diff options
| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:05:49 -0700 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:05:49 -0700 |
| commit | d8bc6a1e2c23329f2b11b8d4aff465e4dd6113d3 (patch) | |
| tree | 6fa311a0aa962fe1b216b68f5dd8fd2f828b109c /36444-h | |
Diffstat (limited to '36444-h')
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/36444-h.htm | 4289 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/ad-title1.png | bin | 0 -> 3084 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/ad-title2.png | bin | 0 -> 5197 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/ad2-drop_t.png | bin | 0 -> 550 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/ad2-sunburst.png | bin | 0 -> 1021 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/cover.jpg | bin | 0 -> 44031 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-008-big.jpg | bin | 0 -> 290382 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-008.jpg | bin | 0 -> 64969 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-022-big.jpg | bin | 0 -> 285570 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-022.jpg | bin | 0 -> 71069 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-025-big.jpg | bin | 0 -> 157294 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-025.jpg | bin | 0 -> 48787 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-027-big.jpg | bin | 0 -> 256398 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-027.jpg | bin | 0 -> 73000 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-028-big.jpg | bin | 0 -> 35810 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-028.jpg | bin | 0 -> 10440 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-032-big.jpg | bin | 0 -> 115581 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-032.jpg | bin | 0 -> 28851 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-034-big.jpg | bin | 0 -> 206727 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-034.jpg | bin | 0 -> 45469 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-041-big.jpg | bin | 0 -> 111193 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-041.jpg | bin | 0 -> 26219 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-042-big.jpg | bin | 0 -> 201491 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-042.jpg | bin | 0 -> 49416 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-054-big.jpg | bin | 0 -> 327765 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-054.jpg | bin | 0 -> 81566 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-059-big.jpg | bin | 0 -> 99567 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-059.jpg | bin | 0 -> 24572 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-068-big.jpg | bin | 0 -> 223118 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-068.jpg | bin | 0 -> 57031 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-076-big.jpg | bin | 0 -> 306625 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-076.jpg | bin | 0 -> 172210 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-077-big.jpg | bin | 0 -> 189255 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-077.jpg | bin | 0 -> 39134 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-082-big.jpg | bin | 0 -> 270691 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-082.jpg | bin | 0 -> 69640 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-096-big.jpg | bin | 0 -> 169949 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-096.jpg | bin | 0 -> 43589 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-099-big.jpg | bin | 0 -> 179843 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-099.jpg | bin | 0 -> 38166 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-100-big.jpg | bin | 0 -> 266111 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 36444-h/images/i-100.jpg | bin | 0 -> 57333 bytes |
42 files changed, 4289 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/36444-h/36444-h.htm b/36444-h/36444-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1cb62f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/36444-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,4289 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Studies in Old Testament History, by Rev. Jesse L. Hurlbut, D.D. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p {margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + text-indent: 1.25em; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + img {border: 0;} + .tnote {border: dashed 1px; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; + padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em;} + ins {text-decoration:none; border-bottom: thin dotted gray;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + .copyright {text-align: center; font-size: 70%;} + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%; text-align: justify;} + + .bbox {border: solid 2px; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; + padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em;} + .small {font-size: 70%;} + .big {font-size: 110%;} + .author {font-size: 120%; text-align: center;} + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .chaptertitle {text-align: center; font-size: 110%; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 1.75em;} + .bo {text-align: center; font-weight: bold; margin-top: .75em;} + .quest {margin-left: 15%;} + .special {margin-left: 40%;} + .caption {font-weight: bold; font-size: 90%;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .figleft {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: + 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .figright {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .unindent {margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + .right {text-align: right;} + .poem {margin-left: 30%; text-align: left;} + .poem2 {margin-left: 15%; text-align: left;} + .sig {margin-right: 10%; text-align: right;} + + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align:baseline; + position: relative; + bottom: 0.33em; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: none;} + .hang1 {text-indent: -3em; margin-left: 3em;} + .cap:first-letter {float: left; clear: left; margin: -0.2em 0.1em 0; margin-top: 0%; + padding: 0; line-height: .75em; font-size: 300%; text-align: justify;} + .cap {text-align: justify;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's Studies in Old Testament History, by Jesse L. Hurlbut + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Studies in Old Testament History + +Author: Jesse L. Hurlbut + +Release Date: June 16, 2011 [EBook #36444] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STUDIES IN OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY *** + + + + +Produced by Emmy, Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<div class='tnote'><b>Transcriber's Note:</b> Clicking on a map or chart image +will provide the reader with a larger and more readable version of the +same.</div> +<p> <br /><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 374px;"> +<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="374" height="600" alt="Cover" title="" /> +</div> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/ad-title1.png" width="500" height="62" alt="For All Sunday-School Workers." title="" /> +</div> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Materials for sale"> +<tr><td align='center' style="border-right: solid 1px"><b>FOR THE<br /> +SUPERINTENDENT.</b></td><td align='left'><div class='unindent'><b>OUR SUPERINTENDENT.</b> By <span class="smcap">J. H. Vincent</span>. 10 cents.</div> + +<div class='unindent'><b>THE MODERN SUNDAY-SCHOOL.</b> By <span class="smcap">J. H. Vincent</span>. 90</div> + +<p>The first of these is an inspiring talk with the superintendent +upon the duties of his office and how to perform them. The +second is a thorough explanation of the best methods of conducting +a Sunday-school.</p> + +<p>The Sunday-school experience of one hundred years has +proved that without well trained teachers success is only partial. +Our list of books, adapted both for private use and for normal +teaching, is unsurpassed:</p> + +<div class='unindent'><b>SUNDAY-SCHOOL SCIENCE.</b> By <span class="smcap">R. S. Holmes</span>. 20 cents.</div> + +<div class='unindent'><b>REVISED NORMAL LESSONS.</b> By <span class="smcap">J. L. Hurlbut</span>. 25 cents.</div> + +<div class='unindent'><b>STUDIES IN THE FOUR GOSPELS.</b> By <span class="smcap">J. L. Hurlbut</span>. +25 cents.</div> + +<div class='unindent'><b>OPEN LETTERS TO PRIMARY TEACHERS.</b> By Mrs. <span class="smcap">W. F. +Crafts</span>. 40 cents.</div></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center' style="border-right: solid 1px"><b>FOR TEACHERS<br /> +AND<br /> +NORMAL CLASSES.</b></td><td align='left'><div class='unindent'><b>NORMAL OUTLINE SERIES:</b></div> + + +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bible History. By <span class="smcap">J. F. Hurst</span>. 40 cents.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Christian Evidences. By <span class="smcap">Joseph Alden</span>. 35 cents.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Church History. By <span class="smcap">John F. Hurst</span>. 40 cents.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">On Teaching. By <span class="smcap">Joseph Alden</span>. 35 cents.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">English Bible. By <span class="smcap">J. M. Freeman</span>. 40 cents.</span><br /> + + +<div class='unindent'><b>CHAUTAUQUA TEXT-BOOKS.</b> Price, 10 cents each.</div> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">No. 22. On Biblical Biology.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">No. 28. Manners and Customs of Bible Times.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">No. 36. Assembly Bible Outlines.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">No. 37. Assembly Normal Outlines.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">No. 39. The Normal Class.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">No. 41. The Teacher Before his Class.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">No. 42. Outlines of Methodism.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">No. 49. Palestine.</span><br /> + + +<p>For the many earnest teachers who desire to give their scholars +a more comprehensive course than that of the International +Lesson Series a series of Supplemental Lessons has been prepared. +These are not intended to displace the regular lesson, +but to fill out its deficiencies, to supplement it with other studies +with which young people should be acquainted:</p> + +<div class='unident'><b>SUPPLEMENTAL LESSONS.</b> By <span class="smcap">J. L. Hurlbut</span>. 25 cents.</div> +</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center' style="border-right: solid 1px"><b>FOR<br /> +THE<br /> +SCHOLARS.</b></td><td align='left'><div class="unindent"><b>GRADED LESSONS FOR THE SUNDAY-SCHOOL.</b> By <span class="smcap">H. A. +Strong</span>. Seven numbers. Sample set, 40 cents.</div> + +<div class="unindent"><b>PALESTINE CLASS.</b> By <span class="smcap">J. H. Vincent</span>. Four leaflets. +2 cents each; 6 cents per set.</div> + +<div class="unindent"><b>YOUNG TRAVELERS' CLASS.</b> By Mrs. <span class="smcap">M. G. Kennedy</span>. +Seven numbers. 2 cents each; 6 cents per set.