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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of
+Manchester, by Thomas Perkins
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Manchester
+       A Short History and Description of the Church and of the
+       Collegiate Buildings now known as Chetham's Hospital
+
+Author: Thomas Perkins
+
+Release Date: August 24, 2011 [EBook #37194]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELL'S CATHEDRALS: MANCHESTER ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Charles Aldarondo, David
+Garcia and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL FROM THE SOUTH.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF MANCHESTER
+
+A SHORT HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF THE CHURCH AND OF THE COLLEGIATE
+BUILDINGS NOW KNOWN AS CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL
+
+
+BY THE REV. THOMAS PERKINS, M.A.
+
+RECTOR OF TURNWORTH, DORSET
+
+
+WITH 43 ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+[Illustration: Arms of the See]
+
+LONDON GEORGE BELL & SONS 1901
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+I have to acknowledge with my sincerest thanks the help I received locally
+in compiling this little volume.
+
+The Dean of Manchester was good enough to offer to read the proof-sheets,
+and has made various suggestions and additions which have done much to
+improve it. The sheets have also had the benefit of Canon Hicks' revision.
+
+The photographic illustrations, with the exception of two by Mr. W. H.
+Bowman of Manchester, were taken by myself, and I have also to thank the
+Dean for permission to photograph in all parts of the church.
+
+Mr. Walter T. Browne, Governor of Chetham's Hospital and Library, gave
+me every facility for examining and photographing the building, and
+supplied me with much valuable information. He also carefully revised
+the proof-sheets of the latter portion of the book.
+
+Mr. J. T. Chapman, of Albert Square, placed his dark-room at my disposal,
+so that I was able to develop my negatives on the spot, and make second
+exposures when necessary.
+
+Lastly, Mr. Thackeray Turner, Secretary of the Society for the Protection
+of Ancient Buildings, lent me sundry papers and reports dealing with
+Chetham's Hospital and Library. The kind assistance thus received has
+made my task an easy one, and has materially added to the accuracy of
+the volume.
+
+                                                        THOMAS PERKINS.
+
+TURNWORTH, _September 1901_.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                  PAGE
+  CHAPTER I.--HISTORY OF THE BUILDING                                3
+  CHAPTER II.--THE EXTERIOR                                         13
+  CHAPTER III.--THE INTERIOR                                        23
+  CHAPTER IV.--SHORT HISTORY OF THE PARISH AND DIOCESE              55
+  CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL AND LIBRARY                                    63
+  INDEX                                                             87
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+                                                                   PAGE
+
+  Manchester Cathedral from the South                    _Frontispiece_
+  The Arms of the See                                      _Title Page_
+  Manchester Cathedral from the North-East                            2
+  The Cathedral from the West                                         3
+  View across the Choir from the Ely Chapel about 1850                8
+  Windows on the South Side                                          12
+  The West Porch                                                     14
+  The South Porch                                                    16
+  The Ely Chapel                                                     18
+  North Side of the Nave                                             20
+  The Choir, looking East                                            22
+  The Choir Screen                                                   23
+  View across the Nave, looking North-East                           25
+  The Inner South Aisle of the Nave                                  28
+  The Tower Arch                                                     30
+  Screen of the Jesus Chapel                                         31
+  Entrance to the Chapter House                                      32
+  The South Choir Aisle                                              33
+  Screen of the Lady Chapel                                          35
+  Statue of Sir Humphrey Chetham                                     36
+  Interior of North Doorway                                          39
+  View across the Nave, looking North-West                           40
+  The Choir, looking West                                            42
+  Desk Ends in the Choir Stalls                                      43
+  Choir Stalls, North Side                                           44
+  The Gordon Memorial Window                                         51
+  The Nave from the West                                             54
+  The Hall, Chetham's Hospital                                       62
+  Chetham's Hospital from the South-East                             63
+  The North Gallery of the Cloister                                  65
+  The College Gateway                                                68
+  Corridor and Entrance to the Hall                                  69
+  The Cloister                                                       70
+  Recess in the Hall                                                 72
+  West Side of the Cloister                                          74
+  Staircase leading to Cloister Gallery                              75
+  Cloister Gallery, North Side                                       76
+  Chetham's Library, formerly the Dormitory                          77
+  The Warden's Room, now the Reading Room                            79
+  The Reading Room, East Side                                        82
+  The Cloister, West Walk                                            83
+  Plan of Chetham's Hospital                                         85
+
+  PLAN OF MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL                                    _end_
+
+
+[Illustration: MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH-EAST.]
+
+[Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE WEST.]
+
+
+
+
+MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+HISTORY OF THE BUILDING.
+
+
+In the minds of most Englishmen the name of Manchester calls up the
+image of a vast city that, with the borough of Salford, which, though
+municipally distinct, yet is topographically united with it, contains
+a population of about three quarters of a million of inhabitants. And
+it is, moreover, generally supposed that Manchester is entirely of
+modern growth--a collection of mills, and warehouses, and shops; yet,
+if anyone pauses for a moment to consider, the name itself suggests
+that the foundation of the city must date back from the time of the
+Roman occupation of the island. It has been, and not unreasonably,
+supposed that it was a British stronghold before the soldiers of Agricola
+took possession of it. Certain it is that it was occupied by Roman
+troops, and it is said that they made their summer camp near the spot
+where the building that is the subject of this book now stands, hard by
+the junction of the little stream of the Irk with the larger river Irwell.
+In those early days these streams in all probability ran bright and clear
+through broad meadow lands, and were crossed by bridges of very ancient
+construction. The remains of one such bridge have long been known to
+exist, and have on more than one occasion been uncovered.
+
+The Irk now runs through a tunnel, and discharges its waters into
+the grimy, sluggish stream of the Irwell, which divides Manchester
+from Salford, and runs between the Exchange Station of the London and
+North-Western Railway and the cathedral church of the new diocese created
+in 1847.
+
+Many Roman coins, principally those of Nero, Vitellius, Vespasian,
+Domitian, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Constantine, have been
+found at various times in the course of digging the foundations of houses.
+
+What befell Manchester when the Romans left Britain we do not know. That
+Paulinus preached here is highly probable; that Ine, King of the West
+Saxons, resided here with his Queen Ethelburga about 690 is recorded;
+that, like many other places not far distant from the seaboard, it was
+ravaged by the Danes is certain. King Edward the Unconquered, in 923,
+sent troops to repair its walls and garrison the town.
+
+No picturesque legends about the foundation of the original Church of
+St. Mary which stood near the site of the present cathedral have come
+down to us. All we know is, that two wood-built churches are mentioned
+in Domesday Book as standing either in the town or the parish, one of
+them dedicated to St. Mary, the other to St. Michael.[1] The former was
+probably a predecessor of the present building, which is dedicated jointly
+to St. Mary, St. George, and St. Denys, though not on the same site. But
+of any Norman church of St. Mary not a trace is left, nor are there
+any remains of thirteenth century work visible in the church as we see
+it to-day. Various examples of thirteenth and fourteenth century work,
+however, have been found in the walls of the church and in the western
+tower at different times during repairs and restorations.
+
+William the Conqueror conferred the lands between the Mersey and the
+Ribble on Roger of Poictou, who granted the Manor of Manchester to the
+Gresley family; Thomas Gresley, Baron of Manchester, granted a charter
+to the townspeople of Manchester in 1301. Under these early barons the
+church was held successively by about fifteen rectors, among whom may
+be mentioned William de la Marcia (1284), who became Bishop of Bath and
+Wells in 1292; Walter Langton, who was appointed Rector of Manchester, and
+also Keeper of the Great Seal by Edward I. in 1292, and was consecrated
+Bishop of Lichfield in 1296, but retained his rectory for three years
+after his consecration; John de Verdun or Everden (1313), who became
+Dean of St. Paul's in 1323. Meanwhile, the manor had passed from the
+Gresleys to the De la Warres; the last of their family became a priest,
+and appointed himself Rector of Manchester in 1373. He was a liberal
+benefactor to the church, and in order that there should be a suitable
+body of clergy to look after the spiritual welfare of the town, he endowed
+the church as a collegiate institution, obtaining the requisite charter
+from Henry V. in 1422. The college consisted of a warden, eight fellows
+in priests' orders, four deacons, and six boy choristers.
+
+The old baronial hall was granted to the newly appointed body as a place
+of residence. This was largely modified to suit the requirements of its
+new inmates, and the church itself was gradually reconstructed. Hence we
+find the church built in the Perpendicular style, a style that has been
+imitated in the many additions that have been made to the building since
+it was raised to cathedral rank in 1847. So quickly does the smoke-laden
+atmosphere of Manchester discolour the stone, that in a very few years
+after their erection the new parts of the church match in colour the
+older parts of the building, and the passer-by who gives but a casual
+glance at the cathedral would be surprised to learn how much of its
+structure dates from the nineteenth century. At the present time, 1901,
+the only obviously new part is the western porch, but the north and
+south porches, the Fraser Chapel on the south side of the choir, the
+south-west corner of the building, as well as the tower, are all modern
+additions or reconstructions, and much of the exterior has been recased
+with stone. The residence of the warden and fellows, much modified at
+subsequent dates, may still be found on the north side of the church,
+on the other side of a road that skirts the churchyard. It is now known
+as Chetham's Hospital and Library; for fuller information about this
+building the reader is referred to the latter part of this volume.
+
+No sooner had the first warden, John Huntington, been appointed, than he
+set to work to enlarge and beautify the collegiate church.
+
+The oldest part of the church is the arch leading into the Lady Chapel,
+which, with its responds, has more resemblance to the Decorated than
+to the Perpendicular style. This arch was accurately restored some
+twenty-five or thirty years ago. The rebus of Sir John Huntington,
+the first warden, who was appointed in 1422, renders it probable that
+this part of the church was largely reconstructed by him. While he
+was warden, 1422-1458, the choir and its aisles were rebuilt, and the
+chapter house built. Under successive wardens the work of reconstruction
+was carried on, and occupied about a hundred years. The third warden,
+Ralph Langley (1465-1481), is said to have completed the nave; much
+work was done during the wardenship of James Stanley II. (1485-1509),
+afterwards Bishop of Ely, for the chapel of the Holy Trinity was founded
+by W. Radcliffe in 1498; the Jesus Chapel, now the vestry and library,
+was founded by Richard Beswick in 1506; the Hulme Chapel, now destroyed,
+which formerly projected to the south from the eastern part of the south
+wall of the Jesus Chapel, was founded by Ralph Hulme in 1507; the St.
+James' Chantry or Ducie Chapel was built in the same year; and the choir
+stalls were erected by the warden himself in 1508. In this year also
+W. Galley built St. George's Chapel. James Stanley is also recorded to
+have built the double entrance into the chapter house. The Derby and
+Ely Chapels on the north side are of rather later date; in the latter
+the ex-warden, James Stanley II., then Bishop of Ely, was buried. This
+chapel was built by Sir John Stanley in 1515. In 1518 the eighth warden,
+George West (1518-1535) is recorded to have built the Lady Chapel, but
+this work was probably a reconstruction rather than a fresh building;
+the windows that we see in it now are eighteenth century work, but
+probably are imitations of those that previously existed in this chapel,
+and their style indicates a considerably earlier date than 1518. Indeed,
+their tracery resembles fourteenth century work. It will be noticed
+from the dates just given that the church was finished not long before
+the Reformation.
+
+Up to 1541 Manchester belonged to the diocese of Lichfield, but Henry
+VIII. then transferred it to the newly founded see of Chester.
+
+The college was dissolved by Edward VI., who bestowed its lands on the
+Stanley family. Queen Mary re-established the college and gave back its
+lands, with the exception of the domestic buildings, which still remained
+in the hands of the Earls of Derby. During the time of the Civil Wars
+the church suffered in common with many other ecclesiastical buildings.
+
+Richard Heyrick, who had been warden since 1636, was deprived of his
+office in 1646, but was reinstated in 1660. Some negotiations had been
+entered into for the sale of the domestic buildings to the trustees under
+the will of Humphrey Chetham, but the sale was not completed until after
+the Restoration, when they became the property of the feoffees of the
+Chetham Hospital and Library.
+
+Subsequently the church shared the same fate as befell most ecclesiastical
+buildings during the eighteenth century, viz., neglect and injudicious
+repairs. But it was left to the early part of the nineteenth century to
+work the greatest havoc on the building. A thorough process of repair,
+or "beautifying" as it was then called, was set on foot in the year
+1815. Galleries were erected in the nave, the various chapels outside
+the nave aisles were thrown into the main building by the removal of the
+screens which separated them from the north and south aisles, so that
+from that time the western half of the church has had double aisles on
+either side of the nave proper. But worse than this, the whole interior
+was covered with Roman cement, and that this might adhere more firmly
+to the stone-work, the walls themselves and the pillars of the main
+arcade of the nave and the clerestory walls were hacked about in the most
+shameful way. In this condition the church remained for many years. When
+the new see of Manchester was erected in 1847, this church was chosen
+as the cathedral church of the diocese, and before long proposals were
+made to rebuild or enlarge it, as it was felt by many that it lacked the
+dignity and size of the old cathedral churches, and, indeed, suffered in
+comparison with many of the old abbey churches that existed in England,
+some of which have since that time been raised to cathedral rank. Queen
+Victoria visited Manchester for the first time in 1851, and to commemorate
+her visit, Canon Parkinson suggested the rebuilding of the church, and
+himself headed the subscription list with a donation of £1000, but the
+proposal did not meet with much favour.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW ACROSS CHOIR FROM THE ELY CHAPEL ABOUT 1850.
+_From Winkles' "Cathedrals."_]
+
+At this time the municipal seats at the west end were enclosed by a glass
+screen; above them was the Chetham gallery, as it was called, its back
+occupied by the organ and choristers, its front by the schoolboys of
+Chetham's Hospital. The organ had previously stood on the screen beneath
+the choir arch, but had been removed to the west for a musical festival
+held in 1828. This old organ loft was then converted into a pewed gallery,
+intended for the use of the Chetham feoffees, but was usually occupied
+by the officers of regiments quartered in Manchester.
+
+In 1858 some repairs, external and internal, were carried out, and
+shortly after this J. E. Gregan, architect, and David Bell, builder,
+recommended the rebuilding of the tower. Their advice was taken, the old
+tower was demolished, and a new tower was designed by J. P. Holden. On
+4th August 1864 the foundation stone of the new tower was laid by the
+Bishop, Dr. Prince Lee. In this ceremony, among others, the present Dean
+of Manchester, Dr. Maclure, took part, acting as chaplain to the High
+Sheriff, Sir J. P. Kay Shuttleworth, Bart. The tower was nearly four
+years in building, and was dedicated on Whitsunday 1868.
+
+In 1872 the Dean, Dr. Cowie, and the canons proposed that a new
+cathedral church should be built on a new site, but this plan met with
+little favour. Ten years passed away and then Mr. George Milner and Mr.
+(afterwards Sir) John William Maclure, churchwardens, and Mr. Thomas
+Lings, comptroller, advocated a thorough restoration of the existing
+church; plans were prepared by Mr. Crowther, architect; a meeting was
+called to consider the matter, and it was resolved to accept and carry
+out these plans. The roof of the nave was repaired, the old bosses being
+preserved, the galleries were removed, and it was decided to clear off
+the Roman cement from the pillars and walls, but it was found that the
+stone-work beneath had been so much mutilated, that it was resolved to
+rebuild the main arcade of the nave and the clerestory.
+
+Various donors undertook to defray the cost of rebuilding the different
+bays. A muniment room containing the celebrated parish registers mentioned
+by Macaulay, was built in memory of Alderman Graves by his son, and the
+baptistery, in memory of Thomas Chesters, by his son.
+
+The Derby Chapel was re-roofed. The Earl of Derby, notwithstanding the
+agreement made in 1774 by which the chapel was handed over to the church
+on condition that the Earls of Derby should no longer be required to
+keep it in repair, generously contributed £1000 towards this work. The
+choir roof was renewed in English oak, but the bosses and carved angels
+were boiled in oil and replaced. Fortunately the Roman cement could be
+removed from the walls of the choir more easily than from the nave,
+and the old stone-work was allowed to stand.
+
+The south porch was erected by James Jardine in 1891; the north porch
+was built as a memorial to James Craven by his children in 1888. The
+west or Victoria porch was built in 1900 by subscription raised by the
+present Dean.
+
+The conical roof of the octagonal chapter house is modern; the chapel to
+the east of it was built by his widow as a memorial to Dr. James Fraser,
+the second Bishop of Manchester, who died in 1885.
+
+At the present time, 1901, further building operations are being carried
+on in the yard on the south side of the church, a new and larger chapter
+house and vestries being in course of erection.
+
+[Illustration: WINDOWS ON THE SOUTH SIDE.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE EXTERIOR.
+
+
+The exterior of the Cathedral Church of Manchester is by no means
+imposing. The traveller who reaches the city by the London and
+North-Western Railway and alights at the Exchange Station, will see
+fronting him what appears to be a large parish church with a western
+tower. Its walls are grimy with the smoke of the city, and although the
+building occupies a good site, open on every side save the east, with a
+large churchyard stretching out on the north and south sides of it, yet
+few of those who see it would stay their steps to walk round the building
+or enter it by the south porch, unless they had been previously told that
+this parish church, as it seemed to them, and as in a certain way it is,
+is also the Cathedral Church of Manchester, and that its interior is both
+impressive as a whole, and contains detail work of the highest interest.
+
+Our examination of the exterior may well begin with the most recent
+addition to the church--=the western porch=--only lately finished and
+still showing the colour of the stone fresh from the carver's hands.
+Whether this addition is an improvement to the general appearance of the
+building or not is open to question. To some, among them the writer,
+it appears that the porch takes away from the appearance of height in
+the tower, much as the Galilee Chapel at Durham, beautiful as it is in
+its details, is an excrescence detracting from the effect of the western
+front of St. Cuthbert's Cathedral Church. Moreover, the single crocketed
+turret that rises from the south-west corner of the porch proper gives
+it a one-sided appearance, which is somewhat to be regretted, as with
+this exception the porch and its lower flanking chambers is symmetrical,
+as indeed is the church itself in its main features, turret answering to
+turret, and window to window, porch to porch. The carving on the western
+porch is elaborate and carefully executed, and if, as must necessarily
+be the case owing to the conditions under which nineteenth century
+carving was executed, it lacks the freedom that is so great a charm in
+old work, it is more in accordance with the general style of the church,
+and is characteristic of its own date. This porch was designed by Mr.
+Basil Champneys, who has succeeded in training carvers to carry out his
+designs in an admirable manner. A verbal description of the porch is
+hardly needed, as the illustration on the opposite page will show the
+reader its character. On either side of the porch is a chamber rising
+to about the same height as the spring of the arch of the doorway; each
+of these is flat-roofed, its wall terminates in a pierced battlemented
+parapet, and is lighted by two rectangular-headed windows facing west.
+To the south and north of these two chambers respectively, are iron gates
+and flights of steps giving access to the churchyard.
+
+[Illustration: THE WEST PORCH.]
+
+Ascending the southern flight we find before us the west ends of the two
+south aisles of the church; the roof of the inner one slopes slightly
+down from the clerestory wall, and the outer one rises into a very
+obtuse-angled gable. The west end of the inner or true aisle is original,
+but the outer aisle was extended two bays westward at the time of the
+recent restoration. The windows of the church, though all or nearly
+all of Perpendicular character, are not all alike, as may be seen by
+examining the illustrations; but in most of them the hood moulding after
+following the curve of the arch at the head of the window, is brought
+down in a vertical line for a short distance beside the lower part of
+the window. Most of the windows have four lights, but there are some
+exceptions, which will be duly noticed as we pass by them. To begin with,
+the west window of the outer south aisle has five lights. On turning
+round the south-west corner of this aisle we find the =south porch=
+projecting from the second bay. The porch itself consists of two bays,
+and has two stories. The lower story of the porch proper is lighted by two
+two-light windows on the western side, the upper story by two windows on
+the western and southern faces, and by one on the eastern face. Beneath
+the windows on the south side the following inscription may be read:--
+
+    To the honour and Glory of God and in thankful acknowledgement of
+    many mercies this porch is erected by James Jardine of Manchester
+    and Alderley Edge in the year of our Lord MDCCCXCI.
+
+[Illustration: THE SOUTH PORCH.]
+
+An octagonal stair turret surmounted by a crocketed pyramidal termination
+stands at the south angle of the inner bay on the eastern side. The
+whole of this porch is elaborately carved, as will be seen from the
+illustration. The next two bays of the south aisle project beyond the
+general line of the south wall of the church. The walls of this are
+finished by a pierced battlemented parapet similar to that which runs
+round the south porch. The windows in these two bays are alike, but the
+next two in the south wall have five lights, and differ from the last two
+in their shape and tracery (see illustration, p. 12). To the south of the
+church about this point stands a sun-dial, shown in the illustration. The
+three next bays belong to what was formerly known as the Jesus Chapel. In
+the westernmost of these there is a doorway to give room for which the
+sill of the window is placed at a higher level than the sills of the
+other windows. The tracery of these windows differs from the preceding
+two. From the easternmost of the three bays of the Jesus Chapel formerly
+projected the Hulme chantry. To the east of the Jesus Chapel stands the
+octagonal chapter house; three of its sides contain windows of a pattern
+differing from any of these already mentioned. From within the parapet,
+which is not battlemented, rises a rather steep pyramidal roof. This is
+modern. Whether the original roof was of this form or not is not known,
+but the modern roof is a distinctly agreeable feature. To the east of
+the chapter house is another window in the south wall, and then we come
+to the Fraser Memorial Chapel, which forms the south-east angle of the
+church. This has a four-light window in its south and a three-light window
+in its eastern wall. Before examining the east end of the church we may
+remark that the clerestory wall is terminated by a pierced battlemented
+parapet--a modern addition--and that the pattern is slightly different
+on either side of the octagonal turret which rises from the junction of
+the nave and choir. The parapet that runs along the south wall of the
+chapel of St. Nicholas, again, differs from that which runs along the
+other walls on the south side of the church.
+
+The east window of the south choir aisle has five lights; passing this
+we come to the =Lady Chapel=. This is exceedingly small, projecting only
+some eighteen feet to the east of the aisle walls. It has two bays, each
+lit by a small two-light window on either side. Against the centre of the
+eastern face rises a buttress, on either side of which is a four-light
+window. As already mentioned in Chapter I. the Lady Chapel windows are
+eighteenth century work, probably copies of the original windows, and
+have tracery of Decorated character.
+
+[Illustration: THE ELY CHAPEL.]
+
+Beyond the Lady Chapel is the window of the north choir aisle; and beyond
+this again the eastern termination of the Derby Chapel. This contains
+a seven-light window. Passing round the north-eastern corner we see the
+=Ely Chapel= projecting from the second bay to the west, with four-light
+windows in its eastern and western walls, and a five-light window on its
+northern face. From the fourth and fifth bays, counting from the east,
+projects a low building with a battlemented parapet, a door and square
+headed windows, erected to contain the hydraulic apparatus used for
+working the bellows of the organ. To the west of this is a small doorway
+with an ogee head leading into the ante chapel of the Derby or John the
+Baptist's Chapel. This is the last bay of the eastern division of the
+church. The next bay, the north wall of what was once St. James' Chapel,
+contains a five-light window. After two more bays, comprising the chapel
+of the Holy Trinity, we come to the registry, and see the north porch
+projecting from the last bay but one. This bears a general resemblance
+to the south porch, save that niches take the place of windows on the
+east and west faces of the upper story, and that the stair turret stands
+on the west side at the angle between the porch and aisle wall.
+
+The following inscription may be read running round the porch commencing
+on the eastern side.
+
+    "To the glory of God and in loving memory of James Craven this
+    porch and registry are erected by his children 1888."
+
+The west window of the outer north aisle has seven lights, and that of
+the inner aisle five.
+
+As on the south side so on the north, the tracery is not the same
+in all the windows. Those on the north side of the Derby Chapel and
+the Ely Chantry resemble each other; the next is a short window above
+the doorway; the next, which is known as the Gordon window, is entirely
+different; the next three have tracery similar to that of the windows of
+the Derby Chapel.
+
+The parapet along the north walls of the church, like that along the south
+walls, is pierced and battlemented, the design differing in different
+parts. The parapet of the Lady Chapel, however, is not pierced, but is
+simply battlemented. The parapet on the clerestory on both sides is a
+modern addition, and is considered by some to be no improvement on the
+old form which ran in an unbroken line from end to end of the church,
+and gave an appearance of greater length than that given by the present
+arrangement, with its line broken by battlements and pinnacles. The two
+octagonal turrets that rise from the east end of the clerestory walls
+with their crocketed pyramidal terminations form a pleasing feature.
+
+The tower, square in section, projects from the western extremity of
+the nave, and rises to the stately height of 140 feet. The west window
+of the nave is surmounted on the outside by a richly carved ogee label;
+in the next stage we see the faces of the clock, and in the belfry stage
+above double windows on each face of the tower; a pierced battlemented
+parapet with three pinnacles at each of the angles and one at the middle
+points of each of its sides, forms a suitable termination to the tower.
+
+We have now carefully examined the exterior of the church in detail. It
+remains only to mention the points of view from which it is best seen as a
+whole. The view from the roadway running up to the railway station shows
+the tower to advantage, as not only is it of considerable height itself,
+but its base on the level of the churchyard is considerably raised above
+the street. The whole of the south side, which is richer in variety and
+detail than the north, can be well seen from the churchyard, and the
+north side itself from the open space in front of Chetham's hospital,
+the play-ground of the boys who are educated there.
+
+[Illustration: NORTH SIDE OF THE NAVE.]
+
+[Illustration: THE CHOIR, LOOKING EAST.]
+
+[Illustration: THE CHOIR SCREEN.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE INTERIOR.
+
+
+It has been already said that the exterior of the Cathedral Church
+at Manchester lacks somewhat of the charm that so many of our old
+cathedrals possess. There is no wide-spreading close with its smooth
+turf and immemorial elms, no birds to fly round tower and pinnacle, and
+break the silence of the home of ancient peace with their songs or cries,
+but ever we hear the scream of railway engines, the bells of tramcars,
+and the roar of the traffic along a busy thoroughfare. The surrounding
+buildings are not now, as in many cathedral cities, the residences of
+Dean and Canons, quaint and mediaeval, with stone mullioned windows
+and ivy-covered walls, but modern erections, shops, and warehouses, and
+hotels. And the church itself, destitute of transept and central tower,
+provided only with a western tower, gives us the idea of a large parish
+church, rather than of a building associated in our mind with Bishop,
+Dean, and Canons. There is no cloister-garth with its surrounding
+walks, the old collegiate buildings are detached from the church and
+appropriated to secular purposes; so that probably our first feeling
+is one of disappointment, but this feeling will vanish as soon as we
+have passed into its interior. The usual way of entrance is by the south
+porch; this is always open. The western doors are unfortunately generally
+closed--unfortunately, for the most impressive view of the church is to
+be had from beneath the tower arch looking to the east. It is a dimly
+lighted building; this is due chiefly to two causes: first to the fact
+that it is enormously wide, and the aisle windows are therefore far from
+the central nave, and secondly to the fact that almost all the windows
+both of aisles and clerestory are filled with painted glass, in many
+cases of a deep colour, and rendered still more impervious to light by
+the incrustation of carbon deposited on their outside by the perpetual
+smoke of the city. So dark is the church that in the winter months it has
+generally to be lit with gas all the day long, and even in the summer,
+in comparatively bright weather, some gas burners will generally be found
+alight. The mist also of the exterior atmosphere finds its way into the
+building, and hangs beneath the roof, lending an air of mystery to the
+whole place, and giving rise to most beautiful effects when the sunlight
+streams through the clerestory windows. The tone also of the nave arcading
+and clerestory rebuilt in recent years, of warm, rose-coloured sandstone,
+is very lovely.
+
+The visitor on entering the church, before examining the different objects
+in detail, should get general impressions of the building. The view from
+just inside the south porch showing the four rows of arcading separating
+the outer aisles from the inner, and these from the central nave, is
+very fine. The view from beneath the tower arch looking eastward is most
+impressive. Another good view is from the altar steps looking westward,
+especially in the early part of a bright day, when there is sufficient
+light to show the magnificent tabernacle work of the stalls, and the
+organ-stands out clearly defined against the sunlit misty air of the
+upper part of the nave behind it.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW ACROSS THE NAVE, LOOKING NORTH-EAST.]
+
+To see these three views of the building under favourable conditions
+of light will well repay the visitor for a journey of many miles to
+Manchester, to say nothing of the exquisite detail work that now demands
+our attention.
+
+It has been already explained that the outer aisles on either side have
+been formed by throwing down the walls or screens that once divided these
+spaces into a series of chapels on the outside of the real nave aisles.
+In Continental churches double aisles on the north and south side of the
+church are by no means uncommon, but instances of this arrangement are
+more rarely met with in England. The most familiar example is Chichester
+Cathedral, where double aisles have been formed by the inclusion of
+lateral chapels.
+
+It has been already stated that the baptistery which occupies the western
+end of the outer southern aisles is entirely modern, as also is the
+south porch. At one time a small porch called Bibby's Porch projected
+from the second bay from the west of the true south aisle, to the east
+of which, stretching right over the outer south aisle, was the Chapel of
+St. George. This occupied two bays, and projecting from it to the south
+was Brown's Chantry. To the east of St. George's Chapel, also occupying
+two bays, was the Chapel of St. Nicholas, the Trafford Chapel. These were
+the chapels on the south side of the nave aisle. Opposite to them, outside
+the north nave aisle, were two chapels, that of the Most Holy Trinity
+at the west, that of St. James, otherwise known as the Ducie Chapel, at
+the east end. The west wall of the outer nave aisle on the north side is
+original, so that the whole length of the series of chapels on this side
+was greater than that of the series on the south side. The nave and its
+twin aisles, as will be seen from what has already been said, consist of
+six bays. The eastern half of the church also consists of six bays, and
+the choir aisles, like those of the nave, are flanked by chapels which
+have fortunately remained undestroyed down to the present day, enclosed
+by their original screens. On the south side, raised three steps above
+the level of the nave and occupying three bays, was the Jesus Chapel,
+now divided into two parts, the western bay being used as a vestry,
+the two others as the Cathedral Library; from this a door leads into the
+chapter house, the main entrance to which is from the choir aisle. With
+this the unbroken series of building attached to the south side of the
+church ends, but from the easternmost bay a doorway in a screen opens into
+the Fraser Chapel, built as a memorial to her husband, the second Bishop
+of Manchester, by Mrs. Fraser. Crossing the church by the ambulatory,
+passing the small Lady Chapel, we find the whole length of the outer aisle
+on the north side occupied by the chapel of St. John the Baptist, often
+called the Derby Chapel. The western bay forms the antechapel, from which
+we pass into the chapel itself through the original oak screen. From the
+second bay, counting from the east end of this, the Ely Chapel projects.
+
+[Illustration: THE INNER SOUTH AISLE OF THE NAVE.]
+
+The reader should follow on the plan the general description just
+given, and while doing so he will notice that the church is not quite
+regularly built, but tapers slightly towards the east. The enclosed
+choir, presbytery, and sanctuary taper still more, so that the east
+end is between three and four feet narrower than the west end. But this
+enclosed space is symmetrically placed in the church. The plan shows the
+very great width of the church in proportion to its length. The interior
+width of the nave and its double aisles is 114 feet, while its length is
+only 85 feet; the whole interior length of the church, omitting the tower
+at the west and the Lady Chapel at the east, is 172 feet. This shows
+that the choir is about the same length as the nave, and that the total
+length of nave and choir is only about one and a half times the width.
+
+[Illustration: THE TOWER ARCH.]
+
+Having now taken a cursory glance round the church, we will go once more
+over the same ground, examining it more in detail. We will suppose that
+the outer doors of the =West Porch= are open, and we can pass through
+them from the street. We go up from the level of the pavement three
+steps and find ourselves within the porch; on the south and north sides
+of it, doors open into two rooms used the one as the lecture-room of the
+Scholae Episcopi (or non-residential Theological College of the Diocese),
+the other as a schoolroom for the choir boys. A flight of eleven steps
+takes us up to a landing measuring about five feet from west to east,
+and then four more steps bring us to the level of the nave floor, and we
+enter through what were originally the west doors of the church, into
+the space below the tower. The ceiling of this is of fan tracery, and
+its side walls are panelled in five tiers. Passing under the tower arch
+and looking back, we notice that the tower arch with the walls on either
+side of it are original. =The Baptistery= is a modern addition. The font
+formerly stood in the outer aisle on the north side. The =South Porch=
+is also new. It is divided into two bays, each covered with a vault
+formed of eight ribs crossing each other at the centre, and decorated
+by two lierne ribs in each of the four quarters. The arcade dividing
+the outer from the inner aisle on the south side is entirely modern;
+the chapels which occupied the site of the outer aisle were formerly
+divided from each other by stone walls, and from the aisle by irregular
+arches filled with oak screens. All these were removed in 1815, so as
+to throw the area of the chapels into that of the church; an arcade was
+then built, but this was removed to make room for the present arcade
+during the restoration that was begun in 1872. The westernmost chantry,
+or =Chapel of St. George=, was founded by W. Galley in 1508. The next,
+the chapel of =St. Nicholas=, or the Trafford Chantry, is said to have
+been founded long ere the present church was built in 1186 by Robert de
+Greslet; at the south-east corner of this a piscina may be seen, though
+the altar has disappeared. Three steps and a screen divide this chantry
+from the larger =Jesus Chapel=. This is separated from the south aisle
+by a beautiful wooden screen of sixteenth century date. This is glazed
+in order to make the room now used as a library comfortable. This chantry
+was founded in 1506.
+
+[Illustration: SCREEN BETWEEN THE JESUS CHAPEL AND THE SOUTH CHOIR AISLE.]
+
+[Illustration: ENTRANCE TO THE CHAPTER HOUSE, SOUTH CHOIR AISLE.]
+
+[Illustration: THE SOUTH CHOIR AISLE.]
+
+Between the Jesus Chapel and the entrance to the chapter house on the
+south wall of the aisle are memorial tablets to Richard Heyrick, warden,
+who died in 1667, and Thomas Ogden, who died in 1763. The entrance to the
+=Chapter House= is a very beautiful piece of work. There are two doorways
+whose heads are four centred arches; above these there are two tiers
+of panel work, all being enclosed by one large arch whose sides and top
+are decorated by six tiers of panelling on each side (see illustration,
+p. 32). The chapter house is very comfortably fitted up. There are to
+be seen in it several fragments of brasses and of other old work taken
+from the floor of the choir and of the Lady Chapel and elsewhere.
+
+The =Fraser Chapel= contains an altar cenotaph in memory of the second
+Bishop of Manchester, who died October 22nd, 1885, at Bishop's Court,
+Higher Broughton, Manchester, but who was buried, not in his cathedral
+church, but in the churchyard of Ufton Nervet in Berkshire, a parish of
+which he had once been rector. The recumbent statue is considered to be
+a fine likeness of the late bishop. This statue was unveiled on July
+8th, 1887.
+
+The tomb bears the following inscription written by the late Dr Vaughan,
+Dean of Llandaff.
+
+    "To the beloved memory of James Fraser, D.D., Bishop of Manchester,
+    1870-85, a man of singular gifts both of nature and the spirit;
+    brave, true, devout, diligent, in labours unwearied. He won all
+    hearts by opening to them his own, and so administered this great
+    Diocese as to prove yet once more that the people know the voice of
+    a good shepherd and will follow where he leads."
+
+At the east end of the south aisle stands a marble life-size statue by
+Bailey of Thomas Fleming, who died in 1848, and a memorial tablet to the
+Rev. George Ogden, B.D., who died in 1706. The aisle is divided from the
+choir by a wooden screen; in the third bay from the east are iron gates
+leading into the choir. The retro-choir, about thirteen feet from east to
+west, runs between the back of the modern reredos behind the high altar
+and the beautiful mediaeval screen which stands beneath the arch at the
+entrance to the Lady Chapel. The =Lady Chapel= has modern fittings making
+it suitable for the celebration of Holy Communion when the congregation
+is small. In the south wall a piscina may be noticed, and on the north
+side of the altar stands a Renaissance font of grey-veined marble which
+was formerly in use in the nave. There are marble tablets in memory of
+various members of the Chetham family at the west ends of the north and
+south walls of the Lady Chapel.
+
+[Illustration: SCREEN OF THE LADY CHAPEL.]
+
+On the west wall of the arch leading into the chapel may be seen the
+rebus of Sir John Huntington, the first warden and rebuilder of the
+church. On the north side is a man and dog _hunting_, on the south side
+two _tuns_ of wine. This rebus is repeated in the roof of the choir. At
+the north-east corner of the north choir aisle may be seen a statue by
+Theed (1853) of Humphrey Chetham, the founder of the Hospital (_i.e._
+school) and Library that bears his name. He sits, a roll in his right
+hand, with long hair and pointed beard, a ruff round his neck, and a
+long cloak which, falling open in front, shows doublet and slashed trunk
+hose. At the bottom of the pedestal sits one of the boys of the hospital
+school, pointing with his left hand to a book which he holds open in his
+right, on which we read the inscription: "He hath dispersed abroad, and
+given to the poor, and his righteousness remaineth for ever" (Ps. cxii.
+9; Prayer-book version).
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF SIR HUMPHREY CHETHAM.]
+
+An old oak screen running under five arches of the arcading to the north
+side of the aisle separates the =Derby Chapel= from the aisle. This
+screen is of good design, but the workmanship is not so good as that of
+the other old screens in the church. Near the first pier, counting from
+the east, is the altar tomb of Hugh Birley, M.P. for Manchester, with
+a recumbent figure. Here also may be seen an old oak deed chest. About
+halfway down this aisle on the south side may be seen a small organ built
+by the celebrated Father Smith, dated 1680; this is of the finest tone
+and is still frequently used. It has one manual with seven stops and
+pedal with one stop.
+
+Four steps lead from the outer nave aisle on the north side into the
+antechapel that stands to the west end, outside the entrance to the
+Derby Chapel.
+
+This chapel is dedicated to St. John the Baptist. It was a private chantry
+built and endowed by the Stanley family, of which the Earls of Derby were
+members. Two of the family were closely connected with the church. One,
+James Stanley, Prebendary of St. Paul's, and archdeacon of Chester,
+held the office of warden from 1481-1485, and was succeeded by another
+James Stanley, whose tenure was longer, 1485-1509. He it was who began
+the building of the Derby Chapel. He became bishop of Ely, but when he
+died in 1515 his body was buried at Manchester, close by the screen of
+the =Ely Chapel=; but "for reasons which need not be mentioned here"
+his body was laid just by the wall, and the chapel was erected by his
+son according to his will over his grave, and called after the name of
+his diocese. This tomb still stands there, with its original brass and
+curiously inscribed epitaph, for which see hereafter.
+
+The following description is copied from a MS in Chetham's Library.
+
+    "In the old or Christ's Church, Manchester, is a Chapell dedicated
+    to S. John Baptist on the screen which separates it from the broad
+    north aisle and over door leading from the aforesaid chapel into
+    the aisle is an ancient coat of arms carv'd in wood, and three
+    old brass inscriptions setting forth the founders of the chapell
+    together with y'e cause of its erection.
