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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:07:24 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:07:24 -0700 |
| commit | baedca110f382a153a751eac397efee7eb5bd38f (patch) | |
| tree | 0cc69e5c7a3e4cd2737fd58fc3cc1b3b7f536d29 /37194-h | |
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diff --git a/37194-h/37194-h.htm b/37194-h/37194-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7cc32b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/37194-h/37194-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,3619 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" +content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> +<title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Manchester, + by The Rev. Thomas Perkins. +</title> +<style type="text/css"> + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p { text-indent: 1em; + margin-top: .75em; + font-size: 100%; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; } + p.hanging { text-indent: -3em; margin-left: 5em; } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { text-align: center; clear: both; } + hr { width: 50%; } + hr.full { width: 100%; } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 75%;} + span.pagenum { position: absolute; right: 1%; left: 91%; font-size: 8pt; + color: gray; text-align: left;} + + .quote { margin-left: 6%; margin-right: 6%; + text-indent: 0em; font-size: 100%; } + + .center { text-indent: 0; text-align: center; } + .right { text-indent: 0; text-align: right; } + .left { text-indent: 0; text-align: left; } + .sc { font-variant: small-caps; } + a,img { text-decoration: none!important; border:none!important; } + table { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 75%; } + td { padding: 0em .5em 0em .5em; } + ul { list-style: none; } + table.panel { border-collapse: collapse; } + td.panel { text-align: center; border-style: none solid none solid; + margin: 0; padding: 0; border-width: 0 1px 0 1px; border-color: black; } + + .figcenter { padding: 2em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 100%; + margin: auto; clear: both; } + + .foot { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; + text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 100%; } + .fnanchor { vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none; } + + .poem { margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; + text-align: left; } + .poem .stanza { margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em; } + .poem p { margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em; } + .poem p.i2 { margin-left: 1em; } +</style> +</head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of +Manchester, by Thomas Perkins + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Manchester + A Short History and Description of the Church and of the + Collegiate Buildings now known as Chetham's Hospital + +Author: Thomas Perkins + +Release Date: August 24, 2011 [EBook #37194] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELL'S CATHEDRALS: MANCHESTER *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Charles Aldarondo, David +Garcia and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[i]</a></span></p> + +<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div> + +<p><!--[Blank Page]--><br /></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[ii]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<a href="images/image01.jpg" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/image01s.jpg" width="500" height="325" +alt="MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL FROM THE SOUTH." +title="Manchester Cathedral from the South." /></a> +<br /> +MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL FROM THE SOUTH. +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[iii]</a></span></p> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h1> +<small>THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF</small><br /> +<big>MANCHESTER</big> +</h1> +<p class="center"> +A SHORT HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION<br /> +OF THE CHURCH AND OF THE<br /> +COLLEGIATE BUILDINGS NOW KNOWN AS<br /> +<big>CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL</big> +</p> + +<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div> + +<p class="center"> +<small>BY</small> +<br /> +<big>THE REV. THOMAS PERKINS, M.A.</big> +<br /> +<small>RECTOR OF TURNWORTH, DORSET</small> +</p> + +<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div> + +<p class="center"> +WITH 43 ILLUSTRATIONS +</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<a href="images/image02.png"> +<img src="images/image02s.png" +title="Arms of the See" +alt="Arms of the See" /></a> +</div> + +<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div> + +<p class="center"> +LONDON GEORGE BELL & SONS 1901 +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span></p> + +<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div> + +<p><!--[Blank Page]--><br /></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span></p> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + PREFACE. +</h2> + +<p> +I have to acknowledge with my sincerest thanks the help I received +locally in compiling this little volume. +</p> +<p> +The Dean of Manchester was good enough to offer to read the +proof-sheets, and has made various suggestions and additions which have +done much to improve it. The sheets have also had the benefit of Canon +Hicks' revision. +</p> +<p> +The photographic illustrations, with the exception of two by Mr. W. H. +Bowman of Manchester, were taken by myself, and I have also to thank the +Dean for permission to photograph in all parts of the church. +</p> +<p> +Mr. Walter T. Browne, Governor of Chetham's Hospital and Library, gave +me every facility for examining and photographing the building, and +supplied me with much valuable information. He also carefully revised +the proof-sheets of the latter portion of the book. +</p> +<p> +Mr. J. T. Chapman, of Albert Square, placed his dark-room at my disposal, +so that I was able to develop my negatives on the spot, and make second +exposures when necessary. +</p> +<p> +Lastly, Mr. Thackeray Turner, Secretary of the Society for the +Protection of Ancient Buildings, lent me sundry papers and reports +dealing with Chetham's Hospital and Library. The kind assistance thus +received has made my task an easy one, and has materially added to the +accuracy of the volume. +</p> +<p class="right"> + THOMAS PERKINS. +</p> +<p> +<span class="sc">Turnworth</span>, <i>September 1901</i>. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span></p> + +<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div> + +<p><!--[Blank Page]--><br /></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span></p> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + CONTENTS. +</h2> + +<table summary="Table of Contents"> +<tr><td></td><td align='right'><small>PAGE</small></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="sc">Chapter I.—History of the Building</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_3'>3</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="sc">Chapter II.—The Exterior</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_13'>13</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="sc">Chapter III.—The Interior</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_23'>23</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="sc">Chapter IV.—Short History of the Parish and Diocese</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_55'>55</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="sc">Chetham's Hospital and Library</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_63'>63</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="sc">Index</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_87'>87</a></td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span></p> + +<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div> + +<p><!--[Blank Page]--><br /></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span></p> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. +</h2> + +<table summary="List of Illustrations"> +<tr><td></td><td align='right'><small>PAGE</small></td></tr> +<tr><td>Manchester Cathedral from the South</td><td align='right'><i><a href='#Page_ii'>Frontispiece</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td>The Arms of the See</td><td align='right'><i><a href='#Page_iii'>Title Page</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td>Manchester Cathedral from the North-East</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_2'>2</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>The Cathedral from the West</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_3'>3</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>View across the Choir from the Ely Chapel about 1850</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_8'>8</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Windows on the South Side</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_12'>12</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>The West Porch</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_14'>14</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>The South Porch</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_16'>16</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>The Ely Chapel</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_18'>18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>North Side of the Nave</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_20'>20</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>The Choir, looking East</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_22'>22</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>The Choir Screen</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_23'>23</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>View across the Nave, looking North-East</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_25'>25</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>The Inner South Aisle of the Nave</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_28'>28</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>The Tower Arch</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_30'>30</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Screen of the Jesus Chapel</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_31'>31</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Entrance to the Chapter House</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_32'>32</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>The South Choir Aisle</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_33'>33</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Screen of the Lady Chapel</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_35'>35</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Statue of Sir Humphrey Chetham</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_36'>36</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Interior of North Doorway</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_39'>39</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>View across the Nave, looking North-West</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_40'>40</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>The Choir, looking West</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_42'>42</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Desk Ends in the Choir Stalls</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_43'>43</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Choir Stalls, North Side</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_44'>44</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>The Gordon Memorial Window</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_51'>51</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>The Nave from the West</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_54'>54</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>The Hall, Chetham's Hospital</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_62'>62</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Chetham's Hospital from the South-East</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_63'>63</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>The North Gallery of the Cloister</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_65'>65</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>The College Gateway</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_68'>68</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Corridor and Entrance to the Hall</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_69'>69</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> +<span class="pagenum"><!-- Page x --><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[x]</a></span> + The Cloister</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_70'>70</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Recess in the Hall</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_72'>72</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>West Side of the Cloister</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_74'>74</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Staircase leading to Cloister Gallery</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_75'>75</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Cloister Gallery, North Side</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_76'>76</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Chetham's Library, formerly the Dormitory</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_77'>77</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>The Warden's Room, now the Reading Room</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_79'>79</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>The Reading Room, East Side</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_82'>82</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>The Cloister, West Walk</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_83'>83</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Plan of Chetham's Hospital</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_85'>85</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><br /><span class="sc">Plan of Manchester Cathedral</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_89'><i>end</i></a></td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><!-- Page 1 --><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> + +<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div> + +<p><!--[Blank Page]--><br /></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><!-- Page 2 --><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a href="images/image03.jpg"> +<img src="images/image03s.jpg" width="500" height="300" +alt="Photo, W. H. Bowman. MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH-EAST." +title="Manchester Cathedral from the North-East." /></a> +<br /> +<div class="left"><small><i>Photo, W. H. Bowman.</i>]</small></div> +<br /> +MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL FROM THE NORTH-EAST. +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><!-- Page 3 --><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a href="images/image04.jpg" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/image04s.jpg" width="500" height="350" +alt="Photo, W. H. Bowman. THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE WEST." +title="The Cathedral from the West." /></a> +<br /> +<div class="left"><small><i>Photo, W. H. Bowman.</i>]</small></div> +<br /> +THE CATHEDRAL FROM THE WEST. +</div> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<p class="center"> +<big> +MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL +</big> +</p> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + CHAPTER I. +</h2> +<p class="center"> + HISTORY OF THE BUILDING. +</p> + +<p> +In the minds of most Englishmen the name of Manchester calls up the +image of a vast city that, with the borough of Salford, which, though +municipally distinct, yet is topographically united with it, contains a +population of about three quarters of a million of inhabitants. And it +is, moreover, generally supposed that Manchester is entirely of modern +growth—a collection of mills, and warehouses, and shops; yet, if anyone +pauses for a moment to consider, the name itself suggests that the +foundation of the city must date back from the time of the Roman +occupation of the island. It has been, and not unreasonably, supposed +that it was + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> + + a British stronghold before the soldiers of Agricola took +possession of it. Certain it is that it was occupied by Roman troops, +and it is said that they made their summer camp near the spot where the +building that is the subject of this book now stands, hard by the +junction of the little stream of the Irk with the larger river Irwell. +In those early days these streams in all probability ran bright and +clear through broad meadow lands, and were crossed by bridges of very +ancient construction. The remains of one such bridge have long been +known to exist, and have on more than one occasion been uncovered. +</p> +<p> +The Irk now runs through a tunnel, and discharges its waters into the +grimy, sluggish stream of the Irwell, which divides Manchester from +Salford, and runs between the Exchange Station of the London and +North-Western Railway and the cathedral church of the new diocese +created in 1847. +</p> +<p> +Many Roman coins, principally those of Nero, Vitellius, Vespasian, +Domitian, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Constantine, have been +found at various times in the course of digging the foundations of +houses. +</p> +<p> +What befell Manchester when the Romans left Britain we do not know. That +Paulinus preached here is highly probable; that Ine, King of the West +Saxons, resided here with his Queen Ethelburga about 690 is recorded; +that, like many other places not far distant from the seaboard, it was +ravaged by the Danes is certain. King Edward the Unconquered, in 923, +sent troops to repair its walls and garrison the town. +</p> +<p> +No picturesque legends about the foundation of the original Church of +St. Mary which stood near the site of the present cathedral have come +down to us. All we know is, that two wood-built churches are mentioned +in Domesday Book as standing either in the town or the parish, one of +them dedicated to St. Mary, the other to St. Michael.