</div> + +<div class="unindent"><b>YOUNG FOLKS' WALKS AND TALKS WITH JESUS.</b> By +Mrs. <span class="smcap">M. G. Kennedy</span>. Eight numbers. 2 cents each; 10 +cents per set.</div></td></tr> +</table></div> + + + + + +<div class='center'><br /><br /> +New York: HUNT & EATON. Cincinnati: CRANSTON & CURTS.<br /> +</div> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 336px;"><a name="frontis" id="frontis"></a> +<a href="images/i-008-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-008.jpg" width="336" height="500" alt="THE EMPIRE OF DAVID AND SOLOMON." title="" /></a> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h1>STUDIES<br /> + +<span class='small'>IN</span><br /> +OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY</h1> + +<div class='center'>BY<br /> + +<span class='author'>REV. JESSE L. HURLBUT, D.D.</span><br /> + + +<span class='small'>AUTHOR OF</span><br /> +<span class='small'>"<i>A Manual of Bible Geography</i>," "<i>Outline Normal Lessons</i>," "<i>Supplemental</i></span><br /> +<span class='small'><i>Lessons for the Sunday-School</i>," and "<i>Studies in the Four Gospels</i>."</span><br /> +<br /><br /><br /> +<br /> +NEW YORK: HUNT & EATON<br /> +CINCINNATI: CRANSTON & CURTS<br /> +</div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class='copyright'> +Copyright, 1890, by<br /> +HUNT & EATON,<br /> +<span class="smcap">New York</span>.<br /> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents"> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'><span class='small'>PAGE</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Preface</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_7">5</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Chronological Table</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_6">9</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Hints to Students</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Hints to Teachers</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Course Divided Into Lessons</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">First Study.</span>—The Beginnings of Bible History</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Second Study.</span>—The Wandering in the Wilderness</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Third Study.</span>—The Conquest of Canaan</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Fourth Study.</span>—The Age of the Heroes</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Fifth Study.</span>—The Rise of the Israelite Empire</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Sixth Study.</span>—The Golden Age of Israel</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Seventh Study.</span>—The Rival Thrones—Israel</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Eighth Study.</span>—The Rival Thrones—Judah</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Ninth Study.</span>—The Captivity of Judah</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Tenth Study.</span>—The Jewish Province</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><br />FULL-PAGE MAPS.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Empire of David and Solomon</td><td align='right'><i><a href="#frontis">Facing title-page.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Canaan</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Old Testament World</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Modern Jerusalem</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Divisions of Solomon's Empire</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Solomon's Dominions</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Alexander's Empire</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.</h2> + + +<p>These dates are taken from the common chronology, and those earlier +than the Exodus are probably inaccurate. (<a href="#Footnote_B_2">See foot-note on page 22.</a>) The +student will find that to commit this table to memory will give him command +of the most important facts of Bible history.</p> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Chronological table"> +<tr><td align='right'>1.</td><td align='left'> The Deluge</td><td align='left'> B. C.</td><td align='right'> 2348</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>2.</td><td align='left'> The Dispersion of the Races</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 2247</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>3.</td><td align='left'> The Rise of the Empires</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 2200</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>4.</td><td align='left'> The Migration of Abraham</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 1921</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>5.</td><td align='left'> The Descent into Egypt</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 1706</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>6.</td><td align='left'> The Exodus from Egypt</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 1491</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>7.</td><td align='left'> The Battle of Beth-horon</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 1451</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>8.</td><td align='left'> The Death of Joshua</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 1426</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>9.</td><td align='left'> The Victory of Gideon</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 1245</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>10.</td><td align='left'> The Coronation of Saul</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 1095</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>11.</td><td align='left'> The Accession of David</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 1055</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>12.</td><td align='left'> The Division of the Kingdom</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 975</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>13.</td><td align='left'> The Fall of Samaria</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 721</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>14.</td><td align='left'> The Captivity at Babylon</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 587</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>15.</td><td align='left'> The Return from Captivity</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 536</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>16.</td><td align='left'> The Reforms of Ezra</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 450</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>17.</td><td align='left'> The Empire of Alexander</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 330</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>18.</td><td align='left'> The Maccabean Independence</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 166</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>19.</td><td align='left'> The Accession of Herod</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 40</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>20.</td><td align='left'> The Birth of Christ</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 4</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span></p> + +<h2>PREFACE.</h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> New Testament is the outgrowth and development of +the Old. There is no revelation in the gospels or the epistles +which is not in its essence contained in the elder Scripture; +though to make it manifest required the incarnation of God's +Son and the descent of the Holy Spirit. Therefore, to understand +the New Testament it is necessary to study the Old +Testament. We cannot appreciate Matthew's point of view +of Christ as the Messiah until we have looked upon the throne +of David, and Solomon in all his glory; the theology of Paul +is blind until read in the light of Moses and Isaiah; and Hebrews +will obtain a new meaning when placed side by side +with Leviticus. Every chapter in the New Testament has its +references to parallel passages in the Old Testament.</p> + +<p>When we open the Old Testament we find it, first of all, a +book of history. We are apt to look upon the Bible as a +dictionary of doctrine, wherein we are to search for sentences +as proof-texts. But instead it contains the story of redemption +in the form of a history. We see how God chose a family +and pruned off its dead branches and caused it to grow +into a nation; then, how he trained and disciplined that nation +through fifteen centuries, until upon it blossomed the +Divine Man. The history of the Bible is the history of humanity, +of literature, of ethics, of religion, of doctrine; and +no one who studies it carefully will fail of an abundant reward +for his endeavor.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span></p> + +<p>In most works upon Bible history the purpose of the author +seems to be merely to arrange in chronological order a series +of events without much regard to their importance or their +relations to each other. The successive reigns of kings, the +chronicles of courts, the reports of battles form the contents +of most histories, whether sacred or secular. Works like these +have their value in the statement of those facts which form +the basis and working material of history. But mere facts +chronologically arranged do not constitute a history, any +more than words alphabetically arranged constitute a literature. +True history records processes, the relation of cause +and effect, the formative influences and their result in national +life. The true history of England shows not annals of kings +and achievements of warriors, but the development of a mighty +people. The true history of Greece gives the secret springs +of that intense activity which in two centuries called forth +more great men in more departments of life than all the rest +of the world could produce in a thousand years. The true +history of Israel—which is the history of the Old Testament—shows +how a little people in their mountain-eyrie grew up to +a destiny more glorious than that of the proudest empire of +all the earth, the honor of giving religion to mankind.</p> + +<p>The aim of this little book is to present the outlines of that +remarkable history of the chosen people. What their mission +was, how they were trained for it, and how the world was prepared +to receive it together constitute the three threads woven +together in this work. It is a book of outlines to be studied, +not of chapters to be read. The reader will doubtless find the +paragraphs somewhat disconnected, but we trust that the +student may receive from them suggestions for thought.</p> + +<p>In the preparation of this book many works have been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> +read and examined; but it is not my purpose to give a catalogue +of them. I would name, however, a very few books +which will be of service to the student, and will be almost a +necessity for the teacher who expects to use these outlines in +the class, for one secret of successful teaching is for the teacher +to have at his command a fund of knowledge vastly greater +than that contained in the text-book. For this purpose the +following works are named, none of which are too abstruse or +difficult for the average reader:</p> + +<p>1. <i>Outline of Bible History.