+
+    "The arms are those of Stanley tho much different from those born
+    by that name at this day tho unquestionably of the same family
+    with the present Earl of Derby, who bears 3 stags heads caboch'd
+    on a bend these arms on the screen bears the stags heads in chief
+    and 3 eagles claws in base this kind of bearing might possibly be
+    to difference it from the elder house or grand stem of the family,
+    a matter not unusual in those days. In an old manuscript I have
+    the above arms born by the name of Stanley of Handford, and from
+    this family of Handford I should suppose sprung S'r John Stanley
+    of Aderley Ches'r which is within a few miles of Handford tho
+    S'r J'no now bears the same arms for his paternall coat as the
+    Earl of Derby. The arms impal'd with Stanley on the screen is
+    first and fourth a Chevron between three mascles voided second
+    and third a star with seven points the whole arms appears to be
+    totally void of colouring. The helmet is very clumsy and differs
+    much from those now us'd in arms. The crest or rather part of a
+    crest for it appears to have had something broke from it is not
+    now to be determin'd what it formerly was. What I take to be the
+    motto is grav'd upon two plates of brass on each side the arms the
+    half of one brass is broke way but no doubt was the same as the
+    other they are engraved in the old text with these words Vanitas
+    vanitatum Omnia Vanitas that is Vanity of vanity all is vanity.
+
+"On the brass plate over the door is grav'd in the same character and
+old Latin Obsecramus ut adjuvetis nos Jacobum Stanley Eliens Epis Johanne
+Stanley milite et Margareta uxore ej ac parentes cor oracionibus vris apud
+Dom Jhesu expm q. hanc Capellam in ej nomine et in honore Sancti Johanis
+Baptiste Fabricavimus An^o incarnationis illius MCCCCCXIII. Designs from
+the Originall plates may be seen in the following drawings. The Inscription
+on the long brass I take to be this in English.
+
+    "We beseech you that you assist us James Stanley Bishop of Ely
+    John Stanley Knt. and Margaret his wife and their parents with
+    your prayers to y'e Lord Jesus Christ who have built this chapel
+    in his name and in honour of St Jn'o Baptist in the year of his
+    incarnation 1513."
+
+    According to an old poem entitled Flodden Field S'r John Stanley
+    was at that great Battle fought in Sept. 1513 along with other
+    gentlemen of Lancashire and Cheshire and in enumerating the
+    Leaders says:
+
+        Next with Sir John Stanley there yede
+        The Bishop of Ely's servants bold
+        Sir Lionel Percy eke did lead
+        Some hundred men well tried and told.
+
+(Barrett MS. No. 41458, C. 4. 13.)
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF NORTH DOORWAY.]
+
+These two chapels were the private property of the Earls of Derby, who
+had to keep them in repair. In the second half of the eighteenth century
+the roofs needed extensive repair; this was done by the thirteenth Earl
+of Derby in conjunction with the townspeople of Manchester, and the
+Earl surrendered his rights to the chapels, handing them over to the
+parishioners on condition that he and his successors should no longer
+be held responsible for keeping them in repair. The Derby Chapel is now
+fitted with an altar at the east end, a font on the north side, and oak
+benches, so that it can be used for week-day services when desired. The
+Ely Chapel is not fitted in any way.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW ACROSS THE NAVE, LOOKING NORTH-WEST.]
+
+=St. James' Chapel=, or the Ducie Chantry, and the =Chapel Of the Holy
+Trinity=, which formerly occupied the east and west ends of what is now
+the outer north aisle, and were founded, the former in 1507 and the latter
+by W. Radcliffe of Ordsall in 1498, have no longer any separate existence;
+the only sign of their having been chapels that remains is a piscina
+in the pier at the south east corner of St. James' Chapel. The arcade
+between the outer and inner north aisles originally dated from about 1500.
+
+=The North or Craven Porch= is opposite to the south porch and bears a
+strong resemblance to it. It consists of two bays, each vaulted in stone
+in the same manner as the bays of the south or Jardine Porch; a door to
+the east side of the inner bay leads into the registry office.
+
+It now remains to examine the =Central Nave= and =Choir=. This church
+differs from most of our cathedral and abbey churches in having no
+triforium.[2] And the clerestory is not lofty, so that the church is
+rather low for its width,[3] though the height of the arches of the
+main arcade prevents this being felt. The roofs of the aisles are all
+modern, but that of the nave, though extensively repaired, has much
+of the original work in it, and, with the exception of a few bosses,
+the choir roof is old. All the roofs are of timber; in the nave the
+intersections of the main beams are covered by beautiful bosses carved
+out of the solid wood. On either side, at the points from which the
+main cross beams spring, is a series of angelic figures splendidly
+carved in wood: those on the south side playing stringed instruments,
+those on the north side wind instruments.
+
+The choir roof is more ornate; the panels between the beams are filled
+with tracery; the bosses here are differently constructed from those in
+the nave; here each leaf was separately carved and then nailed in its
+place. At the time of the restoration this roof was skilfully repaired
+by introducing new beams above the old ones and fastening the old to the
+new with bolts.
+
+The pillars of the main arcade of the nave are modern work built in
+imitation of the original ones. They are light and graceful, and like
+many other pillars of fifteenth century date, are formed of shafts of
+which only half have separate capitals, the other mouldings running
+round the arch. The spaces between the arches are elaborately carved
+with heraldic shields.
+
+[Illustration: THE CHOIR, LOOKING WEST.]
+
+[Illustration: DESK-ENDS IN THE CHOIR STALLS; NORTH SIDE.]
+
+Towards the east end of the nave may be seen desks for the choir
+on either side, a brass eagle lectern on the south side, and a modern
+pulpit against the first pillar from the east on the north side (see page
+54). The pulpit, the gift of the late Chancellor Christie and his wife,
+is octagonal, and six of its faces are carved with representations of
+Christ, the four Evangelists, and St. Paul; of the other two sides one
+rests against the pier, and the other, on the north, forms the entrance
+from the pulpit steps. The ancient rood screen (see page 23) is a very
+beautiful piece of work. It has three wide openings with double doors in
+each; upon it stands the central part of the large organ; other parts
+of the organ occupy spaces in the north and south aisles behind the
+stalls. The case was designed by Sir Gilbert Scott, and is effective.
+
+[Illustration: CHOIR STALLS, NORTH SIDE.]
+
+The present =organ= rebuilt by Wadsworth Brothers at the cost of Sir
+W. H. Houldsworth, Bart., 1871, has
+
+        Four manuals CC to A  58 notes
+        Pedal CCC to F        30   "
+    The great organ has       13 stops
+        swell                 16   "
+        choir                  8   "
+        solo                   5   "
+        pedal                  9   "
+        accessory              8   "
+        and combination pedals 8   "
+
+If we pass on through the screen beneath the organ we find ourselves
+in the =choir=. This, the choir proper, as distinguished from the
+presbytery to the east of it, is sometimes called the Radcliffe choir,
+for many members of this family were buried here, and their brasses
+were placed on the floor, but these were removed when the floor was
+repaved with tiles. On either side of us, and behind us, we see some of
+the most elaborate tabernacle work to be met with anywhere. Some idea
+may be formed of the wealth of detail by examining the illustration on
+the opposite page. There are twelve stalls on either side, and three on
+each side of the entrance through the rood screen facing east. The stalls
+are furnished with misereres, which, in common with many others both in
+England and on the Continent, represent all manner of quaint subjects,
+monsters, animals, hunting scenes, etc.
+
+The =stalls= date from the early part of the sixteenth century, and bear
+a strong resemblance to those in Beverley Minster and Ripon Cathedral.
+At Beverley, however, the level cornice above the canopies which we see
+at Manchester is wanting, except at the west end.
+
+The carved elbows of the stalls and the ends of the book desks are also
+worthy of careful examination, especially the Eagle and Child and general
+carving of the Dean's Stall, which is a marvel of beautiful workmanship,
+and said by high authorities to be unequalled.
+
+Between the stalls the floor is one step higher than that of the nave,
+and at the east end of the stalls there is a further rise of two steps
+as we pass into the presbytery. Here, on the south side, we see the
+bishop's throne--modern work, carved with a view to be in harmony with
+the stalls, but comparing unfavourably with them in execution. There
+is a rise of two more steps into the sanctuary, and the altar itself is
+raised two steps higher; this gives a good effect. Behind the altar is
+an elaborately carved wooden reredos of modern work, richly painted and
+gilt. The upper part, as will be seen from the illustration on p. 22,
+is wider than the lower; it is divided vertically into seven divisions,
+the two lateral divisions on each side being themselves divided into
+two tiers. The three central niches contain figures of the three patron
+saints, St. George on the north, the Blessed Virgin in the centre, and
+St. Denys on the south side.[4] Above the central figure, St. Mary, is
+another niche containing a seated figure of Christ, holding in His left
+hand an orb and cross, His right hand raised in the act of blessing;
+above this figure is a canopy. On the top of the six uprights that form
+the vertical divisions of the reredos, angels stand with clasped hands.
+The carving on the smaller panels illustrates the following verses of the
+"Preface to the Sanctus" which are inscribed beneath them.
+
+    "With angels and | archangels and | all the company | of heaven
+     we laud and     | magnify Thy    | glorious name.  | Amen."
+
+It will be noticed that there are no sedilia in the usual place on the
+south side of the altar, the arch being open where we might expect to
+find them, and there is no pulpit in the choir. Most of the services in
+which a sermon is preached are conducted in the nave.
+
+Most of the windows have in recent times been filled with painted glass.
+Perhaps we may be inclined to think that there are too many thus filled,
+and that it would have been well if the windows of the clerestory had been
+left uncoloured. Certain it is that as there is no triforium, there is
+no place from which the clerestory windows can be examined; and had they
+been left unpainted, the church would have been much lighter than it is.
+
+A brief description must now be given of the windows. We will begin with
+the west window in the tower, proceeding eastward along the outer south
+aisle, crossing the church by the ambulatory, and coming back to the
+west by the aisle on the north side, and then examining the clerestory
+windows of nave and choir.
+
+=The Windows.=--The west window of the tower has five lights, and is
+divided by one transom. It represents the Ascension, and Acts of Mercy.
+It was given by J. C. Harter, and is the work of Hardman.
+
+The west window of the inner aisle on the south side has four lights,
+and its subject is the parable of the Good Samaritan. It was erected
+by subscription in memory of Jonas Craven, and was painted by Messrs.
+Heaton, Butler & Baynes.
+
+The west window of the outer south aisle, or Baptistery, has six lights,
+and represents baptism by blood, water, and fire, illustrated by the
+martyrdom of St. Stephen, the baptism of Christ, and the descent of the
+Holy Ghost at Pentecost. It was given by Thomas Chesters in 1892, and is
+the work of Messrs. Percy Bacon & Bros.
+
+The window in the westernmost bay of the outer south aisle has four
+lights, and illustrates the text "Suffer little children to come unto
+Me," and was erected as a memorial to W. H. Bowler (son-in-law of Thomas
+Chesters), who died in 1887. This also was painted by Percy Bacon &
+Bros.
+
+The window to the east of the porch in the Brown Chapel has four lights,
+and represents Christ healing all manner of sickness, and was erected in
+memory of John, William, Maria, and Henry Stevenson, and is by Wailes of
+Newcastle.
+
+The next window has four lights, and has for its subject various incidents
+in the life of St. John the Baptist: 1, the announcement of his birth
+to Zacharias; 2, his birth; 3, his preaching in the wilderness; and 4,
+his baptism of Christ. This was given by Margaret Clowes in memory of
+the Rev. T. Clowes, and is by Hardman.
+
+The window in the fifth bay has five lights. It represents Christ in
+Glory, and was given by Catharine, Countess of Stamford and Warrington,
+in memory of her husband, the seventh Earl, who died in 1883. It was
+painted by Messrs. Clayton & Bell.
+
+The next window also has five lights, and illustrates the Magnificat. It
+was erected by public subscription in memory of Dean Oakley, who died in
+1890. It is by Burlison & Grylls.
+
+The next window is in the westernmost bay of the Jesus Chapel. It has
+four lights. Its subject is Simeon receiving Christ in the temple. It
+was given as a memorial to Frederick Andrews, who died in 1890. It is by
+Messrs. Heaton, Butler & Baynes.
+
+The next window, in that part of the Jesus Chapel now used as the
+cathedral library, has four lights, and represents Christ among the
+doctors; it is a memorial to James Gray, who died in 1871, and is by
+Messrs. Heaton, Butler & Baynes.
+
+The next window of four lights has for its subject Christ healing all
+manner of disease, and was inserted in memory of Jonas Craven, who died
+in 1894. It is by Messrs. Heaton, Butler & Baynes.
+
+There are four windows in the chapter house, all of four lights. The
+first, with figures of Sts. James, Thomas, Simon, and Jude, was given
+by Canon Gibson in 1869, and is by Messrs. Ward & Hughes. The next,
+representing Sts. Peter, Mary, George, and Paul, is by Edmundson & Son,
+and incorporates some old glass found in the clerestory windows of the
+choir. The next, with figures of Sts. Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John,
+was given by the children of Canon Wray, in memory of their father, who
+died in 1866. It is the work of Clayton & Bell. The last, with figures
+of Sts. James, Andrew, Philip, and Bartholomew, was given by Dean Bowers
+in 1869, and is by Ward & Hughes.
+
+In the bay between the chapter house and the Fraser Chapel is a four-light
+window with eight subjects. In the upper row, The Transfiguration,
+Lazarus, Christ riding on an Ass, The institution of the Lord's Supper;
+and in the lower, "This is my beloved Son," Elisha raising the Child,
+David, The offering of Isaac. This was given in 1859 by a citizen once
+a chorister. It is by Edmundson & Son.
+
+In the Fraser Chapel are two windows. The first, facing south, has
+four lights, and contains the glass which formerly occupied the window
+of the bay that was opened out when the Fraser Chapel was built. Its
+four subjects are: Simeon, The Baptism of Christ, The Miracle at Cana,
+and Christ blessing little Children. An inscription records that it was
+given in 1858 by a citizen once a chorister; it is by Edmundson & Son.
+
+The window in the east wall of this chapel has three lights. Its
+subjects are: 1, St. John; 2, "I am He that was dead and am alive
+again"; 3, St. Paul. It was erected as a memorial to Bishop Fraser by
+Messrs. Shrigley & Hunt.
+
+The east window of the south choir aisle has five lights, and each of
+these contains two subjects.
+
+In the upper row we see Christ in the centre, with two of the evangelists
+on either side of him. In the lower tier are represented: 1, The Agony
+in the Garden; 2, Christ bearing His Cross; 3, The Crucifixion; 4, The
+Angels announcing the Resurrection; 5, The Ascension. This was given by
+G. Pilkington, and is by Wailes of Newcastle.
+
+In the Lady Chapel there are two windows, each of two lights in the
+north and south walls, and two, of four lights each, in the east wall.
+
+Beginning with the westernmost window in the south side, we find a
+representation of the descent of the Holy Ghost on the day of Pentecost,
+and an inscription which states that the window is a memorial to "John
+Allen bonorum bujus ecclesiae custos," who died in 1861.
+
+The next window contains a representation of Christ among the Doctors.
+It is a memorial to Samuel Bulteel, who died in 1883.
+
+The next window in the east wall represents the Crucifixion of Christ
+and the two robbers, and was erected to commemorate the fact that the
+Lady Chapel was once the property of the Hoare family.
+
+The other window in this wall shows the visit of the Magi, and was given
+by J. H. Chetham in 1884, in memory of Humphrey Chetham, the great
+benefactor to Manchester, who was born in 1580 and died in 1653.
+
+The two windows in the north wall represent the Annunciation and
+Salutation respectively, and were inserted as memorials to Edith Mary
+Romilly, daughter of Dean Cowie, who died in 1883; it was given by the
+Dean; and to Elizabeth Sharp, who died in 1881. The latter was given by
+S. Wm., and Elizabeth Bulteel.
+
+All the windows in the Lady Chapel are by Moore of London.
+
+The five-light window at the east end of the north choir aisle illustrates
+the text beginning "I was hungry," etc. It was given by G. Pilkington as
+a memorial to Humphrey Chetham. It is by Wailes of Newcastle.
+
+The east window of the Derby Chapel has seven lights, each containing
+two subjects. The upper tier are: 1, The Magi; 2, The flight into Egypt;
+3 and 5, Angels; 4, Christ; 6, Christ blessing Children; 7, Christ among
+the Doctors.
+
+In the lower tier the three central subjects are hidden by the reredos
+erected in recent years over the altar. Of the four visible, the first is
+the raising of Jairus' daughter; 3, Christ setting a Child in the midst;
+6, Suffer little Children to come unto Me; 7, The feeding of the Five
+Thousand. It is by Edmundson & Son of Manchester.
+
+The easternmost window in the north wall has four lights. The subjects
+are: St. Mary, "Why weepest thou?" and St. John. This window was inserted
+as a memorial to George Hull Bowers, D.D., the second Dean of Manchester,
+who died in 1872. It is by Burlison & Grylls.
+
+There are three windows in the Ely Chantry. That facing north has
+five lights, the other two four; the central light of the north window
+contains the figure of Bishop Stanley wearing his mitre and holding his
+pastoral staff.
+
+The next window to the west contains in its four lights representation
+of four incidents in the life of Jacob: His dream, Rachel tending her
+sheep, Jacob watering them, and Jacob's journey into Egypt. This window
+is a memorial to William Newall, who died in 1851. It is by Ward & Hughes.
+
+The next window, also of four lights, represents Christ cleansing the
+leper, raising the daughter of Jairus, blessing children, and restoring
+sight to Bartimaeus. This was inserted in memory of Robert Barnes, who
+died in 1871. It is by Clayton & Bell.
+
+The next window--the last within the screen of the Derby
+Chapel--represents: 1. Jacob blessing Ephraim and Manasseh (Gen. xlviii.
+14); 2, The end of Job (Job xlii. 17); 3, Simeon blessing Christ (Luke
+ii. 27-29); 4, The great multitude in Heaven (Rev. vii. 9.) It is a
+memorial window to Thomas Broadbent, who died in 1875. It was given by
+his daughter, Elizabeth Boyd Garfit, the wife of Thomas Garfit, M.P. for
+Bristol, and is by Hardman.
+
+In the antechapel is a four light window. The subjects are the Good
+Shepherd teaching the young and healing the sick. It was given by James
+Chadwick, churchwarden, in 1863, and is by Ward & Hughes.
+
+[Illustration: THE GORDON MEMORIAL WINDOW.]
+
+The easternmost window in the nave, in what was once the Ducie Chapel, has
+five lights, and was erected by C. J. Scholfield in 1888 as a memorial to
+Major-General Gordon, who was killed at Khartoum in 1888. In the centre
+light the General is represented with his hand on the head of a native
+boy; in the other lights we see native women and children expressing
+their gratitude to him for his work on their behalf; and in the outer
+lights and above the heads of the human figures are angels.
+
+This window is by Messrs. Wilson & Whitehouse of London, and from the
+interest of its subject attracts much attention.
+
+The next window to the west has four lights, each of which contains two
+subjects: in the upper tier, Sts. Stephen, Paul, Barnabas, and Philip;
+in the lower, the stoning of St. Stephen, the Conversion of Saul, St.
+Paul and Barnabas, and St. Paul before Agrippa. It was given by Stephen
+Smith in memory of his two sisters, Lucinda and Marie, who died in 1881
+and 1883 respectively. This window is the work of Messrs. Burlison &
+Grylls.
+
+The next window contains, in two tiers, representations of various Old
+and New Testament characters. It was inserted as a memorial to Samuel
+and Elizabeth Pickup. It is by Messrs. Clayton & Bell.
+
+The next window also has two subjects in each of its four lights: the
+upper one, Feeding the hungry, etc.; the lower, the story of the Good
+Samaritan. This was given in memory of James Pickup, who died in 1868.
+It is by Messrs. Clayton & Bell.
+
+The next bay opens into the north porch and does not contain any window.
+Between this and the west wall is a four-light window containing
+representations of eight incidents in the life of Joseph: 1, His dream;
+2, his coat dipped in blood; 3, his imprisonment; 4, his interpretation
+of the butler's and baker's dreams; 5, his interpretation of Pharaoh's
+dreams; 6, his honour in Egypt; 7, his turning aside from his brothers to
+weep; 8, the presentation of Jacob to Pharaoh. This window was presented
+by J. Beard in 1887, and is by Hardman.
+
+The west window of the outer north aisle has seven lights. The subject
+is the Ascension. It is a memorial to William Rose, superintendent
+of the Manchester Fire Brigade, who died in 1884, and is the work of
+Messrs. Clayton & Bell.
+
+The window at the west end of the inner north aisle has two tiers of
+subjects; in the heads are angels playing on musical instruments. It
+was given as a memorial by the widow and children of Samuel Fletcher,
+who died in 1863, and is by Hardman.
+
+The windows of the clerestory contain five lights; in the north side all
+are painted, on the south side only the four western ones.
+
+The subjects are:--
+
+On the north side: 1, Aaron sacrificing on the day of Atonement; given
+by R. B. M. Lingard Monk. It was painted by Messrs. Clayton & Bell.
+
+2. Joshua at the fall of Jericho; given by Sir J.W. Maclure, Bart., M.P.
+It is by Messrs. Clayton & Bell.
+
+3. David praising God in the tabernacle; given by G. Benton. By Burlison
+& Grylls.
+
+4. Solomon praising God; given by Susanna Woodcock in memory of Henry
+Woodcock. By Gibbs of London.
+
+5. The ascent of Elijah; given by Sir W. Cunliffe Brooks, Bart. Painted
+by Messrs. Clayton & Bell.
+
+6. Malachi pointing out the promised messenger; given by Edward and Henry
+Charlewood. It was painted by Messrs. Burlison & Grylls.
+
+On the south side:--
+
+1. Moses with the tables of the Law; given by James Chadwick.
+
+2. Miriam dancing and singing; given by William Hatton.
+
+3. Joseph and his brethren; given by Lord Egerton of Tatton.
+
+4. Abraham offering Isaac; given by the Earl of Ellesmere. These four
+windows are all the work of Messrs. Heaton, Butler & Baynes.
+
+In the choir clerestory on the north side only the second from the west
+is painted; it represents Christ raising the dead, and is by Clayton &
+Bell.
+
+On the south side, the first and third from the west are painted. The
+former represents Christ and Nicodemus; it was the gift of Canon Gibson,
+and is by Hardman. The other, representing the presentation of Christ in
+the Temple, was given by Canon Gibson, and is by Ward & Hughes.
+
+The east window of the choir, a short wide window of seven lights,
+representing the Crucifixion, was given by W. Andrews in 1856, and is
+by Hardman.
+
+[Illustration: THE NAVE FROM THE WEST.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+SHORT HISTORY OF THE PARISH AND DIOCESE.
+
+
+Before 1422 the church was purely parochial, and was under rectors, the
+names of thirteen of whom have come down to us.
+
+Ranulphus de Welling is the first of whom we have any record. Albert de
+Neville's name is also preserved, but we do not know the dates of their
+appointment; all we know is that the former lived before the commencement
+of the thirteenth century. With the appointment of Peter Greslet in 1261,
+the unbroken list begins.
+
+    1284 William de Marchia succeeded him. He became Bishop of Bath
+    and Wells in 1292 or 1293. Here he obtained a great reputation
+    for saintly life, and after his death miracles were worked at
+    his tomb, persons suffering from toothache resorting to it. He
+    was for some time Treasurer of England under Edward I.
+
+    1292 Walter de Langton was appointed rector of Manchester, and also
+    Treasurer of England. In 1296 he was promoted to the Bishopric
+    of Lichfield, to which diocese Manchester then belonged. At
+    Lichfield he distinguished himself as builder of the Lady Chapel
+    and Palace. He retained the rectory of Manchester until 1299,
+    when he was succeeded by his grandson.
+
+    1301 Geoffrey de Stoke became rector, and was succeeded in 1313
+    by John de Guerden, whose name appears in several other forms
+    Verdun and Everden. He became Dean of St. Paul's, London, in
+    1323. Another name, that of John de Arden, occurs about this time
+    among the rectors of Manchester, but the date of his appointment
+    is not known.
+
+    1323 Adam de Southwick became rector.
+
+    1327 John de Clandon.
+
+    1351 Thomas de Wyke; and finally in
+
+    1373 Thomas de la Warre.
+
+In 1422 the church became collegiate, when Henry V. granted a charter
+to Thomas, Lord de la Warre, Rector of Manchester, and Lord of the Manor
+"Ecclesiam de Mancestre in ecclesiam collegeatam erigere," and from this
+date the title of Rector was exchanged for that of Warden.
+
+The following is a complete list of the wardens, with the dates of their
+appointments:--
+
+    1422. John Huntington, B.D. (rector of Ashton-under-Lyne); he
+    is noteworthy as the builder of much of the church which we
+    see to-day.
+
+    1459. John Booth, LL.B., archdeacon of Redmore, formerly treasurer
+    of the cathedral church at York.
+
+    1465. Ralph Langley, LL.D., rector of Prestwich, the rebuilder
+    of the nave.
+
+    1481. James Stanley (1), D.D., Prebendary of St Paul's and
+    archdeacon of Chester.
+
+    1485. James Stanley (2), M.A., D.C.L. He founded the Chapel of
+    St. John the Baptist, built the entrance to the chapter house,
+    and in connection with Richard Beck, a Manchester merchant,
+    erected the choir stalls and canopies. He became Bishop of Ely
+    in 1509, and is buried in the Ely Chantry at Manchester.
+
+    1509. Robert Cliff, B.D., LL.D.
+
+    1515. Richard Alday.
+
+    1518. George West.
+
+    1535. George Collyer, M.A.
+
+    1557. Laurence Vaux, B.D., chaplain to the Bishop of Gloucester.
+
+    1558. William Bird, M.A.
+
+    1570. Thomas Herle, chaplain to Queen Elizabeth.
+
+    1578. John Walton, B.D. He was appointed Bishop of Exeter in 1579.
+
+    1579. William Chadderton, D.D., consecrated Bishop of Chester
+    in 1579. Manchester by this time had become part of the new see
+    of Chester, and Chadderton retained his wardenship along with
+    the higher office, but he resigned it when he was translated to
+    the see of Lincoln in 1595.
+
+    1595. John Dee, M.A., a layman and a celebrated mathematician,
+    alchemist, astrologer, and necromancer, who professed to see
+    visions in crystal globes, and was much consulted by many,
+    among them by the Queen, to forecast future events, held the
+    office of warden for some years, but retired in 1608, and died
+    in poverty at Mortlake, at the age of 81.
+
+    1608. Richard Murray, D.D., Rector of Stopford, and Dean of
+    St. Buryan's in Cornwall.
+
+    1636. Richard Heyrick, M.A. He was expelled in 1646, but reinstated
+    in his office in 1660. His memorial tablet may be seen on the
+    wall of the south aisle, dated 1667.
+
+    1667. Nicholas Stratford, D.D. He resigned in 1684, and five
+    years after this was consecrated Bishop of Chester.
+
+    1684. Richard Wroe, D.D., Prebendary of Chester.
+
+    1718. Samuel Peploe (1), D.D. He was consecrated Bishop of Chester
+    in 1726, and ruled that see till 1752. He retained the wardenship,
+    together with the bishopric, until 1738.
+
+    1738. Samuel Peploe (2), LL.D. He was Chancellor of Chester,
+    and Archdeacon of Richmond, Yorkshire.
+
+    1781. Richard Assheton, D.D.
+
+    1800. Thomas Blackburne, LL.D.
+
+    1823. Thomas Calvert, D.D., rector of Wilmslow.
+
+    1840. The Hon. William Herbert, D.D., LL.D. When the diocese of
+    Manchester was formed out of that of Chester in 1847, the warden
+    was raised to the higher rank of Dean, and hence Dr. Herbert
+    was last warden and first Dean, but he did not hold the latter
+    office long.
+
+The following is a list of the Deans:--
+
+    1847. The Hon. William Herbert, D.D., LL.D.
+
+    1847. George Hull Bowers, D.D.
+
+    1872. Benjamin Morgan Cowie, D.D. In 1884 he became Dean of Exeter,
+    a post he held until he died in 1900.
+
+    1884. John Oakley, D.D. He had been Dean of Carlisle from 1881-1884.
+
+    1890. Edward Craig Maclure, D.D., the present Dean.
+
+The present cathedral staff consists of the Dean, four residentiary
+Canons, twenty-four honorary Canons, two minor Canons, two Clerks (in
+orders), an organist, four singing men, and four singing boys on the
+foundation, to whom others are added by subscription.
+
+The relation of the Dean of Manchester to the Rectory is defined by
+the Parish of Manchester Division Act, 1850, which states that "Such
+Part or Residue of the said Parish of Manchester as shall remain after
+severance therefrom of any Parts or Portions thereof, shall be, and be
+deemed to be for all Ecclesiastical Purposes, the Parish of Manchester;
+and the Dean of Manchester for the time being shall, upon Institution
+and Installation into his Deanery, have the cure of souls therein, and
+shall be assisted in such cure by the Chaplains or Minor Canons of the
+said Cathedral or Collegiate Church, to be hereafter appointed, who,
+in all matters connected with the Spiritual Duties of the said Parish,
+shall be subject to, and act under his directions; and the said Dean
+shall have all rights and powers in reference to the performance of
+the services of the said church, as the Parish Church of Manchester,
+as fully and effectually as if he were Rector of the same, subject
+nevertheless to any rights belonging to or duties imposed on the Canons
+and Minor Canons or Chaplains of the said Cathedral or Collegiate Church,
+in respect of the performance of the services thereof prescribed by the
+recited Letters Patent."
+
+The list of the churchwardens of the parish church from 1422 to 1595,
+and from 1663 to the present time, three for each year, is in existence.
+
+The diocese of Manchester has but a short history, as it has had an
+independent existence for little more than half a century.
+
+Until 1541 Manchester was part of the great see of Lichfield. In that year
+Henry VIII. made a new diocese of Chester, by taking the archdeaconry of
+Chester from the diocese of Lichfield, and the archdeaconry of Richmond
+from that of York.
+
+The see of Chester then included the counties of Chester, Lancaster, and
+portions of Cumberland, Westmorland, York, Flint, and Denbigh.
+
+In 1836 the archdeaconry of Richmond was assigned to the new see of
+Ripon, and the part of Lancashire known as Furness, together with these
+parts of Westmorland and Cumberland above mentioned, were added to the
+diocese of Carlisle.
+
+In 1847 the new see of Manchester was formed from the diocese of Chester.
+
+The diocese of Manchester lies within the county of Lancaster, but does
+not embrace the whole county, part of which forms the see of Liverpool,
+while a small part of it belongs to that of Carlisle.
+
+It consists of three archdeaconries:--Manchester, Lancaster, and Blackburn.
+
+The total number of benefices in the diocese in the year 1900 was 550,
+of beneficed clergy, 525, and of assistant curates about 360.
+
+The cathedral church is calculated to afford accommodation for 2000
+persons.
+
+Since the foundation of the see it has been presided over by three bishops.
+
+The first was the Right Rev. =James Prince Lee=, D.D., F.R.S., for many
+years headmaster of King Edward's School, Birmingham, and a distinguished
+scholar. He was elected in 1847, and consecrated in the first month of
+the following year by the Archbishop of York and the Bishops of Chester
+and Worcester. He died in 1869 at Mauldeth Hall, Heaton Mersey, and was
+buried in Heaton Mersey Churchyard.
+
+He was succeeded by the Right Rev. =James Fraser=, D.D., who when at
+Oxford had gained the Ireland Scholarship, and became a Fellow of Oriel
+College. He was a man of great intellectual power, of kindly manner, and
+won the respect and confidence not only of Churchmen, but of members of
+all denominations, especially of the mill hands of his populous diocese.
+He was nominated to the see in January 1890, and consecrated in March of
+the same year. He died 22nd October 1885 at Manchester, and is buried in
+the churchyard of Ufton Nervet, Berks.
+
+The present bishop, the Right Rev. =James Moorhouse=, D.D., was translated
+from the see of Melbourne to that of Manchester in 1886.
+
+
+DIMENSIONS OF MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL.
+
+
+  Ft.
+  Total length over all, exterior,                                  248
+  Width,                                                            173
+  Length of Nave and Choir, interior,                               172
+  Width of Nave exclusive of Projections, interior,                 114
+  Distance from Rood Screen to Screen of Lady Chapel,                88
+  Length and breadth of Tower, exterior exclusive of buttresses,     28
+  Length of Lady Chapel, E. to W., interior,                         18
+  Width of Lady Chapel, N. to S., interior,                          19
+  Width of Nave,                                                     27
+  Width of inner Nave Aisles,                                        16
+  Width of outer North Aisle of Nave,                                24
+  Width of outer South Aisle of Nave,                                22
+  Projection South Porch beyond Wall of aisle,
+      exclusive of buttresses,                                       22
+  Projecting of North Porch, beyond walls of aisle,
+      exclusive of buttresses,                                       25
+  Width of South Porch, interior,                                    11
+  Width of North Porch, interior,                                    13
+  Diameter of Chapter House interior,                                19
+  Height of Roof, interior,                                          50
+  Height of Tower,                                                  140
+
+  Area, about 18,000 sq. ft.
+
+
+
+
+CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL AND LIBRARY
+
+
+[Illustration: THE HALL, CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL.]
+
+[Illustration: CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL FROM THE SOUTH-EAST.]
+
+
+
+
+CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL AND LIBRARY.
+
+
+As we stand on the north side of the cathedral and look to the north, our
+eyes rest upon a wide gravelled courtyard beyond a low wall, backed up by
+a range of mediaeval-looking buildings. These were the domestic buildings
+of the College, and are now used partly for Chetham's Free Library,
+partly for the school known as Chetham's Hospital. The endowment and
+other sources of income provide for the board and education of a hundred
+boys. They receive a sound elementary education, and are instructed in
+technical and manual work. The school is carried on under the Board of
+Education, and is typical of this education at its best. The religious
+instruction is in accordance with the tenets of the Established Church,
+and much care is taken to train the boys not only in intellectual and
+manual pursuits, but in morals and manners. A boy once placed on the
+foundation of Humphrey Chetham has a successful career assured to him,
+unless he forfeits his chances by subsequent folly on his own part. The
+boys who show the greatest intellectual power can be passed on to
+the Manchester Grammar School, and thence to Owens College, while the
+feoffees of the hospital have no difficulty in finding good places in
+the business houses of Manchester for the rest. To have been educated
+at Chetham's Hospital is a great recommendation to any boy. The boys
+still wear the picturesque costume of the sixteenth century--caps, bands,
+long-skirted dark blue coats, knee-breeches, stockings, and shoes adorned
+with buckles. The visitor to the Hospital will probably be greeted by
+one of these boys, who will ask if he wishes to see the buildings. The
+boy will, if the answer is in the affirmative, take the visitor to the
+library, where, on payment of sixpence, a ticket will be handed to him,
+franking him for the day, and the boy will conduct him over the whole
+of the buildings, pointing out the past and present uses to which each
+part of them was or is put.
+
+Before we proceed to describe the building a few words must be said
+about its history.
+
+Its site was once occupied by the "summer camp" of Roman legionaries,
+and when the Romans passed away from the island, it is highly probable
+that the English occupants of the country used it as a place of abode.
+The first authentic notice of its occupation by any person whose name has
+come down to us, dates from 1182, when Robert, the fifth Baron Greslet,
+kept court here. Thomas, the eighth baron, granted the citizens of
+Manchester their first charter in 1301, signing and sealing the charter
+here. He was the last male in the direct line of descent, and on his
+death the property passed to John De la Warre, who was a descendant of
+the Greslets or Gresleys in the female line. One of his descendants,
+Thomas, as has been already mentioned, became rector of Manchester, who
+before his death applied to King Henry V. for a charter to enable him to
+collegiate the church. He bestowed on it lands to increase the endowment,
+and gave his baronial hall to the newly founded college of priests to be
+used as their residence. All this may be read in the grant made in the
+first year of Henry VI. Certain alterations were made in the buildings,
+to fit them for the new use to which they were to be put, and from 1422
+to 1549 they were occupied by warden after warden, who, assisted by the
+Fellows, performed the services in the adjoining church, looked after the
+sick and poor, and ministered generally to the inhabitants of the parish
+of Manchester. For some reason the College was not suppressed in the reign
+of Henry VIII., when the revenues of monasteries, small and great, were
+seized by the king; but in the first year of Edward VI. it was disendowed,
+and in the third year of the reign it was granted to Edward Stanley, third
+Earl of Derby. He used it as a town house. Henry Stanley, the next earl,
+in the reign of Elizabeth obtained a charter from the Queen, re-endowing
+the College, and it once more became the abode of the wardens, now priests
+of the reformed Church. During the civil wars the warden was expelled
+(1646), and the buildings seized by the Parliament. They were let to a
+certain Joseph Werden, who sublet the refectory to the Presbyterians,
+to be used by them as a meeting-house. The Independents made use of a
+barn in the enclosure for a similar purpose.
+
+[Illustration: THE NORTH GALLERY OF THE CLOISTER.]
+
+Lieut.-Col. the Rev. John Wigan applied for the reversion of this property,
+"part of y'e estate of the late Earl of Derby, and part of y'e jointure
+of y'e Countess Dowager already sequestrated."
+
+Humphrey Chetham also had his eye upon this property, wishing to obtain it
+so that he might carry out a project formed long before to found a school
+and home for boys. The survey of the property made at this time describes
+it as consisting of "Y'e large building called y'e College in Manchester,
+consisting of many rooms, with two barnes, one gate house, verie much
+decay'd, one parcell of ground formerly an orchard, and one garden,
+now in y'e possession of Joseph Werden gent., who pays for y'e same,
+for y'e use of the Common wealth, ten pounds yearly. There is likewise
+one other room in ye said College reserved and made use of for publique
+meetings of X'sian conscientious people."
+
+Humphrey Chetham did not live to see the school founded; but in his
+will, made three years before his death, which took place in 1653,
+he appointed trustees to carry out his purpose. They, in accordance
+with his instructions, bought "y'e great house with buildings, court,
+gardens, and appurtenances, called ye Colledge or the Colledge House,"
+obtaining it for the sum of £500.
+
+On August 5, 1658, the building was formally dedicated to its new use,
+and Hallworth, chief assistant to Heyrick, the expelled warden, who, as
+stated in Chapter IV., was afterwards reinstated, in his speech on this
+occasion, told the history of the building, and concluded by saying,
+"Henceforth the said house could fitly and justly be named by no other
+name than by the name of Mr. Chetham's Hospital," and by that name it is
+known at the present day.
+
+At the time of the Restoration the Stanleys claimed the property of which
+they had been dispossessed by the Parliament, but made no difficulty about
+regranting to the feoffees that part of it occupied by the new School
+and Library. For the Library as well as the School had been already
+founded, since after making sufficient provision for the maintenance
+of the Hospital, the feoffees had money in hand which they spent in the
+purchase of books, thus forming the nucleus of the first _free_ library
+in England. To this collection books have been added by gift, bequest,
+and purchase, so that the library now contains about 60,000 volumes. The
+books can be consulted free of charge during certain hours of the day,
+but are not allowed to be removed from the building. The general public,
+however, does not make much use of the library, as it does not contain
+the light and ephemeral literature that appeals to modern taste; but
+the student who desires to read up some special subject will find many
+valuable books and manuscripts to aid him in his work. Among the rare
+books is a copy of the historical compilations of Matthew Paris, with
+marginal corrections in the author's handwriting.
