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diff --git a/37194-8.txt b/37194-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2665aa9 --- /dev/null +++ b/37194-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2513 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of +Manchester, by Thomas Perkins + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Manchester + A Short History and Description of the Church and of the + Collegiate Buildings now known as Chetham's Hospital + +Author: Thomas Perkins + +Release Date: August 24, 2011 [EBook #37194] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELL'S CATHEDRALS: MANCHESTER *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Charles Aldarondo, David +Garcia and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +[Illustration: MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL FROM THE SOUTH.] + + + + + + +THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF MANCHESTER + +A SHORT HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF THE CHURCH AND OF THE COLLEGIATE +BUILDINGS NOW KNOWN AS CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL + + +BY THE REV. THOMAS PERKINS, M.A. + +RECTOR OF TURNWORTH, DORSET + + +WITH 43 ILLUSTRATIONS + +[Illustration: Arms of the See] + +LONDON GEORGE BELL & SONS 1901 + + + + +PREFACE. + + +I have to acknowledge with my sincerest thanks the help I received locally +in compiling this little volume. + +The Dean of Manchester was good enough to offer to read the proof-sheets, +and has made various suggestions and additions which have done much to +improve it. The sheets have also had the benefit of Canon Hicks' revision. + +The photographic illustrations, with the exception of two by Mr. W. H. +Bowman of Manchester, were taken by myself, and I have also to thank the +Dean for permission to photograph in all parts of the church. + +Mr. Walter T. Browne, Governor of Chetham's Hospital and Library, gave +me every facility for examining and photographing the building, and +supplied me with much valuable information. He also carefully revised +the proof-sheets of the latter portion of the book. + +Mr. J. T. Chapman, of Albert Square, placed his dark-room at my disposal, +so that I was able to develop my negatives on the spot, and make second +exposures when necessary. + +Lastly, Mr. Thackeray Turner, Secretary of the Society for the Protection +of Ancient Buildings, lent me sundry papers and reports dealing with +Chetham's Hospital and Library. The kind assistance thus received has +made my task an easy one, and has materially added to the accuracy of +the volume. + + THOMAS PERKINS. + +TURNWORTH, _September 1901_. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PAGE + CHAPTER I.--HISTORY OF THE BUILDING 3 + CHAPTER II.--THE EXTERIOR 13 + CHAPTER III.--THE INTERIOR 23 + CHAPTER IV.--SHORT HISTORY OF THE PARISH AND DIOCESE 55 + CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL AND LIBRARY 63 + INDEX 87 + + + + +LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. + + + PAGE + + Manchester Cathedral from the South _Frontispiece_ + The Arms of the See _Title Page_ + Manchester Cathedral from the North-East 2 + The Cathedral from the West 3 + View across the Choir from the Ely Chapel about 1850 8 + Windows on the South Side 12 + The West Porch 14 + The South Porch 16 + The Ely Chapel 18 + North Side of the Nave 20 + The Choir, looking East 22 + The Choir Screen 23 + View across the Nave, looking North-East 25 + The Inner South Aisle of the Nave 28 + The Tower Arch 30 + Screen of the Jesus Chapel 31 + Entrance to the Chapter House 32 + The South Choir Aisle 33 + Screen of the Lady Chapel 35 + Statue of Sir Humphrey Chetham 36 + Interior of North Doorway 39 + View across the Nave, looking North-West 40 + The Choir, looking West 42 + Desk Ends in the Choir Stalls 43 + Choir Stalls, North Side 44 + The Gordon Memorial Window 51 + The Nave from the West 54 + The Hall, Chetham's Hospital 62 + Chetham's Hospital from the South-East 63 + The North Gallery of the Cloister 65 + The College Gateway 68 + Corridor and Entrance to the Hall 69 + The Cloister 70 + Recess in the Hall 72 + West Side of the Cloister 74 + Staircase leading to Cloister Gallery 75 + Cloister Gallery, North Side 76 + Chetham's Library, formerly the Dormitory 77 + The Warden's Room, now the Reading Room 79 + The Reading Room, East Side 82 + The Cloister, West Walk 83 + Plan of Chetham's Hospital 85 + + PLAN OF MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL _end_ + + +[Illustration: MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH-EAST.] + +[Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE WEST.] + + + + +MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL + + + + +CHAPTER I. + +HISTORY OF THE BUILDING. + + +In the minds of most Englishmen the name of Manchester calls up the +image of a vast city that, with the borough of Salford, which, though +municipally distinct, yet is topographically united with it, contains +a population of about three quarters of a million of inhabitants. And +it is, moreover, generally supposed that Manchester is entirely of +modern growth--a collection of mills, and warehouses, and shops; yet, +if anyone pauses for a moment to consider, the name itself suggests +that the foundation of the city must date back from the time of the +Roman occupation of the island. It has been, and not unreasonably, +supposed that it was a British stronghold before the soldiers of Agricola +took possession of it. Certain it is that it was occupied by Roman +troops, and it is said that they made their summer camp near the spot +where the building that is the subject of this book now stands, hard by +the junction of the little stream of the Irk with the larger river Irwell. +In those early days these streams in all probability ran bright and clear +through broad meadow lands, and were crossed by bridges of very ancient +construction. The remains of one such bridge have long been known to +exist, and have on more than one occasion been uncovered. + +The Irk now runs through a tunnel, and discharges its waters into +the grimy, sluggish stream of the Irwell, which divides Manchester +from Salford, and runs between the Exchange Station of the London and +North-Western Railway and the cathedral church of the new diocese created +in 1847. + +Many Roman coins, principally those of Nero, Vitellius, Vespasian, +Domitian, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Constantine, have been +found at various times in the course of digging the foundations of houses. + +What befell Manchester when the Romans left Britain we do not know. That +Paulinus preached here is highly probable; that Ine, King of the West +Saxons, resided here with his Queen Ethelburga about 690 is recorded; +that, like many other places not far distant from the seaboard, it was +ravaged by the Danes is certain. King Edward the Unconquered, in 923, +sent troops to repair its walls and garrison the town. + +No picturesque legends about the foundation of the original Church of +St. Mary which stood near the site of the present cathedral have come +down to us. All we know is, that two wood-built churches are mentioned +in Domesday Book as standing either in the town or the parish, one of +them dedicated to St. Mary, the other to St. Michael.[1] The former was +probably a predecessor of the present building, which is dedicated jointly +to St. Mary, St. George, and St. Denys, though not on the same site. But +of any Norman church of St. Mary not a trace is left, nor are there +any remains of thirteenth century work visible in the church as we see +it to-day. Various examples of thirteenth and fourteenth century work, +however, have been found in the walls of the church and in the western +tower at different times during repairs and restorations. + +William the Conqueror conferred the lands between the Mersey and the +Ribble on Roger of Poictou, who granted the Manor of Manchester to the +Gresley family; Thomas Gresley, Baron of Manchester, granted a charter +to the townspeople of Manchester in 1301. Under these early barons the +church was held successively by about fifteen rectors, among whom may +be mentioned William de la Marcia (1284), who became Bishop of Bath and +Wells in 1292; Walter Langton, who was appointed Rector of Manchester, and +also Keeper of the Great Seal by Edward I. in 1292, and was consecrated +Bishop of Lichfield in 1296, but retained his rectory for three years +after his consecration; John de Verdun or Everden (1313), who became +Dean of St. Paul's in 1323. Meanwhile, the manor had passed from the +Gresleys to the De la Warres; the last of their family became a priest, +and appointed himself Rector of Manchester in 1373. He was a liberal +benefactor to the church, and in order that there should be a suitable +body of clergy to look after the spiritual welfare of the town, he endowed +the church as a collegiate institution, obtaining the requisite charter +from Henry V. in 1422. The college consisted of a warden, eight fellows +in priests' orders, four deacons, and six boy choristers. + +The old baronial hall was granted to the newly appointed body as a place +of residence. This was largely modified to suit the requirements of its +new inmates, and the church itself was gradually reconstructed. Hence we +find the church built in the Perpendicular style, a style that has been +imitated in the many additions that have been made to the building since +it was raised to cathedral rank in 1847. So quickly does the smoke-laden +atmosphere of Manchester discolour the stone, that in a very few years +after their erection the new parts of the church match in colour the +older parts of the building, and the passer-by who gives but a casual +glance at the cathedral would be surprised to learn how much of its +structure dates from the nineteenth century. At the present time, 1901, +the only obviously new part is the western porch, but the north and +south porches, the Fraser Chapel on the south side of the choir, the +south-west corner of the building, as well as the tower, are all modern +additions or reconstructions, and much of the exterior has been recased +with stone. The residence of the warden and fellows, much modified at +subsequent dates, may still be found on the north side of the church, +on the other side of a road that skirts the churchyard. It is now known +as Chetham's Hospital and Library; for fuller information about this +building the reader is referred to the latter part of this volume. + +No sooner had the first warden, John Huntington, been appointed, than he +set to work to enlarge and beautify the collegiate church. + +The oldest part of the church is the arch leading into the Lady Chapel, +which, with its responds, has more resemblance to the Decorated than +to the Perpendicular style. This arch was accurately restored some +twenty-five or thirty years ago. The rebus of Sir John Huntington, +the first warden, who was appointed in 1422, renders it probable that +this part of the church was largely reconstructed by him. While he +was warden, 1422-1458, the choir and its aisles were rebuilt, and the +chapter house built. Under successive wardens the work of reconstruction +was carried on, and occupied about a hundred years. The third warden, +Ralph Langley (1465-1481), is said to have completed the nave; much +work was done during the wardenship of James Stanley II. (1485-1509), +afterwards Bishop of Ely, for the chapel of the Holy Trinity was founded +by W. Radcliffe in 1498; the Jesus Chapel, now the vestry and library, +was founded by Richard Beswick in 1506; the Hulme Chapel, now destroyed, +which formerly projected to the south from the eastern part of the south +wall of the Jesus Chapel, was founded by Ralph Hulme in 1507; the St. +James' Chantry or Ducie Chapel was built in the same year; and the choir +stalls were erected by the warden himself in 1508. In this year also +W. Galley built St. George's Chapel. James Stanley is also recorded to +have built the double entrance into the chapter house. The Derby and +Ely Chapels on the north side are of rather later date; in the latter +the ex-warden, James Stanley II., then Bishop of Ely, was buried. This +chapel was built by Sir John Stanley in 1515. In 1518 the eighth warden, +George West (1518-1535) is recorded to have built the Lady Chapel, but +this work was probably a reconstruction rather than a fresh building; +the windows that we see in it now are eighteenth century work, but +probably are imitations of those that previously existed in this chapel, +and their style indicates a considerably earlier date than 1518. Indeed, +their tracery resembles fourteenth century work. It will be noticed +from the dates just given that the church was finished not long before +the Reformation. + +Up to 1541 Manchester belonged to the diocese of Lichfield, but Henry +VIII. then transferred it to the newly founded see of Chester. + +The college was dissolved by Edward VI., who bestowed its lands on the +Stanley family. Queen Mary re-established the college and gave back its +lands, with the exception of the domestic buildings, which still remained +in the hands of the Earls of Derby. During the time of the Civil Wars +the church suffered in common with many other ecclesiastical buildings. + +Richard Heyrick, who had been warden since 1636, was deprived of his +office in 1646, but was reinstated in 1660. Some negotiations had been +entered into for the sale of the domestic buildings to the trustees under +the will of Humphrey Chetham, but the sale was not completed until after +the Restoration, when they became the property of the feoffees of the +Chetham Hospital and Library. + +Subsequently the church shared the same fate as befell most ecclesiastical +buildings during the eighteenth century, viz., neglect and injudicious +repairs. But it was left to the early part of the nineteenth century to +work the greatest havoc on the building. A thorough process of repair, +or "beautifying" as it was then called, was set on foot in the year +1815. Galleries were erected in the nave, the various chapels outside +the nave aisles were thrown into the main building by the removal of the +screens which separated them from the north and south aisles, so that +from that time the western half of the church has had double aisles on +either side of the nave proper. But worse than this, the whole interior +was covered with Roman cement, and that this might adhere more firmly +to the stone-work, the walls themselves and the pillars of the main +arcade of the nave and the clerestory walls were hacked about in the most +shameful way. In this condition the church remained for many years. When +the new see of Manchester was erected in 1847, this church was chosen +as the cathedral church of the diocese, and before long proposals were +made to rebuild or enlarge it, as it was felt by many that it lacked the +dignity and size of the old cathedral churches, and, indeed, suffered in +comparison with many of the old abbey churches that existed in England, +some of which have since that time been raised to cathedral rank. Queen +Victoria visited Manchester for the first time in 1851, and to commemorate +her visit, Canon Parkinson suggested the rebuilding of the church, and +himself headed the subscription list with a donation of £1000, but the +proposal did not meet with much favour. + +[Illustration: VIEW ACROSS CHOIR FROM THE ELY CHAPEL ABOUT 1850. +_From Winkles' "Cathedrals."