</i> Bishop J. F. Hurst. A small +book, containing merely the facts of the subject.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Old Testament History.</i> William Smith. A larger work +and valuable, but ending with the Old Testament canon. An +additional chapter on the interval between Old and New +Testament history would greatly improve the book.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Lectures on the History of the Jewish Church.</i> Dean A. +P. Stanley. Three large volumes, in a brilliant but diffuse +style, advanced to the knowledge of twenty years ago; not +altogether sound in its critical point of view, yet to be read +by all who would understand the subject.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Hours with the Bible.</i> Cunningham Geikie. Six volumes, +discussing Bible history in all of its aspects, particularly +in its relations with secular history. Perhaps this is the best +work on the subject for the reader who is not a specialist. +But it is prolix, and could be compressed to advantage.</p> + +<p>There is need, in my opinion, of a good semi-popular Bible +history, in one volume or two, to present results rather than +processes of thought, and to embody all the latest knowledge +from the study of the Scriptures and the monuments of the +ancient world.</p> + +<p>It is needless to urge upon the student that the best book<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> +for the study of Bible history is the Bible itself. The historical +books should be read with great care, even to their details +of genealogical tables. The most valuable document in the +study of the origin of races is the tenth chapter of Genesis; +and a catalogue of names in the opening of Chronicles will +give a clew to the chronology of the sojourn in Egypt. The +prophetical books will aid the student, and the Psalms will +irradiate certain dark periods. Whoever undertakes to use +these outlines should examine every text cited for its suggestion +upon the subject.</p> + +<p>This book is commended to Bible students, to Sunday-school +normal classes, and to all who love the word, with a +hope that it may be of service in calling attention to the Old +Testament, and that it may lead some through the Old to +enter into a better spiritual understanding of the New.</p> + +<div class='sig'> +JESSE L. HURLBUT.<br /> +</div> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span></p> + +<h2>HINTS TO STUDENTS.</h2> + + +<p>Those who desire merely to <i>read</i> this book or to look it over will not +find it interesting. Those who already know how to study will not need +these hints, and can use the book in their own way. But there are many +who desire to study these subjects carefully, and yet do not know precisely +how to do the work. For these students, earnest but untrained, the hints +are given.</p> + +<p>1. These studies should be pursued with the Bible close at hand, so that +every Scripture reference may be at once searched out and read.</p> + +<p>2. Begin each lesson by a general view; reading it through carefully, +and memorizing the leading divisions of the outline, which are indicated by +the Roman numerals I, II, III, etc. This will give the general plan of +the lesson.</p> + +<p>3. Now take up Part I of the lesson in detail; notice and memorize its +subdivisions, indicated by 1, 2, 3, etc., and search out the Scripture references +cited in it. If practicable, write out on a sheet of paper the reference +(not the language of the text in full), and what each reference shows. Thus, +with the references in the First Study, <a href="#Page_17">page 17</a>, Part I:</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Beginnings of Bible History.</span> Part I. <b>Deluge.</b></p> + +<div> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gen. 7. Description of the flood.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gen. 6. 5-7. God punished the world for wickedness.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gen. 7. 23. Covered the inhabited earth.</span><br /> +</div> + +<p>4. It would be a good plan to write out in full, as a connected statement, +all the facts in the section; thus: "The Bible says there was a deluge and +the traditions of other nations attest it. The date commonly given is 2348 +B. C. Its cause was God's anger with the wickedness of the race, and it +covered the inhabited globe. God's purpose was to cleanse the world for a +new epoch."</p> + +<p>5. In like manner study out and write out all the facts obtained by a +study of the lesson and the texts cited in it. This will greatly aid the +memory in holding fast to the information gained.</p> + +<p>6. Having done this, look at the blackboard outline at the end of the +study, and see if you can read the outline of the lesson by the aid of the +catch-words and indications which it affords. Study the lesson until you<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> +can read it with the blackboard outline, and then recall it without the outline.</p> + +<p>7. Now read over the questions for review, one by one, and see if you +can answer them. Do not cease your study until every question can be +answered without the aid of the text.</p> + +<p>8. Frequently review the lessons already learned. Before beginning the +third study review the first and the second; before the fourth, review the first, +second, and third, and at the completion of all the studies review them all. +The knowledge gained by this thorough study will more than compensate +for the time and trouble which it requires.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p> +<h2>HINTS TO TEACHERS.</h2> + + +<p>Classes may be organized on various plans and out of varied materials +for the study of these lessons.</p> + +<p>1. A teachers' class, composed of teachers, and also of senior scholars in +the Sunday-school, may be formed to study the life of Christ, which is one +of the most important subjects in the Bible. This may meet on an evening +or an afternoon, and devote all the sessions to the study of the lesson, and +to discussions upon it.</p> + +<p>2. In many places a teachers' meeting is held for the study of the International +Lesson, as a preparation for the Sunday-school class. A part +of the time might be taken at this meeting for the study of these subjects. +In that case it would be well to follow the division into lessons, as given +on <a href="#Page_14">page 14</a>.</p> + +<p>3. A normal class may be organized among the brightest scholars in the +Sunday-school, who should be trained to become teachers. This normal +class may meet on an afternoon or an evening, or may take a lesson-period +in the Sunday-school session.</p> + +<p>4. These studies may be pursued by the young people's society of the +church, or by a class formed under its auspices, meeting at such time and +place as shall be found most convenient.</p> + +<p>There are two methods in which these lessons may be taught: One is +the <i>lecture method</i>, by which the instructor gives the lesson to the class in +the form of a lecture, placing the outline upon the blackboard as he proceeds, +calling upon the students to read the texts cited, and frequently reviewing +the outline in a concert-drill. By this method the students may +or may not have the books, as they and the instructor prefer. While it is +not necessary to supply the class with the text-book, it will be a good plan +to do so.</p> + +<p>The other method, simpler and easier, is to let each student have a copy +of the book, to expect the lesson to be prepared by the class, and to have +it recited, either individually or in concert. Let each student gain all the +information that he can upon the subject of the lesson; let each contribute +his knowledge; let all talk freely, and all will be the gainers.</p> + +<p>It would be a good plan to have papers read from time to time upon +topics suggested by the course and parallel with it. A list of subjects for +such special papers is given at the close of each study.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE COURSE DIVIDED INTO LESSONS.</h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">In</span> many places it will be found impracticable to give an entire evening +to the study of these lessons. They may be taught at the close of the +prayer-meeting, or of the young people's meeting, in short sections; or they +may occupy a part of the hour at the weekly teachers' meeting for the study +of the Sunday-school lesson; or they may be taught to the Normal class in +the Sunday-school at the lesson hour. In the latter case, the regular lesson +should receive some attention; and the members of the class should be expected +to prepare it, and should be questioned upon it.</p> + +<p>Often from twenty to thirty minutes is all that can be given in a class to +studies like these. We have, therefore, divided the studies into short sections, +each of which may be taught in about twenty minutes, if properly +prepared by both teacher and students. Thus arranged, the course will +be included in thirty-two lessons, as follows:</p> + +<p><b>Lesson I.</b>—<i>The Beginnings of Bible History.</i> The deluge and the +dispersion. (First Study, I and II.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson II.</b>—<i>The Beginnings of Bible History.</i> Rise of the empires, +migration of Abraham, and journeys of the patriarchs. (First Study, III, +IV, and V.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson III.</b>—<i>The Beginnings of Bible History.</i> Sojourn in Egypt. +(First Study, VI.) Also review First Study.</p> + +<p><b>Lesson IV.</b>—<i>The Wandering in the Wilderness.</i> Events leading to +the wandering in the wilderness. (Second Study, I and II.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson V.</b>—<i>The Wandering in the Wilderness.</i> Journeys of the wandering. +(Second Study, III.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson VI.</b>—<i>The Wandering in the Wilderness.</i> Results of the +wandering. (Second Study IV.) Also review Second Study.</p> + +<p><b>Lesson VII.</b>—<i>The Conquest of Canaan.</i> Canaanites and campaigns +of the conquest. (Third Study, I and II.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson VIII.</b>—<i>The Conquest of Canaan.</i> Aspect of Israel after conquest. +(Third Study, IV.) Also review Third Study.</p> + +<p><b>Lesson IX.</b>—<i>The Age of the Heroes.</i> Condition of Israel and the judges +of Israel. (Fourth Study, I and II.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson X.</b>—<i>The Age of the Heroes.</i> The oppressions and deliverers. +(Fourth Study, III.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XI.</b>—<i>The Age of the Heroes.</i> General aspects of the period. +(Fourth Study, IV.) Also review Fourth Study.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Lesson XII.</b>—<i>The Rise of the Israelite Empire.</i> Causes leading to +the monarchy, and character of the Israelite kingdom. (Fifth Study, I and +II.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XIII.</b>—<i>The Rise of the Israelite Empire.</i> The reign of Saul. +(Fifth Study, III.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XIV.