +<td class="right">25.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">25.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">20.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">5.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">25.0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">564</td> +<td class="right br padr1">806</td> +<td class="right br padr1">785</td> +<td class="right br padr1">718</td> +<td class="right br padr1">27</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Bad</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Evident</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Some</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left padl1">Dead, spongy, surface. White incrustations.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">15</td> +<td class="right">20.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">40.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">30.0</td> +<td class="right">10.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">935</td> +<td class="right br padr1">1044</td> +<td class="right br padr1">1359</td> +<td class="right br padr1">1113</td> +<td class="right br padr1">29</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="left br padl0"><span class="enum">1</span>⁄<span class="denom">2</span></td> +<td class="left br padl1">Coarse Matt</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">High</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">16</td> +<td class="right">33.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">33.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">34.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">799</td> +<td class="right br padr1">903</td> +<td class="right br padr1">994</td> +<td class="right br padr1">899</td> +<td class="right br padr1">31</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="left br padl0"><span class="enum">1</span>⁄<span class="denom">2</span></td> +<td class="left br padl1">Bad</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1">White incrustations.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">17</td> +<td class="right">40.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">40.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">3.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">13.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">4.0</td> +<td class="right br padr1">806</td> +<td class="right br padr1">1016</td> +<td class="right br padr1">884</td> +<td class="right br padr1">902</td> +<td class="right br padr1">33</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="right">4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Some</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">18</td> +<td class="right">75.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">25.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">788</td> +<td class="right br padr1">1257</td> +<td class="right br padr1">973</td> +<td class="right br padr1">1006</td> +<td class="right br padr1">145</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Excellent</td> +<td class="right">3</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Hard Matt</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Moderate</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">19</td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">25.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">75.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">700</td> +<td class="right br padr1">1183</td> +<td class="right br padr1">1400</td> +<td class="right br padr1">1094</td> +<td class="right br padr1">147</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Excellent</td> +<td class="right">2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Hard Matt</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very Little</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">20</td> +<td class="right">67.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">19.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">10.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">3.5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">776</td> +<td class="right br padr1">1063</td> +<td class="right br padr1">877</td> +<td class="right br padr1">905</td> +<td class="right br padr1">149</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very Little</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">33</td> +<td class="right">15.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">30.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">25.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">30.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">512</td> +<td class="right br padr1">836</td> +<td class="right br padr1">689</td> +<td class="right br padr1">679</td> +<td class="right br padr1">176</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1">Rough surface.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">34</td> +<td class="right">38.9</td> +<td class="left br padl0 padr1">5</td> +<td class="right">33.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0 padr1">8</td> +<td class="right">4.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0 padr1">1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">19.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">3.1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">523</td> +<td class="right br padr1">800</td> +<td class="right br padr1">810</td> +<td class="right br padr1">711</td> +<td class="right br padr1">175</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="right">4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Evident</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Egg Shell</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">35</td> +<td class="right">37.5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td class="right">25.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">7</td> +<td class="right">7.8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">20.3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8.4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">450</td> +<td class="right br padr1">893</td> +<td class="right br padr1">724</td> +<td class="right br padr1">689</td> +<td class="right br padr1">180</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="right">4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Matt</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Egg Shell</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">36</td> +<td class="right">100.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">408</td> +<td class="right br padr1">711</td> +<td class="right br padr1">861</td> +<td class="right br padr1">660</td> +<td class="right br padr1">181</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Bad</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="right">1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Very Apparent</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Bad</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Egg Shell</td> +<td class="left padl1">Same as 177, but checking not so bad.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">37</td> +<td class="right">100.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">524</td> +<td class="right br padr1">1065</td> +<td class="right br padr1">828</td> +<td class="right br padr1">806</td> +<td class="right br padr1">182</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Bad</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="right">1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very Apparent</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Bad</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Egg Shell</td> +<td class="left padl1">Same as 177 but wood shows more plainly.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">38</td> +<td class="right">100.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">555</td> +<td class="right br padr1">888</td> +<td class="right br padr1">794</td> +<td class="right br padr1">746</td> +<td class="right br padr1">177</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Bad</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="right">1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Bad</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Bad</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Egg Shell</td> +<td class="left padl1">Cracking and perishing evident.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">39</td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">100.0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">550</td> +<td class="right br padr1">941</td> +<td class="right br padr1">916</td> +<td class="right br padr1">802</td> +<td class="right br padr1">178</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="right">6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Some</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">40</td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">100.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">643</td> +<td class="right br padr1">810</td> +<td class="right br padr1">998</td> +<td class="right br padr1">817</td> +<td class="right br padr1">168</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="right">2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Considerable</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Egg Shell</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">45</td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">100.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">850</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">170</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very Evident</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">High</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">46</td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">61.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">39.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">783</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">169</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Some</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="right br padr1">47</td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">100.0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">730</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right br padr1">172</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Apparent</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1">Indication of scaling.</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span>“An +inspection of the white lead paints on the fence indicated +in every instance a rough, chalked, and disintegrated surface +that seemed to be well worn, in some cases nearly to the wood. +The strongly oxidizing air of the seacoast is probably responsible +for the early decay of this pigment.</p> + +<p>“It was observed that the combination type of paint showed +better hiding power than white lead, over the black crosses placed +on the priming coat of each panel, as a hiding power test.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo143.jpg" alt="Rearranged Panels on Fence" width="500" height="292" /> +<p class="caption">Front of Fence showing Present Rearrangement of Panels</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></p> + +<h5>TESTS INAUGURATED IN 1907<br /> +CHART OF RESULTS OF SECOND ANNUAL INSPECTION OF ATLANTIC CITY TEST FENCE, MAY, 1910</h5> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Table P 133"> + +<tr class="bt2"> +<td colspan="18" class="center br2 bb">FORMULAS</td> +<td colspan="4" rowspan="3" class="center br bb">REPORT OF INSPECTION</td> +<td rowspan="4" class="center bb">Pan-<br />el<br />Num-<br />ber</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td rowspan="3" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">For-<br />mu-<br />la<br />Num-<br />ber</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="3" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Basic<br />Car-<br />bon-<br />ate<br />White<br />Lead</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="3" class="center br bb padr2 padl2">Zinc<br />Ox-<br />ide</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="3" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Basic<br />Sul-<br />phate<br />White<br />Lead</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Zin<br />Lead<br />White</td> +<td colspan="10" class="center br2 bb padr1 padl1 smcap">inert pigments</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Calci-<br />um<br />Car-<br />bon-<br />ate</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Calci-<br />um<br />Sul-<br />phate</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Mag-<br />ne-<br />sium<br />Sili-<br />cate</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Bari-<br />um<br />Sul-<br />phate</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Silica</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br2 bb padr1 padl1">Blanc<br />Fixe</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1">CHALKING</td> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1">CHECKING</td> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1">GENERAL<br />CONDITION</td> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1">REMARKS</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br2">%</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">1</td> +<td class="right">30</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">70</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">1</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">2</td> +<td class="right">50</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">50</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very good</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">3</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">3</td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">50</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">4</td> +<td class="right">48</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.5</td> +<td class="right">48</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.0</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">7</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">5</td> +<td class="right">22</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">50</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">26</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">9</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">64</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">36</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">11</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">7</td> +<td class="right">37</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">63</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">13</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">8</td> +<td class="right">38</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">48</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">15</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">73</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">25</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very bad</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Deep, with scaling</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Poor</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">17</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">10</td> +<td class="right">44</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">46</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Heavy</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Deep</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">19</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">11</td> +<td class="right">50</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">50</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">21</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">12</td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">34</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="7" class="center br">6% Inert Pigment</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Deep</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">23</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">13</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">27</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">3</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very good</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">25</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">14</td> +<td class="right">25</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">25</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr3 br">25</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Lateral</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">27</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">15</td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 padl1 br">30</td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Visible with naked eye</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Poor</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">29</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">16</td> +<td class="right">33</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">33</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">34</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">31</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">17</td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">3</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">13</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr3 br2">4</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">33</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">18</td> +<td class="right">75</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">25</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very good</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">145</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">19</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">25</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">75</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Considerable</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Deep</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">147</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">20</td> +<td class="right">67</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.0</td> +<td class="right">19</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.0</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">149</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">33</td> +<td class="right">15</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">30</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">25</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">30</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very good</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">176</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">34</td> +<td class="right">38</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.95</td> +<td class="right">33</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.58</td> +<td class="right">4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.81</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">19</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.48</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.59</td> +<td class="right">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.59</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight lateral</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">175</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">35</td> +<td class="right">37</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.51</td> +<td class="right">25</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.87</td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.84</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.36</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.21</td> +<td class="right">4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.21</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Lateral</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">180</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">36</td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Considerable</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Heavy</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Rough surface</td> +<td class="right padr1">181</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">37</td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Considerable</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Heavy and deep</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Poor</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Rough surface</td> +<td class="right padr1">182</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">38</td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">More than Panel no. 182</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very deep</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Poor</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">177</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">39</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 padl1 br">100</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Considerable</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">178</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">40</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Heavy</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">168</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">45</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">90</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">170</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">46</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">61</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">39</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">169</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="right padr1 br">47</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">None</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very deep</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Poor</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">172</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span>“There are no pigments possessing greater hiding properties +when first used than white leads, but the lack of hiding power +on the white lead panels after two years’ exposure was caused +by the chalking away of the lead. The superior hiding power +of the composite paints was due to the action of the other pigments +in these combination paints in preventing the lead from +chalking away.</p> + +<p>“The Committee finds that the addition of a reasonable percentage +of zinc oxide to white lead increases its durability and +retards its chalking, renders it whiter, and forms a surface that +presents a much better repainting condition. The combinations +of white lead and zinc oxide on the Atlantic City Test Fence +were in general good condition throughout.</p> + +<p>“Corroded white lead, sublimed white lead, zinc oxide, and +zinc lead are the standard white opaque pigments. They were +all tested on the Atlantic City Fence and it was found that to +use any one alone results in inferior protection to the wood. +Barium sulphate, silica, asbestine, china clay, and calcium carbonate +are the standard crystalline pigments. In the past, +the overloading of paints with these crystalline or inert pigments +has been the cause of the prejudice that painters have had +against their use. It has been established beyond controversy, +however, that the use of these pigments, in moderate percentage, +combined with any of the standard opaque white pigments, +such as white leads, zinc oxide, etc., undoubtedly results in +better service from every standpoint and forms the most satisfactory +white paint for general outside use. Some of the most +perfect painted surfaces on the fence were those made on the +above basis as reference to the charted report will show.”</p> + + +<hr class="c25" /> +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></p> +<h2><a name="Ch9" id="Ch9"></a>CHAPTER IX</h2> + +<h3>RESULTS OF PITTSBURG TESTS</h3> + + +<p>The First Annual Inspection of the Pittsburg Test Fence +took place during May, 1909, a little over one year after the +painted panels had been placed in position. The inspectors +found that in Pittsburg a heavy deposit of soot had formed on +the panels, and they considered it therefore inadvisable to make +a detailed report of the inspection until the second year of the +exposure. The general results of the Pittsburg inspection as +reported by the three committees<a name="FNanchor_1_19" id="FNanchor_1_19"></a><a +href="#Footnote_1_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> having supervision over the +work, is, however, given herewith.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_19" id="Footnote_1_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> +J. H. James, Chairman Test Fence Committee, Carnegie Technical +Schools.<br /> +A. C. Rapp, Chairman Fence Committee, Pittsburg Branch Pennsylvania +State Association of Master Painters.<br /> +R. S. Perry, Director Scientific Section, Paint Manufacturers’ Association +of the U. S.; H. A. Gardner, Asst. Director.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo146.jpg" alt="Pittsburg Test Fence" width="500" height="71" /> +<p class="caption">Pittsburg Test Fence</p></div> + +<p>During the inspection of the Pittsburg tests it was decided +to condemn the lithopone panels on the fence, which consisted +of formulas 21 to 27, including panels 151 to 164 in white, 131 +to 144 in yellow, 109 to 122 in gray. Almost complete failure +had taken place in every case where lithopone had been used. +These lithopone tests were later on replaced by new tests which +are described later in this book.</p> + +<p>“<b>Wood Most Valuable for Test.</b> As on the Atlantic City +Fence, the white pine panels afforded the best results and gives +the best indication of the comparative wearing of the paints and +affords no unfair condition, such as other woods might offer, to +interfere with the test.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span>“<b>Condition +of Cypress.</b> Cypress showed inferior conditions, +except that it was more pronounced and more discoloration of +the panels was noticed on this grade of wood, which seems to be +extremely greasy in nature and difficult to properly prime, even +when the paint used upon this wood contains a large percentage +of volatile diluent.</p> + +<p>“<b>Removal of Lithopone Panels.</b> The Joint Committees confirmed +the previous recommendation to remove all the lithopone +formulas, and they decided to remove the cypress and the yellow +pine panels in every formula except in the white paints.</p> + +<p>“It was decided to reassemble all the white pine panels and +group them together for purposes of comparison, and in place +of the panels condemned and removed, to substitute a series of +new formulas, to further widen the scope of the tests.</p> + +<p>“<b>Ultimate Value of Mixed Paints.</b> The results of the inspection +conclusively show that a mixture of more than one prime +white pigment, whether this mixture be alone or in combination +with a small percentage of inert pigment, produces a paint far +superior to a paint manufactured from one pigment alone.</p> + +<p>“As a general statement of the comparative wearing of the +paints, it might be said that the composite formulas are less +advanced toward destruction than the paints made from single +pigments such as lithopones, white leads and zinc oxides. It +is not to be understood from this statement that it is the opinion +of the committee that all of the composite formulas are of +equal value or that all of them are to be recommended, but it +is meant that the higher types, as evidenced by the appearance +of the panels, are in the above relation to the single pigment +paints.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo148.jpg" alt="Pittsburg Test Fence Panels" width="500" height="296" /> +<p class="caption">Panels on Pittsburg Test Fence</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span>“<b>Lithopone +Destroyed Rapidly at Pittsburg.</b> It was evident +some time ago that the formulas containing large percentages +of lithopone were rapidly failing, and their appearance was very +much the same as those formulas of a similar type at Atlantic +City. There seems, however, to be some difference in the way +these formulas broke down; those on the Pittsburg Fence having +shown the quicker destruction, possibly due to the action of the +acid gases in the air upon the paint coating. This further confirms +the statement that paint compositions containing such +heavy percentages of lithopone and intended for outside use +must be designed with relation to the particular uses of the +product and to the climate in which they are to be used. It +will also be necessary to consider more carefully the vehicle of +the paints which are to be made of this pigment.</p> + +<p>“<b>Possible Value of Excluding Vehicle for Lithopone.</b> It was +the belief of the committee that much better paints containing +lithopone could be designed by varying the percentages of the +materials contained in the formulas, and it was suggested that +a less penetrable vehicle, made more on the line of a varnish, +and not as easily affected as straight linoxyn, should be experimented +with in connection with these lithopone formulas.</p> + +<p>“The success of certain European countries in using lithopone +as a pigment, even in a very high percentage, may be due to the +use of a special vehicle, and, if it is found in future tests that this +material, which has been reported as well suited in Northern +European climates, may be benefited and made of service by +the addition of special oils and special vehicles, then this test +would be of great value to the whole paint trade at large.</p> + +<p>“Preliminary inspections were made on October 6th and +later on December 12th, 1908, and a marked difference was observed +at the two inspections in the wearing of the various +formulas.</p> + +<p>“The lapse of the two months between these inspections gave +opportunity during which cold weather caused contraction of +the paint film which had been previously subjected to the hot +summer sun, and caused marked chalking of the white lead +formulas. On October 6th this chalking was just commencing, +while in the December inspection it was well advanced, and at +the annual inspection, had proceeded to such an extent that the +pigment had been washed from the panels representing those +paints which had started early chalking.</p> + +<p>“Panel 177, representing Zinc Lead, was found to be extremely +dark in color throughout the coating and was more on +the order of a grayish tint. It resisted all attempts to wash it +down to a white surface. The panel, however, in other respects, +was in fairly good condition.</p> + +<p>“<b>Condition of Corroded White Lead Panels.</b> Panel 174, +representing Type B Pure Basic Carbonate-White Lead, was +very badly perished and discolored, and an examination of the +surface showed very bad checking. Long continued washing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span> +with a sponge removed a discolored surface and showed but a +rather thin coating. Panel 175, representing Type C Pure +Basic Carbonate-White Lead, showed most marked checking +and was in very much the same condition as 174 and 176. Panel +176, representing Type A Pure Basic Carbonate-White Lead, +was in the same condition as the Type B and C Basic Carbonate-White +Leads.</p> + +<p>“<b>Condition of Sublimed White Lead.</b> Panel 178, representing +Sublimed White Lead (Basic Sulphate-White Lead,) was +chalking, and the paint coat was somewhat disintegrated. The +chalking present on this formula, however, showed that the +disintegration of the paint coat had not taken place for +several months after the Basic Carbonate-White Leads. This +panel maintained good color, not being acted upon by sulphur +gases.</p> + +<p>“<b>Blackening of Corroded White Lead.</b> The black and gray +formation on all the Basic Carbonate-White Lead panels was +probably due to the action of sulphur gases which are present +in the district immediate to Pittsburg, and which may cause +the formation of black sulphide of lead.</p> + +<p>“Possibly a general conclusion from all these panels might be +described as a perishing of the paint coating, with the formation +of sulphide of lead which to a certain extent protects the coating +beneath it, but the perishing has proceeded to such an extent +that the unaltered paint coating left is but a slight protection +to the wood, being extremely thin.</p> + +<p>“The committee resolved that the detailed observations of +the panels could not be made and that they would not be justified +in making detailed comparisons between the various formulas, +giving the gloss, hardness, general condition, checking, etc. +Precision in this work at such a time was impossible, and it was +decided that a further period would have to elapse before such +a detailed comparison could be made between the various blended +or composite formulas on the fence.</p> + +<p>“<b>Report on Colors.</b> It was resolved that at the next inspection +of the Pittsburg Fence, portions of the original samples of +the original paints used for the yellows and grays should be on +hand, previously painted out on small panels for comparison for +the deterioration of the colors on these same panels on the +fence.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span>“An examination of the combination formula grays by the +committee led to the general conclusion that those grays which +did not contain a very large percentage of white lead were superior +in their maintenance of tone and tint and general condition to +any of the other grays upon the fence. However, the presence +of umber, ochre, and red oxide in some of the grays which showed +to the best advantage may account for their permanence of tone. +Some of these grays were the so-called warm grays and were +much darker in tone and tint than the ordinary drab which is +generally applied.</p> + +<p>“The straight pure Basic Carbonate-White Lead paints were +not painted out in grays or yellow, the test upon this material +being only in white.</p> + +<p>“On Panels 120 and 126, which represent formulas 6 and 9 +respectively, the grays are in most excellent condition, and it +will be found, by reference to formulas 6 and 9, that there is an +absence of white lead in their composition. These formulas, +however, contained a small percentage of umber and ochre. +Formulas 5 and 16 contained over 20% White Lead and the +gray of these formulas maintained their blue tone very well. +These formulas were tinted solely with lampblack.</p> + +<p>“An inspection of Panel 138, which represents Formula 15, +showed good maintenance of color in the gray, and was in much +better condition as regards permanence of color than the other +grays containing white lead.</p> + +<p>“A study of the yellow panels on the fence led to the unanimous +conclusion that a liberal amount of Basic Carbonate-White +Lead seemed to have a beneficial result in preserving the bright +tone of the chrome yellow in tints so strong as those used on the +fence. It was noted that Panel 108, which represents Formula +28, and in which zinc yellow was used, showed great permanence +of tone and tint. Unfortunately this zinc chromate was added +to a formula containing a large percentage of lithopone, and the +destruction of the lithopone to a great extent affected the value +of this test.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></p> + +<table class="illo" summary="Photo P 152"> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo152.jpg" alt="Pittsburg Test Fence" width="600" height="158" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="subcaption">Whiteness of Sublimed White Lead</td> +<td class="subcaption">Darkness of Corroded White Lead</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="caption">On Pittsburg Test Fence</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span>“<b>Maintenance +of Para Reds.</b> A study of the paranitraniline +or azo reds painted over the various pigments as priming coats +demonstrated that the reds on this fence are in better condition +than the reds at Atlantic City. As is well known, para red is +manufactured by precipitation in an acid solution and is best +maintained under acid conditions. The acidity of the Pittsburg +atmosphere, caused by the large amount of acid gases which are +being poured into the air, day in and day out, and which are +constantly condensing on the surface of structures, may account +for the better preservation of these reds.</p> + +<p>“It was noted that the para reds which were applied to panels +prime coated with white lead seemed to be brightening in color +and seemed to be gradually working over toward a lightening +which may in the future show a pinkish tint.</p> + +<p>“<b>Report on Greens.</b> The bronze green is in most excellent +condition and shows an absence of the mildew appearance which +was observed at Atlantic City.</p> + +<p>“The chrome green is standing up exceedingly well, there +being practically no change whatsoever in the color since it was +exposed.</p> + +<p>“<b>Best Base for Blues.</b> An inspection of the blues showed +that those which gave the greatest permanence and the least +amount of fading were applied in combination with either Sublimed +White Lead (Basic Sulphate-White Lead), or zinc oxide, +while those blues which were applied in combination with Basic +Carbonate-White Lead showed marked failure and were completely +bleached out, due, of course, to the alkaline nature of +the corroded white lead; Prussian blues being transformed by +alkalies to a white compound.</p> + +<p>“<b>Superior Value of Composite Formulas.</b> Some of the mixed +leads, or so-called graded leads, which are combinations of white +leads with other high-grade pigments and containing some inert +pigments, were not deteriorated so far as the white lead formulas, +and the general conclusion was that they were upward of six +months behind the deterioration of the straight white leads, and +this was confirmed by the presence of moderate chalking, showing +an excellent repainting surface and a better thickness and condition +of the paint coating.</p> + +<p>“The same conclusions which were reached at Atlantic City, +as to the best method of shellacking, obtained also on the Pittsburg +Fence, namely, that application of the shellac to the wood +previous to the first coat is the better method.</p> + +<p>“<b>Analysis of Paints.</b> At the time of the painting of the fence +a sample of each paint was placed in small friction top cans, +carefully labeled, and sent to the Carnegie Technical Schools’<span +class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span> +laboratory for analysis. The analyses of these paints were +made by members of the Test Fence Committee, representing +the schools, and appear in this bulletin. The results obtained +conform very closely to the formulas which were applied to the +fence, a variance of only one or two per cent. being shown in +the amount of the different pigments.”</p> + +<p><b>Second Annual Inspection of Pittsburg Test Fence.</b> The +second annual inspection of the Pittsburg Test Fence was made +on Thursday, May 7th, 1910. The panels in Pittsburg after +having weathered for over two years presented an appearance +which allowed the making of a detailed inspection, this having +been found impossible during the first annual inspection. The +inspection party<a name="FNanchor_1_20" id="FNanchor_1_20"></a><a +href="#Footnote_1_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> included those master painters who represented +the Pittsburg Master Painters’ Association, who were in +charge of the application of the paints in 1907, 1908, and 1909, +together with the test fence committee from the faculty of +the Carnegie Technical Schools, and representatives of the +Scientific Section. A summary of the report issued by this +committee follows:</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_20" id="Footnote_1_20"></a><a +href="#FNanchor_1_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> A. C. Rapp, Chairman, Test Fence Committee, Pittsburg Branch, +Master Painters’ Association; John Dewar, member Fence Committee, +Pittsburg Branch, Pennsylvania State Association of Master Painters; J. +H. James, Chairman, Carnegie Technical Schools’ Test Fence Committee; +John A. Schaeffer, member Test Fence Committee, Carnegie Technical +Schools; Henry A. Gardner, Director Scientific Section, Paint Manufacturers’ +Association of the U. S.</p></div> + +<p>“Two of the members of the inspection party have been +impressed with the lumber lottery existing in some field tests, +which have been conducted, and feel that when the object of a +test is to determine the relative value of paints, such tests should +be conducted on a standard grade of wood, such as white pine. +The use of cypress, pitch pine, and other faulty woods, is often +the cause of the failure of a paint, which on good wood would +show up well. For this reason, only the white pine panels painted +with white paints were considered in the inspection, the yellow +pine panels and cypress panels having been thrown out of the +test at last year’s inspection.</p> + +<p>“Checking, cracking, and alligatoring on the painted surfaces +were determined by using a magnifying glass. The degree of +chalking existing was decided upon by using small pieces of black<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span> +felt cloth, rubbing them against the surface of the panel; the +degree of whiteness removed upon the cloth being indicative of +the amount of chalking taking place. General condition was +decided upon after carefully weighing the opinion of each member +of the inspection party, as regards the general characteristics +shown by each paint, such as checking, chalking, scaling, condition +for repainting, hiding power, etc. The results have been +charted and presented in this manner:<a name="FNanchor_1_21" +id="FNanchor_1_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_21" id="Footnote_1_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_21"><span +class="label">[21]</span></a> An endeavor was made to use uniform terms in reporting on each formula. +In some cases it was necessary to bring out more forcibly the condition +by the insertion of qualifying remarks.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo155.jpg" +alt="Single vs Combination Pigment Paint" width="500" height="244" /> +<p class="caption">Panel on Left Painted with Single Pigment Paint; Panel on Right +Painted with Combination Pigment Paint. Photograph taken +after Two Years’ Exposure on Pittsburg Test Fence</p></div> + +<p>“<b>Conclusions Reached from the Test.</b> The primary object +of the test made at Pittsburg was to determine whether a combination +paint, made of two or more pigments, would be equal +or superior to single pigment paints. After one year’s exposure, +the combination type of paint proved more durable than the +single pigment paints.</p> + +<p>“It was early apparent that the combination type of paints, +that is, those paints made of more than one pigment, indicated +in most cases very excellent wear, with a minimum of blackness +and a general good condition of surface.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></p> + +<h5>TESTS INAUGURATED IN 1907<br /> +CHART OF RESULTS OF SECOND ANNUAL INSPECTION OF PITTSBURG TEST FENCE, MAY, 1910</h5> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Table P 145"> + +<tr class="bt2"> +<td colspan="21" class="center br2 bb padr1 padl1">FORMULAS</td> +<td colspan="4" rowspan="3" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">REPORT OF INSPECTION</td> +<td rowspan="4" class="center bb padr1 padl1">Pan-<br />el Num-<br />ber</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td rowspan="3" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">For-<br />mu-<br />la<br />Num-<br />ber</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="3" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Basic<br />Car-<br />bon-<br />ate<br />Wh.<br />L’d</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="3" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Zinc<br />Ox-<br />ide</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="3" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Basic<br />Sul-<br />phate<br />Wh.