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"><!--note--></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">1</a> The former was +probably a predecessor of the present building, which is dedicated +jointly to St. Mary, St. George, and St. Denys, though not on the same +site. But of any Norman church of St. Mary not a trace is left, nor are +there any remains of thirteenth century work visible in the church as we +see it + +<!-- Page 5 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> + + to-day. Various examples of thirteenth and fourteenth century +work, however, have been found in the walls of the church and in the +western tower at different times during repairs and restorations. +</p> +<p> +William the Conqueror conferred the lands between the Mersey and the +Ribble on Roger of Poictou, who granted the Manor of Manchester to the +Gresley family; Thomas Gresley, Baron of Manchester, granted a charter +to the townspeople of Manchester in 1301. Under these early barons the +church was held successively by about fifteen rectors, among whom may be +mentioned William de la Marcia (1284), who became Bishop of Bath and +Wells in 1292; Walter Langton, who was appointed Rector of Manchester, +and also Keeper of the Great Seal by Edward I. in 1292, and was +consecrated Bishop of Lichfield in 1296, but retained his rectory for +three years after his consecration; John de Verdun or Everden (1313), +who became Dean of St. Paul's in 1323. Meanwhile, the manor had passed +from the Gresleys to the De la Warres; the last of their family became a +priest, and appointed himself Rector of Manchester in 1373. He was a +liberal benefactor to the church, and in order that there should be a +suitable body of clergy to look after the spiritual welfare of the town, +he endowed the church as a collegiate institution, obtaining the +requisite charter from Henry V. in 1422. The college consisted of a +warden, eight fellows in priests' orders, four deacons, and six boy +choristers. +</p> +<p> +The old baronial hall was granted to the newly appointed body as a place +of residence. This was largely modified to suit the requirements of its +new inmates, and the church itself was gradually reconstructed. Hence we +find the church built in the Perpendicular style, a style that has been +imitated in the many additions that have been made to the building since +it was raised to cathedral rank in 1847. So quickly does the smoke-laden +atmosphere of Manchester discolour the stone, that in a very few years +after their erection the new parts of the church match in colour the +older parts of the building, and the passer-by who gives but a casual +glance at the cathedral would be surprised to learn how much of its +structure dates from the nineteenth century. At the present time, 1901, +the only obviously new part is the western porch, but the north and +south porches, the Fraser Chapel on + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> + + the south side of the choir, the +south-west corner of the building, as well as the tower, are all modern +additions or reconstructions, and much of the exterior has been recased +with stone. The residence of the warden and fellows, much modified at +subsequent dates, may still be found on the north side of the church, on +the other side of a road that skirts the churchyard. It is now known as +Chetham's Hospital and Library; for fuller information about this +building the reader is referred to the latter part of this volume. +</p> +<p> +No sooner had the first warden, John Huntington, been appointed, than he +set to work to enlarge and beautify the collegiate church. +</p> +<p> +The oldest part of the church is the arch leading into the Lady Chapel, +which, with its responds, has more resemblance to the Decorated than to +the Perpendicular style. This arch was accurately restored some +twenty-five or thirty years ago. The rebus of Sir John Huntington, the +first warden, who was appointed in 1422, renders it probable that this +part of the church was largely reconstructed by him. While he was +warden, 1422-1458, the choir and its aisles were rebuilt, and the +chapter house built. Under successive wardens the work of reconstruction +was carried on, and occupied about a hundred years. The third warden, +Ralph Langley (1465-1481), is said to have completed the nave; much work +was done during the wardenship of James Stanley II. (1485-1509), +afterwards Bishop of Ely, for the chapel of the Holy Trinity was founded +by W. Radcliffe in 1498; the Jesus Chapel, now the vestry and library, +was founded by Richard Beswick in 1506; the Hulme Chapel, now destroyed, +which formerly projected to the south from the eastern part of the south +wall of the Jesus Chapel, was founded by Ralph Hulme in 1507; the St. +James' Chantry or Ducie Chapel was built in the same year; and the choir +stalls were erected by the warden himself in 1508. In this year also W. +Galley built St. George's Chapel. James Stanley is also recorded to have +built the double entrance into the chapter house. The Derby and Ely +Chapels on the north side are of rather later date; in the latter the +ex-warden, James Stanley II., then Bishop of Ely, was buried. This +chapel was built by Sir John Stanley in 1515. In 1518 the eighth warden, +George West (1518-1535) is recorded to have built the Lady Chapel, but +this work was probably a reconstruction + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> + + rather than a fresh building; +the windows that we see in it now are eighteenth century work, but +probably are imitations of those that previously existed in this chapel, +and their style indicates a considerably earlier date than 1518. Indeed, +their tracery resembles fourteenth century work. It will be noticed from +the dates just given that the church was finished not long before the +Reformation. +</p> +<p> +Up to 1541 Manchester belonged to the diocese of Lichfield, but Henry +VIII. then transferred it to the newly founded see of Chester. +</p> +<p> +The college was dissolved by Edward VI., who bestowed its lands on the +Stanley family. Queen Mary re-established the college and gave back its +lands, with the exception of the domestic buildings, which still +remained in the hands of the Earls of Derby. During the time of the +Civil Wars the church suffered in common with many other ecclesiastical +buildings. +</p> +<p> +Richard Heyrick, who had been warden since 1636, was deprived of his +office in 1646, but was reinstated in 1660. Some negotiations had been +entered into for the sale of the domestic buildings to the trustees +under the will of Humphrey Chetham, but the sale was not completed until +after the Restoration, when they became the property of the feoffees of +the Chetham Hospital and Library. +</p> +<p> +Subsequently the church shared the same fate as befell most +ecclesiastical buildings during the eighteenth century, viz., neglect +and injudicious repairs. But it was left to the early part of the +nineteenth century to work the greatest havoc on the building. A +thorough process of repair, or "beautifying" as it was then called, was +set on foot in the year 1815. Galleries were erected in the nave, the +various chapels outside the nave aisles were thrown into the main +building by the removal of the screens which separated them from the +north and south aisles, so that from that time the western half of the +church has had double aisles on either side of the nave proper. But +worse than this, the whole interior was covered with Roman cement, and +that this might adhere more firmly to the stone-work, the walls +themselves and the pillars of the main arcade of the nave and the +clerestory walls were hacked about in the most shameful way. In this +condition the church remained for many years. When + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> + + the new see of +Manchester was erected in 1847, this church was chosen as the cathedral +church of the diocese, and before long proposals were made to rebuild or +enlarge it, as it was felt by many that it lacked the dignity and size +of the old cathedral churches, and, indeed, suffered in comparison with +many of the old abbey churches that existed in England, some of which +have since that time been raised to cathedral rank. Queen Victoria +visited Manchester for the first time in 1851, and to commemorate her +visit, Canon Parkinson suggested the rebuilding of the church, and +himself headed the subscription list with a donation of £1000, but the +proposal did not meet with much favour. +</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<a href="images/image05.jpg" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/image05s.jpg" height="500" width="370" +alt="VIEW ACROSS CHOIR FROM THE ELY CHAPEL ABOUT 1850. From Winkles' "Cathedrals."" +title="View Across Choir from the Ely Chapel about 1850." /></a> +<br /> +VIEW ACROSS CHOIR FROM THE ELY CHAPEL ABOUT 1850.<br /> +<i>From Winkles' "Cathedrals."</i> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p> + +<p> +At this time the municipal seats at the west end were enclosed by a +glass screen; above them was the Chetham gallery, as it was called, its +back occupied by the organ and choristers, its front by the schoolboys +of Chetham's Hospital. The organ had previously stood on the screen +beneath the choir arch, but had been removed to the west for a musical +festival held in 1828. This old organ loft was then converted into a +pewed gallery, intended for the use of the Chetham feoffees, but was +usually occupied by the officers of regiments quartered in Manchester. +</p> +<p> +In 1858 some repairs, external and internal, were carried out, and +shortly after this J. E. Gregan, architect, and David Bell, builder, +recommended the rebuilding of the tower. Their advice was taken, the old +tower was demolished, and a new tower was designed by J. P. Holden. On +4th August 1864 the foundation stone of the new tower was laid by the +Bishop, Dr. Prince Lee. In this ceremony, among others, the present Dean +of Manchester, Dr. Maclure, took part, acting as chaplain to the High +Sheriff, Sir J. P. Kay Shuttleworth, Bart. The tower was nearly four +years in building, and was dedicated on Whitsunday 1868. +</p> +<p> +In 1872 the Dean, Dr. Cowie, and the canons proposed that a new +cathedral church should be built on a new site, but this plan met with +little favour. Ten years passed away and then Mr. George Milner and Mr. +(afterwards Sir) John William Maclure, churchwardens, and Mr. Thomas +Lings, comptroller, advocated a thorough restoration of the existing +church; plans were prepared by Mr. Crowther, architect; a meeting was +called to consider the matter, and it was resolved to accept and carry +out these plans. The roof of the nave was repaired, the old bosses being +preserved, the galleries were removed, and it was decided to clear off +the Roman cement from the pillars and walls, but it was found that the +stone-work beneath had been so much mutilated, that it was resolved to +rebuild the main arcade of the nave and the clerestory. +</p> +<p> +Various donors undertook to defray the cost of rebuilding the different +bays. A muniment room containing the celebrated parish registers +mentioned by Macaulay, was built in memory of Alderman Graves by his +son, and the baptistery, in memory of Thomas Chesters, by his son. +</p> + +<p> +The Derby Chapel was re-roofed. The Earl of Derby, + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> + + notwithstanding the +agreement made in 1774 by which the chapel was handed over to the church +on condition that the Earls of Derby should no longer be required to +keep it in repair, generously contributed £1000 towards this work. The +choir roof was renewed in English oak, but the bosses and carved angels +were boiled in oil and replaced. Fortunately the Roman cement could be +removed from the walls of the choir more easily than from the nave, and +the old stone-work was allowed to stand. +</p> +<p> +The south porch was erected by James Jardine in 1891; the north porch +was built as a memorial to James Craven by his children in 1888. The +west or Victoria porch was built in 1900 by subscription raised by the +present Dean. +</p> +<p> +The conical roof of the octagonal chapter house is modern; the chapel to +the east of it was built by his widow as a memorial to Dr. James Fraser, +the second Bishop of Manchester, who died in 1885. +</p> +<p> +At the present time, 1901, further building operations are being carried +on in the yard on the south side of the church, a new and larger chapter +house and vestries being in course of erection. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span></p> + +<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div> + +<p><!--[Blank Page]--><br /></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image06.jpg"> +<img src="images/image06s.jpg" width="377" height="500" +alt="WINDOWS ON THE SOUTH SIDE." +title="Windows on the South Side." /></a> +<br /> +WINDOWS ON THE SOUTH SIDE. +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + CHAPTER II. +</h2> +<p class="center"> + THE EXTERIOR. +</p> + +<p> +The exterior of the Cathedral Church of Manchester is by no means +imposing. The traveller who reaches the city by the London and +North-Western Railway and alights at the Exchange Station, will see +fronting him what appears to be a large parish church with a western +tower. Its walls are grimy with the smoke of the city, and although the +building occupies a good site, open on every side save the east, with a +large churchyard stretching out on the north and south sides of it, yet +few of those who see it would stay their steps to walk round the +building or enter it by the south porch, unless they had been previously +told that this parish church, as it seemed to them, and as in a certain +way it is, is also the Cathedral Church of Manchester, and that its +interior is both impressive as a whole, and contains detail work of the +highest interest. +</p> +<p> +Our examination of the exterior may well begin with the most recent +addition to the church—<b>the western porch</b>—only lately finished and +still showing the colour of the stone fresh from the carver's hands. +Whether this addition is an improvement to the general appearance of the +building or not is open to question. To some, among them the writer, it +appears that the porch takes away from the appearance of height in the +tower, much as the Galilee Chapel at Durham, beautiful as it is in its +details, is an excrescence detracting from the effect of the western +front of St. Cuthbert's Cathedral Church. Moreover, the single crocketed +turret that rises from the south-west corner of the porch proper gives +it a one-sided appearance, which is somewhat to be regretted, as with +this exception the porch and its lower flanking chambers is symmetrical, +as indeed is the church itself in its main features, turret answering to +turret, and window to window, porch to porch. The carving on the western +porch is elaborate and carefully executed, and if, as must necessarily +be the case owing to the conditions under which nineteenth + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> + + century +carving was executed, it lacks the freedom that is so great a charm in +old work, it is more in accordance with the general style of the church, +and is characteristic of its own +<!-- lines below moved up from page 15 --> +date. This porch was designed by Mr. +Basil Champneys, who has succeeded in training carvers to carry out his +designs in an admirable manner. A verbal description of the porch is +hardly needed, as the illustration on the opposite page will show the +reader its character. On either side of the porch is a chamber rising to +about the same height as the spring of the arch of the doorway; each of +these is flat-roofed, its wall terminates in a pierced battlemented +parapet, and is lighted by two rectangular-headed windows facing west. +To the south and north of these two chambers respectively, are iron +gates and flights of steps giving access to the churchyard. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></p> + +<!--figure moved down from page 14--> +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image07.jpg"> +<img src="images/image07s.jpg" width="385" height="500" +alt="THE WEST PORCH." +title="The West Porch." /></a> +<br /> +THE WEST PORCH. +</div> + +<p> +Ascending the southern flight we find before us the west ends of the two +south aisles of the church; the roof of the inner one slopes slightly +down from the clerestory wall, and the outer one rises into a very +obtuse-angled gable. The west end of the inner or true aisle is +original, but the outer aisle was extended two bays westward at the time +of the recent restoration. The windows of the church, though all or +nearly all of Perpendicular character, are not all alike, as may be seen +by examining the illustrations; but in most of them the hood moulding +after following the curve of the arch at the head of the window, is +brought down in a vertical line for a short distance beside the lower +part of the window. Most of the windows have four lights, but there are +some exceptions, which will be duly noticed as we pass by them. To begin +with, the west window of the outer south aisle has five lights. On +turning round the south-west corner of this aisle we find the <b>south +porch</b> projecting from the second bay. The porch itself consists of two +bays, and has two stories. The lower story of the porch proper is +lighted by two two-light windows on the western side, the upper story by +two windows on the western and southern faces, and by one on the eastern +face. Beneath the windows on the south side the following inscription +may be read:— +</p> +<p class="quote"> + To the honour and Glory of God and in thankful acknowledgement of + many mercies this porch is erected by James Jardine of Manchester + and Alderley Edge in the year of our Lord MDCCCXCI. +</p> + +<!