</b>—<i>The Rise of the Israelite Empire.</i> The reign of David. +(Fifth Study, IV.) Also review Fifth Study.</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XV.</b>—<i>The Golden Age of Israel.</i> Reign of Solomon. (Sixth +Study, I.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XVI.</b>—<i>The Golden Age of Israel.</i> General aspect of Israel +and dangers of the period. (Sixth Study, II and III.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XVII.</b>—<i>The Empire of Israel.</i> Review the reigns of Saul, +David, and Solomon. (Fifth Study, III, IV, and Sixth Study, I, II, III.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XVIII.</b>—<i>Israel.</i> Causes and results of division. (Seventh +Study, I and II.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XIX.</b>—<i>Israel.</i> Kingdom of Israel. (Seventh Study, III.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XX.</b>—<i>Israel.</i> Fate of ten tribes. (Seventh Study, IV.) Also +review Seventh Study.</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XXI.</b>—<i>Judah.</i> General aspects and duration of the kingdom. +(Eighth Study, I and II.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XXII.</b>—<i>Judah.</i> Periods in its history. (Eighth Study, III.) +Also review Seventh and Eighth Studies.</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XXIII.</b>—<i>The Captivity of Judah.</i> Captivities of Judah and +Israel, and three captivities of Judah. (Ninth Study, I and II.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XXIV.</b>—<i>The Captivity of Judah.</i> Causes of captivity. +(Ninth Study, III.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XXV.</b>—<i>The Captivity of Judah.</i> Condition of the captives. +(Ninth Study, IV.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XXVI.</b>—<i>The Captivity of Judah.</i> Results of the captivity. +(Ninth Study, V.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XXVII.</b>—<i>The Captivity of Judah.</i> Review of Ninth Study.</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XXVIII.</b>—<i>The Jewish Province.</i> Persian. (Tenth Study, +I, II.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XXIX.</b>—<i>The Jewish Province.</i> Greek periods. (Tenth +Study, II.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XXX.</b>—<i>The Jewish Province.</i> Maccabean and Roman periods. +(Tenth Study, III, IV.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XXXI.</b>—<i>The Jewish Province.</i> Preparation for the temple. +(Tenth Study, V.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XXXII.</b>—Review of Tenth Study.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 338px;"> +<a href="images/i-022-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-022.jpg" width="338" height="500" alt="RADIAL KEY MAP OF CANAAN" title="" /></a> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span></p> +<h2><span class="smcap">Studies in Old Testament History.</span></h2> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><span class="smcap">First Study.</span></h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>THE BEGINNINGS OF BIBLE HISTORY.</div> + + +<p>It is our purpose in this series of studies to trace the +progress of events as related in the Bible from the dawn of +history down to the opening of the New Testament era. The +aim will be not to give a mere catalogue of facts, but rather +to show the relation of cause and effect, and to unfold the +development of the divine purpose which extends through all +the history in the Bible. We recommend the student, first of +all, to read the preface to this book.</p> + +<p>Turning back to the beginnings of Bible history we notice +<b>six events</b> between the Deluge and the Exodus. We +begin with the Deluge as the starting-point of history. Back +of that event is a land of shadows. We have so little knowledge +of the world before the flood that its history cannot be +written. But since that fact we tread upon firm ground, having +both the Bible and secular history to confirm each other.</p> + +<p>I. <b>THE DELUGE.</b> With regard to this event we note:</p> + +<p>1. The <b>fact</b> of a general deluge is stated in Scripture (Gen. +7.), and attested by the traditions of nearly all nations. +Compare the story of Xisuthros in Berosus; the record in the +Chaldean tablets; the Greek myth of Deucalion; the Mexican +tradition; and the legends of the North American Indians.<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></p> +<p>2. The <b>date</b> is given in reference Bibles (following Archbishop +Ussher) as B. C. 2348. This is probably incorrect. It +may have been a thousand years earlier. But as archæologists +are not yet agreed, we give Ussher's chronology, here and +elsewhere, merely as a convenience in the arrangement, not +as accurate.</p> + +<p>3. Its <b>cause</b> was the wickedness of the human race (Gen. +6. 5-7). Before this event all the population of the world +was massed together, forming one vast family and speaking +one language. Under these conditions the good were overborne +by evil surroundings, and general corruption followed.</p> + +<p>4. Its <b>extent</b> was undoubtedly not the entire globe, but so +much of it as was occupied by the human race (Gen. 7. 23), +probably the Euphrates valley. Many Christian scholars, +however, hold to the view that the Book of Genesis relates +the history of but one family of races, and not all the race; +consequently, that the flood may have been partial, as far as +mankind is concerned.</p> + +<p>5. Its <b>purpose</b> was: 1.) To destroy the evil in the world. +2.) To open a new epoch under better conditions for social, +national, and individual life.</p> + +<p>II. <b>THE DISPERSION OF THE RACES.</b> (B.C. +2247?) 1. Very soon after the deluge a new <b>instinct</b>, that +<b>of migration</b>, took possession of the human family. Hitherto +all mankind had lived together; from this time they began to +scatter. As a result came tribes, nations, languages, and varieties +of civilization. "The confusion of tongues" was not +the cause, but the result of this spirit, and was not sudden, +but gradual (Gen. 11. 2, 7).</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19"></a> +<a href="images/i-025-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-025.jpg" width="500" height="281" alt="MAP OF THE OLD TESTAMENT WORLD." title="" /></a> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Evidences of this migration</b> are given: 1.) In the Bible +(Gen. 9. 19; 11. 8). 2.) The records and traditions of nearly all +nations point to it. 3.) Language gives a certain proof; for +example, showing that the ancestors of the English, Greeks, +Romans, Medes, and Hindus—races now widely dispersed—once +slept under the same roof. At an early period streams<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> +of migration poured forth from the highlands of Asia in every +direction and to great distances.</p> + +<p>III. <b>THE RISE OF THE EMPIRES.</b> In the Bible +world three centers of national life arose, not far apart in +time, each of which became a powerful kingdom, and in turn +ruled all the Oriental lands. The strifes of these three nations, +their rise and fall, constitute the matter of ancient +Oriental history, which is closely connected with that of the +Bible. These three centers were Egypt (called in the Bible +Mizraim, Gen. 10. 6, 13), of which the capital was Memphis; +Chaldea, of which the capital was Babel or Babylon (Gen. 10. +10; 11. 2-9); and Assyria, of which the capital was Nineveh +(Gen. 10. 11). We might add to these the Canaanite or +Phenician city of Sidon (Gen. 10. 15, 19), and its daughter +Tyre, the great commercial centers of the ancient world, whose +empire was not the land, but the sea. Note that all of these +early kingdoms were established by the Hamitic race.</p> + +<p>IV. <b>THE MIGRATION OF ABRAHAM.</b> (B. C. +1921?) No other journey in history has the <i>importance</i> of +that transfer of the little clan of Abraham from the plain of +Shinar to the mountains of Palestine in view of its results to +the world. Compare with it the voyage of the <i>Mayflower</i>. +Its causes were: 1. Probably the migratory instinct of the +age, for it was the epoch of tribal movements. 2. The political +cause may have been the desire for liberty from the rule +of the Accadian dynasty that had become dominant in Chaldea. +3. But the deepest motive was religious, a purpose to +escape from the idolatrous influences of Chaldea, and to find +a home for the worship of God in what was then "the new +West," where population was thin. It was by the call of God +that Abraham set forth on his journey (Gen. 12. 1-3).</p> + +<p>V. <b>THE JOURNEYS OF THE PATRIARCHS.</b> +(B. C. 1921-1706?) For two centuries the little clan of +Abraham's family lived in Palestine as strangers, pitching +their tents in various localities, wherever pasturage was abundant,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> +for at this time they were shepherds and herdsmen (Gen. +13. 2; 46. 34). Their home was generally in the southern +part of the country, west of the Dead Sea, and their relations +with the Amorites, Canaanites, and Philistines on the soil were +generally friendly (Gen. 20. 14; 26. 26-31).</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 299px;"> +<a href="images/i-027-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-027.jpg" width="299" height="500" alt="PALESTINE IN THE TIMES OF THE PATRIARCHS" title="" /></a> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 200px;"> +<a href="images/i-028-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-028.jpg" width="200" height="108" alt="Goshen" title="" /></a> +</div> + +<p>VI. <b>THE SOJOURN IN EGYPT.</b> (B. C. 1706-1491?) +After three generations the branch of Abraham's +family belonging to his grandson Jacob or Israel removed to +Egypt (Deut. 26. 5), where they +remained either two hundred or +four hundred years, according to +different opinions.<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> This stay in +Egypt is always called "the sojourn." +The event which led directly +to the descent into Egypt was the selling of Joseph +(Gen. 37. 28). But we can trace a providential purpose in +the transfer. Its objects were:</p> + +<p>1. <b>Preservation.</b> The frequent famines in Palestine +(Gen. 12. 10; 26. 1;42. 1-3) showed that as shepherds the +Israelites could not be supported in the land. On the fertile +soil of Egypt, with three crops each year, they would find food +in abundance.</p> + +<p>2. <b>Growth.</b> At the end of the stay in Canaan the Israelites +counted only seventy souls (Gen. 46. 27); but at the +close of the sojourn in Egypt they had increased to nearly +two millions (Exod. 12. 37; Num. 1. 45, 46). The hot +climate and cheap food of Egypt has always caused an abundant +population. In Egypt Israel grew from a family to a +nation.</p> + +<p>3. <b>Isolation.</b> There was great danger to the morals and +religion of the Israelites in the land of Canaan. Abraham +had sent to his own relatives at Haran for a wife for Isaac<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> +(Gen. 24. 3, 4) in order to keep both the race and the faith +pure. One of Isaac's sons married Canaanite wives, and as +a result his descendants, the Edomites, lost the faith and became +idolaters (Gen. 26. 