_] + +At this time the municipal seats at the west end were enclosed by a glass +screen; above them was the Chetham gallery, as it was called, its back +occupied by the organ and choristers, its front by the schoolboys of +Chetham's Hospital. The organ had previously stood on the screen beneath +the choir arch, but had been removed to the west for a musical festival +held in 1828. This old organ loft was then converted into a pewed gallery, +intended for the use of the Chetham feoffees, but was usually occupied +by the officers of regiments quartered in Manchester. + +In 1858 some repairs, external and internal, were carried out, and +shortly after this J. E. Gregan, architect, and David Bell, builder, +recommended the rebuilding of the tower. Their advice was taken, the old +tower was demolished, and a new tower was designed by J. P. Holden. On +4th August 1864 the foundation stone of the new tower was laid by the +Bishop, Dr. Prince Lee. In this ceremony, among others, the present Dean +of Manchester, Dr. Maclure, took part, acting as chaplain to the High +Sheriff, Sir J. P. Kay Shuttleworth, Bart. The tower was nearly four +years in building, and was dedicated on Whitsunday 1868. + +In 1872 the Dean, Dr. Cowie, and the canons proposed that a new +cathedral church should be built on a new site, but this plan met with +little favour. Ten years passed away and then Mr. George Milner and Mr. +(afterwards Sir) John William Maclure, churchwardens, and Mr. Thomas +Lings, comptroller, advocated a thorough restoration of the existing +church; plans were prepared by Mr. Crowther, architect; a meeting was +called to consider the matter, and it was resolved to accept and carry +out these plans. The roof of the nave was repaired, the old bosses being +preserved, the galleries were removed, and it was decided to clear off +the Roman cement from the pillars and walls, but it was found that the +stone-work beneath had been so much mutilated, that it was resolved to +rebuild the main arcade of the nave and the clerestory. + +Various donors undertook to defray the cost of rebuilding the different +bays. A muniment room containing the celebrated parish registers mentioned +by Macaulay, was built in memory of Alderman Graves by his son, and the +baptistery, in memory of Thomas Chesters, by his son. + +The Derby Chapel was re-roofed. The Earl of Derby, notwithstanding the +agreement made in 1774 by which the chapel was handed over to the church +on condition that the Earls of Derby should no longer be required to +keep it in repair, generously contributed £1000 towards this work. The +choir roof was renewed in English oak, but the bosses and carved angels +were boiled in oil and replaced. Fortunately the Roman cement could be +removed from the walls of the choir more easily than from the nave, +and the old stone-work was allowed to stand. + +The south porch was erected by James Jardine in 1891; the north porch +was built as a memorial to James Craven by his children in 1888. The +west or Victoria porch was built in 1900 by subscription raised by the +present Dean. + +The conical roof of the octagonal chapter house is modern; the chapel to +the east of it was built by his widow as a memorial to Dr. James Fraser, +the second Bishop of Manchester, who died in 1885. + +At the present time, 1901, further building operations are being carried +on in the yard on the south side of the church, a new and larger chapter +house and vestries being in course of erection. + +[Illustration: WINDOWS ON THE SOUTH SIDE.] + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +THE EXTERIOR. + + +The exterior of the Cathedral Church of Manchester is by no means +imposing. The traveller who reaches the city by the London and +North-Western Railway and alights at the Exchange Station, will see +fronting him what appears to be a large parish church with a western +tower. Its walls are grimy with the smoke of the city, and although the +building occupies a good site, open on every side save the east, with a +large churchyard stretching out on the north and south sides of it, yet +few of those who see it would stay their steps to walk round the building +or enter it by the south porch, unless they had been previously told that +this parish church, as it seemed to them, and as in a certain way it is, +is also the Cathedral Church of Manchester, and that its interior is both +impressive as a whole, and contains detail work of the highest interest. + +Our examination of the exterior may well begin with the most recent +addition to the church--=the western porch=--only lately finished and +still showing the colour of the stone fresh from the carver's hands. +Whether this addition is an improvement to the general appearance of the +building or not is open to question. To some, among them the writer, +it appears that the porch takes away from the appearance of height in +the tower, much as the Galilee Chapel at Durham, beautiful as it is in +its details, is an excrescence detracting from the effect of the western +front of St. Cuthbert's Cathedral Church. Moreover, the single crocketed +turret that rises from the south-west corner of the porch proper gives +it a one-sided appearance, which is somewhat to be regretted, as with +this exception the porch and its lower flanking chambers is symmetrical, +as indeed is the church itself in its main features, turret answering to +turret, and window to window, porch to porch. The carving on the western +porch is elaborate and carefully executed, and if, as must necessarily +be the case owing to the conditions under which nineteenth century +carving was executed, it lacks the freedom that is so great a charm in +old work, it is more in accordance with the general style of the church, +and is characteristic of its own date. This porch was designed by Mr. +Basil Champneys, who has succeeded in training carvers to carry out his +designs in an admirable manner. A verbal description of the porch is +hardly needed, as the illustration on the opposite page will show the +reader its character. On either side of the porch is a chamber rising +to about the same height as the spring of the arch of the doorway; each +of these is flat-roofed, its wall terminates in a pierced battlemented +parapet, and is lighted by two rectangular-headed windows facing west. +To the south and north of these two chambers respectively, are iron gates +and flights of steps giving access to the churchyard. + +[Illustration: THE WEST PORCH.] + +Ascending the southern flight we find before us the west ends of the two +south aisles of the church; the roof of the inner one slopes slightly +down from the clerestory wall, and the outer one rises into a very +obtuse-angled gable. The west end of the inner or true aisle is original, +but the outer aisle was extended two bays westward at the time of the +recent restoration. The windows of the church, though all or nearly +all of Perpendicular character, are not all alike, as may be seen by +examining the illustrations; but in most of them the hood moulding after +following the curve of the arch at the head of the window, is brought +down in a vertical line for a short distance beside the lower part of +the window. Most of the windows have four lights, but there are some +exceptions, which will be duly noticed as we pass by them. To begin with, +the west window of the outer south aisle has five lights. On turning +round the south-west corner of this aisle we find the =south porch= +projecting from the second bay. The porch itself consists of two bays, +and has two stories. The lower story of the porch proper is lighted by two +two-light windows on the western side, the upper story by two windows on +the western and southern faces, and by one on the eastern face. Beneath +the windows on the south side the following inscription may be read:-- + + To the honour and Glory of God and in thankful acknowledgement of + many mercies this porch is erected by James Jardine of Manchester + and Alderley Edge in the year of our Lord MDCCCXCI. + +[Illustration: THE SOUTH PORCH.] + +An octagonal stair turret surmounted by a crocketed pyramidal termination +stands at the south angle of the inner bay on the eastern side. The +whole of this porch is elaborately carved, as will be seen from the +illustration. The next two bays of the south aisle project beyond the +general line of the south wall of the church. The walls of this are +finished by a pierced battlemented parapet similar to that which runs +round the south porch. The windows in these two bays are alike, but the +next two in the south wall have five lights, and differ from the last two +in their shape and tracery (see illustration, p. 12). To the south of the +church about this point stands a sun-dial, shown in the illustration. The +three next bays belong to what was formerly known as the Jesus Chapel. In +the westernmost of these there is a doorway to give room for which the +sill of the window is placed at a higher level than the sills of the +other windows. The tracery of these windows differs from the preceding +two. From the easternmost of the three bays of the Jesus Chapel formerly +projected the Hulme chantry. To the east of the Jesus Chapel stands the +octagonal chapter house; three of its sides contain windows of a pattern +differing from any of these already mentioned. From within the parapet, +which is not battlemented, rises a rather steep pyramidal roof. This is +modern. Whether the original roof was of this form or not is not known, +but the modern roof is a distinctly agreeable feature. To the east of +the chapter house is another window in the south wall, and then we come +to the Fraser Memorial Chapel, which forms the south-east angle of the +church. This has a four-light window in its south and a three-light window +in its eastern wall. Before examining the east end of the church we may +remark that the clerestory wall is terminated by a pierced battlemented +parapet--a modern addition--and that the pattern is slightly different +on either side of the octagonal turret which rises from the junction of +the nave and choir. The parapet that runs along the south wall of the +chapel of St. Nicholas, again, differs from that which runs along the +other walls on the south side of the church. + +The east window of the south choir aisle has five lights; passing this +we come to the =Lady Chapel=. This is exceedingly small, projecting only +some eighteen feet to the east of the aisle walls. It has two bays, each +lit by a small two-light window on either side. Against the centre of the +eastern face rises a buttress, on either side of which is a four-light +window. As already mentioned in Chapter I. the Lady Chapel windows are +eighteenth century work, probably copies of the original windows, and +have tracery of Decorated character. + +[Illustration: THE ELY CHAPEL.] + +Beyond the Lady Chapel is the window of the north choir aisle; and beyond +this again the eastern termination of the Derby Chapel. This contains +a seven-light window. Passing round the north-eastern corner we see the +=Ely Chapel= projecting from the second bay to the west, with four-light +windows in its eastern and western walls, and a five-light window on its +northern face. From the fourth and fifth bays, counting from the east, +projects a low building with a battlemented parapet, a door and square +headed windows, erected to contain the hydraulic apparatus used for +working the bellows of the organ. To the west of this is a small doorway +with an ogee head leading into the ante chapel of the Derby or John the +Baptist's Chapel. This is the last bay of the eastern division of the +church. The next bay, the north wall of what was once St. James' Chapel, +contains a five-light window. After two more bays, comprising the chapel +of the Holy Trinity, we come to the registry, and see the north porch +projecting from the last bay but one. This bears a general resemblance +to the south porch, save that niches take the place of windows on