<br />L’d</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="3" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Zinc<br />Lead<br />White</td> +<td colspan="12" class="center br2 bb padr1 padl1 smcap">inert pigments</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Calci-<br />um<br />Car-<br />bon-<br />ate</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Calci-<br />um<br />Sul-<br />phate</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Mag-<br />ne-<br />sium<br />Sili-<br />cate</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Bari-<br />um<br />Sul-<br />phate</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Silica</td> +<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="center br2 bb padr1 padl1">Blanc<br />Fixe</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1">CHALKING</td> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1">CHECKING</td> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1">GENERAL<br />CONDITION</td> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1">REMARKS</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">%</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">1</td> +<td class="right">30</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">70</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">None</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight scaling; fairly white surface</td> +<td class="right padr1">2</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">2</td> +<td class="right">50</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">50</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Panels quite dark and some scaling</td> +<td class="right padr1">4</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">3</td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">50</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Considerable</td> +<td class="left br padl1">None</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fairly white</td> +<td class="right padr1">6</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">4</td> +<td class="right">48</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.5</td> +<td class="right">48</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Considerable</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Lateral and irregular</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1">White surface</td> +<td class="right padr1">8</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">5</td> +<td class="right">22</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">50</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">26</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Extremely white surface</td> +<td class="right padr1">10</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">64</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">36</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very bad; rough surface</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Poor</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Black surface</td> +<td class="right padr1">12</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">7</td> +<td class="right">37</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">63</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium white surface</td> +<td class="right padr1">14</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">8</td> +<td class="right">38</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">48</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">White surface; slight scaling</td> +<td class="right padr1">16</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">73</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">25</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">None</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Deep; peeling in places</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very poor</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Film brittle and surface dark</td> +<td class="right padr1">18</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">10</td> +<td class="right">44</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">46</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight lateral in places</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Surface very white</td> +<td class="right padr1">20</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="top"> +<td class="right br padr1">11</td> +<td class="right">50</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">50</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Considerable</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Deep matt checking</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Considerable scaling; formation of<br />black coating shattered off</td> +<td class="right padr1">22</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">12</td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">34</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="10" class="center br2 spaced">6% Inert Pigment</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fairly good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Surface white</td> +<td class="right padr1">24</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">13</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">27</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">3</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">None</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Excellent</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very white</td> +<td class="right padr1">26</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">14</td> +<td class="right">25</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">25</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">25</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Considerable</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Panel fairly white</td> +<td class="right padr1">28</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">15</td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">30</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Surface quite dark</td> +<td class="right padr1">30</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">16</td> +<td class="right">33</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">33</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">34</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Quite white</td> +<td class="right padr1">32</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">17</td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">3</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">13</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4</td> +<td class="br2"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1">Considerable</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight, along lateral lines</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Surface fairly white</td> +<td class="right padr1">34</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">18</td> +<td class="right">75</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">25</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Slight, with some scaling</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Surface has become quite dark</td> +<td class="right padr1">36</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="top"> +<td class="right br padr1">19</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">25</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">75</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Considerable</td> +<td class="left br padl1">None</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Excellent</td> +<td class="left br padl1">No black coating; surface very<br />white, due to inertness of +pigment<br />or progressive chalking</td> +<td class="right padr1">38</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">20</td> +<td class="right">67</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.0</td> +<td class="right">19</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr1">40</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">33</td> +<td class="right">15</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">30</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">25</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">30</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Heavy</td> +<td class="left br padl1">None</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1">White surface</td> +<td class="right padr1">168</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="top"> +<td class="right br padr1">34</td> +<td class="right">38</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.95</td> +<td class="right">33</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.58</td> +<td class="right">4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.81</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">19</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.48</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.59</td> +<td class="right">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.59</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Considerable</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Surface is very white; progressive<br /> +chalking may have prevented<br />formation of black coating</td> +<td class="right padr1">172</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="top"> +<td class="right br padr1">35</td> +<td class="right">37</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.51</td> +<td class="right">25</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.87</td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.84</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.36</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.21</td> +<td class="right">4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.21</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Bad</td> +<td class="left br padl1">None</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very white; no black coating evi-<br />dent</td> +<td class="right padr1">173</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="top"> +<td class="right br padr1">36</td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Bad</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Bad</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Surface is dead black; shattered in<br />places</td> +<td class="right padr1">174</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="top"> +<td class="right br padr1">37</td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Extremely</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very black surface and mottled in<br />places</td> +<td class="right padr1">175</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">38</td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Very bad and quite dusty</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very bad, with scaling</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Poor</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Black surface is loose and shattered</td> +<td class="right padr1">176</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">39</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Considerable</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Panel surface quite white</td> +<td class="right padr1">177</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="top"> +<td class="right br padr1">40</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very bad</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Surface very white, possibly due<br /> +to progressive chalking or inert-<br />ness of pigment</td> +<td class="right padr1">178</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">45</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">90</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Considerable</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1">White surface</td> +<td class="right padr1">169</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="top"> +<td class="right br padr1">46</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">61</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">39</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Considerable scaling present; sur-<br />face fairly white</td> +<td class="right padr1">170</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="right br padr1">47</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Bad</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Bad</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Bad</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Bad condition throughout</td> +<td class="right padr1">171</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span></p> + +<table class="illo" style="width: 500px;" summary="Photo P 146"> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo157.jpg" +alt="Combination Pigment vs. pure Corroded White Lead" width="500" height="313" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="subcaption padr5">Middle white panel is painted with a combination pigment formula</td> +<td class="subcaption padl5">Middle white panel is painted with pure Corroded White Lead</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="caption">Notice Difference in Color after Two Years’ Wear</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span>“<b>Recommendation.</b> +On account of the peculiar conditions +which obtain in and around Pittsburg, as exemplified by these +tests, the committee finds, as a result thereof, that the best white +paint for general exterior use is made of white lead combined +with zinc oxide and a moderate percentage of inert pigments, +such as silica, asbestine, or barytes.</p> + +<p>“<b>Some Peculiar Conditions Affecting the Tests.</b> The inspectors +were most impressed during the inspection by the +blackness exhibited to such a high degree by certain panels, and +the fair degree of whiteness by others. It is well known that +in Pittsburg nearly all paints become darkened by the deposition +on their surface of carbon particles emanating from the combustion +of soft coal. Certain of the paints, however, presented +fairly white surfaces, and it would thus appear that the extreme +darkness shown by other paints was due to their composition. +Corroded white lead when used alone was uniformly covered by +black particles, and the higher the percentage of corroded white +lead in a paint the darker was the surface. It was at first thought +that this darkness was due to the softness of the white lead +pigment or to its roughened surface, in causing adherence of soot +particles. Sublimed white lead, however, which is also a soft +pigment, chalked even more progressively than corroded white +lead, but its surface was not rough, and presented a very white +appearance. Scrapings from the different panels are being taken, +and after a careful analysis the findings from the investigations +will be reported by a member of the Inspection Committee.”</p> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Pittsburg Committee Members"> + +<tr> +<td class="left top"><span class="smcap">A. C. Rapp.</span></td> +<td class="left"><i>Chairman Test Fence Committee, Pittsburg Branch, Master Painters’ Association</i></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left top"><span class="smcap">John Dewar.</span></td> +<td class="left"><i>Member Fence Committee, Pittsburg Branch, Penna. State Association of Master Painters</i></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left top"><span class="smcap">J. H. James.</span></td> +<td class="left"><i>Chairman Carnegie Technical Schools’ Fence Committee</i></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left padr2 top"><span class="smcap">J. A. Schaeffer.</span></td> +<td class="left"><i>Instructor in Chemical Practice, Carnegie Technical Schools Pittsburg, Pa.</i></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left top"><span class="smcap">H. A. Gardner.</span></td> +<td class="left"><i>Director Scientific Section, Paint Mfrs. Asso. of U. S.</i></td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><i>May 31, 1910</i></p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></p> + +<h5>PITTSBURG TEST FENCE<br /> +<span class="smcap">Comparative Spreading Rates of White Paint on White Pine Panels</span><br /> +<i>Average Spreading Rate 266 Square Feet</i></h5> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Table P 148"> + +<tr class="bt2"> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Formula<br />Number</td> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1">First Coat<br />(sq. ft.)</td> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Second Coat<br />(sq. feet)</td> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Third Coat<br />(sq. ft.)</td> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Average<br />Spreading<br />Rate<br />(sq. feet)</td> +<td class="center bb padr1 padl1">Spreading<br />Rate<br />3-Coat<br />Work<br />(sq. feet)</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">1</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">759</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">1020</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">768</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">849</td> +<td class="right padr4">283</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">2</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">694</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">975</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">1229</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">966</td> +<td class="right padr4">322</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">3</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">743</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">873</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">770</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">795</td> +<td class="right padr4">265</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">4</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">537</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">987</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">1019</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">848</td> +<td class="right padr4">283</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">5</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">509</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">896</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">886</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">764</td> +<td class="right padr4">255</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">6</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">765</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">1045</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">994</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">935</td> +<td class="right padr4">312</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">7</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">734</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">922</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">996</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">884</td> +<td class="right padr4">295</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">8</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">565</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">862</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">854</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">760</td> +<td class="right padr4">253</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">9</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">622</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">926</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">1160</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">903</td> +<td class="right padr4">301</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">10</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">610</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">1013</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">1070</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">900</td> +<td class="right padr4">300</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">11</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">651</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">933</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">1010</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">865</td> +<td class="right padr4">288</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">12</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">675</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">1027</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">623</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">775</td> +<td class="right padr4">258</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">13</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">663</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">892</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">981</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">845</td> +<td class="right padr4">282</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">14</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">498</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">785</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">807</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">697</td> +<td class="right padr4">232</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">15</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">688</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">1000</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">984</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">891</td> +<td class="right padr4">297</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">16</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">669</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">880</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">860</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">803</td> +<td class="right padr4">268</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">17</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">635</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">982</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">1077</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">900</td> +<td class="right padr4">300</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">18</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">636</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">959</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">1031</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">875</td> +<td class="right padr4">292</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">19</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">626</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">1076</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">1037</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">913</td> +<td class="right padr4">304</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">20</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">591</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">1015</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">929</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">845</td> +<td class="right padr4">282</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">21</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">595</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">948</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">910</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">818</td> +<td class="right padr4">273</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">22</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">617</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">868</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">810</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">765</td> +<td class="right padr4">255</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">23</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">549</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">1002</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">986</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">846</td> +<td class="right padr4">282</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">24</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">539</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">918</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">783</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">747</td> +<td class="right padr4">249</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">25</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">530</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">929</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">850</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">770</td> +<td class="right padr4">257</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">26</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">532</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">916</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">1011</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">820</td> +<td class="right padr4">273</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">27</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">520</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">850</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">656</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">675</td> +<td class="right padr4">225</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">33</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">600</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">1340</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">810</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">917</td> +<td class="right padr4">306</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">34</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">471</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">743</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">690</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">635</td> +<td class="right padr4">212</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">35</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">402</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">598</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">645</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">548</td> +<td class="right padr4">183</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">36</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">398</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">668</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">838</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">635</td> +<td class="right padr4">212</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">37</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">579</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">653</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">838</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">690</td> +<td class="right padr4">230</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">38</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">463</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">615</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">704</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">594</td> +<td class="right padr4">198</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">39</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">474</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">954</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">849</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">759</td> +<td class="right padr4">253</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">40</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">446</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">815</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">871</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">711</td> +<td class="right padr4">237</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">45</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">527</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">841</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">916</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">761</td> +<td class="right padr4">254</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr4 br">46</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">605</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">740</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">818</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">721</td> +<td class="right padr4">240</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="right padr4 br">47</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">735</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">961</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">993</td> +<td class="right padr4 br">896</td> +<td class="right padr4">299</td> +</tr> + +</table> + + +<hr class="c25" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Ch10" id="Ch10"></a>CHAPTER X</h2> + +<h3>A LABORATORY STUDY OF TEST PANELS</h3> + + +<p><b>Panel Sections for Laboratory Test.</b> In order to make a +laboratory study of the painted panels on the Atlantic City +and Pittsburg fences, it was thought advisable to remove small +sections from representative areas and transfer them to the +laboratory for such work. The fences were visited by the official +inspection committees soon after the first annual inspection, +and the panels were carefully looked over. Upon each was +marked out a representative portion, care being exercised to +select areas where previous inspections had not disturbed the +surface of the film in any manner. The inspectors then placed +the number of the panel upon the areas which had been marked +off, as well as their initials. The marked sections were sawed +out, wrapped in tissue paper, and then transferred to the laboratory +where they were placed upon models of the respective fences +from which they had been removed. The illustration shows +the model test fences set up together. It is very apparent that +the Pittsburg panels are much the darker in color, due to the +soot, and in some cases lead sulphide formed upon their surfaces. +This difference was undoubtedly due to the atmospheric conditions +prevailing where the tests were made. One would be +led to suppose that a paint film exposed to an atmosphere such +as is found in Pittsburg would show deterioration more rapidly +than one exposed in Atlantic City. In all the tests and experiments, +however, the Atlantic City panels appeared broken down +to a much greater extent; though it is true that the Pittsburg +panels had darkened considerably and presented a rather mottled +appearance. The deposit of soot on the Pittsburg panel +seemed to act as a preservative coating for the film beneath, +and prevented marked disintegration.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo161a.jpg" +alt="Sections of Atlantic City and Pittsburg Fences" width="500" height="341" /> +<p class="caption">Sections of Atlantic City and Pittsburg Fences Arranged for Laboratory +Examination</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo161b.jpg" +alt="Sections of Atlantic City and Pittsburg Fences" width="500" height="204" /> +<p class="caption">Sections of Atlantic City and Pittsburg Fences</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 368px;"><img src="images/illo162.jpg" +alt="Panels tested giving Formula Number and Degree of Chalking" +width="368" height="500" /> +<p class="caption left">Upper set of tests made on Panels from Atlantic City Fence<br /> +Lower set of tests made on Panels from Pittsburg Fence<br /> +Figures at left indicate Formula Number<br /> +Figures at right indicate Degree of Chalking</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 282px;"><img src="images/illo163.jpg" alt="Color Standard used" width="282" height="500" /> +<p class="caption">Color Standard used in Comparison of Panel Section</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></p> + +<p><b>Chalking Test.</b> Small strips of black felt, about one inch +square, were firmly attached to a block of wood, and by a clamp +having the same pressure in each case, the wood with its surface +of black felt was fixed to the panel. This apparatus, which +resembles a blackboard eraser, is firmly drawn across the panel +in one direction for a certain definite distance, during which time +it gathers all the chalked surface presented by the painted wood. +Upon detaching the apparatus from the panel it is observed +that the black cloth becomes whitened to an extent proportionate +to the chalking that has taken place on the given area.</p> + +<p>After each one of the panels had been treated in the same manner +by the same operator, the black cloths were assembled on +one large board and photographed. A definite standard of +chalking was made up, and the operator was enabled to put +down opposite the report on each panel the degree of chalking +which had taken place, No. 1 representing the least amount and +No. 10 the greatest amount of chalking.</p> + +<p><b>Degree of Whiteness Shown by Panels.</b> It was a very simple +matter to gauge the whiteness of the various panels, by comparing +them with a series of standard boards painted with three +coats of white paint. Florence Brand, New Jersey zinc oxide, +was used as the standard for whiteness and termed “No. 1.” +In making “No. 2” standard, to the zinc oxide was added .01% +of lampblack. By adding .02% of lampblack to the zinc, +standard “No. 3” was obtained, and so on, increasing the +amount of lampblack in each case by .01%. These standards +were run up to “No. 30,” and the various panels on the different +fences compared with them. The degrees of whiteness are +recorded in progressive numbers, No. 1 being the standard for +whiteness and No. 30 the darkest. The Atlantic City panels +ranged from 3 to 8 in the scale of whiteness, while the Pittsburg +panels required the use of the entire range of standards.</p> + +<p><b>Resistance to Abrasion.</b> The apparatus used for determining +the abrasion resistance of a paint was made of a glass tube about +six feet long, having an internal bore of <span class="enum">7</span>⁄<span class="denom">8</span> inch. This was +supported in an upright position over a dish which held the panel +under test at an angle of 45 degrees. The abrasive material +consisted of No. 00 emery, which was dropped into the tube +through a funnel having a bore of 5 mm. When the emery +reached the bottom of the long tube it scattered itself so as to +strike a surface on the panel about an inch in diameter. The +emery was constantly poured in until the paint coating had worn +away, showing the bare wood. The weight in pounds of emery +powder required to show the disruption of the coating is recorded +and reported as the measure of the “abrasion resist.” The +panel requiring the greatest weight of emery to cause abrasion +is evidently the most resistant to abrasion. Paint is often subjected +to serious abrasion, through the blowing of sand, especially +at the seashore, and to withstand such action should contain +a proportion of pigments especially resistant to abrasion, such +as silica, zinc oxide, asbestine, and barytes.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 189px;"><img src="images/illo165.jpg" +alt="Apparaturs for Determining Abbrasion Resistance" width="189" height="500" /> +<p class="caption" style="max-width: 200px;">Apparatus for Determining the Abrasion Resistance +of Paints</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></p> + +<table class="illo" summary="Photos P 155-164"> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter" style="width: 305px;"><img src="images/illo166a.jpg" alt="Form. 1" width="300" height="299" /></td> +<td class="caption left" style="width: 305px;">Formula No. 1, A. C.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption right">Formula No. 2, A. C.</td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo166b.jpg" alt="Form. 2" width="300" height="297" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo166c.jpg" alt="Form. 3" width="300" height="302" /></td> +<td class="caption left">Formula No. 3, A. C.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption right">Formula No. 4, A. C.<span class='pagenum' style="font-size: 100%;"><a +name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span></td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo167a.jpg" alt="Form. 4" width="300" height="297" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo167b.jpg" alt="Form. 5" width="300" height="297" /></td> +<td class="caption left">Formula No. 5, A. C.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption right">Formula No. 6, A. C.</td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo167c.jpg" alt="Form. 6" width="300" height="300" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="fsize80 just" style="padding-bottom: 1.5em;"><span class="smcap">Note</span>: +The author wishes to acknowledge +the assistance of Dr. J. A. +Schaeffer in the preparation of the +photomicrographs herewith shown.</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo168a.jpg" alt="Form. 7" width="300" height="299" /></td> +<td class="caption left">Formula No. 7, A. C.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption right">Formula No. 8, A. C.</td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo168b.jpg" alt="Form. 8" width="300" height="300" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo168c.jpg" alt="Form. 9" width="300" height="300" /></td> +<td class="caption left">Formula No. 9, A. C.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption right"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span>Formula No. 10, A. C.</td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo169a.jpg" alt="Form. 10" width="300" height="302" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo169b.jpg" alt="Form. 11" width="300" height="297" /></td> +<td class="caption left">Formula No. 11, A. C.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption right">Formula No. 12, A. C.</td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo169c.jpg" alt="Form. 12" width="300" height="297" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span><img src="images/illo170a.jpg" alt="Form. 13" +width="300" height="298" /></td> +<td class="caption left">Formula No. 13, A. C.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption right">Formula No. 14, A. C.</td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo170b.jpg" alt="Form. 14" width="300" height="298" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo170c.jpg" alt="Form. 15" width="300" height="298" /></td> +<td class="caption left">Formula No. 15, A. C.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption right"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span>Formula No. 16, A. C.</td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo171a.jpg" alt="Form. 16" width="300" height="298" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo171b.jpg" alt="Form. 17" width="300" height="302" /></td> +<td class="caption left">Formula No. 17, A. C.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption right">Formula No. 18, A. C.</td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo171c.jpg" alt="Form. 18" width="300" height="301" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span><img src="images/illo172a.jpg" alt="Form. 19" +width="300" height="299" /></td> +<td class="caption left">Formula No. 19, A. C.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption right">Formula No. 20, A. C.</td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo172b.jpg" alt="Form. 20" width="300" height="299" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo172c.jpg" alt="Form. 33" width="300" height="300" /></td> +<td class="caption left">Formula No. 33, A. C.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption right"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span>Formula No. 34, A. C.</td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo173a.jpg" alt="Form. 34" width="300" height="300" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo173b.jpg" alt="Form. 35" width="300" height="298" /></td> +<td class="caption left">Formula No. 35, A. C.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption right">Formula No. 36, A. C.</td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo173c.jpg" alt="Form. 36" width="300" height="298" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span><img src="images/illo174a.jpg" alt="Form. 37" +width="300" height="299" /></td> +<td class="caption left">Formula No. 37, A. C.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption right">Formula No. 38, A. C.</td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo174b.jpg" alt="Form. 38" width="300" height="299" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo174c.jpg" alt="Form. 39" width="300" height="301" /></td> +<td class="caption left">Formula No. 39, A. C.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption right"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span>Formula No. 40, A. C.</td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo175a.jpg" alt="Form. 40" width="300" height="299" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo175b.jpg" alt="Form. 45" width="300" height="299" /></td> +<td class="caption left">Formula No. 45, A. C.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption right">Formula No. 46, A. C.</td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo175c.jpg" alt="Form. 46" width="300" height="299" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span><img src="images/illo176.jpg" alt="Form. 47" +width="300" height="301" /></td> +<td class="caption left">Formula No. 47, A. C.</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><b>Making Photomicrographs.</b> The photomicrographs which +are herewith shown were made in the following manner: A +part of a panel was placed upon the stage of the microscope and +held firmly in place with clips. By varying the adjustment +and carefully running over the field the condition of the surface +was readily given, using the same eye-piece and objective throughout +the tests, and obtaining a magnification of thirty-three. +Great care was exercised to secure an average field showing the +general and typical appearance of every panel. Little difficulty +was experienced in so doing, as the laboratory panels gave very +representative surfaces of the large panels on the fence. The +instrument was then inclined horizontally and the eye-piece +was fitted into the camera nose. In the back of the bellows of +the camera was placed the ground glass for focusing. To secure<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span> +illumination the light from an electric arc lamp was reflected +from a mirror directly upon the painted surface of the panel, +which in turn was reflected through the camera on to the ground +glass. The plate-holder was then put in position and six-second +exposures were made, afterward developing and printing.</p> + +<p><b>Checking and Cracking.</b> What was termed “fine matt +checking” at the First Annual Inspection was not visible at +the time to certain members of the Inspection Committee, but +it is an established fact that the checking was an existing condition, +as the photomicrographs have shown. This checking +has a very peculiar characteristic in that the lines are very narrow +and hair-like, being somewhat interlaced and peculiarly forked. +That this hair matt checking is a preliminary condition which +afterwards develops into matt checking and into marked or heavy +checking seems to be indicated.</p> + +<p>It appears from an examination of the photomicrographs of +the paint films that a paint coating closely resembles the surface +of the earth, and is subject to the same basic laws that have +caused the various geodetic changes in the earth’s crust. Observation +of a dried pond or lake bed will disclose types of fissuring +and cracking similar to those shown by dried paint coatings +in which the oil has been fully oxidized, and especially in the +case of paints containing pigments which act upon the oil to +produce compounds brittle in nature.</p> + +<p>At Atlantic City the panels were all clean and free from dirt, +presenting continuous exposure of the films, and thus maintaining +conditions for active checking. At Pittsburg, soon after +the panels began to chalk, the large amount of dust and black +soot in the atmosphere completely covered the panels with a +very thick, resistant coating of carbon, which acted as a seal +or protector, preventing disintegration to a great extent. This +coating was extremely hard to remove, and photomicrographs, +before and after removal of this coating by rubbing with a damp +cloth, failed to reveal marked checking on any of the formulas +except those made of strictly pure basic carbonate-white lead. +The checking, even on these, was not as marked as at Atlantic +City. It is presumed that after the chalking had taken place +and the chalked pigment had been washed from the panels, the +gradually increasing coat of carbon and lead sulphide had protected +the panels from checking, or possibly the atmosphere of +Pittsburg, which in other respects had deteriorated the panels +to a greater extent than at Atlantic City, did not have the extreme +action in causing checking that the Atlantic City atmosphere +seemed to have effected.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></p> + +<table class="illo" summary="Photos P 167-171"> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo178a.jpg" +alt="Pittsburg 1 before washing" width="300" height="297" /></td> +<td class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo178b.jpg" alt="Pittsburg 1 after washing" width="300" height="299" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="caption">Combination Formula No. 1, Pittsburg</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption"><span class="smcap">Before Washing</span></td> +<td class="caption"><span class="smcap">After Washing</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption">Mottled surface due to external coating of impurities.</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo179a.jpg" alt="Pittsburg 4 before washing" width="300" height="299" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo179b.jpg" alt="Pittsburg 4 after washing" width="300" height="296" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="caption">Formula No. 4, Pittsburg</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption"><span class="smcap">Before Washing</span></td> +<td class="caption"><span class="smcap">After Washing</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span><img src="images/illo180a.jpg" +alt="Pittsburg 38 before washing" width="300" height="299" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo180b.jpg" alt="Pittsburg 38 after washing" width="300" height="299" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="caption">Formula No. 38, Pittsburg<br /> +Basic Carbonate—White Lead Panels on Fence</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption"><span class="smcap">Before Washing</span></td> +<td class="caption"><span class="smcap">After Washing</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption">Checking evident +even through the outer covering of foreign matter.</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span><img src="images/illo181a.jpg" +alt="Pittsburg 36 before washing" width="300" height="299" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo181b.jpg" alt="Pittsburg 36 after washing" width="300" height="298" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="caption">Formula No. 36, Pittsburg<br /> +Basic Carbonate—White Lead Panels on Fence</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption"><span class="smcap">Before Washing</span></td> +<td class="caption"><span class="smcap">After Washing</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption">Peculiar network-like checking appearing +through outer coat of impurities.</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span><img src="images/illo182a.jpg" +alt="Pittsburg 40" width="300" height="296" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo182b.jpg" alt="Pittsburg 45" width="300" height="300" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption">Formula No. 40, Pittsburg</td> +<td class="caption">Formula No. 45, Pittsburg</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span><b>Results on Combination Pigment Paints.