--figure moved up from page 16--> +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image08.jpg"> +<img src="images/image08s.jpg" width="360" height="500" +alt="THE SOUTH PORCH." +title="The South Porch." /></a> +<br /> +THE SOUTH PORCH. +</div> + +<p> +An octagonal stair turret surmounted by a crocketed pyramidal +termination stands at the south angle of the inner bay on the eastern +side. The whole of this porch is elaborately carved, as will be seen +from the illustration. The next + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> + + two bays of the south aisle project +beyond the general line of the south wall of the church. The walls of +this are finished by a pierced battlemented parapet similar to that +which runs round the south porch. The windows in these two bays are +alike, but the next two in the south wall have five lights, and differ +from the last two in their shape + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> + + and tracery (see illustration, p. <a href="#Page_12">12</a>). +To the south of the church about this point stands a sun-dial, shown in +the illustration. The three next bays belong to what was formerly known +as the Jesus Chapel. In the westernmost of these there is a doorway to +give room for which the sill of the window is placed at a higher level +than the sills of the other windows. The tracery of these windows +differs from the preceding two. From the easternmost of the three bays +of the Jesus Chapel formerly projected the Hulme chantry. To the east of +the Jesus Chapel stands the octagonal chapter house; three of its sides +contain windows of a pattern differing from any of these already +mentioned. From within the parapet, which is not battlemented, rises a +rather steep pyramidal roof. This is modern. Whether the original roof +was of this form or not is not known, but the modern roof is a +distinctly agreeable feature. To the east of the chapter house is +another window in the south wall, and then we come to the Fraser +Memorial Chapel, which forms the south-east angle of the church. This +has a four-light window in its south and a three-light window in its +eastern wall. Before examining the east end of the church we may remark +that the clerestory wall is terminated by a pierced battlemented +parapet—a modern addition—and that the pattern is slightly different +on either side of the octagonal turret which rises from the junction of +the nave and choir. The parapet that runs along the south wall of the +chapel of St. Nicholas, again, differs from that which runs along the +other walls on the south side of the church. +</p> +<p> +The east window of the south choir aisle has five lights; passing this +we come to the <b>Lady Chapel</b>. This is exceedingly small, projecting only +some eighteen feet to the east of the aisle walls. It has two bays, each +lit by a small two-light window on either side. Against the centre of +the eastern face rises a buttress, on either side of which is a +four-light window. As already mentioned in Chapter I. the Lady Chapel +windows are eighteenth century work, probably copies of the original +windows, and have tracery of Decorated character. +</p> + +<!--figure moved up from page 18--> +<div class="figcenter" style="height: 500px;"> +<a href="images/image09.jpg"> +<img src="images/image09s.jpg" width="360" height="500" +alt="THE ELY CHAPEL." +title="The Ely Chapel." /></a> +<br /> +THE ELY CHAPEL. +</div> + +<p> +Beyond the Lady Chapel is the window of the north choir aisle; and +beyond this again the eastern termination of the Derby Chapel. This +contains a seven-light window. Passing round the north-eastern corner we +see the <b>Ely Chapel</b> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> + + projecting from the second bay to the west, with +four-light windows in its eastern and western walls, and a five-light +window on its northern face. From the fourth and fifth bays, counting +from the east, projects a low building with a battlemented parapet, a +door and square headed windows, erected to contain the hydraulic +apparatus used for working the bellows of the organ. To the west of this +is a small doorway with an ogee head leading into the ante chapel of the +Derby or John the Baptist's Chapel. This is the last bay of the eastern +division of the church. The next bay, the north wall of what was once +St. James' Chapel, contains a five-light window. After two more bays, +comprising the chapel + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> + + of the Holy Trinity, we come to the registry, and +see the north porch projecting from the last bay but one. This bears a +general resemblance to the south porch, save that niches take the place +of windows on the east and west faces of the upper story, and that the +stair turret stands on the west side at the angle between the porch and +aisle wall. +</p> +<p> +The following inscription may be read running round the porch commencing +on the eastern side. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "To the glory of God and in loving memory of James Craven this + porch and registry are erected by his children 1888." +</p> +<p> +The west window of the outer north aisle has seven lights, and that of +the inner aisle five. +</p> +<p> +As on the south side so on the north, the tracery is not the same in all +the windows. Those on the north side of the Derby Chapel and the Ely +Chantry resemble each other; the next is a short window above the +doorway; the next, which is known as the Gordon window, is entirely +different; the next three have tracery similar to that of the windows of +the Derby Chapel. +</p> +<p> +The parapet along the north walls of the church, like that along the +south walls, is pierced and battlemented, the design differing in +different parts. The parapet of the Lady Chapel, however, is not +pierced, but is simply battlemented. The parapet on the clerestory on +both sides is a modern addition, and is considered by some to be no +improvement on the old form which ran in an unbroken line from end to +end of the church, and gave an appearance of greater length than that +given by the present arrangement, with its line broken by battlements +and pinnacles. The two octagonal turrets that rise from the east end of +the clerestory walls with their crocketed pyramidal terminations form a +pleasing feature. +</p> +<p> +The tower, square in section, projects from the western extremity of the +nave, and rises to the stately height of 140 feet. The west window of +the nave is surmounted on the outside by a richly carved ogee label; in +the next stage we see the faces of the clock, and in the belfry stage +above double windows on each face of the tower; a pierced battlemented +parapet with three pinnacles at each of the angles and one at the middle +points of each of its sides, forms a suitable termination to the tower. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span></p> + +<p> +We have now carefully examined the exterior of the church in detail. It +remains only to mention the points of view from which it is best seen as +a whole. The view from the roadway running up to the railway station +shows the tower to advantage, as not only is it of considerable height +itself, but its base on the level of the churchyard is considerably +raised above the street. The whole of the south side, which is richer in +variety and detail than the north, can be well seen from the churchyard, +and the north side itself from the open space in front of Chetham's +hospital, the play-ground of the boys who are educated there. +</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image10.jpg"> +<img src="images/image10s.jpg" width="365" height="500" +alt="NORTH SIDE OF THE NAVE." +title="North Side of the Nave." /></a> +<br /> +NORTH SIDE OF THE NAVE. +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span></p> + +<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div> + +<p><!--[Blank Page]--><br /></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image11.jpg"> +<img src="images/image11s.jpg" width="325" height="500" +alt="THE CHOIR, LOOKING EAST." +title="The Choir, Looking East." /></a> +<br /> +THE CHOIR, LOOKING EAST. +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width:500px;"> +<a href="images/image12.jpg"> +<img src="images/image12s.jpg" width="500" height="350" +alt="THE CHOIR SCREEN." +title="The Choir Screen." /></a> +<br /> +THE CHOIR SCREEN. +</div> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + CHAPTER III. +</h2> +<p class="center"> + THE INTERIOR. +</p> + +<p> +It has been already said that the exterior of the Cathedral Church at +Manchester lacks somewhat of the charm that so many of our old +cathedrals possess. There is no wide-spreading close with its smooth +turf and immemorial elms, no birds to fly round tower and pinnacle, and +break the silence of the home of ancient peace with their songs or +cries, but ever we hear the scream of railway engines, the bells of +tramcars, and the roar of the traffic along a busy thoroughfare. The +surrounding buildings are not now, as in many cathedral cities, the +residences of Dean and Canons, quaint and mediaeval, with stone +mullioned windows and ivy-covered walls, but modern erections, shops, +and warehouses, and hotels. And the church itself, destitute of transept +and central tower, provided only with a western tower, gives us the idea +of a large parish + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> + + church, rather than of a building associated in our +mind with Bishop, Dean, and Canons. There is no cloister-garth with its +surrounding walks, the old collegiate buildings are detached from the +church and appropriated to secular purposes; so that probably our first +feeling is one of disappointment, but this feeling will vanish as soon +as we have passed into its interior. The usual way of entrance is by the +south porch; this is always open. The western doors are unfortunately +generally closed—unfortunately, for the most impressive view of the +church is to be had from beneath the tower arch looking to the east. It +is a dimly lighted building; this is due chiefly to two causes: first to +the fact that it is enormously wide, and the aisle windows are therefore +far from the central nave, and secondly to the fact that almost all the +windows both of aisles and clerestory are filled with painted glass, in +many cases of a deep colour, and rendered still more impervious to light +by the incrustation of carbon deposited on their outside by the +perpetual smoke of the city. So dark is the church that in the winter +months it has generally to be lit with gas all the day long, and even in +the summer, in comparatively bright weather, some gas burners will +generally be found alight. The mist also of the exterior atmosphere +finds its way into the building, and hangs beneath the roof, lending an +air of mystery to the whole place, and giving rise to most beautiful +effects when the sunlight streams through the clerestory windows. The +tone also of the nave arcading and clerestory rebuilt in recent years, +of warm, rose-coloured sandstone, is very lovely. +</p> +<p> +The visitor on entering the church, before examining the different +objects in detail, should get general impressions of the building. The +view from just inside the south porch showing the four rows of arcading +separating the outer aisles from the inner, and these from the central +nave, is very fine. The view from beneath the tower arch looking +eastward is most impressive. Another good view is from the altar steps +looking westward, especially in the early part of a bright day, when +there is sufficient light to show the magnificent tabernacle work of the +stalls, and the organ-stands out clearly defined against the sunlit +misty air of the upper part of the nave behind it. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image13.jpg"> +<img src="images/image13s.jpg" width="350" height="500" +alt="VIEW ACROSS THE NAVE, LOOKING NORTH-EAST." +title="View Across the Nave, Looking North-East." /></a> +<br /> +VIEW ACROSS THE NAVE, LOOKING NORTH-EAST. +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span></p> + +<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div> + +<p><!--[Blank Page]--><br /></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p> + +<p> +To see these three views of the building under favourable +<!-- above line moved down from page 24 --> + conditions +of light will well repay the visitor for a journey of many miles to +Manchester, to say nothing of the exquisite detail work that now demands +our attention. +</p> +<p> +It has been already explained that the outer aisles on either side have +been formed by throwing down the walls or screens that once divided +these spaces into a series of chapels on the outside of the real nave +aisles. In Continental churches double aisles on the north and south +side of the church are by no means uncommon, but instances of this +arrangement are more rarely met with in England. The most familiar +example is Chichester Cathedral, where double aisles have been formed by +the inclusion of lateral chapels. +</p> +<p> +It has been already stated that the baptistery which occupies the +western end of the outer southern aisles is entirely modern, as also is +the south porch. At one time a small porch called Bibby's Porch +projected from the second bay from the west of the true south aisle, to +the east of which, stretching right over the outer south aisle, was the +Chapel of St. George. This occupied two bays, and projecting from it to +the south was Brown's Chantry. To the east of St. George's Chapel, also +occupying two bays, was the Chapel of St. Nicholas, the Trafford Chapel. +These were the chapels on the south side of the nave aisle. Opposite to +them, outside the north nave aisle, were two chapels, that of the Most +Holy Trinity at the west, that of St. James, otherwise known as the +Ducie Chapel, at the east end. The west wall of the outer nave aisle on +the north side is original, so that the whole length of the series of +chapels on this side was greater than that of the series on the south +side. The nave and its twin aisles, as will be seen from what has +already been said, consist of six bays. The eastern half of the church +also consists of six bays, and the choir aisles, like those of the nave, +are flanked by chapels which have fortunately remained undestroyed down +to the present day, enclosed by their original screens. On the south +side, raised three steps above the level of the nave and occupying three +bays, was the Jesus Chapel, now divided into two parts, the western bay +being used as a vestry, the two others as the Cathedral Library; from +this a door leads into the chapter house, the main entrance to which is +from the choir aisle. With this the unbroken series of building attached +to the south side + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> + + of the church ends, but from the easternmost bay a +doorway in a screen opens into the Fraser Chapel, built as a memorial to +her husband, the second Bishop of Manchester, by Mrs. Fraser. Crossing +the church by the ambulatory, passing the small Lady Chapel, we find the +whole length of the outer aisle on the north side occupied by the chapel +of St. John + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> + + the Baptist, often called the Derby Chapel. The western bay +forms the antechapel, from which we pass into the chapel itself through +the original oak screen. From the second bay, counting from the east end +of this, the Ely Chapel projects. +</p> + +<!--figure moved down from page 28--> +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image14.jpg"> +<img src="images/image14s.jpg" width="440" height="500" +alt="THE INNER SOUTH AISLE OF THE NAVE." +title="The Inner South Aisle of the Nave." /></a> +<br /> +THE INNER SOUTH AISLE OF THE NAVE. +</div> + +<p> +The reader should follow on the plan the general description just given, +and while doing so he will notice that the church is not quite regularly +built, but tapers slightly towards the east. The enclosed choir, +presbytery, and sanctuary taper still more, so that the east end is +between three and four feet narrower than the west end. But this +enclosed space is symmetrically placed in the church. The plan shows the +very great width of the church in proportion to its length. The interior +width of the nave and its double aisles is 114 feet, while its length is +only 85 feet; the whole interior length of the church, omitting the +tower at the west and the Lady Chapel at the east, is 172 feet. This +shows that the choir is about the same length as the nave, and that the +total length of nave and choir is only about one and a half times the +width. +</p> + +<!--figure moved up from page 30--> +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image15.jpg"> +<img src="images/image15s.jpg" width="365" height="500" +alt="THE TOWER ARCH." +title="The Tower Arch." /></a> +<br /> +THE TOWER ARCH. +</div> + +<p> +Having now taken a cursory glance round the church, we will go once more +over the same ground, examining it more in detail. We will suppose that +the outer doors of the <b>West Porch</b> are open, and we can pass through +them from the street. We go up from the level of the pavement three +steps and find ourselves within the porch; on the south and north sides +of it, doors open into two rooms used the one as the lecture-room of the +Scholae Episcopi (or non-residential Theological College of the +Diocese), the other as a schoolroom for the choir boys. A flight of +eleven steps takes us up to a landing measuring about five feet from +west to east, and then four more steps bring us to the level of the nave +floor, and we enter through what were originally the west doors of the +church, into the space below the tower. The ceiling of this is of fan +tracery, and its side walls are panelled in five tiers. Passing under +the tower arch and looking back, we notice that the tower arch with the +walls on either side of it are original. <b>The Baptistery</b> is a modern +addition. The font formerly stood in the outer aisle on the north side. +The <b>South Porch</b> is also new. It is divided into two bays, each covered +with a vault formed of eight ribs crossing each other at the centre, and +decorated by two lierne ribs in each of the four quarters. The arcade +dividing the outer from the inner aisle + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> + + on the south side is entirely +modern; the chapels which occupied the site of the outer aisle were +formerly divided from each other by stone walls, and from the aisle by +irregular arches filled with oak screens. All these were removed in +1815, so as to throw the area of the chapels into that of the church; an +arcade was then built, but this was removed to make room for the present +arcade during the restoration that was begun in 1872. The westernmost +chantry, or <b>Chapel of St. George</b>, was founded by W. Galley in 1508. +The next, the chapel of <b>St. Nicholas</b>, or the Trafford Chantry, + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> + + is said to have been founded long ere the present church was built in 1186 +by Robert de Greslet; at the south-east corner of this a piscina may be +seen, though the altar has disappeared. Three steps and a screen divide +this chantry from + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> + +<!