the +east and west faces of the upper story, and that the stair turret stands +on the west side at the angle between the porch and aisle wall. + +The following inscription may be read running round the porch commencing +on the eastern side. + + "To the glory of God and in loving memory of James Craven this + porch and registry are erected by his children 1888." + +The west window of the outer north aisle has seven lights, and that of +the inner aisle five. + +As on the south side so on the north, the tracery is not the same +in all the windows. Those on the north side of the Derby Chapel and +the Ely Chantry resemble each other; the next is a short window above +the doorway; the next, which is known as the Gordon window, is entirely +different; the next three have tracery similar to that of the windows of +the Derby Chapel. + +The parapet along the north walls of the church, like that along the south +walls, is pierced and battlemented, the design differing in different +parts. The parapet of the Lady Chapel, however, is not pierced, but is +simply battlemented. The parapet on the clerestory on both sides is a +modern addition, and is considered by some to be no improvement on the +old form which ran in an unbroken line from end to end of the church, +and gave an appearance of greater length than that given by the present +arrangement, with its line broken by battlements and pinnacles. The two +octagonal turrets that rise from the east end of the clerestory walls +with their crocketed pyramidal terminations form a pleasing feature. + +The tower, square in section, projects from the western extremity of +the nave, and rises to the stately height of 140 feet. The west window +of the nave is surmounted on the outside by a richly carved ogee label; +in the next stage we see the faces of the clock, and in the belfry stage +above double windows on each face of the tower; a pierced battlemented +parapet with three pinnacles at each of the angles and one at the middle +points of each of its sides, forms a suitable termination to the tower. + +We have now carefully examined the exterior of the church in detail. It +remains only to mention the points of view from which it is best seen as a +whole. The view from the roadway running up to the railway station shows +the tower to advantage, as not only is it of considerable height itself, +but its base on the level of the churchyard is considerably raised above +the street. The whole of the south side, which is richer in variety and +detail than the north, can be well seen from the churchyard, and the +north side itself from the open space in front of Chetham's hospital, +the play-ground of the boys who are educated there. + +[Illustration: NORTH SIDE OF THE NAVE.] + +[Illustration: THE CHOIR, LOOKING EAST.] + +[Illustration: THE CHOIR SCREEN.] + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +THE INTERIOR. + + +It has been already said that the exterior of the Cathedral Church +at Manchester lacks somewhat of the charm that so many of our old +cathedrals possess. There is no wide-spreading close with its smooth +turf and immemorial elms, no birds to fly round tower and pinnacle, and +break the silence of the home of ancient peace with their songs or cries, +but ever we hear the scream of railway engines, the bells of tramcars, +and the roar of the traffic along a busy thoroughfare. The surrounding +buildings are not now, as in many cathedral cities, the residences of +Dean and Canons, quaint and mediaeval, with stone mullioned windows +and ivy-covered walls, but modern erections, shops, and warehouses, and +hotels. And the church itself, destitute of transept and central tower, +provided only with a western tower, gives us the idea of a large parish +church, rather than of a building associated in our mind with Bishop, +Dean, and Canons. There is no cloister-garth with its surrounding +walks, the old collegiate buildings are detached from the church and +appropriated to secular purposes; so that probably our first feeling +is one of disappointment, but this feeling will vanish as soon as we +have passed into its interior. The usual way of entrance is by the south +porch; this is always open. The western doors are unfortunately generally +closed--unfortunately, for the most impressive view of the church is to +be had from beneath the tower arch looking to the east. It is a dimly +lighted building; this is due chiefly to two causes: first to the fact +that it is enormously wide, and the aisle windows are therefore far from +the central nave, and secondly to the fact that almost all the windows +both of aisles and clerestory are filled with painted glass, in many +cases of a deep colour, and rendered still more impervious to light by +the incrustation of carbon deposited on their outside by the perpetual +smoke of the city. So dark is the church that in the winter months it has +generally to be lit with gas all the day long, and even in the summer, +in comparatively bright weather, some gas burners will generally be found +alight. The mist also of the exterior atmosphere finds its way into the +building, and hangs beneath the roof, lending an air of mystery to the +whole place, and giving rise to most beautiful effects when the sunlight +streams through the clerestory windows. The tone also of the nave arcading +and clerestory rebuilt in recent years, of warm, rose-coloured sandstone, +is very lovely. + +The visitor on entering the church, before examining the different objects +in detail, should get general impressions of the building. The view from +just inside the south porch showing the four rows of arcading separating +the outer aisles from the inner, and these from the central nave, is +very fine. The view from beneath the tower arch looking eastward is most +impressive. Another good view is from the altar steps looking westward, +especially in the early part of a bright day, when there is sufficient +light to show the magnificent tabernacle work of the stalls, and the +organ-stands out clearly defined against the sunlit misty air of the +upper part of the nave behind it. + +[Illustration: VIEW ACROSS THE NAVE, LOOKING NORTH-EAST.] + +To see these three views of the building under favourable conditions +of light will well repay the visitor for a journey of many miles to +Manchester, to say nothing of the exquisite detail work that now demands +our attention. + +It has been already explained that the outer aisles on either side have +been formed by throwing down the walls or screens that once divided these +spaces into a series of chapels on the outside of the real nave aisles. +In Continental churches double aisles on the north and south side of the +church are by no means uncommon, but instances of this arrangement are +more rarely met with in England. The most familiar example is Chichester +Cathedral, where double aisles have been formed by the inclusion of +lateral chapels. + +It has been already stated that the baptistery which occupies the western +end of the outer southern aisles is entirely modern, as also is the +south porch. At one time a small porch called Bibby's Porch projected +from the second bay from the west of the true south aisle, to the east +of which, stretching right over the outer south aisle, was the Chapel of +St. George. This occupied two bays, and projecting from it to the south +was Brown's Chantry. To the east of St. George's Chapel, also occupying +two bays, was the Chapel of St. Nicholas, the Trafford Chapel. These were +the chapels on the south side of the nave aisle. Opposite to them, outside +the north nave aisle, were two chapels, that of the Most Holy Trinity +at the west, that of St. James, otherwise known as the Ducie Chapel, at +the east end. The west wall of the outer nave aisle on the north side is +original, so that the whole length of the series of chapels on this side +was greater than that of the series on the south side. The nave and its +twin aisles, as will be seen from what has already been said, consist of +six bays. The eastern half of the church also consists of six bays, and +the choir aisles, like those of the nave, are flanked by chapels which +have fortunately remained undestroyed down to the present day, enclosed +by their original screens. On the south side, raised three steps above +the level of the nave and occupying three bays, was the Jesus Chapel, +now divided into two parts, the western bay being used as a vestry, +the two others as the Cathedral Library; from this a door leads into the +chapter house, the main entrance to which is from the choir aisle. With +this the unbroken series of building attached to the south side of the +church ends, but from the easternmost bay a doorway in a screen opens into +the Fraser Chapel, built as a memorial to her husband, the second Bishop +of Manchester, by Mrs. Fraser. Crossing the church by the ambulatory, +passing the small Lady Chapel, we find the whole length of the outer aisle +on the north side occupied by the chapel of St. John the Baptist, often +called the Derby Chapel. The western bay forms the antechapel, from which +we pass into the chapel itself through the original oak screen. From the +second bay, counting from the east end of this, the Ely Chapel projects. + +[Illustration: THE INNER SOUTH AISLE OF THE NAVE.] + +The reader should follow on the plan the general description just +given, and while doing so he will notice that the church is not quite +regularly built, but tapers slightly towards the east. The enclosed +choir, presbytery, and sanctuary taper still more, so that the east +end is between three and four feet narrower than the west end. But this +enclosed space is symmetrically placed in the church. The plan shows the +very great width of the church in proportion to its length. The interior +width of the nave and its double aisles is 114 feet, while its length is +only 85 feet; the whole interior length of the church, omitting the tower +at the west and the Lady Chapel at the east, is 172 feet. This shows +that the choir is about the same length as the nave, and that the total +length of nave and choir is only about one and a half times the width. + +[Illustration: THE TOWER ARCH.] + +Having now taken a cursory glance round the church, we will go once more +over the same ground, examining it more in detail. We will suppose that +the outer doors of the =West Porch= are open, and we can pass through +them from the street. We go up from the level of the pavement three +steps and find ourselves within the porch; on the south and north sides +of it, doors open into two rooms used the one as the lecture-room of the +Scholae Episcopi (or non-residential Theological College of the Diocese), +the other as a schoolroom for the choir boys. A flight of eleven steps +takes us up to a landing measuring about five feet from west to east, +and then four more steps bring us to the level of the nave floor, and we +enter through what were originally the west doors of the church, into +the space below the tower. The ceiling of this is of fan tracery, and +its side walls are panelled in five tiers. Passing under the tower arch +and looking back, we notice that the tower arch with the walls on either +side of it are original. =The Baptistery= is a modern addition. The font +formerly stood in the outer aisle on the north side. The =South Porch= +is also new. It is divided into two bays, each covered with a vault +formed of eight ribs crossing each other at the centre, and decorated +by two lierne ribs in each of the four quarters. The arcade dividing +the outer from the inner aisle on the south side is entirely modern; +the chapels which occupied the site of the outer aisle were formerly +divided from each other by stone walls, and from the aisle by irregular +arches filled with oak screens. All these were removed in 1815, so as +to throw the area of the chapels into that of the church; an arcade was +then built, but this was removed to make room for the present arcade +during the restoration that was begun in 1872. The westernmost chantry, +or =Chapel of St. George=, was founded by W. Galley in 1508. The next, +the chapel of =St. Nicholas=, or the Trafford Chantry, is said to have +been founded long ere the present church was built in 1186 by Robert de +Greslet; at the south-east corner of this a piscina may be seen, though +the altar has disappeared. Three steps and a screen divide this chantry +from the larger =Jesus Chapel=. This is separated from the south aisle +by a beautiful wooden screen of sixteenth century date. This is glazed +in order to make the room now used as a library comfortable. This chantry +was founded in 1506. + +[Illustration: SCREEN BETWEEN THE JESUS CHAPEL AND THE SOUTH CHOIR AISLE.] + +[Illustration: ENTRANCE TO THE CHAPTER HOUSE, SOUTH CHOIR AISLE.] + +[Illustration: THE SOUTH CHOIR AISLE.] + +Between the Jesus Chapel and the entrance to the chapter house on the +south wall of the aisle are memorial tablets to Richard Heyrick, warden, +who died in 1667, and Thomas Ogden, who died in 1763. The entrance to the +=Chapter House= is a very beautiful piece of work. There are two doorways +whose heads are four centred arches; above these there are two tiers +of panel work, all being enclosed by one large arch whose sides and top +are decorated by six tiers of panelling on each side (see illustration, +p. 32). The chapter house is very comfortably fitted up. There are to +be seen in it several fragments of brasses and of other old work taken +from the floor of the choir and of the Lady Chapel and elsewhere. + +The =Fraser Chapel= contains an altar cenotaph in memory of the second +Bishop of Manchester, who died October 22nd, 1885, at Bishop's Court, +Higher Broughton, Manchester, but who was buried, not