34, 35). Jacob sought his wives +among his own relatives (Gen. 28. 1, 2). We note a dangerous +tendency in Jacob's family to ally themselves with the +Canaanites (Gen. 34. 8-10; 38. 1, 2). If they had stayed in +Canaan the chosen family would have become lost among the +heathen. But in Egypt they lived apart, and were kept by +the caste system from union with the people (Gen. 46. 34; +43. 32). It was a necessary element in the divine plan that +Israel should dwell apart from other nations (Num. 23. 9).</p> + +<p>4. <b>Civilization.</b> The Egyptians were far in advance of +all other nations of that age in intelligence, in the organization +of society, and in government. Though the Israelites +lived apart from them, they were among them, and learned +much of their knowledge. Whatever may have been their +condition at the beginning of the sojourn, at the end of it +they had a written language (Exod. 24. 7), a system of worship +(Exod. 19. 22; 33. 7), and a leader who had received the +highest culture of his age (Acts 7. 22). As one result of the +sojourn the Israelites were transformed from shepherds and +herdsmen to tillers of the soil—a higher manner of living.</p> + + +<div class='bo'>Blackboard Outline.</div> + +<div class='bbox'> +<b>Six Ev.</b> <b>I. Del.</b> 1. Fac. Scrip. Trad. 2. Dat. 2348? 3. Cau. Wick. rac. 4. Ext. par. 5. Pur. 1.) Des. ev. 2.) New ep.<br /> +<b> II. Disp. Rac.</b> 1. Inst. mig. 2. Evid. Bib. Trad. Lang.<br /> +<b>III. Rise Emp.</b> 1. Eg. 2. Chal. 3. Ass. 4. Sid. and Tyr.<br /> +<b> IV. Mig. Abr.</b> Causes. 1. Mig. inst. 2. Pol. cau. 3. Rel. mot.<br /> +<b> V. Jour. Patr.</b> Str. in Pal. Shep. Hom. Relat.<br /> +<b> VI. Soj. in Eg.</b> Obj. 1. Pres. 2. Gro. 3. Isol. 4. Civ.<br /> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span></p> + + +<div class='bo'>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.</div> + +<div class='quest'> +What is the purpose in this series of studies?<br /> +At what point does history begin?<br /> +Name the six great events in early Bible history.<br /> +How is the fact of a deluge attested?<br /> +What date is commonly given to this event?<br /> +What was the moral cause of the flood?<br /> +What was its extent?<br /> +What was its purpose in the plan of God?<br /> +What new spirit took possession of men soon after the flood?<br /> +To what results did this lead?<br /> +What was the relation of this fact to the confusion of tongues?<br /> +What evidences of these migrations are found?<br /> +What were the three great centers of national life in the Oriental world?<br /> +What city became the center of commercial life?<br /> +To what race did the earliest empires belong?<br /> +What was the most important journey, in its results, in all history?<br /> +What three causes are given for this migration?<br /> +What was especially the religious motive of this journey?<br /> +How long did Abraham's descendants remain in Palestine?<br /> +In what part of the country did they live?<br /> +What were their relations with the native peoples in Palestine?<br /> +What is meant by "the sojourn?"<br /> +What was its immediate cause?<br /> +What four providential results came to Israel through this sojourn?<br /> +How long was the time of the sojourn?<br /> +How were the Israelites protected from corruption through this sojourn?<br /> +What was the effect of the sojourn upon their civilization?<br /> +</div> + + +<div class='bo'>Subjects for Special Papers.</div> + +<div class='special'> +<span class="smcap">The Pyramids.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The City of Babylon.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Great Races.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Traditions of the Deluge.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Character of Abraham.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Egypt in the Time of Joseph.</span><br /> +<br /><br /></div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> See Geikie's <i>Hours with the Bible</i>, vol. 1, chap. xiii; <i>Bible Commentary</i>, note at +the end of Gen. 8.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> From the fact that in several genealogies four generations are given to the sojourn in +Egypt, the shorter period, from 1706 to 1491, has been generally assumed. But it is almost +impossible that seventy people could become two million in four generations by natural +increase alone. Moreover, the genealogy of Joshua (1 Chron. 7. 22-27) gives either ten +or eleven generations to this period. It is probable that the other tables name only sufficient +links to show the line, and omit many of the generations. This was frequently +the case with Jewish records. (See the genealogy of Jesus Christ in Matt. 1, where +several names are omitted.) We conclude that the sojourn began about 1900 B. C., and +the call of Abraham was about 2100 B. C., or earlier; but we give in the text the usual +chronology.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span></p> + +<h2><span class="smcap">Second Study.</span></h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>THE WANDERING IN THE WILDERNESS.</div> + + +<p>I. Let us notice briefly the <b>EVENTS LEADING TO +THE WANDERING.</b></p> + +<p>1. <b>The Oppression of the Israelites.</b> (B. C. 1635.) +(Exod. 1. 8-13.) This was an important link in the chain +of events. If the Israelites had been prosperous and happy +in Egypt they would have remained there, and the destiny +of the chosen people would have been forgotten. Therefore, +when Egypt had given to Israel all that it could, the wrath +of man was made to praise God; and by suffering the Israelites +were made willing to leave the land of their sojourn and +seek the land of promise. The nest was stirred up, and the +young eaglet was compelled to fly (Deut. 32. 11, 12).</p> + +<p>2. <b>The Training of Moses.</b> (Born B. C. 1571.) There +was another element of preparation. No common man could +have wrought the great work of liberation, of legislation, and +of training which Israel needed. Notice, 1.) Moses was an +<i>Israelite in birth</i>, of the consecrated tribe of Levi (Exod. 2. +1, 2). 2.) But he was <i>educated in the palace</i>, and in the +highest culture, as a prince in Egypt (Exod. 2. 10). If he +had been doomed to a slave's life he could never have accomplished +his mission. 3.) At full age Moses made <i>choice +of his people</i>, because they were the people of God (Heb. 11. +24-26). 4.) Then came the <i>training of forty years</i> in the +desert, giving him knowledge of the land, experience of hardships, +and maturity of thought. 5.) Lastly, there was the <i>call +of God</i> (Exod. 3. 2), with its revelation of God's name and +power, imparting strength for his work.</p> + +<p>3. <b>The Ten Plagues.</b> There was a special significance +in these plagues, for each was a blow at some form of idol-worship +among the Egyptians. They were: 1.) The river +turned to blood (Exod. 7. 20, 21). 2.) Frogs (Exod. 8. 6).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> +3.) Lice (Exod. 8. 17). 4.) Flies, probably including beetles +and other winged pests (Exod. 8. 24). 5.) Murrain, or pestilence +among domestic animals (Exod. 9. 3, 4). 6.) Boils +(Exod. 9. 10). 7.) Hail (Exod. 9. 23). 8.) Locusts (Exod. +10. 14, 15). 9.) Darkness (Exod. 10. 22, 23). 10.) Death +of the first-born (Exod. 12. 29).</p> + +<p>4. <b>The Passover.</b> (Exod. 12. 21-28.) This service +represented three ideas. 1.) It was the spring-tide festival. +2.) It commemorated the sudden departure from Egypt, when +there was not even time to "raise the bread" before leaving +(Exod. 12. 34-39). 3.) It was an impressive prophecy of +Christ, the slain Lamb of God (Exod. 12. 21, 22).</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/i-032-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-032.jpg" width="400" height="245" alt="JOURNEYS OF THE ISRAELITES" title="" /></a> +</div> + +<p>5. <b>The Exodus.</b> (B. C. 1491.) (Exod. 12. 40, 41.) The +word means "going out." This was the birthday of a nation, +the hour when the Israelites rose from being merely a mass +of men to become a people.</p> + +<p>II. <b>THE WILDERNESS OF THE WANDERING.</b> +Let the student note carefully upon a good map the +following locations, and then draw a map containing them:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p> + +<p>1. Draw the coast-lines and note <b>three Seas</b>. 1.) The +"great sea," or <i>Mediterranean</i> (Josh. 1. 4). 2.) The <i>Red Sea</i> +(Exod. 13. 18), (Gulfs of Suez and Akaba). 3.) The <i>Dead Sea</i>.</p> + +<p>2. Draw the mountain ranges, and note <b>five Deserts</b>. +1.) The <i>Desert of Shur</i> (Exod. 15. 22), between Goshen and +Canaan. 2.) The <i>Desert of Paran</i>, in the center of the Sinaitic +triangle (Num. 10. 12). This is the wilderness in which +thirty-eight of the forty years were passed (Deut. 1. 19). 3.) +The <i>Desert of E'ham</i> (Num. 33. 8), on the shore of the Gulf of +Suez. 4.) The <i>Desert of Sin</i>, near Mount Sinai (Exod. 16. 1). +5.) The <i>Desert of Zin</i>, the desolate valley between the Gulf of +Akaba and the Dead Sea, now called the Arabah (Num. 13. 21).</p> + +<p>3. Locate also the <b>five Lands</b> of this region. 1.) <i>Goshen</i>, +the land of the sojourn (Exod. 9. 26). 2.) <i>Midian</i>, the land +of Moses's shepherd life (Exod. 2. 15), on both sides of the +Gulf of Akaba. 3.) <i>Edom</i>, the land of Esau's descendants, +south of the Dead Sea (Num. 21. 4). 4.) <i>Moab</i>, the land of +Lot's descendants, east of the Dead Sea (Num. 21. 13). +5.) <i>Canaan</i>, the land of promise (Gen. 12. 7).</p> + +<p>4. Fix also the location of <b>three Mountains</b>. 1.) <i>Mount +Sinai</i>, where the law was given (Exod. 19. 20). 2.) <i>Mount +Hor</i>, where Aaron died (Num. 20. 23-28). 3.) <i>Mount Nebo</i> +(Pisgah), where Moses died (Deut. 34. 1).</p> + +<p>5. Notice also <b>seven Places</b>, some of which are clearly, +others not so definitely, identified. 1.) <i>Rameses</i>, the starting-point +of the Israelites (Exod. 12. 37). 2.) <i>Baal-zephon</i>, the +place of crossing the Red Sea (Exod. 14. 2). 3.) <i>Marah</i>, where +the bitter waters were sweetened (Exod. 15. 22-25). 4.) <i>Elim</i>, +the place of rest (Exod. 15. 27). 5.) <i>Rephidim</i>, the place of +the first battle, near Mount Sinai (Exod. 17. 8-16). 6.) <i>Kadesh-barnea</i>,<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> +whence the spies were sent forth (Num. 13. 26).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> +7.) <i>Jahaz</i>, in the land of Moab, south of the brook Arnon, +the place of a victory over the Amorites (Num. 21. 23, 24).</p> + +<p>III. <b>THE JOURNEYS OF THE WANDERING.</b> +These, with the <b>EVENTS</b> connected with them, +may be arranged in order as follows:</p> + +<p>1. From Rameses to the Red Sea (Exod. 12. 37; 14. 9). +With this note: 1.) +<i>The crossing of the +Red Sea.</i></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 274px;"> +<a href="images/i-034-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-034.jpg" width="274" height="400" alt="VICINITY OF MT. SINAI" title="" /></a> +</div> + +<p>2. From the Red +Sea to Mount Sinai. +Events: 2.) <i>The +Waters of Marah.</i> +3.) <i>The repulse of the +Amalekites.</i> 4.) <i>The +giving of the law.