</b> It will be noticed +that the checking on most of the combination pigment paints +made of lead, zinc, and inert pigments, was moderate, and in +many cases of a fine order. It has been observed that the +percentage of zinc oxide in a paint is not always a criterion upon +which future checking may be judged. Nor could it be said +that the checking is dependent upon the percentage of basic +carbonate-white lead added to the paint. However, it appears +that scientific blending of the various pigments, with regard to +their physical properties in oil, such as their strength and elastic +limit, develops the greatest resistance to both cracking and +checking. Elasticity is vital, but strength must be combined +therewith in order to prevent disruptions of the paint coating. +Paint films made of certain inert pigments, when tested on the +filmometer, were relatively high in strength, but relatively low +in elasticity. Such pigments, when used in large percentage, +form coatings which are hard and apt to crack. The use, however, +of these pigments in moderate percentages seems very +beneficial in overcoming the effect of using an excessive percentage +of white lead, or of zinc oxide.</p> + +<p><b>Results on White Lead Paints.</b> The maximum checking +was observed on the basic carbonate-white lead panels, the size +of the checks in some cases being several times larger than those +on the other panels.</p> + +<p>On some of the basic carbonate-white leads the checking was +of a very peculiar nature, consisting of very broad fissures in +the paint coating, disclosing the wood surfaces beneath. The +type of checking existing was also distinct in its structure, being +hexagonal in shape. One of the most marked features shown +by the basic carbonate-white lead films was the extreme roughness +of their surfaces. This roughness is most likely due to the +excessive chalking which had taken place.</p> + +<p><b>Results on Silica and Barytes Paints.</b> The checking of +paints very high in silica resolved itself into fine hair-like lines +which are generally lateral to each other, and indicate a cracked +appearance. The checking of paints containing very high percentages<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span> +of barytes was also of a distinct nature, being generally +forked in appearance and of no definite striation.</p> + +<p><b>Surface Condition of Fume Pigment Paints.</b> The panels +painted with basic sulphate-white lead (sublimed white lead) +showed complete absence of checking. This was also true of +the panels painted with zinc lead. These are both fume products +and are extremely fine in their physical size, which may +account for this condition. Although zinc oxide is made in a +similar manner, it gives a much harder paint coating than either +of the afore-mentioned pigments, and presents a surface which +develops considerable checking, generally of a medium order. +The past theories regarding zinc oxide, in which it has been maintained +that zinc oxide gives the maximum checking, are evidently +incorrect, as the checking found on the zinc oxide panels was +not as marked or deep as the checking on the basic carbonate-white +lead panels; in fact, the checking might be more in the +line of a cracking, possibly due to the brittle nature of the coating +composed of straight zinc. This is especially true of zinc paints +containing insufficient oil.</p> + +<p><b>The Importance of the Physical Nature of Pigments.</b> It +appears that very fine grinding of materials, chosen for their +characteristic fineness, with the absence of any unfavorable +physical condition or chemical sensitiveness, are important +factors in the making of a paint to resist cracking or checking. +The purity of the essential materials, as well as the scientific +compounding of these materials, with due regard to the law of +minimum voids, are great factors which enhance the qualities +of paints, greater, perhaps, than the variation of percentages of +the various pigments which go to make up a paint.</p> + + +<hr class="c25" /> +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></p> +<h2><a name="Ch11" id="Ch11"></a>CHAPTER XI</h2> + +<h3>ADDITIONAL TESTS AT ATLANTIC CITY AND PITTSBURG</h3> + +<p>A series of new test panels to take the place of those panels +which were condemned and subsequently removed from the +Atlantic City and Pittsburg fences, were painted and exposed +during June, 1909. These new test panels are of white pine, +this wood having been selected by the joint inspection committee +as offering the best condition for future tests. The +method used in painting these panels was the same as in the +previous tests, together with the adoption of certain refinements +in the reductions, application, etc. Thirty-six formulas were +selected with careful regard to the percentage of components, +including several paints containing lithopone combined with +whiting and zinc oxide,<a name="FNanchor_1_22" id="FNanchor_1_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> +two pigments which gave promise of +supporting the lithopone for outside use. Some of these lithopone +paints contained special vehicles which it was thought +would prevent the destructive action which lithopone seems to +have upon linseed oil. In order to obtain a criterion of the +value of the new formulas applied, as against the wearing of +straight white leads, the original white leads used in the previous +tests were included, and other brands were added. Each formula +was painted out in white, yellow, and gray, upon panels of white +pine wood arranged in sequence upon the fence, and properly +identified. The customary opacity test, in the form of a small +black square, was stencilled over the priming coat of each panel, +as in the former tests. The composition of the vehicle in all +the new tests was standard, using pure linseed oil with a small +percentage of turpentine drier. The tints used in each formula +were secured at the time of application by the use of standard +colors, lampblack, and medium chrome yellow, using an approximate +amount for each formula.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_22" id="Footnote_1_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_22"><span +class="label">[22]</span></a> A brief study of the theory of solutions (See Cushman and Gardner on +“Corrosion and Preservation of Iron and Steel”), involving the modes of +iron formation, will be invaluable to the student who is inquiring into the +cause of the peculiar fogging of lithopone, with the idea in view of correcting +this evil by physical or chemical treatment. Inasmuch as our observations +thus far have led us to believe that the fogging of lithopone takes place in the +presence of moisture, with the contributory and necessary action of chemically +active rays from the sun or other source, it is fair to assume that under +these conditions the insoluble molecule of zinc sulphide and barium sulphate +reverts by intricate molecular disturbance and ionization back to the soluble +barium sulphide and zinc sulphate from which the lithopone is formed by +metathesis. If this be true, then the acid nature of these soluble salts is no +doubt combated and overcome at the moment of formation by the basic +nature of zinc oxide and calcium carbonate, which tend to ionize to an +alkaline reaction. The value of zinc oxide and calcium carbonate in lithopone +paints as detergents of blackness, has been demonstrated at both +Atlantic City and Pittsburg.” H. A. G.</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo186.jpg" +alt="Recently Placed Panels in Fence" width="500" height="258" /> +<p class="caption">Section of Fence Showing New Panels Recently Placed</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><img src="images/illo187.jpg" alt="Appearance 1909 Tests" width="400" height="448" /> +<p class="caption">Appearance of 1909 Tests</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></p> + +<p>An inspection of these new tests was made during June, 1910, +and the results of the inspection are shown on <a href="#Page_178">pages 178</a> to <a href="#Page_181">181</a>. +The results of the inspection prove that it is unsafe to use lithopone +in a paint containing white lead of any type, early darkening +and failure being shown in every case where such a combination +existed. The formulas in the new test, which were properly +balanced and which had a low percentage of lithopone combined +with zinc oxide and whiting, presented in some cases very good +surfaces. A rough, sandy surface, however, was shown where +lithopone was used in any great quantity.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178-<br />179]</a></p> +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179"></a></p> + +<h5>TESTS INAUGURATED IN 1909<br /> +RESULTS OF INSPECTION OF ATLANTIC CITY TEST FENCE, MAY, 1910</h5> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Table P 178-179"> + +<tr> +<td colspan="13" class="center bt2 br2 bb padr1 padl1">FORMULAS</td> +<td colspan="4" rowspan="3" class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">REPORT OF INSPECTION</td> +<td rowspan="4" class="center bt2 bb padr1 padl1">Pa-<br />nel<br />Num-<br />ber</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td rowspan="3" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">For-<br />mu-<br />la<br />Num-<br />ber</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Basic<br />Car-<br />bonate<br />White<br />Lead</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Zinc<br />Oxide</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Basic<br />Sul-<br />phate<br />White<br />Lead</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Preci-<br />pitated<br />White<br />Lead</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Zinc<br />Lead</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Litho-<br />pone</td> +<td colspan="6" class="center br2 bb padr1 padl1">INERT PIGMENTS</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Cal-<br />cium<br />Car-<br />bonate</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Silica</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Asbes-<br />tine</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">China<br />Clay</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Bary-<br />tes</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br2 bb padr1 padl1">Blanc<br />Fixe</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1">CHALKING</td> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1">CHECKING</td> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1">GENERAL<br />CONDITION</td> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1">REMARKS</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br2">%</td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2 top">1</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2 top">45</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2 top">40</td> +<td class="right br padr2 top">15</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br2 top">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1 top">None</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1 top">None</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Rough surface, but fair for<br />repainting</td> +<td class="center br top"> </td> +<td class="right padr2 top">1</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2 top">2</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2 top">45</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2 top">40</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2 top">15</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br2 top">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1 top">None</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1 top">None</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Fair; rough surface and<br />slightly dark</td> +<td class="center br top"> </td> +<td class="right padr2 top">2</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">3</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">45</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">45</td> +<td class="right br padr2">10</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Very slight</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Very slight</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Good; very white surface</td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">3</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2 top">4</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2 top">45</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2 top">45</td> +<td class="right br padr2 top">10</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br2 top">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1 top">None</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1 top">None</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Rough surface and slightly<br />dark</td> +<td class="center br top"> </td> +<td class="right padr2 top">4</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">5</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">40</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">40</td> +<td class="right br padr2">20</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Very slight</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Very slight</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Good; very white surface</td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">6</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">45</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">35</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">20</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">None</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">None</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Rough surface; dark</td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">6</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">7</td> +<td class="right br padr2">50</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">36</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">2</td> +<td class="right br padr2">8</td> +<td class="right br padr2">4</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">None</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Very slight lateral checking</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Good</td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">7</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">8</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">50</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">36</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">2</td> +<td class="right br padr2">8</td> +<td class="right br padr2">4</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Heavy</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Excellent; very white</td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">8</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">9</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">50</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">36</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">2</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">12</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Heavy</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Some</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Excellent; very white</td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">9</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">10</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">36</td> +<td class="right br padr2">50</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">2</td> +<td class="right br padr2">8</td> +<td class="right br padr2">4</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">None</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Good</td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">10</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">11</td> +<td class="right br padr2">28</td> +<td class="right br padr2">55</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">3</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">7</td> +<td class="right br2 padr2">7</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">None</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Good; slightly dark</td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">11</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">12</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">55</td> +<td class="right br padr2">28</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">3</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">7</td> +<td class="right br2 padr2">7</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">None</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Slight lateral</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Good</td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">12</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2 top">13</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2 top">60</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2 top">30</td> +<td class="right br padr2 top">10</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br2 top">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1 top">Very slight</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Considerable lateral running<br />along grain of wood</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1 top">Fair</td> +<td class="center br top"> </td> +<td class="right padr2 top">13</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2 top">14</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2 top">30</td> +<td class="right br padr2 top">30</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2 top">30</td> +<td class="right br padr2 top">10</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br2 top">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1 top">Very slight</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Considerable lateral running<br />along grain of wood</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1 top">Fair</td> +<td class="center br top"> </td> +<td class="right padr2 top">14</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">15</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">60</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">30</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">10</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Heavy</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Slight lateral checking</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">15</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">16</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">100</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Heavy</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Considerable</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Dark color; rough surface</td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">16</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2 top">17</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2 top">100</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br2 top">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1 top">Considerable</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1 top">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Better than No. 16; not as<br />rough or dark</td> +<td class="center br top"> </td> +<td class="right padr2 top">17</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">18</td> +<td class="right br padr2">33</td> +<td class="right br padr2">33</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">17</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">17</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Very slight</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">None</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Good</td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">18</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">19</td> +<td class="right br padr2">34</td> +<td class="right br padr2">33</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">33</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Very slight</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Good</td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">19</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">20</td> +<td class="right br padr2">34</td> +<td class="right br padr2">33</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">33</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Very slight</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">None</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Good</td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">20</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">21</td> +<td class="right br padr2"><a name="FNanchor_1_23" id="FNanchor_1_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a>100</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Fair; rough surface</td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">21</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">22</td> +<td class="right br padr2">100</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Very slight</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Lateral cracking</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Fairly good</td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">22</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">23</td> +<td class="right br padr2">100</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Lateral cracking</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">23</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">24</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">100</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Slight cracking</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Good for repainting</td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">24</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">25</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">100</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">None</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Good surface</td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">25</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">26</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">100</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Heavy</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Slight cracking</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Fair; surface rough & dark</td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">26</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">27</td> +<td class="right br padr2">100</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Heavy</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Lateral cracking</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">27</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2 top">28</td> +<td class="right br padr2 top">100</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br2 top">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1 top">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1 top">Considerable</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Poor; very rough, dark<br />surface</td> +<td class="center br top"> </td> +<td class="right padr2 top">28</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">29</td> +<td class="right br padr2">24</td> +<td class="right br padr2">45</td> +<td class="right br padr2">13</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">18</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">None</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Good</td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">29</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2 top">30</td> +<td class="right br padr2 top">45</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2 top">40</td> +<td class="right br padr2 top">15</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br2 top">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1 top">Heavy</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Heavy checking and<br />alligatoring</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1 top">Poor</td> +<td class="center br top"> </td> +<td class="right padr2 top">30</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">31</td> +<td class="right br padr2">45</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">40</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">15</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">None</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Alligatoring</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Rough surface; dark</td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">31</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">32</td> +<td class="right br padr2">45</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">35</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">20</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Dark and rough surface</td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">32</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">33</td> +<td class="right br padr2">50</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">36</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">2</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">12</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Considerable</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Poor; dark surface</td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">33</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">34</td> +<td class="right br padr2">75</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">25</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">None</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">None</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Fair; dark surface</td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">34</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">35</td> +<td class="right br padr2">50</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2">50</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">None</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Fair; rough surface</td> +<td class="center br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">35</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="right br padr2 top">36</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right br padr2 top">100</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br2 top">—</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1 top">Extremely bad</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1 top">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1 top">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padr1 padl1">Vehicle disintegrated;<br />spotted in places</td> +<td class="right padr2 top">36</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_23" id="Footnote_1_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> +This pigment on analysis proved to be zinc lead.</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180-<br />181]</a></p> +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181"></a></p> + +<h5>TESTS INAUGURATED IN 1909<br /> +RESULTS OF INSPECTION OF PITTSBURG TEST FENCE, MAY, 1910</h5> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Table P 180-181"> + +<tr> +<td colspan="13" class="center bt2 bb br2">FORMULAS</td> +<td colspan="4" rowspan="3" class="center bt2 bb br">REPORT OF INSPECTION</td> +<td rowspan="4" class="center bt2 bb padr1 padl1">Pa-<br />nel<br />Num-<br />ber</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td rowspan="3" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">For-<br />mu-<br />la<br />Num-<br />ber</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Basic Car-<br />bonate<br />White<br />Lead</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Zinc<br />Oxide</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Basic<br />Sul-<br />phate<br />White<br />Lead</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Preci-<br />pitated<br />White<br />Lead</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Zinc<br />Lead</td> +<td rowspan="3" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Litho-<br />pone</td> +<td colspan="6" class="center br2 bb">INERT PIGMENT</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Cal-<br />cium<br />Car-<br />bonate</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Silica</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Asbes-<br />tine</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">China<br />Clay</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Bary-<br />tes</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br2 bb padr1 padl1">Blanc<br />Fixe</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1">CHALKING</td> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1">CHECKING</td> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1">GENERAL<br />CONDITION</td> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1">REMARKS</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br">%</td> +<td class="center br2">%</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">1</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">45</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">40</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">15</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Considerable</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Dark in places. Diffused</td> +<td class="right padr2">1</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">2</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">45</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">40</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">15</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Bad</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Dark in places</td> +<td class="right padr2">2</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">3</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">45</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">45</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">10</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Medium</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">None</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Darkening shown in places</td> +<td class="right padr2">3</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">4</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">45</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">45</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">10</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Considerable</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">None</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Medium dark</td> +<td class="right padr2">4</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">5</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">40</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">40</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">20</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">None</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">No excessive darkness</td> +<td class="right padr2">5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">6</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">45</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">35</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">20</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Medium</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Surface fairly white</td> +<td class="right padr2">6</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">7</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">50</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">36</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">2</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">8</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">4</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Medium</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">None</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Excellent</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Whitest surface of new tests</td> +<td class="right padr2">7</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">8</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">50</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">36</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">2</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">8</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">4</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Extremely bad</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Surface darkening</td> +<td class="right padr2">8</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">9</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">50</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">36</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">2</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">12</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Extremely bad</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Not as bad as No. 8</td> +<td class="right padr2">9</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">10</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">36</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">50</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">2</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">8</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">4</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">None</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Excellent surface; very white</td> +<td class="right padr2">10</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">11</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">28</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">55</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">3</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">7</td> +<td class="right padr2 br2">7</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">None</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Excellent</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Surface fairly white; thin soot</td> +<td class="right padr2">11</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">12</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">55</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">28</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">3</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">7</td> +<td class="right padr2 br2">7</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Medium</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">None</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Surface white</td> +<td class="right padr2">12</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">13</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">60</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">30</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">10</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Medium</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Very bad in spots</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Slight darkening</td> +<td class="right padr2">13</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">14</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">30</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">30</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">30</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">10</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Heavy</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Considerable</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Slight darkening</td> +<td class="right padr2">14</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">15</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">60</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">30</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">10</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Extremely bad</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Fairly white</td> +<td class="right padr2">15</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br top">16</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br top">100</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br2 top">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Extremely bad</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Advanced and deep</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Bad</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Surface rough with considerable<br />disintegration and much<br />darkness</td> +<td class="right padr2 top">16</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br top">17</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br top">100</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br2 top">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Not as bad<br />as No. 16</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Less advanced than<br />No. 16</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Not as dark as No. 16; slightly<br /> +mottled in places; buff color</td> +<td class="right padr2 top">17</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">18</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">33</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">33</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">17</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">17</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Very slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Practically none</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Surface white</td> +<td class="right padr2">18</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">19</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">34</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">33</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">33</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Very slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">None</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Surface fairly white</td> +<td class="right padr2">19</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">20</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">34</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">33</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">33</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">None</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">None</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Surface fairly white</td> +<td class="right padr2">20</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">21</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">100</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Surface very rough and dark</td> +<td class="right padr2">21</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">22</td> +<td class="right padr3 br"><a name="FNanchor_1_24" id="FNanchor_1_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a>100</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Medium</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Surface fairly white</td> +<td class="right padr2">22</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">23</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">100</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Bad</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1 br">Surface rough and darkest on fence</td> +<td class="right padr2">23</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">24</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">100</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Bad</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">None</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Surface white</td> +<td class="right padr2">24</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">25</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">100</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">None</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Fairly white surface</td> +<td class="right padr2">25</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br top">26</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right padr3 br top">100</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br2 top">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Medium</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Rough and very dark; chalking is<br />disrupting black coating</td> +<td class="right padr2 top">26</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">27</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">100</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Medium</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Surface fairly white</td> +<td class="right padr2">27</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br top">28</td> +<td class="right padr3 br top">100</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br2 top">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Medium</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1 br">Deep; evident without<br />glass</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Poor</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Surface rough and very dark</td> +<td class="right padr2 top">28</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">29</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">24</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">45</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">13</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">18</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Very white surface</td> +<td class="right padr2">29</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">30</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">45</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">40</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">15</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">None</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Color dark</td> +<td class="right padr2">30</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">31</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">45</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">40</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">15</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Very slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Advanced</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Color very dark</td> +<td class="right padr2">31</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">32</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">45</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">35</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">20</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1 br">Extremely slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Considerable</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Color very dark; rough surface</td> +<td class="right padr2">32</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">33</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">50</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">36</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">2</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">12</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Extremely slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Surface dark and rough</td> +<td class="right padr2">33</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">34</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">75</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">25</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Deep</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Surface medium dark</td> +<td class="right padr2">34</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr2 br">35</td> +<td class="right padr3 br">50</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br">50</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br">—</td> +<td class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Considerable</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Surface medium dark</td> +<td class="right padr2">35</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="right padr2 br top">36</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right padr2 br top">100</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="center br2 top">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Extremely bad</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">None</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Vehicle disintegrated, leaving very<br />white, chalked surface of<br /> +pigment</td> +<td class="right padr2 top">36</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_24" id="Footnote_1_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> This +pigment on analysis proved to be zinc lead.</p></div> + +<hr class="c25" /> +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XII</h2> + +<h3>NORTH DAKOTA PAINT TESTS</h3> + + +<p>An inspection of the original test fence, erected and painted +by the North Dakota Agricultural College, on the grounds of +the agricultural Experiment Station at Fargo, was made by the +inspection committee<a name="FNanchor_1_25" id="FNanchor_1_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> +representing the Paint Manufacturers’ +Association of the United States, on the 19th and 20th of November, +1909. The fence was erected in 1906 and painted with +commercial paints, procured in the open market. The east side +of the fence was built of soft pine and cedar weather-boarding, +such as is almost universally used on houses in that locality, +presenting a very good surface for test purposes, while the west +side was built largely of flat trimmed boards of hard pitch pine +which, unfortunately, contained knots, pitch pockets, and uneven +surfaces, causing to a greater or lesser extent cracking, scaling, +and bad general results on all paints applied thereto.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_25" id="Footnote_1_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> +Henry A. Gardner, Director Scientific Section, Educational Bureau, +Paint Manufacturers’ Association of U. S.; George Butler, Master Painter; +Charles Macnichol, Master Painter.</p></div> + +<p>The fences built in 1907 and 1908 at the suggestion of the Paint +Manufacturers’ Association, were inspected on the 20th, 21st, +and 22nd of November, 1909, and the detailed results of the +inspection of all these fences follow in this report. The same +general conclusions as to the woods represented in the 1906 +fence also apply to the 1907 and 1908 fences, and because of +the general bad quality of wood used on the western exposure +of all fences, the detailed reports were made only from an examination +of the eastern side of the fences, both on cedar and +soft pine.