in his cathedral +church, but in the churchyard of Ufton Nervet in Berkshire, a parish of +which he had once been rector. The recumbent statue is considered to be +a fine likeness of the late bishop. This statue was unveiled on July +8th, 1887. + +The tomb bears the following inscription written by the late Dr Vaughan, +Dean of Llandaff. + + "To the beloved memory of James Fraser, D.D., Bishop of Manchester, + 1870-85, a man of singular gifts both of nature and the spirit; + brave, true, devout, diligent, in labours unwearied. He won all + hearts by opening to them his own, and so administered this great + Diocese as to prove yet once more that the people know the voice of + a good shepherd and will follow where he leads." + +At the east end of the south aisle stands a marble life-size statue by +Bailey of Thomas Fleming, who died in 1848, and a memorial tablet to the +Rev. George Ogden, B.D., who died in 1706. The aisle is divided from the +choir by a wooden screen; in the third bay from the east are iron gates +leading into the choir. The retro-choir, about thirteen feet from east to +west, runs between the back of the modern reredos behind the high altar +and the beautiful mediaeval screen which stands beneath the arch at the +entrance to the Lady Chapel. The =Lady Chapel= has modern fittings making +it suitable for the celebration of Holy Communion when the congregation +is small. In the south wall a piscina may be noticed, and on the north +side of the altar stands a Renaissance font of grey-veined marble which +was formerly in use in the nave. There are marble tablets in memory of +various members of the Chetham family at the west ends of the north and +south walls of the Lady Chapel. + +[Illustration: SCREEN OF THE LADY CHAPEL.] + +On the west wall of the arch leading into the chapel may be seen the +rebus of Sir John Huntington, the first warden and rebuilder of the +church. On the north side is a man and dog _hunting_, on the south side +two _tuns_ of wine. This rebus is repeated in the roof of the choir. At +the north-east corner of the north choir aisle may be seen a statue by +Theed (1853) of Humphrey Chetham, the founder of the Hospital (_i.e._ +school) and Library that bears his name. He sits, a roll in his right +hand, with long hair and pointed beard, a ruff round his neck, and a +long cloak which, falling open in front, shows doublet and slashed trunk +hose. At the bottom of the pedestal sits one of the boys of the hospital +school, pointing with his left hand to a book which he holds open in his +right, on which we read the inscription: "He hath dispersed abroad, and +given to the poor, and his righteousness remaineth for ever" (Ps. cxii. +9; Prayer-book version). + +[Illustration: STATUE OF SIR HUMPHREY CHETHAM.] + +An old oak screen running under five arches of the arcading to the north +side of the aisle separates the =Derby Chapel= from the aisle. This +screen is of good design, but the workmanship is not so good as that of +the other old screens in the church. Near the first pier, counting from +the east, is the altar tomb of Hugh Birley, M.P. for Manchester, with +a recumbent figure. Here also may be seen an old oak deed chest. About +halfway down this aisle on the south side may be seen a small organ built +by the celebrated Father Smith, dated 1680; this is of the finest tone +and is still frequently used. It has one manual with seven stops and +pedal with one stop. + +Four steps lead from the outer nave aisle on the north side into the +antechapel that stands to the west end, outside the entrance to the +Derby Chapel. + +This chapel is dedicated to St. John the Baptist. It was a private chantry +built and endowed by the Stanley family, of which the Earls of Derby were +members. Two of the family were closely connected with the church. One, +James Stanley, Prebendary of St. Paul's, and archdeacon of Chester, +held the office of warden from 1481-1485, and was succeeded by another +James Stanley, whose tenure was longer, 1485-1509. He it was who began +the building of the Derby Chapel. He became bishop of Ely, but when he +died in 1515 his body was buried at Manchester, close by the screen of +the =Ely Chapel=; but "for reasons which need not be mentioned here" +his body was laid just by the wall, and the chapel was erected by his +son according to his will over his grave, and called after the name of +his diocese. This tomb still stands there, with its original brass and +curiously inscribed epitaph, for which see hereafter. + +The following description is copied from a MS in Chetham's Library. + + "In the old or Christ's Church, Manchester, is a Chapell dedicated + to S. John Baptist on the screen which separates it from the broad + north aisle and over door leading from the aforesaid chapel into + the aisle is an ancient coat of arms carv'd in wood, and three + old brass inscriptions setting forth the founders of the chapell + together with y'e cause of its erection. + + "The arms are those of Stanley tho much different from those born + by that name at this day tho unquestionably of the same family + with the present Earl of Derby, who bears 3 stags heads caboch'd + on a bend these arms on the screen bears the stags heads in chief + and 3 eagles claws in base this kind of bearing might possibly be + to difference it from the elder house or grand stem of the family, + a matter not unusual in those days. In an old manuscript I have + the above arms born by the name of Stanley of Handford, and from + this family of Handford I should suppose sprung S'r John Stanley + of Aderley Ches'r which is within a few miles of Handford tho + S'r J'no now bears the same arms for his paternall coat as the + Earl of Derby. The arms impal'd with Stanley on the screen is + first and fourth a Chevron between three mascles voided second + and third a star with seven points the whole arms appears to be + totally void of colouring. The helmet is very clumsy and differs + much from those now us'd in arms. The crest or rather part of a + crest for it appears to have had something broke from it is not + now to be determin'd what it formerly was. What I take to be the + motto is grav'd upon two plates of brass on each side the arms the + half of one brass is broke way but no doubt was the same as the + other they are engraved in the old text with these words Vanitas + vanitatum Omnia Vanitas that is Vanity of vanity all is vanity. + +"On the brass plate over the door is grav'd in the same character and +old Latin Obsecramus ut adjuvetis nos Jacobum Stanley Eliens Epis Johanne +Stanley milite et Margareta uxore ej ac parentes cor oracionibus vris apud +Dom Jhesu expm q. hanc Capellam in ej nomine et in honore Sancti Johanis +Baptiste Fabricavimus An^o incarnationis illius MCCCCCXIII. Designs from +the Originall plates may be seen in the following drawings. The Inscription +on the long brass I take to be this in English. + + "We beseech you that you assist us James Stanley Bishop of Ely + John Stanley Knt. and Margaret his wife and their parents with + your prayers to y'e Lord Jesus Christ who have built this chapel + in his name and in honour of St Jn'o Baptist in the year of his + incarnation 1513." + + According to an old poem entitled Flodden Field S'r John Stanley + was at that great Battle fought in Sept. 1513 along with other + gentlemen of Lancashire and Cheshire and in enumerating the + Leaders says: + + Next with Sir John Stanley there yede + The Bishop of Ely's servants bold + Sir Lionel Percy eke did lead + Some hundred men well tried and told. + +(Barrett MS. No. 41458, C. 4. 13.) + +[Illustration: INTERIOR OF NORTH DOORWAY.] + +These two chapels were the private property of the Earls of Derby, who +had to keep them in repair. In the second half of the eighteenth century +the roofs needed extensive repair; this was done by the thirteenth Earl +of Derby in conjunction with the townspeople of Manchester, and the +Earl surrendered his rights to the chapels, handing them over to the +parishioners on condition that he and his successors should no longer +be held responsible for keeping them in repair. The Derby Chapel is now +fitted with an altar at the east end, a font on the north side, and oak +benches, so that it can be used for week-day services when desired. The +Ely Chapel is not fitted in any way. + +[Illustration: VIEW ACROSS THE NAVE, LOOKING NORTH-WEST.] + +=St. James' Chapel=, or the Ducie Chantry, and the =Chapel Of the Holy +Trinity=, which formerly occupied the east and west ends of what is now +the outer north aisle, and were founded, the former in 1507 and the latter +by W. Radcliffe of Ordsall in 1498, have no longer any separate existence; +the only sign of their having been chapels that remains is a piscina +in the pier at the south east corner of St. James' Chapel. The arcade +between the outer and inner north aisles originally dated from about 1500. + +=The North or Craven Porch= is opposite to the south porch and bears a +strong resemblance to it. It consists of two bays, each vaulted in stone +in the same manner as the bays of the south or Jardine Porch; a door to +the east side of the inner bay leads into the registry office. + +It now remains to examine the =Central Nave= and =Choir=. This church +differs from most of our cathedral and abbey churches in having no +triforium.[2] And the clerestory is not lofty, so that the church is +rather low for its width,[3] though the height of the arches of the +main arcade prevents this being felt. The roofs of the aisles are all +modern, but that of the nave, though extensively repaired, has much +of the original work in it, and, with the exception of a few bosses, +the choir roof is old. All the roofs are of timber; in the nave the +intersections of the main beams are covered by beautiful bosses carved +out of the solid wood. On either side, at the points from which the +main cross beams spring, is a series of angelic figures splendidly +carved in wood: those on the south side playing stringed instruments, +those on the north side wind instruments. + +The choir roof is more ornate; the panels between the beams are filled +with tracery; the bosses here are differently constructed from those in +the nave; here each leaf was separately carved and then nailed in its +place. At the time of the restoration this roof was skilfully repaired +by introducing new beams above the old ones and fastening the old to the +new with bolts. + +The pillars of the main arcade of the nave are modern work built in +imitation of the original ones. They are light and graceful, and like +many other pillars of fifteenth century date, are formed of shafts of +which only half have separate capitals, the other mouldings running +round the arch. The spaces between the arches are elaborately carved +with heraldic shields. + +[Illustration: THE CHOIR, LOOKING WEST.] + +[Illustration: DESK-ENDS IN THE CHOIR STALLS; NORTH SIDE.] + +Towards the east end of the nave may be seen desks for the choir +on either side, a brass eagle lectern on the south side, and a modern +pulpit against the first pillar from the east on the north side (see page +54). The pulpit, the gift of the late Chancellor Christie and his wife, +is octagonal, and six of its faces are carved with representations of +Christ, the four Evangelists, and St. Paul; of the other two sides one +rests against the pier, and the other, on the north, forms the entrance +from the pulpit steps. The ancient rood screen (see page 23) is a very +beautiful piece of work. It has three wide openings with double doors in +each; upon it stands the central part of the large organ; other parts +of the organ occupy spaces in the north and south aisles behind the +stalls. The case was designed by Sir Gilbert Scott, and is effective. + +[Illustration: CHOIR STALLS, NORTH SIDE.] + +The present =organ= rebuilt by Wadsworth Brothers at the cost of Sir +W. H. Houldsworth, Bart., 1871, has + + Four manuals CC to A 58 notes + Pedal CCC to F 30 " + The great organ has 13 stops + swell 16 " + choir 8 " + solo 5 " + pedal 9 " + accessory 8 " + and combination pedals 8 " + +If we pass on through the screen beneath the organ we find ourselves +in the =choir=. This, the choir proper, as distinguished from the +presbytery to the east of it, is sometimes called the Radcliffe choir, +for many members of this family were buried here, and their brasses +were placed on the floor, but these were removed when the floor was +repaved with tiles. On either side of us, and behind us, we see some of +the most elaborate tabernacle work to be met with anywhere. Some idea +may be formed of the wealth of detail by examining the illustration on +the opposite page. There are twelve stalls on either side, and three on +each side of the entrance through the rood screen facing east. The stalls +are furnished with misereres, which, in common with many others both in +England and on the Continent, represent all manner of quaint subjects, +monsters, animals, hunting scenes, etc. + +The =stalls= date from the early part of the sixteenth century, and bear +a strong resemblance to those in Beverley Minster and Ripon Cathedral. +At Beverley, however, the level cornice above the canopies which we see +at Manchester is wanting, except at the west end. + +The carved elbows of the stalls and the ends of the book desks are also +worthy of careful examination, especially the Eagle and Child and general +carving of the Dean's Stall, which is a marvel of beautiful workmanship, +and said by high authorities to be unequalled. + +Between the stalls the floor is one step higher than that of the nave, +and at the east end of the stalls there is a further rise of two steps +as we pass into the presbytery. Here, on the south side, we see the +bishop's throne--modern work, carved with a view to be in harmony with +the stalls, but comparing unfavourably with them in execution. There +is a rise of two more steps into the sanctuary, and the altar itself is +raised two steps higher; this gives a good effect. Behind the altar is +an elaborately carved wooden reredos of modern work, richly painted and +gilt. The upper part, as will be seen from the illustration on p. 22, +is wider than the lower; it is divided vertically into seven divisions, +the two lateral divisions on each side being themselves divided into +two tiers. The three central niches contain figures of the three patron +saints, St. George on the north, the Blessed Virgin in the centre, and +St. Denys on the south side.