+
+There is much matter to be found on these shelves dealing with the
+antiquities and history of Lancashire and Cheshire. Canon Raine bequeathed
+a fine series of Lancashire manuscripts; besides these may be seen a
+collection of broadsides, formed by Mr. T. O. Halliwell-Phillipps, and
+the library of John Byrom. In the last named collection is the final draft
+of the well-known hymn, "Christians, awake; salute the happy morn." Among
+the other books there are some fine specimens of Caxton's printing.
+
+[Illustration: THE COLLEGE GATEWAY.]
+
+We leave the churchyard, cross the street that skirts it to the north,
+and pass through a small doorway in the wall at the opposite side of the
+street, and so enter the play-ground of Chetham's Hospital. On our left
+hand as we make our way to the original building, we pass the modern
+schoolroom, which stands by itself. This, like many other buildings in
+Manchester, was designed by A. Waterhouse, R.A. The main building runs
+east and west, with projecting wings at either end. Near the eastern wing
+we notice the old entrance gateway, and the modern staircase leading
+up to what was the "hospitium" or guest-house. This has been converted
+into a dormitory for the boys. The most interesting part of the College
+is to be found in the western wing, of which an illustration is given,
+p. 63. The three windows crossed by transoms are those of the hall; the
+lower windows to the left of these belong to the audit room, the upper
+to the warden's private room, now the reading-room of the library. The
+building to the extreme left contains the library on the upper floor,
+and offices on the lower.
+
+[Illustration: CORRIDOR AND ENTRANCE TO THE HALL.]
+
+There is a long corridor, shown in the illustration below, running from
+east and west of the building; it can be entered by a door at its eastern
+end not shown in the illustration on p. 63. After entering this, as we
+proceed towards the west we pass on the right hand the fine kitchen; it
+has an open timbered roof about 35 feet from floor to ridge, and measures
+29 feet in length and 17 in width; beyond this, on the same side, are
+two doors giving entrance to the cellar, where the warden and Fellows
+kept their wine, the buttery or rather _butlery_. Opposite this, on the
+left hand side, is the Hall; its north end is partially closed by massive
+screens of black oak. It has windows on the east and west. One of those
+on the west gives light to a staircase with Jacobean balusters, which,
+starting in a direction parallel to the west wall of the hall, turns round
+and gives access to the upper story. As we still pass westward we come
+to the cloister on the left hand, and the old infirmary on the right;
+and a door still further on leads out into a garden, where the fish pond
+was formerly situated; in this the fish required for Fridays and other
+days of abstinence were kept. Caught in other water--the streams of
+Irwell and Irk probably--they were brought here and stored so that they
+could always be caught without difficulty when required for the table.
+
+[Illustration: THE CLOISTER--SOUTH-WEST ANGLE.]
+
+The cloister is small and has only three walks, the one to the north
+forming part of the corridor which has been just described; the one
+to the west is terminated at its south end by an iron gate; and the
+walk on the south leads to, and is terminated by the entrance to the
+audit room. From the west walk (illustration, p. 83) an archway leads
+into the cloister itself. This is a very secluded spot, and the walls
+show signs of great age. This cloister has one peculiarity: the walks
+already described have other walks or corridors over them. Over the
+south walk is a corridor leading by what was St. Mary's Chapel into the
+warden's room; the corridor over the west walk opened out into what was
+once the dormitory, now filled with bookcases; the walk over the long
+eastern corridor below gave access to the old refectory, which has now
+been divided into living-rooms for the governor and the librarian.
+
+The long straight line of building between the eastern and western wing
+contained the old school, the brew house, and the bakery; the upper story,
+used formerly for guests, has been converted into a dormitory for the
+boys; this is the most ancient part of the hospital.
+
+The reader, from the sketch just given, will understand the general
+arrangement of the building, various parts of which will now be described
+in more detail.
+
+We will begin with the =Hall=. This measures 43 feet from north to
+south, 24 from east to west; its walls are 22 feet in height, and the
+distance from the floor to the ridge of the open timber roof is 35 feet.
+
+At the south end is the dais, behind this the wall is panelled; on the
+west side near the dais is a recess shown in the illustration on page 72,
+and on the same side of the hall, further north, and in the centre of
+the wall, is the "Ingle-nook," as it is called.
+
+[Illustration: RECESS IN THE HALL.]
+
+This Ingle-nook did not originally form part of the hall. It is said that
+at one time it was a barn, or place for storing grain for use in the
+baronial buildings.
+
+The hall was in all probability warmed, according to the usual custom,
+by a brazier standing on the centre of the floor, the smoke from which
+gathered under the high pitched roof, blackening beams and rafters, and
+finally escaped through a spire or turret rising from the ridge of the
+roof furnished with louvre boards. The fireplace was at some subsequent
+time removed to the west side of the room, and afterwards placed inside
+the ingle-nook, first at the back of it, then at the north-eastern
+corner.
+
+It will be seen from the illustration that this recess was at one time
+entered through an arch, but the sides of this were afterwards cut
+away and a flat lintel, composed of two enormous stones, was inserted;
+the space between this and the arch was then filled in with masonry;
+at the same time, no doubt, the interior space was covered with a
+plaster ceiling at a height of about six feet from the floor; this has
+been recently removed, and the roof vaulted with stone. The recess is
+lighted from the back with windows, and provided with seats, and has an
+open fireplace. The ingle-nook is a picturesque addition to the hall,
+and forms no doubt a very cosy corner when on a cold day the fire is
+blazing in the grate; but as a means of warming the hall the present
+arrangement is manifestly far inferior to the old plan of having an open
+fire in the centre of the floor of the hall.
+
+On the wall above this recess may be seen a bust of the founder, with
+crossed swords on either side of it, and a flintlock hung below it. The
+illustrations show that the walls are built of large-size squared stones,
+and are not covered with plaster. Across the end of the hall, cutting
+off the western part of it to form the main passage spoken of above, is
+a battlemented screen. This is peculiar in that it is not a continuous
+screen furnished with doorways for entrance, and does not rise to the
+level of the roof, but consists of three detached pieces, one resting
+against the east, one against the west wall, and one standing in the
+middle, each rising to the height of about nine feet. Thus two entrances,
+each about five feet wide, are left. Here, as in other parts of the
+building, the improvements of the nineteenth century have found their
+way, and the mediaeval walls of the old hall are lighted with electric
+lamps--a most convenient and safe addition, but striking one, at first,
+as out of harmony with the surroundings. Sundry portraits adorn the
+walls, the floor is neatly sanded, and the room is kept scrupulously
+clean; an air of refinement is added to it by vases of fresh flowers
+placed on the table. In this hall the boys of the Hospital assemble at
+stated hours for prayers and meals.
+
+[Illustration: WEST SIDE OF THE CLOISTER.]
+
+The next part to be examined is the cloister court. This is a very small
+enclosure, surrounded by somewhat high walls. Admission to it is obtained
+from the west walk through the archway cut in one of the windows, shown in
+the illustration. The curious form of the glass in the windows is worthy
+of note; the pavement of the cloister-garth is formed of cobblestones,
+and towards the south end may be seen the top of the college well. The
+cloister is not rectangular, the line of the eastern side being broken
+by sundry projections.
+
+[Illustration: STAIRCASE LEADING TO CLOISTER GALLERY.]
+
+As we leave the cloister, we examine the walks to the south and west.
+The latter (see illustration, p. 83) is terminated at its south end by
+a wrought iron gate through which we get a glimpse of the outside view
+and the entrance to the library. The roof is nearly flat, with massive
+oaken beams. Several doors may be seen on the western side opening into
+cells--the living-rooms of the clergy connected with the college. As we
+turn round the corner and pass into the south walk, we see before us the
+door of the audit room. The oaken ceiling of this room is of fifteenth
+century date; the walls up to a certain height are wainscoted; above
+this they are covered with a plaster frieze. Here may be seen what is
+known as the "Founder's Chair," although it is of far earlier date than
+Chetham's time--earlier, indeed, than the date of the conversion of the
+baron's residence into a college in the fifteenth century.
+
+[Illustration: CLOISTER GALLERY, NORTH SIDE.]
+
+Leaving this room, we pass through the two cloister walks already
+described, and proceed towards the hall until on the right hand we see a
+staircase with balusters of oak, black from age. We mount this, and when
+we reach the top find ourselves in the upper corridor that runs along the
+north side of the cloister-garth. This is lit by windows looking into the
+cloister, and is covered with a wooden ceiling, just at the head of the
+staircase is the doorway leading into the private rooms of the governor,
+with exquisite oak fittings; on the north side of this corridor are doors
+similar to those that we noticed in the corridor below, opposite to the
+hall; these lead into the librarian's rooms; beyond these, to the west,
+stands a beautiful Tudor table of carved oak. At the west end of the
+corridor is an iron studded door. The carvings over the doorway on the
+west side should not be passed by unnoticed (see p. 65). The corridor
+over the west walk of the cloister is filled with bookcases plentifully
+supplied with books.
+
+[Illustration: CHETHAM'S LIBRARY, FORMERLY THE DORMITORY.]
+
+Parallel to this runs the old dormitory of the College, a room with a fine
+timber roof lighted from above; on the west side of this are a number of
+compartments formed of tall bookcases, and entered from the corridor by
+open-work doors. At the north end of the corridor is a window filled with
+painted glass, one light of which represents St. Martin of Tours dividing
+his cloak with a beggar, and the other Eutychus falling out of the window.
+
+At the south end of this corridor we find a staircase which leads from
+the ground floor close to the main entrance to the library, and is, in
+fact, the way by which readers usually enter it. There is a room with a
+similar timber roof running along the south side of the building parallel
+to the corridor above the south walk of the cloister. This was once a
+chapel dedicated to St. Mary, and now, like the dormitory, is filled
+with bookcases; but an oak altar rail, dating from the middle of the
+sixteenth century, with double spiral rails, may still be seen here.
+
+At the east end of the south corridor is a door leading into a beautiful
+room, now used as the reading room; formerly it was the warden's room,
+and many a man well known in history has sat within its walls. Here
+Sir Walter Raleigh and the courtiers of his day were entertained by the
+warden, Dr. Dee, of whom mention was made in the last chapter,--a wizard
+as he was then thought to be, whom even the Queen did not hesitate to
+consult when she wished to know the future.
+
+This room, like many others in this building, has an open timber roof and
+a cornice, dating from the time of the foundation of the College in the
+days of Henry V. The walls are wainscoted up to the level of the spring
+of the roof which spans the room from east to west.
+
+[Illustration: THE WARDEN'S ROOM, NOW THE READING ROOM--NORTH SIDE.]
+
+In the centre of the north side of this room is a fireplace. This
+wall is wainscoted up to the same height as the other walls, and above
+the oak panelling it is profusely decorated, as will be seen from the
+illustrations, with scrolls and other patterns. This decoration was done
+in the early years of the reign of Charles II., after the College had
+been converted into Chetham's Hospital. In the centre of the room is a
+handsome oval oak table, with a number of chairs to match; against the
+south wall stands a fifteenth century communion table, and against the
+north wall to the left of the fireplace, a handsome sideboard of carved
+oak. This was made up of portions of two pieces of old furniture, namely,
+the top of a bookcase once given by Humphrey Chetham to Walmsley Church,
+near Bolton-le-Moors, still bearing an inscription: "The gift of Humphrey
+Chetham Esquire, 1655," and a fifteenth century bedstead once used by the
+Pretender when sleeping at Hulton Park in Lancashire. This sideboard was
+presented to the College by a member of the Hulton family, who was one
+of the Chetham feoffees. Round the walls are several portraits. From
+the east side of the room there is a projecting bay lighted by three
+windows and furnished with seats and a square writing table with sloping
+sides, to which students can take the book from which they wish to make
+extracts. The enrichments of the ceiling of the bay are of plaster, but
+the rest of the vault is stone. All the floors of this upper story are
+of oak, well polished by the feet of many generations. The furniture of
+the reading room harmonizes well with the room itself. The windows are
+placed under widely splayed, obtusely pointed four centred arches. On
+the sill of one stands a statuette in bronze of Humphrey Chetham and
+one of the boys of his school, similar to the marble statue already
+described as standing at the east end of the north choir aisle of
+the cathedral church. At the northwest corner of the room is a door
+which the visitor might easily overlook, but which gives access to a
+most interesting chamber. This was at one time the minstrels' gallery
+opening out into the hall, when in the time of the Greslets and the De
+le Warres, the baron, his guests and retainers feasted merrily there,
+while the harpers twanged their strings and sang of deeds of daring and
+war and victory. When the building passed into ecclesiastical hands in
+1422 the arches opening into the hall were walled up, and the minstrels'
+gallery was converted into a scriptorium; two small openings were,
+however, left in the wall from which the warden passing out of his own
+room into the scriptorium might see what was being done in the hall below.
+
+[Illustration: THE READING ROOM: EAST SIDE.]
+
+Leaving the warden's room we may descend by the staircase at the
+south-west corner of the building, and before quitting this part of the
+hospital altogether, make a closer examination of the wrought iron gate
+at the south end of the west walk of the cloister. On it we see embossed
+in brass, the arms of the founder and below the arms, the motto, "Quod
+tuum tene," "Hold thine own."
+
+The part of the building used as the boys' dormitories has been internally
+refitted in modern times, and so has lost somewhat of its archaeological
+interest; but the building, taken as a whole, is a very valuable relic
+of mediaeval times. Even if there were nothing older than Chetham's day,
+it would be well worth study; but of course it is of much earlier date,
+and we see a building which has been used for three distinct purposes at
+different times of its history: first as a baron's dwelling-place, then as
+the abode of one of those religious bodies differing in many points from
+the regular monastic orders known as colleges of clergy, and finally
+converted into one of those educational establishments which sprang up
+into vigorous existence in the days succeeding the dissolution of the
+monasteries. It is especially interesting to note how many features of the
+life led by the boys at the time of the foundation are still preserved
+at this hospital. Modern improvements have been judiciously introduced
+into the management of this educational foundation; there has been no
+unnecessary reckless sweeping away of what is old and picturesque,
+and yet, at the same time, the character of the education given has
+been brought well up to modern requirements, fulfilling literally the
+conditions laid down by the founder, who directed that "Ye boys shall be
+taught ye reading, ye writing, ye summes, and all kinds of ye ingenuitie."
+
+[Illustration: THE CLOISTER--WEST WALK.]
+
+It is a matter of congratulation that this ancient building has
+been preserved from falling into ruin and being used as a quarry of
+ready-hewn stone, a fate that overtook so many of the religious houses
+of the country when the monastic bodies were expelled; and also that by
+the wise regulations made for the admission of visitors, the place is
+easily seen, and yet is preserved from all chance of injury.
+
+
+GROUND-PLAN OF THE COLLEGIATE BUILDINGS, NOW CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL.
+
+(From "Old Halls of Lancashire and Cheshire," by Henry Taylor.)
+
+[Illustration: GROUND-PLAN OF THE COLLEGIATE BUILDINGS, NOW CHETHAM'S
+HOSPITAL. (From "Old Halls of Lancashire and Cheshire," by Henry Taylor.)]
+
+1. Porch. 2. Hall. 3. Cloister. 4. Cloister walks with galleries above.
+5. Audit Room with Warden's Room above. 6. Fellows' Rooms. 7. Butteries.
+8. Kitchen. 9. Bakehouse. 10. Hospitium. 11. Gateway. 12. Steps to
+River--now covered.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+  Aisles, the outer, 27.
+  Archdeaconries, the, 59.
+
+  Baptistery, the, 29.
+  Bibby's Porch, 27.
+  Bishop's Throne, 45.
+  Bishops of Manchester, the, 59.
+  Brown's Chantry, 27.
+  Bust of Humphrey Chetham, the, 73.
+
+  Chapel of the Holy Trinity, 6, 40.
+  Chapter, the, 58.
+  Chapter House, the, 10, 17, 34.
+  Chetham's Hospital and Library, 6, 63;
+    cloister, the, 71, 74;
+    hall, the, 71;
+    library, the, 67;
+    reading-room, the, 78;
+    kitchen, the, 69.
+  Chetham, Humphrey, 36, 66.
+  Choir, the, 6, 41, 45.
+  College, the, 5, 7, 66, 67;
+    dormitory, the, 78;
+    founder's chair, the, 75;
+    minstrels' gallery, the, 81.
+  Craven Porch, 19, 41.
+
+  Deans of Manchester, the, 57, 58.
+  Dedication, the, 4.
+  Derby Chapel, the, 6, 9, 19, 37-39.
+  Dimensions of the Cathedral, 60.
+
+  Edward VI., 7.
+  Ely Chapel, the, 6, 17, 19, 37.
+
+  Fraser, Bishop, 34, 59.
+  Fraser Chapel, the, 5, 10, 17, 28, 34
+
+  Gordon Window, the, 51.
+  Gresley family, the, 5, 31, 64.
+  Guest-House, the, 68.
+
+  Henry VIII., 7.
+  Heyrick, Richard, warden, 7, 57.
+  Hulme Chapel, the, 6, 17.
+  Huntington, John, warden, 6, 35, 56.
+
+  Jesus Chapel, the, 6, 17, 29, 33.
+
+  Lady Chapel, the, 6, 17, 19, 34.
+  Langley, Ralph, warden, 6, 56.
+  Lee, Bishop Prince, 59.
+
+  Manchester, See of, 8, 58.
+  Mary I., 7.
+  Moorhouse, Bishop, 59.
+
+  Nave, the central, 41.
+
+  Organ, the, 45.
+  Organ, the small, 9, 37.
+
+  Parapets, 19.
+  Porch, the west, 5, 10, 13, 29;
+    the south, 5, 10, 15, 29;
+    the north, 5, 10, 41.
+  Pulpit, the, 43.
+
+  Rectors, the, 55.
+  Reredos, the, 46.
+  Rood-Screen, the, 43.
+
+  Smith, Father, 37.
+  Stalls, the, 6, 45.
+  Stanley family, the, 7, 66.
+  Stanley, James, Bishop of Ely, 6;
+    warden, 56.
+  St. John the Baptist's Chapel, 29, 37, 38 (see Derby Chapel).
+  St. James' Chapel (Ducie), 6, 27, 40.
+  St. George's Chapel, 6, 27, 30.
+  St. Nicholas' Chapel, 17, 27, 30.
+  Sundial, 17.
+
+  Tower, the western, 9, 19.
+  Trafford Chapel, 27, 30.
+
+  Wardens, the, 56, 57.
+  Windows, the, 7, 24, 47-53.
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+[Footnote 1: It states that the churches of St. Mary and St. Michael
+hold one carucate (that is, about 100 acres) of land quit of all taxes
+save the Danegelt.]
+
+[Footnote 2: A triforium in purely Perpendicular buildings is rare.]
+
+[Footnote 3: The height of the central line of the roof (50 feet) is not
+quite double the span (27 feet).]
+
+[Footnote 4: St. George and St. Denys, patron saints of England and
+France, were added to the dedication at the time that the church became
+collegiate, Henry V. being King of England and France.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+    Minor obvious typographic errors have been corrected. Otherwise,
+    inconsistencies in the usage of capitalization, accents and spelling,
+    etc. have been preserved as printed.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral
+Church of Manchester, by Thomas Perkins
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELL'S CATHEDRALS: MANCHESTER ***
+
+***** This file should be named 37194-8.txt or 37194-8.zip *****
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+
+
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diff --git a/37194-8.zip b/37194-8.zip
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@@ -0,0 +1,3619 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
+<title>
+    The Project Gutenberg eBook of Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Manchester,
+    by The Rev. Thomas Perkins.
+</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+  body                 {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;}
+  p { text-indent:   1em;
+      margin-top:    .75em;
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+      text-align:    justify;
+      margin-bottom: .75em; }
+  p.hanging            { text-indent: -3em; margin-left: 5em; }
+  h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6    { text-align: center; clear: both; }
+  hr                   { width: 50%; }
+  hr.full              { width: 100%; }
+
+  table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 75%;}
+  span.pagenum         { position: absolute; right: 1%; left: 91%; font-size: 8pt;
+                         color: gray; text-align: left;}
+
+  .quote  { margin-left: 6%; margin-right: 6%;
+            text-indent: 0em; font-size: 100%; }
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+                   margin: auto; clear: both; }
+
+  .foot          { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;
+                   text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 100%; }
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+  .poem p.i2     { margin-left: 1em; }
+</style>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of
+Manchester, by Thomas Perkins
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Manchester
+       A Short History and Description of the Church and of the
+              Collegiate Buildings now known as Chetham's Hospital
+
+Author: Thomas Perkins
+
+Release Date: August 24, 2011 [EBook #37194]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELL'S CATHEDRALS: MANCHESTER ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Charles Aldarondo, David
+Garcia and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[i]</a></span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p><!--[Blank Page]--><br /></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[ii]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image01.jpg" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/image01s.jpg" width="500" height="325"
+alt="MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL FROM THE SOUTH."
+title="Manchester Cathedral from the South." /></a>
+<br />
+MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL FROM THE SOUTH.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[iii]</a></span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<h1>
+<small>THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF</small><br />
+<big>MANCHESTER</big>
+</h1>
+<p class="center">
+A SHORT HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION<br />
+OF THE CHURCH AND OF THE<br />
+COLLEGIATE BUILDINGS NOW KNOWN AS<br />
+<big>CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL</big>
+</p>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p class="center">
+<small>BY</small>
+<br />
+<big>THE REV. THOMAS PERKINS, M.A.</big>
+<br />
+<small>RECTOR OF TURNWORTH, DORSET</small>
+</p>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p class="center">
+WITH 43 ILLUSTRATIONS
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image02.png">
+<img src="images/image02s.png"
+title="Arms of the See"
+alt="Arms of the See" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p class="center">
+LONDON GEORGE BELL &amp; SONS 1901
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p><!--[Blank Page]--><br /></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<h2>
+    PREFACE.
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+I have to acknowledge with my sincerest thanks the help I received
+locally in compiling this little volume.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Dean of Manchester was good enough to offer to read the
+proof-sheets, and has made various suggestions and additions which have
+done much to improve it. The sheets have also had the benefit of Canon
+Hicks' revision.
+</p>
+<p>
+The photographic illustrations, with the exception of two by Mr. W. H.
+Bowman of Manchester, were taken by myself, and I have also to thank the
+Dean for permission to photograph in all parts of the church.
+</p>
+<p>
+Mr. Walter T. Browne, Governor of Chetham's Hospital and Library, gave
+me every facility for examining and photographing the building, and
+supplied me with much valuable information. He also carefully revised
+the proof-sheets of the latter portion of the book.
+</p>
+<p>
+Mr. J. T. Chapman, of Albert Square, placed his dark-room at my disposal,
+so that I was able to develop my negatives on the spot, and make second
+exposures when necessary.
+</p>
+<p>
+Lastly, Mr. Thackeray Turner, Secretary of the Society for the
+Protection of Ancient Buildings, lent me sundry papers and reports
+dealing with Chetham's Hospital and Library. The kind assistance thus
+received has made my task an easy one, and has materially added to the
+accuracy of the volume.
+</p>
+<p class="right">
+                                                        THOMAS PERKINS.
+</p>
+<p>
+<span class="sc">Turnworth</span>, <i>September 1901</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p><!--[Blank Page]--><br /></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<h2>
+    CONTENTS.
+</h2>
+
+<table summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr><td></td><td align='right'><small>PAGE</small></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="sc">Chapter I.&mdash;History of the Building</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_3'>3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="sc">Chapter II.&mdash;The Exterior</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_13'>13</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="sc">Chapter III.&mdash;The Interior</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_23'>23</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="sc">Chapter IV.&mdash;Short History of the Parish and Diocese</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_55'>55</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="sc">Chetham's Hospital and Library</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_63'>63</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="sc">Index</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_87'>87</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p><!--[Blank Page]--><br /></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<h2>
+    LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+</h2>
+
+<table summary="List of Illustrations">
+<tr><td></td><td align='right'><small>PAGE</small></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Manchester Cathedral from the South</td><td align='right'><i><a href='#Page_ii'>Frontispiece</a></i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Arms of the See</td><td align='right'><i><a href='#Page_iii'>Title Page</a></i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Manchester Cathedral from the North-East</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_2'>2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Cathedral from the West</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_3'>3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>View across the Choir from the Ely Chapel about 1850</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_8'>8</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Windows on the South Side</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_12'>12</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The West Porch</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_14'>14</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The South Porch</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_16'>16</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Ely Chapel</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_18'>18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>North Side of the Nave</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_20'>20</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Choir, looking East</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_22'>22</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Choir Screen</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_23'>23</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>View across the Nave, looking North-East</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_25'>25</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Inner South Aisle of the Nave</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_28'>28</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Tower Arch</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_30'>30</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Screen of the Jesus Chapel</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_31'>31</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Entrance to the Chapter House</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_32'>32</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The South Choir Aisle</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_33'>33</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Screen of the Lady Chapel</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_35'>35</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Statue of Sir Humphrey Chetham</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_36'>36</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Interior of North Doorway</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_39'>39</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>View across the Nave, looking North-West</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_40'>40</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Choir, looking West</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_42'>42</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Desk Ends in the Choir Stalls</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_43'>43</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Choir Stalls, North Side</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_44'>44</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Gordon Memorial Window</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_51'>51</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Nave from the West</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_54'>54</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Hall, Chetham's Hospital</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_62'>62</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Chetham's Hospital from the South-East</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_63'>63</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The North Gallery of the Cloister</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_65'>65</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The College Gateway</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_68'>68</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Corridor and Entrance to the Hall</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_69'>69</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+<span class="pagenum"><!-- Page x --><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[x]</a></span>
+                     The Cloister</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_70'>70</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Recess in the Hall</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_72'>72</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>West Side of the Cloister</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_74'>74</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Staircase leading to Cloister Gallery</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_75'>75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cloister Gallery, North Side</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_76'>76</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Chetham's Library, formerly the Dormitory</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_77'>77</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Warden's Room, now the Reading Room</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_79'>79</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Reading Room, East Side</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_82'>82</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Cloister, West Walk</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_83'>83</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Plan of Chetham's Hospital</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_85'>85</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><br /><span class="sc">Plan of Manchester Cathedral</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_89'><i>end</i></a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><!-- Page 1 --><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p><!--[Blank Page]--><br /></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><!-- Page 2 --><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a href="images/image03.jpg">
+<img src="images/image03s.jpg" width="500" height="300"
+alt="Photo, W. H. Bowman. MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH-EAST."
+title="Manchester Cathedral from the North-East." /></a>
+<br />
+<div class="left"><small><i>Photo, W. H. Bowman.</i>]</small></div>
+<br />
+MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH-EAST.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><!-- Page 3 --><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a href="images/image04.jpg" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/image04s.jpg" width="500" height="350"
+alt="Photo, W. H. Bowman. THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE WEST."
+title="The Cathedral from the West." /></a>
+<br />
+<div class="left"><small><i>Photo, W. H. Bowman.</i>]</small></div>
+<br />
+THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE WEST.
+</div>
+
+<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p class="center">
+<big>
+MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL
+</big>
+</p>
+
+<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<h2>
+    CHAPTER I.
+</h2>
+<p class="center">
+    HISTORY OF THE BUILDING.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the minds of most Englishmen the name of Manchester calls up the
+image of a vast city that, with the borough of Salford, which, though
+municipally distinct, yet is topographically united with it, contains a
+population of about three quarters of a million of inhabitants. And it
+is, moreover, generally supposed that Manchester is entirely of modern
+growth&mdash;a collection of mills, and warehouses, and shops; yet, if anyone
+pauses for a moment to consider, the name itself suggests that the
+foundation of the city must date back from the time of the Roman
+occupation of the island. It has been, and not unreasonably, supposed
+that it was
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>
+
+ a British stronghold before the soldiers of Agricola took
+possession of it. Certain it is that it was occupied by Roman troops,
+and it is said that they made their summer camp near the spot where the
+building that is the subject of this book now stands, hard by the
+junction of the little stream of the Irk with the larger river Irwell.
+In those early days these streams in all probability ran bright and
+clear through broad meadow lands, and were crossed by bridges of very
+ancient construction. The remains of one such bridge have long been
+known to exist, and have on more than one occasion been uncovered.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Irk now runs through a tunnel, and discharges its waters into the
+grimy, sluggish stream of the Irwell, which divides Manchester from
+Salford, and runs between the Exchange Station of the London and
+North-Western Railway and the cathedral church of the new diocese
+created in 1847.
+</p>
+<p>
+Many Roman coins, principally those of Nero, Vitellius, Vespasian,
+Domitian, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Constantine, have been
+found at various times in the course of digging the foundations of
+houses.
+</p>
+<p>
+What befell Manchester when the Romans left Britain we do not know. That
+Paulinus preached here is highly probable; that Ine, King of the West
+Saxons, resided here with his Queen Ethelburga about 690 is recorded;
+that, like many other places not far distant from the seaboard, it was
+ravaged by the Danes is certain. King Edward the Unconquered, in 923,
+sent troops to repair its walls and garrison the town.
+</p>
+<p>
+No picturesque legends about the foundation of the original Church of
+St. Mary which stood near the site of the present cathedral have come
+down to us. All we know is, that two wood-built churches are mentioned
+in Domesday Book as standing either in the town or the parish, one of
+them dedicated to St. Mary, the other to St. Michael.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"><!--note--></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">1</a> The former was
+probably a predecessor of the present building, which is dedicated
+jointly to St. Mary, St. George, and St. Denys, though not on the same
+site. But of any Norman church of St. Mary not a trace is left, nor are
+there any remains of thirteenth century work visible in the church as we
+see it
+
+<!-- Page 5 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span>
+
+ to-day. Various examples of thirteenth and fourteenth century
+work, however, have been found in the walls of the church and in the
+western tower at different times during repairs and restorations.
+</p>
+<p>
+William the Conqueror conferred the lands between the Mersey and the
+Ribble on Roger of Poictou, who granted the Manor of Manchester to the
+Gresley family; Thomas Gresley, Baron of Manchester, granted a charter
+to the townspeople of Manchester in 1301. Under these early barons the
+church was held successively by about fifteen rectors, among whom may be
+mentioned William de la Marcia (1284), who became Bishop of Bath and
+Wells in 1292; Walter Langton, who was appointed Rector of Manchester,
+and also Keeper of the Great Seal by Edward I. in 1292, and was
+consecrated Bishop of Lichfield in 1296, but retained his rectory for
+three years after his consecration; John de Verdun or Everden (1313),
+who became Dean of St. Paul's in 1323. Meanwhile, the manor had passed
+from the Gresleys to the De la Warres; the last of their family became a
+priest, and appointed himself Rector of Manchester in 1373. He was a
+liberal benefactor to the church, and in order that there should be a
+suitable body of clergy to look after the spiritual welfare of the town,
+he endowed the church as a collegiate institution, obtaining the
+requisite charter from Henry V. in 1422. The college consisted of a
+warden, eight fellows in priests' orders, four deacons, and six boy
+choristers.
+</p>
+<p>
+The old baronial hall was granted to the newly appointed body as a place
+of residence. This was largely modified to suit the requirements of its
+new inmates, and the church itself was gradually reconstructed. Hence we
+find the church built in the Perpendicular style, a style that has been
+imitated in the many additions that have been made to the building since
+it was raised to cathedral rank in 1847. So quickly does the smoke-laden
+atmosphere of Manchester discolour the stone, that in a very few years
+after their erection the new parts of the church match in colour the
+older parts of the building, and the passer-by who gives but a casual
+glance at the cathedral would be surprised to learn how much of its
+structure dates from the nineteenth century. At the present time, 1901,
+the only obviously new part is the western porch, but the north and
+south porches, the Fraser Chapel on
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>
+
+ the south side of the choir, the
+south-west corner of the building, as well as the tower, are all modern
+additions or reconstructions, and much of the exterior has been recased
+with stone. The residence of the warden and fellows, much modified at
+subsequent dates, may still be found on the north side of the church, on
+the other side of a road that skirts the churchyard. It is now known as
+Chetham's Hospital and Library; for fuller information about this
+building the reader is referred to the latter part of this volume.
+</p>
+<p>
+No sooner had the first warden, John Huntington, been appointed, than he
+set to work to enlarge and beautify the collegiate church.
+</p>
+<p>
+The oldest part of the church is the arch leading into the Lady Chapel,
+which, with its responds, has more resemblance to the Decorated than to
+the Perpendicular style. This arch was accurately restored some
+twenty-five or thirty years ago. The rebus of Sir John Huntington, the
+first warden, who was appointed in 1422, renders it probable that this
+part of the church was largely reconstructed by him. While he was
+warden, 1422-1458, the choir and its aisles were rebuilt, and the
+chapter house built. Under successive wardens the work of reconstruction
+was carried on, and occupied about a hundred years. The third warden,
+Ralph Langley (1465-1481), is said to have completed the nave; much work
+was done during the wardenship of James Stanley II. (1485-1509),
+afterwards Bishop of Ely, for the chapel of the Holy Trinity was founded
+by W. Radcliffe in 1498; the Jesus Chapel, now the vestry and library,
+was founded by Richard Beswick in 1506; the Hulme Chapel, now destroyed,
+which formerly projected to the south from the eastern part of the south
+wall of the Jesus Chapel, was founded by Ralph Hulme in 1507; the St.
+James' Chantry or Ducie Chapel was built in the same year; and the choir
+stalls were erected by the warden himself in 1508. In this year also W.
+Galley built St. George's Chapel. James Stanley is also recorded to have
+built the double entrance into the chapter house. The Derby and Ely
+Chapels on the north side are of rather later date; in the latter the
+ex-warden, James Stanley II., then Bishop of Ely, was buried. This
+chapel was built by Sir John Stanley in 1515. In 1518 the eighth warden,
+George West (1518-1535) is recorded to have built the Lady Chapel, but
+this work was probably a reconstruction
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>
+
+ rather than a fresh building;
+the windows that we see in it now are eighteenth century work, but
+probably are imitations of those that previously existed in this chapel,
+and their style indicates a considerably earlier date than 1518. Indeed,
+their tracery resembles fourteenth century work. It will be noticed from
+the dates just given that the church was finished not long before the
+Reformation.
+</p>
+<p>
+Up to 1541 Manchester belonged to the diocese of Lichfield, but Henry
+VIII. then transferred it to the newly founded see of Chester.
+</p>
+<p>
+The college was dissolved by Edward VI., who bestowed its lands on the
+Stanley family. Queen Mary re-established the college and gave back its
+lands, with the exception of the domestic buildings, which still
+remained in the hands of the Earls of Derby. During the time of the
+Civil Wars the church suffered in common with many other ecclesiastical
+buildings.
+</p>
+<p>
+Richard Heyrick, who had been warden since 1636, was deprived of his
+office in 1646, but was reinstated in 1660. Some negotiations had been
+entered into for the sale of the domestic buildings to the trustees
+under the will of Humphrey Chetham, but the sale was not completed until
+after the Restoration, when they became the property of the feoffees of
+the Chetham Hospital and Library.
+</p>
+<p>
+Subsequently the church shared the same fate as befell most
+ecclesiastical buildings during the eighteenth century, viz., neglect
+and injudicious repairs. But it was left to the early part of the
+nineteenth century to work the greatest havoc on the building. A
+thorough process of repair, or &quot;beautifying&quot; as it was then called, was
+set on foot in the year 1815. Galleries were erected in the nave, the
+various chapels outside the nave aisles were thrown into the main
+building by the removal of the screens which separated them from the
+north and south aisles, so that from that time the western half of the
+church has had double aisles on either side of the nave proper. But
+worse than this, the whole interior was covered with Roman cement, and
+that this might adhere more firmly to the stone-work, the walls
+themselves and the pillars of the main arcade of the nave and the
+clerestory walls were hacked about in the most shameful way. In this
+condition the church remained for many years. When
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>
+
+ the new see of
+Manchester was erected in 1847, this church was chosen as the cathedral
+church of the diocese, and before long proposals were made to rebuild or
+enlarge it, as it was felt by many that it lacked the dignity and size
+of the old cathedral churches, and, indeed, suffered in comparison with
+many of the old abbey churches that existed in England, some of which
+have since that time been raised to cathedral rank. Queen Victoria
+visited Manchester for the first time in 1851, and to commemorate her
+visit, Canon Parkinson suggested the rebuilding of the church, and
+himself headed the subscription list with a donation of &pound;1000, but the
+proposal did not meet with much favour.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/image05.jpg" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/image05s.jpg" height="500" width="370"
+alt="VIEW ACROSS CHOIR FROM THE ELY CHAPEL ABOUT 1850. From Winkles&#39; &quot;Cathedrals.&quot;"
+title="View Across Choir from the Ely Chapel about 1850." /></a>
+<br />
+VIEW ACROSS CHOIR FROM THE ELY CHAPEL ABOUT 1850.<br />
+<i>From Winkles&#39; &quot;Cathedrals.&quot;</i>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>
+At this time the municipal seats at the west end were enclosed by a
+glass screen; above them was the Chetham gallery, as it was called, its
+back occupied by the organ and choristers, its front by the schoolboys
+of Chetham's Hospital. The organ had previously stood on the screen
+beneath the choir arch, but had been removed to the west for a musical
+festival held in 1828. This old organ loft was then converted into a
+pewed gallery, intended for the use of the Chetham feoffees, but was
+usually occupied by the officers of regiments quartered in Manchester.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1858 some repairs, external and internal, were carried out, and
+shortly after this J. E. Gregan, architect, and David Bell, builder,
+recommended the rebuilding of the tower. Their advice was taken, the old
+tower was demolished, and a new tower was designed by J. P. Holden. On
+4th August 1864 the foundation stone of the new tower was laid by the
+Bishop, Dr. Prince Lee. In this ceremony, among others, the present Dean
+of Manchester, Dr. Maclure, took part, acting as chaplain to the High
+Sheriff, Sir J. P. Kay Shuttleworth, Bart. The tower was nearly four
+years in building, and was dedicated on Whitsunday 1868.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1872 the Dean, Dr. Cowie, and the canons proposed that a new
+cathedral church should be built on a new site, but this plan met with
+little favour. Ten years passed away and then Mr. George Milner and Mr.
+(afterwards Sir) John William Maclure, churchwardens, and Mr. Thomas
+Lings, comptroller, advocated a thorough restoration of the existing
+church; plans were prepared by Mr. Crowther, architect; a meeting was
+called to consider the matter, and it was resolved to accept and carry
+out these plans. The roof of the nave was repaired, the old bosses being
+preserved, the galleries were removed, and it was decided to clear off
+the Roman cement from the pillars and walls, but it was found that the
+stone-work beneath had been so much mutilated, that it was resolved to
+rebuild the main arcade of the nave and the clerestory.
+</p>
+<p>
+Various donors undertook to defray the cost of rebuilding the different
+bays. A muniment room containing the celebrated parish registers
+mentioned by Macaulay, was built in memory of Alderman Graves by his
+son, and the baptistery, in memory of Thomas Chesters, by his son.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Derby Chapel was re-roofed. The Earl of Derby,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>
+
+ notwithstanding the
+agreement made in 1774 by which the chapel was handed over to the church
+on condition that the Earls of Derby should no longer be required to
+keep it in repair, generously contributed &pound;1000 towards this work. The
+choir roof was renewed in English oak, but the bosses and carved angels
+were boiled in oil and replaced. Fortunately the Roman cement could be
+removed from the walls of the choir more easily than from the nave, and
+the old stone-work was allowed to stand.