</p> + +<p>The following general summary of the inspection and its results +applies to all the test fences on the grounds of the college +and is the unanimous conclusion drawn by the inspectors from +this work:</p> + +<p>“Non-absorbent woods, difficult to penetrate, such as those +on the west side of the fences, would undoubtedly have given +much better results had they been painted with paints properly +reduced to suit the nature of the wood. This treatment seems +to have been overlooked in the North Dakota tests, and the +painting of the hard pine boards was done with the same consistency +of mixtures and the same reductions as upon soft pine. +Scaling of course resulted. One of the chief purposes of the +fences, however, was to study the different types of wood, and +compliance with this desire resulted in the bad conditions herein +noted. It has been shown in many other field tests that adherence +of paints to hard wood surfaces can be obtained only by +causing the priming coat to become amalgamated with the +woody fibre, by the use of a large percentage of volatile diluent +turpentine, benzole, asphaltum spirits, etc., to secure penetration. +If such treatment is omitted, failure soon results, as was +evidenced by the uniformly bad conditions presented by the +paints on the hard pine panels.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo194a.jpg" alt="North Dakota Test Fence 1" width="450" height="188" /></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo194b.jpg" alt="North Dakota Test Fence 2" width="500" height="173" /> +<p class="caption">North Dakota Test Fences</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo194c.jpg" +alt="Pine Board Showing Knot and Sappy Grain" width="500" height="362" /> +<p class="caption">Typical Sample of Hard Pine Trim Board Showing Knot and Sappy Grain</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo195.jpg" +alt="Complete Disaintegration of Cheap Paint" width="300" height="419" /> +<p class="caption">Test No. 13—1906 Fence<br /> +Complete Disintegration and Failure of Cheap Paint</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo196.jpg" +alt="Pine Weatherboarding Showing Knots and Grain" width="500" height="303" /> +<p class="caption">Pine Weatherboarding Showing Knots and Grain</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo197.jpg" +alt="Condition of Lumber Affecting Paint" width="300" height="383" /> +<p class="caption">Condition of Lumber Affecting Paint, West Side 1906 Fence</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo198.jpg" alt="Hail-stone Abrasions" width="300" height="432" /> +<p class="caption">Hail-stone Abrasions on House Repainting Tests</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo199.jpg" alt="Hail-stone Damage" width="300" height="418" /> +<p class="caption">Hail-stone Effect, West Side of 1907 Test Fence</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span>“During July, 1908, a violent hailstorm occurred in Fargo, +and left its impression on nearly every wooden structure; in +many cases deep dents being made into the wood. The west +side of the test fences, which received the most injury from this +storm, was covered with these dents over almost its entire surface, +causing cracks in the form of concentric rings to appear on the +abraded paint coatings. The bad condition of the wood, improper +method of applying priming coat, combined with the +hailstorm effect on the painted surfaces on the west side of the +fences, were undoubtedly responsible for the universal failure +of the paints thereon, and, for these reasons, the west side was +eliminated from the detailed inspection, only general observations +of these tests being made. These general observations, however, +showed that paints Nos. 6 and 8 on the 1906 fence, and paints +Nos. 8, 10, and 13 on the 1907 fence, proved the most satisfactory +on the western exposure.<a name="FNanchor_1_26" id="FNanchor_1_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_26" id="Footnote_1_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> +These formulas were the same as those respectively numbered on the +Atlantic City and Pittsburg fences.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo200.jpg" +alt="Peculiar Crystallization Effect" width="300" height="314" /> +<p class="caption">Peculiar Crystallization Effect on Section 41. New Special Fence Paint +Applied During Cold Weather</p></div> + +<p>“Ochre was tried out as a priming coat on several formulas, +but it was found to be most unsatisfactory, affecting the subsequent +coats of paint and causing early failure, as evidenced by +broad checking, discoloration, and general bad condition. These<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span> +conditions also apply to those panels on the 1908 fence coated +with shellac as a primer.</p> + +<p>“The colored formulas in every case showed a great superiority +over the same paints in white untinted, and demonstrated that +a percentage of color has a wonderful influence on the preservation +of the paint coating, reducing chalking, checking, and general +disintegration. This condition is probably due to the reinforcing +value of the color pigments used.</p> + +<p>“It is safe to state that the combination formulas tinted yellow +were of better appearance than the corroded white leads tinted +yellow, the latter appearing quite dark in many cases.</p> + +<p>“The wearing of the paints made solely from white lead and +zinc oxide seemed to indicate that a percentage of a third pigment, +of an inert nature, would have been beneficial.</p> + +<p>“The high-type mixtures of pigments containing lead and +zinc, with moderate percentages of inert pigments, on good wood, +were in most excellent general condition; in fact, much superior +to the single pigment paints. Their surface exhibited only minor +checking and moderate chalking with good maintenance of color, +and presenting surfaces well adapted to repainting.</p> + +<p>“The sublimed white lead was in fair condition, with very +little checking, and offering a fair repainting surface. The +corroded white lead was somewhat whiter than the sublimed +white lead, but a careful observation of the surface of the corroded +lead revealed deep checking.</p> + +<p>“It was clearly demonstrated, however, that in climates of +the North Dakota type, white lead alone is not entirely satisfactory. +The addition of zinc oxide to white lead forms paint +that has proved much superior to the white lead alone.</p> + +<p>“It was conclusively demonstrated that mixtures of white +lead and zinc oxide, properly blended with moderate percentages +of reinforcing pigments, such as asbestine, barytes, silica and +calcium carbonate, are most satisfactory from every standpoint, +and are superior to mixtures of prime white pigments not reinforced +with inert pigments.</p> + +<p>“The white leads painted out on the 1908 fence exhibited +different degrees of checking, the mild-process lead and sublimed +white lead which presented the best surfaces, being free from +checking, while the old-process leads seemed to show very deep +and marked checking, even after one year’s wear.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></p> + +<table class="illo" style="width: 350px;" summary="Photo P 192"> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo202.jpg" +alt="Two White Leads on Two Grades of Wood" width="300" height="422" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption left">Corroded White Lead</td> +<td class="caption right">Sublimed White Lead</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="caption">Condition of Two White Leads on Two Grades of Wood</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo203a.jpg" alt="Photomicrographic Apparatus in Use" width="300" height="362" /></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo203b.jpg" alt="Photomicrographic Apparatus" width="300" height="282" /> +<p class="caption">Photomicrographic Apparatus and Method of Use</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></p> + +<h5>CONDENSED REPORT OF INSPECTION OF “1906” TEST FENCE</h5> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Fargo, N. D., Nov. 19-23, 1909</span><br /> +<i>No gloss shown by any of the paints. Formulas in white on white pine only included here, on east side of fence</i></p> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Table P 193"> + +<tr class="bt2"> +<td rowspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Test<br />No.</td> +<td colspan="30" class="center br2 bb">FORMULAS</td> +<td rowspan="2" colspan="5" class="center bb">REPORT OF CONDITION</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="18" class="center br bb"><span class="smcap">Pigment</span></td> +<td colspan="12" class="center br2 bb"><span class="smcap">Vehicle</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br bb"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Cor-<br />roded<br />White<br />Lead</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Sub-<br />limed<br />White<br />Lead</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Zinc<br />Oxide</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Cal-<br />cium<br />Car-<br />bonate</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Silica<br />and<br />Sili-<br />cates</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Barium<br />Sul-<br />phate</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Magne-<br />sium<br />Sili-<br />cate</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Clay<br />and<br />Silica</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Bary-<br />tes<br />and<br />Sili-<br />cate</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Lin-<br />seed<br />Oil</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Turp.<br />and<br />Drier</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Japan<br />Drier</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Water</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Ben-<br />zine<br />Drier</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2 bb padr1 padl1">Vola-<br />tile<br />Oil</td> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1"><span class="smcap">Chalking</span></td> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1"><span class="smcap">checking</span></td> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1"><span class="smcap">hiding<br />power</span></td> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1"><span class="smcap">color</span></td> +<td class="center bb padr1 padl1"><span class="smcap">condition for<br />repainting</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">%</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">%</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">1</td> +<td class="right padr0">100</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Very bad</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Extremely deep</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1">Only fair</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1 top">2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right padr0 top">100</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2 top">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Bad</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Very slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1 br">Light yellowish<br />tint</td> +<td class="left padl1 top">Fair</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1 top">3</td> +<td class="right padr0 top">50</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right padr0 top">50</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right padr0 top">90</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0 top">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2 top">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Medium</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Fine matt—deep in<br />places</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1 top">Fair to good</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1 top">4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right padr0 top">60</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0 top">40</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right padr0 top">90</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right padr0 top">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2 top">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Medium</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Surface checking, very<br />slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1 top">Fair</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">5</td> +<td class="right padr0">28</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">71</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">93</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Quite deep</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Medium</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1">Poor. Coating wrin-<br />kled and hard</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">6</td> +<td class="right padr0">40</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">50</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.3</td> +<td class="right padr0">4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.1</td> +<td class="right padr0">5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">90</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.7</td> +<td class="right padr0">9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Medium</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1 br">Slight surface checking</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1">Good</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1 top">7</td> +<td class="right padr0 top">21</td> +<td class="left br padl0 top">.9</td> +<td class="right padr0 top">21</td> +<td class="left br padl0 top">.9</td> +<td class="right padr0 top">45</td> +<td class="left br padl0 top">.8</td> +<td class="right padr0 top">10</td> +<td class="left br padl0 top">.4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right padr0 top">89</td> +<td class="left br padl0 top">.6</td> +<td class="right padr0 top">9</td> +<td class="left br padl0 top">.7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right padr0 top">0</td> +<td class="left br padl0 top">.7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2 top">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Medium</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Surface checking with<br />slight cracking</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1">Slight shelling from<br />wood</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">8</td> +<td class="right padr0">44</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.1</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">46</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.0</td> +<td class="right padr0">4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">86</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.0</td> +<td class="right padr0">12</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Medium</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Very slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1">Good</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">9</td> +<td colspan="30" class="center spaced br2">In gray only No report.</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">10</td> +<td class="right padr0">13</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">34</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.9</td> +<td class="right padr0">26</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">24</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.4</td> +<td class="right padr0">72</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">24</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.0</td> +<td class="right padr0">3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Very bad</td> +<td colspan="3" class="center padl1">Bad condition throughout.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">11</td> +<td class="right padr0">55</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">15</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">29</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.8</td> +<td colspan="12" class="center spaced br2">Test not finished</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">12</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.1</td> +<td class="right padr0">25</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.0</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">69</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Medium</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Medium</td> +<td class="left padl1 padr1 br">Deficient</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1">Shelling from wood</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">13</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">31</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.3</td> +<td class="right padr0">45</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.4</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">22</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.8</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">0</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">57</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">16</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.1</td> +<td class="right padr0">26</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2">—</td> +<td colspan="5" class="center">Worst looking surface in North Dakota tests.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1 top">14</td> +<td class="right padr0 top">34</td> +<td class="left br padl0 top">.8</td> +<td class="right padr0 top">5</td> +<td class="left br padl0 top">.4</td> +<td class="right padr0 top">59</td> +<td class="left br padl0 top">.2</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right padr0 top">86</td> +<td class="left br padl0 top">.0</td> +<td class="right padr0 top">13</td> +<td class="left br padl0 top">.7</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right padr0 top">0</td> +<td class="left br padl0 top">.3</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br2 top">—</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Medium</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Slight surface checking<br />and peeling</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1 top">Good</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="right br padr1 top">15</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right padr0 top">64</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right padr0 top">36</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right padr0 top">98</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right padr0 top">2</td> +<td class="br2"> </td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Slight</td> +<td class="left padl1 br">Lateral cracking quite<br />deep</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1 br top">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1 top">Hard film</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194-<br />195]</a></p> +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195"></a></p> + +<h5>CONDENSED REPORT OF INSPECTION OF “1907” TEST FENCE</h5> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Fargo, North Dakota, Nov. 19-23, 1909</span></p> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Table P 194-195"> + +<tr> +<td rowspan="2" class="center bt2 br bb padr1 padl1">Test<br />No.</td> +<td colspan="38" class="center bt2 br bb">FORMULAS</td> +<td colspan="5" rowspan="2" class="center bt2 bb">REPORT OF CONDITION</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="22" class="center br bb"><span class="smcap">pigment</span></td> +<td colspan="16" class="center br bb"><span class="smcap">vehicle</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br bb"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Cor-<br />roded<br />White<br />Lead</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Sub-<br />limed<br />White<br />Lead</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Zinc<br />Oxide</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Cal-<br />cium<br />Car-<br />bonate</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Alu-<br />minum<br />and<br />Magne-<br />sium<br />Sili<br />cate</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Barytes</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Silica</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Inert</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Magne-<br />sium<br />Sili-<br />cate</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Cal-<br />cium<br />Sul-<br />phate</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Zinc<br />Lead</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Lin-<br />seed<br />Oil</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Tur-<br />pen-<br />tine<br />Drier</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Tur-<br />pen-<br />tine<br />and<br />Japan</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Water</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Turpen-<br />tine<br />and<br />Ben-<br />zine<br />Japan<br />Drier</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Drier</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Vola-<br />tile<br />Oil</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br bb padr1 padl1">Ben-<br />zine</td> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1"><span class="smcap">Chalking</span></td> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1"><span class="smcap">Checking</span></td> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1"><span class="smcap">Hiding<br />Power</span></td> +<td class="center br bb padr1 padl1"><span class="smcap">Color</span></td> +<td class="center bb padr1 padl1"><span class="smcap">Condition for<br />Repainting</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br top">1</td> +<td class="right top">30</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right top">70</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right top">93</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right top">7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1 top">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Considerable with<br />lateral cracking</td> +<td class="left br padl1 top">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1 top">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1 top">Poor surface; too hard</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br top">2</td> +<td class="right top">50</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right top">50</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right top">86</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right top">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right top">4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1 top">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Considerable with lateral<br />cracking</td> +<td class="left br padl1 top">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1 top">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1 top">Rather poor</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">3</td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">50</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">90</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Bad</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium—scaling some</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1">Fair</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br top">4</td> +<td class="right padr0 top">48</td> +<td class="left br padl0 top">.5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right padr0 top">48</td> +<td class="left br padl0 top">.5</td> +<td class="right top">3</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right top">83</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right top">17</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1 top">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Considerable with lateral<br />cracking</td> +<td class="left br padl1 top">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1 top">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1 top">Medium</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">5</td> +<td class="right">22</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">50</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">26</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">90</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1">Good</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">6</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">64</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">36</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">98</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Considerable</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Medium</td> +<td class="left padl1">Fair</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">7</td> +<td class="right">37</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">63</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">85</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">13</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Considerable</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Present; long cracks</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1">Poor</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">8</td> +<td class="right">38</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">48</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">14</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">91</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Surface checking</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1">Fair</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br top">9</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right top">73</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right top">2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right top">25</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right top">66</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right top">12</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right top">22</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1 top">Not evident</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Considerable with lateral<br />cracking</td> +<td class="left br padl1 top">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1 top">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1 top">Medium</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">10</td> +<td class="right">44</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">46</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">86</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.0</td> +<td class="right padr0">12</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.5</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Very slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1">Good</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">11</td> +<td class="right">50</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">50</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">78</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">22</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Lateral cracking</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1">Fair</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br top">12</td> +<td class="right top">60</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right top">34</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right top">6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right top">91</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right top">7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right top">2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1 top">Considerable</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Present with slight cracking<br />and scaling</td> +<td class="left br padl1 top">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1 top">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1 top">Not very good</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">13</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">27</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">3</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">90</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Surface checking only</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1">Good</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br top">14</td> +<td class="right top">25</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right top">20</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right top">25</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right top">5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right top">25</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right top">90</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right top">6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right top">4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="left br padl1 top">Considerable</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Considerable with lateral<br />cracking</td> +<td class="left br padl1 top">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1 top">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1">Medium; some washing<br />shown</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">15</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">30</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">90</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1">Medium</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">16</td> +<td class="right">33</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">33</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">34</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">90</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight; some shelling</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1">Medium</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">17</td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="right padr0">(Type</td> +<td colspan="2" class="left br padl0"> A)</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Bad</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Alligatoring; deep checking</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1">Poor</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">18</td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="right padr0">( „ </td> +<td colspan="2" class="left br padl0"> B)</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Bad</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Alligatoring; deep checking</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1">Poor</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">19</td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="right padr0">( „ </td> +<td colspan="2" class="left br padl0"> C)</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="8" class="center br">10 gal. oil reduction</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Bad</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Deep</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1">Poor</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">20</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Considerable</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left padl1">Fair</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br top">21</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="right top">100</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br top">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1 top">Not evident</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">Considerable; slight cracking;<br />scaling</td> +<td class="left br padl1 top">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1 top">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1 top">Poor</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">22</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Lateral cracking; split</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1">Fair</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">23</td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="right padr0">(Type</td> +<td colspan="2" class="left br padl0"> C)</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="16" class="center br">5<span class="enum">1</span>⁄<span class="denom">2</span> gal. oil reduction for priming</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Bad</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium deep</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1">Fair</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">24</td> +<td class="right padr0">37</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.51</td> +<td class="right padr0">7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.84</td> +<td class="right padr0">25</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.87</td> +<td class="right padr0">20</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.36</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.42</td> +<td colspan="10" class="center br">(Michigan Seal White Lead)</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Considerable</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Slight; lateral cracking</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1">Good</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right padr1 br">25</td> +<td class="right padr0">38</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.95</td> +<td class="right padr0">4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.81</td> +<td class="right padr0">33</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.58</td> +<td class="right padr0">19</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.48</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.18</td> +<td colspan="8" class="center br">(Railway White Lead)</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Considerable</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Some; lateral cracking</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Fair</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1">Excellent</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb"> +<td class="right padr1 br">200</td> +<td class="right padr0">15</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.625</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.875</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.250</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">43</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.750</td> +<td class="right padr0">32</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.250</td> +<td class="right padr0">4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.000</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.250</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br">—</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Bad cracking</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Good</td> +<td class="left padl1">Fair</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span>“As +before stated, the committee believes that a serious mistake +was made on the test fence in painting out the leads and +other formulas on the various woods without any special attention +to reduction to suit the nature of the wood, thus accounting +largely for the difference of the wearing of the paints on the +different woods.</p> + +<p>“The reduction of the white leads especially was to be criticised +in these tests, in many cases too much oil and not sufficient +turpentine being present to cause penetration.</p> + +<p>“The application of paint to cedar was satisfactory in most +all cases, and this wood showed much better results than the +other woods upon the fences. The exudation of resinous pitch +on the hard pine was extremely serious, in some cases coming +through the paint in large streaks, causing bad results.</p> + +<p>“It is to be regretted that the house repainting tests which +were conducted are of no special value, inasmuch as no information +is on file as to the composition of the old paints originally +on the houses before the application of the test paints. Imperfections +in the old coating, such as excessive chalking, deep checking, +scaling, rosin exudations, etc., affected the subsequent coats +in such a manner as to prevent any knowledge of where the new +and old paint troubles began. The committee, therefore, omitted +a detailed inspection of such tests.</p> + +<p>“Examination of the three houses which were painted over +new wood showed results which correspond with the results +obtained from the fence tests. That is, they showed the ultimate +value of high type mixtures of several pigments over one +pigment alone. These tests seem to indicate that very good +results can be secured from most of the paints sold in North +Dakota. If the consumer or householder would exercise more +care in the selection of wood and preparation of surfaces, with +due regard to the proper reduction for various coats, more +satisfactory results would be obtained.</p> + +<p>“From an examination of certain paints on the 1908 fence +containing petroleum spirits, it would appear that this paint +thinner is of value, and in the face of conditions such as are presented +by the present scarcity of turpentine, the use of petroleum +spirits in moderate quantity would be justified.”</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></p> + +<h5>NORTH DAKOTA TESTS</h5> + +<table class="illo" style="width: 600px;" summary="Photos P 197-200"> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo208a.jpg" alt="Formula 21" width="300" height="299" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo208b.jpg" alt="Section 80" width="300" height="304" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption top">1. Formula No. 21, Section 31, on 1907 Fence</td> +<td class="caption top">2. Section 80, on 1908 Fence</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo208c.jpg" alt="Formula 6" width="300" height="297" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo208d.jpg" alt="Formula 2" width="300" height="302" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption top">3. Formula No. 6, Section 9, on 1907 Fence</td> +<td class="caption top">4. Formula No. 2, Section 3, on 1907 Fence</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo208e.jpg" alt="Formula 1" width="300" height="301" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo208f.jpg" alt="Formula 14" width="300" height="302" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption top">5. Formula No. 1, Section 1, on 1907 Fence</td> +<td class="caption top">6. Formula No. 14, Section 21, on 1907 Fence</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span><img +src="images/illo209a.jpg" alt="Formula 13" width="300" height="298" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo209b.jpg" alt="Formula 19" width="300" height="297" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption top">7. Formula No. 13, Panel 19, on 1907 Fence</td> +<td class="caption top">8. Formula No. 19, Panel 28. Broad, Deep Checking on +Corroded White Lead on 1907 Fence</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo209c.jpg" alt="Formula 24" width="300" height="302" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo209d.jpg" alt="Formula 25" width="300" height="302" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption top">9. Formula No. 24, Panel 36, on 1907 Fence. Good +Condition. Surface Checking Only</td> +<td class="caption top">10. Formula No. 25, Section 37, on 1907 Fence. Good +Condition. Surface Checking Only</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo209e.jpg" alt="Formula 8" width="300" height="298" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo209f.jpg" alt="Formula 12" width="300" height="302" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption top">11. Formula No. 8, Panel 12, on 1907 Fence</td> +<td class="caption top">12. Formula No. 10, Panel 15, on 1907 Fence</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span><img +src="images/illo210a.jpg" alt="Formula 23" width="300" height="301" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo210b.jpg" alt="Test 13" width="300" height="297" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption top">13. Panel No. 34, Formula 23, on 1907 Fence. Deep +Checking on Corroded White Lead</td> +<td class="caption top">14. Test No. 13 on 1906 Fence. White Spots +Show Paint Left on Wood. Balance of Paint Split and Disintegrated +from Surface</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo210c.jpg" alt="Test 6" width="300" height="298" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo210d.jpg" alt="Test 2" width="300" height="302" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption top">15. Test No. 6 on 1906 Fence. Surface Checking Only</td> +<td class="caption top">16. Test No. 2, 1906 Fence. Sublimed White Lead</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo210e.jpg" alt="Test 15" width="300" height="300" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo210f.jpg" alt="Hard Pine Cracking" width="300" height="298" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption top">17. Cracks in Test No. 15 on 1906 Fence</td> +<td class="caption top">18. Effect of Cracking on Hard Pine, Causing Splitting +of Painting Coating</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span><img +src="images/illo211a.jpg" alt="Section 23" width="300" height="298" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo211b.jpg" alt="Test 8" width="300" height="305" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption top">19. Formula No. 22, Section 23, 1907 Fence. Cracks in Paint Coating, Caused +by Cracks in Wood; Coating Otherwise in Good Condition</td> +<td class="caption top">20. Test No. 8, on 1906 Fence. Surface Checking Only</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo211c.jpg" alt="Section 69 Cracking and Checking" width="300" height="302" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="caption">21. Combination Cracking and<br />Checking on Section 69, on 1908 Fence</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo211d.jpg" alt="Cracks in Paint" width="300" height="296" /></td> +<td class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo211e.jpg" alt="Breakdown of Corroded White Lead" width="300" height="298" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption top">22. Cracks in Paint Coating, Caused by Cracking of Hard Pine Wood</td> +<td class="caption top">23. Section 65 on 1908 Fence. Showing Early Breakdown of Corroded White Lead</td> +</tr> + +</table> + + +<hr class="c25" /> +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></p> +<h2><a name="Ch13" id="Ch13"></a>CHAPTER XIII</h2> + +<h3>TENNESSEE PAINT TESTS</h3> + + +<p><b>Location and Object of Tests.</b> On September 15, 1910, the +erection of a wooden test fence was completed on the State Fair +Grounds at Nashville, Tenn. Upon this fence were exposed +forty-two samples of white paint, the object of the test being +to determine whether the combination type of formula is superior +to the single pigment type in the southern plateau, of which +Nashville is the centre.</p> + +<p><b>Construction of Tests.</b> The construction and outline of these +tests differ somewhat from those conducted at Atlantic City +and elsewhere by the Scientific Section. The fence frame is +150 feet long, being made of 6-inch bevelled girders supported +three feet from the ground by 4-inch posts set six feet apart. +Upon this girder were placed a series of forty-two test panels +supported at top and bottom with weather strips and braces. +The test panels used were 40 inches high, 30 inches wide, and +one inch thick, being made of the highest grade white pine, +tongued and grooved together, and protected on the edges by +weather strips projecting from the surface of the panels. Each +panel was painted on both sides with the same paint, thus giving +an eastern and western exposure, the fence running north and +south. The formulas used in the test vary in their percentage +composition, being made up in some cases of single pigments, +and again with combinations of the opaque white pigments, with +and without certain percentages of the crystalline or inert pigments. +The paints were applied under the supervision of prominent +master painters and a committee representing the Scientific +Section and other technical organizations.</p> + +<p>Other field tests have shown that the sap and knots in hard-grained +woods, such as yellow pine, cypress, etc., have been the +cause of the failure of even the best paints, and that all tests should +be conducted upon soft woods, such as white pine and poplar, +if definite results are to be obtained. Paints tinted with ochre,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span> +chrome yellow, lampblack, iron oxide, etc., have shown on the +other field tests which have been conducted at Atlantic City, +Pittsburg, and Fargo the value of these pigments in giving to +the paints increased wearing properties. On the Southern Test +Fence, therefore, all the formulas were ground in white only and +placed upon white pine so as to make the test primarily one to determine +the value of the various white pigments upon good wood.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo213.jpg" alt="Tennesee Test Fences" width="500" height="336" /> +<p class="caption">Tennessee Test Fences</p></div> + +<p><b>Oil and Thinner Tests.</b> Upon one series of panels on the fence +was placed one of the formulas which had given universal satisfaction +on the various test fences in the past, and this formula +was made up with various oils other than linseed oil, in order to +determine the value of these oils as painting materials. For +instance, the vehicle part of the one formula referred to is made +up of 50% linseed oil and 50% soya bean oil, and again 50% +linseed oil and 50% rosin oil, etc., an effort being made to test +out a few of the available semi-drying oils.</p> + +<p>The same formula referred to was ground in pure linseed oil +and subjected to a series of tests where it has been thinned for +application as priming and second coats with a series of wood +turpentines obtained from the United States Forest Products +Laboratory at Madison, Wis. These turpentines were made +from southern pine stumps and sawdust, and they vary greatly +in their properties. Some were objectionable in odor, while +others were of excellent quality, having an odor almost equal +to that of pure gum spirits.