[4] Above the central figure, St. Mary, is +another niche containing a seated figure of Christ, holding in His left +hand an orb and cross, His right hand raised in the act of blessing; +above this figure is a canopy. On the top of the six uprights that form +the vertical divisions of the reredos, angels stand with clasped hands. +The carving on the smaller panels illustrates the following verses of the +"Preface to the Sanctus" which are inscribed beneath them. + + "With angels and | archangels and | all the company | of heaven + we laud and | magnify Thy | glorious name. | Amen." + +It will be noticed that there are no sedilia in the usual place on the +south side of the altar, the arch being open where we might expect to +find them, and there is no pulpit in the choir. Most of the services in +which a sermon is preached are conducted in the nave. + +Most of the windows have in recent times been filled with painted glass. +Perhaps we may be inclined to think that there are too many thus filled, +and that it would have been well if the windows of the clerestory had been +left uncoloured. Certain it is that as there is no triforium, there is +no place from which the clerestory windows can be examined; and had they +been left unpainted, the church would have been much lighter than it is. + +A brief description must now be given of the windows. We will begin with +the west window in the tower, proceeding eastward along the outer south +aisle, crossing the church by the ambulatory, and coming back to the +west by the aisle on the north side, and then examining the clerestory +windows of nave and choir. + +=The Windows.=--The west window of the tower has five lights, and is +divided by one transom. It represents the Ascension, and Acts of Mercy. +It was given by J. C. Harter, and is the work of Hardman. + +The west window of the inner aisle on the south side has four lights, +and its subject is the parable of the Good Samaritan. It was erected +by subscription in memory of Jonas Craven, and was painted by Messrs. +Heaton, Butler & Baynes. + +The west window of the outer south aisle, or Baptistery, has six lights, +and represents baptism by blood, water, and fire, illustrated by the +martyrdom of St. Stephen, the baptism of Christ, and the descent of the +Holy Ghost at Pentecost. It was given by Thomas Chesters in 1892, and is +the work of Messrs. Percy Bacon & Bros. + +The window in the westernmost bay of the outer south aisle has four +lights, and illustrates the text "Suffer little children to come unto +Me," and was erected as a memorial to W. H. Bowler (son-in-law of Thomas +Chesters), who died in 1887. This also was painted by Percy Bacon & +Bros. + +The window to the east of the porch in the Brown Chapel has four lights, +and represents Christ healing all manner of sickness, and was erected in +memory of John, William, Maria, and Henry Stevenson, and is by Wailes of +Newcastle. + +The next window has four lights, and has for its subject various incidents +in the life of St. John the Baptist: 1, the announcement of his birth +to Zacharias; 2, his birth; 3, his preaching in the wilderness; and 4, +his baptism of Christ. This was given by Margaret Clowes in memory of +the Rev. T. Clowes, and is by Hardman. + +The window in the fifth bay has five lights. It represents Christ in +Glory, and was given by Catharine, Countess of Stamford and Warrington, +in memory of her husband, the seventh Earl, who died in 1883. It was +painted by Messrs. Clayton & Bell. + +The next window also has five lights, and illustrates the Magnificat. It +was erected by public subscription in memory of Dean Oakley, who died in +1890. It is by Burlison & Grylls. + +The next window is in the westernmost bay of the Jesus Chapel. It has +four lights. Its subject is Simeon receiving Christ in the temple. It +was given as a memorial to Frederick Andrews, who died in 1890. It is by +Messrs. Heaton, Butler & Baynes. + +The next window, in that part of the Jesus Chapel now used as the +cathedral library, has four lights, and represents Christ among the +doctors; it is a memorial to James Gray, who died in 1871, and is by +Messrs. Heaton, Butler & Baynes. + +The next window of four lights has for its subject Christ healing all +manner of disease, and was inserted in memory of Jonas Craven, who died +in 1894. It is by Messrs. Heaton, Butler & Baynes. + +There are four windows in the chapter house, all of four lights. The +first, with figures of Sts. James, Thomas, Simon, and Jude, was given +by Canon Gibson in 1869, and is by Messrs. Ward & Hughes. The next, +representing Sts. Peter, Mary, George, and Paul, is by Edmundson & Son, +and incorporates some old glass found in the clerestory windows of the +choir. The next, with figures of Sts. Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, +was given by the children of Canon Wray, in memory of their father, who +died in 1866. It is the work of Clayton & Bell. The last, with figures +of Sts. James, Andrew, Philip, and Bartholomew, was given by Dean Bowers +in 1869, and is by Ward & Hughes. + +In the bay between the chapter house and the Fraser Chapel is a four-light +window with eight subjects. In the upper row, The Transfiguration, +Lazarus, Christ riding on an Ass, The institution of the Lord's Supper; +and in the lower, "This is my beloved Son," Elisha raising the Child, +David, The offering of Isaac. This was given in 1859 by a citizen once +a chorister. It is by Edmundson & Son. + +In the Fraser Chapel are two windows. The first, facing south, has +four lights, and contains the glass which formerly occupied the window +of the bay that was opened out when the Fraser Chapel was built. Its +four subjects are: Simeon, The Baptism of Christ, The Miracle at Cana, +and Christ blessing little Children. An inscription records that it was +given in 1858 by a citizen once a chorister; it is by Edmundson & Son. + +The window in the east wall of this chapel has three lights. Its +subjects are: 1, St. John; 2, "I am He that was dead and am alive +again"; 3, St. Paul. It was erected as a memorial to Bishop Fraser by +Messrs. Shrigley & Hunt. + +The east window of the south choir aisle has five lights, and each of +these contains two subjects. + +In the upper row we see Christ in the centre, with two of the evangelists +on either side of him. In the lower tier are represented: 1, The Agony +in the Garden; 2, Christ bearing His Cross; 3, The Crucifixion; 4, The +Angels announcing the Resurrection; 5, The Ascension. This was given by +G. Pilkington, and is by Wailes of Newcastle. + +In the Lady Chapel there are two windows, each of two lights in the +north and south walls, and two, of four lights each, in the east wall. + +Beginning with the westernmost window in the south side, we find a +representation of the descent of the Holy Ghost on the day of Pentecost, +and an inscription which states that the window is a memorial to "John +Allen bonorum bujus ecclesiae custos," who died in 1861. + +The next window contains a representation of Christ among the Doctors. +It is a memorial to Samuel Bulteel, who died in 1883. + +The next window in the east wall represents the Crucifixion of Christ +and the two robbers, and was erected to commemorate the fact that the +Lady Chapel was once the property of the Hoare family. + +The other window in this wall shows the visit of the Magi, and was given +by J. H. Chetham in 1884, in memory of Humphrey Chetham, the great +benefactor to Manchester, who was born in 1580 and died in 1653. + +The two windows in the north wall represent the Annunciation and +Salutation respectively, and were inserted as memorials to Edith Mary +Romilly, daughter of Dean Cowie, who died in 1883; it was given by the +Dean; and to Elizabeth Sharp, who died in 1881. The latter was given by +S. Wm., and Elizabeth Bulteel. + +All the windows in the Lady Chapel are by Moore of London. + +The five-light window at the east end of the north choir aisle illustrates +the text beginning "I was hungry," etc. It was given by G. Pilkington as +a memorial to Humphrey Chetham. It is by Wailes of Newcastle. + +The east window of the Derby Chapel has seven lights, each containing +two subjects. The upper tier are: 1, The Magi; 2, The flight into Egypt; +3 and 5, Angels; 4, Christ; 6, Christ blessing Children; 7, Christ among +the Doctors. + +In the lower tier the three central subjects are hidden by the reredos +erected in recent years over the altar. Of the four visible, the first is +the raising of Jairus' daughter; 3, Christ setting a Child in the midst; +6, Suffer little Children to come unto Me; 7, The feeding of the Five +Thousand. It is by Edmundson & Son of Manchester. + +The easternmost window in the north wall has four lights. The subjects +are: St. Mary, "Why weepest thou?" and St. John. This window was inserted +as a memorial to George Hull Bowers, D.D., the second Dean of Manchester, +who died in 1872. It is by Burlison & Grylls. + +There are three windows in the Ely Chantry. That facing north has +five lights, the other two four; the central light of the north window +contains the figure of Bishop Stanley wearing his mitre and holding his +pastoral staff. + +The next window to the west contains in its four lights representation +of four incidents in the life of Jacob: His dream, Rachel tending her +sheep, Jacob watering them, and Jacob's journey into Egypt. This window +is a memorial to William Newall, who died in 1851. It is by Ward & Hughes. + +The next window, also of four lights, represents Christ cleansing the +leper, raising the daughter of Jairus, blessing children, and restoring +sight to Bartimaeus. This was inserted in memory of Robert Barnes, who +died in 1871. It is by Clayton & Bell. + +The next window--the last within the screen of the Derby +Chapel--represents: 1. Jacob blessing Ephraim and Manasseh (Gen. xlviii. +14); 2, The end of Job (Job xlii. 17); 3, Simeon blessing Christ (Luke +ii. 27-29); 4, The great multitude in Heaven (Rev. vii. 9.) It is a +memorial window to Thomas Broadbent, who died in 1875. It was given by +his daughter, Elizabeth Boyd Garfit, the wife of Thomas Garfit, M.P. for +Bristol, and is by Hardman. + +In the antechapel is a four light window. The subjects are the Good +Shepherd teaching the young and healing the sick. It was given by James +Chadwick, churchwarden, in 1863, and is by Ward & Hughes. + +[Illustration: THE GORDON MEMORIAL WINDOW.] + +The easternmost window in the nave, in what was once the Ducie Chapel, has +five lights, and was erected by C. J. Scholfield in 1888 as a memorial to +Major-General Gordon, who was killed at Khartoum in 1888. In the centre +light the General is represented with his hand on the head of a native +boy; in the other lights we see native women and children expressing +their gratitude to him for his work on their behalf; and in the outer +lights and above the heads of the human figures are angels. + +This window is by Messrs. Wilson & Whitehouse of London, and from the +interest of its subject attracts much attention. + +The next window to the west has four lights, each of which contains two +subjects: in the upper tier, Sts. Stephen, Paul, Barnabas, and Philip; +in the lower, the stoning of St. Stephen, the Conversion of Saul, St. +Paul and Barnabas, and St. Paul before Agrippa. It was given by Stephen +Smith in memory of his two sisters, Lucinda and Marie, who died in 1881 +and 1883 respectively. This window is the work of Messrs. Burlison & +Grylls. + +The next window contains, in two tiers, representations of various Old +and New Testament characters. It was inserted as a memorial to Samuel +and Elizabeth Pickup. It is by Messrs. Clayton & Bell. + +The next window also has two subjects in each of its four lights: the +upper one, Feeding the hungry, etc.; the lower, the story of the Good +Samaritan. This was given in memory of James Pickup, who died in 1868. +It is by Messrs. Clayton & Bell. + +The next bay opens into the north porch and does not contain any window. +Between this and the west wall is a four-light window containing +representations of eight incidents in the life of Joseph: 1, His dream; +2, his coat dipped in blood; 3, his imprisonment; 4, his interpretation +of the butler's and baker's dreams; 5, his interpretation of Pharaoh's +dreams; 6, his honour in Egypt; 7, his turning aside from his brothers to +weep; 8, the presentation of Jacob to Pharaoh. This window was presented +by J. Beard in 1887, and is by Hardman. + +The west window of the outer north aisle has seven lights. The subject +is the Ascension. It is a memorial to William Rose, superintendent +of the Manchester Fire Brigade, who died in 1884, and is the work of +Messrs. Clayton & Bell. + +The window at the west end of the inner north aisle has two tiers of +subjects; in the heads are angels playing on musical instruments. It +was given as a memorial by the widow and children of Samuel Fletcher, +who died in 1863, and is by Hardman. + +The windows of the clerestory contain five lights; in the