--following lines moved up from page 33--> + the larger <b>Jesus Chapel</b>. This is separated from +the south aisle by a beautiful wooden screen of sixteenth century date. +This is glazed in order to make the room now used as a library +comfortable. This chantry was founded in 1506. +</p> + +<!--figure moved down from page 31--> +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image16.jpg"> +<img src="images/image16s.jpg" width="375" height="500" +alt="SCREEN BETWEEN THE JESUS CHAPEL AND THE SOUTH CHOIR AISLE." +title="Screen Between the Jesus Chapel and the South Choir Aisle." /></a> +<br /> +SCREEN BETWEEN THE JESUS CHAPEL AND THE SOUTH CHOIR AISLE. +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image17.jpg"> +<img src="images/image17s.jpg" width="350" height="500" +alt="ENTRANCE TO THE CHAPTER HOUSE, SOUTH CHOIR AISLE." +title="Entrance to the Chapter House, South Choir Aisle." /></a> +<br /> +ENTRANCE TO THE CHAPTER HOUSE, SOUTH CHOIR AISLE. +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image18.jpg"> +<img src="images/image18s.jpg" width="375" height="500" +alt="THE SOUTH CHOIR AISLE." +title="The South Choir Aisle." /></a> +<br /> +THE SOUTH CHOIR AISLE. +</div> + +<p> +Between the Jesus Chapel and the entrance to the chapter + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> + + house on the +south wall of the aisle are memorial tablets to Richard Heyrick, warden, +who died in 1667, and Thomas Ogden, who died in 1763. The entrance to +the <b>Chapter House</b> is a very beautiful piece of work. There are two +doorways whose heads are four centred arches; above these there are two +tiers of panel work, all being enclosed by one large arch whose sides +and top are decorated by six tiers of panelling on each side (see +illustration, p. <a href="#Page_32">32</a>). The chapter house is very comfortably fitted up. +There are to be seen in it several fragments of brasses and of other old +work taken from the floor of the choir and of the Lady Chapel and +elsewhere. +</p> +<p> +The <b>Fraser Chapel</b> contains an altar cenotaph in memory of the second +Bishop of Manchester, who died October 22nd, 1885, at Bishop's Court, +Higher Broughton, Manchester, but who was buried, not in his cathedral +church, but in the churchyard of Ufton Nervet in Berkshire, a parish of +which he had once been rector. The recumbent statue is considered to be +a fine likeness of the late bishop. This statue was unveiled on July +8th, 1887. +</p> +<p> +The tomb bears the following inscription written by the late Dr Vaughan, +Dean of Llandaff. +</p> +<p class="quote"> + "To the beloved memory of James Fraser, D.D., Bishop of Manchester, + 1870-85, a man of singular gifts both of nature and the spirit; + brave, true, devout, diligent, in labours unwearied. He won all + hearts by opening to them his own, and so administered this great + Diocese as to prove yet once more that the people know the voice of + a good shepherd and will follow where he leads." +</p> +<p> +At the east end of the south aisle stands a marble life-size statue by +Bailey of Thomas Fleming, who died in 1848, and a memorial tablet to the +Rev. George Ogden, B.D., who died in 1706. The aisle is divided from the +choir by a wooden screen; in the third bay from the east are iron gates +leading into the choir. The retro-choir, about thirteen feet from east +to west, runs between the back of the modern reredos behind the high +altar and the beautiful mediaeval screen which stands beneath the arch +at the entrance to the Lady Chapel. The <b>Lady Chapel</b> has modern +fittings making it suitable for the celebration of Holy Communion when +the congregation is small. In the south wall a piscina may be noticed, +and on the north side of the altar stands a Renaissance font of +grey-veined marble which was formerly in use in the nave. There are +marble tablets + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> + + in memory of various members of the Chetham family at +the west ends of the north and south walls of the Lady Chapel. +</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image19.jpg"> +<img src="images/image19s.jpg" width="355" height="500" +alt="SCREEN OF THE LADY CHAPEL." +title="Screen of the Lady Chapel." /></a> +<br /> +SCREEN OF THE LADY CHAPEL. +</div> + +<p> +On the west wall of the arch leading into the chapel may be seen the +rebus of Sir John Huntington, the first warden and + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> + + rebuilder of the +church. On the north side is a man and dog <i>hunting</i>, on the south side +two <i>tuns</i> of wine. This rebus is repeated in the roof of the choir. At +the north-east corner of the north choir aisle may be seen a statue by +Theed (1853) of Humphrey Chetham, the founder of the Hospital (<i>i.e.</i> +school) and Library that bears his name. He sits, a roll in his right + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> + + hand, with long hair and pointed beard, a ruff round his neck, and a +long cloak which, falling open in front, shows doublet and slashed trunk +hose. At the bottom of the pedestal sits one of the boys of the hospital +school, pointing with his left hand to a book which he holds open in his +right, on which we read the inscription: "He hath dispersed abroad, and +given to the poor, and his righteousness remaineth for ever" (Ps. cxii. +9; Prayer-book version). +</p> + +<!--figure moved down from page 36--> +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image20.jpg"> +<img src="images/image20s.jpg" width="320" height="500" +alt="STATUE OF SIR HUMPHREY CHETHAM." +title="Statue of Sir Humphrey Chetham." /></a> +<br /> +STATUE OF SIR HUMPHREY CHETHAM. +</div> + +<p> +An old oak screen running under five arches of the arcading to the north +side of the aisle separates the <b>Derby Chapel</b> from the aisle. This +screen is of good design, but the workmanship is not so good as that of +the other old screens in the church. Near the first pier, counting from +the east, is the altar tomb of Hugh Birley, M.P. for Manchester, with a +recumbent figure. Here also may be seen an old oak deed chest. About +halfway down this aisle on the south side may be seen a small organ +built by the celebrated Father Smith, dated 1680; this is of the finest +tone and is still frequently used. It has one manual with seven stops +and pedal with one stop. +</p> +<p> +Four steps lead from the outer nave aisle on the north side into the +antechapel that stands to the west end, outside the entrance to the +Derby Chapel. +</p> +<p> +This chapel is dedicated to St. John the Baptist. It was a private +chantry built and endowed by the Stanley family, of which the Earls of +Derby were members. Two of the family were closely connected with the +church. One, James Stanley, Prebendary of St. Paul's, and archdeacon of +Chester, held the office of warden from 1481-1485, and was succeeded by +another James Stanley, whose tenure was longer, 1485-1509. He it was who +began the building of the Derby Chapel. He became bishop of Ely, but +when he died in 1515 his body was buried at Manchester, close by the +screen of the <b>Ely Chapel</b>; but "for reasons which need not be mentioned +here" his body was laid just by the wall, and the chapel was erected by +his son according to his will over his grave, and called after the name +of his diocese. This tomb still stands there, with its original brass +and curiously inscribed epitaph, for which see hereafter. +</p> +<p> +The following description is copied from a MS in Chetham's Library. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span></p> + +<p class="quote"> +"In the old or Christ's Church, Manchester, is a Chapell dedicated to +S. John Baptist on the screen which separates it from the broad north +aisle and over door leading from the aforesaid chapel into the aisle is +an ancient coat of arms carv'd in wood, and three old brass inscriptions +setting forth the founders of the chapell together with y<sup>e</sup> cause of its +erection. +</p> +<p class="quote"> +"The arms are those of Stanley tho much different from those born by +that name at this day tho unquestionably of the same family with the +present Earl of Derby, who bears 3 stags heads caboch'd on a bend these +arms on the screen bears the stags heads in chief and 3 eagles claws in +base this kind of bearing might possibly be to difference it from the +elder house or grand stem of the family, a matter not unusual in those +days. In an old manuscript I have the above arms born by the name of +Stanley of Handford, and from this family of Handford I should suppose +sprung S<sup>r</sup> John Stanley of Aderley Ches<sup>r</sup> which is within a few miles of +Handford tho S<sup>r</sup> J<sup>no</sup> now bears the same arms for his paternall coat as +the Earl of Derby. The arms impal'd with Stanley on the screen is first +and fourth a Chevron between three mascles voided second and third a +star with seven points the whole arms appears to be totally void of +colouring. The helmet is very clumsy and differs much from those now +us'd in arms. The crest or rather part of a crest for it appears to have +had something broke from it is not now to be determin'd what it formerly +was. What I take to be the motto is grav'd upon two plates of brass on +each side the arms the half of one brass is broke way but no doubt was +the same as the other they are engraved in the old text with these words +Vanitas vanitatum Oiā Vanitas that is Vanity of vanity all is vanity. +</p> +<p class="quote"> +"On the brass plate over the door is grav'd in the same character and +old Latin Obsecramus ut adjuvetis nos Jacobū Stanley Eliens Epis +Johāne Stanley milite et Margareta uxore ej ac parētes cor +oracionibus vris apud Dom̄ Jhesū expm̄ q. hanc Capellā in ej +nomine et in honore Sancti Johanis Baptiste Fabricavimus An<sup>o</sup> +incarnationis illius MCCCCCXIII. Designs from the Originall plates may +be seen in the following drawings. The Inscription on the long brass I +take to be this in English. +</p> +<p class="quote"> +"We beseech you that you assist us James Stanley Bishop of Ely John +Stanley Knt. and Margaret his wife and their parents with your prayers +to y<sup>e</sup> Lord Jesus Christ who have built this chapel in his name and in +honour of St Jn<sup>o</sup> Baptist in the year of his incarnation 1513." +</p> +<p class="quote"> +According to an old poem entitled Flodden Field S<sup>r</sup> John Stanley was at +that great Battle fought in Sept. 1513 along with other gentlemen of +Lancashire and Cheshire and in enumerating the Leaders says: +</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p class="i2"> Next with Sir John Stanley there yede </p> +<p class="i2"> The Bishop of Ely's servants bold </p> +<p class="i2"> Sir Lionel Percy eke did lead </p> +<p class="i2"> Some hundred men well tried and told. </p> +</div> +</div> + +<p> +(Barrett MS. No. 41458, C. 4. 13.) +</p> + +<!--figure moved up from page 39--> +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image21.jpg"> +<img src="images/image21s.jpg" width="375" height="500" +alt="INTERIOR OF NORTH DOORWAY." +title="Interior of North Doorway." /></a> +<br /> +INTERIOR OF NORTH DOORWAY. +</div> + +<p> +These two chapels were the private property of the Earls of Derby, who +had to keep them in repair. In the second half of the eighteenth century +the roofs needed extensive repair; this was done by the thirteenth Earl +of Derby in conjunction with the townspeople of Manchester, and the + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> + +Earl surrendered his rights to the chapels, handing them over to the +parishioners on condition that he and his successors should no longer be +held responsible for keeping them in repair. The Derby Chapel is now +fitted with an altar at the east end, a font on the north side, and oak +benches, + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> + + so that it can be used for week-day services when desired. The +Ely Chapel is not fitted in any way. +</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image22.jpg"> +<img src="images/image22s.jpg" width="410" height="500" +alt="VIEW ACROSS THE NAVE, LOOKING NORTH-WEST." +title="View Across the Nave, Looking North-West." /></a> +<br /> +VIEW ACROSS THE NAVE, LOOKING NORTH-WEST. +</div> + +<p> +<b>St. James' Chapel</b>, or the Ducie Chantry, and the <b>Chapel Of the Holy +Trinity</b>, which formerly occupied the east + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> + + and west ends of what is now +the outer north aisle, and were founded, the former in 1507 and the +latter by W. Radcliffe of Ordsall in 1498, have no longer any separate +existence; the only sign of their having been chapels that remains is a +piscina in the pier at the south east corner of St. James' Chapel. The +arcade between the outer and inner north aisles originally dated from +about 1500. +</p> +<p> +<b>The North or Craven Porch</b> is opposite to the south porch and bears a +strong resemblance to it. It consists of two bays, each vaulted in stone +in the same manner as the bays of the south or Jardine Porch; a door to +the east side of the inner bay leads into the registry office. +</p> +<p> +It now remains to examine the <b>Central Nave</b> and <b>Choir</b>. This church +differs from most of our cathedral and abbey churches in having no +triforium.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"><!--note--></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">2</a> And the clerestory is not lofty, so that the church is +rather low for its width,<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"><!--note--></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">3</a> though the height of the arches of the main +arcade prevents this being felt. The roofs of the aisles are all modern, +but that of the nave, though extensively repaired, has much of the +original work in it, and, with the exception of a few bosses, the choir +roof is old. All the roofs are of timber; in the nave the intersections +of the main beams are covered by beautiful bosses carved out of the +solid wood. On either side, at the points from which the main cross +beams spring, is a series of angelic figures splendidly carved in wood: +those on the south side playing stringed instruments, those on the north +side wind instruments. +</p> +<p> +The choir roof is more ornate; the panels between the beams are filled +with tracery; the bosses here are differently constructed from those in +the nave; here each leaf was separately carved and then nailed in its +place. At the time of the restoration this roof was skilfully repaired +by introducing new beams above the old ones and fastening the old to the +new with bolts. +</p> +<p> +The pillars of the main arcade of the nave are modern work built in +imitation of the original ones. They are light and graceful, and like +many other pillars of fifteenth century date, are formed of shafts of +which only half have separate capitals, + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> + + the other mouldings running +round the arch. The spaces between the arches are elaborately carved +with heraldic shields. +</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image23.jpg"> +<img src="images/image23s.jpg" width="380" height="500" +alt="THE CHOIR, LOOKING WEST." +title="The Choir, Looking West." /></a> +<br /> +THE CHOIR, LOOKING WEST. +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="height:400px;"> +<a href="images/image24.jpg"> +<img src="images/image24s.jpg" width="330" height="400" +alt="DESK-ENDS IN THE CHOIR STALLS; NORTH SIDE." +title="Desk-Ends in the Choir Stalls; North Side." /></a> +<br /> +DESK-ENDS IN THE CHOIR STALLS; NORTH SIDE. +</div> + +<p> +Towards the east end of the nave may be seen desks for the choir on +either side, a brass eagle lectern on the south side, and a modern +pulpit against the first pillar from the east on the north side (see +page <a href="#Page_54">54</a>). The pulpit, the gift of the late Chancellor Christie and his +wife, is octagonal, and six of its faces are carved with representations +of Christ, the four Evangelists, and St. Paul; of the other two sides +one rests against the pier, and the other, on the north, forms the +entrance from the pulpit steps. The ancient rood screen (see page <a href="#Page_23">23</a>) is +a very beautiful piece of work. It has three wide openings with double +doors in each; upon it stands the central part of the large organ; other +parts of the organ occupy spaces in the north and south aisles behind +the + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> + + stalls. The case was designed by Sir Gilbert Scott, and is +effective. +</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image25.jpg"> +<img src="images/image25s.jpg" width="385" height="500" +alt="CHOIR STALLS, NORTH SIDE." +title="Choir Stalls, North Side." /></a> +<br /> +CHOIR STALLS, NORTH SIDE. +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span></p> + +<p> +The present <b>organ</b> rebuilt by Wadsworth Brothers at the cost of Sir +W. H. Houldsworth, Bart., 1871, has +</p> +<table summary="Enumeration of notes/stops on the various organs"> +<tr><td> Four manuals CC to A </td><td align='right'>58</td><td align='left'>notes </td></tr> +<tr><td> Pedal CCC to F </td><td align='right'>30</td><td align='left'> "</td></tr> +<tr><td>The great organ has </td><td align='right'>13</td><td align='left'>stops </td></tr> +<tr><td> swell </td><td align='right'>16</td><td align='left'> "</td></tr> +<tr><td> choir </td><td align='right'> 8</td><td align='left'> "</td></tr> +<tr><td> solo </td><td align='right'> 5</td><td align='left'> "</td></tr> +<tr><td> pedal </td><td align='right'> 9</td><td align='left'> "</td></tr> +<tr><td> accessory </td><td align='right'> 8</td><td align='left'> "</td></tr> +<tr><td> and combination pedals</td><td align='right'> 8</td><td align='left'> "</td></tr> +</table> + +<p> +If we pass on through the screen beneath the organ we find ourselves in +the <b>choir</b>. This, the choir proper, as distinguished from the +presbytery to the east of it, is sometimes called the Radcliffe choir, +for many members of this family were buried here, and their brasses were +placed on the floor, but these were removed when the floor was repaved +with tiles. On either side of us, and behind us, we see some of the most +elaborate tabernacle work to be met with anywhere. Some idea may be +formed of the wealth of detail by examining the illustration on the +opposite page. There are twelve stalls on either side, and three on each +side of the entrance through the rood screen facing east. The stalls are +furnished with misereres, which, in common with many others both in +England and on the Continent, represent all manner of quaint subjects, +monsters, animals, hunting scenes, etc. +</p> +<p> +The <b>stalls</b> date from the early part of the sixteenth century, and bear +a strong resemblance to those in Beverley Minster and Ripon Cathedral. +At Beverley, however, the level cornice above the canopies which we see +at Manchester is wanting, except at the west end. +</p> +<p> +The carved elbows of the stalls and the ends of the book desks are also +worthy of careful examination, especially the Eagle and Child and +general carving of the Dean's Stall, which is a marvel of beautiful +workmanship, and said by high authorities to be unequalled. +</p> +<p> +Between the stalls the floor is one step higher than that of the nave, +and at the east end of the stalls there is a further rise of two steps +as we pass into the presbytery. Here, on the south side, we see the +bishop's throne—modern work, carved with a view to be in harmony with +the stalls, but comparing + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> + + unfavourably with them in execution. There is +a rise of two more steps into the sanctuary, and the altar itself is +raised two steps higher; this gives a good effect. Behind the altar is +an elaborately carved wooden reredos of modern work, richly painted and +gilt. The upper part, as will be seen from the illustration on p. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, is +wider than the lower; it is divided vertically into seven divisions, the +two lateral divisions on each side being themselves divided into two +tiers. The three central niches contain figures of the three patron +saints, St. George on the north, the Blessed Virgin in the centre, and +St. Denys on the south side.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"><!--note--></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">4</a> Above the central figure, St. Mary, is +another niche containing a seated figure of Christ, holding in His left +hand an orb and cross, His right hand raised in the act of blessing; +above this figure is a canopy. On the top of the six uprights that form +the vertical divisions of the reredos, angels stand with clasped hands. +The carving on the smaller panels illustrates the following verses of +the "Preface to the Sanctus" which are inscribed beneath them. +</p> + +<table class="panel" summary="Layout of verses on small panel carvings"> +<tr> +<td class='panel'>"With angels and<br />we laud and</td> +<td class='panel'>archangels and<br />magnify Thy</td> +<td class='panel'>all the company<br />glorious name.</td> +<td class='panel'>of heaven<br />Amen."</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +It will be noticed that there are no sedilia in the usual place on the +south side of the altar, the arch being open where we might expect to +find them, and there is no pulpit in the choir. Most of the services in +which a sermon is preached are conducted in the nave. +</p> +<p> +Most of the windows have in recent times been filled with painted glass. +Perhaps we may be inclined to think that there are too many thus filled, +and that it would have been well if the windows of the clerestory had +been left uncoloured. Certain it is that as there is no triforium, there +is no place from which the clerestory windows can be examined; and had +they been left unpainted, the church would have been much lighter than +it is. +</p> +<p> +A brief description must now be given of the windows. We will begin with +the west window in the tower, proceeding eastward along the outer south +aisle, crossing the church by the ambulatory, and coming back to the +west by the aisle on the north side, and then examining the clerestory +windows of nave and choir. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span></p> + +<p> +<b>The Windows.</b>—The west window of the tower has five lights, and is +divided by one transom. It represents the Ascension, and Acts of Mercy. +It was given by J. C. Harter, and is the work of Hardman. +</p> +<p> +The west window of the inner aisle on the south side has four lights, +and its subject is the parable of the Good Samaritan. It was erected by +subscription in memory of Jonas Craven, and was painted by Messrs. +Heaton, Butler & Baynes. +</p> +<p> +The west window of the outer south aisle, or Baptistery, has six lights, +and represents baptism by blood, water, and fire, illustrated by the +martyrdom of St. Stephen, the baptism of Christ, and the descent of the +Holy Ghost at Pentecost. It was given by Thomas Chesters in 1892, and is +the work of Messrs. Percy Bacon & Bros. +</p> +<p> +The window in the westernmost bay of the outer south aisle has four +lights, and illustrates the text "Suffer little children to come unto +Me," and was erected as a memorial to W. H. Bowler (son-in-law of Thomas +Chesters), who died in 1887. This also was painted by Percy Bacon & +Bros. +</p> +<p> +The window to the east of the porch in the Brown Chapel has four lights, +and represents Christ healing all manner of sickness, and was erected in +memory of John, William, Maria, and Henry Stevenson, and is by Wailes of +Newcastle. +</p> +<p> +The next window has four lights, and has for its subject various +incidents in the life of St. John the Baptist: 1, the announcement of +his birth to Zacharias; 2, his birth; 3, his preaching in the +wilderness; and 4, his baptism of Christ. This was given by Margaret +Clowes in memory of the Rev. T. Clowes, and is by Hardman. +</p> +<p> +The window in the fifth bay has five lights. It represents Christ in +Glory, and was given by Catharine, Countess of Stamford and Warrington, +in memory of her husband, the seventh Earl, who died in 1883. It was +painted by Messrs. Clayton & Bell. +</p> +<p> +The next window also has five lights, and illustrates the Magnificat. It +was erected by public subscription in memory of Dean Oakley, who died in +1890. It is by Burlison & Grylls. +</p> +<p> +The next window is in the westernmost bay of the Jesus + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> + + Chapel. It has +four lights. Its subject is Simeon receiving Christ in the temple. It +was given as a memorial to Frederick Andrews, who died in 1890. It is by +Messrs. Heaton, Butler & Baynes. +</p> +<p> +The next window, in that part of the Jesus Chapel now used as the +cathedral library, has four lights, and represents Christ among the +doctors; it is a memorial to James Gray, who died in 1871, and is by +Messrs. Heaton, Butler & Baynes. +</p> +<p> +The next window of four lights has for its subject Christ healing all +manner of disease, and was inserted in memory of Jonas Craven, who died +in 1894. It is by Messrs. Heaton, Butler & Baynes. +</p> +<p> +There are four windows in the chapter house, all of four lights. The +first, with figures of Sts. James, Thomas, Simon, and Jude, was given by +Canon Gibson in 1869, and is by Messrs. Ward & Hughes. The next, +representing Sts. Peter, Mary, George, and Paul, is by Edmundson & Son, +and incorporates some old glass found in the clerestory windows of the +choir. The next, with figures of Sts. Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, was +given by the children of Canon Wray, in memory of their father, who died +in 1866. It is the work of Clayton & Bell. The last, with figures of +Sts. James, Andrew, Philip, and Bartholomew, was given by Dean Bowers in +1869, and is by Ward & Hughes. +</p> +<p> +In the bay between the chapter house and the Fraser Chapel is a +four-light window with eight subjects. In the upper row, The +Transfiguration, Lazarus, Christ riding on an Ass, The institution of +the Lord's Supper; and in the lower, "This is my beloved Son," Elisha +raising the Child, David, The offering of Isaac. This was given in 1859 +by a citizen once a chorister. It is by Edmundson & Son. +</p> +<p> +In the Fraser Chapel are two windows. The first, facing south, has four +lights, and contains the glass which formerly occupied the window of the +bay that was opened out when the Fraser Chapel was built. Its four +subjects are: Simeon, The Baptism of Christ, The Miracle at Cana, and +Christ blessing little Children. An inscription records that it was +given in 1858 by a citizen once a chorister; it is by Edmundson & Son. +</p> +<p> +The window in the east wall of this chapel has three lights. Its +subjects are: 1, St. John; 2, "I am He that was + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> + dead and am alive +again"; 3, St. Paul. It was erected as a memorial to Bishop Fraser by +Messrs. Shrigley & Hunt. +</p> +<p> +The east window of the south choir aisle has five lights, and each of +these contains two subjects. +</p> +<p> +In the upper row we see Christ in the centre, with two of the +evangelists on either side of him. In the lower tier are represented: 1, +The Agony in the Garden; 2, Christ bearing His Cross; 3, The +Crucifixion; 4, The Angels announcing the Resurrection; 5, The +Ascension. This was given by G. Pilkington, and is by Wailes of +Newcastle. +</p> +<p> +In the Lady Chapel there are two windows, each of two lights in the +north and south walls, and two, of four lights each, in the east wall. +</p> +<p> +Beginning with the westernmost window in the south side, we find a +representation of the descent of the Holy Ghost on the day of Pentecost, +and an inscription which states that the window is a memorial to "John +Allen bonorum bujus ecclesiae custos," who died in 1861. +</p> +<p> +The next window contains a representation of Christ among the Doctors. +It is a memorial to Samuel Bulteel, who died in 1883. +</p> +<p> +The next window in the east wall represents the Crucifixion of Christ +and the two robbers, and was erected to commemorate the fact that the +Lady Chapel was once the property of the Hoare family. +</p> +<p> +The other window in this wall shows the visit of the Magi, and was given +by J. H. Chetham in 1884, in memory of Humphrey Chetham, the great +benefactor to Manchester, who was born in 1580 and died in 1653. +</p> +<p> +The two windows in the north wall represent the Annunciation and +Salutation respectively, and were inserted as memorials to Edith Mary +Romilly, daughter of Dean Cowie, who died in 1883; it was given by the +Dean; and to Elizabeth Sharp, who died in 1881. The latter was given by +S. Wm., and Elizabeth Bulteel. +</p> +<p> +All the windows in the Lady Chapel are by Moore of London. +</p> +<p> +The five-light window at the east end of the north choir aisle +illustrates the text beginning "I was hungry," etc. It was given by G. +Pilkington as a memorial to Humphrey Chetham. It is by Wailes of +Newcastle. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span></p> + +<p> +The east window of the Derby Chapel has seven lights, each containing +two subjects. The upper tier are: 1, The Magi; 2, The flight into Egypt; +3 and 5, Angels; 4, Christ; 6, Christ blessing Children; 7, Christ among +the Doctors. +</p> +<p> +In the lower tier the three central subjects are hidden by the reredos +erected in recent years over the altar. Of the four visible, the first +is the raising of Jairus' daughter; 3, Christ setting a Child in the +midst; 6, Suffer little Children to come unto Me; 7, The feeding of the +Five Thousand. It is by Edmundson & Son of Manchester. +</p> +<p> +The easternmost window in the north wall has four lights. The subjects +are: St. Mary, "Why weepest thou?" and St. John. This window was +inserted as a memorial to George Hull Bowers, D.D., the second Dean of +Manchester, who died in 1872. It is by Burlison & Grylls. +</p> +<p> +There are three windows in the Ely Chantry. That facing north has five +lights, the other two four; the central light of the north window +contains the figure of Bishop Stanley wearing his mitre and holding his +pastoral staff. +</p> +<p> +The next window to the west contains in its four lights representation +of four incidents in the life of Jacob: His dream, Rachel tending her +sheep, Jacob watering them, and Jacob's journey into Egypt. This window +is a memorial to William Newall, who died in 1851. It is by Ward & +Hughes. +</p> +<p> +The next window, also of four lights, represents Christ cleansing the +leper, raising the daughter of Jairus, blessing children, and restoring +sight to Bartimaeus. This was inserted in memory of Robert Barnes, who +died in 1871. It is by Clayton & Bell. +</p> +<p> +The next window—the last within the screen of the Derby +Chapel—represents: 1. Jacob blessing Ephraim and Manasseh (Gen. xlviii. +14); 2, The end of Job (Job xlii. 17); 3, Simeon blessing Christ (Luke +ii. 27-29); 4, The great multitude in Heaven (Rev. vii. 9.) It is a +memorial window to Thomas Broadbent, who died in 1875. It was given by +his daughter, Elizabeth Boyd Garfit, the wife of Thomas Garfit, M.P. for +Bristol, and is by Hardman. +</p> +<p> +In the antechapel is a four light window. The subjects are the Good +Shepherd teaching the young and healing the sick. It was given by James +Chadwick, churchwarden, in 1863, and is by Ward & Hughes. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image26.jpg"> +<img src="images/image26s.jpg" width="325" height="500" +alt="THE GORDON MEMORIAL WINDOW." +title="The Gordon Memorial Window." /></a> +<br /> +THE GORDON MEMORIAL WINDOW. +</div> + +<p> +The easternmost window in the nave, in what was once the Ducie Chapel, +has five lights, and was erected by C. J. Scholfield in 1888 as a +memorial to Major-General Gordon, who was killed at Khartoum in 1888. In +the centre light the General is represented with his hand on the head of +a native boy; in the other lights we see native women and children + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> + + expressing their gratitude to him for his work on their behalf; and in +the outer lights and above the heads of the human figures are angels. +</p> +<p> +This window is by Messrs. Wilson & Whitehouse of London, and from the +interest of its subject attracts much attention. +</p> +<p> +The next window to the west has four lights, each of which contains two +subjects: in the upper tier, Sts. Stephen, Paul, Barnabas, and Philip; +in the lower, the stoning of St. Stephen, the Conversion of Saul, St. +Paul and Barnabas, and St. Paul before Agrippa. It was given by Stephen +Smith in memory of his two sisters, Lucinda and Marie, who died in 1881 +and 1883 respectively. This window is the work of Messrs. Burlison & +Grylls. +</p> +<p> +The next window contains, in two tiers, representations of various Old +and New Testament characters. It was inserted as a memorial to Samuel +and Elizabeth Pickup. It is by Messrs. Clayton & Bell. +</p> +<p> +The next window also has two subjects in each of its four lights: the +upper one, Feeding the hungry, etc.; the lower, the story of the Good +Samaritan. This was given in memory of James Pickup, who died in 1868. +It is by Messrs. Clayton & Bell. +</p> +<p> +The next bay opens into the north porch and does not contain any window. +Between this and the west wall is a four-light window containing +representations of eight incidents in the life of Joseph: 1, His dream; +2, his coat dipped in blood; 3, his imprisonment; 4, his interpretation +of the butler's and baker's dreams; 5, his interpretation of Pharaoh's +dreams; 6, his honour in Egypt; 7, his turning aside from his brothers +to weep; 8, the presentation of Jacob to Pharaoh. This window was +presented by J. Beard in 1887, and is by Hardman. +</p> +<p> +The west window of the outer north aisle has seven lights. The subject +is the Ascension. It is a memorial to William Rose, superintendent of +the Manchester Fire Brigade, who died in 1884, and is the work of +Messrs. Clayton & Bell. +</p> +<p> +The window at the west end of the inner north aisle has two tiers of +subjects; in the heads are angels playing on musical instruments. It was +given as a memorial by the widow and children of Samuel Fletcher, who +died in 1863, and is by Hardman. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span></p> + +<p> +The windows of the clerestory contain five lights; in the north side +all are painted, on the south side only the four western ones. +</p> +<p> +The subjects are:— +</p> +<p> +On the north side: 1, Aaron sacrificing on the day of Atonement; given +by R. B. M. Lingard Monk. It was painted by Messrs. Clayton & Bell. +</p> +<p> +2. Joshua at the fall of Jericho; given by Sir J.W. Maclure, Bart., M.P. +It is by Messrs. Clayton & Bell. +</p> +<p> +3. David praising God in the tabernacle; given by G. Benton. By Burlison +& Grylls. +</p> +<p> +4. Solomon praising God; given by Susanna Woodcock in memory of Henry +Woodcock. By Gibbs of London. +</p> +<p> +5. The ascent of Elijah; given by Sir W. Cunliffe Brooks, Bart. Painted +by Messrs. Clayton & Bell. +</p> +<p> +6. Malachi pointing out the promised messenger; given by Edward and +Henry Charlewood. It was painted by Messrs. Burlison & Grylls. +</p> +<p> +On the south side:— +</p> +<p> +1. Moses with the tables of the Law; given by James Chadwick. +</p> +<p> +2. Miriam dancing and singing; given by William Hatton. +</p> +<p> +3. Joseph and his brethren; given by Lord Egerton of Tatton. +</p> +<p> +4. Abraham offering Isaac; given by the Earl of Ellesmere. These four +windows are all the work of Messrs. Heaton, Butler & Baynes. +</p> +<p> +In the choir clerestory on the north side only the second from the west +is painted; it represents Christ raising the dead, and is by Clayton & +Bell. +</p> +<p> +On the south side, the first and third from the west are painted. The +former represents Christ and Nicodemus; it was the gift of Canon Gibson, +and is by Hardman. The other, representing the presentation of Christ in +the Temple, was given by Canon Gibson, and is by Ward & Hughes. +</p> +<p> +The east window of the choir, a short wide window of seven lights, +representing the Crucifixion, was given by W. Andrews in 1856, and is by +Hardman. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image27.jpg"> +<img src="images/image27s.jpg" width="325" height="500" +alt="THE NAVE FROM THE WEST." +title="The Nave from the West." /></a> +<br /> +THE NAVE FROM THE WEST. +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + CHAPTER IV. +</h2> +<p class="center"> + SHORT HISTORY OF THE PARISH AND DIOCESE. +</p> + +<p> +Before 1422 the church was purely parochial, and was under rectors, the +names of thirteen of whom have come down to us. +</p> +<p> +Ranulphus de Welling is the first of whom we have any record. Albert de +Neville's name is also preserved, but we do not know the dates of their +appointment; all we know is that the former lived before the +commencement of the thirteenth century. With the appointment of Peter +Greslet in 1261, the unbroken list begins. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1284 William de Marchia succeeded him. He became Bishop of Bath and +Wells in 1292 or 1293. Here he obtained a great reputation for saintly +life, and after his death miracles were worked at his tomb, persons +suffering from toothache resorting to it. He was for some time Treasurer +of England under Edward I. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1292 Walter de Langton was appointed rector of Manchester, and also +Treasurer of England. In 1296 he was promoted to the Bishopric of +Lichfield, to which diocese Manchester then belonged. At Lichfield he +distinguished himself as builder of the Lady Chapel and Palace. He +retained the rectory of Manchester until 1299, when he was succeeded by +his grandson. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1301 Geoffrey de Stoke became rector, and was succeeded in 1313 by John +de Guerden, whose name appears in several other forms Verdun and +Everden. He became Dean of St. Paul's, London, in 1323. Another name, +that of John de Arden, occurs about this time among the rectors of +Manchester, but the date of his appointment is not known. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1323 Adam de Southwick became rector. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1327 John de Clandon. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1351 Thomas de Wyke; and finally in +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1373 Thomas de la Warre. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span></p> + +<p> +In 1422 the church became collegiate, when Henry V. granted a charter +to Thomas, Lord de la Warre, Rector of Manchester, and Lord of the Manor +"Ecclesiam de Mancestre in ecclesiam collegeatam erigere," and from this +date the title of Rector was exchanged for that of Warden. +</p> +<p> +The following is a complete list of the wardens, with the dates of their +appointments:— +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1422. John Huntington, B.D. (rector of Ashton-under-Lyne); he is +noteworthy as the builder of much of the church which we see to-day. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1459. John Booth, LL.B., archdeacon of Redmore, formerly treasurer of +the cathedral church at York. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1465. Ralph Langley, LL.D., rector of Prestwich, the rebuilder of the +nave. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1481. James Stanley (1), D.D., Prebendary of St Paul's and archdeacon of +Chester. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1485. James Stanley (2), M.A., D.C.L. He founded the Chapel of St. John +the Baptist, built the entrance to the chapter house, and in connection +with Richard Beck, a Manchester merchant, erected the choir stalls and +canopies. He became Bishop of Ely in 1509, and is buried in the Ely +Chantry at Manchester. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1509. Robert Cliff, B.D., LL.D. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1515. Richard Alday. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1518. George West. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1535. George Collyer, M.A. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1557. Laurence Vaux, B.D., chaplain to the Bishop of Gloucester. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1558. William Bird, M.A. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1570. Thomas Herle, chaplain to Queen Elizabeth. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1578. John Walton, B.D. He was appointed Bishop of Exeter in 1579. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1579. William Chadderton, D.D., consecrated Bishop of Chester in 1579. +Manchester by this time had become part of the new see of Chester, and +Chadderton retained his wardenship along with the higher office, but he +resigned it when he was translated to the see of Lincoln in 1595. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span></p> + +<p class="hanging"> +1595. John Dee, M.A., a layman and a celebrated mathematician, +alchemist, astrologer, and necromancer, who professed to see visions in +crystal globes, and was much consulted by many, among them by the Queen, +to forecast future events, held the office of warden for some years, but +retired in 1608, and died in poverty at Mortlake, at the age of 81. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1608. Richard Murray, D.D., Rector of Stopford, and Dean of St. Buryan's +in Cornwall. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1636. Richard Heyrick, M.A. He was expelled in 1646, but reinstated in +his office in 1660. His memorial tablet may be seen on the wall of the +south aisle, dated 1667. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1667. Nicholas Stratford, D.D. He resigned in 1684, and five years after +this was consecrated Bishop of Chester. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1684. Richard Wroe, D.D., Prebendary of Chester. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1718. Samuel Peploe (1), D.D. He was consecrated Bishop of Chester in +1726, and ruled that see till 1752. He retained the wardenship, together +with the bishopric, until 1738. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1738. Samuel Peploe (2), LL.D. He was Chancellor of Chester, and +Archdeacon of Richmond, Yorkshire. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1781. Richard Assheton, D.D. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1800. Thomas Blackburne, LL.D. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1823. Thomas Calvert, D.D., rector of Wilmslow. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1840. The Hon. William Herbert, D.D., LL.D. When the diocese of +Manchester was formed out of that of Chester in 1847, the warden was +raised to the higher rank of Dean, and hence Dr. Herbert was last warden +and first Dean, but he did not hold the latter office long. +</p> +<p> +The following is a list of the Deans:— +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1847. The Hon. William Herbert, D.D., LL.D. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1847. George Hull Bowers, D.D. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1872. Benjamin Morgan Cowie, D.D. In 1884 he became Dean of Exeter, a +post he held until he died in 1900. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1884. John Oakley, D.D. He had been Dean of Carlisle from 1881-1884. +</p> +<p class="hanging"> +1890. Edward Craig Maclure, D.D., the present Dean. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span></p> + +<p> +The present cathedral staff consists of the Dean, four residentiary +Canons, twenty-four honorary Canons, two minor Canons, two Clerks (in +orders), an organist, four singing men, and four singing boys on the +foundation, to whom others are added by subscription. +</p> +<p> +The relation of the Dean of Manchester to the Rectory is defined by the +Parish of Manchester Division Act, 1850, which states that "Such Part or +Residue of the said Parish of Manchester as shall remain after severance +therefrom of any Parts or Portions thereof, shall be, and be deemed to +be for all Ecclesiastical Purposes, the Parish of Manchester; and the +Dean of Manchester for the time being shall, upon Institution and +Installation into his Deanery, have the cure of souls therein, and shall +be assisted in such cure by the Chaplains or Minor Canons of the said +Cathedral or Collegiate Church, to be hereafter appointed, who, in all +matters connected with the Spiritual Duties of the said Parish, shall be +subject to, and act under his directions; and the said Dean shall have +all rights and powers in reference to the performance of the services of +the said church, as the Parish Church of Manchester, as fully and +effectually as if he were Rector of the same, subject nevertheless to +any rights belonging to or duties imposed on the Canons and Minor Canons +or Chaplains of the said Cathedral or Collegiate Church, in respect of +the performance of the services thereof prescribed by the recited +Letters Patent." +</p> +<p> +The list of the churchwardens of the parish church from 1422 to 1595, +and from 1663 to the present time, three for each year, is in existence. +</p> +<p> +The diocese of Manchester has but a short history, as it has had an +independent existence for little more than half a century. +</p> +<p> +Until 1541 Manchester was part of the great see of Lichfield. In that +year Henry VIII. made a new diocese of Chester, by taking the +archdeaconry of Chester from the diocese of Lichfield, and the +archdeaconry of Richmond from that of York. +</p> +<p> +The see of Chester then included the counties of Chester, Lancaster, and +portions of Cumberland, Westmorland, York, Flint, and Denbigh. +</p> +<p> +In 1836 the archdeaconry of Richmond was assigned to + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> + + the new see of +Ripon, and the part of Lancashire known as Furness, together with these +parts of Westmorland and Cumberland above mentioned, were added to the +diocese of Carlisle. +</p> +<p> +In 1847 the new see of Manchester was formed from the diocese of +Chester. +</p> +<p> +The diocese of Manchester lies within the county of Lancaster, but does +not embrace the whole county, part of which forms the see of Liverpool, +while a small part of it belongs to that of Carlisle. +</p> +<p> +It consists of three archdeaconries:—Manchester, Lancaster, and +Blackburn. +</p> +<p> +The total number of benefices in the diocese in the year 1900 was 550, +of beneficed clergy, 525, and of assistant curates about 360. +</p> +<p> +The cathedral church is calculated to afford accommodation for 2000 +persons. +</p> +<p> +Since the foundation of the see it has been presided over by three +bishops. +</p> +<p> +The first was the Right Rev. <b>James Prince Lee</b>, D.D., F.R.S., for many +years headmaster of King Edward's School, Birmingham, and a +distinguished scholar. He was elected in 1847, and consecrated in the +first month of the following year by the Archbishop of York and the +Bishops of Chester and Worcester. He died in 1869 at Mauldeth Hall, +Heaton Mersey, and was buried in Heaton Mersey Churchyard. +</p> +<p> +He was succeeded by the Right Rev. <b>James Fraser</b>, D.D., who when at +Oxford had gained the Ireland Scholarship, and became a Fellow of Oriel +College. He was a man of great intellectual power, of kindly manner, and +won the respect and confidence not only of Churchmen, but of members of +all denominations, especially of the mill hands of his populous diocese. +He was nominated to the see in January 1890, and consecrated in March of +the same year. He died 22nd October 1885 at Manchester, and is buried in +the churchyard of Ufton Nervet, Berks. +</p> +<p> +The present bishop, the Right Rev. <b>James Moorhouse</b>, D.D., was +translated from the see of Melbourne to that of Manchester in 1886. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span></p> + +<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div> + +<h3> +DIMENSIONS OF MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL. +</h3> + +<table summary="Dimensions of Manchester Cathedral"> +<tr><td></td><td align='center'>Ft.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Total length over all, exterior,</td><td align='right'>248</td></tr> +<tr><td>Width,</td><td align='right'>173</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of Nave and Choir, interior,</td><td align='right'>172</td></tr> +<tr><td>Width of Nave exclusive of Projections, interior,</td><td align='right'>114</td></tr> +<tr><td>Distance from Rood Screen to Screen of Lady Chapel,</td><td align='right'>88</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length and breadth of Tower, exterior exclusive of buttresses,</td><td align='right'>28</td></tr> +<tr><td>Length of Lady Chapel, E. to W., interior,</td><td align='right'>18</td></tr> +<tr><td>Width of Lady Chapel, N. to S., interior,</td><td align='right'>19</td></tr> +<tr><td>Width of Nave,</td><td align='right'>27</td></tr> +<tr><td>Width of inner Nave Aisles,</td><td align='right'>16</td></tr> +<tr><td>Width of outer North Aisle of Nave,</td><td align='right'>24</td></tr> +<tr><td>Width of outer South Aisle of Nave,</td><td align='right'>22</td></tr> +<tr><td>Projection South Porch beyond Wall of aisle, exclusive of buttresses,</td><td align='right'>22</td></tr> +<tr><td>Projecting of North Porch, beyond walls of aisle, exclusive of buttresses,</td><td align='right'>25</td></tr> +<tr><td>Width of South Porch, interior,</td><td align='right'>11</td></tr> +<tr><td>Width of North Porch, interior,</td><td align='right'>13</td></tr> +<tr><td>Diameter of Chapter House interior,</td><td align='right'>19</td></tr> +<tr><td>Height of Roof, interior,</td><td align='right'>50</td></tr> +<tr><td>Height of Tower,</td><td align='right'>140</td></tr> +<tr><td>Area, about 18,000 sq. ft.</td></tr></table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span></p> + +<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div> + +<p class="center"> +<big>CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL AND LIBRARY</big> +</p> + +<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image28.jpg"> +<img src="images/image28s.jpg" width="700" height="500" +alt="THE HALL, CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL." +title="The Hall, Chetham's Hospital." /></a> +<br /> +THE HALL, CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL. +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width:500px;"> +<a href="images/image29.jpg"> +<img src="images/image29s.jpg" width="500" height="360" +alt="CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL FROM THE SOUTH-EAST." +title="Chetham's Hospital from the South-East." /></a> +<br /> +CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL FROM THE SOUTH-EAST. +</div> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL AND LIBRARY. +</h2> + +<p> +As we stand on the north side of the cathedral and look to the north, +our eyes rest upon a wide gravelled courtyard beyond a low wall, backed +up by a range of mediaeval-looking buildings. These were the domestic +buildings of the College, and are now used partly for Chetham's Free +Library, partly for the school known as Chetham's Hospital. The +endowment and other sources of income provide for the board and +education of a hundred boys. They receive a sound elementary education, +and are instructed in technical and manual work. The school is carried +on under the Board of Education, and is typical of this education at its +best. The religious instruction is in accordance with the tenets of the +Established Church, and much care is taken to train + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> + + the boys not only +in intellectual and manual pursuits, but in morals and manners. A boy +once placed on the foundation of Humphrey Chetham has a successful +career assured to him, unless he forfeits his chances by subsequent +folly on his own part. The boys who show the greatest intellectual power +can be passed on to the Manchester Grammar School, and thence to Owens +College, while the feoffees of the hospital have no difficulty in +finding good places in the business houses of Manchester for the rest. +To have been educated at Chetham's Hospital is a great recommendation to +any boy. The boys still wear the picturesque costume of the sixteenth +century—caps, bands, long-skirted dark blue coats, knee-breeches, +stockings, and shoes adorned with buckles. The visitor to the Hospital +will probably be greeted by one of these boys, who will ask if he wishes +to see the buildings. The boy will, if the answer is in the affirmative, +take the visitor to the library, where, on payment of sixpence, a ticket +will be handed to him, franking him for the day, and the boy will +conduct him over the whole of the buildings, pointing out the past and +present uses to which each part of them was or is put. +</p> +<p> +Before we proceed to describe the building a few words must be said +about its history. +</p> +<p> +Its site was once occupied by the "summer camp" of Roman legionaries, +and when the Romans passed away from the island, it is highly probable +that the English occupants of the country used it as a place of abode. +The first authentic notice of its occupation by any person whose name +has come down to us, dates from 1182, when Robert, the fifth Baron +Greslet, kept court here. Thomas, the eighth baron, granted the citizens +of Manchester their first charter in 1301, signing and sealing the +charter here. He was the last male in the direct line of descent, and on +his death the property passed to John De la Warre, who was a descendant +of the Greslets or Gresleys in the female line. One of his descendants, +Thomas, as has been already mentioned, became rector of Manchester, who +before his death applied to King Henry V. for a charter to enable him to +collegiate the church. He bestowed on it lands to increase the +endowment, and gave his baronial hall to the newly founded college of +priests to be used as their residence. All this + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> + + may be read in the +grant made in the first year of Henry VI. Certain alterations were made +in the buildings, to fit them for the new use to which they were to be +put, and from 1422 to 1549 they were occupied by warden after + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> + + warden, +who, assisted by the Fellows, performed the services in the adjoining +church, looked after the sick and poor, and ministered generally to the +inhabitants of the parish of Manchester. For some reason the College was +not suppressed in the reign of Henry VIII., when the revenues of +monasteries, small and great, were seized by the king; but in the first +year of Edward VI. it was disendowed, and in the third year of the reign +it was granted to Edward Stanley, third Earl of Derby. He used it as a +town house. Henry Stanley, the next earl, in the reign of Elizabeth +obtained a charter from the Queen, re-endowing the College, and it once +more became the abode of the wardens, now priests of the reformed +Church. During the civil wars the warden was expelled (1646), and the +buildings seized by the Parliament. They were let to a certain Joseph +Werden, who sublet the refectory to the Presbyterians, to be used by +them as a meeting-house. The Independents made use of a barn in the +enclosure for a similar purpose. +</p> + +<!