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo214a.jpg" alt="View 1 of Tennessee Test Fences" width="500" height="248" /></div> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo214b.jpg" alt="View 2 of Tennessee Test Fences" width="500" height="260" /></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo214c.jpg" +alt="View 3 of Tennessee Test Fences" width="500" height="295" /> +<p class="caption">Views of Fence</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span>One product under test on the Southern Test Fence is pine +oil, a high boiling point product obtained from the manufacture +of wood turpentine from sawdust. This oil has a boiling point +of over 210 degrees Centigrade as against the 150 degrees of +ordinary gum spirits. It is almost water white and has the +same penetrating qualities as the pure gum spirits; when mixed +with 50% linseed oil forming a paint oil of extremely light color, +that produces a semi-flat paint of great whiteness.</p> + +<p><b>Reductions and Application.</b> Formulas No. 1 to No. 37 were +all ground in pure refined linseed oil. They were made in the +form of semi-paste and then thinned down with sufficient refined +linseed oil so that each would have a relative viscosity. To +each formula was then added a sufficient amount of pure lead and +manganese linoleate drier to give proper drying qualities. On +thinning for the priming coat, one pint of turpentine was added +to each gallon of paint. For the second coat, one-half pint +turpentine and one-half pint refined linseed oil were added to +each gallon. For the third coat work, reduction was made with +one pint of refined linseed oil.</p> + +<p>In the case of formulas 31 to 37, reductions were the same, +except that a series of specially prepared wood turpentines were +used in place of the pure gum spirits used in formulas 1 to 31.</p> + +<p>Formulas 38 to 41, as will be shown, were ground in equal +parts of the oils tested. These formulas, however, were all +thinned for application with pure gum spirits of turpentine, +and the respective vehicle in which they were ground.</p> + +<p>No inspection of the Tennessee Test Fence has yet been made. +The formulas tested are as follows:</p> + +<h5>FORMULAS FOR SOUTHERN TEST FENCE</h5> + +<p class="center fsize80"><span class="smcap">Vehicle</span>: <i>Bleached Linseed Oil with Lead and Manganese Linoleate Drier</i>.</p> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Table P 204"> + +<tr> +<td class="center">For-<br />mula<br />No.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center">1</td> +<td class="left"><a href="#Footnote_1_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a>Corroded white lead</td> +<td class="right">100%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center">2</td> +<td class="left"><a href="#Footnote_1_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a>Sublimed white lead</td> +<td class="right">100%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center">3</td> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide XX</td> +<td class="right">100%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center">4</td> +<td class="left">Zinc lead white</td> +<td class="right">100%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center">5</td> +<td class="left padr2">Leaded zinc 65%, corroded white lead</td> +<td class="right">35%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center">6</td> +<td class="left"><a href="#Footnote_1_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a>Corroded white lead</td> +<td class="right">100%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center">7</td> +<td class="left"><a href="#Footnote_1_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a>Corroded white lead</td> +<td class="right">100%</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_27" id="Footnote_1_27"></a><span class="label">[27]</span> Corroded White +Lead is the Basic Carbonate of Lead. Sublimed White +Lead is the Basic Sulphate of Lead.</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></p> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Table P. 205-206"> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 8</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Corroded white lead</td> +<td class="right">85%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">15%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td > </td> +<td class="right bt">100%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 9</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left padr4">Corroded white lead</td> +<td class="right">65%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">35%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="right bt">100%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 10</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Corroded white lead</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="right bt">100%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 11</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Corroded white lead</td> +<td class="right">40%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">60%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="right bt">100%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 12</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Corroded white lead</td> +<td class="right">30%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">70%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="right bt">100%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 13</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Corroded white lead</td> +<td class="right">45%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">45%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Silica</td> +<td class="right">10%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="right bt">100%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 14</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Corroded white lead</td> +<td class="right">45%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">45%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Asbestine</td> +<td class="right">10%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="right bt">100%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 15</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Corroded white lead</td> +<td class="right">45%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">45%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">China clay</td> +<td class="right">10%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="right bt">100%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 16</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Corroded white lead</td> +<td class="right">45%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">45%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Barytes</td> +<td class="right">10%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="right bt">100%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 17</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Corroded white lead</td> +<td class="right">45%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">40%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Silica</td> +<td class="right">15%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="right bt">100%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 18</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Corroded white lead</td> +<td class="right">45%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">40%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Asbestine</td> +<td class="right">15%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="right bt">100%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 19</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Corroded white lead</td> +<td class="right">45%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">40%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Barytes</td> +<td class="right">15%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="right bt">100%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 20</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sublimed white lead</td> +<td class="right">45%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">40%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Silica</td> +<td class="right">15%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="right bt">100%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 21</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sublimed white lead</td> +<td class="right">45%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">40%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Asbestine</td> +<td class="right">15%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="right bt">100%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 22</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sublimed white lead</td> +<td class="right">45%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">40%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Barytes</td> +<td class="right">15%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="right bt">100%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 23</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">90%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Calcium carbonate</td> +<td class="right">10%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="right bt">100%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 24</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sublimed white lead</td> +<td class="right">40%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">45%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Calcium carbonate</td> +<td class="right">15%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="right bt">100%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 25</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Corroded white lead</td> +<td class="right">35%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Silica</td> +<td class="right">15%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="right bt">100%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 26</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Corroded white lead</td> +<td class="right">20%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sublimed white lead</td> +<td class="right">30%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">40%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Asbestine</td> +<td class="right">10%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="right bt">100%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 27<span class='pagenum' style="font-size: 1em;"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Corroded white lead</td> +<td class="right">20%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sublimed white lead</td> +<td class="right">20%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">40%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Barytes</td> +<td class="right">10%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Asbestine</td> +<td class="right">10%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="right bt">100%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 28</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Corroded white lead</td> +<td class="right">20%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sublimed white lead</td> +<td class="right">20%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">40%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Calcium carbonate</td> +<td class="right">10%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Silica</td> +<td class="right">10%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="right bt">100%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 29</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Sublimed white lead</td> +<td class="right">20%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Corroded white lead</td> +<td class="right">20%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">30%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Barytes</td> +<td class="right">10%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Asbestine</td> +<td class="right">10%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Calcium carbonate</td> +<td class="right">10%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="right bt">100%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 30</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Corroded white lead</td> +<td class="right">33%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">33%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Barytes</td> +<td class="right">33%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="right bt">99%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 31</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Corroded white lead</td> +<td class="right">45%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">45%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Asbestine</td> +<td class="right">5%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Calcium carbonate</td> +<td class="right">5%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="right bt">100%</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Table P. 206 bottom"> + +<tr> +<td class="center">For-<br />mula<br />No.</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center">32.</td> +<td class="left">Same as No. 31 but thinned with wood turpentine No. 1.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center">33.</td> +<td class="left">Same as No. 31 but thinned with wood turpentine No. 2.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center">34.</td> +<td class="left">Same as No. 31 but thinned with wood turpentine No. 3.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center">35.</td> +<td class="left">Same as No. 31 but thinned with wood turpentine No. 4.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center">36.</td> +<td class="left">Same as No. 31 but thinned with wood turpentine No. 5.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center">37.</td> +<td class="left">Same as No. 31 but thinned with high-boiling-point petroleum spirits (turpentine substitute).</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center">38.</td> +<td class="left">Same as No. 31 but ground in 50% raw linseed oil, 50% soya bean oil.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center">39.</td> +<td class="left">Same as No. 31 but ground in 50% raw linseed oil, 50% corn oil.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center">40.</td> +<td class="left">Same as No. 31 but ground in 50% raw linseed oil, 50% cotton seed oil.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center">41.</td> +<td class="left">Same as No. 31 but ground in 50% raw linseed oil, 50% rosin oil.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center">42.</td> +<td class="left">Same as No. 31 but ground in 50% raw linseed oil, 50% pine oil.</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<hr class="c25" /> +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></p> +<h2><a name="Ch14" id="Ch14"></a>CHAPTER XIV</h2> + +<h3>WASHINGTON PAINT TESTS</h3> + + +<p>The new vehicle test fence at Washington is fully described +in the writer’s paper<a name="FNanchor_1_28" id="FNanchor_1_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> +as presented before the American Society +for Testing Materials, as follows:</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_28" id="Footnote_1_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_28"><span +class="label">[28]</span></a> The Practical Testing of Drying and Semi-Drying Paint Oils, by Henry +A. Gardner. Paper presented at Fourteenth Annual Meeting, Amer. Soc. +for Test. Mater., Atlantic City, N.J., June, 1911.</p></div> + +<p>“The high price attained by linseed oil during the past two +years of over a dollar a gallon, together with the unusual scarcity +of this valuable oil, has led many investigators into the field of +research, with a view of discovering some mixture of other oils to +partly replace linseed oil. Many valuable contributions to oil +technology have resulted, but the makers and users of paints have +wisely demanded specific and authoritative information as to the +practical value of proposed mixtures before adopting them. The +Institute of Industrial Research, at the request of the Paint +Manufacturers’ Association of the United States, has recently +started a series of practical paint vehicle tests designed to decide +the question at issue.</p> + +<p>“Forty-eight white-pine panels have been placed upon a test +frame on the grounds of the new laboratory building of the Institute, +at Washington, D. C. They are painted with a standard +white pigment formula reduced with a different oil formula for +every panel. White-pine panels were selected for the test on +account of the good painting surface which this type of lumber +presents; the grade selected was free from knots or pitch pockets—defects +which often ruin a paint test. Each panel was constructed +of four tongued-and-grooved planed boards, 22 inches +long, 1 inch thick, and 9 inches wide. The boards were leaded +together and capped at the sides with weather strips, making the +finished panels about 2 feet wide and 3 feet high. The fence +upon which the panels were placed was constructed of 4-inch +squared yellow pine with open framework, allowing the panels<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span> +a resting place upon which they were finally secured with sherardized +screws.</p> + +<p>“Before erecting the panels, they were carefully painted in a +paint laboratory especially fitted out for the tests. The work +was done during the months of April and May, the temperature +averaging from 60 degrees to 90 degrees Fahrenheit. This +precaution was taken in order that the paint in each case might +become thoroughly dry and hard before exposure, so that there +would be no accumulation of dust or effect from exposure during +the drying period. The actual painting of each panel was done +personally by Mr. Charles Macnichol, master painter, of Washington, +D. C., who has had a wide experience in the practical +application and testing of paints.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo219.jpg" alt="Washington Test Fence" width="500" height="296" /> +<p class="caption">View of Panels on Washington Test Fence</p></div> + +<p>“The viscous nature of several of the oils tested precluded +the possibility of grinding each oil formula with the white pigment +base selected; great heating of the paint mills and a paste of +insufficient fineness was the result of an early attempt at this +method. It was decided, therefore, to grind the standard pigment +formula to a thick paste in the minimum amount of raw +linseed oil. Subsequently a weighed amount of the white pigment +base was thinned with the oil formula to be tested, to a +standard viscosity, judged by the experienced master painter +in charge of the practical application of the formulas as sufficiently +heavy for third-coat work. When making the reductions with +oil mixtures, an allowance was made for the amount of linseed +oil already contained in the ground white pigment base.</p> + +<p>“During the application of the first coat an equal amount of +turpentine was added to each formula, in the proportion of one-half<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span> +pint to a gallon of paint; in the application of the second +coat there was added to each formula a like amount of an equal +mixture of turpentine and the oil formula under test. The +third coat was applied without the addition of thinners of any +kind.</p> + +<p>“It is well known that the time of drying and the condition of +the dried film of any oil or mixture of drying or semi-drying oils +will vary widely. It is for the purpose of causing oils to set up +to a hard film in a short time that metallic driers in the form of +salts of manganese and lead, soluble in oil, are added to a paint. +Some oils require a large amount of drier, while others require +only a very small amount. Those which require a large amount +are apt, upon exposure, to be burned up by the drier, resulting +in the formation of a powdered and disintegrated film. To add +various types of drier or even differing amounts of a drier to the +oils under test, seemed very unfair from every standpoint, and +it was therefore decided to eliminate the drier question entirely, +so as not to vitiate the results by bringing in a factor of this +nature. The plan of omitting driers proved successful in the +Atlantic City steel-panel paint tests, erected three years ago by +the writer under the supervision of Committee A-5 of this +Society.</p> + +<p>“The systematic methods which are necessary when making +paint tests were carefully followed. A standard weighed amount +of white pigment paste was placed in a clean paint cup and +thinned to the proper consistency with a weighed amount of the +oil under test. Proper reductions were made, as before stated. +Weighings of the paint, cup, and brush were made before and +after application to the panel, in order to determine the quantity +of paint used and the spreading power. A period of fifteen days +was allowed between the application of successive coats, in order +to give each formula sufficient time to dry thoroughly. Although +several of the formulas remained tacky for over a week, all dried +thoroughly in the time allotted. (Oils which when used alone +have slow drying properties, have been found to yield good firm +films when used with drying pigments such as lead and zinc.) +The backs and edges of each panel were painted with two coats +of the paint used on the face of the panel, so as to prevent the +admission of moisture. After erection, the panels were numbered +with aluminum figures pressed into the surface. Frequent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span> +inspections will be made, and at the proper time reports will +be issued giving the results of the tests.</p> + +<p>“During the painting of the panels considerable interesting +data were collected, of which the following is a brief résumé:</p> + +<p>“The hiding power of a paint is one of its most important +requisites. It was found in the tests that some oils had the effect +of lessening, while others had the effect of increasing the hiding +power of the standard pigment formula. This may be due in +part to the varying refractive indices of the oils used, as well as +to the difference in the quantity of oil required in each test. +Some oils were very viscous, while others were very light.</p> + +<p>“The stiff working of heavy-bodied, blown, or heat-oxidized +oils, produced films which in some cases gave a very glossy surface, +even on the priming coat. Some of these resembled varnished +work when finished. It will be of importance to watch +these tests carefully for any signs of early breakdown, which +might come from too thick a film. The treated Chinese wood +oil paints worked rather stiff but produced very smooth films. +The rosin oil paints became slightly lumpy on standing, but +worked out to a smooth finish somewhat yellowish in color. +The marine animal oils, especially the menhaden oil mixtures, +dried to a film slightly flatter than straight linseed oil. Any +odor which was present in the paints made from the animal oils +seemed to disappear a few hours after application. The cotton +seed and corn oil mixtures made the slowest drying paints, but +at the end of the second week of the drying period they set up +rapidly to firm films. Soya bean and perilla oils behaved like +straight linseed oil, the former being a little slower and the latter +slightly more rapid in drying properties. The perilla oil was +made from one of the first importations into this country, and +was dark in appearance. It made, however, a very easy-working +and hard-drying paint.</p> + +<p>“The oils used in the tests were obtained from reliable sources. +After they were received, they were carefully analyzed. The +results of the analyses appear in <a href="#Tab14_1">Table 1</a>.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></p> + +<h5><a name="Tab14_1" id="Tab14_1"></a><span class="smcap">Table 1. Analyses of Oils Used in the Vehicle Tests</span></h5> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Table P 211 top"> + +<tr class="bt2 bb"> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br center padr1 padl1">Specific<br />Gravity</td> +<td colspan="2" class="br center padr1 padl1">Saponifi-<br />cation<br />Number</td> +<td colspan="2" class="br center padr1 padl1">Iodine<br />Number</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center padr1 padl1">Acid<br />Number</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right padr0 padl2">0.93</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td class="right">188</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">186</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">2.0</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br padr1">Boiled linseed oil (linoleate type)</td> +<td class="right padr0">0.94</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td class="right">187</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">172</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">2.7</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br">Boiled linseed oil (resinate type)</td> +<td class="right padr0">0.93</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td class="right">186</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">176</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">2.2</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br">Blown linseed oil</td> +<td class="right padr0">0.96</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8</td> +<td class="right">189</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">133</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">2.8</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br">Lithographic linseed oil</td> +<td class="right padr0">0.97</td> +<td class="left br padl0">0</td> +<td class="right">199</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">102</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">2.7</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br">Soya bean oil</td> +<td class="right padr0">0.92</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td class="right">189</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">129</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">2.3</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br">Menhaden oil</td> +<td class="right padr0">0.93</td> +<td class="left br padl0">2</td> +<td class="right">187</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">158</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">3.9</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br">Perilla oil</td> +<td class="right padr0">0.94</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">188</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">180</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">2.0</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br">Chinese wood oil (raw)</td> +<td class="right padr0">0.94</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td class="right">183</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">166</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">3.8</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br">Chinese wood oil (treated)<a name="FNanchor_1_29" id="FNanchor_1_29"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_1_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></td> +<td class="right padr0">0.89</td> +<td class="left br padl0">8<a href="#Footnote_1_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></td> +<td class="right">128</td> +<td class="left br padl0"><a href="#Footnote_1_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></td> +<td class="right">104</td> +<td class="left br padl0"><a href="#Footnote_1_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></td> +<td class="right">6.8</td> +<td class="left padl0"><a href="#Footnote_1_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br">Corn oil</td> +<td class="right padr0">0.92</td> +<td class="left br padl0">5</td> +<td class="right">191</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">118</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9.5</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br">Cottonseed oil</td> +<td class="right padr0">0.92</td> +<td class="left br padl0">1</td> +<td class="right">193</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">105</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">3.6</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br">Rosin oil</td> +<td class="right padr0">0.96</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td class="right">27</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">41</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">16.7</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left br">Whale oil</td> +<td class="right padr0">0.92</td> +<td class="left br padl0">4</td> +<td class="right">191</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">148</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center">—</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="left br">Neutral petroleum oil<a name="FNanchor_2_30" id="FNanchor_2_30"></a><a +href="#Footnote_2_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></td> +<td class="right padr0">0.91</td> +<td class="left br padl0">6</td> +<td class="right">6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">12</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="center">—</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_29" id="Footnote_1_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Low +constants due to presence of over 40% of volatile matter, largely +petroleum spirits.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_30" id="Footnote_2_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_30"><span +class="label">[30]</span></a> This oil contained over 20% of petroleum spirits.</p></div> + +<p>“The pigment formula selected for the tests had the following +composition:</p> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Table P 211 middle"> + +<tr> +<td style="width: 5em;"> </td> +<td class="left padr2">Basic carbonate-white lead</td> +<td class="right">20%</td> +<td style="width: 5em;"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">35%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Magnesium silicate</td> +<td class="right">10%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Barytes</td> +<td class="right">5%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="center">100 lbs. of pigment base ground to a stiff paste in 16 lbs. of linseed oil.</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p>“While this pigment formula was not selected as being superior to +certain other formulas, it is of a type that has given very fair service +in paint tests throughout the country, and will no doubt +serve admirably for the purpose designed in these tests.</p> + +<p>“The vehicle formulas in the finished paints are as follows:</p> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Table P 211-213"> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 1</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td style="width: 3em;"> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">100%</td> +<td style="width: 3em;"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 2<a name="FNanchor_1_31" id="FNanchor_1_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Soya bean oil</td> +<td class="right">100%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 3<a name="FNanchor_2_32" id="FNanchor_2_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Menhaden oil</td> +<td class="right">100%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 4</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left padr2">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Boiled linseed oil (resinate)</td> +<td class="right">75%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 5</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Boiled linseed oil (linoleate)</td> +<td class="right">75%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 6</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Boiled linseed oil (resinate)</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 7</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Boiled linseed oil (linoleate)</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 8<span class='pagenum' style="font-size: 1em;"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Blown linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 9</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Litho. linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 10</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Soya bean oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 11</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Menhaden oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 12</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Perilla oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 13</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Treated wood oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 14</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Corn oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 15</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Cottonseed oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 16</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Rosin oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 17</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Whale oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 18</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">75%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Soya bean oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 19</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">75%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Menhaden oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 20</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">75%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Perilla oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 21</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">75%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Treated wood oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 22</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">75%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Corn oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 23</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">75%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Cottonseed oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 24</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">75%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Rosin oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 25</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Soya bean oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Menhaden oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 26</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Soya bean oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Treated wood oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 27</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Blown linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Soya bean oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 28</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Soya bean oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Menhaden oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Treated wood oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 29</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Soya bean oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Menhaden oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Corn oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 30</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Soya bean oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Menhaden oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Cottonseed oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 31</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Soya bean oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Menhaden oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Rosin oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 32</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Soya bean oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Treated wood oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Rosin oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 33</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">20%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Soya bean oil</td> +<td class="right">20%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Treated wood oil</td> +<td class="right">20%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Menhaden oil</td> +<td class="right">20%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Cottonseed oil</td> +<td class="right">20%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 34<span class='pagenum' style="font-size: 1em;"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">20%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Soya bean oil</td> +<td class="right">20%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Treated wood oil</td> +<td class="right">20%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Menhaden oil</td> +<td class="right">20%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Rosin oil</td> +<td class="right">20%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 35</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">40%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Soya bean oil</td> +<td class="right">20%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Corn oil</td> +<td class="right">20%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Cottonseed oil</td> +<td class="right">20%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 36</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Whale oil</td> +<td class="right">33%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Treated wood oil</td> +<td class="right">33%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">33%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 37</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">L. O.<a name="FNanchor_1_33" id="FNanchor_1_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></td> +<td class="right">75%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 38</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw Chinese wood oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 39</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">75%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Reducing oil<a name="FNanchor_2_34" id="FNanchor_2_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 40</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Soya bean oil</td> +<td class="right">35%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Neutral petroleum oil</td> +<td class="right">15%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 41</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Soya bean oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Neutral petroleum oil</td> +<td class="right">15%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Tungate drier</td> +<td class="right">10%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 42</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Soya bean oil</td> +<td class="right">37%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Neutral petroleum oil</td> +<td class="right">23%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Tungate drier</td> +<td class="right">15%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 43</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Raw linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Soya bean oil</td> +<td class="right">37%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Whale oil</td> +<td class="right">19%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Tungate drier</td> +<td class="right">19%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 44</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="center">Special test on white base of the following composition, in pure linseed oil:</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Asbestine</td> +<td class="right">10%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left padr2">Corroded white lead</td> +<td class="right">20%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Sublimed white lead</td> +<td class="right">30%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">40%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="left">Upper board of panel reduced with straight turpentine on priming coat.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="left">Second board of panel reduced with wood turpentine on priming coat.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="left">Third board of panel reduced with pine oil on priming coat.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="left">Bottom board of panel reduced with petroleum spirits on priming coat.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 45</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">Same pigment formula as No. 44, reduced with:</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Pine oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left padr2">Linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 46</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="center">Special test of white base of the following composition, in pure linseed oil:</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left padr2">Corroded white lead</td> +<td class="right">20%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Sublimed white lead</td> +<td class="right">30%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">35%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Asbestine</td> +<td class="right">15%</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 47</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">Cypress panel unpainted.</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="center">No. 48</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="4" class="left">Cypress panel painted with formula No. 1, thinned with benzol on the +priming coat.</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_31" id="Footnote_1_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_31"><span +class="label">[31]</span></a> Dry pigment formula in soya bean oil.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_32" id="Footnote_2_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_32"><span +class="label">[32]</span></a> Dry pigment formula in menhaden oil.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_33" id="Footnote_1_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_33"><span +class="label">[33]</span></a> Mixture of boiled tung and soya bean oil, thinned with petroleum and +turpentine.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_2_34" id="Footnote_2_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_34"><span +class="label">[34]</span></a><table style="margin-left: 0; margin-top: 0;" summary="Footnote 34"> + +<tr> +<td class="right">25%</td> +<td class="left padl2">raw linseed oil.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right">73%</td> +<td class="left padl2">petroleum oil.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right">2%</td> +<td class="left padl2">drier—lead and manganese linoleate.”</td> +</tr> + +</table> +</div> + + +<hr class="c25" /> +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></p> +<h2><a name="Ch15" id="Ch15"></a>CHAPTER XV</h2> + +<h3>CEMENT AND CONCRETE PAINT TESTS</h3> + + +<p><b>Damp-proofing and Waterproofing.</b> The decoration and +preservation of cement and concrete is a subject which is being +given the careful consideration of many technologists on account +of the wide usage of cement for structural purposes, and the +necessity of properly guarding it against the destructive effects +of moisture.</p> + +<p>To obtain with various paints decorative effects, and, at the +same time, provide a high degree of damp-proofing, is a process +quite distinct from that of water-proofing cement and concrete +superstructures. The use, in small percentage, of stearic acid +solutions, aluminum stearate, marine animal soaps, and other +lime-reacting materials, as a component of concrete while it is +being mixed, has been in practice for some time, the resulting +mixture being used largely upon base-work subjected to water +under high pressure. Although some of the materials used for +such purposes actually do give to the concrete a high power of +water resistance, the degree of waterproofing to be obtained +through the use of many such compounds varies to a wide +extent, often interfering with the lime-silica reactions, and ultimately +affecting the strength of the finished concrete.</p> + +<p><b>Decorative and Preservative Coatings.</b> The necessity of +obtaining suitable paint coatings for cement and concrete surfaces +suggested to the writer a series of tests on paints designed +to prevent the destructive action of the lime which, by seepage +and other physical action, is brought to the surface, causing +saponification of some oil coatings, as well as destruction of color. +The tests referred to were carried out during 1908, and although +great advances have been made since that time in the preparation +of concrete paints, the tests have, nevertheless, afforded information +of a valuable nature as indicating the proper methods to +follow in the painting of cement, as well as suitable materials to +use in the manufacture of cement paints. The tests, moreover, +show the comparative durability of a number of paints typical of +those prominent in the market at the time the tests were started.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo226.jpg" alt="Concrete Paint Test Panels" width="500" height="255" /> +<p class="caption">View of Concrete Paint Test Panels</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span><b>Acid Reacting Compounds.