+</p>
+<p>
+The south porch was erected by James Jardine in 1891; the north porch
+was built as a memorial to James Craven by his children in 1888. The
+west or Victoria porch was built in 1900 by subscription raised by the
+present Dean.
+</p>
+<p>
+The conical roof of the octagonal chapter house is modern; the chapel to
+the east of it was built by his widow as a memorial to Dr. James Fraser,
+the second Bishop of Manchester, who died in 1885.
+</p>
+<p>
+At the present time, 1901, further building operations are being carried
+on in the yard on the south side of the church, a new and larger chapter
+house and vestries being in course of erection.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p><!--[Blank Page]--><br /></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image06.jpg">
+<img src="images/image06s.jpg" width="377" height="500"
+alt="WINDOWS ON THE SOUTH SIDE."
+title="Windows on the South Side." /></a>
+<br />
+WINDOWS ON THE SOUTH SIDE.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<h2>
+    CHAPTER II.
+</h2>
+<p class="center">
+    THE EXTERIOR.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The exterior of the Cathedral Church of Manchester is by no means
+imposing. The traveller who reaches the city by the London and
+North-Western Railway and alights at the Exchange Station, will see
+fronting him what appears to be a large parish church with a western
+tower. Its walls are grimy with the smoke of the city, and although the
+building occupies a good site, open on every side save the east, with a
+large churchyard stretching out on the north and south sides of it, yet
+few of those who see it would stay their steps to walk round the
+building or enter it by the south porch, unless they had been previously
+told that this parish church, as it seemed to them, and as in a certain
+way it is, is also the Cathedral Church of Manchester, and that its
+interior is both impressive as a whole, and contains detail work of the
+highest interest.
+</p>
+<p>
+Our examination of the exterior may well begin with the most recent
+addition to the church&mdash;<b>the western porch</b>&mdash;only lately finished and
+still showing the colour of the stone fresh from the carver's hands.
+Whether this addition is an improvement to the general appearance of the
+building or not is open to question. To some, among them the writer, it
+appears that the porch takes away from the appearance of height in the
+tower, much as the Galilee Chapel at Durham, beautiful as it is in its
+details, is an excrescence detracting from the effect of the western
+front of St. Cuthbert's Cathedral Church. Moreover, the single crocketed
+turret that rises from the south-west corner of the porch proper gives
+it a one-sided appearance, which is somewhat to be regretted, as with
+this exception the porch and its lower flanking chambers is symmetrical,
+as indeed is the church itself in its main features, turret answering to
+turret, and window to window, porch to porch. The carving on the western
+porch is elaborate and carefully executed, and if, as must necessarily
+be the case owing to the conditions under which nineteenth
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>
+
+ century
+carving was executed, it lacks the freedom that is so great a charm in
+old work, it is more in accordance with the general style of the church,
+and is characteristic of its own
+<!-- lines below moved up from page 15 -->
+date. This porch was designed by Mr.
+Basil Champneys, who has succeeded in training carvers to carry out his
+designs in an admirable manner. A verbal description of the porch is
+hardly needed, as the illustration on the opposite page will show the
+reader its character. On either side of the porch is a chamber rising to
+about the same height as the spring of the arch of the doorway; each of
+these is flat-roofed, its wall terminates in a pierced battlemented
+parapet, and is lighted by two rectangular-headed windows facing west.
+To the south and north of these two chambers respectively, are iron
+gates and flights of steps giving access to the churchyard.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></p>
+
+<!--figure moved down from page 14-->
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image07.jpg">
+<img src="images/image07s.jpg" width="385" height="500"
+alt="THE WEST PORCH."
+title="The West Porch." /></a>
+<br />
+THE WEST PORCH.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+Ascending the southern flight we find before us the west ends of the two
+south aisles of the church; the roof of the inner one slopes slightly
+down from the clerestory wall, and the outer one rises into a very
+obtuse-angled gable. The west end of the inner or true aisle is
+original, but the outer aisle was extended two bays westward at the time
+of the recent restoration. The windows of the church, though all or
+nearly all of Perpendicular character, are not all alike, as may be seen
+by examining the illustrations; but in most of them the hood moulding
+after following the curve of the arch at the head of the window, is
+brought down in a vertical line for a short distance beside the lower
+part of the window. Most of the windows have four lights, but there are
+some exceptions, which will be duly noticed as we pass by them. To begin
+with, the west window of the outer south aisle has five lights. On
+turning round the south-west corner of this aisle we find the <b>south
+porch</b> projecting from the second bay. The porch itself consists of two
+bays, and has two stories. The lower story of the porch proper is
+lighted by two two-light windows on the western side, the upper story by
+two windows on the western and southern faces, and by one on the eastern
+face. Beneath the windows on the south side the following inscription
+may be read:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p class="quote">
+    To the honour and Glory of God and in thankful acknowledgement of
+    many mercies this porch is erected by James Jardine of Manchester
+    and Alderley Edge in the year of our Lord MDCCCXCI.
+</p>
+
+<!--figure moved up from page 16-->
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image08.jpg">
+<img src="images/image08s.jpg" width="360" height="500"
+alt="THE SOUTH PORCH."
+title="The South Porch." /></a>
+<br />
+THE SOUTH PORCH.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+An octagonal stair turret surmounted by a crocketed pyramidal
+termination stands at the south angle of the inner bay on the eastern
+side. The whole of this porch is elaborately carved, as will be seen
+from the illustration. The next
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>
+
+ two bays of the south aisle project
+beyond the general line of the south wall of the church. The walls of
+this are finished by a pierced battlemented parapet similar to that
+which runs round the south porch. The windows in these two bays are
+alike, but the next two in the south wall have five lights, and differ
+from the last two in their shape
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>
+
+ and tracery (see illustration, p. <a href="#Page_12">12</a>).
+To the south of the church about this point stands a sun-dial, shown in
+the illustration. The three next bays belong to what was formerly known
+as the Jesus Chapel. In the westernmost of these there is a doorway to
+give room for which the sill of the window is placed at a higher level
+than the sills of the other windows. The tracery of these windows
+differs from the preceding two. From the easternmost of the three bays
+of the Jesus Chapel formerly projected the Hulme chantry. To the east of
+the Jesus Chapel stands the octagonal chapter house; three of its sides
+contain windows of a pattern differing from any of these already
+mentioned. From within the parapet, which is not battlemented, rises a
+rather steep pyramidal roof. This is modern. Whether the original roof
+was of this form or not is not known, but the modern roof is a
+distinctly agreeable feature. To the east of the chapter house is
+another window in the south wall, and then we come to the Fraser
+Memorial Chapel, which forms the south-east angle of the church. This
+has a four-light window in its south and a three-light window in its
+eastern wall. Before examining the east end of the church we may remark
+that the clerestory wall is terminated by a pierced battlemented
+parapet&mdash;a modern addition&mdash;and that the pattern is slightly different
+on either side of the octagonal turret which rises from the junction of
+the nave and choir. The parapet that runs along the south wall of the
+chapel of St. Nicholas, again, differs from that which runs along the
+other walls on the south side of the church.
+</p>
+<p>
+The east window of the south choir aisle has five lights; passing this
+we come to the <b>Lady Chapel</b>. This is exceedingly small, projecting only
+some eighteen feet to the east of the aisle walls. It has two bays, each
+lit by a small two-light window on either side. Against the centre of
+the eastern face rises a buttress, on either side of which is a
+four-light window. As already mentioned in Chapter I. the Lady Chapel
+windows are eighteenth century work, probably copies of the original
+windows, and have tracery of Decorated character.
+</p>
+
+<!--figure moved up from page 18-->
+<div class="figcenter" style="height: 500px;">
+<a href="images/image09.jpg">
+<img src="images/image09s.jpg" width="360" height="500"
+alt="THE ELY CHAPEL."
+title="The Ely Chapel." /></a>
+<br />
+THE ELY CHAPEL.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+Beyond the Lady Chapel is the window of the north choir aisle; and
+beyond this again the eastern termination of the Derby Chapel. This
+contains a seven-light window. Passing round the north-eastern corner we
+see the <b>Ely Chapel</b>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>
+
+ projecting from the second bay to the west, with
+four-light windows in its eastern and western walls, and a five-light
+window on its northern face. From the fourth and fifth bays, counting
+from the east, projects a low building with a battlemented parapet, a
+door and square headed windows, erected to contain the hydraulic
+apparatus used for working the bellows of the organ. To the west of this
+is a small doorway with an ogee head leading into the ante chapel of the
+Derby or John the Baptist's Chapel. This is the last bay of the eastern
+division of the church. The next bay, the north wall of what was once
+St. James' Chapel, contains a five-light window. After two more bays,
+comprising the chapel
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>
+
+ of the Holy Trinity, we come to the registry, and
+see the north porch projecting from the last bay but one. This bears a
+general resemblance to the south porch, save that niches take the place
+of windows on the east and west faces of the upper story, and that the
+stair turret stands on the west side at the angle between the porch and
+aisle wall.
+</p>
+<p>
+The following inscription may be read running round the porch commencing
+on the eastern side.
+</p>
+<p class="quote">
+    &quot;To the glory of God and in loving memory of James Craven this
+    porch and registry are erected by his children 1888.&quot;
+</p>
+<p>
+The west window of the outer north aisle has seven lights, and that of
+the inner aisle five.
+</p>
+<p>
+As on the south side so on the north, the tracery is not the same in all
+the windows. Those on the north side of the Derby Chapel and the Ely
+Chantry resemble each other; the next is a short window above the
+doorway; the next, which is known as the Gordon window, is entirely
+different; the next three have tracery similar to that of the windows of
+the Derby Chapel.
+</p>
+<p>
+The parapet along the north walls of the church, like that along the
+south walls, is pierced and battlemented, the design differing in
+different parts. The parapet of the Lady Chapel, however, is not
+pierced, but is simply battlemented. The parapet on the clerestory on
+both sides is a modern addition, and is considered by some to be no
+improvement on the old form which ran in an unbroken line from end to
+end of the church, and gave an appearance of greater length than that
+given by the present arrangement, with its line broken by battlements
+and pinnacles. The two octagonal turrets that rise from the east end of
+the clerestory walls with their crocketed pyramidal terminations form a
+pleasing feature.
+</p>
+<p>
+The tower, square in section, projects from the western extremity of the
+nave, and rises to the stately height of 140 feet. The west window of
+the nave is surmounted on the outside by a richly carved ogee label; in
+the next stage we see the faces of the clock, and in the belfry stage
+above double windows on each face of the tower; a pierced battlemented
+parapet with three pinnacles at each of the angles and one at the middle
+points of each of its sides, forms a suitable termination to the tower.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>
+We have now carefully examined the exterior of the church in detail. It
+remains only to mention the points of view from which it is best seen as
+a whole. The view from the roadway running up to the railway station
+shows the tower to advantage, as not only is it of considerable height
+itself, but its base on the level of the churchyard is considerably
+raised above the street. The whole of the south side, which is richer in
+variety and detail than the north, can be well seen from the churchyard,
+and the north side itself from the open space in front of Chetham's
+hospital, the play-ground of the boys who are educated there.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image10.jpg">
+<img src="images/image10s.jpg" width="365" height="500"
+alt="NORTH SIDE OF THE NAVE."
+title="North Side of the Nave." /></a>
+<br />
+NORTH SIDE OF THE NAVE.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p><!--[Blank Page]--><br /></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image11.jpg">
+<img src="images/image11s.jpg" width="325" height="500"
+alt="THE CHOIR, LOOKING EAST."
+title="The Choir, Looking East." /></a>
+<br />
+THE CHOIR, LOOKING EAST.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:500px;">
+<a href="images/image12.jpg">
+<img src="images/image12s.jpg" width="500" height="350"
+alt="THE CHOIR SCREEN."
+title="The Choir Screen." /></a>
+<br />
+THE CHOIR SCREEN.
+</div>
+
+<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<h2>
+    CHAPTER III.
+</h2>
+<p class="center">
+    THE INTERIOR.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It has been already said that the exterior of the Cathedral Church at
+Manchester lacks somewhat of the charm that so many of our old
+cathedrals possess. There is no wide-spreading close with its smooth
+turf and immemorial elms, no birds to fly round tower and pinnacle, and
+break the silence of the home of ancient peace with their songs or
+cries, but ever we hear the scream of railway engines, the bells of
+tramcars, and the roar of the traffic along a busy thoroughfare. The
+surrounding buildings are not now, as in many cathedral cities, the
+residences of Dean and Canons, quaint and mediaeval, with stone
+mullioned windows and ivy-covered walls, but modern erections, shops,
+and warehouses, and hotels. And the church itself, destitute of transept
+and central tower, provided only with a western tower, gives us the idea
+of a large parish
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>
+
+ church, rather than of a building associated in our
+mind with Bishop, Dean, and Canons. There is no cloister-garth with its
+surrounding walks, the old collegiate buildings are detached from the
+church and appropriated to secular purposes; so that probably our first
+feeling is one of disappointment, but this feeling will vanish as soon
+as we have passed into its interior. The usual way of entrance is by the
+south porch; this is always open. The western doors are unfortunately
+generally closed&mdash;unfortunately, for the most impressive view of the
+church is to be had from beneath the tower arch looking to the east. It
+is a dimly lighted building; this is due chiefly to two causes: first to
+the fact that it is enormously wide, and the aisle windows are therefore
+far from the central nave, and secondly to the fact that almost all the
+windows both of aisles and clerestory are filled with painted glass, in
+many cases of a deep colour, and rendered still more impervious to light
+by the incrustation of carbon deposited on their outside by the
+perpetual smoke of the city. So dark is the church that in the winter
+months it has generally to be lit with gas all the day long, and even in
+the summer, in comparatively bright weather, some gas burners will
+generally be found alight. The mist also of the exterior atmosphere
+finds its way into the building, and hangs beneath the roof, lending an
+air of mystery to the whole place, and giving rise to most beautiful
+effects when the sunlight streams through the clerestory windows. The
+tone also of the nave arcading and clerestory rebuilt in recent years,
+of warm, rose-coloured sandstone, is very lovely.
+</p>
+<p>
+The visitor on entering the church, before examining the different
+objects in detail, should get general impressions of the building. The
+view from just inside the south porch showing the four rows of arcading
+separating the outer aisles from the inner, and these from the central
+nave, is very fine. The view from beneath the tower arch looking
+eastward is most impressive. Another good view is from the altar steps
+looking westward, especially in the early part of a bright day, when
+there is sufficient light to show the magnificent tabernacle work of the
+stalls, and the organ-stands out clearly defined against the sunlit
+misty air of the upper part of the nave behind it.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image13.jpg">
+<img src="images/image13s.jpg" width="350" height="500"
+alt="VIEW ACROSS THE NAVE, LOOKING NORTH-EAST."
+title="View Across the Nave, Looking North-East." /></a>
+<br />
+VIEW ACROSS THE NAVE, LOOKING NORTH-EAST.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p><!--[Blank Page]--><br /></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>
+To see these three views of the building under favourable
+<!-- above line moved down from page 24 -->
+ conditions
+of light will well repay the visitor for a journey of many miles to
+Manchester, to say nothing of the exquisite detail work that now demands
+our attention.
+</p>
+<p>
+It has been already explained that the outer aisles on either side have
+been formed by throwing down the walls or screens that once divided
+these spaces into a series of chapels on the outside of the real nave
+aisles. In Continental churches double aisles on the north and south
+side of the church are by no means uncommon, but instances of this
+arrangement are more rarely met with in England. The most familiar
+example is Chichester Cathedral, where double aisles have been formed by
+the inclusion of lateral chapels.
+</p>
+<p>
+It has been already stated that the baptistery which occupies the
+western end of the outer southern aisles is entirely modern, as also is
+the south porch. At one time a small porch called Bibby's Porch
+projected from the second bay from the west of the true south aisle, to
+the east of which, stretching right over the outer south aisle, was the
+Chapel of St. George. This occupied two bays, and projecting from it to
+the south was Brown's Chantry. To the east of St. George's Chapel, also
+occupying two bays, was the Chapel of St. Nicholas, the Trafford Chapel.
+These were the chapels on the south side of the nave aisle. Opposite to
+them, outside the north nave aisle, were two chapels, that of the Most
+Holy Trinity at the west, that of St. James, otherwise known as the
+Ducie Chapel, at the east end. The west wall of the outer nave aisle on
+the north side is original, so that the whole length of the series of
+chapels on this side was greater than that of the series on the south
+side. The nave and its twin aisles, as will be seen from what has
+already been said, consist of six bays. The eastern half of the church
+also consists of six bays, and the choir aisles, like those of the nave,
+are flanked by chapels which have fortunately remained undestroyed down
+to the present day, enclosed by their original screens. On the south
+side, raised three steps above the level of the nave and occupying three
+bays, was the Jesus Chapel, now divided into two parts, the western bay
+being used as a vestry, the two others as the Cathedral Library; from
+this a door leads into the chapter house, the main entrance to which is
+from the choir aisle. With this the unbroken series of building attached
+to the south side
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>
+
+ of the church ends, but from the easternmost bay a
+doorway in a screen opens into the Fraser Chapel, built as a memorial to
+her husband, the second Bishop of Manchester, by Mrs. Fraser. Crossing
+the church by the ambulatory, passing the small Lady Chapel, we find the
+whole length of the outer aisle on the north side occupied by the chapel
+of St. John
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>
+
+ the Baptist, often called the Derby Chapel. The western bay
+forms the antechapel, from which we pass into the chapel itself through
+the original oak screen. From the second bay, counting from the east end
+of this, the Ely Chapel projects.
+</p>
+
+<!--figure moved down from page 28-->
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image14.jpg">
+<img src="images/image14s.jpg" width="440" height="500"
+alt="THE INNER SOUTH AISLE OF THE NAVE."
+title="The Inner South Aisle of the Nave." /></a>
+<br />
+THE INNER SOUTH AISLE OF THE NAVE.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+The reader should follow on the plan the general description just given,
+and while doing so he will notice that the church is not quite regularly
+built, but tapers slightly towards the east. The enclosed choir,
+presbytery, and sanctuary taper still more, so that the east end is
+between three and four feet narrower than the west end. But this
+enclosed space is symmetrically placed in the church. The plan shows the
+very great width of the church in proportion to its length. The interior
+width of the nave and its double aisles is 114 feet, while its length is
+only 85 feet; the whole interior length of the church, omitting the
+tower at the west and the Lady Chapel at the east, is 172 feet. This
+shows that the choir is about the same length as the nave, and that the
+total length of nave and choir is only about one and a half times the
+width.
+</p>
+
+<!--figure moved up from page 30-->
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image15.jpg">
+<img src="images/image15s.jpg" width="365" height="500"
+alt="THE TOWER ARCH."
+title="The Tower Arch." /></a>
+<br />
+THE TOWER ARCH.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+Having now taken a cursory glance round the church, we will go once more
+over the same ground, examining it more in detail. We will suppose that
+the outer doors of the <b>West Porch</b> are open, and we can pass through
+them from the street. We go up from the level of the pavement three
+steps and find ourselves within the porch; on the south and north sides
+of it, doors open into two rooms used the one as the lecture-room of the
+Scholae Episcopi (or non-residential Theological College of the
+Diocese), the other as a schoolroom for the choir boys. A flight of
+eleven steps takes us up to a landing measuring about five feet from
+west to east, and then four more steps bring us to the level of the nave
+floor, and we enter through what were originally the west doors of the
+church, into the space below the tower. The ceiling of this is of fan
+tracery, and its side walls are panelled in five tiers. Passing under
+the tower arch and looking back, we notice that the tower arch with the
+walls on either side of it are original. <b>The Baptistery</b> is a modern
+addition. The font formerly stood in the outer aisle on the north side.
+The <b>South Porch</b> is also new. It is divided into two bays, each covered
+with a vault formed of eight ribs crossing each other at the centre, and
+decorated by two lierne ribs in each of the four quarters. The arcade
+dividing the outer from the inner aisle
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>
+
+ on the south side is entirely
+modern; the chapels which occupied the site of the outer aisle were
+formerly divided from each other by stone walls, and from the aisle by
+irregular arches filled with oak screens. All these were removed in
+1815, so as to throw the area of the chapels into that of the church; an
+arcade was then built, but this was removed to make room for the present
+arcade during the restoration that was begun in 1872. The westernmost
+chantry, or <b>Chapel of St. George</b>, was founded by W. Galley in 1508.
+The next, the chapel of <b>St. Nicholas</b>, or the Trafford Chantry,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>
+
+ is said to have been founded long ere the present church was built in 1186
+by Robert de Greslet; at the south-east corner of this a piscina may be
+seen, though the altar has disappeared. Three steps and a screen divide
+this chantry from
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>
+
+<!--following lines moved up from page 33-->
+ the larger <b>Jesus Chapel</b>. This is separated from
+the south aisle by a beautiful wooden screen of sixteenth century date.
+This is glazed in order to make the room now used as a library
+comfortable. This chantry was founded in 1506.
+</p>
+
+<!--figure moved down from page 31-->
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image16.jpg">
+<img src="images/image16s.jpg" width="375" height="500"
+alt="SCREEN BETWEEN THE JESUS CHAPEL AND THE SOUTH CHOIR AISLE."
+title="Screen Between the Jesus Chapel and the South Choir Aisle." /></a>
+<br />
+SCREEN BETWEEN THE JESUS CHAPEL AND THE SOUTH CHOIR AISLE.
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image17.jpg">
+<img src="images/image17s.jpg" width="350" height="500"
+alt="ENTRANCE TO THE CHAPTER HOUSE, SOUTH CHOIR AISLE."
+title="Entrance to the Chapter House, South Choir Aisle." /></a>
+<br />
+ENTRANCE TO THE CHAPTER HOUSE, SOUTH CHOIR AISLE.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image18.jpg">
+<img src="images/image18s.jpg" width="375" height="500"
+alt="THE SOUTH CHOIR AISLE."
+title="The South Choir Aisle." /></a>
+<br />
+THE SOUTH CHOIR AISLE.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+Between the Jesus Chapel and the entrance to the chapter
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>
+
+ house on the
+south wall of the aisle are memorial tablets to Richard Heyrick, warden,
+who died in 1667, and Thomas Ogden, who died in 1763. The entrance to
+the <b>Chapter House</b> is a very beautiful piece of work. There are two
+doorways whose heads are four centred arches; above these there are two
+tiers of panel work, all being enclosed by one large arch whose sides
+and top are decorated by six tiers of panelling on each side (see
+illustration, p. <a href="#Page_32">32</a>). The chapter house is very comfortably fitted up.
+There are to be seen in it several fragments of brasses and of other old
+work taken from the floor of the choir and of the Lady Chapel and
+elsewhere.
+</p>
+<p>
+The <b>Fraser Chapel</b> contains an altar cenotaph in memory of the second
+Bishop of Manchester, who died October 22nd, 1885, at Bishop's Court,
+Higher Broughton, Manchester, but who was buried, not in his cathedral
+church, but in the churchyard of Ufton Nervet in Berkshire, a parish of
+which he had once been rector. The recumbent statue is considered to be
+a fine likeness of the late bishop. This statue was unveiled on July
+8th, 1887.
+</p>
+<p>
+The tomb bears the following inscription written by the late Dr Vaughan,
+Dean of Llandaff.
+</p>
+<p class="quote">
+    &quot;To the beloved memory of James Fraser, D.D., Bishop of Manchester,
+    1870-85, a man of singular gifts both of nature and the spirit;
+    brave, true, devout, diligent, in labours unwearied. He won all
+    hearts by opening to them his own, and so administered this great
+    Diocese as to prove yet once more that the people know the voice of
+    a good shepherd and will follow where he leads.&quot;
+</p>
+<p>
+At the east end of the south aisle stands a marble life-size statue by
+Bailey of Thomas Fleming, who died in 1848, and a memorial tablet to the
+Rev. George Ogden, B.D., who died in 1706. The aisle is divided from the
+choir by a wooden screen; in the third bay from the east are iron gates
+leading into the choir. The retro-choir, about thirteen feet from east
+to west, runs between the back of the modern reredos behind the high
+altar and the beautiful mediaeval screen which stands beneath the arch
+at the entrance to the Lady Chapel. The <b>Lady Chapel</b> has modern
+fittings making it suitable for the celebration of Holy Communion when
+the congregation is small. In the south wall a piscina may be noticed,
+and on the north side of the altar stands a Renaissance font of
+grey-veined marble which was formerly in use in the nave. There are
+marble tablets
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>
+
+ in memory of various members of the Chetham family at
+the west ends of the north and south walls of the Lady Chapel.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image19.jpg">
+<img src="images/image19s.jpg" width="355" height="500"
+alt="SCREEN OF THE LADY CHAPEL."
+title="Screen of the Lady Chapel." /></a>
+<br />
+SCREEN OF THE LADY CHAPEL.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+On the west wall of the arch leading into the chapel may be seen the
+rebus of Sir John Huntington, the first warden and
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>
+
+ rebuilder of the
+church. On the north side is a man and dog <i>hunting</i>, on the south side
+two <i>tuns</i> of wine. This rebus is repeated in the roof of the choir. At
+the north-east corner of the north choir aisle may be seen a statue by
+Theed (1853) of Humphrey Chetham, the founder of the Hospital (<i>i.e.</i>
+school) and Library that bears his name. He sits, a roll in his right
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>
+
+ hand, with long hair and pointed beard, a ruff round his neck, and a
+long cloak which, falling open in front, shows doublet and slashed trunk
+hose. At the bottom of the pedestal sits one of the boys of the hospital
+school, pointing with his left hand to a book which he holds open in his
+right, on which we read the inscription: &quot;He hath dispersed abroad, and
+given to the poor, and his righteousness remaineth for ever&quot; (Ps. cxii.
+9; Prayer-book version).
+</p>
+
+<!--figure moved down from page 36-->
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image20.jpg">
+<img src="images/image20s.jpg" width="320" height="500"
+alt="STATUE OF SIR HUMPHREY CHETHAM."
+title="Statue of Sir Humphrey Chetham." /></a>
+<br />
+STATUE OF SIR HUMPHREY CHETHAM.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+An old oak screen running under five arches of the arcading to the north
+side of the aisle separates the <b>Derby Chapel</b> from the aisle. This
+screen is of good design, but the workmanship is not so good as that of
+the other old screens in the church. Near the first pier, counting from
+the east, is the altar tomb of Hugh Birley, M.P. for Manchester, with a
+recumbent figure. Here also may be seen an old oak deed chest. About
+halfway down this aisle on the south side may be seen a small organ
+built by the celebrated Father Smith, dated 1680; this is of the finest
+tone and is still frequently used. It has one manual with seven stops
+and pedal with one stop.
+</p>
+<p>
+Four steps lead from the outer nave aisle on the north side into the
+antechapel that stands to the west end, outside the entrance to the
+Derby Chapel.
+</p>
+<p>
+This chapel is dedicated to St. John the Baptist. It was a private
+chantry built and endowed by the Stanley family, of which the Earls of
+Derby were members. Two of the family were closely connected with the
+church. One, James Stanley, Prebendary of St. Paul's, and archdeacon of
+Chester, held the office of warden from 1481-1485, and was succeeded by
+another James Stanley, whose tenure was longer, 1485-1509. He it was who
+began the building of the Derby Chapel. He became bishop of Ely, but
+when he died in 1515 his body was buried at Manchester, close by the
+screen of the <b>Ely Chapel</b>; but &quot;for reasons which need not be mentioned
+here&quot; his body was laid just by the wall, and the chapel was erected by
+his son according to his will over his grave, and called after the name
+of his diocese. This tomb still stands there, with its original brass
+and curiously inscribed epitaph, for which see hereafter.
+</p>
+<p>
+The following description is copied from a MS in Chetham's Library.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="quote">
+&quot;In the old or Christ's Church, Manchester, is a Chapell dedicated to
+S. John Baptist on the screen which separates it from the broad north
+aisle and over door leading from the aforesaid chapel into the aisle is
+an ancient coat of arms carv'd in wood, and three old brass inscriptions
+setting forth the founders of the chapell together with y<sup>e</sup> cause of its
+erection.
+</p>
+<p class="quote">
+&quot;The arms are those of Stanley tho much different from those born by
+that name at this day tho unquestionably of the same family with the
+present Earl of Derby, who bears 3 stags heads caboch'd on a bend these
+arms on the screen bears the stags heads in chief and 3 eagles claws in
+base this kind of bearing might possibly be to difference it from the
+elder house or grand stem of the family, a matter not unusual in those
+days. In an old manuscript I have the above arms born by the name of
+Stanley of Handford, and from this family of Handford I should suppose
+sprung S<sup>r</sup> John Stanley of Aderley Ches<sup>r</sup> which is within a few miles of
+Handford tho S<sup>r</sup> J<sup>no</sup> now bears the same arms for his paternall coat as
+the Earl of Derby. The arms impal'd with Stanley on the screen is first
+and fourth a Chevron between three mascles voided second and third a
+star with seven points the whole arms appears to be totally void of
+colouring. The helmet is very clumsy and differs much from those now
+us'd in arms. The crest or rather part of a crest for it appears to have
+had something broke from it is not now to be determin'd what it formerly
+was. What I take to be the motto is grav'd upon two plates of brass on
+each side the arms the half of one brass is broke way but no doubt was
+the same as the other they are engraved in the old text with these words
+Vanitas vanitatum Oi&#257; Vanitas that is Vanity of vanity all is vanity.
+</p>
+<p class="quote">
+&quot;On the brass plate over the door is grav'd in the same character and
+old Latin Obsecramus ut adjuvetis nos Jacob&#363; Stanley Eliens Epis
+Joh&#257;ne Stanley milite et Margareta uxore ej ac par&#275;tes cor
+oracionibus vris apud Dom&#x0304; Jhes&#363; expm&#x0304; q. hanc Capell&#257; in ej
+nomine et in honore Sancti Johanis Baptiste Fabricavimus An<sup>o</sup>
+incarnationis illius MCCCCCXIII. Designs from the Originall plates may
+be seen in the following drawings. The Inscription on the long brass I
+take to be this in English.
+</p>
+<p class="quote">
+&quot;We beseech you that you assist us James Stanley Bishop of Ely John
+Stanley Knt. and Margaret his wife and their parents with your prayers
+to y<sup>e</sup> Lord Jesus Christ who have built this chapel in his name and in
+honour of St Jn<sup>o</sup> Baptist in the year of his incarnation 1513.&quot;
+</p>
+<p class="quote">
+According to an old poem entitled Flodden Field S<sup>r</sup> John Stanley was at
+that great Battle fought in Sept. 1513 along with other gentlemen of
+Lancashire and Cheshire and in enumerating the Leaders says:
+</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="i2">  Next with Sir John Stanley there yede </p>
+<p class="i2">  The Bishop of Ely's servants bold </p>
+<p class="i2">  Sir Lionel Percy eke did lead </p>
+<p class="i2">  Some hundred men well tried and told. </p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+(Barrett MS. No. 41458, C. 4. 13.)
+</p>
+
+<!--figure moved up from page 39-->
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image21.jpg">
+<img src="images/image21s.jpg" width="375" height="500"
+alt="INTERIOR OF NORTH DOORWAY."
+title="Interior of North Doorway." /></a>
+<br />
+INTERIOR OF NORTH DOORWAY.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+These two chapels were the private property of the Earls of Derby, who
+had to keep them in repair. In the second half of the eighteenth century
+the roofs needed extensive repair; this was done by the thirteenth Earl
+of Derby in conjunction with the townspeople of Manchester, and the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>
+
+Earl surrendered his rights to the chapels, handing them over to the
+parishioners on condition that he and his successors should no longer be
+held responsible for keeping them in repair. The Derby Chapel is now
+fitted with an altar at the east end, a font on the north side, and oak
+benches,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>
+
+ so that it can be used for week-day services when desired. The
+Ely Chapel is not fitted in any way.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image22.jpg">
+<img src="images/image22s.jpg" width="410" height="500"
+alt="VIEW ACROSS THE NAVE, LOOKING NORTH-WEST."
+title="View Across the Nave, Looking North-West." /></a>
+<br />
+VIEW ACROSS THE NAVE, LOOKING NORTH-WEST.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+<b>St. James' Chapel</b>, or the Ducie Chantry, and the <b>Chapel Of the Holy
+Trinity</b>, which formerly occupied the east
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>
+
+ and west ends of what is now
+the outer north aisle, and were founded, the former in 1507 and the
+latter by W. Radcliffe of Ordsall in 1498, have no longer any separate
+existence; the only sign of their having been chapels that remains is a
+piscina in the pier at the south east corner of St. James' Chapel. The
+arcade between the outer and inner north aisles originally dated from
+about 1500.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b>The North or Craven Porch</b> is opposite to the south porch and bears a
+strong resemblance to it. It consists of two bays, each vaulted in stone
+in the same manner as the bays of the south or Jardine Porch; a door to
+the east side of the inner bay leads into the registry office.
+</p>
+<p>
+It now remains to examine the <b>Central Nave</b> and <b>Choir</b>. This church
+differs from most of our cathedral and abbey churches in having no
+triforium.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"><!--note--></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">2</a> And the clerestory is not lofty, so that the church is
+rather low for its width,<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"><!--note--></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">3</a> though the height of the arches of the main
+arcade prevents this being felt. The roofs of the aisles are all modern,
+but that of the nave, though extensively repaired, has much of the
+original work in it, and, with the exception of a few bosses, the choir
+roof is old. All the roofs are of timber; in the nave the intersections
+of the main beams are covered by beautiful bosses carved out of the
+solid wood. On either side, at the points from which the main cross
+beams spring, is a series of angelic figures splendidly carved in wood:
+those on the south side playing stringed instruments, those on the north
+side wind instruments.
+</p>
+<p>
+The choir roof is more ornate; the panels between the beams are filled
+with tracery; the bosses here are differently constructed from those in
+the nave; here each leaf was separately carved and then nailed in its
+place. At the time of the restoration this roof was skilfully repaired
+by introducing new beams above the old ones and fastening the old to the
+new with bolts.
+</p>
+<p>
+The pillars of the main arcade of the nave are modern work built in
+imitation of the original ones. They are light and graceful, and like
+many other pillars of fifteenth century date, are formed of shafts of
+which only half have separate capitals,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>
+
+ the other mouldings running
+round the arch. The spaces between the arches are elaborately carved
+with heraldic shields.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image23.jpg">
+<img src="images/image23s.jpg" width="380" height="500"
+alt="THE CHOIR, LOOKING WEST."
+title="The Choir, Looking West." /></a>
+<br />
+THE CHOIR, LOOKING WEST.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:400px;">
+<a href="images/image24.jpg">
+<img src="images/image24s.jpg" width="330" height="400"
+alt="DESK-ENDS IN THE CHOIR STALLS; NORTH SIDE."
+title="Desk-Ends in the Choir Stalls; North Side." /></a>
+<br />
+DESK-ENDS IN THE CHOIR STALLS; NORTH SIDE.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+Towards the east end of the nave may be seen desks for the choir on
+either side, a brass eagle lectern on the south side, and a modern
+pulpit against the first pillar from the east on the north side (see
+page <a href="#Page_54">54</a>). The pulpit, the gift of the late Chancellor Christie and his
+wife, is octagonal, and six of its faces are carved with representations
+of Christ, the four Evangelists, and St. Paul; of the other two sides
+one rests against the pier, and the other, on the north, forms the
+entrance from the pulpit steps. The ancient rood screen (see page <a href="#Page_23">23</a>) is
+a very beautiful piece of work. It has three wide openings with double
+doors in each; upon it stands the central part of the large organ; other
+parts of the organ occupy spaces in the north and south aisles behind
+the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>
+
+ stalls. The case was designed by Sir Gilbert Scott, and is
+effective.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image25.jpg">
+<img src="images/image25s.jpg" width="385" height="500"
+alt="CHOIR STALLS, NORTH SIDE."
+title="Choir Stalls, North Side." /></a>
+<br />
+CHOIR STALLS, NORTH SIDE.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>
+The present <b>organ</b> rebuilt by Wadsworth Brothers at the cost of Sir
+W. H. Houldsworth, Bart., 1871, has
+</p>
+<table summary="Enumeration of notes/stops on the various organs">
+<tr><td> &nbsp;&nbsp; Four manuals CC to A  </td><td align='right'>58</td><td align='left'>notes   </td></tr>
+<tr><td> &nbsp;&nbsp; Pedal CCC to F        </td><td align='right'>30</td><td align='left'>&nbsp; "</td></tr>
+<tr><td>The great organ has                 </td><td align='right'>13</td><td align='left'>stops   </td></tr>
+<tr><td> &nbsp;&nbsp; swell                 </td><td align='right'>16</td><td align='left'>&nbsp; "</td></tr>
+<tr><td> &nbsp;&nbsp; choir                 </td><td align='right'> 8</td><td align='left'>&nbsp; "</td></tr>
+<tr><td> &nbsp;&nbsp; solo                  </td><td align='right'> 5</td><td align='left'>&nbsp; "</td></tr>
+<tr><td> &nbsp;&nbsp; pedal                 </td><td align='right'> 9</td><td align='left'>&nbsp; "</td></tr>
+<tr><td> &nbsp;&nbsp; accessory             </td><td align='right'> 8</td><td align='left'>&nbsp; "</td></tr>
+<tr><td> &nbsp;&nbsp; and combination pedals</td><td align='right'> 8</td><td align='left'>&nbsp; "</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+If we pass on through the screen beneath the organ we find ourselves in
+the <b>choir</b>. This, the choir proper, as distinguished from the
+presbytery to the east of it, is sometimes called the Radcliffe choir,
+for many members of this family were buried here, and their brasses were
+placed on the floor, but these were removed when the floor was repaved
+with tiles. On either side of us, and behind us, we see some of the most
+elaborate tabernacle work to be met with anywhere. Some idea may be
+formed of the wealth of detail by examining the illustration on the
+opposite page. There are twelve stalls on either side, and three on each
+side of the entrance through the rood screen facing east. The stalls are
+furnished with misereres, which, in common with many others both in
+England and on the Continent, represent all manner of quaint subjects,
+monsters, animals, hunting scenes, etc.
+</p>
+<p>
+The <b>stalls</b> date from the early part of the sixteenth century, and bear
+a strong resemblance to those in Beverley Minster and Ripon Cathedral.
+At Beverley, however, the level cornice above the canopies which we see
+at Manchester is wanting, except at the west end.
+</p>
+<p>
+The carved elbows of the stalls and the ends of the book desks are also
+worthy of careful examination, especially the Eagle and Child and
+general carving of the Dean's Stall, which is a marvel of beautiful
+workmanship, and said by high authorities to be unequalled.