--figure moved down from page 65--> +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image30.jpg"> +<img src="images/image30s.jpg" width="340" height="500" +alt="THE NORTH GALLERY OF THE CLOISTER." +title="The North Gallery of the Cloister." /></a> +<br /> +THE NORTH GALLERY OF THE CLOISTER. +</div> + +<p> +Lieut.-Col. the Rev. John Wigan applied for the reversion of this +property, "part of y<sup>e</sup> estate of the late Earl of Derby, and part of y<sup>e</sup> +jointure of y<sup>e</sup> Countess Dowager already sequestrated." +</p> +<p> +Humphrey Chetham also had his eye upon this property, wishing to obtain +it so that he might carry out a project formed long before to found a +school and home for boys. The survey of the property made at this time +describes it as consisting of "Y<sup>e</sup> large building called y<sup>e</sup> College in +Manchester, consisting of many rooms, with two barnes, one gate house, +verie much decay'd, one parcell of ground formerly an orchard, and one +garden, now in y<sup>e</sup> possession of Joseph Werden gent., who pays for y<sup>e</sup> +same, for y<sup>e</sup> use of the Common wealth, ten pounds yearly. There is +likewise one other room in ye said College reserved and made use of for +publique meetings of X'sian conscientious people." +</p> +<p> +Humphrey Chetham did not live to see the school founded; but in his +will, made three years before his death, which took place in 1653, he +appointed trustees to carry out his purpose. They, in accordance with +his instructions, bought "y<sup>e</sup> great house with buildings, court, +gardens, and appurtenances, called ye Colledge or the Colledge House," +obtaining it for the sum of £500. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span></p> + +<p> +On August 5, 1658, the building was formally dedicated to its new use, +and Hallworth, chief assistant to Heyrick, the expelled warden, who, as +stated in Chapter IV., was afterwards reinstated, in his speech on this +occasion, told the history of the building, and concluded by saying, +"Henceforth the said house could fitly and justly be named by no other +name than by the name of Mr. Chetham's Hospital," and by that name it is +known at the present day. +</p> +<p> +At the time of the Restoration the Stanleys claimed the property of +which they had been dispossessed by the Parliament, but made no +difficulty about regranting to the feoffees that part of it occupied by +the new School and Library. For the Library as well as the School had +been already founded, since after making sufficient provision for the +maintenance of the Hospital, the feoffees had money in hand which they +spent in the purchase of books, thus forming the nucleus of the first +<i>free</i> library in England. To this collection books have been added by +gift, bequest, and purchase, so that the library now contains about +60,000 volumes. The books can be consulted free of charge during certain +hours of the day, but are not allowed to be removed from the building. +The general public, however, does not make much use of the library, as +it does not contain the light and ephemeral literature that appeals to +modern taste; but the student who desires to read up some special +subject will find many valuable books and manuscripts to aid him in his +work. Among the rare books is a copy of the historical compilations of +Matthew Paris, with marginal corrections in the author's handwriting. +</p> +<p> +There is much matter to be found on these shelves dealing with the +antiquities and history of Lancashire and Cheshire. Canon Raine +bequeathed a fine series of Lancashire manuscripts; besides these may be +seen a collection of broadsides, formed by Mr. T. O. Halliwell-Phillipps, +and the library of John Byrom. In the last named collection is the final +draft of the well-known hymn, "Christians, awake; salute the happy +morn." Among the other books there are some fine specimens of Caxton's +printing. +</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image31.jpg"> +<img src="images/image31s.jpg" width="355" height="500" +alt="THE COLLEGE GATEWAY." +title="The College Gateway." /></a> +<br /> +THE COLLEGE GATEWAY. +</div> + +<p> +We leave the churchyard, cross the street that skirts it to the north, +and pass through a small doorway in the wall at the opposite side of the +street, and so enter the play-ground of Chetham's Hospital. On our left +hand as we make our + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> + + way to the original building, we pass the modern +schoolroom, which stands by itself. This, like many other buildings in +Manchester, was designed by A. Waterhouse, R.A. The main building runs +east and west, with projecting wings at either end. Near the eastern +wing we notice the old entrance gateway, and the modern staircase +leading up to what was the "hospitium" or guest-house. This has been +converted into a dormitory for the boys. The most interesting part of +the College is to be found in the western wing, of which an illustration +is given, p. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>. The three windows crossed + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> + + by transoms are those of the +hall; the lower windows to the left of these belong to the audit room, +the upper to the warden's private room, now the reading-room of the +library. The building to the extreme left contains the library on the +upper floor, and offices on the lower. +</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width:500px;"> +<a href="images/image32.jpg"> +<img src="images/image32s.jpg" width="500" height="420" +alt="CORRIDOR AND ENTRANCE TO THE HALL." +title="Corridor and Entrance to the Hall." /></a> +<br /> +CORRIDOR AND ENTRANCE TO THE HALL. +</div> + +<p> +There is a long corridor, shown in the illustration below, running from +east and west of the building; it can be entered by a door at its +eastern end not shown in the illustration on p. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>. After entering this, +as we proceed towards the west we pass on the right hand the fine +kitchen; it has an open timbered roof about 35 feet from floor to ridge, +and measures 29 feet in length and 17 in width; beyond this, on the same +side, are two doors giving entrance to the cellar, where the warden and +Fellows kept their wine, the buttery or rather + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> + + <i>butlery</i>. Opposite +this, on the left hand side, is the Hall; its north end is partially +closed by massive screens of black oak. It has windows on the east and +west. One of those on the west gives light to a staircase with Jacobean +balusters, which, starting in a direction parallel to the west wall of +the hall, turns round and gives access to the upper story. +<!--lines below moved up from page 71--> +As we still pass westward we come to the cloister on the left hand, and +the old infirmary on the right; and a door still further on leads out +into a garden, where the fish pond was formerly situated; in this the +fish required for Fridays and other days of abstinence were kept. Caught +in other water—the streams of Irwell and Irk probably—they were +brought here and stored so that they could always be caught without +difficulty when required for the table. +</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image33.jpg"> +<img src="images/image33s.jpg" width="360" height="500" +alt="THE CLOISTER—SOUTH-WEST ANGLE." +title="The Cloister—South-West Angle." /></a> +<br /> +THE CLOISTER—SOUTH-WEST ANGLE. +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span></p> + +<p> +The cloister is small and has only three walks, the one to the north +forming part of the corridor which has been just described; the one to +the west is terminated at its south end by an iron gate; and the walk on +the south leads to, and is terminated by the entrance to the audit room. +From the west walk (illustration, p. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>) an archway leads into the +cloister itself. This is a very secluded spot, and the walls show signs +of great age. This cloister has one peculiarity: the walks already +described have other walks or corridors over them. Over the south walk +is a corridor leading by what was St. Mary's Chapel into the warden's +room; the corridor over the west walk opened out into what was once the +dormitory, now filled with bookcases; the walk over the long eastern +corridor below gave access to the old refectory, which has now been +divided into living-rooms for the governor and the librarian. +</p> +<p> +The long straight line of building between the eastern and western wing +contained the old school, the brew house, and the bakery; the upper +story, used formerly for guests, has been converted into a dormitory for +the boys; this is the most ancient part of the hospital. +</p> +<p> +The reader, from the sketch just given, will understand the general +arrangement of the building, various parts of which will now be +described in more detail. +</p> +<p> +We will begin with the <b>Hall</b>. This measures 43 feet from north to +south, 24 from east to west; its walls are 22 feet in height, and the +distance from the floor to the ridge of the open timber roof is 35 feet. +</p> +<p> +At the south end is the dais, behind this the wall is panelled; on the +west side near the dais is a recess shown in the illustration on page +<a href="#Page_72">72</a>, and on the same side of the hall, further north, and in the centre +of the wall, is the "Ingle-nook," as it is called. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image34.jpg"> +<img src="images/image34s.jpg" width="400" height="500" +alt="RECESS IN THE HALL." +title="Recess in the Hall." /></a> +<br /> +RECESS IN THE HALL. +</div> + +<p> +This Ingle-nook did not originally form part of the hall. It is said that +at one time it was a barn, or place for storing grain for use in the +baronial buildings. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span></p> + +<p> +The hall was in all probability warmed, according to the usual custom, +by a brazier standing on the centre of the floor, the smoke from which +gathered under the high pitched roof, blackening beams and rafters, and +finally escaped through a spire or turret rising from the ridge of the +roof furnished with louvre boards. The fireplace was at some subsequent +time removed to the west side of the room, and afterwards placed inside +the ingle-nook, first at the back of it, then at the north-eastern +corner. +</p> +<p> +It will be seen from the illustration that this recess was at one time +entered through an arch, but the sides of this were afterwards cut away +and a flat lintel, composed of two enormous stones, was inserted; the +space between this and the arch was then filled in with masonry; at the +same time, no doubt, the interior space was covered with a plaster +ceiling at a height of about six feet from the floor; this has been +recently removed, and the roof vaulted with stone. The recess is lighted +from the back with windows, and provided with seats, and has an open +fireplace. The ingle-nook is a picturesque addition to the hall, and +forms no doubt a very cosy corner when on a cold day the fire is blazing +in the grate; but as a means of warming the hall the present arrangement +is manifestly far inferior to the old plan of having an open fire in the +centre of the floor of the hall. +</p> +<p> +On the wall above this recess may be seen a bust of the founder, with +crossed swords on either side of it, and a flintlock hung below it. The +illustrations show that the walls are built of large-size squared +stones, and are not covered with plaster. Across the end of the hall, +cutting off the western part of it to form the main passage spoken of +above, is a battlemented screen. This is peculiar in that it is not a +continuous screen furnished with doorways for entrance, and does not +rise to the level of the roof, but consists of three detached pieces, +one resting against the east, one against the west wall, and one +standing in the middle, each rising to the height of about nine feet. +Thus two entrances, each about five feet wide, are left. Here, as in +other parts of the building, the improvements of the nineteenth century +have found their way, and the mediaeval walls of the old hall are +lighted with electric lamps—a most convenient and safe addition, but +striking one, at first, as out + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> + + of harmony with the surroundings. Sundry +portraits adorn the walls, the floor is neatly sanded, and the room is +kept scrupulously clean; an air of refinement is added to it by vases of +fresh flowers placed on the table. In this hall the boys of the Hospital +assemble at stated hours for prayers and meals. +</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width:500px;"> +<a href="images/image35.jpg"> +<img src="images/image35s.jpg" width="500" height="355" +alt="WEST SIDE OF THE CLOISTER." +title="West Side of the Cloister." /></a> +<br /> +WEST SIDE OF THE CLOISTER. +</div> + +<p> +The next part to be examined is the cloister court. This is a very small +enclosure, surrounded by somewhat high walls. Admission to it is +obtained from the west walk through the archway cut in one of the +windows, shown in the illustration. The curious form of the glass in the +windows is worthy of note; the pavement of the cloister-garth is formed +of cobblestones, and towards the south end may be seen the top of the +college well. The cloister is not rectangular, the line of the eastern +side being broken by sundry projections. +</p> + +<!--figure moved up from page 75--> +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image36.jpg"> +<img src="images/image36s.jpg" width="380" height="500" +alt="STAIRCASE LEADING TO CLOISTER GALLERY." +title="Staircase Leading to Cloister Gallery." /></a> +<br /> +STAIRCASE LEADING TO CLOISTER GALLERY. +</div> + +<p> +As we leave the cloister, we examine the walks to the south and west. +The latter (see illustration, p. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>) is terminated at + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> + + its south end by +a wrought iron gate through which we get a glimpse of the outside view +and the entrance to the library. The roof is nearly flat, with massive +oaken beams. Several doors may be seen on the western side opening into +cells—the living-rooms of the clergy connected with the college. As we +turn round the corner and pass into the south walk, we see before us the +door of the audit room. The oaken ceiling of this room is of fifteenth +century date; the walls up to a certain height are wainscoted; above +this they are covered with a plaster frieze. Here may be seen what is +known as the "Founder's Chair," although it is of far earlier date than +Chetham's time—earlier, indeed, than the date of + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> + + the conversion of the +baron's residence into a college in the fifteenth century. +</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image37.jpg"> +<img src="images/image37s.jpg" width="345" height="500" +alt="CLOISTER GALLERY, NORTH SIDE." +title="Cloister Gallery, North Side." /></a> +<br /> +CLOISTER GALLERY, NORTH SIDE. +</div> + +<p> +Leaving this room, we pass through the two cloister walks already +described, and proceed towards the hall until on the right hand we see a +staircase with balusters of oak, black from age. We mount this, and when +we reach the top find ourselves in the upper corridor that runs along +the north side of the cloister-garth. This is lit by windows looking +into the cloister, and is covered with a wooden ceiling, just at the +head of the staircase is the doorway leading into the + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> + + private rooms of +the governor, with exquisite oak fittings; on the north side of this +corridor are doors similar to those that we noticed in the corridor +below, opposite to the hall; these lead into the librarian's rooms; +beyond these, to the + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> + + west, stands a beautiful Tudor table of carved +oak. At the west end of the corridor is an iron studded door. The +carvings over the doorway on the west side should not be passed by +unnoticed (see p. <a href="#Page_65">65</a>). The corridor over the west walk of the cloister +is filled with bookcases plentifully supplied with books. +</p> + +<!