</b> A series of acid reacting washes +were included in the tests, having been designed as prime coaters +for use previous to the application of oil paints. The application +of many of these washes has the effect of neutralizing the lime +within cement and concrete surfaces, and often precipitate insoluble +lime compounds which aid in filling up the outer voids, +thus presenting a surface more suitable to receive oil coatings. +To the writer who has since made a careful study of the painting +of concrete, it would seem advisable for painters to avoid, when +possible, the use of these lime neutralizing washes, as some of +them have more or less disintegrating and weakening influences +upon concrete. Recent laboratory experiments, however, have +indicated that zinc sulphate, an acid reacting material used for +many years as a wash for concrete surfaces by Macnichol, actually +has a strengthening effect upon cement and concrete surfaces. +The more successful coatings of to-day, however, are those which +may be placed directly upon the cement and concrete surfaces +without the aid of such washes. Several fairly successful paints +of this type have recently appeared in the market; some of them +being made of acid rosins compounded with vegetable oils. +Probably one of the first mixtures of this sort was the so-called +suction varnish which the master painter has for years used as +a prime coating on plastered walls previous to painting. These +suction varnishes generally contain a high percentage of rosin,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span> +a material having an exceptionally high acid value and thus +lending itself successfully to the neutralization of free lime. +It has been claimed, however, by certain practical painters that +the lime-rosin compounds formed when such paints are applied +to the exterior of buildings, are of a brittle nature and subject +to early failure. If this is true, it would seem advisable to use +in a concrete paint an oil of a relatively unsaponifiable nature, +which would withstand successfully the action of the lime, and, +at the same time, prevent disruption of the coating and failure +of the color used in the paint.</p> + +<p><b>Outline of Tests.</b> The tests referred to as carried out by the +writer were made on a brick wall forty feet long, surface-coated +with a four-inch coating of Portland cement mortar made of one +part of Portland cement and three parts of sharp, clean sand. +After the cement had hardened for three days, the solutions under +test were applied.</p> + +<p>In many of the tests outlined above, one-coat, as well as two-coat +work, was used on different sections of the test surfaces. +It was shown that the two-coat work gave far better results than +with the one-coat work, and the writer would recommend for +the painting of concrete at least two-coat work. Whenever +paints containing Prussian blue or chrome green are applied to +concrete surfaces, immediate whitening in the case of the blue, +and yellowing in the case of the green, will take place, if any +degree of action has been exerted by the lime within the concrete. +For this reason, green is an especially delicate color to +test and should be utilized for this purpose.</p> + +<p>The materials used, and the results shown at an inspection +made after two years’ exposure, are given herewith.</p> + +<p><b>Test No. 1.</b> Concrete primed with a 25% solution of zinc +sulphate crystals dissolved in water. A wide brush was used +for the application, and the spreading rate was approximately +200 square feet per gallon. Second and third coated on the +second day with No. 119 blue paint of the following composition:</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">No. 119 Blue Paint</span></p> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Table P 216"> + +<tr> +<td class="left padr2">Sublimed white lead</td> +<td class="right">50%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">35%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Silica and barytes</td> +<td class="right">12%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Prussian blue</td> +<td class="right">3%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Ground in linseed oil, turpentine and drier.</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span>This panel, +after three years’ exposure, is in good condition. +Slight checking observed.</p> + +<p><b>Test No. 2.</b> Concrete primed with a 20% solution of (alum) +(aluminum sulphate). Second and third coated with No. 119 +blue.</p> + +<p>In similar condition to Test No. 1.</p> + +<p><b>Test No. 3.</b> Concrete primed with zinc sulphate followed by +two coats of para red.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Para Red Formula</span></p> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Table P 217 top"> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Blanc fixe</td> +<td class="right">60%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Whiting</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">3%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left padr2">Paranitraniline lake</td> +<td class="right">12%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Ground in linseed oil, turpentine and drier.</td> +</tr> + +</table> + + +<p>Panel in fair condition with exception of slight crazing. Characteristic +dullness of color after exposure shown. Bright red +color restored upon washing.</p> + +<p><b>Test No. 4.</b> Concrete primed with an 8% solution of stearic +acid and rosin dissolved in benzine. Second and third coated +with No. 119 blue.</p> + +<p>This panel is not in as good condition as Tests Nos. 1 and 2, +and would indicate the inferiority of the priming liquid used. +Color failing in spots and checking observed.</p> + +<p><b>Test No. 5.</b> Concrete primed with mixture used in Test No. +4, and then given two coats of para red.</p> + +<p>Test is in about the same condition as No. 4.</p> + +<p><b>Test No. 6.</b> Concrete primed with a 10% mixture of acid +calcium phosphate, followed with two coats of No. 119 blue.</p> + +<p>The acid phosphate solution evidently had a neutralizing +effect upon the lime in the concrete, as the paint is in fair condition.</p> + +<p><b>Test No. 7.</b> Concrete primed with one coat of a soap emulsion +of the following composition, then painted with two coats of No. +119 blue.</p> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Table P 217 bottom"> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Water</td> +<td class="right">85%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left padr2">Linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">12%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Alkali</td> +<td class="right">3%</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p>Very poor results obtained. Destruction of color and peeling +resulted.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span><b>Test No. 8.</b> Concrete primed with one coat of white paint +of the following composition:</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Primer</span></p> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Table P 218 top"> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">25%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Silica</td> +<td class="right">35%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left padr2">Corroded white lead</td> +<td class="right">20%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Gypsum</td> +<td class="right">15%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Whiting, etc.</td> +<td class="right">5%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Ground in a vehicle of linseed oil and containing<br />35% of volatile hydrocarbon +spirits and drier.</td> +</tr> + +</table> + + +<p>This coat was followed by one of the following composition, +tinted blue:</p> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Table P 218 middle top"> + +<tr> +<td class="left padr2">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">60%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Gypsum</td> +<td class="right">20%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Silica</td> +<td class="right">20%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Ground in linseed oil with 12%<br />of turpentine and drier.</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p>Fair results shown during first year, but a breakdown occurred +during the second year, and cracking and scaling resulted.</p> + +<p><b>Test No. 9.</b> This test was a duplicate of No. 8 with the +addition of 5% of zinc sulphate solution emulsified into the +primer.</p> + +<p>Slightly superior to Test No. 8.</p> + +<p><b>Test No. 10.</b> Primed with a white paste paint thinned with +turpentine. Second coated with same paint tinted blue.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Formula of Paste</span></p> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Table P 128 middle bottom"> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">40%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Whiting</td> +<td class="right">30%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Silica</td> +<td class="right">20%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Alumina and gypsum</td> +<td class="right">10%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Ground in 16% of linseed oil<br />vehicle.</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p>Scaling and peeling due to lack of binder and use of saponifiable +oil resulted during the first six months’ exposure. Entire +destruction of coating at end of two years.</p> + +<p><b>Test No. 11.</b> Primed with a white mixture, and second coated +with the same mixture tinted blue.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Formula of Mixture</span></p> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Table P 128 bottom"> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Whiting</td> +<td class="right">30%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Silica</td> +<td class="right">30%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right">40%</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Stirred into a 5% solution of<br />glue in water, until a fairly<br />thick paste was +obtained.</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span>Much chalking was shown, and a bleaching of color. It is +evident that this mixture would not serve to keep moisture out.</p> + +<p><b>Test No. 12 A.</b> Primed with a 5% solution of soluble nitrated +cotton and paraffin dissolved in equal parts of amyl acetate +and benzine. Second coated with No. 119 blue.</p> + +<p>Not very good results were obtained, chalking and slight +scaling resulting.</p> + +<p><b>Test No. 12 B.</b> Primed with a heavy varnish containing +Chinese wood oil and kauri gum. Second coated with No. 119 +blue.</p> + +<p>Fair results obtained.</p> + +<p><b>Tests Nos. 13, 14, 15, and 16.</b> Primed with a solution made +by dissolving 10 parts of sodium oxalate in 100 parts of water. +Second and third coated with linseed oil paints in red, brown, +blue, and green.</p> + +<p>Very good results shown at end of test.</p> + +<p><b>Test No. 20, Special.</b> Primed and second coated with a green +paint containing zinc oxide and barytes, ground in an oil having +a low saponification value. Very slow drying was shown. +Excellent results. No failure of color. Extremely glossy, +waterproof surface presented.</p> + + + +<hr class="c25" /> +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></p> +<h2><a name="Ch16" id="Ch16"></a>CHAPTER XVI</h2> + +<h3>STRUCTURAL STEEL PAINT TESTS</h3> + + +<p><b>The Necessity of Protective Coatings.</b> Most painters have +in the past considered of minor importance the painting of iron +and steel; any paint that would properly hide the surface of the +metal being accepted without much question. The demand, +however, for structural steel for office buildings, factories, steel +cars, railroad equipment, etc., has doubled the output of structural +paints, and created a demand for painters having a knowledge +of the proper materials to use in the painting of steel, so +that its life may be preserved, and its strength maintained. +Such knowledge is as important to the painter as a knowledge +of how to properly select materials for the painting of wood, and +how to temper these materials to suit the various conditions met +with.</p> + +<p><b>The Cause of Rust.</b> Everyone is familiar with the appearance +of rust, but few actually understand what causes rust. No +attempt will be made here to present even an outline of the many +theories advanced to explain the phenomenon of the rusting of +iron, for the subject is as diverse as it is interesting. A brief +résumé, however, will be given of the now generally accepted +theory that explains the subject. This theory is called the electrolytic +theory. “Auto-electrolysis” is the term used to define +the peculiar tendency of iron to be transformed from a metal +possessing a hard lustrous surface, high tensile strength, and +other useful properties, to a crumbling oxide that falls to the +ground and again becomes part of the earth from which it was +originally taken by man.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo232.jpg" alt="Steel Test Fences" width="500" height="201" /> +<p class="caption">A Side View of Steel Test Fences</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span>This +“going back to nature” is more readily accomplished +by most of the steel produced to-day than by the old hand-made +irons produced many years ago. It seems to be a curious fact +that the more quickly a product or an article is fashioned by +man, the more quickly it tends to return again to its original +oxidized condition. Some manufacturers of steel, however, +through an understanding of the causes of rust, have progressed +in the manufacture of slow rusting materials, either by the +elimination, or by the proper distribution of impurities.</p> + +<p>When iron is brought into contact +with moisture, currents of +electricity flow over the surface of +the iron between points that are +relatively pure and points that +contain impurities. These currents +stimulate the natural tendency of +the iron to go into solution, and +the solution proceeds with vigor +at the positive points. The air +which the water contains oxidizes +the iron which has gone into solution, +and precipitates the familiar +brown iron rust. Thus water, +which acts as an acid, and air, +which acts as an oxidizer, have +combined together to accomplish +the downfall of the metal.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo233.jpg" +alt="Micro Photos of Corroding Steel" width="300" height="917" /> +<p class="caption">Three Photomicrographs of Corroding Steel</p></div> + +<p><b>Inhibition and Stimulation of +Rust.</b> It is obvious that if means +could be devised to stop the solution +pressure of iron and make it +resistant to the flow of surface +electric currents, rust could be +prevented. Such methods have +been devised, and to better illustrate +how they operate, an analogy +may be drawn between iron in +water and shellac in alcohol.</p> + +<p>It is common knowledge that +when shellac is placed in alcohol, +the shellac will force itself into +solution in the alcohol, and form +a clear, transparent lacquer. If, +however, there should be mixed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span> +with the alcohol a quantity of water, it would be found that +the shellac could no longer go into solution, and it would remain +in its original condition. In the same way, if there be placed +in water a small quantity of material, such as soluble chromates, +or an alkaline substance like caustic soda or lime, it will be found +that iron will no longer have a tendency to go into solution in +this treated water, but will stay bright and clean. These materials +which prevent the rusting of iron have been called by +Cushman, who first advanced these explanations, “rust inhibitors,” +or materials which inhibit rusting. The paint maker, +realizing the importance of these rust inhibitors, is incorporating +them into paints designed for the protection of iron and steel, +and the success which paints of this type have met with from a +practical standpoint is a justification of what was first called +the “electrolytic theory,” which suggested their use.</p> + +<p>By placing small, brightly polished steel plates into a mush +of paint pigment and water, a determination may be made of +the pigment’s effect upon the metal. Some pigments, under +such conditions, cause rapid corrosion of the steel plates. Such +pigments are stimulators of corrosion, on account of acid +impurities which they contain, or because of their effect in +stimulating galvanic currents. Many carbonaceous pigments +are of this type. Other pigments have the effect of keeping +bright the steel plates and preventing rust. Such pigments +are of the inhibitive type, and their action is to check or retard +the solution pressure of the iron.</p> + +<p><b>The Effects of Moisture.</b> It might occur to the reader that +although paint pigments, when mixed up with water and brought +into contact with the surface of steel, might show either an inhibitive +or stimulative action, that it is by no means certain that +the same tendency will be exhibited by pigments when they are +properly mixed with linseed oil and laid out as a film upon the +surface of steel. In answer to this, it may be well to state that +almost no material used by mankind is absolutely dry. Linseed +oil, as it is pressed from the seed, comes from the cells, carrying +with it a certain small definite percentage of water, and it is +quite certain that even the best linseed oil that goes into use is +not theoretically dry. Everyone knows, of course, that oil and +water do not readily mix and are, in fact, more or less repellent +to each other. It is, however, true that, in spite of this, oils can<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span> +carry quite a percentage of water, without the admixture being +apparent to the eye. In addition to this, careful experiments +have proved very conclusively that linseed oil films, even +after they have oxidized and hardened, have the power to a +certain extent of absorbing water from the atmosphere. It is, +therefore, safe to say that no linseed oil film in a paint coating +is dry all the time. As a matter of fact, there is abundant evidence +to show that in rainy weather, and, in fact, when the +humidity in the air is high, paint films have absorbed water. +As the sun comes out and warms the paint coating, and the +humidity content of the atmosphere falls, this water to a large +extent evaporates out of the film, only to be taken up again when +the weather conditions change. This action may be likened +to a breathing of the paint film, that is to say, an indrawing of +water under humid conditions, followed by an exhaling of water +under dry conditions. With these facts in mind, it must be +apparent that pigments laid out in intimate contact with the +surface of steel are subjected at all times either more or less to +the reactions produced by water contact. Furthermore, as it +is a property of water to become saturated with the gases of the +atmosphere, such as oxygen, carbonic and sulphurous acids, +and other impurities, there is present in a protective paint film +at all times the elements necessary to carry on the corrosive +process and reactions.</p> + +<p>An outline of Cushman’s original research work, upon which +has been based the classification of pigments as inhibitors, +stimulators, and inerts, is clearly presented in his report<a name="FNanchor_1_35" id="FNanchor_1_35"></a><a +href="#Footnote_1_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> as +Chairman of Committee U of the American Society for Testing +Materials, of which the following is an excerpt:</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_35" id="Footnote_1_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_35"><span +class="label">[35]</span></a> Page 73, 1910 Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials.</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo236a.jpg" +alt="Ferroxyl Tests on Painted Steel" width="500" height="291" /> +<p class="caption">Ferroxyl Tests on Painted Steel Surfaces. +Upper Row Painted with Stimulative Paints—Lower +Row with Inhibitive Paints.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo236b.jpg" alt="Water Test on Painted Plates" width="500" height="399" /> +<p class="caption">Water Test on Plates Painted—Except in +Center Spot. Left Hand Plates Painted +with Stimulative Paints, Right Hand Plates +Painted with Inhibitive Paints.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo236c.jpg" +alt="Steel Plates with Stimulative Paints immersed in Ferroxyl Jelly" +width="500" height="388" /> +<p class="caption">View of Steel Plates Painted with Stimulative +Paints, after Immersion in Ferroxyl Jelly.</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span>“Three +years ago the suggestion was made in a paper presented +before the Tenth Annual Meeting of this Society that the +various types of substances used as pigments in protective coatings +might exert a stimulative or an inhibitive action on the rate +and tendency to corrosion of the underlying metal. It was +further suggested on a theoretical ground that slightly soluble +chromates should exert a protective action when employed as +pigments by maintaining the surface of the iron in a passive +condition in case water and oxygen penetrated the paint film. +In view also of the well-known fact that alkalies inhibit while +acids stimulate the corrosion of iron, it was suggested that the +action of more or less pure pigments on iron in the presence of +water should be thoroughly investigated. Two years ago this +Committee invited the co-operation of Committee D-1 (then +known as Committee E) in the investigation, and a special sub-committee +representing the two main committees was appointed.</p> + +<p>“The methods and results of the water-pigment tests have +previously been reported and published, and need not be given +in detail. Briefly, the method consisted in immersing samples +of steel in water suspensions of the various pigments and blowing +air through the containers for definite periods of time, the corrosion +being measured by the loss in weight sustained by the test +pieces. About fifty pigments which are in more or less common +use for painting steel were purchased in the open market and distributed +among a number of the members of the Committee, +who agreed to carry out the work. Each investigator worked +independently of the others, except that the same general method +was followed; the time of exposure to the corroding action, +however, varied in the different experiments. When the results +were compared and analyzed by the sub-committee, it was felt +that the general agreement of the results obtained by the several +investigators was striking and merited further and more systematic +work. As a result of these tests the sub-committee tentatively +divided the pigments into inhibitors, stimulators, +and indeterminates. The word ‘indeterminate’ was selected +after considerable discussion, because the words ‘neutral’ +or ‘inert’ already possess a special meaning as applied to paint +technology. The Committee takes this occasion to emphatically +state that in adopting this tentative classification, the words +‘inhibitive’ and ’stimulative’ as used by them up to the +present time apply only to the results obtained in the water tests, +and the inference that the results obtained have decided which +class the pigment will fall into when made into a paint with the +usual vehicles and used as a protective coating on iron and steel, +is not justified. In order to make this point quite clear, it has +been agreed by the Committee to qualify the classification so +as to speak of the various materials tested as ‘water stimulative’ +or ‘water inhibitive.’”</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo238.png" +alt="Apparatus to Test Inhibitive Value of Pigments" width="500" height="344" /> +<p class="caption">Apparatus for Testing the Inhibitive Value of Pigments</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span><b>Importance +of Field Tests.</b> Although the laboratory accelerated +tests for the determination of the relative value of structural +steel paints afford information of some import, there seems +to be a general opinion that the best method to follow, if information +of a reliable character is to be obtained, is to make actual +field exposure tests upon large surfaces. The results of the above +described water-pigment tests suggested the erection of a series +of steel panels on which to test out the same pigments under +practical service conditions. The Paint Manufacturers’ Association +of the United States erected and painted the panels, the +work being under the constant supervision of the writer, and +the inspection of the work under Committee U of the American +Society for Testing Materials. A brief résumé of the work<a name="FNanchor_1_36" +id="FNanchor_1_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> is +herewith presented.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_36" id="Footnote_1_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_36"><span +class="label">[36]</span></a> Page 181, “Corrosion and Preservation of Iron and Steel”—Cushman +and Gardner—McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York City.</p></div> + +<p><b>Pickling and Preparation of Plates.</b> The three types of +metal<a name="FNanchor_2_37" id="FNanchor_2_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> +selected for the test were rolled to billets, the middle of +which were selected, and worked up into plates 24 inches wide, +36 inches high, and <span class="enum">1</span>⁄<span class="denom">8</span> inch in diameter—approximately 11 +gauge. A number of plates of each of the metals selected, in all +450, were pickled in 10% sulphuric acid, kept at 180 to 200 degrees +Fahrenheit, in order to remove the mill-scale. The plates +were then washed in water, and later in 10% solution of caustic +soda. Finally the plates were again washed in water and wiped +dry. They were then packed in boxes containing dry lime, in +order to prevent superficial corrosion. By this method the plates +were secured in perfect condition, the surfaces being smooth and +free from scale. Upon these pickled plates paints were applied +with a definite spreading rate of 900 square feet per gallon. The +unpickled plates, coated with mill-scale, were painted with the +same paints, but without adopting any special spreading rate, +thus following more closely the ordinary method of painting +structural steel. A few extra plates of special Bessemer steel +and Swedish charcoal iron were also included in the test, some +of which were painted, while others were exposed without any +protective coating. Plates of the three types of metal already +mentioned were also exposed unpainted, both in the black and +pickled condition.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_37" id="Footnote_2_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_37"><span +class="label">[37]</span></a> Bessemer Steel, Open Hearth Steel, and Pure Iron.</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo240.jpg" alt="Steel Test Fences" width="500" height="181" /> +<p class="caption">Front View of Steel Test Fences</p></div> + +<p><b>Fence Erection and Preparation for Work.</b> The fences which +were erected for the holding of the plates were constructed of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span> +yellow pine, the posts being set deeply in the ground and properly +braced. The framework of the fence was open, with a ledge +upon the lateral girders, upon which the plates might rest, and +to which the plates were secured by the use of steel buttons. +After the framework had been erected, painted, and made ready +for the placement of the panels, a small shed was built upon the +ground, and the materials for the field test placed therein. The +steel plates were unpacked from the boxes in which they were +shipped, brushed off, and stacked up ready for painting. Small +benches were erected, and the accessories of the work, such as +cans, brushes, pots, balances, etc., were placed in position.</p> + +<p><b>Methods Followed in Painting Plates.</b> A frame resting upon +the workbench served to hold the plates in a lateral position +while being painted, room being allowed beneath the plate for +the operator to place his hands in order to lift the plates from +the under surface after the painting had been finished.</p> + +<p>A pickled plate having been placed upon the framework +everything was in readiness for the work. The specific gravity +and weight per gallon of the paint to be applied was determined, +and the amount, in grams, to be applied to each individual panel +was calculated according to the following formula:</p> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Formula P 230"> + +<tr> +<td class="center">Spreading rate</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="center">Sq. ft. in plate</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="center">Grams paint in gal.</td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="center">900 sq. ft.</td> +<td class="center padr3 padl3">:</td> +<td class="center">6</td> +<td class="center padr3 padl3">::</td> +<td class="center">5400</td> +<td>:</td> +<td class="padl5">x</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p>The reciprocal of <i>x</i> being the number of grams of paint to be +applied to the panels.</p> + +<p>An enamel cup was then filled with the paint and a brush +well stirred within. The cup, paint, and brush were placed +upon the balances and accurately weighed in grams. After +most of the paint had been applied to the panel, cross-brushing of +the panel was continued until the pot with brush and paint +exactly counterbalanced the deducted weight. The painted +panel was then set in a rack, in a horizontal position to dry.</p> + +<p>A period of eight days elapsed between the drying of each +coat. The greatest care was taken in the painting of the edges +of the plates, and the racks for containing the plates after they +were painted were so constructed that the paint would not be +abraded while sliding the plates back and forth. The working +properties of each paint, and the appearance of the surface of +each plate after painting, were carefully noted and included in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span> +the report. No reductions were made to any of the paints +applied except in three cases, where the viscosity was so great +that it was necessary to add a small amount of pure spirits of +turpentine. The amount of paint was proportionately increased +in such cases, so that the evaporation of the turpentine would +leave upon the plate the amount of paint originally intended.</p> + +<p>The appearance of the completed series of test panels is shown +on <a href="#Page_221">page 221</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vehicles Used and Reasons for Avoidance of Japan Driers.</b> +The pigments used were selected with the view to securing as +nearly as possible purity and strength, and as already noted, +were out of the same lots used in making the preliminary laboratory +tests on inhibitives. They were ground in a vehicle composed +of two parts of raw linseed oil and one part of pure boiled +oil. Paint is generally caused to dry rapidly by the use of japan +or driers. These materials contain a large amount of metallic +oxides which might have some effect in either exciting or retarding +corrosion. To prevent the introduction of such a factor, +these materials were not used in the test. The boiled oil, with +its small percentages of metallic oxides, was sufficient, however, +to cause the paints to dry in a short time after they were spread.</p> + +<p><b>Testing Effect of Various Prime Coats.</b> Some of the special +tests made included a series of plates prime-coated with different +inhibitive pigments, and these tests were designed to determine +which pigments offer the best results for such work. These +plates were all second-coated with the same paint. It is the +opinion of the authors that any good excluding paint may be +used whether it be inhibitive in action or not, provided the contact +coat is inhibitive. If, however, both coats can be designed +so as to have the maximum possible value from both these points +of view, the best results would, of course, accrue. The only way +such data can be obtained is by careful observation of the results +of exposure tests.</p> + +<p><b>Combination Formulas Tested.</b> By selecting a series of pigments +which in the water tests showed inhibitive tendencies, and +properly combining these pigments into a paint, it was thought +possible that a more or less inhibitive paint would be produced. +If this proved to be the case, it would follow that the selection +and introduction into a paint of the stimulative pigments would +inevitably produce a paint unfit for use on iron or steel.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span><b>Data on Application of Paints.</b> The recorded data on the +application of the paint to the panels is voluminous. There is +presented herewith, however, the data on two of the paints.</p> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Table P 232"> + +<tr> +<td colspan="8" class="left"><span class="smcap">No. 2, Quick Process White Lead</span>:</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td style="width: 3em;"> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="left">Sp. Gr. of pigment</td> +<td colspan="3" class="right">6.78</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="left">Lbs. to gallon oil</td> +<td colspan="3" class="right">20.34</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="left">Sp. Gr. of paint as received</td> +<td colspan="3" class="right">2.47</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="left">Wt. of paint per gallon</td> +<td colspan="3" class="right">20.56</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="left">Grams to panel</td> +<td colspan="3" class="right">62</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="left">Condition of paint</td> +<td colspan="3" class="right">Good</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="left">Working properties</td> +<td colspan="3" class="right">Works easy</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="left">Drying</td> +<td colspan="3" class="right">24 hrs. all coats</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left padr2">1 coat</td> +<td class="left padl2">Oct.</td> +<td class="right padr2">26</td> +<td class="center padr2 padl2">T 60</td> +<td class="center padr2 padl2">B 29.94</td> +<td class="left padl2">W. fair</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left padr2">2 coat</td> +<td class="left padl2">Nov.</td> +<td class="right padr2">3</td> +<td class="center padr2 padl2">T 54</td> +<td class="center padr2 padl2">B 30.23</td> +<td class="left padl2">W. clear</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left padr2">3 coat</td> +<td class="left padl2">Nov.</td> +<td class="right padr2">7</td> +<td class="center padr2 padl2">T 52</td> +<td class="center padr2 padl2">B 29.66</td> +<td class="left padl2">W. cloudy</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="8" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="8" class="left"><span class="smcap">No. 9, Orange Mineral (American)</span>:</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="left">Sp. Gr. of pigment</td> +<td colspan="3" class="right">8.97</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="left">Lbs. to gallon oil</td> +<td colspan="3" class="right">26.91</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="left">Sp. Gr. of paint as received</td> +<td colspan="3" class="right">2.97</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="left">Wt. of paint per gallon</td> +<td colspan="3" class="right">24.74</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="left">Grams to panel</td> +<td colspan="3" class="right">74.7</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="left">Condition of paint</td> +<td colspan="3" class="right">Good</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="left">Working properties</td> +<td colspan="3" class="right">Smooth—no brush marks</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="left">Drying</td> +<td colspan="3" class="right">Good</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left padr2">1 coat</td> +<td class="left padl2">Oct.</td> +<td class="right padr2">28</td> +<td class="center padr2 padl2">T 58</td> +<td class="center padr2 padl2">B 30.01</td> +<td class="left padl2">W. cloudy</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left padr2">2 coat</td> +<td class="left padl2">Nov.</td> +<td class="right padr2">4</td> +<td class="center padr2 padl2">T 65</td> +<td class="center padr2 padl2">B 29.61</td> +<td class="left padl2">W. cloudy</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left padr2">3 coat</td> +<td class="left padl2">Nov.</td> +<td class="right padr2">9</td> +<td class="center padr2 padl2">T 58</td> +<td class="center padr2 padl2">B 29.91</td> +<td class="left padl2">W. clear</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><b>Composition of Paints.</b> The <a href="#Page_233">following table</a> gives data +regarding the composition, etc., of paints applied to the steel +panels.</p> + +<p><b>Results of Inspection.</b> The results of an inspection of the +steel test plates, made by Sub-committee D representing Committee +D-1 of the American Society for Testing Materials, is +herewith presented:</p> + +<p>“On Wednesday, June 28, 1911, the second inspection of the +Atlantic City Steel Test Panels, erected in October, 1908, was +made by Sub-committee D of Committee D-1, this Committee +having agreed to report upon the condition of the painted surfaces, +leaving any report on the comparative corrosion of the +various types of metal used in the test to Committee A-5 on +the corrosion of iron.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></p> + +<table class="braces fsize80" summary="Table P 233"> + +<tr class="bt2 bb"> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">Pig-<br />ment<br />No.</td> +<td colspan="4" class="center br">Name</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br padr1 padl1">Sp. Gr.<br />of Pig-<br />ment</td> +<td colspan="3" class="center br padr1 padl1">Wt. of<br />Pigment<br />to Gal.<br />of oil<br />Lbs.</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br padr1 padl1">Sp. Gr.<br />of Paint<br />Rec’d</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br padr1 padl1">Wt. of<br />Paint<br />per Gal.<br />Lbs.</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center padr1 padl1">Grams<br />Paint<br />to Panel<br />at 900<br />Sq. ft.<br />spread-<br />ing rate</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">1</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Dutch process white lead</td> +<td class="right padr0">6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.83</td> +<td class="right padr0">20</td> +<td class="left padl0">.49</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.45</td> +<td class="right padr0">20</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.49</td> +<td class="right padr0">61</td> +<td class="left padl0">.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">2</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Quick process white lead</td> +<td class="right padr0">6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.78</td> +<td class="right padr0">20</td> +<td class="left padl0">.34</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.47</td> +<td class="right padr0">20</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.34</td> +<td class="right padr0">62</td> +<td class="left padl0">.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">3</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Zinc oxide</td> +<td class="right padr0">5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.56</td> +<td class="right padr0">16</td> +<td class="left padl0">.68</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.12</td> +<td class="right padr0">16</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.68</td> +<td class="right padr0">59</td> +<td class="left padl0">.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">4</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Sublimed white lead</td> +<td class="right padr0">6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.45</td> +<td class="right padr0">19</td> +<td class="left padl0">.17</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.36</td> +<td class="right padr0">19</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.17</td> +<td class="right padr0">59</td> +<td class="left padl0">.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">5</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Sublimed blue lead</td> +<td class="right padr0">6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.39</td> +<td class="right padr0">19</td> +<td class="left padl0">.17</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.42</td> +<td class="right padr0">19</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.17</td> +<td class="right padr0">61</td> +<td class="left padl0">.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">6</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Lithopone</td> +<td class="right padr0">4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.26</td> +<td class="right padr0">12</td> +<td class="left padl0">.78</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.80</td> +<td class="right padr0">12</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.78</td> +<td class="right padr0">45</td> +<td class="left padl0">.3</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">7</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Zinc lead white</td> +<td class="right padr0">4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.42</td> +<td class="right padr0">13</td> +<td class="left padl0">.26</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.96</td> +<td class="right padr0">13</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.26</td> +<td class="right padr0">49</td> +<td class="left padl0">.4</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">9</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">American orange mineral</td> +<td class="right padr0">8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.97</td> +<td class="right padr0">26</td> +<td class="left padl0">.91</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.97</td> +<td class="right padr0">26</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.91</td> +<td class="right padr0">74</td> +<td class="left padl0">.7</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">10</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Red lead</td> +<td class="right padr0">8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.70</td> +<td class="right padr0">26</td> +<td class="left padl0">.10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.93</td> +<td class="right padr0">26</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.10</td> +<td class="right padr0">73</td> +<td class="left padl0">.6</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">12</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Bright red oxide</td> +<td class="right padr0">5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.26</td> +<td class="right padr0">15</td> +<td class="left padl0">.78</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.05</td> +<td class="right padr0">15</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.78</td> +<td class="right padr0">60</td> +<td class="left padl0">.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">14</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Venetian red</td> +<td class="right padr0">3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.1</td> +<td class="right padr0">9</td> +<td class="left padl0">.30</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.52</td> +<td class="right padr0">9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.30</td> +<td class="right padr0">38</td> +<td class="left padl0">.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">15</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Prince’s metallic brown</td> +<td class="right padr0">3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.17</td> +<td class="right padr0">9</td> +<td class="left padl0">.51</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.50</td> +<td class="right padr0">9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.51</td> +<td class="right padr0">37</td> +<td class="left padl0">.7</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">16</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Natural graphite</td> +<td class="right padr0">2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.60</td> +<td class="right padr0">7</td> +<td class="left padl0">.80</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.37</td> +<td class="right padr0">7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.80</td> +<td class="right padr0">34</td> +<td class="left padl0">.4</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">17</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Acheson graphite</td> +<td class="right padr0">2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.21</td> +<td class="right padr0">6</td> +<td class="left padl0">.63</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.22</td> +<td class="right padr0">6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.63</td> +<td class="right padr0">30</td> +<td class="left padl0">.8</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td rowspan="2" class="right br padr1">19</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="fsize150" style="width: .5em;">{</td> +<td class="left padl1">Lampblack</td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right padr0">1</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="left br padl0">.82</td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left padl0">.82</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="fsize150 br" style="width: .5em;">}</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right padr0">1</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="left br padl0">.60</td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.82</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right padr0">40</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="left padl0">.2</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left padl1">Barytes</td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">8</td> +<td class="left padl0">.92</td> +<td class="right padr0">8</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">.92</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">20</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Willow charcoal</td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.49</td> +<td class="right padr0">4</td> +<td class="left padl0">.47</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.08</td> +<td class="right padr0">4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.47</td> +<td class="right padr0">27</td> +<td class="left padl0">.