+</p>
+<p>
+Between the stalls the floor is one step higher than that of the nave,
+and at the east end of the stalls there is a further rise of two steps
+as we pass into the presbytery. Here, on the south side, we see the
+bishop's throne&mdash;modern work, carved with a view to be in harmony with
+the stalls, but comparing
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>
+
+ unfavourably with them in execution. There is
+a rise of two more steps into the sanctuary, and the altar itself is
+raised two steps higher; this gives a good effect. Behind the altar is
+an elaborately carved wooden reredos of modern work, richly painted and
+gilt. The upper part, as will be seen from the illustration on p. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, is
+wider than the lower; it is divided vertically into seven divisions, the
+two lateral divisions on each side being themselves divided into two
+tiers. The three central niches contain figures of the three patron
+saints, St. George on the north, the Blessed Virgin in the centre, and
+St. Denys on the south side.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"><!--note--></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">4</a> Above the central figure, St. Mary, is
+another niche containing a seated figure of Christ, holding in His left
+hand an orb and cross, His right hand raised in the act of blessing;
+above this figure is a canopy. On the top of the six uprights that form
+the vertical divisions of the reredos, angels stand with clasped hands.
+The carving on the smaller panels illustrates the following verses of
+the &quot;Preface to the Sanctus&quot; which are inscribed beneath them.
+</p>
+
+<table class="panel" summary="Layout of verses on small panel carvings">
+<tr>
+<td class='panel'>"With angels and<br />we laud and</td>
+<td class='panel'>archangels and<br />magnify Thy</td>
+<td class='panel'>all the company<br />glorious name.</td>
+<td class='panel'>of heaven<br />Amen."</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+It will be noticed that there are no sedilia in the usual place on the
+south side of the altar, the arch being open where we might expect to
+find them, and there is no pulpit in the choir. Most of the services in
+which a sermon is preached are conducted in the nave.
+</p>
+<p>
+Most of the windows have in recent times been filled with painted glass.
+Perhaps we may be inclined to think that there are too many thus filled,
+and that it would have been well if the windows of the clerestory had
+been left uncoloured. Certain it is that as there is no triforium, there
+is no place from which the clerestory windows can be examined; and had
+they been left unpainted, the church would have been much lighter than
+it is.
+</p>
+<p>
+A brief description must now be given of the windows. We will begin with
+the west window in the tower, proceeding eastward along the outer south
+aisle, crossing the church by the ambulatory, and coming back to the
+west by the aisle on the north side, and then examining the clerestory
+windows of nave and choir.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>
+<b>The Windows.</b>&mdash;The west window of the tower has five lights, and is
+divided by one transom. It represents the Ascension, and Acts of Mercy.
+It was given by J. C. Harter, and is the work of Hardman.
+</p>
+<p>
+The west window of the inner aisle on the south side has four lights,
+and its subject is the parable of the Good Samaritan. It was erected by
+subscription in memory of Jonas Craven, and was painted by Messrs.
+Heaton, Butler &amp; Baynes.
+</p>
+<p>
+The west window of the outer south aisle, or Baptistery, has six lights,
+and represents baptism by blood, water, and fire, illustrated by the
+martyrdom of St. Stephen, the baptism of Christ, and the descent of the
+Holy Ghost at Pentecost. It was given by Thomas Chesters in 1892, and is
+the work of Messrs. Percy Bacon &amp; Bros.
+</p>
+<p>
+The window in the westernmost bay of the outer south aisle has four
+lights, and illustrates the text &quot;Suffer little children to come unto
+Me,&quot; and was erected as a memorial to W. H. Bowler (son-in-law of Thomas
+Chesters), who died in 1887. This also was painted by Percy Bacon &amp;
+Bros.
+</p>
+<p>
+The window to the east of the porch in the Brown Chapel has four lights,
+and represents Christ healing all manner of sickness, and was erected in
+memory of John, William, Maria, and Henry Stevenson, and is by Wailes of
+Newcastle.
+</p>
+<p>
+The next window has four lights, and has for its subject various
+incidents in the life of St. John the Baptist: 1, the announcement of
+his birth to Zacharias; 2, his birth; 3, his preaching in the
+wilderness; and 4, his baptism of Christ. This was given by Margaret
+Clowes in memory of the Rev. T. Clowes, and is by Hardman.
+</p>
+<p>
+The window in the fifth bay has five lights. It represents Christ in
+Glory, and was given by Catharine, Countess of Stamford and Warrington,
+in memory of her husband, the seventh Earl, who died in 1883. It was
+painted by Messrs. Clayton &amp; Bell.
+</p>
+<p>
+The next window also has five lights, and illustrates the Magnificat. It
+was erected by public subscription in memory of Dean Oakley, who died in
+1890. It is by Burlison &amp; Grylls.
+</p>
+<p>
+The next window is in the westernmost bay of the Jesus
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>
+
+ Chapel. It has
+four lights. Its subject is Simeon receiving Christ in the temple. It
+was given as a memorial to Frederick Andrews, who died in 1890. It is by
+Messrs. Heaton, Butler &amp; Baynes.
+</p>
+<p>
+The next window, in that part of the Jesus Chapel now used as the
+cathedral library, has four lights, and represents Christ among the
+doctors; it is a memorial to James Gray, who died in 1871, and is by
+Messrs. Heaton, Butler &amp; Baynes.
+</p>
+<p>
+The next window of four lights has for its subject Christ healing all
+manner of disease, and was inserted in memory of Jonas Craven, who died
+in 1894. It is by Messrs. Heaton, Butler &amp; Baynes.
+</p>
+<p>
+There are four windows in the chapter house, all of four lights. The
+first, with figures of Sts. James, Thomas, Simon, and Jude, was given by
+Canon Gibson in 1869, and is by Messrs. Ward &amp; Hughes. The next,
+representing Sts. Peter, Mary, George, and Paul, is by Edmundson &amp; Son,
+and incorporates some old glass found in the clerestory windows of the
+choir. The next, with figures of Sts. Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, was
+given by the children of Canon Wray, in memory of their father, who died
+in 1866. It is the work of Clayton &amp; Bell. The last, with figures of
+Sts. James, Andrew, Philip, and Bartholomew, was given by Dean Bowers in
+1869, and is by Ward &amp; Hughes.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the bay between the chapter house and the Fraser Chapel is a
+four-light window with eight subjects. In the upper row, The
+Transfiguration, Lazarus, Christ riding on an Ass, The institution of
+the Lord's Supper; and in the lower, &quot;This is my beloved Son,&quot; Elisha
+raising the Child, David, The offering of Isaac. This was given in 1859
+by a citizen once a chorister. It is by Edmundson &amp; Son.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the Fraser Chapel are two windows. The first, facing south, has four
+lights, and contains the glass which formerly occupied the window of the
+bay that was opened out when the Fraser Chapel was built. Its four
+subjects are: Simeon, The Baptism of Christ, The Miracle at Cana, and
+Christ blessing little Children. An inscription records that it was
+given in 1858 by a citizen once a chorister; it is by Edmundson &amp; Son.
+</p>
+<p>
+The window in the east wall of this chapel has three lights. Its
+subjects are: 1, St. John; 2, &quot;I am He that was
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>
+ dead and am alive
+again&quot;; 3, St. Paul. It was erected as a memorial to Bishop Fraser by
+Messrs. Shrigley &amp; Hunt.
+</p>
+<p>
+The east window of the south choir aisle has five lights, and each of
+these contains two subjects.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the upper row we see Christ in the centre, with two of the
+evangelists on either side of him. In the lower tier are represented: 1,
+The Agony in the Garden; 2, Christ bearing His Cross; 3, The
+Crucifixion; 4, The Angels announcing the Resurrection; 5, The
+Ascension. This was given by G. Pilkington, and is by Wailes of
+Newcastle.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the Lady Chapel there are two windows, each of two lights in the
+north and south walls, and two, of four lights each, in the east wall.
+</p>
+<p>
+Beginning with the westernmost window in the south side, we find a
+representation of the descent of the Holy Ghost on the day of Pentecost,
+and an inscription which states that the window is a memorial to &quot;John
+Allen bonorum bujus ecclesiae custos,&quot; who died in 1861.
+</p>
+<p>
+The next window contains a representation of Christ among the Doctors.
+It is a memorial to Samuel Bulteel, who died in 1883.
+</p>
+<p>
+The next window in the east wall represents the Crucifixion of Christ
+and the two robbers, and was erected to commemorate the fact that the
+Lady Chapel was once the property of the Hoare family.
+</p>
+<p>
+The other window in this wall shows the visit of the Magi, and was given
+by J. H. Chetham in 1884, in memory of Humphrey Chetham, the great
+benefactor to Manchester, who was born in 1580 and died in 1653.
+</p>
+<p>
+The two windows in the north wall represent the Annunciation and
+Salutation respectively, and were inserted as memorials to Edith Mary
+Romilly, daughter of Dean Cowie, who died in 1883; it was given by the
+Dean; and to Elizabeth Sharp, who died in 1881. The latter was given by
+S. Wm., and Elizabeth Bulteel.
+</p>
+<p>
+All the windows in the Lady Chapel are by Moore of London.
+</p>
+<p>
+The five-light window at the east end of the north choir aisle
+illustrates the text beginning &quot;I was hungry,&quot; etc. It was given by G.
+Pilkington as a memorial to Humphrey Chetham. It is by Wailes of
+Newcastle.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>
+The east window of the Derby Chapel has seven lights, each containing
+two subjects. The upper tier are: 1, The Magi; 2, The flight into Egypt;
+3 and 5, Angels; 4, Christ; 6, Christ blessing Children; 7, Christ among
+the Doctors.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the lower tier the three central subjects are hidden by the reredos
+erected in recent years over the altar. Of the four visible, the first
+is the raising of Jairus' daughter; 3, Christ setting a Child in the
+midst; 6, Suffer little Children to come unto Me; 7, The feeding of the
+Five Thousand. It is by Edmundson &amp; Son of Manchester.
+</p>
+<p>
+The easternmost window in the north wall has four lights. The subjects
+are: St. Mary, &quot;Why weepest thou?&quot; and St. John. This window was
+inserted as a memorial to George Hull Bowers, D.D., the second Dean of
+Manchester, who died in 1872. It is by Burlison &amp; Grylls.
+</p>
+<p>
+There are three windows in the Ely Chantry. That facing north has five
+lights, the other two four; the central light of the north window
+contains the figure of Bishop Stanley wearing his mitre and holding his
+pastoral staff.
+</p>
+<p>
+The next window to the west contains in its four lights representation
+of four incidents in the life of Jacob: His dream, Rachel tending her
+sheep, Jacob watering them, and Jacob's journey into Egypt. This window
+is a memorial to William Newall, who died in 1851. It is by Ward &amp;
+Hughes.
+</p>
+<p>
+The next window, also of four lights, represents Christ cleansing the
+leper, raising the daughter of Jairus, blessing children, and restoring
+sight to Bartimaeus. This was inserted in memory of Robert Barnes, who
+died in 1871. It is by Clayton &amp; Bell.
+</p>
+<p>
+The next window&mdash;the last within the screen of the Derby
+Chapel&mdash;represents: 1. Jacob blessing Ephraim and Manasseh (Gen. xlviii.
+14); 2, The end of Job (Job xlii. 17); 3, Simeon blessing Christ (Luke
+ii. 27-29); 4, The great multitude in Heaven (Rev. vii. 9.) It is a
+memorial window to Thomas Broadbent, who died in 1875. It was given by
+his daughter, Elizabeth Boyd Garfit, the wife of Thomas Garfit, M.P. for
+Bristol, and is by Hardman.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the antechapel is a four light window. The subjects are the Good
+Shepherd teaching the young and healing the sick. It was given by James
+Chadwick, churchwarden, in 1863, and is by Ward &amp; Hughes.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image26.jpg">
+<img src="images/image26s.jpg" width="325" height="500"
+alt="THE GORDON MEMORIAL WINDOW."
+title="The Gordon Memorial Window." /></a>
+<br />
+THE GORDON MEMORIAL WINDOW.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+The easternmost window in the nave, in what was once the Ducie Chapel,
+has five lights, and was erected by C. J. Scholfield in 1888 as a
+memorial to Major-General Gordon, who was killed at Khartoum in 1888. In
+the centre light the General is represented with his hand on the head of
+a native boy; in the other lights we see native women and children
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>
+
+ expressing their gratitude to him for his work on their behalf; and in
+the outer lights and above the heads of the human figures are angels.
+</p>
+<p>
+This window is by Messrs. Wilson &amp; Whitehouse of London, and from the
+interest of its subject attracts much attention.
+</p>
+<p>
+The next window to the west has four lights, each of which contains two
+subjects: in the upper tier, Sts. Stephen, Paul, Barnabas, and Philip;
+in the lower, the stoning of St. Stephen, the Conversion of Saul, St.
+Paul and Barnabas, and St. Paul before Agrippa. It was given by Stephen
+Smith in memory of his two sisters, Lucinda and Marie, who died in 1881
+and 1883 respectively. This window is the work of Messrs. Burlison &amp;
+Grylls.
+</p>
+<p>
+The next window contains, in two tiers, representations of various Old
+and New Testament characters. It was inserted as a memorial to Samuel
+and Elizabeth Pickup. It is by Messrs. Clayton &amp; Bell.
+</p>
+<p>
+The next window also has two subjects in each of its four lights: the
+upper one, Feeding the hungry, etc.; the lower, the story of the Good
+Samaritan. This was given in memory of James Pickup, who died in 1868.
+It is by Messrs. Clayton &amp; Bell.
+</p>
+<p>
+The next bay opens into the north porch and does not contain any window.
+Between this and the west wall is a four-light window containing
+representations of eight incidents in the life of Joseph: 1, His dream;
+2, his coat dipped in blood; 3, his imprisonment; 4, his interpretation
+of the butler's and baker's dreams; 5, his interpretation of Pharaoh's
+dreams; 6, his honour in Egypt; 7, his turning aside from his brothers
+to weep; 8, the presentation of Jacob to Pharaoh. This window was
+presented by J. Beard in 1887, and is by Hardman.
+</p>
+<p>
+The west window of the outer north aisle has seven lights. The subject
+is the Ascension. It is a memorial to William Rose, superintendent of
+the Manchester Fire Brigade, who died in 1884, and is the work of
+Messrs. Clayton &amp; Bell.
+</p>
+<p>
+The window at the west end of the inner north aisle has two tiers of
+subjects; in the heads are angels playing on musical instruments. It was
+given as a memorial by the widow and children of Samuel Fletcher, who
+died in 1863, and is by Hardman.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>
+The windows of the clerestory contain five lights; in the north side
+all are painted, on the south side only the four western ones.
+</p>
+<p>
+The subjects are:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+On the north side: 1, Aaron sacrificing on the day of Atonement; given
+by R. B. M. Lingard Monk. It was painted by Messrs. Clayton &amp; Bell.
+</p>
+<p>
+2. Joshua at the fall of Jericho; given by Sir J.W. Maclure, Bart., M.P.
+It is by Messrs. Clayton &amp; Bell.
+</p>
+<p>
+3. David praising God in the tabernacle; given by G. Benton. By Burlison
+&amp; Grylls.
+</p>
+<p>
+4. Solomon praising God; given by Susanna Woodcock in memory of Henry
+Woodcock. By Gibbs of London.
+</p>
+<p>
+5. The ascent of Elijah; given by Sir W. Cunliffe Brooks, Bart. Painted
+by Messrs. Clayton &amp; Bell.
+</p>
+<p>
+6. Malachi pointing out the promised messenger; given by Edward and
+Henry Charlewood. It was painted by Messrs. Burlison &amp; Grylls.
+</p>
+<p>
+On the south side:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+1. Moses with the tables of the Law; given by James Chadwick.
+</p>
+<p>
+2. Miriam dancing and singing; given by William Hatton.
+</p>
+<p>
+3. Joseph and his brethren; given by Lord Egerton of Tatton.
+</p>
+<p>
+4. Abraham offering Isaac; given by the Earl of Ellesmere. These four
+windows are all the work of Messrs. Heaton, Butler &amp; Baynes.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the choir clerestory on the north side only the second from the west
+is painted; it represents Christ raising the dead, and is by Clayton &amp;
+Bell.
+</p>
+<p>
+On the south side, the first and third from the west are painted. The
+former represents Christ and Nicodemus; it was the gift of Canon Gibson,
+and is by Hardman. The other, representing the presentation of Christ in
+the Temple, was given by Canon Gibson, and is by Ward &amp; Hughes.
+</p>
+<p>
+The east window of the choir, a short wide window of seven lights,
+representing the Crucifixion, was given by W. Andrews in 1856, and is by
+Hardman.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image27.jpg">
+<img src="images/image27s.jpg" width="325" height="500"
+alt="THE NAVE FROM THE WEST."
+title="The Nave from the West." /></a>
+<br />
+THE NAVE FROM THE WEST.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<h2>
+    CHAPTER IV.
+</h2>
+<p class="center">
+    SHORT HISTORY OF THE PARISH AND DIOCESE.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Before 1422 the church was purely parochial, and was under rectors, the
+names of thirteen of whom have come down to us.
+</p>
+<p>
+Ranulphus de Welling is the first of whom we have any record. Albert de
+Neville's name is also preserved, but we do not know the dates of their
+appointment; all we know is that the former lived before the
+commencement of the thirteenth century. With the appointment of Peter
+Greslet in 1261, the unbroken list begins.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1284 William de Marchia succeeded him. He became Bishop of Bath and
+Wells in 1292 or 1293. Here he obtained a great reputation for saintly
+life, and after his death miracles were worked at his tomb, persons
+suffering from toothache resorting to it. He was for some time Treasurer
+of England under Edward I.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1292 Walter de Langton was appointed rector of Manchester, and also
+Treasurer of England. In 1296 he was promoted to the Bishopric of
+Lichfield, to which diocese Manchester then belonged. At Lichfield he
+distinguished himself as builder of the Lady Chapel and Palace. He
+retained the rectory of Manchester until 1299, when he was succeeded by
+his grandson.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1301 Geoffrey de Stoke became rector, and was succeeded in 1313 by John
+de Guerden, whose name appears in several other forms Verdun and
+Everden. He became Dean of St. Paul's, London, in 1323. Another name,
+that of John de Arden, occurs about this time among the rectors of
+Manchester, but the date of his appointment is not known.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1323 Adam de Southwick became rector.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1327 John de Clandon.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1351 Thomas de Wyke; and finally in
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1373 Thomas de la Warre.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>
+In 1422 the church became collegiate, when Henry V. granted a charter
+to Thomas, Lord de la Warre, Rector of Manchester, and Lord of the Manor
+&quot;Ecclesiam de Mancestre in ecclesiam collegeatam erigere,&quot; and from this
+date the title of Rector was exchanged for that of Warden.
+</p>
+<p>
+The following is a complete list of the wardens, with the dates of their
+appointments:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1422. John Huntington, B.D. (rector of Ashton-under-Lyne); he is
+noteworthy as the builder of much of the church which we see to-day.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1459. John Booth, LL.B., archdeacon of Redmore, formerly treasurer of
+the cathedral church at York.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1465. Ralph Langley, LL.D., rector of Prestwich, the rebuilder of the
+nave.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1481. James Stanley (1), D.D., Prebendary of St Paul's and archdeacon of
+Chester.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1485. James Stanley (2), M.A., D.C.L. He founded the Chapel of St. John
+the Baptist, built the entrance to the chapter house, and in connection
+with Richard Beck, a Manchester merchant, erected the choir stalls and
+canopies. He became Bishop of Ely in 1509, and is buried in the Ely
+Chantry at Manchester.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1509. Robert Cliff, B.D., LL.D.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1515. Richard Alday.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1518. George West.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1535. George Collyer, M.A.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1557. Laurence Vaux, B.D., chaplain to the Bishop of Gloucester.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1558. William Bird, M.A.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1570. Thomas Herle, chaplain to Queen Elizabeth.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1578. John Walton, B.D. He was appointed Bishop of Exeter in 1579.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1579. William Chadderton, D.D., consecrated Bishop of Chester in 1579.
+Manchester by this time had become part of the new see of Chester, and
+Chadderton retained his wardenship along with the higher office, but he
+resigned it when he was translated to the see of Lincoln in 1595.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hanging">
+1595. John Dee, M.A., a layman and a celebrated mathematician,
+alchemist, astrologer, and necromancer, who professed to see visions in
+crystal globes, and was much consulted by many, among them by the Queen,
+to forecast future events, held the office of warden for some years, but
+retired in 1608, and died in poverty at Mortlake, at the age of 81.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1608. Richard Murray, D.D., Rector of Stopford, and Dean of St. Buryan's
+in Cornwall.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1636. Richard Heyrick, M.A. He was expelled in 1646, but reinstated in
+his office in 1660. His memorial tablet may be seen on the wall of the
+south aisle, dated 1667.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1667. Nicholas Stratford, D.D. He resigned in 1684, and five years after
+this was consecrated Bishop of Chester.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1684. Richard Wroe, D.D., Prebendary of Chester.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1718. Samuel Peploe (1), D.D. He was consecrated Bishop of Chester in
+1726, and ruled that see till 1752. He retained the wardenship, together
+with the bishopric, until 1738.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1738. Samuel Peploe (2), LL.D. He was Chancellor of Chester, and
+Archdeacon of Richmond, Yorkshire.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1781. Richard Assheton, D.D.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1800. Thomas Blackburne, LL.D.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1823. Thomas Calvert, D.D., rector of Wilmslow.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1840. The Hon. William Herbert, D.D., LL.D. When the diocese of
+Manchester was formed out of that of Chester in 1847, the warden was
+raised to the higher rank of Dean, and hence Dr. Herbert was last warden
+and first Dean, but he did not hold the latter office long.
+</p>
+<p>
+The following is a list of the Deans:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1847. The Hon. William Herbert, D.D., LL.D.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1847. George Hull Bowers, D.D.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1872. Benjamin Morgan Cowie, D.D. In 1884 he became Dean of Exeter, a
+post he held until he died in 1900.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1884. John Oakley, D.D. He had been Dean of Carlisle from 1881-1884.
+</p>
+<p class="hanging">
+1890. Edward Craig Maclure, D.D., the present Dean.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>
+The present cathedral staff consists of the Dean, four residentiary
+Canons, twenty-four honorary Canons, two minor Canons, two Clerks (in
+orders), an organist, four singing men, and four singing boys on the
+foundation, to whom others are added by subscription.
+</p>
+<p>
+The relation of the Dean of Manchester to the Rectory is defined by the
+Parish of Manchester Division Act, 1850, which states that &quot;Such Part or
+Residue of the said Parish of Manchester as shall remain after severance
+therefrom of any Parts or Portions thereof, shall be, and be deemed to
+be for all Ecclesiastical Purposes, the Parish of Manchester; and the
+Dean of Manchester for the time being shall, upon Institution and
+Installation into his Deanery, have the cure of souls therein, and shall
+be assisted in such cure by the Chaplains or Minor Canons of the said
+Cathedral or Collegiate Church, to be hereafter appointed, who, in all
+matters connected with the Spiritual Duties of the said Parish, shall be
+subject to, and act under his directions; and the said Dean shall have
+all rights and powers in reference to the performance of the services of
+the said church, as the Parish Church of Manchester, as fully and
+effectually as if he were Rector of the same, subject nevertheless to
+any rights belonging to or duties imposed on the Canons and Minor Canons
+or Chaplains of the said Cathedral or Collegiate Church, in respect of
+the performance of the services thereof prescribed by the recited
+Letters Patent.&quot;
+</p>
+<p>
+The list of the churchwardens of the parish church from 1422 to 1595,
+and from 1663 to the present time, three for each year, is in existence.
+</p>
+<p>
+The diocese of Manchester has but a short history, as it has had an
+independent existence for little more than half a century.
+</p>
+<p>
+Until 1541 Manchester was part of the great see of Lichfield. In that
+year Henry VIII. made a new diocese of Chester, by taking the
+archdeaconry of Chester from the diocese of Lichfield, and the
+archdeaconry of Richmond from that of York.
+</p>
+<p>
+The see of Chester then included the counties of Chester, Lancaster, and
+portions of Cumberland, Westmorland, York, Flint, and Denbigh.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1836 the archdeaconry of Richmond was assigned to
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>
+
+ the new see of
+Ripon, and the part of Lancashire known as Furness, together with these
+parts of Westmorland and Cumberland above mentioned, were added to the
+diocese of Carlisle.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1847 the new see of Manchester was formed from the diocese of
+Chester.
+</p>
+<p>
+The diocese of Manchester lies within the county of Lancaster, but does
+not embrace the whole county, part of which forms the see of Liverpool,
+while a small part of it belongs to that of Carlisle.
+</p>
+<p>
+It consists of three archdeaconries:&mdash;Manchester, Lancaster, and
+Blackburn.
+</p>
+<p>
+The total number of benefices in the diocese in the year 1900 was 550,
+of beneficed clergy, 525, and of assistant curates about 360.
+</p>
+<p>
+The cathedral church is calculated to afford accommodation for 2000
+persons.
+</p>
+<p>
+Since the foundation of the see it has been presided over by three
+bishops.
+</p>
+<p>
+The first was the Right Rev. <b>James Prince Lee</b>, D.D., F.R.S., for many
+years headmaster of King Edward's School, Birmingham, and a
+distinguished scholar. He was elected in 1847, and consecrated in the
+first month of the following year by the Archbishop of York and the
+Bishops of Chester and Worcester. He died in 1869 at Mauldeth Hall,
+Heaton Mersey, and was buried in Heaton Mersey Churchyard.
+</p>
+<p>
+He was succeeded by the Right Rev. <b>James Fraser</b>, D.D., who when at
+Oxford had gained the Ireland Scholarship, and became a Fellow of Oriel
+College. He was a man of great intellectual power, of kindly manner, and
+won the respect and confidence not only of Churchmen, but of members of
+all denominations, especially of the mill hands of his populous diocese.
+He was nominated to the see in January 1890, and consecrated in March of
+the same year. He died 22nd October 1885 at Manchester, and is buried in
+the churchyard of Ufton Nervet, Berks.
+</p>
+<p>
+The present bishop, the Right Rev. <b>James Moorhouse</b>, D.D., was
+translated from the see of Melbourne to that of Manchester in 1886.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<h3>
+DIMENSIONS OF MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL.
+</h3>
+
+<table summary="Dimensions of Manchester Cathedral">
+<tr><td></td><td align='center'>Ft.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Total length over all, exterior,</td><td align='right'>248</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Width,</td><td align='right'>173</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Length of Nave and Choir, interior,</td><td align='right'>172</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Width of Nave exclusive of Projections, interior,</td><td align='right'>114</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Distance from Rood Screen to Screen of Lady Chapel,</td><td align='right'>88</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Length and breadth of Tower, exterior exclusive of buttresses,</td><td align='right'>28</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Length of Lady Chapel, E. to W., interior,</td><td align='right'>18</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Width of Lady Chapel, N. to S., interior,</td><td align='right'>19</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Width of Nave,</td><td align='right'>27</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Width of inner Nave Aisles,</td><td align='right'>16</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Width of outer North Aisle of Nave,</td><td align='right'>24</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Width of outer South Aisle of Nave,</td><td align='right'>22</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Projection South Porch beyond Wall of aisle, exclusive of buttresses,</td><td align='right'>22</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Projecting of North Porch, beyond walls of aisle, exclusive of buttresses,</td><td align='right'>25</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Width of South Porch, interior,</td><td align='right'>11</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Width of North Porch, interior,</td><td align='right'>13</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Diameter of Chapter House interior,</td><td align='right'>19</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Height of Roof, interior,</td><td align='right'>50</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Height of Tower,</td><td align='right'>140</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Area, about 18,000 sq. ft.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p class="center">
+<big>CHETHAM&#39;S HOSPITAL AND LIBRARY</big>
+</p>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image28.jpg">
+<img src="images/image28s.jpg" width="700" height="500"
+alt="THE HALL, CHETHAM&#39;S HOSPITAL."
+title="The Hall, Chetham&#39;s Hospital." /></a>
+<br />
+THE HALL, CHETHAM&#39;S HOSPITAL.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:500px;">
+<a href="images/image29.jpg">
+<img src="images/image29s.jpg" width="500" height="360"
+alt="CHETHAM&#39;S HOSPITAL FROM THE SOUTH-EAST."
+title="Chetham&#39;s Hospital from the South-East." /></a>
+<br />
+CHETHAM&#39;S HOSPITAL FROM THE SOUTH-EAST.
+</div>
+
+<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<h2>
+    CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL AND LIBRARY.
+</h2>
+
+<p>
+As we stand on the north side of the cathedral and look to the north,
+our eyes rest upon a wide gravelled courtyard beyond a low wall, backed
+up by a range of mediaeval-looking buildings. These were the domestic
+buildings of the College, and are now used partly for Chetham's Free
+Library, partly for the school known as Chetham's Hospital. The
+endowment and other sources of income provide for the board and
+education of a hundred boys. They receive a sound elementary education,
+and are instructed in technical and manual work. The school is carried
+on under the Board of Education, and is typical of this education at its
+best. The religious instruction is in accordance with the tenets of the
+Established Church, and much care is taken to train
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>
+
+ the boys not only
+in intellectual and manual pursuits, but in morals and manners. A boy
+once placed on the foundation of Humphrey Chetham has a successful
+career assured to him, unless he forfeits his chances by subsequent
+folly on his own part. The boys who show the greatest intellectual power
+can be passed on to the Manchester Grammar School, and thence to Owens
+College, while the feoffees of the hospital have no difficulty in
+finding good places in the business houses of Manchester for the rest.
+To have been educated at Chetham's Hospital is a great recommendation to
+any boy. The boys still wear the picturesque costume of the sixteenth
+century&mdash;caps, bands, long-skirted dark blue coats, knee-breeches,
+stockings, and shoes adorned with buckles. The visitor to the Hospital
+will probably be greeted by one of these boys, who will ask if he wishes
+to see the buildings. The boy will, if the answer is in the affirmative,
+take the visitor to the library, where, on payment of sixpence, a ticket
+will be handed to him, franking him for the day, and the boy will
+conduct him over the whole of the buildings, pointing out the past and
+present uses to which each part of them was or is put.
+</p>
+<p>
+Before we proceed to describe the building a few words must be said
+about its history.
+</p>
+<p>
+Its site was once occupied by the &quot;summer camp&quot; of Roman legionaries,
+and when the Romans passed away from the island, it is highly probable
+that the English occupants of the country used it as a place of abode.
+The first authentic notice of its occupation by any person whose name
+has come down to us, dates from 1182, when Robert, the fifth Baron
+Greslet, kept court here. Thomas, the eighth baron, granted the citizens
+of Manchester their first charter in 1301, signing and sealing the
+charter here. He was the last male in the direct line of descent, and on
+his death the property passed to John De la Warre, who was a descendant
+of the Greslets or Gresleys in the female line. One of his descendants,
+Thomas, as has been already mentioned, became rector of Manchester, who
+before his death applied to King Henry V. for a charter to enable him to
+collegiate the church. He bestowed on it lands to increase the
+endowment, and gave his baronial hall to the newly founded college of
+priests to be used as their residence. All this
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span>
+
+ may be read in the
+grant made in the first year of Henry VI. Certain alterations were made
+in the buildings, to fit them for the new use to which they were to be
+put, and from 1422 to 1549 they were occupied by warden after
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span>
+
+ warden,
+who, assisted by the Fellows, performed the services in the adjoining
+church, looked after the sick and poor, and ministered generally to the
+inhabitants of the parish of Manchester. For some reason the College was
+not suppressed in the reign of Henry VIII., when the revenues of
+monasteries, small and great, were seized by the king; but in the first
+year of Edward VI. it was disendowed, and in the third year of the reign
+it was granted to Edward Stanley, third Earl of Derby. He used it as a
+town house. Henry Stanley, the next earl, in the reign of Elizabeth
+obtained a charter from the Queen, re-endowing the College, and it once
+more became the abode of the wardens, now priests of the reformed
+Church. During the civil wars the warden was expelled (1646), and the
+buildings seized by the Parliament. They were let to a certain Joseph
+Werden, who sublet the refectory to the Presbyterians, to be used by
+them as a meeting-house. The Independents made use of a barn in the
+enclosure for a similar purpose.
+</p>
+
+<!--figure moved down from page 65-->
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image30.jpg">
+<img src="images/image30s.jpg" width="340" height="500"
+alt="THE NORTH GALLERY OF THE CLOISTER."
+title="The North Gallery of the Cloister." /></a>
+<br />
+THE NORTH GALLERY OF THE CLOISTER.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+Lieut.-Col. the Rev. John Wigan applied for the reversion of this
+property, &quot;part of y<sup>e</sup> estate of the late Earl of Derby, and part of y<sup>e</sup>
+jointure of y<sup>e</sup> Countess Dowager already sequestrated.&quot;
+</p>
+<p>
+Humphrey Chetham also had his eye upon this property, wishing to obtain
+it so that he might carry out a project formed long before to found a
+school and home for boys. The survey of the property made at this time
+describes it as consisting of &quot;Y<sup>e</sup> large building called y<sup>e</sup> College in
+Manchester, consisting of many rooms, with two barnes, one gate house,
+verie much decay'd, one parcell of ground formerly an orchard, and one
+garden, now in y<sup>e</sup> possession of Joseph Werden gent., who pays for y<sup>e</sup>
+same, for y<sup>e</sup> use of the Common wealth, ten pounds yearly. There is
+likewise one other room in ye said College reserved and made use of for
+publique meetings of X'sian conscientious people.&quot;
+</p>
+<p>
+Humphrey Chetham did not live to see the school founded; but in his
+will, made three years before his death, which took place in 1653, he
+appointed trustees to carry out his purpose. They, in accordance with
+his instructions, bought &quot;y<sup>e</sup> great house with buildings, court,
+gardens, and appurtenances, called ye Colledge or the Colledge House,&quot;
+obtaining it for the sum of &pound;500.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>
+On August 5, 1658, the building was formally dedicated to its new use,
+and Hallworth, chief assistant to Heyrick, the expelled warden, who, as
+stated in Chapter IV., was afterwards reinstated, in his speech on this
+occasion, told the history of the building, and concluded by saying,
+&quot;Henceforth the said house could fitly and justly be named by no other
+name than by the name of Mr. Chetham's Hospital,&quot; and by that name it is
+known at the present day.
+</p>
+<p>
+At the time of the Restoration the Stanleys claimed the property of
+which they had been dispossessed by the Parliament, but made no
+difficulty about regranting to the feoffees that part of it occupied by
+the new School and Library. For the Library as well as the School had
+been already founded, since after making sufficient provision for the
+maintenance of the Hospital, the feoffees had money in hand which they
+spent in the purchase of books, thus forming the nucleus of the first
+<i>free</i> library in England. To this collection books have been added by
+gift, bequest, and purchase, so that the library now contains about
+60,000 volumes. The books can be consulted free of charge during certain
+hours of the day, but are not allowed to be removed from the building.
+The general public, however, does not make much use of the library, as
+it does not contain the light and ephemeral literature that appeals to
+modern taste; but the student who desires to read up some special
+subject will find many valuable books and manuscripts to aid him in his
+work. Among the rare books is a copy of the historical compilations of
+Matthew Paris, with marginal corrections in the author's handwriting.
+</p>
+<p>
+There is much matter to be found on these shelves dealing with the
+antiquities and history of Lancashire and Cheshire. Canon Raine
+bequeathed a fine series of Lancashire manuscripts; besides these may be
+seen a collection of broadsides, formed by Mr. T. O. Halliwell-Phillipps,
+and the library of John Byrom. In the last named collection is the final
+draft of the well-known hymn, &quot;Christians, awake; salute the happy
+morn.&quot; Among the other books there are some fine specimens of Caxton's
+printing.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image31.jpg">
+<img src="images/image31s.jpg" width="355" height="500"
+alt="THE COLLEGE GATEWAY."
+title="The College Gateway." /></a>
+<br />
+THE COLLEGE GATEWAY.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+We leave the churchyard, cross the street that skirts it to the north,
+and pass through a small doorway in the wall at the opposite side of the
+street, and so enter the play-ground of Chetham's Hospital. On our left
+hand as we make our
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span>
+
+ way to the original building, we pass the modern
+schoolroom, which stands by itself. This, like many other buildings in
+Manchester, was designed by A. Waterhouse, R.A. The main building runs
+east and west, with projecting wings at either end. Near the eastern
+wing we notice the old entrance gateway, and the modern staircase
+leading up to what was the &quot;hospitium&quot; or guest-house. This has been
+converted into a dormitory for the boys. The most interesting part of
+the College is to be found in the western wing, of which an illustration
+is given, p. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>. The three windows crossed
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>
+
+ by transoms are those of the
+hall; the lower windows to the left of these belong to the audit room,
+the upper to the warden's private room, now the reading-room of the
+library. The building to the extreme left contains the library on the
+upper floor, and offices on the lower.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:500px;">
+<a href="images/image32.jpg">
+<img src="images/image32s.jpg" width="500" height="420"
+alt="CORRIDOR AND ENTRANCE TO THE HALL."
+title="Corridor and Entrance to the Hall." /></a>
+<br />
+CORRIDOR AND ENTRANCE TO THE HALL.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+There is a long corridor, shown in the illustration below, running from
+east and west of the building; it can be entered by a door at its
+eastern end not shown in the illustration on p. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>. After entering this,
+as we proceed towards the west we pass on the right hand the fine
+kitchen; it has an open timbered roof about 35 feet from floor to ridge,
+and measures 29 feet in length and 17 in width; beyond this, on the same
+side, are two doors giving entrance to the cellar, where the warden and
+Fellows kept their wine, the buttery or rather
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span>
+
+ <i>butlery</i>. Opposite
+this, on the left hand side, is the Hall; its north end is partially
+closed by massive screens of black oak. It has windows on the east and
+west. One of those on the west gives light to a staircase with Jacobean
+balusters, which, starting in a direction parallel to the west wall of
+the hall, turns round and gives access to the upper story.
+<!--lines below moved up from page 71-->
+As we still pass westward we come to the cloister on the left hand, and
+the old infirmary on the right; and a door still further on leads out
+into a garden, where the fish pond was formerly situated; in this the
+fish required for Fridays and other days of abstinence were kept. Caught
+in other water&mdash;the streams of Irwell and Irk probably&mdash;they were
+brought here and stored so that they could always be caught without
+difficulty when required for the table.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image33.jpg">
+<img src="images/image33s.jpg" width="360" height="500"
+alt="THE CLOISTER&mdash;SOUTH-WEST ANGLE."
+title="The Cloister&mdash;South-West Angle." /></a>
+<br />
+THE CLOISTER&mdash;SOUTH-WEST ANGLE.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>
+The cloister is small and has only three walks, the one to the north
+forming part of the corridor which has been just described; the one to
+the west is terminated at its south end by an iron gate; and the walk on
+the south leads to, and is terminated by the entrance to the audit room.
+From the west walk (illustration, p. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>) an archway leads into the
+cloister itself. This is a very secluded spot, and the walls show signs
+of great age. This cloister has one peculiarity: the walks already
+described have other walks or corridors over them. Over the south walk
+is a corridor leading by what was St. Mary's Chapel into the warden's
+room; the corridor over the west walk opened out into what was once the
+dormitory, now filled with bookcases; the walk over the long eastern
+corridor below gave access to the old refectory, which has now been
+divided into living-rooms for the governor and the librarian.
+</p>
+<p>
+The long straight line of building between the eastern and western wing
+contained the old school, the brew house, and the bakery; the upper
+story, used formerly for guests, has been converted into a dormitory for
+the boys; this is the most ancient part of the hospital.