north side all +are painted, on the south side only the four western ones. + +The subjects are:-- + +On the north side: 1, Aaron sacrificing on the day of Atonement; given +by R. B. M. Lingard Monk. It was painted by Messrs. Clayton & Bell. + +2. Joshua at the fall of Jericho; given by Sir J.W. Maclure, Bart., M.P. +It is by Messrs. Clayton & Bell. + +3. David praising God in the tabernacle; given by G. Benton. By Burlison +& Grylls. + +4. Solomon praising God; given by Susanna Woodcock in memory of Henry +Woodcock. By Gibbs of London. + +5. The ascent of Elijah; given by Sir W. Cunliffe Brooks, Bart. Painted +by Messrs. Clayton & Bell. + +6. Malachi pointing out the promised messenger; given by Edward and Henry +Charlewood. It was painted by Messrs. Burlison & Grylls. + +On the south side:-- + +1. Moses with the tables of the Law; given by James Chadwick. + +2. Miriam dancing and singing; given by William Hatton. + +3. Joseph and his brethren; given by Lord Egerton of Tatton. + +4. Abraham offering Isaac; given by the Earl of Ellesmere. These four +windows are all the work of Messrs. Heaton, Butler & Baynes. + +In the choir clerestory on the north side only the second from the west +is painted; it represents Christ raising the dead, and is by Clayton & +Bell. + +On the south side, the first and third from the west are painted. The +former represents Christ and Nicodemus; it was the gift of Canon Gibson, +and is by Hardman. The other, representing the presentation of Christ in +the Temple, was given by Canon Gibson, and is by Ward & Hughes. + +The east window of the choir, a short wide window of seven lights, +representing the Crucifixion, was given by W. Andrews in 1856, and is +by Hardman. + +[Illustration: THE NAVE FROM THE WEST.] + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +SHORT HISTORY OF THE PARISH AND DIOCESE. + + +Before 1422 the church was purely parochial, and was under rectors, the +names of thirteen of whom have come down to us. + +Ranulphus de Welling is the first of whom we have any record. Albert de +Neville's name is also preserved, but we do not know the dates of their +appointment; all we know is that the former lived before the commencement +of the thirteenth century. With the appointment of Peter Greslet in 1261, +the unbroken list begins. + + 1284 William de Marchia succeeded him. He became Bishop of Bath + and Wells in 1292 or 1293. Here he obtained a great reputation + for saintly life, and after his death miracles were worked at + his tomb, persons suffering from toothache resorting to it. He + was for some time Treasurer of England under Edward I. + + 1292 Walter de Langton was appointed rector of Manchester, and also + Treasurer of England. In 1296 he was promoted to the Bishopric + of Lichfield, to which diocese Manchester then belonged. At + Lichfield he distinguished himself as builder of the Lady Chapel + and Palace. He retained the rectory of Manchester until 1299, + when he was succeeded by his grandson. + + 1301 Geoffrey de Stoke became rector, and was succeeded in 1313 + by John de Guerden, whose name appears in several other forms + Verdun and Everden. He became Dean of St. Paul's, London, in + 1323. Another name, that of John de Arden, occurs about this time + among the rectors of Manchester, but the date of his appointment + is not known. + + 1323 Adam de Southwick became rector. + + 1327 John de Clandon. + + 1351 Thomas de Wyke; and finally in + + 1373 Thomas de la Warre. + +In 1422 the church became collegiate, when Henry V. granted a charter +to Thomas, Lord de la Warre, Rector of Manchester, and Lord of the Manor +"Ecclesiam de Mancestre in ecclesiam collegeatam erigere," and from this +date the title of Rector was exchanged for that of Warden. + +The following is a complete list of the wardens, with the dates of their +appointments:-- + + 1422. John Huntington, B.D. (rector of Ashton-under-Lyne); he + is noteworthy as the builder of much of the church which we + see to-day. + + 1459. John Booth, LL.B., archdeacon of Redmore, formerly treasurer + of the cathedral church at York. + + 1465. Ralph Langley, LL.D., rector of Prestwich, the rebuilder + of the nave. + + 1481. James Stanley (1), D.D., Prebendary of St Paul's and + archdeacon of Chester. + + 1485. James Stanley (2), M.A., D.C.L. He founded the Chapel of + St. John the Baptist, built the entrance to the chapter house, + and in connection with Richard Beck, a Manchester merchant, + erected the choir stalls and canopies. He became Bishop of Ely + in 1509, and is buried in the Ely Chantry at Manchester. + + 1509. Robert Cliff, B.D., LL.D. + + 1515. Richard Alday. + + 1518. George West. + + 1535. George Collyer, M.A. + + 1557. Laurence Vaux, B.D., chaplain to the Bishop of Gloucester. + + 1558. William Bird, M.A. + + 1570. Thomas Herle, chaplain to Queen Elizabeth. + + 1578. John Walton, B.D. He was appointed Bishop of Exeter in 1579. + + 1579. William Chadderton, D.D., consecrated Bishop of Chester + in 1579. Manchester by this time had become part of the new see + of Chester, and Chadderton retained his wardenship along with + the higher office, but he resigned it when he was translated to + the see of Lincoln in 1595. + + 1595. John Dee, M.A., a layman and a celebrated mathematician, + alchemist, astrologer, and necromancer, who professed to see + visions in crystal globes, and was much consulted by many, + among them by the Queen, to forecast future events, held the + office of warden for some years, but retired in 1608, and died + in poverty at Mortlake, at the age of 81. + + 1608. Richard Murray, D.D., Rector of Stopford, and Dean of + St. Buryan's in Cornwall. + + 1636. Richard Heyrick, M.A. He was expelled in 1646, but reinstated + in his office in 1660. His memorial tablet may be seen on the + wall of the south aisle, dated 1667. + + 1667. Nicholas Stratford, D.D. He resigned in 1684, and five + years after this was consecrated Bishop of Chester. + + 1684. Richard Wroe, D.D., Prebendary of Chester. + + 1718. Samuel Peploe (1), D.D. He was consecrated Bishop of Chester + in 1726, and ruled that see till 1752. He retained the wardenship, + together with the bishopric, until 1738. + + 1738. Samuel Peploe (2), LL.D. He was Chancellor of Chester, + and Archdeacon of Richmond, Yorkshire. + + 1781. Richard Assheton, D.D. + + 1800. Thomas Blackburne, LL.D. + + 1823. Thomas Calvert, D.D., rector of Wilmslow. + + 1840. The Hon. William Herbert, D.D., LL.D. When the diocese of + Manchester was formed out of that of Chester in 1847, the warden + was raised to the higher rank of Dean, and hence Dr. Herbert + was last warden and first Dean, but he did not hold the latter + office long. + +The following is a list of the Deans:-- + + 1847. The Hon. William Herbert, D.D., LL.D. + + 1847. George Hull Bowers, D.D. + + 1872. Benjamin Morgan Cowie, D.D. In 1884 he became Dean of Exeter, + a post he held until he died in 1900. + + 1884. John Oakley, D.D. He had been Dean of Carlisle from 1881-1884. + + 1890. Edward Craig Maclure, D.D., the present Dean. + +The present cathedral staff consists of the Dean, four residentiary +Canons, twenty-four honorary Canons, two minor Canons, two Clerks (in +orders), an organist, four singing men, and four singing boys on the +foundation, to whom others are added by subscription. + +The relation of the Dean of Manchester to the Rectory is defined by +the Parish of Manchester Division Act, 1850, which states that "Such +Part or Residue of the said Parish of Manchester as shall remain after +severance therefrom of any Parts or Portions thereof, shall be, and be +deemed to be for all Ecclesiastical Purposes, the Parish of Manchester; +and the Dean of Manchester for the time being shall, upon Institution +and Installation into his Deanery, have the cure of souls therein, and +shall be assisted in such cure by the Chaplains or Minor Canons of the +said Cathedral or Collegiate Church, to be hereafter appointed, who, +in all matters connected with the Spiritual Duties of the said Parish, +shall be subject to, and act under his directions; and the said Dean +shall have all rights and powers in reference to the performance of +the services of the said church, as the Parish Church of Manchester, +as fully and effectually as if he were Rector of the same, subject +nevertheless to any rights belonging to or duties imposed on the Canons +and Minor Canons or Chaplains of the said Cathedral or Collegiate Church, +in respect of the performance of the services thereof prescribed by the +recited Letters Patent." + +The list of the churchwardens of the parish church from 1422 to 1595, +and from 1663 to the present time, three for each year, is in existence. + +The diocese of Manchester has but a short history, as it has had an +independent existence for little more than half a century. + +Until 1541 Manchester was part of the great see of Lichfield. In that year +Henry VIII. made a new diocese of Chester, by taking the archdeaconry of +Chester from the diocese of Lichfield, and the archdeaconry of Richmond +from that of York. + +The see of Chester then included the counties of Chester, Lancaster, and +portions of Cumberland, Westmorland, York, Flint, and Denbigh. + +In 1836 the archdeaconry of Richmond was assigned to the new see of +Ripon, and the part of Lancashire known as Furness, together with these +parts of Westmorland and Cumberland above mentioned, were added to the +diocese of Carlisle. + +In 1847 the new see of Manchester was formed from the diocese of Chester. + +The diocese of Manchester lies within the county of Lancaster, but does +not embrace the whole county, part of which forms the see of Liverpool, +while a small part of it belongs to that of Carlisle. + +It consists of three archdeaconries:--Manchester, Lancaster, and Blackburn. + +The total number of benefices in the diocese in the year 1900 was 550, +of beneficed clergy, 525, and of assistant curates about 360. + +The cathedral church is calculated to afford accommodation for 2000 +persons. + +Since the foundation of the see it has been presided over by three bishops. + +The first was the Right Rev. =James Prince Lee=, D.D., F.R.S., for many +years headmaster of King Edward's School, Birmingham, and a distinguished +scholar. He was elected in 1847, and consecrated in the first month of +the following year by the Archbishop of York and the Bishops of Chester +and Worcester. He died in 1869 at Mauldeth Hall, Heaton Mersey, and was +buried in Heaton Mersey Churchyard. + +He was succeeded by the Right Rev. =James Fraser=, D.D., who when at +Oxford had gained the Ireland Scholarship, and became a Fellow of Oriel +College. He was a man of great intellectual power, of kindly manner, and +won the respect and confidence not only of Churchmen, but of members of +all denominations, especially of the mill hands of his populous diocese. +He was nominated to the see in January 1890, and consecrated in March of +the same year. He died 22nd October 1885 at Manchester, and is buried in +the churchyard of Ufton Nervet, Berks. + +The present bishop, the Right Rev. =James Moorhouse=, D.D., was translated +from the see of Melbourne to that of Manchester in 1886. + + +DIMENSIONS OF MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL. + + + Ft. + Total length over all, exterior, 248 + Width, 173 + Length of Nave and Choir, interior, 172 + Width of Nave exclusive of Projections, interior, 114 + Distance from Rood Screen to Screen of Lady Chapel, 88 + Length and breadth of Tower, exterior exclusive of buttresses, 28 + Length of Lady Chapel, E. to W., interior, 18 + Width of Lady Chapel, N. to S., interior, 19 + Width of Nave, 27 + Width of inner Nave Aisles, 16 + Width of outer North Aisle of Nave, 24 + Width of outer South Aisle of Nave, 22 + Projection South Porch beyond Wall of aisle, + exclusive of buttresses, 22 + Projecting of North Porch, beyond walls of aisle, + exclusive of buttresses, 25 + Width of South Porch, interior, 11 + Width of North Porch, interior, 13 + Diameter of Chapter House interior, 19 + Height of Roof, interior, 50 + Height of Tower, 140 + + Area, about 18,000 sq. ft. + + + + +CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL AND LIBRARY + + +[Illustration: THE HALL, CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL.] + +[Illustration: CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL FROM THE SOUTH-EAST.] + + + + +CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL AND LIBRARY. + + +As we stand on the north side of the cathedral and look to the north, our +eyes rest upon a wide gravelled courtyard beyond a low wall, backed up by +a range of mediaeval-looking buildings. These were the domestic buildings +of the College, and are now used partly for Chetham's Free Library, +partly for the school known as Chetham's Hospital. The endowment and +other sources of income provide for the board and education of a hundred +boys. They receive a sound elementary education, and are instructed in +technical and manual work. The school is carried on under the Board of +Education, and is typical of this education at its best. The religious +instruction is in accordance with the tenets of the Established Church, +and much care is taken to train the boys not only in intellectual and +manual pursuits, but in morals and manners. A boy once placed on the +foundation of Humphrey Chetham has a successful career assured to him, +unless he forfeits his chances by subsequent folly on his own part. The +boys who show the greatest intellectual power can be passed on to +the Manchester Grammar School, and thence to Owens College, while the +feoffees of the hospital have no difficulty in finding good places in +the business houses of Manchester for the rest. To have been educated +at Chetham's