</i> 5.) +<i>The worship of the +golden calf.</i> At +Mount Sinai the +camp was kept for +nearly a year, and +the organization of +the people was effected.</p> + +<p>3. From Mount +Sinai to Kadesh-barnea +(B. C. 1490). At +the latter place occurred, +6.) <i>The sending out of the spies</i> (Num. 13. 1-26). 7.) <i>The +defeat at Hormah</i> (Num. 14. 40-45). It was the purpose of +Moses to lead the people at once from Kadesh up to Canaan. +But their fear of the Canaanite and Amorite inhabitants made +them weak; they were defeated and driven back into the +desert of Paran, where they wandered thirty-eight years, until +the generation of slavish souls should die off, and a new<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> +Israel, the young people, trained in the spirit of Moses and +Aaron, and fitted for conquest, should arise in their places.</p> + +<p>4. From Kadesh-barnea through the desert of Paran and +return. This was the long wandering of thirty-eight years. +We trace the route from Kadesh, around the desert of Paran, +to Mount Hor, to Ezion-geber at the head of the Gulf of +Akaba, and at last to Kadesh once more (Num. 20. 1). There +occurred, 8.) <i>The water from the rock at Kadesh</i>, and Moses's +disobedience (Num. 20. 10-12). 9.) <i>The repulse of Arad</i> +(Num. 21. 1). It would seem that the Israelites made a +second attempt to enter Canaan on the south, and were again +defeated, though not so severely as before.</p> + +<p>5. From Kadesh-barnea around Edom to the river Jordan. +After this second defeat Moses desired to lead the people +through the land of the Edomites, and to enter Canaan by +crossing the Jordan (Num. 20. 14). But the Edomites refused +to permit such an army to pass through their land +(Num. 20. 18-21). Hence the Israelites were compelled to go +down the desert of Zin, past Edom, as far as the Red Sea, then +east of Edom, a very long and toilsome journey (Num. 21. 4). +Note with this journey: 10.) <i>The brazen serpent</i> (Num. 21. 6-9; +John 3. 14, 15). 11.) <i>The victory over the Amorites</i> (Num. 21. +23, 24). This victory gave to the Israelites control of the +country from Amon to Jabbok, and was the first campaign +of the conquest. The long journey was now ended in the encampment +of the Israelites at the foot of Mount Nebo, on the +eastern bank of the Jordan, near the head of the Dead Sea. +12.) The last event of the period was <i>the death of Moses</i> +(Deut. 34. 5-8) (B. C. 1451).</p> + +<p>IV. <b>THE RESULTS OF THE WANDERING.</b> +These forty years of wilderness life made a deep impress +upon the Israelite people, and wrought great changes in their +character.</p> + +<p>1. It gave them certain <b>Institutions</b>. From the wilderness +they brought their tabernacle and all its rites and services,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> +out of which grew the magnificent ritual of the temple. +The Feast of Passover commemorated the Exodus, the Feast +of Pentecost, the giving of the law; the Feast of Tabernacles +(during which for a week the people lived in huts and booths), +the outdoor life in the desert.</p> + +<p>2. Another result was <b>National Unity</b>. When the Israelites +left Egypt they were twelve unorganized tribes, without +a distinct national life. Forty years in the wilderness, meeting +adversities together, fighting enemies, marching as one +host, made them a nation. They emerged from the wilderness +a distinct people, with one hope and aim, with patriotic +self-respect, ready to take their place among the nations of +the earth.</p> + +<p>3. <b>Individual Liberty.</b> They had just been set free from +the tyranny of the most complete governmental machine on +the face of the earth. In Egypt the man was nothing, the +state was every thing. The Israelite system was an absolute +contrast to the Egyptian. For four centuries after the Exodus +the Israelites lived with almost no government, each +man doing what was right in his own eyes. They were the +freest people on earth, far more so than the Greeks or the +Romans during their republican epochs. Moses trained them +not to look to the government for their care, but to be a self-reliant +people, able to take care of themselves. If they had +passed this initial stage of their history surrounded by kingdoms +they would have become a kingdom. But they learned +their first lessons of national life in the wilderness, untrammeled +by environment and under a wise leader, who sought +to train up a nation of kings instead of a kingdom.</p> + +<p>4. <b>Military Training.</b> We trace in the history of those +forty years a great advance in military discipline. After +crossing the Red Sea Moses did not care to lead them by the +direct route to Canaan, lest they should "see war" (Exod. +13. 17, 18). Attacked by the Amalekites soon after the Exodus, +the Israelites were almost helpless (Exod. 17. 8-16;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> +Deut. 25. 17-19). A year later they were the easy prey of +the Canaanites at Hormah (Num. 14. 40-45). Forty years +after they crossed the Jordan and entered Canaan, a drilled +and trained host, a conquering army. This discipline and +spirit of conquest they gained under Moses and Joshua in the +wilderness.</p> + +<p>5. <b>Religious Education.</b> This was the greatest of all +the benefits gained in the wilderness. They were brought +back from the idolatries of Egypt to the faith of their fathers. +They received God's law, the system of worship, and the ritual +which brought them by its services into a knowledge of +God. Moreover, their experience of God's care taught them +to trust in Jehovah, who had chosen them for his own people. +Even though the mass of the people might worship idols, +there was always from this time an Israel of the heart that +sought and obeyed God.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span></p> + + +<div class='bo'>Blackboard Outline.</div> + +<div class='bbox'> + <b>I. Eve. le. Wan.</b> 1. Opp. Isr.<br /> +2. Tra. Mos. 1.) Bir. 2.) Edu. 3.) Cho. 4.) Tra. 5.) Cal.<br /> +3. Ten Pla. 1.) Bl. 2.) Fr. 3.) Li. 4.) Fl. 5.) Mur. 6.) Boi. 7.) Hai. 8.) Loc. 9.) Dar. 10.) Dea. fir. bo.<br /> +4. Pass.<br /> +5. Exod.<br /> +<br /> + <b>II. Wil. Wan.</b> 1. Seas. 1.) M. S. 2.) R. S. [G, S., G. A.] 3.) D. S.<br /> +2. Des. 1.) D. Sh. 2.) D. Par. 3.) D. Eth. 4.) D. Si. 5.) D. Zi.<br /> +3. Lan. 1.) Gos. 2.) Mid. 3.) Ed. 4.) Mo. 5.) Can.<br /> +4. Mts. 1.) Mt. Sin. 2.) Mt. H. 3.) Mt. Neb.<br /> +5. Pla. 1.) Ram. 2.) B.-zep. 3.) Mar. 4.) El. 5.) Rep. 6.) Kad.-bar 7.) Jah.<br /> +<br /> + <b>III. Jour. and Even.</b> Jour. 1. Ram.—R. S., Ev. 1.) Cr. R. S.<br /> +Jour. 2. R. S.—Mt. Sin. 2.) Wat. Mar. 3.) Rep. Am. 4.) Giv. L. 5.) Wor. gol. cal.<br /> +Jour. 3. Mt. Sin.—Kad.-bar. 6.) Sen. Sp. 7.) Del. Hor.<br /> +Jour. 4. Kad.-bar.—Des. Par.—Ret. 8.) Wat. roc. Kad. 9.) Rep. Ar.<br /> +Jour. 5. Kad.-bar.—Ed.—Riv. Jor. 10.) Bra. Ser. 11.) Vic. ov. Amo. 12.) Dea. Mos.<br /> +<br /> + <b>IV. Res. Wan.</b> 1. Ins. 2. Nat. Un. 3. Ind. Lib. 4. Mil. Tra. 5. Rel. Ed.<br /> +</div> + + +<div class='bo'>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.</div> + +<div class='quest'> +Name five events which were preparatory to the wandering.<br /> +What made the Israelites willing to leave Egypt?<br /> +How was their leader trained for his mission?<br /> +What were the ten plagues upon the Egyptians?<br /> +What three ideas were connected with the Passover?<br /> +What is meant by the Exodus?<br /> +What are the three seas of the map illustrating the wandering?<br /> +Name five deserts of this region.<br /> +In which desert were the most years passed?<br /> +What were the two deserts on the shore of the Red Sea?<br /> +Where was the desert of Zin?<br /> +Which desert was between Egypt and Palestine?<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>Name and locate five lands of this region.<br /> +Which land was nearest to Egypt?<br /> +Which land was on the eastern arm of the Red Sea?<br /> +Which land lay east of the Dead Sea?<br /> +Which land was south of the Dead Sea?<br /> +Name three mountains in this region.<br /> +What event look place on each of these mountains?<br /> +Name two places between Egypt and the Red Sea.<br /> +Name three places on the route between the Red Sea, and an event at each place.<br /> +What place was south of Canaan and near it?<br /> +What events occurred at this place?<br /> +What two places were battlefields?<br /> +State the route of the first journey.<br /> +What was the great event of this journey?<br /> +What was the second journey?<br /> +What four events are named with this journey?<br /> +What was the third journey?<br /> +What two events took place with this journey?<br /> +What was the longest journey?<br /> +Name four places of this journey.<br /> +Name two events near its close.<br /> +What was the last journey?<br /> +What events took place at this time?<br /> +Where was the last encampment of the Israelites?<br /> +What institutions originated during this period?<br /> +What was the political effect of this epoch upon the people?<br /> +How did it give them liberty?<br /> +What was the influence in military affairs?<br /> +What were its results upon the religion of the people?<br /> +</div> + + +<div class='bo'>Subjects for Special Papers.</div> + +<div class='special'> +<span class="smcap">The Pharaoh of the Oppression.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Mount Sinai.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Greatness of Moses.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Mosaic Legislation.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Site of Kadesh-barnea.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Tabernacle in the Wilderness.</span><br /> +<br /><br /></div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> The location of Kadesh-barnea is one of the great questions of the Bible geography. +Robinson places it at <i>´Ain el-Weibeh</i>, north-west of Petra. Rowlands, and lately Trumbull, +locates it at <i>Ain Gadis</i>, forty-five miles south of Beersheba. I think the latter +is the true place, though the authorities are not agreed.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span></p> + +<h2><span class="smcap">Third Study.</span></h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>THE CONQUEST OF CANAAN.</div> + + +<p>I. Let us notice the <b>CANAANITES</b> before the conquest.</p> + +<p>1. They were a <b>varied people</b>. There were from seven +to ten different nations in Palestine when the Israelites entered +it (Exod. 3. 17; Deut. 7. 1). Each tribe, often each +city, had its own government. There was no unity of government, +no combined action to resist the invasion of Israel. +This made the conquest easy. If one king had ruled a united +people the result might have been different.</p> + +<p>2. These peoples were, however, of <b>one stock</b>. They +belonged to the Hamite race, and were all descended from +the family of Canaan (Gen. 10. 15-19). There was no reason, +except the tribal spirit, for their separation into small +clans and nationalities.</p> + +<p>3. They were <b>idolatrous</b> and, as a result, grossly <b>immoral</b>. +Idolatry is always associated with immorality; for the worship +of idols is a deification of sensuality. Baal and Asherah +(plural Ashtoreth) were the male and female divinities worshiped +by most of these races (Judg. 2. 