+</p>
+<p>
+The reader, from the sketch just given, will understand the general
+arrangement of the building, various parts of which will now be
+described in more detail.
+</p>
+<p>
+We will begin with the <b>Hall</b>. This measures 43 feet from north to
+south, 24 from east to west; its walls are 22 feet in height, and the
+distance from the floor to the ridge of the open timber roof is 35 feet.
+</p>
+<p>
+At the south end is the dais, behind this the wall is panelled; on the
+west side near the dais is a recess shown in the illustration on page
+<a href="#Page_72">72</a>, and on the same side of the hall, further north, and in the centre
+of the wall, is the &quot;Ingle-nook,&quot; as it is called.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image34.jpg">
+<img src="images/image34s.jpg" width="400" height="500"
+alt="RECESS IN THE HALL."
+title="Recess in the Hall." /></a>
+<br />
+RECESS IN THE HALL.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+This Ingle-nook did not originally form part of the hall. It is said that
+at one time it was a barn, or place for storing grain for use in the
+baronial buildings.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>
+The hall was in all probability warmed, according to the usual custom,
+by a brazier standing on the centre of the floor, the smoke from which
+gathered under the high pitched roof, blackening beams and rafters, and
+finally escaped through a spire or turret rising from the ridge of the
+roof furnished with louvre boards. The fireplace was at some subsequent
+time removed to the west side of the room, and afterwards placed inside
+the ingle-nook, first at the back of it, then at the north-eastern
+corner.
+</p>
+<p>
+It will be seen from the illustration that this recess was at one time
+entered through an arch, but the sides of this were afterwards cut away
+and a flat lintel, composed of two enormous stones, was inserted; the
+space between this and the arch was then filled in with masonry; at the
+same time, no doubt, the interior space was covered with a plaster
+ceiling at a height of about six feet from the floor; this has been
+recently removed, and the roof vaulted with stone. The recess is lighted
+from the back with windows, and provided with seats, and has an open
+fireplace. The ingle-nook is a picturesque addition to the hall, and
+forms no doubt a very cosy corner when on a cold day the fire is blazing
+in the grate; but as a means of warming the hall the present arrangement
+is manifestly far inferior to the old plan of having an open fire in the
+centre of the floor of the hall.
+</p>
+<p>
+On the wall above this recess may be seen a bust of the founder, with
+crossed swords on either side of it, and a flintlock hung below it. The
+illustrations show that the walls are built of large-size squared
+stones, and are not covered with plaster. Across the end of the hall,
+cutting off the western part of it to form the main passage spoken of
+above, is a battlemented screen. This is peculiar in that it is not a
+continuous screen furnished with doorways for entrance, and does not
+rise to the level of the roof, but consists of three detached pieces,
+one resting against the east, one against the west wall, and one
+standing in the middle, each rising to the height of about nine feet.
+Thus two entrances, each about five feet wide, are left. Here, as in
+other parts of the building, the improvements of the nineteenth century
+have found their way, and the mediaeval walls of the old hall are
+lighted with electric lamps&mdash;a most convenient and safe addition, but
+striking one, at first, as out
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>
+
+ of harmony with the surroundings. Sundry
+portraits adorn the walls, the floor is neatly sanded, and the room is
+kept scrupulously clean; an air of refinement is added to it by vases of
+fresh flowers placed on the table. In this hall the boys of the Hospital
+assemble at stated hours for prayers and meals.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:500px;">
+<a href="images/image35.jpg">
+<img src="images/image35s.jpg" width="500" height="355"
+alt="WEST SIDE OF THE CLOISTER."
+title="West Side of the Cloister." /></a>
+<br />
+WEST SIDE OF THE CLOISTER.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+The next part to be examined is the cloister court. This is a very small
+enclosure, surrounded by somewhat high walls. Admission to it is
+obtained from the west walk through the archway cut in one of the
+windows, shown in the illustration. The curious form of the glass in the
+windows is worthy of note; the pavement of the cloister-garth is formed
+of cobblestones, and towards the south end may be seen the top of the
+college well. The cloister is not rectangular, the line of the eastern
+side being broken by sundry projections.
+</p>
+
+<!--figure moved up from page 75-->
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image36.jpg">
+<img src="images/image36s.jpg" width="380" height="500"
+alt="STAIRCASE LEADING TO CLOISTER GALLERY."
+title="Staircase Leading to Cloister Gallery." /></a>
+<br />
+STAIRCASE LEADING TO CLOISTER GALLERY.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+As we leave the cloister, we examine the walks to the south and west.
+The latter (see illustration, p. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>) is terminated at
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span>
+
+ its south end by
+a wrought iron gate through which we get a glimpse of the outside view
+and the entrance to the library. The roof is nearly flat, with massive
+oaken beams. Several doors may be seen on the western side opening into
+cells&mdash;the living-rooms of the clergy connected with the college. As we
+turn round the corner and pass into the south walk, we see before us the
+door of the audit room. The oaken ceiling of this room is of fifteenth
+century date; the walls up to a certain height are wainscoted; above
+this they are covered with a plaster frieze. Here may be seen what is
+known as the &quot;Founder's Chair,&quot; although it is of far earlier date than
+Chetham's time&mdash;earlier, indeed, than the date of
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span>
+
+ the conversion of the
+baron's residence into a college in the fifteenth century.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image37.jpg">
+<img src="images/image37s.jpg" width="345" height="500"
+alt="CLOISTER GALLERY, NORTH SIDE."
+title="Cloister Gallery, North Side." /></a>
+<br />
+CLOISTER GALLERY, NORTH SIDE.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+Leaving this room, we pass through the two cloister walks already
+described, and proceed towards the hall until on the right hand we see a
+staircase with balusters of oak, black from age. We mount this, and when
+we reach the top find ourselves in the upper corridor that runs along
+the north side of the cloister-garth. This is lit by windows looking
+into the cloister, and is covered with a wooden ceiling, just at the
+head of the staircase is the doorway leading into the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span>
+
+ private rooms of
+the governor, with exquisite oak fittings; on the north side of this
+corridor are doors similar to those that we noticed in the corridor
+below, opposite to the hall; these lead into the librarian's rooms;
+beyond these, to the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span>
+
+ west, stands a beautiful Tudor table of carved
+oak. At the west end of the corridor is an iron studded door. The
+carvings over the doorway on the west side should not be passed by
+unnoticed (see p. <a href="#Page_65">65</a>). The corridor over the west walk of the cloister
+is filled with bookcases plentifully supplied with books.
+</p>
+
+<!--figure moved down from page 77-->
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image38.jpg">
+<img src="images/image38s.jpg" width="365" height="500"
+alt="CHETHAM&#39;S LIBRARY, FORMERLY THE DORMITORY."
+title="Chetham's Library, Formerly the Dormitory." /></a>
+<br />
+CHETHAM&#39;S LIBRARY, FORMERLY THE DORMITORY.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+Parallel to this runs the old dormitory of the College, a room with a
+fine timber roof lighted from above; on the west side of this are a
+number of compartments formed of tall bookcases, and entered from the
+corridor by open-work doors. At the north end of the corridor is a
+window filled with painted glass, one light of which represents St.
+Martin of Tours dividing his cloak with a beggar, and the other Eutychus
+falling out of the window.
+</p>
+<p>
+At the south end of this corridor we find a staircase which leads from
+the ground floor close to the main entrance to the library, and is, in
+fact, the way by which readers usually enter it. There is a room with a
+similar timber roof running along the south side of the building
+parallel to the corridor above the south walk of the cloister. This was
+once a chapel dedicated to St. Mary, and now, like the dormitory, is
+filled with bookcases; but an oak altar rail, dating from the middle of
+the sixteenth century, with double spiral rails, may still be seen here.
+</p>
+<p>
+At the east end of the south corridor is a door leading into a beautiful
+room, now used as the reading room; formerly it was the warden's room,
+and many a man well known in history has sat within its walls. Here Sir
+Walter Raleigh and the courtiers of his day were entertained by the
+warden, Dr. Dee, of whom mention was made in the last chapter,&mdash;a wizard
+as he was then thought to be, whom even the Queen did not hesitate to
+consult when she wished to know the future.
+</p>
+<p>
+This room, like many others in this building, has an open timber roof
+and a cornice, dating from the time of the foundation of the College in
+the days of Henry V. The walls are wainscoted up to the level of the
+spring of the roof which spans the room from east to west.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image39.jpg">
+<img src="images/image39s.jpg" width="360" height="500"
+alt="THE WARDEN&#39;S ROOM, NOW THE READING ROOM&mdash;NORTH SIDE."
+title="The Warden&#39;s Room, now the Reading Room&mdash;North Side." /></a>
+<br />
+THE WARDEN&#39;S ROOM, NOW THE READING ROOM&mdash;NORTH SIDE.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p><!--[Blank Page]--><br /></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>
+In the centre of the north side of this room is a fireplace. This wall
+is wainscoted up to the same height as the other walls, and above the
+oak panelling it is profusely decorated, as will be seen from the
+illustrations, with scrolls and other patterns. This decoration was done
+in the early years
+<!--Above lines moved down from page 78-->
+ of the reign of Charles II., after the College had
+been converted into Chetham's Hospital. In the centre of the room is a
+handsome oval oak table, with a number of chairs to match; against the
+south wall stands a fifteenth century communion table, and against the
+north wall to the left of the fireplace, a handsome sideboard of carved
+oak. This was made up of portions of two pieces of old furniture,
+namely, the top of a bookcase once given by Humphrey Chetham to Walmsley
+Church, near Bolton-le-Moors, still bearing an inscription: &quot;The gift of
+Humphrey Chetham Esquire, 1655,&quot; and a fifteenth century bedstead once
+used by the Pretender when sleeping at Hulton Park in Lancashire. This
+sideboard was presented to the College by a member of the Hulton family,
+who was one of the Chetham feoffees. Round the walls are several
+portraits. From the east side of the room there is a projecting bay
+lighted by three windows and furnished with seats and a square writing
+table with sloping sides, to which students can take the book from which
+they wish to make extracts. The enrichments of the ceiling of the bay
+are of plaster, but the rest of the vault is stone. All the floors of
+this upper story are of oak, well polished by the feet of many
+generations. The furniture of the reading room harmonizes well with the
+room itself. The windows are placed under widely splayed, obtusely
+pointed four centred arches. On the sill of one stands a statuette in
+bronze of Humphrey Chetham and one of the boys of his school, similar to
+the marble statue already described as standing at the east end of the
+north choir aisle of the cathedral church. At the northwest corner of
+the room is a door which the visitor might easily overlook, but which
+gives access to a most interesting chamber. This was at one time the
+minstrels' gallery opening out into the hall, when in the time of the
+Greslets and the De le Warres, the baron, his guests and retainers
+feasted merrily there, while the harpers twanged their strings and sang
+of deeds of daring and war and victory. When the building passed into
+ecclesiastical hands in 1422 the arches opening into the hall were
+walled up, and the minstrels' gallery was converted into a scriptorium;
+two small openings were, however, left in the wall from which the warden
+passing out of his own room into the scriptorium might see what was
+being done in the hall below.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:500px;">
+<a href="images/image40.jpg">
+<img src="images/image40s.jpg" width="500" height="350"
+alt="THE READING ROOM: EAST SIDE."
+title="The Reading Room: East Side." /></a>
+<br />
+THE READING ROOM: EAST SIDE.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+Leaving the warden's room we may descend by the staircase at the
+south-west corner of the building, and before quitting this part of the
+hospital altogether, make a closer examination of the wrought iron gate
+at the south end of the west walk of the cloister. On it we see embossed
+in brass, the arms of the founder and below the arms, the motto, &quot;Quod
+tuum tene,&quot; &quot;Hold thine own.&quot;
+</p>
+<p>
+The part of the building used as the boys' dormitories has been
+internally refitted in modern times, and so has lost somewhat of its
+archaeological interest; but the building, taken as a whole, is a very
+valuable relic of mediaeval times. Even if there were nothing older than
+Chetham's day, it would be well worth study; but of course it is of much
+earlier date, and we see a building which has been used for three
+distinct purposes at different times of its history: first as a baron's
+dwelling-place, then as the abode of one of those religious bodies
+differing in many points from the regular monastic orders known as
+colleges of clergy, and
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span>
+
+ finally converted into one of those educational
+establishments which sprang up into vigorous existence in the days
+succeeding the dissolution of the monasteries. It is especially
+interesting to note how many features of the life led by the boys at the
+time of the foundation are still preserved at this hospital. Modern
+improvements have been judiciously introduced into the management of
+this educational foundation; there has been no unnecessary reckless
+sweeping away of what is old and picturesque, and yet, at the same time,
+the character of the education given has been brought well up
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span>
+ to modern
+requirements, fulfilling literally the conditions laid down by the
+founder, who directed that &quot;Ye boys shall be taught ye reading, ye
+writing, ye summes, and all kinds of ye ingenuitie.&quot;
+</p>
+
+<!--figure moved down from page 83-->
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image41.jpg">
+<img src="images/image41s.jpg" width="350" height="500"
+alt="THE CLOISTER&mdash;WEST WALK."
+title="The Cloister&mdash;West Walk." /></a>
+<br />
+THE CLOISTER&mdash;WEST WALK.
+</div>
+
+<p>
+It is a matter of congratulation that this ancient building has been
+preserved from falling into ruin and being used as a quarry of
+ready-hewn stone, a fate that overtook so many of the religious houses
+of the country when the monastic bodies were expelled; and also that by
+the wise regulations made for the admission of visitors, the place is
+easily seen, and yet is preserved from all chance of injury.
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<h3>
+GROUND-PLAN OF THE COLLEGIATE BUILDINGS, NOW CHETHAM&#39;S HOSPITAL.
+</h3>
+<p class="center">
+(From &quot;Old Halls of Lancashire and Cheshire,&quot; by Henry Taylor.)
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:400px;">
+<a href="images/image42.png">
+<img src="images/image42s.png" width="690" height="400"
+alt="GROUND-PLAN OF THE COLLEGIATE BUILDINGS, NOW CHETHAM&#39;S HOSPITAL.
+(From &quot;Old Halls of Lancashire and Cheshire,&quot; by Henry Taylor.)"
+title="Ground-Plan of the Collegiate Buildings, now Chetham&#39;s Hospital." /></a>
+<br />
+1. Porch. 2. Hall. 3. Cloister. 4. Cloister walks with galleries above.
+5. Audit Room with Warden's Room above. 6. Fellows' Rooms. 7. Butteries.
+8. Kitchen. 9. Bakehouse. 10. Hospitium. 11. Gateway. 12. Steps to
+River&mdash;now covered.
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<p><!--[Blank Page]--><br /></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<h2>
+    INDEX.
+</h2>
+
+<ul>
+<li>  Aisles, the outer, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>. </li>
+<li>  Archdeaconries, the, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>. </li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>  Baptistery, the, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>. </li>
+<li>  Bibby's Porch, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>. </li>
+<li>  Bishop's Throne, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>. </li>
+<li>  Bishops of Manchester, the, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>. </li>
+<li>  Brown's Chantry, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>. </li>
+<li>  Bust of Humphrey Chetham, the, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>. </li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>  Chapel of the Holy Trinity, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>. </li>
+<li>  Chapter, the, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>. </li>
+<li>  Chapter House, the, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>. </li>
+<li>  Chetham's Hospital and Library, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;
+<ul>
+<li>    cloister, the, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>; </li>
+<li>    hall, the, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>; </li>
+<li>    library, the, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>; </li>
+<li>    reading-room, the, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>; </li>
+<li>    kitchen, the, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>. </li>
+</ul></li>
+<li>  Chetham, Humphrey, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>. </li>
+<li>  Choir, the, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>. </li>
+<li>  College, the, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;
+<ul>
+<li>    dormitory, the, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>; </li>
+<li>    founder's chair, the, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>; </li>
+<li>    minstrels' gallery, the, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>. </li>
+<li>  Craven Porch, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>. </li>
+</ul></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>  Deans of Manchester, the, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>. </li>
+<li>  Dedication, the, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>. </li>
+<li>  Derby Chapel, the, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>-<a href="#Page_39">39</a>. </li>
+<li>  Dimensions of the Cathedral, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>. </li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>  Edward VI., <a href="#Page_7">7</a>. </li>
+<li>  Ely Chapel, the, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>. </li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>  Fraser, Bishop, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>. </li>
+<li>  Fraser Chapel, the, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a> </li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>  Gordon Window, the, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>. </li>
+<li>  Gresley family, the, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>. </li>
+<li>  Guest-House, the, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>. </li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>  Henry VIII., <a href="#Page_7">7</a>. </li>
+<li>  Heyrick, Richard, warden, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>. </li>
+<li>  Hulme Chapel, the, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>. </li>
+<li>  Huntington, John, warden, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>. </li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>  Jesus Chapel, the, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>. </li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>  Lady Chapel, the, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>. </li>
+<li>  Langley, Ralph, warden, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>. </li>
+<li>  Lee, Bishop Prince, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>. </li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>  Manchester, See of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>. </li>
+<li>  Mary I., <a href="#Page_7">7</a>. </li>
+<li>  Moorhouse, Bishop, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>. </li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>  Nave, the central, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>. </li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>  Organ, the, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>. </li>
+<li>  Organ, the small, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>. </li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>  Parapets, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>. </li>
+<li>  Porch, the west, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;
+<ul>
+<li>    the south, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>; </li>
+<li>    the north, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>. </li>
+</ul></li>
+<li>  Pulpit, the, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>. </li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>  Rectors, the, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>. </li>
+<li>  Reredos, the, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>. </li>
+<li>  Rood-Screen, the, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>. </li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>  Smith, Father, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>. </li>
+<li>  Stalls, the, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>. </li>
+<li>  Stanley family, the, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>. </li>
+<li>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span>
+
+      Stanley, James, Bishop of Ely, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;
+<ul>
+<li>    warden, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>. </li>
+</ul></li>
+<li>  St. John the Baptist's Chapel, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a> (see Derby Chapel). </li>
+<li>  St. James' Chapel (Ducie), <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>. </li>
+<li>  St. George's Chapel, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>. </li>
+<li>  St. Nicholas' Chapel, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>. </li>
+<li>  Sundial, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>. </li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>  Tower, the western, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>. </li>
+<li>  Trafford Chapel, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>. </li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>  Wardens, the, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>. </li>
+<li>  Windows, the, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>-<a href="#Page_53">53</a>. </li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><!-- Page 89 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span></p>
+
+<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;">
+<a href="images/image43.png">
+<img src="images/image43s.png" width="700" height="500"
+alt="PLAN OF MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL."
+title="Plan of Manchester Cathedral." /></a>
+<br />
+PLAN OF MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL.
+</div>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+<h2>
+    FOOTNOTES:
+</h2>
+
+<p class="foot">
+<a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"><!--Note--></a>
+1 (<a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><small>return</small></a>)<br />
+It states that the churches of St. Mary and St. Michael
+hold one carucate (that is, about 100 acres) of land quit of all taxes
+save the Danegelt.
+</p>
+
+<p class="foot">
+<a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"><!--Note--></a>
+2 (<a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><small>return</small></a>)<br />
+A triforium in purely Perpendicular buildings is rare.
+</p>
+
+<p class="foot">
+<a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"><!--Note--></a>
+3 (<a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><small>return</small></a>)<br />
+The height of the central line of the roof (50 feet) is not
+quite double the span (27 feet).
+</p>
+
+<p class="foot">
+<a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"><!--Note--></a>
+4 (<a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><small>return</small></a>)<br />
+St. George and St. Denys, patron saints of England and
+France, were added to the dedication at the time that the church became
+collegiate, Henry V. being King of England and France.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h3>
+Transcriber's Notes:
+</h3>
+
+<p class="quote">
+Minor obvious typographic errors have been corrected. Otherwise,
+inconsistencies in the usage of capitalization, accents and spelling, etc.
+have been preserved as printed.
+</p>
+
+<div style="height: 6em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral
+Church of Manchester, by Thomas Perkins
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of
+Manchester, by Thomas Perkins
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Manchester
+       A Short History and Description of the Church and of the
+       Collegiate Buildings now known as Chetham's Hospital
+
+Author: Thomas Perkins
+
+Release Date: August 24, 2011 [EBook #37194]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELL'S CATHEDRALS: MANCHESTER ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Charles Aldarondo, David
+Garcia and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL FROM THE SOUTH.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF MANCHESTER
+
+A SHORT HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF THE CHURCH AND OF THE COLLEGIATE
+BUILDINGS NOW KNOWN AS CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL
+
+
+BY THE REV. THOMAS PERKINS, M.A.
+
+RECTOR OF TURNWORTH, DORSET
+
+
+WITH 43 ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+[Illustration: Arms of the See]
+
+LONDON GEORGE BELL & SONS 1901
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+I have to acknowledge with my sincerest thanks the help I received locally
+in compiling this little volume.
+
+The Dean of Manchester was good enough to offer to read the proof-sheets,
+and has made various suggestions and additions which have done much to
+improve it. The sheets have also had the benefit of Canon Hicks' revision.
+
+The photographic illustrations, with the exception of two by Mr. W. H.
+Bowman of Manchester, were taken by myself, and I have also to thank the
+Dean for permission to photograph in all parts of the church.
+
+Mr. Walter T. Browne, Governor of Chetham's Hospital and Library, gave
+me every facility for examining and photographing the building, and
+supplied me with much valuable information. He also carefully revised
+the proof-sheets of the latter portion of the book.
+
+Mr. J. T. Chapman, of Albert Square, placed his dark-room at my disposal,
+so that I was able to develop my negatives on the spot, and make second
+exposures when necessary.
+
+Lastly, Mr. Thackeray Turner, Secretary of the Society for the Protection
+of Ancient Buildings, lent me sundry papers and reports dealing with
+Chetham's Hospital and Library. The kind assistance thus received has
+made my task an easy one, and has materially added to the accuracy of
+the volume.
+
+                                                        THOMAS PERKINS.
+
+TURNWORTH, _September 1901_.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                  PAGE
+  CHAPTER I.--HISTORY OF THE BUILDING                                3
+  CHAPTER II.--THE EXTERIOR                                         13
+  CHAPTER III.--THE INTERIOR                                        23
+  CHAPTER IV.--SHORT HISTORY OF THE PARISH AND DIOCESE              55
+  CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL AND LIBRARY                                    63
+  INDEX                                                             87
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+                                                                   PAGE
+
+  Manchester Cathedral from the South                    _Frontispiece_
+  The Arms of the See                                      _Title Page_
+  Manchester Cathedral from the North-East                            2
+  The Cathedral from the West                                         3
+  View across the Choir from the Ely Chapel about 1850                8
+  Windows on the South Side                                          12
+  The West Porch                                                     14
+  The South Porch                                                    16
+  The Ely Chapel                                                     18
+  North Side of the Nave                                             20
+  The Choir, looking East                                            22
+  The Choir Screen                                                   23
+  View across the Nave, looking North-East                           25
+  The Inner South Aisle of the Nave                                  28
+  The Tower Arch                                                     30
+  Screen of the Jesus Chapel                                         31
+  Entrance to the Chapter House                                      32
+  The South Choir Aisle                                              33
+  Screen of the Lady Chapel                                          35
+  Statue of Sir Humphrey Chetham                                     36
+  Interior of North Doorway                                          39
+  View across the Nave, looking North-West                           40
+  The Choir, looking West                                            42
+  Desk Ends in the Choir Stalls                                      43
+  Choir Stalls, North Side                                           44
+  The Gordon Memorial Window                                         51
+  The Nave from the West                                             54
+  The Hall, Chetham's Hospital                                       62
+  Chetham's Hospital from the South-East                             63
+  The North Gallery of the Cloister                                  65
+  The College Gateway                                                68
+  Corridor and Entrance to the Hall                                  69
+  The Cloister                                                       70
+  Recess in the Hall                                                 72
+  West Side of the Cloister                                          74
+  Staircase leading to Cloister Gallery                              75
+  Cloister Gallery, North Side                                       76
+  Chetham's Library, formerly the Dormitory                          77
+  The Warden's Room, now the Reading Room                            79
+  The Reading Room, East Side                                        82
+  The Cloister, West Walk                                            83
+  Plan of Chetham's Hospital                                         85
+
+  PLAN OF MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL                                    _end_
+
+
+[Illustration: MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH-EAST.]
+
+[Illustration: THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE WEST.]
+
+
+
+
+MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+HISTORY OF THE BUILDING.
+
+
+In the minds of most Englishmen the name of Manchester calls up the
+image of a vast city that, with the borough of Salford, which, though
+municipally distinct, yet is topographically united with it, contains
+a population of about three quarters of a million of inhabitants. And
+it is, moreover, generally supposed that Manchester is entirely of
+modern growth--a collection of mills, and warehouses, and shops; yet,
+if anyone pauses for a moment to consider, the name itself suggests
+that the foundation of the city must date back from the time of the
+Roman occupation of the island. It has been, and not unreasonably,
+supposed that it was a British stronghold before the soldiers of Agricola
+took possession of it. Certain it is that it was occupied by Roman
+troops, and it is said that they made their summer camp near the spot
+where the building that is the subject of this book now stands, hard by
+the junction of the little stream of the Irk with the larger river Irwell.
+In those early days these streams in all probability ran bright and clear
+through broad meadow lands, and were crossed by bridges of very ancient
+construction. The remains of one such bridge have long been known to
+exist, and have on more than one occasion been uncovered.
+
+The Irk now runs through a tunnel, and discharges its waters into
+the grimy, sluggish stream of the Irwell, which divides Manchester
+from Salford, and runs between the Exchange Station of the London and
+North-Western Railway and the cathedral church of the new diocese created
+in 1847.
+
+Many Roman coins, principally those of Nero, Vitellius, Vespasian,
+Domitian, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Constantine, have been
+found at various times in the course of digging the foundations of houses.
+
+What befell Manchester when the Romans left Britain we do not know. That
+Paulinus preached here is highly probable; that Ine, King of the West
+Saxons, resided here with his Queen Ethelburga about 690 is recorded;
+that, like many other places not far distant from the seaboard, it was
+ravaged by the Danes is certain. King Edward the Unconquered, in 923,
+sent troops to repair its walls and garrison the town.
+
+No picturesque legends about the foundation of the original Church of
+St. Mary which stood near the site of the present cathedral have come
+down to us. All we know is, that two wood-built churches are mentioned
+in Domesday Book as standing either in the town or the parish, one of
+them dedicated to St. Mary, the other to St. Michael.[1] The former was
+probably a predecessor of the present building, which is dedicated jointly
+to St. Mary, St. George, and St. Denys, though not on the same site. But
+of any Norman church of St. Mary not a trace is left, nor are there
+any remains of thirteenth century work visible in the church as we see
+it to-day. Various examples of thirteenth and fourteenth century work,
+however, have been found in the walls of the church and in the western
+tower at different times during repairs and restorations.
+
+William the Conqueror conferred the lands between the Mersey and the
+Ribble on Roger of Poictou, who granted the Manor of Manchester to the
+Gresley family; Thomas Gresley, Baron of Manchester, granted a charter
+to the townspeople of Manchester in 1301. Under these early barons the
+church was held successively by about fifteen rectors, among whom may
+be mentioned William de la Marcia (1284), who became Bishop of Bath and
+Wells in 1292; Walter Langton, who was appointed Rector of Manchester, and
+also Keeper of the Great Seal by Edward I. in 1292, and was consecrated
+Bishop of Lichfield in 1296, but retained his rectory for three years
+after his consecration; John de Verdun or Everden (1313), who became
+Dean of St. Paul's in 1323. Meanwhile, the manor had passed from the
+Gresleys to the De la Warres; the last of their family became a priest,
+and appointed himself Rector of Manchester in 1373. He was a liberal
+benefactor to the church, and in order that there should be a suitable
+body of clergy to look after the spiritual welfare of the town, he endowed
+the church as a collegiate institution, obtaining the requisite charter
+from Henry V. in 1422. The college consisted of a warden, eight fellows
+in priests' orders, four deacons, and six boy choristers.
+
+The old baronial hall was granted to the newly appointed body as a place
+of residence. This was largely modified to suit the requirements of its
+new inmates, and the church itself was gradually reconstructed. Hence we
+find the church built in the Perpendicular style, a style that has been
+imitated in the many additions that have been made to the building since
+it was raised to cathedral rank in 1847. So quickly does the smoke-laden
+atmosphere of Manchester discolour the stone, that in a very few years
+after their erection the new parts of the church match in colour the
+older parts of the building, and the passer-by who gives but a casual
+glance at the cathedral would be surprised to learn how much of its
+structure dates from the nineteenth century. At the present time, 1901,
+the only obviously new part is the western porch, but the north and
+south porches, the Fraser Chapel on the south side of the choir, the
+south-west corner of the building, as well as the tower, are all modern
+additions or reconstructions, and much of the exterior has been recased
+with stone. The residence of the warden and fellows, much modified at
+subsequent dates, may still be found on the north side of the church,
+on the other side of a road that skirts the churchyard. It is now known
+as Chetham's Hospital and Library; for fuller information about this
+building the reader is referred to the latter part of this volume.
+
+No sooner had the first warden, John Huntington, been appointed, than he
+set to work to enlarge and beautify the collegiate church.
+
+The oldest part of the church is the arch leading into the Lady Chapel,
+which, with its responds, has more resemblance to the Decorated than
+to the Perpendicular style. This arch was accurately restored some
+twenty-five or thirty years ago. The rebus of Sir John Huntington,
+the first warden, who was appointed in 1422, renders it probable that
+this part of the church was largely reconstructed by him. While he
+was warden, 1422-1458, the choir and its aisles were rebuilt, and the
+chapter house built. Under successive wardens the work of reconstruction
+was carried on, and occupied about a hundred years. The third warden,
+Ralph Langley (1465-1481), is said to have completed the nave; much
+work was done during the wardenship of James Stanley II. (1485-1509),
+afterwards Bishop of Ely, for the chapel of the Holy Trinity was founded
+by W. Radcliffe in 1498; the Jesus Chapel, now the vestry and library,
+was founded by Richard Beswick in 1506; the Hulme Chapel, now destroyed,
+which formerly projected to the south from the eastern part of the south
+wall of the Jesus Chapel, was founded by Ralph Hulme in 1507; the St.
+James' Chantry or Ducie Chapel was built in the same year; and the choir
+stalls were erected by the warden himself in 1508. In this year also
+W. Galley built St. George's Chapel. James Stanley is also recorded to
+have built the double entrance into the chapter house. The Derby and
+Ely Chapels on the north side are of rather later date; in the latter
+the ex-warden, James Stanley II., then Bishop of Ely, was buried. This
+chapel was built by Sir John Stanley in 1515. In 1518 the eighth warden,
+George West (1518-1535) is recorded to have built the Lady Chapel, but
+this work was probably a reconstruction rather than a fresh building;
+the windows that we see in it now are eighteenth century work, but
+probably are imitations of those that previously existed in this chapel,
+and their style indicates a considerably earlier date than 1518. Indeed,
+their tracery resembles fourteenth century work. It will be noticed
+from the dates just given that the church was finished not long before
+the Reformation.
+
+Up to 1541 Manchester belonged to the diocese of Lichfield, but Henry
+VIII. then transferred it to the newly founded see of Chester.
+
+The college was dissolved by Edward VI., who bestowed its lands on the
+Stanley family. Queen Mary re-established the college and gave back its
+lands, with the exception of the domestic buildings, which still remained
+in the hands of the Earls of Derby. During the time of the Civil Wars
+the church suffered in common with many other ecclesiastical buildings.
+
+Richard Heyrick, who had been warden since 1636, was deprived of his
+office in 1646, but was reinstated in 1660. Some negotiations had been
+entered into for the sale of the domestic buildings to the trustees under
+the will of Humphrey Chetham, but the sale was not completed until after
+the Restoration, when they became the property of the feoffees of the
+Chetham Hospital and Library.
+
+Subsequently the church shared the same fate as befell most ecclesiastical
+buildings during the eighteenth century, viz., neglect and injudicious
+repairs. But it was left to the early part of the nineteenth century to
+work the greatest havoc on the building. A thorough process of repair,
+or "beautifying" as it was then called, was set on foot in the year
+1815. Galleries were erected in the nave, the various chapels outside
+the nave aisles were thrown into the main building by the removal of the
+screens which separated them from the north and south aisles, so that
+from that time the western half of the church has had double aisles on
+either side of the nave proper. But worse than this, the whole interior
+was covered with Roman cement, and that this might adhere more firmly
+to the stone-work, the walls themselves and the pillars of the main
+arcade of the nave and the clerestory walls were hacked about in the most
+shameful way. In this condition the church remained for many years. When
+the new see of Manchester was erected in 1847, this church was chosen
+as the cathedral church of the diocese, and before long proposals were
+made to rebuild or enlarge it, as it was felt by many that it lacked the
+dignity and size of the old cathedral churches, and, indeed, suffered in
+comparison with many of the old abbey churches that existed in England,
+some of which have since that time been raised to cathedral rank. Queen
+Victoria visited Manchester for the first time in 1851, and to commemorate
+her visit, Canon Parkinson suggested the rebuilding of the church, and
+himself headed the subscription list with a donation of L1000, but the
+proposal did not meet with much favour.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW ACROSS CHOIR FROM THE ELY CHAPEL ABOUT 1850.
+_From Winkles' "Cathedrals."_]
+
+At this time the municipal seats at the west end were enclosed by a glass
+screen; above them was the Chetham gallery, as it was called, its back
+occupied by the organ and choristers, its front by the schoolboys of
+Chetham's Hospital. The organ had previously stood on the screen beneath
+the choir arch, but had been removed to the west for a musical festival
+held in 1828. This old organ loft was then converted into a pewed gallery,
+intended for the use of the Chetham feoffees, but was usually occupied
+by the officers of regiments quartered in Manchester.
+
+In 1858 some repairs, external and internal, were carried out, and
+shortly after this J. E. Gregan, architect, and David Bell, builder,
+recommended the rebuilding of the tower. Their advice was taken, the old
+tower was demolished, and a new tower was designed by J. P. Holden. On
+4th August 1864 the foundation stone of the new tower was laid by the
+Bishop, Dr. Prince Lee. In this ceremony, among others, the present Dean
+of Manchester, Dr. Maclure, took part, acting as chaplain to the High
+Sheriff, Sir J. P. Kay Shuttleworth, Bart. The tower was nearly four
+years in building, and was dedicated on Whitsunday 1868.
+
+In 1872 the Dean, Dr. Cowie, and the canons proposed that a new
+cathedral church should be built on a new site, but this plan met with
+little favour. Ten years passed away and then Mr. George Milner and Mr.
+(afterwards Sir) John William Maclure, churchwardens, and Mr. Thomas
+Lings, comptroller, advocated a thorough restoration of the existing
+church; plans were prepared by Mr. Crowther, architect; a meeting was
+called to consider the matter, and it was resolved to accept and carry
+out these plans. The roof of the nave was repaired, the old bosses being
+preserved, the galleries were removed, and it was decided to clear off
+the Roman cement from the pillars and walls, but it was found that the
+stone-work beneath had been so much mutilated, that it was resolved to
+rebuild the main arcade of the nave and the clerestory.
+
+Various donors undertook to defray the cost of rebuilding the different
+bays. A muniment room containing the celebrated parish registers mentioned
+by Macaulay, was built in memory of Alderman Graves by his son, and the
+baptistery, in memory of Thomas Chesters, by his son.
+
+The Derby Chapel was re-roofed. The Earl of Derby, notwithstanding the
+agreement made in 1774 by which the chapel was handed over to the church
+on condition that the Earls of Derby should no longer be required to
+keep it in repair, generously contributed L1000 towards this work. The
+choir roof was renewed in English oak, but the bosses and carved angels
+were boiled in oil and replaced. Fortunately the Roman cement could be
+removed from the walls of the choir more easily than from the nave,
+and the old stone-work was allowed to stand.
+
+The south porch was erected by James Jardine in 1891; the north porch
+was built as a memorial to James Craven by his children in 1888. The
+west or Victoria porch was built in 1900 by subscription raised by the
+present Dean.
+
+The conical roof of the octagonal chapter house is modern; the chapel to
+the east of it was built by his widow as a memorial to Dr. James Fraser,
+the second Bishop of Manchester, who died in 1885.
+
+At the present time, 1901, further building operations are being carried
+on in the yard on the south side of the church, a new and larger chapter
+house and vestries being in course of erection.
+
+[Illustration: WINDOWS ON THE SOUTH SIDE.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE EXTERIOR.
+
+
+The exterior of the Cathedral Church of Manchester is by no means
+imposing. The traveller who reaches the city by the London and
+North-Western Railway and alights at the Exchange Station, will see
+fronting him what appears to be a large parish church with a western
+tower. Its walls are grimy with the smoke of the city, and although the
+building occupies a good site, open on every side save the east, with a
+large churchyard stretching out on the north and south sides of it, yet
+few of those who see it would stay their steps to walk round the building
+or enter it by the south porch, unless they had been previously told that
+this parish church, as it seemed to them, and as in a certain way it is,
+is also the Cathedral Church of Manchester, and that its interior is both
+impressive as a whole, and contains detail work of the highest interest.
+
+Our examination of the exterior may well begin with the most recent
+addition to the church--=the western porch=--only lately finished and
+still showing the colour of the stone fresh from the carver's hands.
+Whether this addition is an improvement to the general appearance of the
+building or not is open to question. To some, among them the writer,
+it appears that the porch takes away from the appearance of height in
+the tower, much as the Galilee Chapel at Durham, beautiful as it is in
+its details, is an excrescence detracting from the effect of the western
+front of St. Cuthbert's Cathedral Church. Moreover, the single crocketed
+turret that rises from the south-west corner of the porch proper gives
+it a one-sided appearance, which is somewhat to be regretted, as with
+this exception the porch and its lower flanking chambers is symmetrical,
+as indeed is the church itself in its main features, turret answering to
+turret, and window to window, porch to porch. The carving on the western
+porch is elaborate and carefully executed, and if, as must necessarily
+be the case owing to the conditions under which nineteenth century
+carving was executed, it lacks the freedom that is so great a charm in
+old work, it is more in accordance with the general style of the church,
+and is characteristic of its own date. This porch was designed by Mr.
+Basil Champneys, who has succeeded in training carvers to carry out his
+designs in an admirable manner. A verbal description of the porch is
+hardly needed, as the illustration on the opposite page will show the
+reader its character. On either side of the porch is a chamber rising
+to about the same height as the spring of the arch of the doorway; each
+of these is flat-roofed, its wall terminates in a pierced battlemented
+parapet, and is lighted by two rectangular-headed windows facing west.
+To the south and north of these two chambers respectively, are iron gates
+and flights of steps giving access to the churchyard.
+
+[Illustration: THE WEST PORCH.]