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td rowspan="2" class="right br padr1">21</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="fsize150">{</td> +<td class="left padl1">Gas carbon black</td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right padr0">1</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="left br padl0">.85</td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left padl0">.39</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="fsize150 br">}</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right padr0">1</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="left br padl0">.67</td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.39</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right padr0">50</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="left padl0">.7</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left padl1">Natural barytes</td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">10</td> +<td class="left padl0">.03</td> +<td class="right padr0">10</td> +<td class="left padl0 br">.03</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + +<td class="right br padr1">24</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">French yellow ochre</td> +<td class="right padr0">2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.94</td> +<td class="right padr0">8</td> +<td class="left padl0">.82</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.46</td> +<td class="right padr0">8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.82</td> +<td class="right padr0">37</td> +<td class="left padl0">.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">27</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Natural barytes</td> +<td class="right padr0">4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.46</td> +<td class="right padr0">13</td> +<td class="left padl0">.38</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.83</td> +<td class="right padr0">13</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.38</td> +<td class="right padr0">46</td> +<td class="left padl0">.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">28</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Precipitated barytes (blanc fixe)</td> +<td class="right padr0">4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.23</td> +<td class="right padr0">12</td> +<td class="left padl0">.69</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.84</td> +<td class="right padr0">12</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.69</td> +<td class="right padr0">46</td> +<td class="left padl0">.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">29</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Calcium carbonate (whiting)</td> +<td class="right padr0">5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.48</td> +<td class="right padr0">8</td> +<td class="left padl0">.22</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.37</td> +<td class="right padr0">8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.22</td> +<td class="right padr0">34</td> +<td class="left padl0">.5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">30</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Calcium carbonate precipitated</td> +<td class="right padr0">2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.56</td> +<td class="right padr0">7</td> +<td class="left padl0">.68</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.35</td> +<td class="right padr0">7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.68</td> +<td class="right padr0">34</td> +<td class="left padl0">.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">31</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Calcium sulphate (gypsum)</td> +<td class="right padr0">2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.33</td> +<td class="right padr0">6</td> +<td class="left padl0">.99</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.25</td> +<td class="right padr0">6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.99</td> +<td class="right padr0">31</td> +<td class="left padl0">.4</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">32</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">China clay (kaolin)</td> +<td class="right padr0">2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.67</td> +<td class="right padr0">8</td> +<td class="left padl0">.01</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.34</td> +<td class="right padr0">8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.01</td> +<td class="right padr0">34</td> +<td class="left padl0">.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">33</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Asbestine (silicate of magnesium)</td> +<td class="right padr0">2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.75</td> +<td class="right padr0">8</td> +<td class="left padl0">.25</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.38</td> +<td class="right padr0">8</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.25</td> +<td class="right padr0">34</td> +<td class="left padl0">.7</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">34</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 padr1 br">American vermilion (chrome scarlet)</td> +<td class="right padr0">6</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.83</td> +<td class="right padr0">20</td> +<td class="left padl0">.49</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">20</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.49</td> +<td class="right padr0">64</td> +<td class="left padl0">.5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">36</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Medium chrome yellow</td> +<td class="right padr0">5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.88</td> +<td class="right padr0">17</td> +<td class="left padl0">.64</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">17</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.64</td> +<td class="right padr0">67</td> +<td class="left padl0">.1</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">39</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Zinc chromate</td> +<td class="right padr0">3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.57</td> +<td class="right padr0">10</td> +<td class="left padl0">.71</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.57</td> +<td class="right padr0">10</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.71</td> +<td class="right padr0">39</td> +<td class="left padl0">.2</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">40</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Zinc and barium chromate</td> +<td class="right padr0">3</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.45</td> +<td class="right padr0">10</td> +<td class="left padl0">.35</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.58</td> +<td class="right padr0">10</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.35</td> +<td class="right padr0">40</td> +<td class="left padl0">.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">41</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Chrome green (blue tone)</td> +<td class="right padr0">4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.44</td> +<td class="right padr0">13</td> +<td class="left padl0">.32</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.94</td> +<td class="right padr0">13</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.32</td> +<td class="right padr0">49</td> +<td class="left padl0">.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">44</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Prussian blue</td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.96</td> +<td class="right padr0">5</td> +<td class="left padl0">.88</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.88</td> +<td class="right padr0">30</td> +<td class="left padl0">.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">45</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Prussian blue</td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.93</td> +<td class="right padr0">5</td> +<td class="left padl0">.79</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">5</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.79</td> +<td class="right padr0">34</td> +<td class="left padl0">.5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">48</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Ultramarine blue</td> +<td class="right padr0">2</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.40</td> +<td class="right padr0">7</td> +<td class="left padl0">.20</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.29</td> +<td class="right padr0">7</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.20</td> +<td class="right padr0">32</td> +<td class="left padl0">.5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">49</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Zinc and lead chromate</td> +<td class="right padr0">4</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.76</td> +<td class="right padr0">14</td> +<td class="left padl0">.28</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.92</td> +<td class="right padr0">14</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.28</td> +<td class="right padr0">48</td> +<td class="left padl0">.3</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">51</td> +<td colspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Magnetic black oxide</td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">15</td> +<td class="left padl0">.00</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.92</td> +<td class="right padr0">15</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">48</td> +<td class="left padl0">.3</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="center br"><i>Composite Paints</i></td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">111</td> +<td colspan="2" class="left padl1">Brown</td> +<td class="symb" style="width: .5em;"><b>⎫</b></td> +<td rowspan="4" class="left padl1 padr1 br">Made from<br />pigments that were<br />inhibitive in<br />the +water test</td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">10</td> +<td class="left padl0">.82</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.30</td> +<td class="right padr0">10</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.82</td> +<td class="right padr0">32</td> +<td class="left padl0">.7</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">222</td> +<td colspan="2" class="left padl1">Black</td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎬</b></td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">10</td> +<td class="left padl0">.86</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.30</td> +<td class="right padr0">10</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.86</td> +<td class="right padr0">32</td> +<td class="left padl0">.8</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">333</td> +<td colspan="2" class="left padl1">White</td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">14</td> +<td class="left padl0">.52</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.74</td> +<td class="right padr0">14</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.52</td> +<td class="right padr0">43</td> +<td class="left padl0">.8</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">444</td> +<td colspan="2" class="left padl1">Green</td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎭</b></td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">12</td> +<td class="left padl0">.77</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.53</td> +<td class="right padr0">12</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.77</td> +<td class="right padr0">38</td> +<td class="left padl0">.6</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="blankrow"> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="3" class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">555</td> +<td colspan="2" class="left padl1">Black</td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎫</b></td> +<td rowspan="4" class="left padl1 br">Made from<br />pigments that were<br />stimulative in<br /> +the water test</td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">9</td> +<td class="left padl0">.37</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.125</td> +<td class="right padr0">9</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.37</td> +<td class="right padr0">28</td> +<td class="left padl0">.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">666</td> +<td colspan="2" class="left padl1">Brown</td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎬</b></td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">11</td> +<td class="left padl0">.74</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.41</td> +<td class="right padr0">11</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.74</td> +<td class="right padr0">35</td> +<td class="left padl0">.5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">777</td> +<td colspan="2" class="left padl1">White</td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎪</b></td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">14</td> +<td class="left padl0">.55</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.75</td> +<td class="right padr0">14</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.55</td> +<td class="right padr0">44</td> +<td class="left padl0">.</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="right br padr1">888</td> +<td colspan="2" class="left padl1">Green</td> +<td class="symb"><b>⎭</b></td> +<td colspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">14</td> +<td class="left padl0">.57</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr0">1</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.75</td> +<td class="right padr0">14</td> +<td class="left br padl0">.57</td> +<td class="right padr0">14</td> +<td class="left padl0">.57</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a></span>“According to the amount of rust apparent on the painted +surfaces of the panels, as well as the degree of checking, chalking, +scaling, cracking, peeling, loss of color, and other signs of paint +failure shown, ratings were given each panel. The system of +rating which took into consideration all the above conditions, +was similar to the system used at the first inspection during 1910, +when 0 (zero) recorded the worst results and 10 (ten) the best +results.</p> + +<p>“In <a href="#Tab16_1">Table No. 1</a> there is shown the rating accorded by each +inspector to each panel, as well as an average for each panel.</p> + +<h5><a name="Tab16_1" id="Tab16_1"></a><span class="smcap">Table No. 1.—Second Inspection of +Steel Paint Test Panels at Atlantic City, N. J.,<br /> +by Sub-committee D of Committee D-1</span></h5> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Table P 234"> + +<tr class="bt2 bb"> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">Panel<br />No.</td> +<td colspan="3" class="center br">Pigment</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br padr1 padl1">W. H.<br />Walker</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br padr1 padl1">P. H.<br />Walker</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br padr1 padl1">H. A.<br />Gardner<br />Chair-<br />man</td> +<td colspan="2" class="center br padr1 padl1">C.<br /> Chap- <br />man</td> +<td class="center padr1 padl1">Aver-<br />age</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">1</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Dutch process white lead</td> +<td class="right">2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">3</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">3</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">3.7</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">2</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Quick process white lead</td> +<td class="right">4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">3</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">4.2</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">3</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Zinc oxide (XX)</td> +<td class="right">1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">1</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right">1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">2</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right padr2">1.5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">4</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Sublimed white lead</td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right padr2">9.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">5</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Sublimed blue lead</td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right padr2">8.8</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">6</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Lithopone</td> +<td class="right">2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">1</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right">2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">3</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right padr2">2.2</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">7</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Zinc lead white</td> +<td class="right">3</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">4.7</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">9</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Orange mineral</td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">6</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right padr2">8.3</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">10</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Red lead</td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">6</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right padr2">8.3</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">12</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Bright red oxide</td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">8.1</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">14</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Venetian red</td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">8.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">15</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Prince’s metallic brown</td> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right">6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">6.3</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">16</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Natural graphite</td> +<td class="right">6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right padr2">6.8</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">17</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Artificial graphite</td> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right">4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">5.9</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">19</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Lampblack</td> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">6.3</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">20</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Willow charcoal</td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">8.8</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">21</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Carbon black</td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right padr2">7.2</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">24</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Yellow ochre (French)</td> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">5.5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">27</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Barytes (natural)</td> +<td class="right">1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">0.7</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">28</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Barytes (precipitated)</td> +<td class="right">2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">1</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right">2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">1.8</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">29</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Calcium carbonate (whiting)</td> +<td class="right">0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">0.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">30</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Calcium carbonate (precipitated)</td> +<td class="right">0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">0.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">31</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Calcium sulphate (gypsum)</td> +<td class="right">1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">3</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">1.7</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">32</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">China clay (kaolin)</td> +<td class="right">6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">6</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right padr2">6.3</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">33</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Asbestine (magnes. silicate)</td> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">4</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right">6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">5.1</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">34</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">American vermilion</td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">10.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">36</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Lead chromate</td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">7.7</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">39</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Zinc chromate</td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right padr2">9.5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">40</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Zinc and barium chromate</td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right padr2">9.5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">41</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Chrome green (blue tone)</td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right padr2">9.8</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">44</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Prussian blue, W. S</td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">9.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">45</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Prussian blue, W. I</td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right padr2">8.5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">48</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Ultramarine blue</td> +<td class="right">0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">0.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">49</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Zinc and lead chromate</td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right padr2">9.7</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">51</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Magnetic black oxide</td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right padr2">9.5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">111</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Brown composite paint</td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">8.5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">222</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Black composite paint</td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right padr2">8.8</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">3333</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">White composite paint</td> +<td class="right">4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">3</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">4.5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">444</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Green composite paint</td> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">6.7</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">555</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Black composite paint</td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">8.2</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">666</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Brown composite paint</td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">6</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">7.7</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">777</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">White composite paint</td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">10</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">7.2</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">888</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Green composite paint</td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">9</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">8.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td rowspan="2" class="right br padr1">2000</td> +<td class="left padl1">1 coat zinc chromate</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="fsize150">}</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right">8</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right">8</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="left br">½</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right">8</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right">8</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right padr2">8.1</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left padl1">1 coat iron oxide excluder</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">3000</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">1 coat lead chromate</td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right padr2">7.3</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td rowspan="2" class="right br padr1">4000</td> +<td class="left padl1">1 coat red lead</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="fsize150">}</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right">7</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right">8</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="left br">½</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right">8</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="br"> </td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right">7</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="left br">½</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="right padr2">7.7</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left padl1">1 coat iron oxide excluder</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">100</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1 padr1">Straight carbon black paint with turps and drier</td> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right">4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="left br">½</td> +<td class="right padr2">6.5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">90</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Straight lampblack paint with turps and drier</td> +<td class="right">5</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">3</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">5.7</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">5555</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Coal tar paint over red lead</td> +<td class="right">4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">8</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">7</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">5.2</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">1000</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">Chrome resinate in oil (1 coat)</td> +<td class="right">1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">2</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">0.7</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="right br padr1">1 plate</td> +<td colspan="3" class="left br padl1">3 coats boiled linseed oil</td> +<td class="right">1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">0</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">1</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right">4</td> +<td class="br"> </td> +<td class="right padr2">1.5</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span></p> + +<p>“In <a href="#Tab16_2">Table No. 2</a> there is shown the rating obtained by those +panels which were considered by the committee as meriting +from 8 to 10, and having given the best all-round service.</p> + +<h5><a name="Tab16_2" id="Tab16_2"></a><span class="smcap">Table No. 2.—Analysis of Averages. Grade of Excellence from<br /> +8 to 10</span></h5> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Table P 235"> + +<tr class="bt2 bb"> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">Plate</td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">Pigment</td> +<td class="center padr1 padl1">Average</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">34</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">American vermilion (basic chromate of lead)</td> +<td class="right padr3">10.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">41</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Chrome green</td> +<td class="right padr3">9.8</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">49</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Lead and zinc chromate</td> +<td class="right padr3">9.7</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">39</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Zinc chromate</td> +<td class="right padr3">9.5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">40</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Zinc and barium chromate</td> +<td class="right padr3">9.5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">51</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Black oxide of iron</td> +<td class="right padr3">9.5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">4</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Sublimed white lead</td> +<td class="right padr3">9.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">44</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Prussian blue</td> +<td class="right padr3">9.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">5</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Sublimed blue lead</td> +<td class="right padr3">8.8</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">20</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Willow charcoal</td> +<td class="right padr3">8.8</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">222</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Composite paint</td> +<td class="right padr3">8.8</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">45</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Prussian blue</td> +<td class="right padr3">8.5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">111</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Composite formula</td> +<td class="right padr3">8.5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">9</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Orange mineral</td> +<td class="right padr3">8.3</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">10</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Red lead</td> +<td class="right padr3">8.3</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">555</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Composite paint</td> +<td class="right padr3">8.2</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">12</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Bright red oxide of iron</td> +<td class="right padr3">8.1</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">2000</td> +<td class="left br padl1">1 coat zinc chromate; 1 coat iron oxide</td> +<td class="right padr3">8.1</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr1">14</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Venetian red</td> +<td class="right padr3">8.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="right br padr1">888</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Composite paint</td> +<td class="right padr3">8.0</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><b>Comparison of Results.</b> It is of interest to compare with +<a href="#Tab16_2">Table 2 of the above report</a>, <a href="#Tab16_II">Table 2 of the 1910 report</a> of +Committee U of the American Society for Testing Materials. +Both charts show the highly inhibitive pigments to be in the +lead.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></p> + +<h3>COMMITTEE U REPORT 1910</h3> + +<h5><a name="Tab16_II" id="Tab16_II"></a><span class="smcap">Table II.—Analysis of Averages. Grade of<br /> +Excellence from 8 to 10</span></h5> + +<p class="center fsize80">(<i>Only resistance to corrosion was considered, and only<br />pigments which were common +to both tests are included</i>)</p> + +<table class="fsize80" summary="Table P 236"> + +<tr class="bt2 bb"> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">No.</td> +<td class="center br padr1 padl1">Pigment</td> +<td class="center padr1 padl1">Average</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">34</td> +<td class="left br padl1 padr1">American vermilion (chrome scarlet)</td> +<td class="right padr3">9.8</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">41</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Chrome green (blue tone)</td> +<td class="right padr3">9.7</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">40</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Zinc and barium chromate</td> +<td class="right padr3">9.7</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">5</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Sublimed blue lead</td> +<td class="right padr3">9.6</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">4</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Sublimed white lead</td> +<td class="right padr3">9.5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">49</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Zinc and lead chromate</td> +<td class="right padr3">9.5</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">39</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Zinc chromate</td> +<td class="right padr3">9.4</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">12</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Bright red oxide</td> +<td class="right padr3">9.3</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">44</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Prussian blue (water stimulative)</td> +<td class="right padr3">9.2</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">16</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Natural graphite</td> +<td class="right padr3">9.1</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">9</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Orange mineral (American)</td> +<td class="right padr3">9.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">36</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Medium chrome yellow</td> +<td class="right padr3">9.0</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">2</td> +<td class="left br padl1">White lead (quick process)</td> +<td class="right padr3">8.9</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">20</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Willow charcoal</td> +<td class="right padr3">8.8</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">45</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Prussian blue (water inhibitive)</td> +<td class="right padr3">8.8</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">1</td> +<td class="left br padl1">White lead (Dutch process)</td> +<td class="right padr3">8.7</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right br padr2">10</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Red lead</td> +<td class="right padr3">8.7</td> +</tr> + +<tr class="bb2"> +<td class="right br padr2">7</td> +<td class="left br padl1">Zinc lead white</td> +<td class="right padr3">8.0</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p>The writer has recently made a careful inspection of the panels +painted with single pigment paints, and has made the following +brief summary of the characteristic appearance of each.</p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 1—Dutch Process White Lead.</b> The excessive +chalking which took place began to disappear at the end of a +year, being washed away by the rains and carried away by the +winds, so that there was left upon the surface but a thin coating +of pigment, insufficient to give good protection. Slight corrosion +was apparent beneath the film.</p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 2—Quick Process White Lead.</b> In the same +condition as Panel No. 1.</p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 3—Zinc Oxide.</b> Panel covered with thin lateral +streaks of rust, due to the admittance of moisture in cracks +caused by brittleness of film. Result doubtless due to insufficient +amount of oil used with pigment. Removal of film shows +steel very bright except where cracks have formed.</p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 4—Sublimed White Lead.</b> Although sublimed +white lead chalked very heavily, the chalked pigment seemed to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span> +be tenacious and adhered to the plate, presenting an excellent +surface with absence of rust. Film of good color and quite +elastic.</p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 5—Sublimed Blue Lead.</b> In same condition as +Panel No. 4, but color has slightly faded.</p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 6—Lithopones.</b> Lithopone was early destroyed, +as is usual with this pigment when used alone on exterior surfaces. +It became rough and discolored, presenting a very +blotchy appearance and disclosed the formation of rust working +through the film.</p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 7—Zinc Lead White.</b> In general good condition +with the exception of the color, which is slightly dark. Medium +chalking was apparent but only very slight corrosion appeared.</p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 9—Orange Mineral.</b> In excellent condition, +showing a good firm surface with no checking or corrosion apparent. +Shortly after exposure the film became covered with a +white coating of carbonate of lead, which indicates action of the +red lead with the carbonic acid of the atmosphere. Removal of +this white coating with water discloses the brilliant color of the +unaffected portion of the red lead.</p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 10—Red Lead.</b> In same condition as Panel No. 9.</p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 12—Bright Red Iron Oxide.</b> In general good condition. +Film intact and unfading in color.</p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 14—Venetian Red.</b> Similar to Panel No. 12, but +slight corrosion apparent beneath, in localized spots, and film +showing slight wart-like formations.</p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 15—Prince’s Metallic Brown.</b> Similar to Panel +No. 14.</p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 16—Natural Graphite.</b> Deeply pitted in spots, +showing bulbous eruptions, indicating the stimulative nature of +this pigment.</p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 17—Artificial Graphite.</b> In same condition as +Panel No. 16.</p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 19—Lampblack and Barytes.</b> Although the film +seems to be intact, there are apparent abrasions of the surface +showing stimulative corrosion effects of a pronounced nature.</p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 21—Carbon Black and Barytes.</b> In same condition +as Panel No. 19.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo249.jpg" +alt="Corrosion Pits on Graphite Panel" width="300" height="441" /> +<p class="caption">Corrosion Pits on Graphite Panel</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"><img src="images/illo250.jpg" alt="Rust on Stripped Grpahite Film" width="200" height="441" /> +<p class="caption">Rust on Stripped Graphite Film</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo251.jpg" +alt="Wire with Stimulative Carbon Paint" width="500" height="170" /> +<p class="caption">Section of Wire Painted with a Stimulative Carbonaceous Paint</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"><img src="images/illo252.jpg" +alt="Corroded and Pitted Surface of Plate with Stimulative Paint" +width="350" height="401" /> +<p class="caption">Corroded and Pitted Surface of Plate Painted with Stimulative +Paint</p></div> + +<p>The longevity of lampblack and carbon black paint films when +applied to wood has been attributed to the slow drying nature +of these pigments when mixed with oil. It is assumed that they +have the property of keeping the oil in a semi-drying condition, +which will not disintegrate as early as when the oil is thoroughly +dried to linoxyn. If this is true, it would seem advisable to use +with hard-drying pigments, a proportion of some oil that is semi-drying +in nature or one which will leave a film not too hard. +Soya bean oil, wood oil, and fish oil present themselves as candidates +for such use. How they will work in practice, however, +is a question not yet determined. On the other hand, it is well +known that these pigments require enormous quantities of oil +in order to grind to a working consistency, and it is possible that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span> +the life of such coatings is due rather to the property of these +pigments, of taking up large quantities of oil, than to their effect +upon the slow drying of oil. Excessive oil carrying, however, +should be avoided, as shown by the early failure and pitting of +those carbon black and lampblack paints ground with very +large quantities of oil, as is the usual practice. When these carbon +and lampblack pigments were ground with barytes (which +is a heavy pigment and requires only about 9 pounds of oil to +100 pounds of pigment, as against 175 pounds of oil to 100 +pounds of lampblack), it was found that the lampblack and carbon +black paints were reinforced and made more suitable for +actual practice. The stimulative nature of these black pigments, +however, asserted itself in both cases, and large pittings +and eruptions were evident at the end of a year. Carbon black, +lampblack, graphite, or any other good conductor of electricity +should never be placed next to the surface of iron. They are +good as top-coatings, but not as prime-coaters. Some pigments +are stimulators of corrosion, because they contain water-soluble +impurities that hasten the rusting, while others, like graphite, +hasten it simply because, being good conductors, they stimulate +surface electrolysis.</p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 20—Willow Charcoal.</b> In excellent condition +throughout. Presence of small quantities of potash may be +responsible for the inhibitive nature of this black pigment.</p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 24—Ochre.</b> While the film seems intact, it has a +very mottled appearance and examination shows eruptions of +rust through the film, in several places.</p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 27—Natural Barytes.</b> Within a year the film +became pin-holed, and corrosion was apparent. At the end of +three years very little of the pigment was left upon the plate, +having chalked and scaled off. Barytes has proved its usefulness +as a constituent of a combination type of paint, but it +should not be used alone.</p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 28—Blanc Fixe.</b> In the same condition as Panel +No. 27, but slightly more chalking and disintegration was +shown.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo254.jpg" alt="Panel Painted with Blanc Fixe" width="300" height="467" /> +<p class="caption">Panel Painted with Blanc Fixe. Right Side Stripped of Paint to +Show Corrosion</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[244]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo255.jpg" alt="Scaled Whiting Films" width="500" height="488" /> +<p class="subcaption">Scaled Whiting Films</p> +<p class="caption">Chemically Active Pigments and Their Effect After Eighteen Months’ Wear</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo256.jpg" +alt="Effect of Chemically Active Pigment on Oil" width="500" height="432" /> +<p class="caption">Plate Showing Effect of Chemically Active Pigments on Oil +after One Year’s Wear</p></div> + +<p><b>Panel No. 29—Whiting.</b> Plates coated with calcium carbonate +or whiting in oil presented a very fair appearance at the +start of the test, but they soon began to chalk and disintegrate. +It is well known that whiting, being alkaline, has the property +of acting on oil and causing its early disintegration by saponification. +As a matter of fact, six months after the whiting plates +were exposed, crumbling of the surface appeared, and twelve +months was sufficient for the total destruction of the paint. At +this time the rusted surface of the plates which had been painted +with calcium carbonate, seemed not to rust as fast as those +plates which were exposed without paint coatings, and the rust +which had formed appeared to be of an even, fine texture. On +the lower left-hand corner of these plates had been lettered the +figures “29” and “30,” using lampblack in oil. One of the +most remarkable things which appears on the fence to-day is +the perfect condition of these lampblack letters over their priming +coat of calcium carbonate, standing out in clear relief against +the rusted metal. This test would suggest, therefore, that if +the surface of metal is properly protected with a pigment which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[246]</a></span> +is slightly alkaline or inhibitive in nature, and then topped with +a good weather-resisting material, such as lampblack, graphite +or carbon black, good results would be obtained. Further tests +will be made to determine the value of this suggestion.</p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 30—Precipitated Calcium Carbonate.</b> Showed +more rapid destruction than Panel No. 29.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"><img src="images/illo257.jpg" alt="Corrosion Adhering to Film of Panel Painted with Gypsum" +width="350" height="381" /> +<p class="caption">Corrosion Adhering to Film Stripped from Panel Painted +with Gypsum (Calcium Sulphate)</p></div> + +<p><b>Panel No. 31—Calcium Sulphate.