13).</p> + +<p>4. They had been <b>weakened</b> before the coming of the +Israelites either by war or by pestilence. The allusions in +Exod. 23. 28; Deut. 7. 20; and Josh. 7. 12, have been referred +to an invasion before that of Israel, or to some plague, which +destroyed the native races.</p> + +<p>II. <b>THE CAMPAIGNS OF THE CONQUEST.</b> +These may be divided as follows:</p> + +<p>1. <b>The campaigns east of the Jordan.</b> (B. C. 1451.) +These were during the life-time of Moses, and gained for +Israel all the territory between the brook Arnon and Mount +Hermon.</p> + +<p>1.) The conquest of Gilead was made at the battle of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> +Jahaz, near the brook Arnon (Num. 21. 21-31). In one +battle the Israelites gained the land of Gilead from the +Arnon to the Hieromax.</p> + +<p>2.) The conquest of Bashan was completed at the battle of +Edrei, in the mountainous region.</p> + +<p>3.) The conquest +of Midian (Num. 31. +1-8) was led by the +warrior-priest Phinehas, +and by smiting +the tribes on the east +protected the frontier +toward the desert. +The land won +by these three campaigns +became the +territory of the tribes +of Reuben, Gad, and +the half-tribe of Manasseh +(Deut. 32).</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 223px;"> +<a href="images/i-041-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-041.jpg" width="223" height="400" alt="JOURNEYS OF THE CONQUEST" title="" /></a> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>The campaigns +west of +the Jordan</b> (B. C. +1451) were led by +Joshua, and showed +great tactical skill +and resistless energy +of action. Joshua +led his people across +the Jordan and established +a fortified camp, the center of operations during +all his campaigns, at Gilgal (Josh. 4. 19).</p> + +<p>1.) The first invasion was of <i>central Palestine</i>, beginning +with Jericho (Josh. 6), taking Ai on the way (Josh. 8), and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> +ending with Shechem, which apparently fell without resistance +(Josh. 8. 30-33). This campaign gave to Israel the +center of the land and divided their enemies into two sections.</p> + +<p>2.) Next came the campaign against <i>southern Palestine</i>. +At this time was fought the battle of Beth-horon (Josh. 10. 10), +the most momentous in its results in all history, and one over +which, if ever, the sun and moon might well stand still (Josh. +10. 12, 13).<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> After this great victory Joshua pursued his +enemies and took the towns as far south as Hebron and Debir +(Josh. 10. 29-39).</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<a href="images/i-042-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-042.jpg" width="450" height="281" alt="JOSHUA'S VICTORY AT BETH-HORON." title="" /></a> +</div> + +<p>3.) Lastly, Joshua conquered <i>northern Palestine</i> (Josh. +11). The battle in this campaign was near Lake Merom +(Josh. 11. 7), and, as before, it was followed by the capture +of many cities in the north. Thus, in those marches Joshua +won all the mountain region of western Palestine.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span></p> +<p>3. There were certain <b>supplementary campaigns</b>, partly +in Joshua's time, partly afterward.</p> + +<p>1.) Caleb's rapture of Hebron, which had been re-occupied +by the Amorites (Josh. 14; Judg. 1. 10-15).</p> + +<p>2.) The Judahites' capture of Bezek, an unknown place +between Jerusalem and the Philistine plain (Judg. 1. 1-8).</p> + +<p>3.) The Danites' capture of Laish, in the extreme north, +which afterward bore the name of Dan (Judg. 18).</p> + +<p>But, after all these campaigns, a large part of the land was +still unsubdued, and the war of the conquest did not end until +the days of David, by whom every foe was finally placed +under foot.</p> + +<p>III. <b>GENERAL ASPECTS OF ISRAEL AT +THE CLOSE OF THE CONQUEST.</b></p> + +<p>1. With regard to <b>the native races</b>. They were not destroyed +nor driven away, as had been commanded.<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a> They +remained as subject people in some places, as the ruling race +on the sea-coast and in the Jordan valley. We see their influence, +always injurious, throughout all Israel's history (Exod. +23. 31-33; Deut. 7. 1-5); and some think that the present +inhabitants of the country belong to the original Canaanite +stock.</p> + +<p>2. <b>The Israelites</b> did not occupy all the country. They +possessed most of the mountain region, but none of the sea-coast +plain on the Jordan valley. They were like the Swiss +in modern times, living among the mountains. Even in the +New Testament period the lowlands were occupied mainly +by Gentiles.</p> + +<p>3. <b>The landed system</b> was peculiar. Estates were inalienable. +They might be leased, but not sold; and on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> +year of Jubilee (every fiftieth year) all land reverted to the +family originally owning it. Thus every family had its ancestral +home, the poor were protected, and riches were kept +within bounds.</p> + +<p>4. <b>The government</b> was a republic of families without +an executive head, except when a judge was raised up to +meet special needs. Each tribe had its own rulers, but there +was no central authority after Joshua (Judg. 21. 25). This +had its evils, for it led to national weakness; but it had its +benefits: 1.) It kept Israel from becoming a great worldly +kingdom like Egypt and Assyria, which would have thwarted +the divine purpose. 2.) It promoted individuality and personal +energy of character. There would have been no "age +of heroes" if Israel had been a kingdom like Egypt.</p> + +<p>5. The <b>religious system</b> was simple. There was but +one altar at Shiloh for all the land and for all the tribes, and +the people were required to visit it for the three great feasts +(Deut. 12. 11, 14; Josh. 18. 1). This was the religious bond +which united the people. If it had been maintained they +would have needed no other constitution, and even its partial +observance kept the people one nation.</p> + +<p>6. The <b>character</b> of the people was diverse. Throughout +the history we trace the working of two distinct elements. +There was the true Israel—the earnest, religious, God-worshiping +section, the Israel of Joshua and Gideon and Samuel. +Then there was the underlying mass of the people—secular, +ignorant, prone to idolatry, the Israel that worshiped Baal and +Ashtoreth, and sought alliance with the heathen. One element +was the hope of the nation, the other was its bane.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span></p> + + +<div class='bo'>Blackboard Outline.</div> + +<div class='bbox'> + <b>I. Canaanites.</b> 1. Var. 2. Ham. rac. 3. Idol. 4. Weak.<br /> +<br /> + <b>II. Camp. Conq.</b> 1. Camp. Eas. Jor. 1.) Gil. Jah. 2.) Bash. Ed. 3.) Mid.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">2. Camp. Wes. Jor. 1.) Cent. Pal. Jer. Ai. She. 2.) Sou. Pal. Beth-hor. 3.) Nor. Pal. L. Mer.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">3. Supp. Camp. 1.) Cal. cap. Heb. 2.) Jud. cap. Bez. 3.) Dan. cap. Lai.</span><br /> +<br /> +<div class='hang1'><b>III. Gen. Asp. Isr. at Clo. Conq.</b> 1. Nat. rac. sub. 2. Isr. in mtn. reg. 3. Land. sys. 4. Gov. rep. fam. 5. Rel. sys. 6. Char. peo.<br /></div> +</div> + + +<div class='bo'>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.</div> + +<div class='quest'> +What was the political system of the Canaanites before the conquest?<br /> +How did this condition affect the result of the war?<br /> +To what race did the Canaanite tribes belong?<br /> +What was their religion?<br /> +What was the effect of their worship on their character?<br /> +What had taken place shortly before the coming of the Israelites?<br /> +What campaigns of conquest were made before the death of Moses?<br /> +What battles were fought in these campaigns?<br /> +What tribes took possession of this territory?<br /> +On which side of the Jordan were Joshua's campaigns?<br /> +What traits as a military leader did he show?<br /> +What places were captured on the first of Joshua's campaigns?<br /> +What was the effect of this campaign on the enemies?<br /> +Against what section was Joshua's second campaign?<br /> +Where was the great battle fought?<br /> +What is said to have taken place at this battle?<br /> +What cities were captured at this time?<br /> +Where was the third campaign of Joshua directed?<br /> +Where was the battle fought in this campaign?<br /> +What were the three supplementary campaigns?<br /> +What city was conquered by Caleb?<br /> +What city was occupied by the tribe of Dan?<br /> +What king, long after Joshua, completed the conquest of Canaan?<br /> +What was the condition of the native races after the conquest?<br /> +What was the result of their continuance in the land?<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>What portion of the country was occupied by the Israelites?<br /> +What modern analogy is given to them?<br /> +What was the system of land-tenure among the Israelites?<br /> +What were some of its benefits?<br /> +What was the form of government?<br /> +Wherein was this system defective?<br /> +What were its excellences?<br /> +What was the religious system of the Israelites?<br /> +What was the effect of this system?<br /> +What was the religious character of the people?<br /> +What was the condition of the mass of the Israelites?<br /> +</div> + + +<div class='bo'>Subjects for Special Papers.</div> + +<div class='special'> +<span class="smcap">Joshua as a General.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Beth-horon as one of the World's Greatest Battles.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Moral Aspects of the Destruction of the Canaanites.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The River Jordan.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The History of Jericho.</span><br /> +<br /><br /></div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> The account of the sun and moon standing still is an extract from an ancient poem, +and is so printed in the Revised Version. The subject is discussed in Geikie's <i>Hours +With the Bible</i>, foot-note with chapter xiii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> With regard to the destruction of the Canaanites: 1. Such destruction was the almost +universal custom of the ancient world. 2. It was deserved by the Canaanites, who were +among the most wicked of ancient peoples. 3. It was necessary, if Israel was to be kept +from the corruption of their morals, and upon Israel's character depended the world in +after ages. 4. As a result of failing to extirpate the Canaanites a vastly greater number +of the Israelites were destroyed during the succeeding centuries.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p> + +<h2><span class="smcap">Fourth Study.</span></h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>THE AGE OF THE HEROES.