+
+Ascending the southern flight we find before us the west ends of the two
+south aisles of the church; the roof of the inner one slopes slightly
+down from the clerestory wall, and the outer one rises into a very
+obtuse-angled gable. The west end of the inner or true aisle is original,
+but the outer aisle was extended two bays westward at the time of the
+recent restoration. The windows of the church, though all or nearly
+all of Perpendicular character, are not all alike, as may be seen by
+examining the illustrations; but in most of them the hood moulding after
+following the curve of the arch at the head of the window, is brought
+down in a vertical line for a short distance beside the lower part of
+the window. Most of the windows have four lights, but there are some
+exceptions, which will be duly noticed as we pass by them. To begin with,
+the west window of the outer south aisle has five lights. On turning
+round the south-west corner of this aisle we find the =south porch=
+projecting from the second bay. The porch itself consists of two bays,
+and has two stories. The lower story of the porch proper is lighted by two
+two-light windows on the western side, the upper story by two windows on
+the western and southern faces, and by one on the eastern face. Beneath
+the windows on the south side the following inscription may be read:--
+
+    To the honour and Glory of God and in thankful acknowledgement of
+    many mercies this porch is erected by James Jardine of Manchester
+    and Alderley Edge in the year of our Lord MDCCCXCI.
+
+[Illustration: THE SOUTH PORCH.]
+
+An octagonal stair turret surmounted by a crocketed pyramidal termination
+stands at the south angle of the inner bay on the eastern side. The
+whole of this porch is elaborately carved, as will be seen from the
+illustration. The next two bays of the south aisle project beyond the
+general line of the south wall of the church. The walls of this are
+finished by a pierced battlemented parapet similar to that which runs
+round the south porch. The windows in these two bays are alike, but the
+next two in the south wall have five lights, and differ from the last two
+in their shape and tracery (see illustration, p. 12). To the south of the
+church about this point stands a sun-dial, shown in the illustration. The
+three next bays belong to what was formerly known as the Jesus Chapel. In
+the westernmost of these there is a doorway to give room for which the
+sill of the window is placed at a higher level than the sills of the
+other windows. The tracery of these windows differs from the preceding
+two. From the easternmost of the three bays of the Jesus Chapel formerly
+projected the Hulme chantry. To the east of the Jesus Chapel stands the
+octagonal chapter house; three of its sides contain windows of a pattern
+differing from any of these already mentioned. From within the parapet,
+which is not battlemented, rises a rather steep pyramidal roof. This is
+modern. Whether the original roof was of this form or not is not known,
+but the modern roof is a distinctly agreeable feature. To the east of
+the chapter house is another window in the south wall, and then we come
+to the Fraser Memorial Chapel, which forms the south-east angle of the
+church. This has a four-light window in its south and a three-light window
+in its eastern wall. Before examining the east end of the church we may
+remark that the clerestory wall is terminated by a pierced battlemented
+parapet--a modern addition--and that the pattern is slightly different
+on either side of the octagonal turret which rises from the junction of
+the nave and choir. The parapet that runs along the south wall of the
+chapel of St. Nicholas, again, differs from that which runs along the
+other walls on the south side of the church.
+
+The east window of the south choir aisle has five lights; passing this
+we come to the =Lady Chapel=. This is exceedingly small, projecting only
+some eighteen feet to the east of the aisle walls. It has two bays, each
+lit by a small two-light window on either side. Against the centre of the
+eastern face rises a buttress, on either side of which is a four-light
+window. As already mentioned in Chapter I. the Lady Chapel windows are
+eighteenth century work, probably copies of the original windows, and
+have tracery of Decorated character.
+
+[Illustration: THE ELY CHAPEL.]
+
+Beyond the Lady Chapel is the window of the north choir aisle; and beyond
+this again the eastern termination of the Derby Chapel. This contains
+a seven-light window. Passing round the north-eastern corner we see the
+=Ely Chapel= projecting from the second bay to the west, with four-light
+windows in its eastern and western walls, and a five-light window on its
+northern face. From the fourth and fifth bays, counting from the east,
+projects a low building with a battlemented parapet, a door and square
+headed windows, erected to contain the hydraulic apparatus used for
+working the bellows of the organ. To the west of this is a small doorway
+with an ogee head leading into the ante chapel of the Derby or John the
+Baptist's Chapel. This is the last bay of the eastern division of the
+church. The next bay, the north wall of what was once St. James' Chapel,
+contains a five-light window. After two more bays, comprising the chapel
+of the Holy Trinity, we come to the registry, and see the north porch
+projecting from the last bay but one. This bears a general resemblance
+to the south porch, save that niches take the place of windows on the
+east and west faces of the upper story, and that the stair turret stands
+on the west side at the angle between the porch and aisle wall.
+
+The following inscription may be read running round the porch commencing
+on the eastern side.
+
+    "To the glory of God and in loving memory of James Craven this
+    porch and registry are erected by his children 1888."
+
+The west window of the outer north aisle has seven lights, and that of
+the inner aisle five.
+
+As on the south side so on the north, the tracery is not the same
+in all the windows. Those on the north side of the Derby Chapel and
+the Ely Chantry resemble each other; the next is a short window above
+the doorway; the next, which is known as the Gordon window, is entirely
+different; the next three have tracery similar to that of the windows of
+the Derby Chapel.
+
+The parapet along the north walls of the church, like that along the south
+walls, is pierced and battlemented, the design differing in different
+parts. The parapet of the Lady Chapel, however, is not pierced, but is
+simply battlemented. The parapet on the clerestory on both sides is a
+modern addition, and is considered by some to be no improvement on the
+old form which ran in an unbroken line from end to end of the church,
+and gave an appearance of greater length than that given by the present
+arrangement, with its line broken by battlements and pinnacles. The two
+octagonal turrets that rise from the east end of the clerestory walls
+with their crocketed pyramidal terminations form a pleasing feature.
+
+The tower, square in section, projects from the western extremity of
+the nave, and rises to the stately height of 140 feet. The west window
+of the nave is surmounted on the outside by a richly carved ogee label;
+in the next stage we see the faces of the clock, and in the belfry stage
+above double windows on each face of the tower; a pierced battlemented
+parapet with three pinnacles at each of the angles and one at the middle
+points of each of its sides, forms a suitable termination to the tower.
+
+We have now carefully examined the exterior of the church in detail. It
+remains only to mention the points of view from which it is best seen as a
+whole. The view from the roadway running up to the railway station shows
+the tower to advantage, as not only is it of considerable height itself,
+but its base on the level of the churchyard is considerably raised above
+the street. The whole of the south side, which is richer in variety and
+detail than the north, can be well seen from the churchyard, and the
+north side itself from the open space in front of Chetham's hospital,
+the play-ground of the boys who are educated there.
+
+[Illustration: NORTH SIDE OF THE NAVE.]
+
+[Illustration: THE CHOIR, LOOKING EAST.]
+
+[Illustration: THE CHOIR SCREEN.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE INTERIOR.
+
+
+It has been already said that the exterior of the Cathedral Church
+at Manchester lacks somewhat of the charm that so many of our old
+cathedrals possess. There is no wide-spreading close with its smooth
+turf and immemorial elms, no birds to fly round tower and pinnacle, and
+break the silence of the home of ancient peace with their songs or cries,
+but ever we hear the scream of railway engines, the bells of tramcars,
+and the roar of the traffic along a busy thoroughfare. The surrounding
+buildings are not now, as in many cathedral cities, the residences of
+Dean and Canons, quaint and mediaeval, with stone mullioned windows
+and ivy-covered walls, but modern erections, shops, and warehouses, and
+hotels. And the church itself, destitute of transept and central tower,
+provided only with a western tower, gives us the idea of a large parish
+church, rather than of a building associated in our mind with Bishop,
+Dean, and Canons. There is no cloister-garth with its surrounding
+walks, the old collegiate buildings are detached from the church and
+appropriated to secular purposes; so that probably our first feeling
+is one of disappointment, but this feeling will vanish as soon as we
+have passed into its interior. The usual way of entrance is by the south
+porch; this is always open. The western doors are unfortunately generally
+closed--unfortunately, for the most impressive view of the church is to
+be had from beneath the tower arch looking to the east. It is a dimly
+lighted building; this is due chiefly to two causes: first to the fact
+that it is enormously wide, and the aisle windows are therefore far from
+the central nave, and secondly to the fact that almost all the windows
+both of aisles and clerestory are filled with painted glass, in many
+cases of a deep colour, and rendered still more impervious to light by
+the incrustation of carbon deposited on their outside by the perpetual
+smoke of the city. So dark is the church that in the winter months it has
+generally to be lit with gas all the day long, and even in the summer,
+in comparatively bright weather, some gas burners will generally be found
+alight. The mist also of the exterior atmosphere finds its way into the
+building, and hangs beneath the roof, lending an air of mystery to the
+whole place, and giving rise to most beautiful effects when the sunlight
+streams through the clerestory windows. The tone also of the nave arcading
+and clerestory rebuilt in recent years, of warm, rose-coloured sandstone,
+is very lovely.
+
+The visitor on entering the church, before examining the different objects
+in detail, should get general impressions of the building. The view from
+just inside the south porch showing the four rows of arcading separating
+the outer aisles from the inner, and these from the central nave, is
+very fine. The view from beneath the tower arch looking eastward is most
+impressive. Another good view is from the altar steps looking westward,
+especially in the early part of a bright day, when there is sufficient
+light to show the magnificent tabernacle work of the stalls, and the
+organ-stands out clearly defined against the sunlit misty air of the
+upper part of the nave behind it.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW ACROSS THE NAVE, LOOKING NORTH-EAST.]
+
+To see these three views of the building under favourable conditions
+of light will well repay the visitor for a journey of many miles to
+Manchester, to say nothing of the exquisite detail work that now demands
+our attention.
+
+It has been already explained that the outer aisles on either side have
+been formed by throwing down the walls or screens that once divided these
+spaces into a series of chapels on the outside of the real nave aisles.
+In Continental churches double aisles on the north and south side of the
+church are by no means uncommon, but instances of this arrangement are
+more rarely met with in England. The most familiar example is Chichester
+Cathedral, where double aisles have been formed by the inclusion of
+lateral chapels.
+
+It has been already stated that the baptistery which occupies the western
+end of the outer southern aisles is entirely modern, as also is the
+south porch. At one time a small porch called Bibby's Porch projected
+from the second bay from the west of the true south aisle, to the east
+of which, stretching right over the outer south aisle, was the Chapel of
+St. George. This occupied two bays, and projecting from it to the south
+was Brown's Chantry. To the east of St. George's Chapel, also occupying
+two bays, was the Chapel of St. Nicholas, the Trafford Chapel. These were
+the chapels on the south side of the nave aisle. Opposite to them, outside
+the north nave aisle, were two chapels, that of the Most Holy Trinity
+at the west, that of St. James, otherwise known as the Ducie Chapel, at
+the east end. The west wall of the outer nave aisle on the north side is
+original, so that the whole length of the series of chapels on this side
+was greater than that of the series on the south side. The nave and its
+twin aisles, as will be seen from what has already been said, consist of
+six bays. The eastern half of the church also consists of six bays, and
+the choir aisles, like those of the nave, are flanked by chapels which
+have fortunately remained undestroyed down to the present day, enclosed
+by their original screens. On the south side, raised three steps above
+the level of the nave and occupying three bays, was the Jesus Chapel,
+now divided into two parts, the western bay being used as a vestry,
+the two others as the Cathedral Library; from this a door leads into the
+chapter house, the main entrance to which is from the choir aisle. With
+this the unbroken series of building attached to the south side of the
+church ends, but from the easternmost bay a doorway in a screen opens into
+the Fraser Chapel, built as a memorial to her husband, the second Bishop
+of Manchester, by Mrs. Fraser. Crossing the church by the ambulatory,
+passing the small Lady Chapel, we find the whole length of the outer aisle
+on the north side occupied by the chapel of St. John the Baptist, often
+called the Derby Chapel. The western bay forms the antechapel, from which
+we pass into the chapel itself through the original oak screen. From the
+second bay, counting from the east end of this, the Ely Chapel projects.
+
+[Illustration: THE INNER SOUTH AISLE OF THE NAVE.]
+
+The reader should follow on the plan the general description just
+given, and while doing so he will notice that the church is not quite
+regularly built, but tapers slightly towards the east. The enclosed
+choir, presbytery, and sanctuary taper still more, so that the east
+end is between three and four feet narrower than the west end. But this
+enclosed space is symmetrically placed in the church. The plan shows the
+very great width of the church in proportion to its length. The interior
+width of the nave and its double aisles is 114 feet, while its length is
+only 85 feet; the whole interior length of the church, omitting the tower
+at the west and the Lady Chapel at the east, is 172 feet. This shows
+that the choir is about the same length as the nave, and that the total
+length of nave and choir is only about one and a half times the width.
+
+[Illustration: THE TOWER ARCH.]
+
+Having now taken a cursory glance round the church, we will go once more
+over the same ground, examining it more in detail. We will suppose that
+the outer doors of the =West Porch= are open, and we can pass through
+them from the street. We go up from the level of the pavement three
+steps and find ourselves within the porch; on the south and north sides
+of it, doors open into two rooms used the one as the lecture-room of the
+Scholae Episcopi (or non-residential Theological College of the Diocese),
+the other as a schoolroom for the choir boys. A flight of eleven steps
+takes us up to a landing measuring about five feet from west to east,
+and then four more steps bring us to the level of the nave floor, and we
+enter through what were originally the west doors of the church, into
+the space below the tower. The ceiling of this is of fan tracery, and
+its side walls are panelled in five tiers. Passing under the tower arch
+and looking back, we notice that the tower arch with the walls on either
+side of it are original. =The Baptistery= is a modern addition. The font
+formerly stood in the outer aisle on the north side. The =South Porch=
+is also new. It is divided into two bays, each covered with a vault
+formed of eight ribs crossing each other at the centre, and decorated
+by two lierne ribs in each of the four quarters. The arcade dividing
+the outer from the inner aisle on the south side is entirely modern;
+the chapels which occupied the site of the outer aisle were formerly
+divided from each other by stone walls, and from the aisle by irregular
+arches filled with oak screens. All these were removed in 1815, so as
+to throw the area of the chapels into that of the church; an arcade was
+then built, but this was removed to make room for the present arcade
+during the restoration that was begun in 1872. The westernmost chantry,
+or =Chapel of St. George=, was founded by W. Galley in 1508. The next,
+the chapel of =St. Nicholas=, or the Trafford Chantry, is said to have
+been founded long ere the present church was built in 1186 by Robert de
+Greslet; at the south-east corner of this a piscina may be seen, though
+the altar has disappeared. Three steps and a screen divide this chantry
+from the larger =Jesus Chapel=. This is separated from the south aisle
+by a beautiful wooden screen of sixteenth century date. This is glazed
+in order to make the room now used as a library comfortable. This chantry
+was founded in 1506.
+
+[Illustration: SCREEN BETWEEN THE JESUS CHAPEL AND THE SOUTH CHOIR AISLE.]
+
+[Illustration: ENTRANCE TO THE CHAPTER HOUSE, SOUTH CHOIR AISLE.]
+
+[Illustration: THE SOUTH CHOIR AISLE.]
+
+Between the Jesus Chapel and the entrance to the chapter house on the
+south wall of the aisle are memorial tablets to Richard Heyrick, warden,
+who died in 1667, and Thomas Ogden, who died in 1763. The entrance to the
+=Chapter House= is a very beautiful piece of work. There are two doorways
+whose heads are four centred arches; above these there are two tiers
+of panel work, all being enclosed by one large arch whose sides and top
+are decorated by six tiers of panelling on each side (see illustration,
+p. 32). The chapter house is very comfortably fitted up. There are to
+be seen in it several fragments of brasses and of other old work taken
+from the floor of the choir and of the Lady Chapel and elsewhere.
+
+The =Fraser Chapel= contains an altar cenotaph in memory of the second
+Bishop of Manchester, who died October 22nd, 1885, at Bishop's Court,
+Higher Broughton, Manchester, but who was buried, not in his cathedral
+church, but in the churchyard of Ufton Nervet in Berkshire, a parish of
+which he had once been rector. The recumbent statue is considered to be
+a fine likeness of the late bishop. This statue was unveiled on July
+8th, 1887.
+
+The tomb bears the following inscription written by the late Dr Vaughan,
+Dean of Llandaff.
+
+    "To the beloved memory of James Fraser, D.D., Bishop of Manchester,
+    1870-85, a man of singular gifts both of nature and the spirit;
+    brave, true, devout, diligent, in labours unwearied. He won all
+    hearts by opening to them his own, and so administered this great
+    Diocese as to prove yet once more that the people know the voice of
+    a good shepherd and will follow where he leads."
+
+At the east end of the south aisle stands a marble life-size statue by
+Bailey of Thomas Fleming, who died in 1848, and a memorial tablet to the
+Rev. George Ogden, B.D., who died in 1706. The aisle is divided from the
+choir by a wooden screen; in the third bay from the east are iron gates
+leading into the choir. The retro-choir, about thirteen feet from east to
+west, runs between the back of the modern reredos behind the high altar
+and the beautiful mediaeval screen which stands beneath the arch at the
+entrance to the Lady Chapel. The =Lady Chapel= has modern fittings making
+it suitable for the celebration of Holy Communion when the congregation
+is small. In the south wall a piscina may be noticed, and on the north
+side of the altar stands a Renaissance font of grey-veined marble which
+was formerly in use in the nave. There are marble tablets in memory of
+various members of the Chetham family at the west ends of the north and
+south walls of the Lady Chapel.
+
+[Illustration: SCREEN OF THE LADY CHAPEL.]
+
+On the west wall of the arch leading into the chapel may be seen the
+rebus of Sir John Huntington, the first warden and rebuilder of the
+church. On the north side is a man and dog _hunting_, on the south side
+two _tuns_ of wine. This rebus is repeated in the roof of the choir. At
+the north-east corner of the north choir aisle may be seen a statue by
+Theed (1853) of Humphrey Chetham, the founder of the Hospital (_i.e._
+school) and Library that bears his name. He sits, a roll in his right
+hand, with long hair and pointed beard, a ruff round his neck, and a
+long cloak which, falling open in front, shows doublet and slashed trunk
+hose. At the bottom of the pedestal sits one of the boys of the hospital
+school, pointing with his left hand to a book which he holds open in his
+right, on which we read the inscription: "He hath dispersed abroad, and
+given to the poor, and his righteousness remaineth for ever" (Ps. cxii.
+9; Prayer-book version).
+
+[Illustration: STATUE OF SIR HUMPHREY CHETHAM.]
+
+An old oak screen running under five arches of the arcading to the north
+side of the aisle separates the =Derby Chapel= from the aisle. This
+screen is of good design, but the workmanship is not so good as that of
+the other old screens in the church. Near the first pier, counting from
+the east, is the altar tomb of Hugh Birley, M.P. for Manchester, with
+a recumbent figure. Here also may be seen an old oak deed chest. About
+halfway down this aisle on the south side may be seen a small organ built
+by the celebrated Father Smith, dated 1680; this is of the finest tone
+and is still frequently used. It has one manual with seven stops and
+pedal with one stop.
+
+Four steps lead from the outer nave aisle on the north side into the
+antechapel that stands to the west end, outside the entrance to the
+Derby Chapel.
+
+This chapel is dedicated to St. John the Baptist. It was a private chantry
+built and endowed by the Stanley family, of which the Earls of Derby were
+members. Two of the family were closely connected with the church. One,
+James Stanley, Prebendary of St. Paul's, and archdeacon of Chester,
+held the office of warden from 1481-1485, and was succeeded by another
+James Stanley, whose tenure was longer, 1485-1509. He it was who began
+the building of the Derby Chapel. He became bishop of Ely, but when he
+died in 1515 his body was buried at Manchester, close by the screen of
+the =Ely Chapel=; but "for reasons which need not be mentioned here"
+his body was laid just by the wall, and the chapel was erected by his
+son according to his will over his grave, and called after the name of
+his diocese. This tomb still stands there, with its original brass and
+curiously inscribed epitaph, for which see hereafter.
+
+The following description is copied from a MS in Chetham's Library.
+
+    "In the old or Christ's Church, Manchester, is a Chapell dedicated
+    to S. John Baptist on the screen which separates it from the broad
+    north aisle and over door leading from the aforesaid chapel into
+    the aisle is an ancient coat of arms carv'd in wood, and three
+    old brass inscriptions setting forth the founders of the chapell
+    together with y'e cause of its erection.
+
+    "The arms are those of Stanley tho much different from those born
+    by that name at this day tho unquestionably of the same family
+    with the present Earl of Derby, who bears 3 stags heads caboch'd
+    on a bend these arms on the screen bears the stags heads in chief
+    and 3 eagles claws in base this kind of bearing might possibly be
+    to difference it from the elder house or grand stem of the family,
+    a matter not unusual in those days. In an old manuscript I have
+    the above arms born by the name of Stanley of Handford, and from
+    this family of Handford I should suppose sprung S'r John Stanley
+    of Aderley Ches'r which is within a few miles of Handford tho
+    S'r J'no now bears the same arms for his paternall coat as the
+    Earl of Derby. The arms impal'd with Stanley on the screen is
+    first and fourth a Chevron between three mascles voided second
+    and third a star with seven points the whole arms appears to be
+    totally void of colouring. The helmet is very clumsy and differs
+    much from those now us'd in arms. The crest or rather part of a
+    crest for it appears to have had something broke from it is not
+    now to be determin'd what it formerly was. What I take to be the
+    motto is grav'd upon two plates of brass on each side the arms the
+    half of one brass is broke way but no doubt was the same as the
+    other they are engraved in the old text with these words Vanitas
+    vanitatum Omnia Vanitas that is Vanity of vanity all is vanity.
+
+"On the brass plate over the door is grav'd in the same character and
+old Latin Obsecramus ut adjuvetis nos Jacobum Stanley Eliens Epis Johanne
+Stanley milite et Margareta uxore ej ac parentes cor oracionibus vris apud
+Dom Jhesu expm q. hanc Capellam in ej nomine et in honore Sancti Johanis
+Baptiste Fabricavimus An^o incarnationis illius MCCCCCXIII. Designs from
+the Originall plates may be seen in the following drawings. The Inscription
+on the long brass I take to be this in English.
+
+    "We beseech you that you assist us James Stanley Bishop of Ely
+    John Stanley Knt. and Margaret his wife and their parents with
+    your prayers to y'e Lord Jesus Christ who have built this chapel
+    in his name and in honour of St Jn'o Baptist in the year of his
+    incarnation 1513."
+
+    According to an old poem entitled Flodden Field S'r John Stanley
+    was at that great Battle fought in Sept. 1513 along with other
+    gentlemen of Lancashire and Cheshire and in enumerating the
+    Leaders says:
+
+        Next with Sir John Stanley there yede
+        The Bishop of Ely's servants bold
+        Sir Lionel Percy eke did lead
+        Some hundred men well tried and told.
+
+(Barrett MS. No. 41458, C. 4. 13.)
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF NORTH DOORWAY.]
+
+These two chapels were the private property of the Earls of Derby, who
+had to keep them in repair. In the second half of the eighteenth century
+the roofs needed extensive repair; this was done by the thirteenth Earl
+of Derby in conjunction with the townspeople of Manchester, and the
+Earl surrendered his rights to the chapels, handing them over to the
+parishioners on condition that he and his successors should no longer
+be held responsible for keeping them in repair. The Derby Chapel is now
+fitted with an altar at the east end, a font on the north side, and oak
+benches, so that it can be used for week-day services when desired. The
+Ely Chapel is not fitted in any way.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW ACROSS THE NAVE, LOOKING NORTH-WEST.]
+
+=St. James' Chapel=, or the Ducie Chantry, and the =Chapel Of the Holy
+Trinity=, which formerly occupied the east and west ends of what is now
+the outer north aisle, and were founded, the former in 1507 and the latter
+by W. Radcliffe of Ordsall in 1498, have no longer any separate existence;
+the only sign of their having been chapels that remains is a piscina
+in the pier at the south east corner of St. James' Chapel. The arcade
+between the outer and inner north aisles originally dated from about 1500.
+
+=The North or Craven Porch= is opposite to the south porch and bears a
+strong resemblance to it. It consists of two bays, each vaulted in stone
+in the same manner as the bays of the south or Jardine Porch; a door to
+the east side of the inner bay leads into the registry office.
+
+It now remains to examine the =Central Nave= and =Choir=. This church
+differs from most of our cathedral and abbey churches in having no
+triforium.[2] And the clerestory is not lofty, so that the church is
+rather low for its width,[3] though the height of the arches of the
+main arcade prevents this being felt. The roofs of the aisles are all
+modern, but that of the nave, though extensively repaired, has much
+of the original work in it, and, with the exception of a few bosses,
+the choir roof is old. All the roofs are of timber; in the nave the
+intersections of the main beams are covered by beautiful bosses carved
+out of the solid wood. On either side, at the points from which the
+main cross beams spring, is a series of angelic figures splendidly
+carved in wood: those on the south side playing stringed instruments,
+those on the north side wind instruments.
+
+The choir roof is more ornate; the panels between the beams are filled
+with tracery; the bosses here are differently constructed from those in
+the nave; here each leaf was separately carved and then nailed in its
+place. At the time of the restoration this roof was skilfully repaired
+by introducing new beams above the old ones and fastening the old to the
+new with bolts.
+
+The pillars of the main arcade of the nave are modern work built in
+imitation of the original ones. They are light and graceful, and like
+many other pillars of fifteenth century date, are formed of shafts of
+which only half have separate capitals, the other mouldings running
+round the arch. The spaces between the arches are elaborately carved
+with heraldic shields.
+
+[Illustration: THE CHOIR, LOOKING WEST.]
+
+[Illustration: DESK-ENDS IN THE CHOIR STALLS; NORTH SIDE.]
+
+Towards the east end of the nave may be seen desks for the choir
+on either side, a brass eagle lectern on the south side, and a modern
+pulpit against the first pillar from the east on the north side (see page
+54). The pulpit, the gift of the late Chancellor Christie and his wife,
+is octagonal, and six of its faces are carved with representations of
+Christ, the four Evangelists, and St. Paul; of the other two sides one
+rests against the pier, and the other, on the north, forms the entrance
+from the pulpit steps. The ancient rood screen (see page 23) is a very
+beautiful piece of work. It has three wide openings with double doors in
+each; upon it stands the central part of the large organ; other parts
+of the organ occupy spaces in the north and south aisles behind the
+stalls. The case was designed by Sir Gilbert Scott, and is effective.
+
+[Illustration: CHOIR STALLS, NORTH SIDE.]
+
+The present =organ= rebuilt by Wadsworth Brothers at the cost of Sir
+W. H. Houldsworth, Bart., 1871, has
+
+        Four manuals CC to A  58 notes
+        Pedal CCC to F        30   "
+    The great organ has       13 stops
+        swell                 16   "
+        choir                  8   "
+        solo                   5   "
+        pedal                  9   "
+        accessory              8   "
+        and combination pedals 8   "
+
+If we pass on through the screen beneath the organ we find ourselves
+in the =choir=. This, the choir proper, as distinguished from the
+presbytery to the east of it, is sometimes called the Radcliffe choir,
+for many members of this family were buried here, and their brasses
+were placed on the floor, but these were removed when the floor was
+repaved with tiles. On either side of us, and behind us, we see some of
+the most elaborate tabernacle work to be met with anywhere. Some idea
+may be formed of the wealth of detail by examining the illustration on
+the opposite page. There are twelve stalls on either side, and three on
+each side of the entrance through the rood screen facing east. The stalls
+are furnished with misereres, which, in common with many others both in
+England and on the Continent, represent all manner of quaint subjects,
+monsters, animals, hunting scenes, etc.
+
+The =stalls= date from the early part of the sixteenth century, and bear
+a strong resemblance to those in Beverley Minster and Ripon Cathedral.
+At Beverley, however, the level cornice above the canopies which we see
+at Manchester is wanting, except at the west end.
+
+The carved elbows of the stalls and the ends of the book desks are also
+worthy of careful examination, especially the Eagle and Child and general
+carving of the Dean's Stall, which is a marvel of beautiful workmanship,
+and said by high authorities to be unequalled.
+
+Between the stalls the floor is one step higher than that of the nave,
+and at the east end of the stalls there is a further rise of two steps
+as we pass into the presbytery. Here, on the south side, we see the
+bishop's throne--modern work, carved with a view to be in harmony with
+the stalls, but comparing unfavourably with them in execution. There
+is a rise of two more steps into the sanctuary, and the altar itself is
+raised two steps higher; this gives a good effect. Behind the altar is
+an elaborately carved wooden reredos of modern work, richly painted and
+gilt. The upper part, as will be seen from the illustration on p. 22,
+is wider than the lower; it is divided vertically into seven divisions,
+the two lateral divisions on each side being themselves divided into
+two tiers. The three central niches contain figures of the three patron
+saints, St. George on the north, the Blessed Virgin in the centre, and
+St. Denys on the south side.[4] Above the central figure, St. Mary, is
+another niche containing a seated figure of Christ, holding in His left
+hand an orb and cross, His right hand raised in the act of blessing;
+above this figure is a canopy. On the top of the six uprights that form
+the vertical divisions of the reredos, angels stand with clasped hands.
+The carving on the smaller panels illustrates the following verses of the
+"Preface to the Sanctus" which are inscribed beneath them.
+
+    "With angels and | archangels and | all the company | of heaven
+     we laud and     | magnify Thy    | glorious name.  | Amen."
+
+It will be noticed that there are no sedilia in the usual place on the
+south side of the altar, the arch being open where we might expect to
+find them, and there is no pulpit in the choir. Most of the services in
+which a sermon is preached are conducted in the nave.
+
+Most of the windows have in recent times been filled with painted glass.
+Perhaps we may be inclined to think that there are too many thus filled,
+and that it would have been well if the windows of the clerestory had been
+left uncoloured. Certain it is that as there is no triforium, there is
+no place from which the clerestory windows can be examined; and had they
+been left unpainted, the church would have been much lighter than it is.
+
+A brief description must now be given of the windows. We will begin with
+the west window in the tower, proceeding eastward along the outer south
+aisle, crossing the church by the ambulatory, and coming back to the
+west by the aisle on the north side, and then examining the clerestory
+windows of nave and choir.
+
+=The Windows.=--The west window of the tower has five lights, and is
+divided by one transom. It represents the Ascension, and Acts of Mercy.
+It was given by J. C. Harter, and is the work of Hardman.
+
+The west window of the inner aisle on the south side has four lights,
+and its subject is the parable of the Good Samaritan. It was erected
+by subscription in memory of Jonas Craven, and was painted by Messrs.
+Heaton, Butler & Baynes.
+
+The west window of the outer south aisle, or Baptistery, has six lights,
+and represents baptism by blood, water, and fire, illustrated by the
+martyrdom of St. Stephen, the baptism of Christ, and the descent of the
+Holy Ghost at Pentecost. It was given by Thomas Chesters in 1892, and is
+the work of Messrs. Percy Bacon & Bros.
+
+The window in the westernmost bay of the outer south aisle has four
+lights, and illustrates the text "Suffer little children to come unto
+Me," and was erected as a memorial to W. H. Bowler (son-in-law of Thomas
+Chesters), who died in 1887. This also was painted by Percy Bacon &
+Bros.
+
+The window to the east of the porch in the Brown Chapel has four lights,
+and represents Christ healing all manner of sickness, and was erected in
+memory of John, William, Maria, and Henry Stevenson, and is by Wailes of
+Newcastle.
+
+The next window has four lights, and has for its subject various incidents
+in the life of St. John the Baptist: 1, the announcement of his birth
+to Zacharias; 2, his birth; 3, his preaching in the wilderness; and 4,
+his baptism of Christ. This was given by Margaret Clowes in memory of
+the Rev. T. Clowes, and is by Hardman.
+
+The window in the fifth bay has five lights. It represents Christ in
+Glory, and was given by Catharine, Countess of Stamford and Warrington,
+in memory of her husband, the seventh Earl, who died in 1883. It was
+painted by Messrs. Clayton & Bell.
+
+The next window also has five lights, and illustrates the Magnificat. It
+was erected by public subscription in memory of Dean Oakley, who died in
+1890. It is by Burlison & Grylls.
+
+The next window is in the westernmost bay of the Jesus Chapel. It has
+four lights. Its subject is Simeon receiving Christ in the temple. It
+was given as a memorial to Frederick Andrews, who died in 1890. It is by
+Messrs. Heaton, Butler & Baynes.
+
+The next window, in that part of the Jesus Chapel now used as the
+cathedral library, has four lights, and represents Christ among the
+doctors; it is a memorial to James Gray, who died in 1871, and is by
+Messrs. Heaton, Butler & Baynes.
+
+The next window of four lights has for its subject Christ healing all
+manner of disease, and was inserted in memory of Jonas Craven, who died
+in 1894. It is by Messrs. Heaton, Butler & Baynes.
+
+There are four windows in the chapter house, all of four lights. The
+first, with figures of Sts. James, Thomas, Simon, and Jude, was given
+by Canon Gibson in 1869, and is by Messrs. Ward & Hughes. The next,
+representing Sts. Peter, Mary, George, and Paul, is by Edmundson & Son,
+and incorporates some old glass found in the clerestory windows of the
+choir. The next, with figures of Sts. Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John,
+was given by the children of Canon Wray, in memory of their father, who
+died in 1866. It is the work of Clayton & Bell. The last, with figures
+of Sts. James, Andrew, Philip, and Bartholomew, was given by Dean Bowers
+in 1869, and is by Ward & Hughes.
+
+In the bay between the chapter house and the Fraser Chapel is a four-light
+window with eight subjects. In the upper row, The Transfiguration,
+Lazarus, Christ riding on an Ass, The institution of the Lord's Supper;
+and in the lower, "This is my beloved Son," Elisha raising the Child,
+David, The offering of Isaac. This was given in 1859 by a citizen once
+a chorister. It is by Edmundson & Son.
+
+In the Fraser Chapel are two windows. The first, facing south, has
+four lights, and contains the glass which formerly occupied the window
+of the bay that was opened out when the Fraser Chapel was built. Its
+four subjects are: Simeon, The Baptism of Christ, The Miracle at Cana,
+and Christ blessing little Children. An inscription records that it was
+given in 1858 by a citizen once a chorister; it is by Edmundson & Son.
+
+The window in the east wall of this chapel has three lights. Its
+subjects are: 1, St. John; 2, "I am He that was dead and am alive
+again"; 3, St. Paul. It was erected as a memorial to Bishop Fraser by
+Messrs. Shrigley & Hunt.
+
+The east window of the south choir aisle has five lights, and each of
+these contains two subjects.
+
+In the upper row we see Christ in the centre, with two of the evangelists
+on either side of him. In the lower tier are represented: 1, The Agony
+in the Garden; 2, Christ bearing His Cross; 3, The Crucifixion; 4, The
+Angels announcing the Resurrection; 5, The Ascension. This was given by
+G. Pilkington, and is by Wailes of Newcastle.
+
+In the Lady Chapel there are two windows, each of two lights in the
+north and south walls, and two, of four lights each, in the east wall.
+
+Beginning with the westernmost window in the south side, we find a
+representation of the descent of the Holy Ghost on the day of Pentecost,
+and an inscription which states that the window is a memorial to "John
+Allen bonorum bujus ecclesiae custos," who died in 1861.
+
+The next window contains a representation of Christ among the Doctors.
+It is a memorial to Samuel Bulteel, who died in 1883.
+
+The next window in the east wall represents the Crucifixion of Christ
+and the two robbers, and was erected to commemorate the fact that the
+Lady Chapel was once the property of the Hoare family.
+
+The other window in this wall shows the visit of the Magi, and was given
+by J. H. Chetham in 1884, in memory of Humphrey Chetham, the great
+benefactor to Manchester, who was born in 1580 and died in 1653.
+
+The two windows in the north wall represent the Annunciation and
+Salutation respectively, and were inserted as memorials to Edith Mary
+Romilly, daughter of Dean Cowie, who died in 1883; it was given by the
+Dean; and to Elizabeth Sharp, who died in 1881. The latter was given by
+S. Wm., and Elizabeth Bulteel.
+
+All the windows in the Lady Chapel are by Moore of London.
+
+The five-light window at the east end of the north choir aisle illustrates
+the text beginning "I was hungry," etc. It was given by G. Pilkington as
+a memorial to Humphrey Chetham. It is by Wailes of Newcastle.
+
+The east window of the Derby Chapel has seven lights, each containing
+two subjects. The upper tier are: 1, The Magi; 2, The flight into Egypt;
+3 and 5, Angels; 4, Christ; 6, Christ blessing Children; 7, Christ among
+the Doctors.
+
+In the lower tier the three central subjects are hidden by the reredos
+erected in recent years over the altar. Of the four visible, the first is
+the raising of Jairus' daughter; 3, Christ setting a Child in the midst;
+6, Suffer little Children to come unto Me; 7, The feeding of the Five
+Thousand. It is by Edmundson & Son of Manchester.
+
+The easternmost window in the north wall has four lights. The subjects
+are: St. Mary, "Why weepest thou?" and St. John. This window was inserted
+as a memorial to George Hull Bowers, D.D., the second Dean of Manchester,
+who died in 1872. It is by Burlison & Grylls.
+
+There are three windows in the Ely Chantry. That facing north has
+five lights, the other two four; the central light of the north window
+contains the figure of Bishop Stanley wearing his mitre and holding his
+pastoral staff.
+
+The next window to the west contains in its four lights representation
+of four incidents in the life of Jacob: His dream, Rachel tending her
+sheep, Jacob watering them, and Jacob's journey into Egypt. This window
+is a memorial to William Newall, who died in 1851. It is by Ward & Hughes.
+
+The next window, also of four lights, represents Christ cleansing the
+leper, raising the daughter of Jairus, blessing children, and restoring
+sight to Bartimaeus. This was inserted in memory of Robert Barnes, who
+died in 1871. It is by Clayton & Bell.
+
+The next window--the last within the screen of the Derby
+Chapel--represents: 1. Jacob blessing Ephraim and Manasseh (Gen. xlviii.
+14); 2, The end of Job (Job xlii. 17); 3, Simeon blessing Christ (Luke
+ii. 27-29); 4, The great multitude in Heaven (Rev. vii. 9.) It is a
+memorial window to Thomas Broadbent, who died in 1875. It was given by
+his daughter, Elizabeth Boyd Garfit, the wife of Thomas Garfit, M.P. for
+Bristol, and is by Hardman.
+
+In the antechapel is a four light window. The subjects are the Good
+Shepherd teaching the young and healing the sick. It was given by James
+Chadwick, churchwarden, in 1863, and is by Ward & Hughes.
+
+[Illustration: THE GORDON MEMORIAL WINDOW.]
+
+The easternmost window in the nave, in what was once the Ducie Chapel, has
+five lights, and was erected by C. J. Scholfield in 1888 as a memorial to
+Major-General Gordon, who was killed at Khartoum in 1888. In the centre
+light the General is represented with his hand on the head of a native
+boy; in the other lights we see native women and children expressing
+their gratitude to him for his work on their behalf; and in the outer
+lights and above the heads of the human figures are angels.
+
+This window is by Messrs. Wilson & Whitehouse of London, and from the
+interest of its subject attracts much attention.
+
+The next window to the west has four lights, each of which contains two
+subjects: in the upper tier, Sts. Stephen, Paul, Barnabas, and Philip;
+in the lower, the stoning of St. Stephen, the Conversion of Saul, St.
+Paul and Barnabas, and St. Paul before Agrippa. It was given by Stephen
+Smith in memory of his two sisters, Lucinda and Marie, who died in 1881
+and 1883 respectively. This window is the work of Messrs. Burlison &
+Grylls.