</b> Under the paint film of +gypsum, rust soon appeared, showing that the film was not a +good excluder of moisture. Although the film remained intact, +rusting progressed throughout the test and considerably darkened +the color of the paint.</p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 32—China Clay.</b> This pigment gave excellent +service for eighteen months. Afterwards indications of corrosion +were shown, and apparent breakdown of the film was indicated.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[247]</a></p> + +<table style="font-size: .9em;" summary="Photo P 247"> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3"><img src="images/illo258.jpg" alt="China Clay, Asbestine and Gypsum" width="400" height="405" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="left padl2">China<br />Clay</td> +<td class="center top">Asbestine</td> +<td class="right padr3 top">Gypsum</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 33—Asbestine.</b> In the same condition as Panel +No. 32.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"><img src="images/illo259.jpg" +alt="American Vermillion in Excellent State" width="350" height="412" /> +<p class="caption">Excellent Surface shown by American Vermilion after nearly +Four Years’ Exposure</p></div> + +<p><b>Panel No. 34—American Vermilion.</b> This pigment has +given perfect protection to the plates. The film is strong and +elastic, and upon removal reveals the bright steel. No chalking, +checking, discoloration, or other signs of paint failure are +shown. It would appear that the inhibitive characteristics of +this pigment are pronounced, and it promises to give efficient +service for several years more.</p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 36—Lead Chromate.</b> This panel is in generally +fair condition, but slight checking is shown.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[249]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"><img src="images/illo260.jpg" +alt="Cracked Negative of Perfect Condition of Plate Painted with Zinc" width="300" height="430" /> +<p class="caption">Perfect Condition of Plate Painted with Zinc Chromate; One Half +Stripped. (<i>Negative cracked</i>)</p></div> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[250]</a></p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 39—Zinc Chromate.</b> This panel is in condition +similar to Panel No. 34, presenting a perfect appearance, with +decided maintenance of color, elasticity of film, and freedom from +any bad characteristics. It has proved to be one of the highest +type rust inhibitive pigments.</p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 40—Zinc-and-Barium-Chromate.</b> Although the +color of this pigment is not very pleasing, it has proved itself to +be the equal of zinc chromate in its protective value.</p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 41—Chrome Green.</b> In excellent condition. +Presents an appearance similar to Panels Nos. 34 and 39. +Its surface is perfect and will doubtless give service for many +years.</p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 44—Prussian Blue.</b> This panel stands forth as the +most wonderful moisture-excluder in the whole test, its surface +presenting an appearance similar to a varnished plate, even +after three years’ exposure. Action between the pigment and the +oil, resulting in the formation of iron linoleate, may account for +this property.</p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 45—Prussian Blue.</b> In same condition as Panel +No. 44.</p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 48—Ultramarine Blue.</b> Soon after this test was +exposed, early vehicle decay and excessive chalking were observed. +The admittance of moisture may have caused the formation of +acid with the sulphur content of the pigment, which would +account for the rapid corrosion which followed. It is of a pronounced +stimulative type. The effect of stimulative under-coatings +is well shown on some special plates on the fence, which +when received were not pickled before painting, but had upon +their surfaces the ordinary coating of mill scale. Over this had +been stencilled in a triangular form the trade mark of the manufacturer. +The stencilling material was made of ultramarine +blue. When these plates were painted with some of the special +paints, and exposed, the stimulative nature of the ultramarine +blue began to assert itself, and within a short time, wherever the +stencil marks were located, signs of rust began to appear through +the coatings of top paint which had been applied. Corrosion +under these stencil marks became so great that the trade mark +was plainly outlined in letters of rust. This would seem to be +final proof that pigments of a stimulative nature should never be +used for the priming of iron and steel.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[251]</a></p> + +<p><b>Panel No. 49—Zinc-Lead Chromate.</b> In excellent condition +throughout, with a smooth surface and showing no corrosion. +Stands in the same class as Panels Nos. 34 and 39.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><img src="images/illo262.jpg" alt="Effect of Stimulative Paint" width="500" height="479" /> +<p class="caption">Effect of Stimulative Paint. Manufacturer’s Trade Mark +Stencilled on Bare Metal in Triangular Form, showing +Through Subsequent Paint Coating</p></div> + +<p><b>Panel No. 51—Black Magnetic Oxide of Iron.</b> In excellent +condition.</p> + +<hr class="c25" /> +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[252]</a></p> +<h2><a name="Ch17" id="Ch17"></a>CHAPTER XVII</h2> + +<h3>THE SANITARY VALUE OF WALL PAINTS</h3> + + +<p><b>Decoration and Sanitation.</b> The proper decoration of the +interior of dwellings and public buildings has become of even +greater importance than the protection and decoration of exteriors. +There is, moreover, an increasing demand for harmonious +effects and the production of more sanitary conditions +than have prevailed in the past. Up until a few years ago a +great variety of wall papers of more or less pleasing appearance +were almost exclusively used for the decoration of walls +in the interior of buildings, and their application was commonly +considered the most effective means of wall decoration. +There seems to be no question, however, that the use of +wall paper is steadily decreasing, and that the art of interior +decoration is undergoing a transition to the almost universal use +of paint.</p> + +<p>Modern progress demands the maintenance of sanitary conditions +for the benefit of the public welfare, and there is no doubt +that from the standpoint of sanitation and hygiene, properly +painted wall surfaces are far superior to papered walls. There +is an abundance of evidence which shows that dust germs may +easily be harbored, and thus disease transmitted from wall +paper. In the tenement houses, which are common to the larger +cities, and to a lesser extent in the dwellings found in smaller +communities, where tenants are more or less transient, the continued +maintenance of sanitary conditions presents a difficult +problem. Infectious and epidemic illnesses generally leave behind +bacilli of different types, which may find a culture medium +in the fibrous and porous surfaces presented by wall paper, +backed up as they invariably must be by starch, casein, or other +organic pastes. Occasionally the restrictions of local boards of +health provide in such events for proper fumigation, but too +often no precautions are taken to destroy the disease germs +which are caught in the dust which collects on wall paper. As a +rule, both tenant and landlord are oblivious to all conditions +which cannot be readily seen or detected. Burning sulphur, one +of the most effective means of fumigation, will generally cause +bleaching and consequent fading of the delicate colors used in +printing the designs upon wall paper. Washing of the paper with +antiseptic solutions will destroy its adhesiveness to the plaster +and often cause bulging and general destruction.</p> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[253]</a></p> + +<table class="illo" summary="Photo P 253"> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo264.jpg" alt="Effect of Sanitary Wall Paint" width="600" height="325" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption padl3 padr3">Heavy Colonies of Bacteria Developing in +Agar Jelly Treated with Washings from +Wall Paper</td> +<td class="caption padl3 padr3">Practically no Development of Bacterial +Colonies in Agar Jelly Treated with +Washings from Sanitary Wall Paint</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[254]</a></p> + +<p><b>Hospital Practice.</b> In hospitals, where it is necessary to +maintain sanitary conditions, the walls are invariably painted, +and requirements should demand the use of paints which can +be washed frequently, so that there will be no possibility of +uncleanliness. Inquiry made of a prominent surgeon<a name="FNanchor_1_38" +id="FNanchor_1_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> connected +with one of the large metropolitan hospitals substantiated the +writer’s findings regarding the greater sanitary value of wall +paints, and brought forth the information that in hospitals +under construction provision had been made for the finishing of +walls so that a hard, non-absorbent, and washable surface might +be obtained. The same authority stated that the common +practice, in apartments and tenements, of covering the old wall +paper over with a layer of new each time a tenant moved in, +should be condemned, and that from a hygienic standpoint the +use of sanitary wall paints should be advocated in all dwellings +as well as public buildings.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_38" id="Footnote_1_38"></a><a +href="#FNanchor_1_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Dr. F. F. Gwyer, Cornell Uni. Med. Col., New York City.</p></div> + +<p>If such conditions are maintained in hospitals, where special +attention is paid to sanitation, it would appear that similar +precautions should be equally as necessary in public buildings +and in dwellings—wherever, in fact, people congregate +or live.</p> + +<p><b>Sanitary Wall Paints.</b> There have recently appeared in trade +a number of wall paints composed of non-poisonous pigments +ground in paint vehicles having valuable waterproofing and +binding properties, and of a nature to produce the flat or +semi-flat finish that has become so popular. Such paints +produce a sanitary, waterproof surface, which permits of frequent +washing. By their use it is possible to secure a more permanent +and a wider range of tints than can be obtained with +wall paper, as they are produced in a myriad of shades, tints and +solid colors, from which any desired combination may be selected.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[255]</a></span> +On the border or on the body of walls decorated with such paints, +attractive stencil designs, which bring out in relief the color +combinations, may be applied.</p> + +<p>For the decoration of chambers and living rooms, delicate +French grays, light buffs, cream tints and ivory whites may be +used, while in the library and other rooms richer and more solid +colors, such as greens, reds, and blues, may be harmoniously +combined.</p> + +<p><b>Defects of Wall Paper.</b> It recently occurred to the writer to +investigate the conditions which obtain in many apartment +houses in the larger cities. Inspection of a number of such +places, in which wall paper had been exclusively used on the +walls, showed generally bad conditions; bulging of the surfaces, +caused by dampness in the walls, which had loosened up the +binder, as well as peeling and dropping of the paper from the +ceilings, were frequently observed. In many cases a shabby +appearance was shown, accompanied by an odor which suggested +decomposition of the paste binder used on the paper. The writer +was impressed with the fact that such conditions could easily be +avoided by the very simple expedient of using properly manufactured +wall paints, which are so easily made dustproof and +waterproof.</p> + +<p>Samples of wall paper, which had been applied to plastered +walls for a year or more, were obtained, and examination under +the microscope showed a most uncleanly surface. Cultures were +made of these samples, and bacilli of different types were developed +in the culture medium in a short time.</p> + +<p><b>Experimental Evidence.</b> That the above conditions could not +have existed, had proper wall paints been used, seemed doubtless, +and suggested a carefully conducted experiment to prove the +relative sanitary values of wall paper and wall paints. A large +sheet of fibre board, such as is occasionally used to replace +plastered walls, was painted on one side with a high-grade wall +paint, three-coat work. A similar sheet was papered on one +side with a clean, new wall paper. These test panels were placed +where unsanitary conditions, such as dampness, foul odors, and +a scarcity of air were present. After a short period of exposure, +the panels were taken to the bacteriological laboratory and a +small section of the painted surface, about two inches square, as +well as a small section of the papered surface of similar size, were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[256]</a></span> +removed and used for making cultures. In each case the surface +of the section under test was washed with 100 c.c. of distilled, +sterilized water. The washings which dripped from the +surface were collected in a graduated flask. One c.c. of the +washings was used in each case, admixed with bouillon and again +with agar-agar. The enormous development of bacteria in the +bouillon, treated with the washings from the wall-papered surface, +was sufficient evidence to convince one of the greater +sanitary value of the wall paint, the washings from which gave +a culture practically free from bacteria. The colonies of bacteria +shown in the petri-dish test made of the washings from +wall paper further supports these findings. It will be noticed +that the tests made from the washings of the wall paint show +practical absence of bacteria, and was clear, as was the bouillon-solution +test of the paint. The washings from the wall paper +showed active development of bacteria, both in the bouillon and +agar tests.</p> + +<table class="illo" summary="Photo P 256"> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="figcenter"><img src="images/illo267.jpg" alt="Growth of Bacteria and Effect on Sanitary Wall Paint" width="600" +height="470" /></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="caption"><span class="smcap">Development of Bacteria in Bouillon Solutions</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="caption padl3 padr3">Note Practical Freedom of +Bacteria in Clear Bouillon +Solution Treated with +Washings from Sanitary +Wall Paint</td> +<td class="caption padl3 padr3">Note Milky Appearance of +Solution Due to Heavy Development +of Bacteria in +Bouillon Treated with +Washings from Wall Paper</td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[257]</a></span><i>From +the Conservation Standpoint</i>: It would be of interest to +sum up in figures the acreage and cordage of wood that annually +is transformed into pulp for the manufacture of wall paper. +Unfortunately, there are no available statistics on this subject. +It is clear, however, that from the standpoint of conservation +the use of wall paints should take precedence over the use of +wall paper.</p> + + + +<hr class="c25" /> +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258"></a></p> +<p class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[259]</a></p> +<h2><a name="Ch18" id="Ch18"></a>INDEX</h2> + +<table style="margin-bottom: 3em;" summary="Index"> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="right">PAGE</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Abrasion, apparatus for determining resistance to,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Acid reacting compounds,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Actinic light tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Adhesive power of Paint Coating,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Aluminum Silicate,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">American Vermilion,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Analogies of Paint and Concrete manufacture,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Analyses of Averages in Atlantic City steel paint test,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td style="width: 2em;"> </td> +<td class="left">Corn Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Cottonseed Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Debloomed Mineral Paint Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Iron Oxide Pigments, table,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Linseed Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Menhaden Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Oils used in Washington tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Petroleum Spirits,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Rosin Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Soya Bean Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Sunflower Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Tung Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Whale Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Wood Turpentine,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Asbestine,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Atlantic City fence tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">steel paint tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_228">228</a>-<a href="#Page_235">235</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Checking,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Gloss,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Hiding power,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">inspection of,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Methods used,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Results,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Auto-electrolysis,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Bacteria in wall paper,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_256">256</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Barium Sulphate,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Barytes,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">and Silica Paints in Pittsburg tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Basic Carbonate-White Lead,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Benzine,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Benzol,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[260]</a></span>Blanc Fixe,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Blue Lead, Sublimed,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Blue Paint for concrete wall, formula,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Blue paints in Pittsburg tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Boiled Linseed Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Driers in,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Bone Black,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Calcium Carbonate,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Calcium Sulphate,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Carbon Black,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Cause of rust in steel work,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Chalking test for laboratory,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Checking and cracking in Pittsburg tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Checking, in Atlantic City tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">China Clay,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Chrome Green,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Chrome Yellow,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Coatings for cement and concrete,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Colored formulas in North Dakota tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Colors, report of, in Pittsburg tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Combination formulas in inhibitive paints,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Composite formulas in North Dakota tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">in Pittsburg tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Composition of paints, in steel test,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Conclusion from Pittsburg tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Concrete primer formula,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Constants of Pine Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Pure Gum Turpentine,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Co-operative tests of Driers,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_29">29</a>-<a href="#Page_41">41</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Corn Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Cottonseed Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Damp-proofing and Waterproofing,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Decay of Lithopone paints,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Decomposition of Paint,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Driers, Co-operative tests of,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_29">29</a>-<a href="#Page_41">41</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">in Boiled Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Tests of Manganese, Lead and Combination, tables,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_24">24</a>-<a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Drying Properties of Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Elasticity and Strength of Paint Coating,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Fence tests of paints,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Supervision of,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Film sectioning,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Film testing results, table,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Filmometers,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_74">74</a>-<a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[261]</a></span>Formula +for Blue Paint for concrete wall,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Concrete primer,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Para Red Paint for concrete wall,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Formulas of Atlantic City fence test,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Tennessee tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Washington tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Fume Pigments Paints in Pittsburg tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">General results of Atlantic City tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Gloss, in Atlantic City tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Graphite,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Green paints in Pittsburg tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Grinding Pigments,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Gums as moisture resisters,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Gypsum,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Hailstorm, effects of in North Dakota tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Hospital, painting practice,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">House paint tests in North Dakota,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Hydrocarbon Oils,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Imperviousness of paint coating,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Indian Red,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Inert Pigments, use of,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Inhibition of rust,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Iodine Values of Linseed and Mixed Oils, table,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Iron Oxide Paints,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Japan driers in tests on steel,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Laboratory tests, panels for,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Lampblack,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Laws of Paint Making,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Lime action on paint,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Linoxyn,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Linseed Oil, boiled,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Chemical action of pigments upon,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Table of Analyses of Various Types of,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">tests of Driers with,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Lithopone,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">paint in Pittsburg tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">tests at Atlantic City,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Lumbang Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Magnesium Silicate,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Manufacturing Barytes,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Blue Lead,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[262]</a></span>Manufacturing Bone Black,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Paint Pigments,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_42">42</a>-<a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">White Lead,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Menhaden Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Constants of, table,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Metallic Brown,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Microscope, use of in paint laboratory,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Microscopic examination of paint, preparation for,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">measurements of paint sections,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Mineral Black,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Oils,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Moisture Absorption, tests in,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">experiments with various Pigments,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">North Dakota Paints tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">test fence,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">report of, table,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_193">193</a>-<a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Ochre,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Oil and Thinner tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Oil, Corn,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Cottonseed,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Effects of Pigments on,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Linseed,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Linseed, Analyses of Various Types of, table,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Linseed, Iodine Values of, table,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Linseed, Tests of Driers with,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Lumbang,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Menhaden,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Menhaden, Constants of, table,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Perilla,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Pine,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Rosin,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Soya Bean, and Driers, table,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Soya Bean,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Chemical Characteristics of, table,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Sunflower,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Tung,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Whale,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Oils, Constants and Characteristics of,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Drying properties of,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Hydrocarbon,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">In Washington paint tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Iodine Value of Linseed and Mixed, table,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Mineral,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Moisture resistance of,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Oxygen Absorbing qualities,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[263]</a></span></p></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Oils, Outline of tests of paints on concrete walls,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Oxygen Absorption in Oils,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Paint Coating, Adhesive power of,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Elasticity and Strength of,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">imperviousness of,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">decomposition of,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">films, action of water upon,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">permeability of,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Testing machine,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">preparation of,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">in Hospitals,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">making, Laws of,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Perry’s Principles of,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">pigments,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_42">42</a>-<a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">pigments, properties of,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">preparation for microscopic examination of,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">tests at North Dakota Experiment Station,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">at Washington,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_207">207</a>-<a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">supervisors of,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">woods used on,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Painting steel plates for tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Paints for cement and concrete surfaces,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">composition of in steel test,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">hiding power of,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">sanitary value of,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Panels for laboratory tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Para Red formula for concrete wall,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Paranitraniline paints in Pittsburg tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Paranitraniline Red,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Perilla Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Perry’s analogies of paint and concrete manufacture,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">principles of Paint Making,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Petroleum Spirits,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Photomicrographs,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Pigment contention, the,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">grinding,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Pigments,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_42">42</a>-<a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">as stimulators of rust,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Chemical action of upon Linseed Oil, table,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Effects of on Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">inert, use of,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">moisture experiments with, table,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">percentages of Oil required for grinding,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">re-enforcing,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">report of results of steel paint tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_236">236</a>-<a href="#Page_251">251</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Water resistance of,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[264]</a></span>Pine Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Pittsburg fence tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Polar Micro-Examinations and Photomicrographs,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Primer for concrete,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Properties of Paint Pigments,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Prussian Blue,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Red Lead,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Reductions used in fence tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Re-enforcing Pigments,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Results of new test at Atlantic City test fence in 1910, table,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_178">178</a>-<a href="#Page_181">181</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Pittsburg tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">steel test plates,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Rosin Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Rust, cause of in steel work,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">inhibition of,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">stimulation of,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Sanitary value of paints,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">wall paints,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Sienna,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Silex,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Silica,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Silica and Barytes Paints in Pittsburg tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Solvent Naphtha,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Soya Bean Oil and Driers, table,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Chemical Characteristics of, table,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Steel Paint test, rating report,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">reports on pigments used,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_236">236</a>-<a href="#Page_251">251</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Steel paint, result of tests at Atlantic City,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Steel, preparation of for paint tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">water contact and paint,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Structural steel paint tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Sublimed Blue Lead,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Sublimated White Lead,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Suction varnish,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Sunflower Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Constants of, table,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Supervisors of paint tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Table Analysis of Averages in Atlantic City Steel Paint test,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Analyses of Corn Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Analyses of Debloomed Mineral Paint Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Analysis of Iron Oxide Pigments,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Analyses of Oils used in Washington tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Analyses of Petroleum Spirits,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Analyses of Rosin Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[265]</a></span>Table +Analyses of various types of Linseed Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Analyses of wood Turpentine,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Atlantic City test fence formula,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Chemical Characteristics of Soya Bean Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Comparative spreading rates of White Paint in Pittsburg tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Composition of Blue Lead,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Composition of paints in Atlantic City Steel test,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Constants of Cottonseed Oil, table,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Constants of Menhaden Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Constants of Pine Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Constants of Sunflower Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Constants of Whale Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Co-operative drying tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_32">32</a>-<a href="#Page_41">41</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Excluding tests for moisture absorbed,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Fineness for grinding pigments,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Formulas in Tennessee tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Iodine Value of Linseed Oil and Mixed Oils,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Moisture experiments with various pigments,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Paint section measurements under microscope,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Percentages of Oil required for grinding various dry pigments,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Permeability of Paints,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Ratings of Atlantic City Steel Paint test,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Report of North Dakota test fence,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_193">193</a>-<a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Results of Atlantic City test fence,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Results of new tests at Atlantic City test fence in 1910,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_178">178</a>-<a href="#Page_181">181</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Results of second annual inspection Atlantic City test fence,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Results of second annual inspection in Pittsburg tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Showing action of various pigments upon Linseed Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Soya Bean Oil and Driers,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Tests of Linseed Oil and Manganese, Lead and Combination Driers,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Talcose,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Tennessee Paint tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_201">201</a>-<a href="#Page_206">206</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Test Fences in Paint Experiments,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">at Atlantic City,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_114">114</a>-<a href="#Page_134">134</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">at Pittsburg,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_135">135</a>-<a href="#Page_148">148</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">at Washington,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_207">207</a>-<a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Cement and concrete,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">in Tennessee,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_201">201</a>-<a href="#Page_206">206</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">laboratory, chalking,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">North Dakota,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">of Oil and Thinners,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">of various pigments in steel paint,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_236">236</a>-<a href="#Page_251">251</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">panel sections for,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Structural steel paints,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Water pigment,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Thinner, Wood Turpentine as a,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Tung Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[266]</a></span>Tung Varnishes,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Turpentine,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Ultramarine Blue,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Umber,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Varnishes from Tung Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Vermilion, American,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Wall paints,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Wall paper, defects of,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Washington Paint tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_207">207</a>-<a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Water, action of upon paint films,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">contact with steel and paint,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">resistance of Pigments,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Water-pigment tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Waterproofing and damp-proofing,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Whale Oil,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">White Lead, Basic Carbonate,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Basic Sulphate,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Mild Process,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Quick Process,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">in Pittsburg tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">in North Dakota tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">Paints, checking in Pittsburg tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">processes of manufacture of,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_43">43</a>-<a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Whiting,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Wood Turpentine,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="left">experiments with as a thinner,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Woods used in paint tests,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="3" class="blankrow"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Zinc Chromate,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Zinc Lead White,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="left">Zinc Oxide,</td> +<td class="right"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<div class="bbox"> + +<p class="center"><a name="TN" id="TN"></a><b>Transcriber's Notes:</b></p> + +<ul> + <li>Minor typopgraphical errors have been corrected silently; inconsistencies in spelling have not been changed.</li> + <li>Footnotes have been moved to directly below the table or paragraph to which they refer. Where a single footnote has multiple + anchors, there is no backward link.</li> + <li>Depending on the browser and its settings, some of the symbols used may not display properly.</li> + <li>Where there are mutiple footnotes to a single footnote anchor, the reverse link is not implemented. In these cases it is + suggested to use the browser back button.</li> + <li>Tables that were spread over two pages in the original work have been re-combined into a single table.</li> + <li>Page 25, Table VIII: the header row contains duplicate values (last two columns) that could be typographical errors.</li> + <li>Page 32-41: some table headers moved or inserted for consistency and better readability.</li> + <li>Pages 86 and 87 have some section titles followed by numbers. These serve no obvious purpose, but have not been deleted.</li> + <li>Page 87 (table): row 12 (zinc oxide), column 5: <i>.00037</i> is probably an error for <i>.0037</i></li> + <li>Page 124 contains a footnote without anchor; this has been moved to below the first paragraph of the page as an + unnumbered footnote.</li> + <li>Photos and other illustrations have been edited slightly to show more detail and remove dirt and scratches, except for the + (micro)photographs of paint surfaces and other materials; the latter have only been edited slightly to show better contrast.</li> + <li>Changes made to the text: + <ul> + <li>Page 26: <i>as discolored and turned brown</i> changed to <i>was discolored and turned brown</i>.</li> + <li>Page 87: table row 3, <i>0.00076—</i> changed to <i>0.00076</i>.</li> + <li>Page 94: row 6 (Concrete), } moved down one row as in Paint.</li> + <li>Page 124: The note at the bottom of the page has been moved to directly underneath the first paragraph.</li> + <li>Page 137: <i>Pittsburgh</i> in caption changed to <i>Pittsburg</i> as elsewhere in text (and in illustration itself).</li> + <li>Page 142: <i>prussian blue</i> changed to <i>Prussian blue</i>.</li> + <li>Page 161: <i>A.C.</i> changed to <i>A. C.</i> (space added) as elsewhere.</li> + <li>Page 177: <i>pages 174 to 177</i> changed to <i>pages 178 to 180</i>.</li> + <li>Pages 197-200: Order of photgraphs changed from vertical to horizontal.</li> + <li>Page 211: One footnote anchor * changed to [29] as others in same row.</li> + <li>Page 230: <i>4500</i> in formula changed to <i>5400</i>.</li> + <li>Page 234: rows for Panel No. 2000: bracket added as elsewhere in table.</li> + <li>Page 259 (Index): <i>determinating</i> changed to <i>determining</i> as in text.</li> + <li>Page 259 (Index): <i>Derbloomed</i> changed to <i>Debloomed</i> as in text.</li> + <li>Page 260 (Index): <i>Filometers</i> changed to <i>Filmometers</i> as in text.</li> + <li>Page 261 (Index): <i>Grinding Pigments</i> moved to proper place in alphabetic order.</li> + <li>Page 263 (Index): <i>Parilla Oil</i> changed to <i>Perilla Oil</i> as in text.</li> + <li>Page 264 (Index): <i>Derbloomed</i> changed to <i>Debloomed</i> as in text.</li> + </ul> + </li> +</ul> + +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Paint Technology and Tests, by Henry A. 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