--figure moved down from page 77--> +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image38.jpg"> +<img src="images/image38s.jpg" width="365" height="500" +alt="CHETHAM'S LIBRARY, FORMERLY THE DORMITORY." +title="Chetham's Library, Formerly the Dormitory." /></a> +<br /> +CHETHAM'S LIBRARY, FORMERLY THE DORMITORY. +</div> + +<p> +Parallel to this runs the old dormitory of the College, a room with a +fine timber roof lighted from above; on the west side of this are a +number of compartments formed of tall bookcases, and entered from the +corridor by open-work doors. At the north end of the corridor is a +window filled with painted glass, one light of which represents St. +Martin of Tours dividing his cloak with a beggar, and the other Eutychus +falling out of the window. +</p> +<p> +At the south end of this corridor we find a staircase which leads from +the ground floor close to the main entrance to the library, and is, in +fact, the way by which readers usually enter it. There is a room with a +similar timber roof running along the south side of the building +parallel to the corridor above the south walk of the cloister. This was +once a chapel dedicated to St. Mary, and now, like the dormitory, is +filled with bookcases; but an oak altar rail, dating from the middle of +the sixteenth century, with double spiral rails, may still be seen here. +</p> +<p> +At the east end of the south corridor is a door leading into a beautiful +room, now used as the reading room; formerly it was the warden's room, +and many a man well known in history has sat within its walls. Here Sir +Walter Raleigh and the courtiers of his day were entertained by the +warden, Dr. Dee, of whom mention was made in the last chapter,—a wizard +as he was then thought to be, whom even the Queen did not hesitate to +consult when she wished to know the future. +</p> +<p> +This room, like many others in this building, has an open timber roof +and a cornice, dating from the time of the foundation of the College in +the days of Henry V. The walls are wainscoted up to the level of the +spring of the roof which spans the room from east to west. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image39.jpg"> +<img src="images/image39s.jpg" width="360" height="500" +alt="THE WARDEN'S ROOM, NOW THE READING ROOM—NORTH SIDE." +title="The Warden's Room, now the Reading Room—North Side." /></a> +<br /> +THE WARDEN'S ROOM, NOW THE READING ROOM—NORTH SIDE. +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span></p> + +<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div> + +<p><!--[Blank Page]--><br /></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span></p> + +<p> +In the centre of the north side of this room is a fireplace. This wall +is wainscoted up to the same height as the other walls, and above the +oak panelling it is profusely decorated, as will be seen from the +illustrations, with scrolls and other patterns. This decoration was done +in the early years +<!--Above lines moved down from page 78--> + of the reign of Charles II., after the College had +been converted into Chetham's Hospital. In the centre of the room is a +handsome oval oak table, with a number of chairs to match; against the +south wall stands a fifteenth century communion table, and against the +north wall to the left of the fireplace, a handsome sideboard of carved +oak. This was made up of portions of two pieces of old furniture, +namely, the top of a bookcase once given by Humphrey Chetham to Walmsley +Church, near Bolton-le-Moors, still bearing an inscription: "The gift of +Humphrey Chetham Esquire, 1655," and a fifteenth century bedstead once +used by the Pretender when sleeping at Hulton Park in Lancashire. This +sideboard was presented to the College by a member of the Hulton family, +who was one of the Chetham feoffees. Round the walls are several +portraits. From the east side of the room there is a projecting bay +lighted by three windows and furnished with seats and a square writing +table with sloping sides, to which students can take the book from which +they wish to make extracts. The enrichments of the ceiling of the bay +are of plaster, but the rest of the vault is stone. All the floors of +this upper story are of oak, well polished by the feet of many +generations. The furniture of the reading room harmonizes well with the +room itself. The windows are placed under widely splayed, obtusely +pointed four centred arches. On the sill of one stands a statuette in +bronze of Humphrey Chetham and one of the boys of his school, similar to +the marble statue already described as standing at the east end of the +north choir aisle of the cathedral church. At the northwest corner of +the room is a door which the visitor might easily overlook, but which +gives access to a most interesting chamber. This was at one time the +minstrels' gallery opening out into the hall, when in the time of the +Greslets and the De le Warres, the baron, his guests and retainers +feasted merrily there, while the harpers twanged their strings and sang +of deeds of daring and war and victory. When the building passed into +ecclesiastical hands in 1422 the arches opening into the hall were +walled up, and the minstrels' gallery was converted into a scriptorium; +two small openings were, however, left in the wall from which the warden +passing out of his own room into the scriptorium might see what was +being done in the hall below. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width:500px;"> +<a href="images/image40.jpg"> +<img src="images/image40s.jpg" width="500" height="350" +alt="THE READING ROOM: EAST SIDE." +title="The Reading Room: East Side." /></a> +<br /> +THE READING ROOM: EAST SIDE. +</div> + +<p> +Leaving the warden's room we may descend by the staircase at the +south-west corner of the building, and before quitting this part of the +hospital altogether, make a closer examination of the wrought iron gate +at the south end of the west walk of the cloister. On it we see embossed +in brass, the arms of the founder and below the arms, the motto, "Quod +tuum tene," "Hold thine own." +</p> +<p> +The part of the building used as the boys' dormitories has been +internally refitted in modern times, and so has lost somewhat of its +archaeological interest; but the building, taken as a whole, is a very +valuable relic of mediaeval times. Even if there were nothing older than +Chetham's day, it would be well worth study; but of course it is of much +earlier date, and we see a building which has been used for three +distinct purposes at different times of its history: first as a baron's +dwelling-place, then as the abode of one of those religious bodies +differing in many points from the regular monastic orders known as +colleges of clergy, and + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span> + + finally converted into one of those educational +establishments which sprang up into vigorous existence in the days +succeeding the dissolution of the monasteries. It is especially +interesting to note how many features of the life led by the boys at the +time of the foundation are still preserved at this hospital. Modern +improvements have been judiciously introduced into the management of +this educational foundation; there has been no unnecessary reckless +sweeping away of what is old and picturesque, and yet, at the same time, +the character of the education given has been brought well up + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> + to modern +requirements, fulfilling literally the conditions laid down by the +founder, who directed that "Ye boys shall be taught ye reading, ye +writing, ye summes, and all kinds of ye ingenuitie." +</p> + +<!--figure moved down from page 83--> +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image41.jpg"> +<img src="images/image41s.jpg" width="350" height="500" +alt="THE CLOISTER—WEST WALK." +title="The Cloister—West Walk." /></a> +<br /> +THE CLOISTER—WEST WALK. +</div> + +<p> +It is a matter of congratulation that this ancient building has been +preserved from falling into ruin and being used as a quarry of +ready-hewn stone, a fate that overtook so many of the religious houses +of the country when the monastic bodies were expelled; and also that by +the wise regulations made for the admission of visitors, the place is +easily seen, and yet is preserved from all chance of injury. +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span></p> + +<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div> + +<h3> +GROUND-PLAN OF THE COLLEGIATE BUILDINGS, NOW CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL. +</h3> +<p class="center"> +(From "Old Halls of Lancashire and Cheshire," by Henry Taylor.) +</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="height:400px;"> +<a href="images/image42.png"> +<img src="images/image42s.png" width="690" height="400" +alt="GROUND-PLAN OF THE COLLEGIATE BUILDINGS, NOW CHETHAM'S HOSPITAL. +(From "Old Halls of Lancashire and Cheshire," by Henry Taylor.)" +title="Ground-Plan of the Collegiate Buildings, now Chetham's Hospital." /></a> +<br /> +1. Porch. 2. Hall. 3. Cloister. 4. Cloister walks with galleries above. +5. Audit Room with Warden's Room above. 6. Fellows' Rooms. 7. Butteries. +8. Kitchen. 9. Bakehouse. 10. Hospitium. 11. Gateway. 12. Steps to +River—now covered. +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span></p> + +<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div> + +<p><!--[Blank Page]--><br /></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span></p> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + INDEX. +</h2> + +<ul> +<li> Aisles, the outer, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>. </li> +<li> Archdeaconries, the, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>. </li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> Baptistery, the, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>. </li> +<li> Bibby's Porch, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>. </li> +<li> Bishop's Throne, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>. </li> +<li> Bishops of Manchester, the, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>. </li> +<li> Brown's Chantry, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>. </li> +<li> Bust of Humphrey Chetham, the, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>. </li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> Chapel of the Holy Trinity, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>. </li> +<li> Chapter, the, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>. </li> +<li> Chapter House, the, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>. </li> +<li> Chetham's Hospital and Library, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>; +<ul> +<li> cloister, the, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>; </li> +<li> hall, the, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>; </li> +<li> library, the, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>; </li> +<li> reading-room, the, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>; </li> +<li> kitchen, the, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>. </li> +</ul></li> +<li> Chetham, Humphrey, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>. </li> +<li> Choir, the, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>. </li> +<li> College, the, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>; +<ul> +<li> dormitory, the, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>; </li> +<li> founder's chair, the, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>; </li> +<li> minstrels' gallery, the, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>. </li> +<li> Craven Porch, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>. </li> +</ul></li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> Deans of Manchester, the, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>. </li> +<li> Dedication, the, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>. </li> +<li> Derby Chapel, the, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>-<a href="#Page_39">39</a>. </li> +<li> Dimensions of the Cathedral, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>. </li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> Edward VI., <a href="#Page_7">7</a>. </li> +<li> Ely Chapel, the, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>. </li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> Fraser, Bishop, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>. </li> +<li> Fraser Chapel, the, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a> </li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> Gordon Window, the, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>. </li> +<li> Gresley family, the, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>. </li> +<li> Guest-House, the, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>. </li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> Henry VIII., <a href="#Page_7">7</a>. </li> +<li> Heyrick, Richard, warden, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>. </li> +<li> Hulme Chapel, the, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>. </li> +<li> Huntington, John, warden, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>. </li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> Jesus Chapel, the, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>. </li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> Lady Chapel, the, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>. </li> +<li> Langley, Ralph, warden, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>. </li> +<li> Lee, Bishop Prince, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>. </li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> Manchester, See of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>. </li> +<li> Mary I., <a href="#Page_7">7</a>. </li> +<li> Moorhouse, Bishop, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>. </li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> Nave, the central, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>. </li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> Organ, the, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>. </li> +<li> Organ, the small, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>. </li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> Parapets, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>. </li> +<li> Porch, the west, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>; +<ul> +<li> the south, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>; </li> +<li> the north, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>. </li> +</ul></li> +<li> Pulpit, the, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>. </li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> Rectors, the, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>. </li> +<li> Reredos, the, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>. </li> +<li> Rood-Screen, the, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>. </li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> Smith, Father, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>. </li> +<li> Stalls, the, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>. </li> +<li> Stanley family, the, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>. </li> +<li> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> + + Stanley, James, Bishop of Ely, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>; +<ul> +<li> warden, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>. </li> +</ul></li> +<li> St. John the Baptist's Chapel, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a> (see Derby Chapel). </li> +<li> St. James' Chapel (Ducie), <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>. </li> +<li> St. George's Chapel, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>. </li> +<li> St. Nicholas' Chapel, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>. </li> +<li> Sundial, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>. </li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> Tower, the western, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>. </li> +<li> Trafford Chapel, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>. </li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li> Wardens, the, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>. </li> +<li> Windows, the, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>-<a href="#Page_53">53</a>. </li> +</ul> + +<p><!-- Page 89 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span></p> + +<div style="height: 2em;"><br /><br /></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="height:500px;"> +<a href="images/image43.png"> +<img src="images/image43s.png" width="700" height="500" +alt="PLAN OF MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL." +title="Plan of Manchester Cathedral." /></a> +<br /> +PLAN OF MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL. +</div> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<div style="height: 4em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + +<h2> + FOOTNOTES: +</h2> + +<p class="foot"> +<a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"><!--Note--></a> +1 (<a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><small>return</small></a>)<br /> +It states that the churches of St. Mary and St. Michael +hold one carucate (that is, about 100 acres) of land quit of all taxes +save the Danegelt. +</p> + +<p class="foot"> +<a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"><!--Note--></a> +2 (<a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><small>return</small></a>)<br /> +A triforium in purely Perpendicular buildings is rare. +</p> + +<p class="foot"> +<a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"><!--Note--></a> +3 (<a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><small>return</small></a>)<br /> +The height of the central line of the roof (50 feet) is not +quite double the span (27 feet). +</p> + +<p class="foot"> +<a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"><!--Note--></a> +4 (<a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><small>return</small></a>)<br /> +St. George and St. Denys, patron saints of England and +France, were added to the dedication at the time that the church became +collegiate, Henry V. being King of England and France. +</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3> +Transcriber's Notes: +</h3> + +<p class="quote"> +Minor obvious typographic errors have been corrected. Otherwise, +inconsistencies in the usage of capitalization, accents and spelling, etc. +have been preserved as printed. +</p> + +<div style="height: 6em;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral +Church of Manchester, by Thomas Perkins + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELL'S CATHEDRALS: MANCHESTER *** + +***** This file should be named 37194-h.htm or 37194-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/7/1/9/37194/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Charles Aldarondo, David +Garcia and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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