Hospital is a great recommendation to any boy. The boys +still wear the picturesque costume of the sixteenth century--caps, bands, +long-skirted dark blue coats, knee-breeches, stockings, and shoes adorned +with buckles. The visitor to the Hospital will probably be greeted by +one of these boys, who will ask if he wishes to see the buildings. The +boy will, if the answer is in the affirmative, take the visitor to the +library, where, on payment of sixpence, a ticket will be handed to him, +franking him for the day, and the boy will conduct him over the whole +of the buildings, pointing out the past and present uses to which each +part of them was or is put. + +Before we proceed to describe the building a few words must be said +about its history. + +Its site was once occupied by the "summer camp" of Roman legionaries, +and when the Romans passed away from the island, it is highly probable +that the English occupants of the country used it as a place of abode. +The first authentic notice of its occupation by any person whose name has +come down to us, dates from 1182, when Robert, the fifth Baron Greslet, +kept court here. Thomas, the eighth baron, granted the citizens of +Manchester their first charter in 1301, signing and sealing the charter +here. He was the last male in the direct line of descent, and on his +death the property passed to John De la Warre, who was a descendant of +the Greslets or Gresleys in the female line. One of his descendants, +Thomas, as has been already mentioned, became rector of Manchester, who +before his death applied to King Henry V. for a charter to enable him to +collegiate the church. He bestowed on it lands to increase the endowment, +and gave his baronial hall to the newly founded college of priests to be +used as their residence. All this may be read in the grant made in the +first year of Henry VI. Certain alterations were made in the buildings, +to fit them for the new use to which they were to be put, and from 1422 +to 1549 they were occupied by warden after warden, who, assisted by the +Fellows, performed the services in the adjoining church, looked after the +sick and poor, and ministered generally to the inhabitants of the parish +of Manchester. For some reason the College was not suppressed in the reign +of Henry VIII., when the revenues of monasteries, small and great, were +seized by the king; but in the first year of Edward VI. it was disendowed, +and in the third year of the reign it was granted to Edward Stanley, third +Earl of Derby. He used it as a town house. Henry Stanley, the next earl, +in the reign of Elizabeth obtained a charter from the Queen, re-endowing +the College, and it once more became the abode of the wardens, now priests +of the reformed Church. During the civil wars the warden was expelled +(1646), and the buildings seized by the Parliament. They were let to a +certain Joseph Werden, who sublet the refectory to the Presbyterians, +to be used by them as a meeting-house. The Independents made use of a +barn in the enclosure for a similar purpose. + +[Illustration: THE NORTH GALLERY OF THE CLOISTER.] + +Lieut.-Col. the Rev. John Wigan applied for the reversion of this property, +"part of y'e estate of the late Earl of Derby, and part of y'e jointure +of y'e Countess Dowager already sequestrated." + +Humphrey Chetham also had his eye upon this property, wishing to obtain it +so that he might carry out a project formed long before to found a school +and home for boys. The survey of the property made at this time describes +it as consisting of "Y'e large building called y'e College in Manchester, +consisting of many rooms, with two barnes, one gate house, verie much +decay'd, one parcell of ground formerly an orchard, and one garden, +now in y'e possession of Joseph Werden gent., who pays for y'e same, +for y'e use of the Common wealth, ten pounds yearly. There is likewise +one other room in ye said College reserved and made use of for publique +meetings of X'sian conscientious people." + +Humphrey Chetham did not live to see the school founded; but in his +will, made three years before his death, which took place in 1653, +he appointed trustees to carry out his purpose. They, in accordance +with his instructions, bought "y'e great house with buildings, court, +gardens, and appurtenances, called ye Colledge or the Colledge House," +obtaining it for the sum of £500. + +On August 5, 1658, the building was formally dedicated to its new use, +and Hallworth, chief assistant to Heyrick, the expelled warden, who, as +stated in Chapter IV., was afterwards reinstated, in his speech on this +occasion, told the history of the building, and concluded by saying, +"Henceforth the said house could fitly and justly be named by no other +name than by the name of Mr. Chetham's Hospital," and by that name it is +known at the present day. + +At the time of the Restoration the Stanleys claimed the property of which +they had been dispossessed by the Parliament, but made no difficulty about +regranting to the feoffees that part of it occupied by the new School +and Library. For the Library as well as the School had been already +founded, since after making sufficient provision for the maintenance +of the Hospital, the feoffees had money in hand which they spent in the +purchase of books, thus forming the nucleus of the first _free_ library +in England. To this collection books have been added by gift, bequest, +and purchase, so that the library now contains about 60,000 volumes. The +books can be consulted free of charge during certain hours of the day, +but are not allowed to be removed from the building. The general public, +however, does not make much use of the library, as it does not contain +the light and ephemeral literature that appeals to modern taste; but +the student who desires to read up some special subject will find many +valuable books and manuscripts to aid him in his work. Among the rare +books is a copy of the historical compilations of Matthew Paris, with +marginal corrections in the author's handwriting. + +There is much matter to be found on these shelves dealing with the +antiquities and history of Lancashire and Cheshire. Canon Raine bequeathed +a fine series of Lancashire manuscripts; besides these may be seen a +collection of broadsides, formed by Mr. T. O. Halliwell-Phillipps, and +the library of John Byrom. In the last named collection is the final draft +of the well-known hymn, "Christians, awake; salute the happy morn." Among +the other books there are some fine specimens of Caxton's printing. + +[Illustration: THE COLLEGE GATEWAY.] + +We leave the churchyard, cross the street that skirts it to the north, +and pass through a small doorway in the wall at the opposite side of the +street, and so enter the play-ground of Chetham's Hospital. On our left +hand as we make our way to the original building, we pass the modern +schoolroom, which stands by itself. This, like many other buildings in +Manchester, was designed by A. Waterhouse, R.A. The main building runs +east and west, with projecting wings at either end. Near the eastern wing +we notice the old entrance gateway, and the modern staircase leading +up to what was the "hospitium" or guest-house. This has been converted +into a dormitory for the boys. The most interesting part of the College +is to be found in the western wing, of which an illustration is given, +p. 63. The three windows crossed by transoms are those of the hall; the +lower windows to the left of these belong to the audit room, the upper +to the warden's private room, now the reading-room of the library. The +building to the extreme left contains the library on the upper floor, +and offices on the lower. + +[Illustration: CORRIDOR AND ENTRANCE TO THE HALL.] + +There is a long corridor, shown in the illustration below, running from +east and west of the building; it can be entered by a door at its eastern +end not shown in the illustration on p. 63. After entering this, as we +proceed towards the west we pass on the right hand the fine kitchen; it +has an open timbered roof about 35 feet from floor to ridge, and measures +29 feet in length and 17 in width; beyond this, on the same side, are +two doors giving entrance to the cellar, where the warden and Fellows +kept their wine, the buttery or rather _butlery_. Opposite this, on the +left hand side, is the Hall; its north end is partially closed by massive +screens of black oak. It has windows on the east and west. One of those +on the west gives light to a staircase with Jacobean balusters, which, +starting in a direction parallel to the west wall of the hall, turns round +and gives access to the upper story. As we still pass westward we come +to the cloister on the left hand, and the old infirmary on the right; +and a door still further on leads out into a garden, where the fish pond +was formerly situated; in this the fish required for Fridays and other +days of abstinence were kept. Caught in other water--the streams of +Irwell and Irk probably--they were brought here and stored so that they +could always be caught without difficulty when required for the table. + +[Illustration: THE CLOISTER--SOUTH-WEST ANGLE.] + +The cloister is small and has only three walks, the one to the north +forming part of the corridor which has been just described; the one +to the west is terminated at its south end by an iron gate; and the +walk on the south leads to, and is terminated by the entrance to the +audit room. From the west walk (illustration, p. 83) an archway leads +into the cloister itself. This is a very secluded spot, and the walls +show signs of great age. This cloister has one peculiarity: the walks +already described have other walks or corridors over them. Over the +south walk is a corridor leading by what was St. Mary's Chapel into the +warden's room; the corridor over the west walk opened out into what was +once the dormitory, now filled with bookcases; the walk over the long +eastern corridor below gave access to the old refectory, which has now +been divided into living-rooms for the governor and the librarian. + +The long straight line of building between the eastern and western wing +contained the old school, the brew house, and the bakery; the upper story, +used formerly for guests, has been converted into a dormitory for the +boys; this is the most ancient part of the hospital. + +The reader, from the sketch just given, will understand the general +arrangement of the building, various parts of which will now be described +in more detail. + +We will begin with the =Hall=. This measures 43 feet from north to +south, 24 from east to west; its walls are 22 feet in height, and the +distance from the floor to the ridge of the open timber roof is 35 feet. + +At the south end is the dais, behind this the wall is panelled; on the +west side near the dais is a recess shown in the illustration on page 72, +and on the same side of the hall, further north, and in the centre of +the wall, is the "Ingle-nook," as it is called. + +[Illustration: RECESS IN THE HALL.] + +This Ingle-nook did not originally form part of the hall. It is said that +at one time it was a barn, or place for storing grain for use in the +baronial buildings. + +The hall was in all probability warmed, according to the usual custom, +by a brazier standing on the centre of the floor, the smoke from which +gathered under the high pitched roof, blackening beams and rafters, and +finally escaped through a spire or turret rising from the ridge of the +roof furnished with louvre boards. The fireplace was at some subsequent +time removed to the west side of the room, and afterwards placed inside +the ingle-nook, first at the back of it, then at the north-eastern +corner. + +It will be seen from the illustration that this recess was at one time +entered through an arch, but the sides of this were afterwards cut +away and a flat lintel, composed of two enormous stones, was inserted; +the space between this and the arch was then filled in with masonry; +at the same time, no doubt, the interior space was covered with a +plaster ceiling at a height of about six feet from the floor; this has +been recently removed, and the roof vaulted with stone. The recess is +lighted from the back with windows, and provided with seats, and has an +open fireplace. The ingle-nook is a picturesque addition to the hall, +and forms no doubt a very cosy corner when on a cold day the fire is +blazing in the grate; but as a means of warming the hall the present +arrangement is manifestly far inferior to the old plan of having an open +fire in the centre of the floor of the hall. + +On the wall above this recess may be seen a bust of the founder, with +crossed swords on either side of it, and a flintlock hung below it. The +illustrations show that the walls are built of large-size squared stones, +and are not covered with plaster. Across the end of the hall, cutting +off the western part of it to form the main passage spoken of above, is +a battlemented screen. This is peculiar in that it is not a continuous +screen furnished with doorways for entrance, and does not rise to the +level of the roof, but consists of three detached pieces, one resting +against the east, one against the west wall, and one standing in the +middle, each rising to the height of about nine feet. Thus two entrances, +each about five feet wide, are left. Here, as in other parts of the +building, the improvements of the nineteenth century have found their +way, and the mediaeval walls of the old hall are lighted with electric +lamps--a most convenient and safe addition, but striking one, at first, +as out of harmony with the surroundings. Sundry portraits adorn the +walls, the floor is neatly sanded, and the room is kept scrupulously +clean; an air of refinement is added to it by vases of fresh flowers +placed on the table. In this hall the boys of the Hospital assemble at +stated hours for prayers and meals. + +[Illustration: WEST SIDE OF THE CLOISTER.] + +The next part to be examined is the cloister court. This is a very small +enclosure, surrounded by somewhat high walls. Admission to it is obtained +from the west walk through the archway cut in one of the windows, shown in +the illustration. The curious form of the glass in the windows is worthy +of note; the pavement of the cloister-garth is formed of cobblestones, +and towards the south end may be seen the top of the college well. The +cloister is not rectangular, the line of the eastern side being broken +by sundry projections. + +[Illustration: STAIRCASE LEADING TO CLOISTER GALLERY.] + +As we leave the cloister, we examine the walks to the south and west. +The latter (see illustration, p. 83) is terminated at its south end by +a wrought iron gate through which we get a glimpse of the outside view +and the entrance to the library. The roof is nearly flat, with massive +oaken beams. Several doors may be seen on the western side opening into +cells--the living-rooms of the clergy connected with the college. As we +turn round the corner and pass into the south walk, we see before us the +door of the audit room. The oaken ceiling of this room is of fifteenth +century date; the walls up to a certain height are wainscoted; above +this they are covered with a plaster frieze. Here may be seen what is +known as the "Founder's Chair," although it is of far earlier date than +Chetham's time--earlier, indeed, than the date of the conversion of the +baron's residence into a college in the fifteenth century. + +[Illustration: CLOISTER GALLERY, NORTH SIDE.] + +Leaving this room, we pass through the two cloister walks already +described, and proceed towards the hall until on the right hand we see a +staircase with balusters of oak, black from age. We mount this, and when +we reach the top find ourselves in the upper corridor that runs along the +north side of the cloister-garth. This is lit by windows looking into the +cloister, and is covered with a wooden ceiling, just at the head of the +staircase is the doorway leading into the private rooms of the governor, +with exquisite oak fittings; on the north side of this corridor are doors +similar to those that we noticed in the corridor below, opposite to the +hall; these lead into the librarian's rooms; beyond these, to the west, +stands a beautiful Tudor table of carved oak. At the west end of the +corridor is an iron studded door. The carvings over the doorway on the +west side should not be passed by unnoticed (see p. 65). The corridor +over the west walk of the cloister is filled with bookcases plentifully +supplied with books. + +[Illustration: CHETHAM'S LIBRARY, FORMERLY THE DORMITORY.] + +Parallel to this runs the old dormitory of the College, a room with a fine +timber roof lighted from above; on the west side of this are a number of +compartments formed of tall bookcases, and entered from the corridor by +open-work doors. At the north end of the corridor is a window filled with +painted glass, one light of which represents St. Martin of Tours dividing +his cloak with a beggar, and the other Eutychus falling out of the window. + +At the south end of this corridor we find a staircase which leads from +the ground floor close to the main entrance to the library, and is, in +fact, the way by which readers usually enter it. There is a room with a +similar timber roof running along the south side of the building parallel +to the corridor above the south walk of the cloister. This was once a +chapel dedicated to St. Mary, and now, like the dormitory, is filled +with bookcases; but an oak altar rail, dating from the middle of the +sixteenth century, with double spiral rails, may still be seen here. + +At the east end of the south corridor is a door leading into a beautiful +room, now used as the reading room; formerly it was the warden's room, +and many a man well known in history has sat within its walls. Here +Sir Walter Raleigh and the courtiers of his day were entertained by the +warden, Dr. Dee, of whom mention was made in the last chapter,--a wizard +as he was then thought to be, whom even the Queen did not hesitate to +consult when she wished to know the future. + +This room, like many others in this building, has an open timber roof and +a cornice, dating from the time of the foundation of the College in the +days of Henry V. The walls are wainscoted up to the level of the spring +of the roof which spans the room from east to west. + +[Illustration: THE WARDEN'S ROOM, NOW THE READING ROOM--NORTH SIDE.] + +In the centre of the north side of this room is a fireplace. This +wall is wainscoted up to the same height as the other walls, and above +the oak panelling it is profusely decorated, as will be seen from the +illustrations, with scrolls and other patterns. This decoration was done +in the early years of the reign of Charles II., after the College had +been converted into Chetham's Hospital. In the centre of the room is a +handsome oval oak table, with a number of chairs to match; against the +south wall stands a fifteenth century communion table, and against the +north wall to the left of the fireplace, a handsome sideboard of carved +oak. This was made up of portions of two pieces of old furniture, namely, +the top of a bookcase once given by Humphrey Chetham to Walmsley Church, +near Bolton-le-Moors, still bearing an inscription: "The gift of Humphrey +Chetham Esquire, 1655," and a fifteenth century bedstead once used by the +Pretender when sleeping at Hulton Park in Lancashire. This sideboard was +presented to the College by a member of the Hulton family, who was one +of the Chetham feoffees. Round the walls are several portraits. From +the east side of the room there is a projecting bay lighted by three +windows and furnished with seats and a square writing table with sloping +sides, to which students can take the book from which they wish to make +extracts. The enrichments of the ceiling of the bay are of plaster, but +the rest of the vault is stone. All the floors of this upper story are +of oak, well polished by the feet of many generations. The furniture of +the reading room harmonizes well with the room itself. The windows are +placed under widely splayed, obtusely pointed four centred arches. On +the sill of one stands a statuette in bronze of Humphrey Chetham and +one of the boys of his school, similar to the marble statue already +described as standing at the east end of the north choir aisle of +the cathedral church. At the northwest corner of the room is a door +which the visitor might easily overlook, but which gives access to a +most interesting chamber. This was at one time the minstrels' gallery +opening out into the hall, when in the time of the Greslets and the De +le Warres, the baron, his guests and retainers feasted merrily there, +while the harpers twanged their strings and sang of deeds of daring and +war and victory. When the building passed into ecclesiastical hands in +1422 the arches opening into the hall were walled up, and the minstrels' +gallery was converted into a scriptorium; two small openings were, +however, left in the wall from which the warden passing out of his own +room into the scriptorium might see what was being done in the hall below. + +[Illustration: THE READING ROOM: EAST SIDE.] + +Leaving the warden's room we may descend by the staircase at the +south-west corner of the building, and before quitting this part of the +hospital altogether, make a closer examination of the wrought iron gate +at the south end of the west walk of the cloister. On it we see embossed +in brass, the arms of the founder and below the arms, the motto, "Quod +tuum tene," "Hold thine own." + +The part of the building used as the boys' dormitories has been internally +refitted in modern times, and so has lost somewhat of its archaeological +interest; but the building, taken as a whole, is a very valuable relic +of mediaeval times. Even if there were nothing older than Chetham's day, +it would be well worth study; but of course it is of much earlier date, +and we see a building which has been used for three distinct purposes at +different times of its history: first as a baron's dwelling-place, then as +the abode of one of those religious bodies differing in many points from +the regular monastic orders known as colleges of clergy, and finally +converted into one of those educational establishments which sprang up +into vigorous existence in the days succeeding the dissolution of the +monasteries. It is especially interesting to note how many features of the +life led by the boys at the time of the foundation are still preserved +at this hospital. Modern improvements have been judiciously introduced +into the management of this educational foundation; there has been no +unnecessary reckless sweeping away of what is old and picturesque, +and yet, at the same time, the character of the education given has +been brought well up to modern requirements, fulfilling literally the +conditions laid down by the founder, who directed that "Ye boys shall be +taught ye reading, ye writing, ye summes, and all kinds of ye ingenuitie." + +[Illustration: THE CLOISTER--WEST WALK.] + +It is a matter of congratulation that this ancient building has +been preserved from falling into ruin and being used as a quarry of +ready-hewn stone, a fate that overtook so many of the religious houses +of the country when the monastic bodies were expelled; and also that by +the wise regulations made for the admission of visitors, the place is +easily seen, and yet is preserved from all chance of injury. + + +GROUND-PLAN OF THE COLLEGIATE BUILDINGS, NOW CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL. + +(From "Old Halls of Lancashire and Cheshire," by Henry Taylor.) + +[Illustration: GROUND-PLAN OF THE COLLEGIATE BUILDINGS, NOW CHETHAM'S +HOSPITAL. (From "Old Halls of Lancashire and Cheshire," by Henry Taylor.)] + +1. Porch. 2. Hall. 3. Cloister. 4. Cloister walks with galleries above. +5. Audit Room with Warden's Room above. 6. Fellows' Rooms. 7. Butteries. +8. Kitchen. 9. Bakehouse. 10. Hospitium. 11. Gateway. 12. Steps to +River--now covered. + + + + +INDEX. + + Aisles, the outer, 27. + Archdeaconries, the, 59. + + Baptistery, the, 29. + Bibby's Porch, 27. + Bishop's Throne, 45. + Bishops of Manchester, the, 59. + Brown's Chantry, 27. + Bust of Humphrey Chetham, the, 73. + + Chapel of the Holy Trinity, 6, 40. + Chapter, the, 58. + Chapter House, the, 10, 17, 34. + Chetham's Hospital and Library, 6, 63; + cloister, the, 71, 74; + hall, the, 71; + library, the, 67; + reading-room, the, 78; + kitchen, the, 69. + Chetham, Humphrey, 36, 66. + Choir, the, 6, 41, 45. + College, the, 5, 7, 66, 67; + dormitory, the, 78; + founder's chair, the, 75; + minstrels' gallery, the, 81. + Craven Porch, 19, 41. + + Deans of Manchester, the, 57, 58. + Dedication, the, 4. + Derby Chapel, the, 6, 9, 19, 37-39. + Dimensions of the Cathedral, 60. + + Edward VI., 7. + Ely Chapel, the, 6, 17, 19, 37. + + Fraser, Bishop, 34, 59. + Fraser Chapel, the, 5, 10, 17, 28, 34 + + Gordon Window, the, 51. + Gresley family, the, 5, 31, 64. + Guest-House, the, 68. + + Henry VIII., 7. + Heyrick, Richard, warden, 7, 57. + Hulme Chapel, the, 6, 17. + Huntington, John, warden, 6, 35, 56. + + Jesus Chapel, the, 6, 17, 29, 33. + + Lady Chapel, the, 6, 17, 19, 34. + Langley, Ralph, warden, 6, 56. + Lee, Bishop Prince, 59. + + Manchester, See of, 8, 58. + Mary I., 7. + Moorhouse, Bishop, 59. + + Nave, the central, 41. + + Organ, the, 45. + Organ, the small, 9, 37. + + Parapets, 19. + Porch, the west, 5, 10, 13, 29; + the south, 5, 10, 15, 29; + the north, 5, 10, 41. + Pulpit, the, 43. + + Rectors, the, 55. + Reredos, the, 46. + Rood-Screen, the, 43. + + Smith, Father, 37. + Stalls, the, 6, 45. + Stanley family, the, 7, 66. + Stanley, James, Bishop of Ely, 6; + warden, 56. + St. John the Baptist's Chapel, 29, 37, 38 (see Derby Chapel). + St. James' Chapel (Ducie), 6, 27, 40. + St. George's Chapel, 6, 27, 30. + St. Nicholas' Chapel, 17, 27, 30. + Sundial, 17. + + Tower, the western, 9, 19. + Trafford Chapel, 27, 30. + + Wardens, the, 56, 57. + Windows, the, 7, 24, 47-53. + +[Illustration: PLAN OF MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL.] + + * * * * * + + + + +FOOTNOTES: + + +[Footnote 1: It states that the churches of St. Mary and St. Michael +hold one carucate (that is, about 100 acres) of land quit of all taxes +save the Danegelt.] + +[Footnote 2: A triforium in purely Perpendicular buildings is rare.] + +[Footnote 3: The height of the central line of the roof (50 feet) is not +quite double the span (27 feet).] + +[Footnote 4: St. George and St. Denys, patron saints of England and +France, were added to the dedication at the time that the church became +collegiate, Henry V. being King of England and France.] + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's Notes: + + Minor obvious typographic errors have been corrected. Otherwise, + inconsistencies in the usage of capitalization, accents and spelling, + etc. have been preserved as printed. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral +Church of Manchester, by Thomas Perkins + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELL'S CATHEDRALS: MANCHESTER *** + +***** This file should be named 37194-8.txt or 37194-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/7/1/9/37194/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Charles Aldarondo, David +Garcia and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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