+
+The next window contains, in two tiers, representations of various Old
+and New Testament characters. It was inserted as a memorial to Samuel
+and Elizabeth Pickup. It is by Messrs. Clayton & Bell.
+
+The next window also has two subjects in each of its four lights: the
+upper one, Feeding the hungry, etc.; the lower, the story of the Good
+Samaritan. This was given in memory of James Pickup, who died in 1868.
+It is by Messrs. Clayton & Bell.
+
+The next bay opens into the north porch and does not contain any window.
+Between this and the west wall is a four-light window containing
+representations of eight incidents in the life of Joseph: 1, His dream;
+2, his coat dipped in blood; 3, his imprisonment; 4, his interpretation
+of the butler's and baker's dreams; 5, his interpretation of Pharaoh's
+dreams; 6, his honour in Egypt; 7, his turning aside from his brothers to
+weep; 8, the presentation of Jacob to Pharaoh. This window was presented
+by J. Beard in 1887, and is by Hardman.
+
+The west window of the outer north aisle has seven lights. The subject
+is the Ascension. It is a memorial to William Rose, superintendent
+of the Manchester Fire Brigade, who died in 1884, and is the work of
+Messrs. Clayton & Bell.
+
+The window at the west end of the inner north aisle has two tiers of
+subjects; in the heads are angels playing on musical instruments. It
+was given as a memorial by the widow and children of Samuel Fletcher,
+who died in 1863, and is by Hardman.
+
+The windows of the clerestory contain five lights; in the north side all
+are painted, on the south side only the four western ones.
+
+The subjects are:--
+
+On the north side: 1, Aaron sacrificing on the day of Atonement; given
+by R. B. M. Lingard Monk. It was painted by Messrs. Clayton & Bell.
+
+2. Joshua at the fall of Jericho; given by Sir J.W. Maclure, Bart., M.P.
+It is by Messrs. Clayton & Bell.
+
+3. David praising God in the tabernacle; given by G. Benton. By Burlison
+& Grylls.
+
+4. Solomon praising God; given by Susanna Woodcock in memory of Henry
+Woodcock. By Gibbs of London.
+
+5. The ascent of Elijah; given by Sir W. Cunliffe Brooks, Bart. Painted
+by Messrs. Clayton & Bell.
+
+6. Malachi pointing out the promised messenger; given by Edward and Henry
+Charlewood. It was painted by Messrs. Burlison & Grylls.
+
+On the south side:--
+
+1. Moses with the tables of the Law; given by James Chadwick.
+
+2. Miriam dancing and singing; given by William Hatton.
+
+3. Joseph and his brethren; given by Lord Egerton of Tatton.
+
+4. Abraham offering Isaac; given by the Earl of Ellesmere. These four
+windows are all the work of Messrs. Heaton, Butler & Baynes.
+
+In the choir clerestory on the north side only the second from the west
+is painted; it represents Christ raising the dead, and is by Clayton &
+Bell.
+
+On the south side, the first and third from the west are painted. The
+former represents Christ and Nicodemus; it was the gift of Canon Gibson,
+and is by Hardman. The other, representing the presentation of Christ in
+the Temple, was given by Canon Gibson, and is by Ward & Hughes.
+
+The east window of the choir, a short wide window of seven lights,
+representing the Crucifixion, was given by W. Andrews in 1856, and is
+by Hardman.
+
+[Illustration: THE NAVE FROM THE WEST.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+SHORT HISTORY OF THE PARISH AND DIOCESE.
+
+
+Before 1422 the church was purely parochial, and was under rectors, the
+names of thirteen of whom have come down to us.
+
+Ranulphus de Welling is the first of whom we have any record. Albert de
+Neville's name is also preserved, but we do not know the dates of their
+appointment; all we know is that the former lived before the commencement
+of the thirteenth century. With the appointment of Peter Greslet in 1261,
+the unbroken list begins.
+
+    1284 William de Marchia succeeded him. He became Bishop of Bath
+    and Wells in 1292 or 1293. Here he obtained a great reputation
+    for saintly life, and after his death miracles were worked at
+    his tomb, persons suffering from toothache resorting to it. He
+    was for some time Treasurer of England under Edward I.
+
+    1292 Walter de Langton was appointed rector of Manchester, and also
+    Treasurer of England. In 1296 he was promoted to the Bishopric
+    of Lichfield, to which diocese Manchester then belonged. At
+    Lichfield he distinguished himself as builder of the Lady Chapel
+    and Palace. He retained the rectory of Manchester until 1299,
+    when he was succeeded by his grandson.
+
+    1301 Geoffrey de Stoke became rector, and was succeeded in 1313
+    by John de Guerden, whose name appears in several other forms
+    Verdun and Everden. He became Dean of St. Paul's, London, in
+    1323. Another name, that of John de Arden, occurs about this time
+    among the rectors of Manchester, but the date of his appointment
+    is not known.
+
+    1323 Adam de Southwick became rector.
+
+    1327 John de Clandon.
+
+    1351 Thomas de Wyke; and finally in
+
+    1373 Thomas de la Warre.
+
+In 1422 the church became collegiate, when Henry V. granted a charter
+to Thomas, Lord de la Warre, Rector of Manchester, and Lord of the Manor
+"Ecclesiam de Mancestre in ecclesiam collegeatam erigere," and from this
+date the title of Rector was exchanged for that of Warden.
+
+The following is a complete list of the wardens, with the dates of their
+appointments:--
+
+    1422. John Huntington, B.D. (rector of Ashton-under-Lyne); he
+    is noteworthy as the builder of much of the church which we
+    see to-day.
+
+    1459. John Booth, LL.B., archdeacon of Redmore, formerly treasurer
+    of the cathedral church at York.
+
+    1465. Ralph Langley, LL.D., rector of Prestwich, the rebuilder
+    of the nave.
+
+    1481. James Stanley (1), D.D., Prebendary of St Paul's and
+    archdeacon of Chester.
+
+    1485. James Stanley (2), M.A., D.C.L. He founded the Chapel of
+    St. John the Baptist, built the entrance to the chapter house,
+    and in connection with Richard Beck, a Manchester merchant,
+    erected the choir stalls and canopies. He became Bishop of Ely
+    in 1509, and is buried in the Ely Chantry at Manchester.
+
+    1509. Robert Cliff, B.D., LL.D.
+
+    1515. Richard Alday.
+
+    1518. George West.
+
+    1535. George Collyer, M.A.
+
+    1557. Laurence Vaux, B.D., chaplain to the Bishop of Gloucester.
+
+    1558. William Bird, M.A.
+
+    1570. Thomas Herle, chaplain to Queen Elizabeth.
+
+    1578. John Walton, B.D. He was appointed Bishop of Exeter in 1579.
+
+    1579. William Chadderton, D.D., consecrated Bishop of Chester
+    in 1579. Manchester by this time had become part of the new see
+    of Chester, and Chadderton retained his wardenship along with
+    the higher office, but he resigned it when he was translated to
+    the see of Lincoln in 1595.
+
+    1595. John Dee, M.A., a layman and a celebrated mathematician,
+    alchemist, astrologer, and necromancer, who professed to see
+    visions in crystal globes, and was much consulted by many,
+    among them by the Queen, to forecast future events, held the
+    office of warden for some years, but retired in 1608, and died
+    in poverty at Mortlake, at the age of 81.
+
+    1608. Richard Murray, D.D., Rector of Stopford, and Dean of
+    St. Buryan's in Cornwall.
+
+    1636. Richard Heyrick, M.A. He was expelled in 1646, but reinstated
+    in his office in 1660. His memorial tablet may be seen on the
+    wall of the south aisle, dated 1667.
+
+    1667. Nicholas Stratford, D.D. He resigned in 1684, and five
+    years after this was consecrated Bishop of Chester.
+
+    1684. Richard Wroe, D.D., Prebendary of Chester.
+
+    1718. Samuel Peploe (1), D.D. He was consecrated Bishop of Chester
+    in 1726, and ruled that see till 1752. He retained the wardenship,
+    together with the bishopric, until 1738.
+
+    1738. Samuel Peploe (2), LL.D. He was Chancellor of Chester,
+    and Archdeacon of Richmond, Yorkshire.
+
+    1781. Richard Assheton, D.D.
+
+    1800. Thomas Blackburne, LL.D.
+
+    1823. Thomas Calvert, D.D., rector of Wilmslow.
+
+    1840. The Hon. William Herbert, D.D., LL.D. When the diocese of
+    Manchester was formed out of that of Chester in 1847, the warden
+    was raised to the higher rank of Dean, and hence Dr. Herbert
+    was last warden and first Dean, but he did not hold the latter
+    office long.
+
+The following is a list of the Deans:--
+
+    1847. The Hon. William Herbert, D.D., LL.D.
+
+    1847. George Hull Bowers, D.D.
+
+    1872. Benjamin Morgan Cowie, D.D. In 1884 he became Dean of Exeter,
+    a post he held until he died in 1900.
+
+    1884. John Oakley, D.D. He had been Dean of Carlisle from 1881-1884.
+
+    1890. Edward Craig Maclure, D.D., the present Dean.
+
+The present cathedral staff consists of the Dean, four residentiary
+Canons, twenty-four honorary Canons, two minor Canons, two Clerks (in
+orders), an organist, four singing men, and four singing boys on the
+foundation, to whom others are added by subscription.
+
+The relation of the Dean of Manchester to the Rectory is defined by
+the Parish of Manchester Division Act, 1850, which states that "Such
+Part or Residue of the said Parish of Manchester as shall remain after
+severance therefrom of any Parts or Portions thereof, shall be, and be
+deemed to be for all Ecclesiastical Purposes, the Parish of Manchester;
+and the Dean of Manchester for the time being shall, upon Institution
+and Installation into his Deanery, have the cure of souls therein, and
+shall be assisted in such cure by the Chaplains or Minor Canons of the
+said Cathedral or Collegiate Church, to be hereafter appointed, who,
+in all matters connected with the Spiritual Duties of the said Parish,
+shall be subject to, and act under his directions; and the said Dean
+shall have all rights and powers in reference to the performance of
+the services of the said church, as the Parish Church of Manchester,
+as fully and effectually as if he were Rector of the same, subject
+nevertheless to any rights belonging to or duties imposed on the Canons
+and Minor Canons or Chaplains of the said Cathedral or Collegiate Church,
+in respect of the performance of the services thereof prescribed by the
+recited Letters Patent."
+
+The list of the churchwardens of the parish church from 1422 to 1595,
+and from 1663 to the present time, three for each year, is in existence.
+
+The diocese of Manchester has but a short history, as it has had an
+independent existence for little more than half a century.
+
+Until 1541 Manchester was part of the great see of Lichfield. In that year
+Henry VIII. made a new diocese of Chester, by taking the archdeaconry of
+Chester from the diocese of Lichfield, and the archdeaconry of Richmond
+from that of York.
+
+The see of Chester then included the counties of Chester, Lancaster, and
+portions of Cumberland, Westmorland, York, Flint, and Denbigh.
+
+In 1836 the archdeaconry of Richmond was assigned to the new see of
+Ripon, and the part of Lancashire known as Furness, together with these
+parts of Westmorland and Cumberland above mentioned, were added to the
+diocese of Carlisle.
+
+In 1847 the new see of Manchester was formed from the diocese of Chester.
+
+The diocese of Manchester lies within the county of Lancaster, but does
+not embrace the whole county, part of which forms the see of Liverpool,
+while a small part of it belongs to that of Carlisle.
+
+It consists of three archdeaconries:--Manchester, Lancaster, and Blackburn.
+
+The total number of benefices in the diocese in the year 1900 was 550,
+of beneficed clergy, 525, and of assistant curates about 360.
+
+The cathedral church is calculated to afford accommodation for 2000
+persons.
+
+Since the foundation of the see it has been presided over by three bishops.
+
+The first was the Right Rev. =James Prince Lee=, D.D., F.R.S., for many
+years headmaster of King Edward's School, Birmingham, and a distinguished
+scholar. He was elected in 1847, and consecrated in the first month of
+the following year by the Archbishop of York and the Bishops of Chester
+and Worcester. He died in 1869 at Mauldeth Hall, Heaton Mersey, and was
+buried in Heaton Mersey Churchyard.
+
+He was succeeded by the Right Rev. =James Fraser=, D.D., who when at
+Oxford had gained the Ireland Scholarship, and became a Fellow of Oriel
+College. He was a man of great intellectual power, of kindly manner, and
+won the respect and confidence not only of Churchmen, but of members of
+all denominations, especially of the mill hands of his populous diocese.
+He was nominated to the see in January 1890, and consecrated in March of
+the same year. He died 22nd October 1885 at Manchester, and is buried in
+the churchyard of Ufton Nervet, Berks.
+
+The present bishop, the Right Rev. =James Moorhouse=, D.D., was translated
+from the see of Melbourne to that of Manchester in 1886.
+
+
+DIMENSIONS OF MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL.
+
+
+  Ft.
+  Total length over all, exterior,                                  248
+  Width,                                                            173
+  Length of Nave and Choir, interior,                               172
+  Width of Nave exclusive of Projections, interior,                 114
+  Distance from Rood Screen to Screen of Lady Chapel,                88
+  Length and breadth of Tower, exterior exclusive of buttresses,     28
+  Length of Lady Chapel, E. to W., interior,                         18
+  Width of Lady Chapel, N. to S., interior,                          19
+  Width of Nave,                                                     27
+  Width of inner Nave Aisles,                                        16
+  Width of outer North Aisle of Nave,                                24
+  Width of outer South Aisle of Nave,                                22
+  Projection South Porch beyond Wall of aisle,
+      exclusive of buttresses,                                       22
+  Projecting of North Porch, beyond walls of aisle,
+      exclusive of buttresses,                                       25
+  Width of South Porch, interior,                                    11
+  Width of North Porch, interior,                                    13
+  Diameter of Chapter House interior,                                19
+  Height of Roof, interior,                                          50
+  Height of Tower,                                                  140
+
+  Area, about 18,000 sq. ft.
+
+
+
+
+CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL AND LIBRARY
+
+
+[Illustration: THE HALL, CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL.]
+
+[Illustration: CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL FROM THE SOUTH-EAST.]
+
+
+
+
+CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL AND LIBRARY.
+
+
+As we stand on the north side of the cathedral and look to the north, our
+eyes rest upon a wide gravelled courtyard beyond a low wall, backed up by
+a range of mediaeval-looking buildings. These were the domestic buildings
+of the College, and are now used partly for Chetham's Free Library,
+partly for the school known as Chetham's Hospital. The endowment and
+other sources of income provide for the board and education of a hundred
+boys. They receive a sound elementary education, and are instructed in
+technical and manual work. The school is carried on under the Board of
+Education, and is typical of this education at its best. The religious
+instruction is in accordance with the tenets of the Established Church,
+and much care is taken to train the boys not only in intellectual and
+manual pursuits, but in morals and manners. A boy once placed on the
+foundation of Humphrey Chetham has a successful career assured to him,
+unless he forfeits his chances by subsequent folly on his own part. The
+boys who show the greatest intellectual power can be passed on to
+the Manchester Grammar School, and thence to Owens College, while the
+feoffees of the hospital have no difficulty in finding good places in
+the business houses of Manchester for the rest. To have been educated
+at Chetham's Hospital is a great recommendation to any boy. The boys
+still wear the picturesque costume of the sixteenth century--caps, bands,
+long-skirted dark blue coats, knee-breeches, stockings, and shoes adorned
+with buckles. The visitor to the Hospital will probably be greeted by
+one of these boys, who will ask if he wishes to see the buildings. The
+boy will, if the answer is in the affirmative, take the visitor to the
+library, where, on payment of sixpence, a ticket will be handed to him,
+franking him for the day, and the boy will conduct him over the whole
+of the buildings, pointing out the past and present uses to which each
+part of them was or is put.
+
+Before we proceed to describe the building a few words must be said
+about its history.
+
+Its site was once occupied by the "summer camp" of Roman legionaries,
+and when the Romans passed away from the island, it is highly probable
+that the English occupants of the country used it as a place of abode.
+The first authentic notice of its occupation by any person whose name has
+come down to us, dates from 1182, when Robert, the fifth Baron Greslet,
+kept court here. Thomas, the eighth baron, granted the citizens of
+Manchester their first charter in 1301, signing and sealing the charter
+here. He was the last male in the direct line of descent, and on his
+death the property passed to John De la Warre, who was a descendant of
+the Greslets or Gresleys in the female line. One of his descendants,
+Thomas, as has been already mentioned, became rector of Manchester, who
+before his death applied to King Henry V. for a charter to enable him to
+collegiate the church. He bestowed on it lands to increase the endowment,
+and gave his baronial hall to the newly founded college of priests to be
+used as their residence. All this may be read in the grant made in the
+first year of Henry VI. Certain alterations were made in the buildings,
+to fit them for the new use to which they were to be put, and from 1422
+to 1549 they were occupied by warden after warden, who, assisted by the
+Fellows, performed the services in the adjoining church, looked after the
+sick and poor, and ministered generally to the inhabitants of the parish
+of Manchester. For some reason the College was not suppressed in the reign
+of Henry VIII., when the revenues of monasteries, small and great, were
+seized by the king; but in the first year of Edward VI. it was disendowed,
+and in the third year of the reign it was granted to Edward Stanley, third
+Earl of Derby. He used it as a town house. Henry Stanley, the next earl,
+in the reign of Elizabeth obtained a charter from the Queen, re-endowing
+the College, and it once more became the abode of the wardens, now priests
+of the reformed Church. During the civil wars the warden was expelled
+(1646), and the buildings seized by the Parliament. They were let to a
+certain Joseph Werden, who sublet the refectory to the Presbyterians,
+to be used by them as a meeting-house. The Independents made use of a
+barn in the enclosure for a similar purpose.
+
+[Illustration: THE NORTH GALLERY OF THE CLOISTER.]
+
+Lieut.-Col. the Rev. John Wigan applied for the reversion of this property,
+"part of y'e estate of the late Earl of Derby, and part of y'e jointure
+of y'e Countess Dowager already sequestrated."
+
+Humphrey Chetham also had his eye upon this property, wishing to obtain it
+so that he might carry out a project formed long before to found a school
+and home for boys. The survey of the property made at this time describes
+it as consisting of "Y'e large building called y'e College in Manchester,
+consisting of many rooms, with two barnes, one gate house, verie much
+decay'd, one parcell of ground formerly an orchard, and one garden,
+now in y'e possession of Joseph Werden gent., who pays for y'e same,
+for y'e use of the Common wealth, ten pounds yearly. There is likewise
+one other room in ye said College reserved and made use of for publique
+meetings of X'sian conscientious people."
+
+Humphrey Chetham did not live to see the school founded; but in his
+will, made three years before his death, which took place in 1653,
+he appointed trustees to carry out his purpose. They, in accordance
+with his instructions, bought "y'e great house with buildings, court,
+gardens, and appurtenances, called ye Colledge or the Colledge House,"
+obtaining it for the sum of L500.
+
+On August 5, 1658, the building was formally dedicated to its new use,
+and Hallworth, chief assistant to Heyrick, the expelled warden, who, as
+stated in Chapter IV., was afterwards reinstated, in his speech on this
+occasion, told the history of the building, and concluded by saying,
+"Henceforth the said house could fitly and justly be named by no other
+name than by the name of Mr. Chetham's Hospital," and by that name it is
+known at the present day.
+
+At the time of the Restoration the Stanleys claimed the property of which
+they had been dispossessed by the Parliament, but made no difficulty about
+regranting to the feoffees that part of it occupied by the new School
+and Library. For the Library as well as the School had been already
+founded, since after making sufficient provision for the maintenance
+of the Hospital, the feoffees had money in hand which they spent in the
+purchase of books, thus forming the nucleus of the first _free_ library
+in England. To this collection books have been added by gift, bequest,
+and purchase, so that the library now contains about 60,000 volumes. The
+books can be consulted free of charge during certain hours of the day,
+but are not allowed to be removed from the building. The general public,
+however, does not make much use of the library, as it does not contain
+the light and ephemeral literature that appeals to modern taste; but
+the student who desires to read up some special subject will find many
+valuable books and manuscripts to aid him in his work. Among the rare
+books is a copy of the historical compilations of Matthew Paris, with
+marginal corrections in the author's handwriting.
+
+There is much matter to be found on these shelves dealing with the
+antiquities and history of Lancashire and Cheshire. Canon Raine bequeathed
+a fine series of Lancashire manuscripts; besides these may be seen a
+collection of broadsides, formed by Mr. T. O. Halliwell-Phillipps, and
+the library of John Byrom. In the last named collection is the final draft
+of the well-known hymn, "Christians, awake; salute the happy morn." Among
+the other books there are some fine specimens of Caxton's printing.
+
+[Illustration: THE COLLEGE GATEWAY.]
+
+We leave the churchyard, cross the street that skirts it to the north,
+and pass through a small doorway in the wall at the opposite side of the
+street, and so enter the play-ground of Chetham's Hospital. On our left
+hand as we make our way to the original building, we pass the modern
+schoolroom, which stands by itself. This, like many other buildings in
+Manchester, was designed by A. Waterhouse, R.A. The main building runs
+east and west, with projecting wings at either end. Near the eastern wing
+we notice the old entrance gateway, and the modern staircase leading
+up to what was the "hospitium" or guest-house. This has been converted
+into a dormitory for the boys. The most interesting part of the College
+is to be found in the western wing, of which an illustration is given,
+p. 63. The three windows crossed by transoms are those of the hall; the
+lower windows to the left of these belong to the audit room, the upper
+to the warden's private room, now the reading-room of the library. The
+building to the extreme left contains the library on the upper floor,
+and offices on the lower.
+
+[Illustration: CORRIDOR AND ENTRANCE TO THE HALL.]
+
+There is a long corridor, shown in the illustration below, running from
+east and west of the building; it can be entered by a door at its eastern
+end not shown in the illustration on p. 63. After entering this, as we
+proceed towards the west we pass on the right hand the fine kitchen; it
+has an open timbered roof about 35 feet from floor to ridge, and measures
+29 feet in length and 17 in width; beyond this, on the same side, are
+two doors giving entrance to the cellar, where the warden and Fellows
+kept their wine, the buttery or rather _butlery_. Opposite this, on the
+left hand side, is the Hall; its north end is partially closed by massive
+screens of black oak. It has windows on the east and west. One of those
+on the west gives light to a staircase with Jacobean balusters, which,
+starting in a direction parallel to the west wall of the hall, turns round
+and gives access to the upper story. As we still pass westward we come
+to the cloister on the left hand, and the old infirmary on the right;
+and a door still further on leads out into a garden, where the fish pond
+was formerly situated; in this the fish required for Fridays and other
+days of abstinence were kept. Caught in other water--the streams of
+Irwell and Irk probably--they were brought here and stored so that they
+could always be caught without difficulty when required for the table.
+
+[Illustration: THE CLOISTER--SOUTH-WEST ANGLE.]
+
+The cloister is small and has only three walks, the one to the north
+forming part of the corridor which has been just described; the one
+to the west is terminated at its south end by an iron gate; and the
+walk on the south leads to, and is terminated by the entrance to the
+audit room. From the west walk (illustration, p. 83) an archway leads
+into the cloister itself. This is a very secluded spot, and the walls
+show signs of great age. This cloister has one peculiarity: the walks
+already described have other walks or corridors over them. Over the
+south walk is a corridor leading by what was St. Mary's Chapel into the
+warden's room; the corridor over the west walk opened out into what was
+once the dormitory, now filled with bookcases; the walk over the long
+eastern corridor below gave access to the old refectory, which has now
+been divided into living-rooms for the governor and the librarian.
+
+The long straight line of building between the eastern and western wing
+contained the old school, the brew house, and the bakery; the upper story,
+used formerly for guests, has been converted into a dormitory for the
+boys; this is the most ancient part of the hospital.
+
+The reader, from the sketch just given, will understand the general
+arrangement of the building, various parts of which will now be described
+in more detail.
+
+We will begin with the =Hall=. This measures 43 feet from north to
+south, 24 from east to west; its walls are 22 feet in height, and the
+distance from the floor to the ridge of the open timber roof is 35 feet.
+
+At the south end is the dais, behind this the wall is panelled; on the
+west side near the dais is a recess shown in the illustration on page 72,
+and on the same side of the hall, further north, and in the centre of
+the wall, is the "Ingle-nook," as it is called.
+
+[Illustration: RECESS IN THE HALL.]
+
+This Ingle-nook did not originally form part of the hall. It is said that
+at one time it was a barn, or place for storing grain for use in the
+baronial buildings.
+
+The hall was in all probability warmed, according to the usual custom,
+by a brazier standing on the centre of the floor, the smoke from which
+gathered under the high pitched roof, blackening beams and rafters, and
+finally escaped through a spire or turret rising from the ridge of the
+roof furnished with louvre boards. The fireplace was at some subsequent
+time removed to the west side of the room, and afterwards placed inside
+the ingle-nook, first at the back of it, then at the north-eastern
+corner.
+
+It will be seen from the illustration that this recess was at one time
+entered through an arch, but the sides of this were afterwards cut
+away and a flat lintel, composed of two enormous stones, was inserted;
+the space between this and the arch was then filled in with masonry;
+at the same time, no doubt, the interior space was covered with a
+plaster ceiling at a height of about six feet from the floor; this has
+been recently removed, and the roof vaulted with stone. The recess is
+lighted from the back with windows, and provided with seats, and has an
+open fireplace. The ingle-nook is a picturesque addition to the hall,
+and forms no doubt a very cosy corner when on a cold day the fire is
+blazing in the grate; but as a means of warming the hall the present
+arrangement is manifestly far inferior to the old plan of having an open
+fire in the centre of the floor of the hall.
+
+On the wall above this recess may be seen a bust of the founder, with
+crossed swords on either side of it, and a flintlock hung below it. The
+illustrations show that the walls are built of large-size squared stones,
+and are not covered with plaster. Across the end of the hall, cutting
+off the western part of it to form the main passage spoken of above, is
+a battlemented screen. This is peculiar in that it is not a continuous
+screen furnished with doorways for entrance, and does not rise to the
+level of the roof, but consists of three detached pieces, one resting
+against the east, one against the west wall, and one standing in the
+middle, each rising to the height of about nine feet. Thus two entrances,
+each about five feet wide, are left. Here, as in other parts of the
+building, the improvements of the nineteenth century have found their
+way, and the mediaeval walls of the old hall are lighted with electric
+lamps--a most convenient and safe addition, but striking one, at first,
+as out of harmony with the surroundings. Sundry portraits adorn the
+walls, the floor is neatly sanded, and the room is kept scrupulously
+clean; an air of refinement is added to it by vases of fresh flowers
+placed on the table. In this hall the boys of the Hospital assemble at
+stated hours for prayers and meals.
+
+[Illustration: WEST SIDE OF THE CLOISTER.]
+
+The next part to be examined is the cloister court. This is a very small
+enclosure, surrounded by somewhat high walls. Admission to it is obtained
+from the west walk through the archway cut in one of the windows, shown in
+the illustration. The curious form of the glass in the windows is worthy
+of note; the pavement of the cloister-garth is formed of cobblestones,
+and towards the south end may be seen the top of the college well. The
+cloister is not rectangular, the line of the eastern side being broken
+by sundry projections.
+
+[Illustration: STAIRCASE LEADING TO CLOISTER GALLERY.]
+
+As we leave the cloister, we examine the walks to the south and west.
+The latter (see illustration, p. 83) is terminated at its south end by
+a wrought iron gate through which we get a glimpse of the outside view
+and the entrance to the library. The roof is nearly flat, with massive
+oaken beams. Several doors may be seen on the western side opening into
+cells--the living-rooms of the clergy connected with the college. As we
+turn round the corner and pass into the south walk, we see before us the
+door of the audit room. The oaken ceiling of this room is of fifteenth
+century date; the walls up to a certain height are wainscoted; above
+this they are covered with a plaster frieze. Here may be seen what is
+known as the "Founder's Chair," although it is of far earlier date than
+Chetham's time--earlier, indeed, than the date of the conversion of the
+baron's residence into a college in the fifteenth century.
+
+[Illustration: CLOISTER GALLERY, NORTH SIDE.]
+
+Leaving this room, we pass through the two cloister walks already
+described, and proceed towards the hall until on the right hand we see a
+staircase with balusters of oak, black from age. We mount this, and when
+we reach the top find ourselves in the upper corridor that runs along the
+north side of the cloister-garth. This is lit by windows looking into the
+cloister, and is covered with a wooden ceiling, just at the head of the
+staircase is the doorway leading into the private rooms of the governor,
+with exquisite oak fittings; on the north side of this corridor are doors
+similar to those that we noticed in the corridor below, opposite to the
+hall; these lead into the librarian's rooms; beyond these, to the west,
+stands a beautiful Tudor table of carved oak. At the west end of the
+corridor is an iron studded door. The carvings over the doorway on the
+west side should not be passed by unnoticed (see p. 65). The corridor
+over the west walk of the cloister is filled with bookcases plentifully
+supplied with books.
+
+[Illustration: CHETHAM'S LIBRARY, FORMERLY THE DORMITORY.]
+
+Parallel to this runs the old dormitory of the College, a room with a fine
+timber roof lighted from above; on the west side of this are a number of
+compartments formed of tall bookcases, and entered from the corridor by
+open-work doors. At the north end of the corridor is a window filled with
+painted glass, one light of which represents St. Martin of Tours dividing
+his cloak with a beggar, and the other Eutychus falling out of the window.
+
+At the south end of this corridor we find a staircase which leads from
+the ground floor close to the main entrance to the library, and is, in
+fact, the way by which readers usually enter it. There is a room with a
+similar timber roof running along the south side of the building parallel
+to the corridor above the south walk of the cloister. This was once a
+chapel dedicated to St. Mary, and now, like the dormitory, is filled
+with bookcases; but an oak altar rail, dating from the middle of the
+sixteenth century, with double spiral rails, may still be seen here.
+
+At the east end of the south corridor is a door leading into a beautiful
+room, now used as the reading room; formerly it was the warden's room,
+and many a man well known in history has sat within its walls. Here
+Sir Walter Raleigh and the courtiers of his day were entertained by the
+warden, Dr. Dee, of whom mention was made in the last chapter,--a wizard
+as he was then thought to be, whom even the Queen did not hesitate to
+consult when she wished to know the future.
+
+This room, like many others in this building, has an open timber roof and
+a cornice, dating from the time of the foundation of the College in the
+days of Henry V. The walls are wainscoted up to the level of the spring
+of the roof which spans the room from east to west.
+
+[Illustration: THE WARDEN'S ROOM, NOW THE READING ROOM--NORTH SIDE.]
+
+In the centre of the north side of this room is a fireplace. This
+wall is wainscoted up to the same height as the other walls, and above
+the oak panelling it is profusely decorated, as will be seen from the
+illustrations, with scrolls and other patterns. This decoration was done
+in the early years of the reign of Charles II., after the College had
+been converted into Chetham's Hospital. In the centre of the room is a
+handsome oval oak table, with a number of chairs to match; against the
+south wall stands a fifteenth century communion table, and against the
+north wall to the left of the fireplace, a handsome sideboard of carved
+oak. This was made up of portions of two pieces of old furniture, namely,
+the top of a bookcase once given by Humphrey Chetham to Walmsley Church,
+near Bolton-le-Moors, still bearing an inscription: "The gift of Humphrey
+Chetham Esquire, 1655," and a fifteenth century bedstead once used by the
+Pretender when sleeping at Hulton Park in Lancashire. This sideboard was
+presented to the College by a member of the Hulton family, who was one
+of the Chetham feoffees. Round the walls are several portraits. From
+the east side of the room there is a projecting bay lighted by three
+windows and furnished with seats and a square writing table with sloping
+sides, to which students can take the book from which they wish to make
+extracts. The enrichments of the ceiling of the bay are of plaster, but
+the rest of the vault is stone. All the floors of this upper story are
+of oak, well polished by the feet of many generations. The furniture of
+the reading room harmonizes well with the room itself. The windows are
+placed under widely splayed, obtusely pointed four centred arches. On
+the sill of one stands a statuette in bronze of Humphrey Chetham and
+one of the boys of his school, similar to the marble statue already
+described as standing at the east end of the north choir aisle of
+the cathedral church. At the northwest corner of the room is a door
+which the visitor might easily overlook, but which gives access to a
+most interesting chamber. This was at one time the minstrels' gallery
+opening out into the hall, when in the time of the Greslets and the De
+le Warres, the baron, his guests and retainers feasted merrily there,
+while the harpers twanged their strings and sang of deeds of daring and
+war and victory. When the building passed into ecclesiastical hands in
+1422 the arches opening into the hall were walled up, and the minstrels'
+gallery was converted into a scriptorium; two small openings were,
+however, left in the wall from which the warden passing out of his own
+room into the scriptorium might see what was being done in the hall below.
+
+[Illustration: THE READING ROOM: EAST SIDE.]
+
+Leaving the warden's room we may descend by the staircase at the
+south-west corner of the building, and before quitting this part of the
+hospital altogether, make a closer examination of the wrought iron gate
+at the south end of the west walk of the cloister. On it we see embossed
+in brass, the arms of the founder and below the arms, the motto, "Quod
+tuum tene," "Hold thine own."
+
+The part of the building used as the boys' dormitories has been internally
+refitted in modern times, and so has lost somewhat of its archaeological
+interest; but the building, taken as a whole, is a very valuable relic
+of mediaeval times. Even if there were nothing older than Chetham's day,
+it would be well worth study; but of course it is of much earlier date,
+and we see a building which has been used for three distinct purposes at
+different times of its history: first as a baron's dwelling-place, then as
+the abode of one of those religious bodies differing in many points from
+the regular monastic orders known as colleges of clergy, and finally
+converted into one of those educational establishments which sprang up
+into vigorous existence in the days succeeding the dissolution of the
+monasteries. It is especially interesting to note how many features of the
+life led by the boys at the time of the foundation are still preserved
+at this hospital. Modern improvements have been judiciously introduced
+into the management of this educational foundation; there has been no
+unnecessary reckless sweeping away of what is old and picturesque,
+and yet, at the same time, the character of the education given has
+been brought well up to modern requirements, fulfilling literally the
+conditions laid down by the founder, who directed that "Ye boys shall be
+taught ye reading, ye writing, ye summes, and all kinds of ye ingenuitie."
+
+[Illustration: THE CLOISTER--WEST WALK.]
+
+It is a matter of congratulation that this ancient building has
+been preserved from falling into ruin and being used as a quarry of
+ready-hewn stone, a fate that overtook so many of the religious houses
+of the country when the monastic bodies were expelled; and also that by
+the wise regulations made for the admission of visitors, the place is
+easily seen, and yet is preserved from all chance of injury.
+
+
+GROUND-PLAN OF THE COLLEGIATE BUILDINGS, NOW CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL.
+
+(From "Old Halls of Lancashire and Cheshire," by Henry Taylor.)
+
+[Illustration: GROUND-PLAN OF THE COLLEGIATE BUILDINGS, NOW CHETHAM'S
+HOSPITAL. (From "Old Halls of Lancashire and Cheshire," by Henry Taylor.)]
+
+1. Porch. 2. Hall. 3. Cloister. 4. Cloister walks with galleries above.
+5. Audit Room with Warden's Room above. 6. Fellows' Rooms. 7. Butteries.
+8. Kitchen. 9. Bakehouse. 10. Hospitium. 11. Gateway. 12. Steps to
+River--now covered.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+  Aisles, the outer, 27.
+  Archdeaconries, the, 59.
+
+  Baptistery, the, 29.
+  Bibby's Porch, 27.
+  Bishop's Throne, 45.
+  Bishops of Manchester, the, 59.
+  Brown's Chantry, 27.
+  Bust of Humphrey Chetham, the, 73.
+
+  Chapel of the Holy Trinity, 6, 40.
+  Chapter, the, 58.
+  Chapter House, the, 10, 17, 34.
+  Chetham's Hospital and Library, 6, 63;
+    cloister, the, 71, 74;
+    hall, the, 71;
+    library, the, 67;
+    reading-room, the, 78;
+    kitchen, the, 69.
+  Chetham, Humphrey, 36, 66.
+  Choir, the, 6, 41, 45.
+  College, the, 5, 7, 66, 67;
+    dormitory, the, 78;
+    founder's chair, the, 75;
+    minstrels' gallery, the, 81.
+  Craven Porch, 19, 41.
+
+  Deans of Manchester, the, 57, 58.
+  Dedication, the, 4.
+  Derby Chapel, the, 6, 9, 19, 37-39.
+  Dimensions of the Cathedral, 60.
+
+  Edward VI., 7.
+  Ely Chapel, the, 6, 17, 19, 37.
+
+  Fraser, Bishop, 34, 59.
+  Fraser Chapel, the, 5, 10, 17, 28, 34
+
+  Gordon Window, the, 51.
+  Gresley family, the, 5, 31, 64.
+  Guest-House, the, 68.
+
+  Henry VIII., 7.
+  Heyrick, Richard, warden, 7, 57.
+  Hulme Chapel, the, 6, 17.
+  Huntington, John, warden, 6, 35, 56.
+
+  Jesus Chapel, the, 6, 17, 29, 33.
+
+  Lady Chapel, the, 6, 17, 19, 34.
+  Langley, Ralph, warden, 6, 56.
+  Lee, Bishop Prince, 59.
+
+  Manchester, See of, 8, 58.
+  Mary I., 7.
+  Moorhouse, Bishop, 59.
+
+  Nave, the central, 41.
+
+  Organ, the, 45.
+  Organ, the small, 9, 37.
+
+  Parapets, 19.
+  Porch, the west, 5, 10, 13, 29;
+    the south, 5, 10, 15, 29;
+    the north, 5, 10, 41.
+  Pulpit, the, 43.
+
+  Rectors, the, 55.
+  Reredos, the, 46.
+  Rood-Screen, the, 43.
+
+  Smith, Father, 37.
+  Stalls, the, 6, 45.
+  Stanley family, the, 7, 66.
+  Stanley, James, Bishop of Ely, 6;
+    warden, 56.
+  St. John the Baptist's Chapel, 29, 37, 38 (see Derby Chapel).
+  St. James' Chapel (Ducie), 6, 27, 40.
+  St. George's Chapel, 6, 27, 30.
+  St. Nicholas' Chapel, 17, 27, 30.
+  Sundial, 17.
+
+  Tower, the western, 9, 19.
+  Trafford Chapel, 27, 30.
+
+  Wardens, the, 56, 57.
+  Windows, the, 7, 24, 47-53.
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+[Footnote 1: It states that the churches of St. Mary and St. Michael
+hold one carucate (that is, about 100 acres) of land quit of all taxes
+save the Danegelt.]
+
+[Footnote 2: A triforium in purely Perpendicular buildings is rare.]
+
+[Footnote 3: The height of the central line of the roof (50 feet) is not
+quite double the span (27 feet).]
+
+[Footnote 4: St. George and St. Denys, patron saints of England and
+France, were added to the dedication at the time that the church became
+collegiate, Henry V. being King of England and France.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+    Minor obvious typographic errors have been corrected. Otherwise,
+    inconsistencies in the usage of capitalization, accents and spelling,
+    etc. have been preserved as printed.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral
+Church of Manchester, by Thomas Perkins
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