</div> + + +<p>From the death of Joshua (about B. C. 1426) to the coronation +of Saul (B. C. 1095) the twelve tribes of Israel were +without a central government, except as from time to time +men of ability rose up among them. It was not as some have +supposed, "an age of anarchy," for anarchy is confusion; and +during most of the three hundred and thirty years there were +peace and order in Israel. It was rather an age of heroes, +for its rulers were neither hereditary nor elective, but men +called forth by the needs of the hour and their own qualities +of leadership.</p> + +<p>I. <b>THE CONDITION OF ISRAEL DURING +THIS PERIOD.</b> This was partly favorable, and partly +unfavorable. The favorable elements were:</p> + +<p>1. <b>The mountain location</b> of Israel. The tribes were +perched like Switzerland in the Alps. There was a desert on +the south and on the east, while on the west lay the plain by +the sea, the great route of travel between Egypt and the Euphrates. +Great armies passed and repassed over this plain, +and great battles were fought by Egyptians, Hittites, and Assyrians, +while Israel on her mountain peaks was unmolested. +This mountain home left Israel generally unnoticed, and, +when attacked, almost inaccessible.</p> + +<p>2. <b>The racial unity</b> of Israel. The two finest races of +the world, the Greek and the Israelite, were both of pure +blood. The Israelites were one in origin, in language, in +traditions, in aspirations. This national unity often brought +the tribes together in times of distress; though not always +when their union was needed.</p> + +<p>3. <b>The religious institutions.</b> In Greece every town +had its own god and its own religion; hence the many parties +and petty nationalities. But in Israel there was in theory but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> +one altar, one house of God, one system of worship, with its +annual pilgrimage to the religious capital (1 Sam. 1. 3). Just +to the measure in which these institutions were observed, +Israel was strong against all foes, and as they were neglected +the land became the prey of oppressors (Judg. 2. 7-14; 1. +Sam. 7. 3).</p> + +<p>But there were also unfavorable elements in the condition +of Israel, which threatened its very existence. These were:</p> + +<p>1. <b>The native races.</b> These were of two kinds: the +subject peoples left on the soil, more or less under the domination +of the conquerors, and the surrounding nations, Ammon, +Moab, Syria, and the Philistines. There was danger +from their enmity, a rebellion of the subject tribes, allied with +the enemies around, for the destruction of Israel. And there +was far greater danger from their friendship, which would +lead to intermarriage, to idolatry, to corruption of morals, and +to ruin (Judg. 3. 1-7).</p> + +<p>2. <b>Lack of a central government.</b> Israel was in +the condition of the United States at the close of the Revolution, +from 1783 to 1789, a loose confederation with no +central authority. There were twelve tribes, but each governed +itself. Only under some great chieftain like Gideon or +Samuel were all the twelve tribes united. Most of the judges +ruled only over their own district of a few adjoining tribes. +Often the northern tribes were in peril, but we never read of +Judah going to their assistance; and in Judah's wars with +the Philistines the northern tribes stood aloof.</p> + +<p>3. <b>Tribal jealousy.</b> Until the establishment of the +American republic the world never saw, for any length of +time, a league of states on an equal footing. In Greece the +strongest state claimed the <i>hegemony</i>, or leadership, and oppressed +its allies. In Italy the Romans reduced all their +neighbors to subjection. In Europe it now requires an army +of more than a million men to maintain the "balance of +power." So in Israel there was a constant struggle for the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> +leadership between the two great tribes of Judah and Ephraim. +During the period of the judges Ephraim was constantly asserting +its right to rule the other tribes (Judg. 8. 1-3; 12. +1-6). We trace this rivalry through all the reign of David; +and at last it led to the division of the empire under Rehoboam.</p> + +<p>4. <b>Idolatrous tendencies.</b> We note constantly "the +two Israels"—a spiritual minority and an irreligious, idolatrous +mass. For ten centuries the greatest evil of Israelite +history was the tendency to the worship of idols. Causes +which operated to promote it were: 1.) The natural craving +for a visible object of worship, not altogether eradicated from +even the Christian heart; for example, Romish images and +ritualistic bowing toward the altar. 2.) The association of +Israel with idolaters on the soil or as neighbors. 3.) The opportunity +which idol-worship gives to gratify lust under the +guise of religion. As a result of these forces we find idol-worship +the crying sin of the Israelites down to the captivity +in Babylon.</p> + +<p>II. <b>THE JUDGES OF ISRAEL.</b> These were the +heroes of that age, the men who in turn led the tribes, freed +them from their enemies, and restored them to the service of +God.</p> + +<p>1. <b>Their office.</b> It was not generally to try legal cases +between man and man, or between tribe and tribe. It might +be regarded as a military dictatorship blended with a religious +authority. The judge was a union of the warrior and the religious +reformer.</p> + +<p>2. <b>Their appointment</b>; not by election, nor the votes of +the people. The Orientals have never chosen their rulers by +suffrage. The judges were men whom the people recognized +as called of God to their office (Judg. 2. 16; 3. 9; 6. 11-13).</p> + +<p>3. <b>Their authority</b> rested not on law, nor on armies, but +on the personal elements of integrity and leadership in the +men, and on the general belief in their inspiration. They +spoke to the people with the authority of a messenger from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> +God. They arose in some hour of great need, and after the +immediate danger was over held their power until the end of +their lives.</p> + +<p>4. <b>The extent of their rule</b> was generally local, over a +few tribes in one section. Deborah ruled in the north (Judg. +5. 14-18); Jephthah governed the east of the Jordan only +(Judg. 11. 29). Often more than one judge was ruling at the +same time; probably Samson and Eli were contemporaneous. +Gideon and Samuel alone ruled all the twelve tribes.</p> + +<p>III. <b>THE OPPRESSIONS AND DELIVERERS.</b> +During these three centuries the influences already named +brought Israel many times under the domination of foreign +power. The story was always the same, forsaking God, following +idols, subjection, reformation, victory, and temporary prosperity. +We notice the seven oppressions. Some of these +were undoubtedly contemporaneous.</p> + +<p>1. <b>The Mesopotamian Oppression.</b> (Judg. 3. 7-11.) +Probably this was over the southern portion, and the invaders +came by the east and around the Dead Sea, as earlier invaders +from the same land had come (Gen. 14. 1-7). The deliverer +was Othniel, the first judge, and the only judge of the +tribe of Judah.</p> + +<p>2. <b>The Moabite Oppression.</b> (Judg. 3. 12-30.) Over +the eastern and central section, including Ephraim (verse 27); +deliverer, Ehud, the second judge; battle fought at the ford +of the river Jordan (verse 28).</p> + +<p>3. <b>The Early Philistine Oppression.</b> (Judg. 3. 31.) +Over the south-west, on the frontier of Judah; deliverer, +Shamgar.</p> + +<p>4. <b>The Canaanite Oppression.</b> (Judg. 4.) Over the +northern tribes; deliverer, Deborah, the woman judge; battle +at Mount Tabor.</p> + +<p>5. <b>The Midianite Oppression.</b> (Judg. 6. 1-6.) Over +the northern center, especially Manasseh-east; the most +severe of all; deliverer, Gideon, the greatest of the judges<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> +(Judg. 6. 11, 12); battle, on Mount Gilboa (Judg. 7), followed +by other victories (Judg. 8).</p> + +<p>6. <b>The Ammonite Oppression.</b> (Judg. 10. 7-9.) Note +an alliance between the Amorites and Philistines, which is +suggestive; mainly over the tribes on the east of Jordan; +deliverer, Jephthah<a name="FNanchor_F_6" id="FNanchor_F_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_6" class="fnanchor">[F]</a> (Judg. 11); victory at Aroer (verse 33).</p> + +<p>7. <b>The Philistine Oppression.</b> (Judg. 13) This was +the most protracted of all, for it extended, with intervals of +freedom, for a hundred years; embraced all the land, but +was most heavily felt south of Mounts Carmel and Gilboa. +The liberation was begun by Samson (Judg. 13. 5), but he +was led astray by sensual lusts and became a failure. Freedom +was later won by Samuel at the battle of Ebenezer +(1 Sam. 7. 7-14); but the oppression was renewed in the time +of Saul, and became heavier than ever (1 Sam. 13. 17-20). +Finally the yoke was broken by David, in a succession of +victories, ending with the capture of Gath, the Philistine capital +(2 Sam. 5. 17-25; 1 Chron. 18. 1).</p> + +<p>Note with each oppression: 1.) The oppressor. 2.) The +section oppressed. 3.) The deliverer. 4.) The battlefield.</p> + +<p>IV. <b>THE GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE +PERIOD.</b></p> + +<p>1. It was an age of <b>individuality</b>. There was no strong +government to oppress the people, to concentrate all the life +of the nation at the court, and to repress individuality. Contrast +Persia with Greece; Rome under the emperors with Rome +as a republic. As men were needed they were raised up, for +there was opportunity for character. Hence it was an age of +heroes—Othniel, Ehud, Shamgar, Gideon, Jephthah, Samson, +Samuel, etc. Free institutions bring strong men to the front.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span></p> +<p>2. It was an age of <b>neglect of the law</b>. During all this +period there is no allusion to the law of Moses. Its regulations +were ignored, except so far as they belonged to the common +law of conscience and right. The laws of Moses were +not deliberately disobeyed, but were ignorantly neglected. +Even good men, as Gideon and Samuel, built altars and +offered sacrifices (Judg. 6. 24; 1 Sam. 7. 9) contrary to the +letter of the law of Moses, but obeying its spirit.</p> + +<p>3. Nevertheless, it was an age of <b>progress</b>. There were +alternate advancements and retrogressions; yet we see a people +with energy, rising in spite of their hindrances. By degrees +government became more settled (1 Sam. 7. 15-17), +foreign relations arose (1 Sam. 7. 14; Ruth 1. 1), and the people +began to look toward a more stable system (1 Sam. 8. 4-6).</p> + + +<div class='bo'>Blackboard Outline.</div> + +<div class='bbox'> + <b>I. Cond. Isr.</b> <i>Fav.</i> 1. Mtn. Loc. 2. Rac. Un. 3. Rel. Ins.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;"><i>Unfav.</i> 1. Nat. Rac. 2. Lac. cent. gov. 3. Tri. jeal. 4. Idol. ten.</span><br /> +<br /> + <b>II. Jud. Isr.</b> 1. Off. 2. App. 3. Auth. 4. Ext. ru.<br /> +<br /> +<b>III. Opp. and Deliv.</b> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Battles"> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Opp.</i></td><td align='left'><i>Sec.</i></td><td align='left'><i>Deliv.</i></td><td align='left'><i>Batt.-fie.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>1. Mes.</td><td align='left'>Sou.</td><td align='left'>Oth.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>2. Moab.</td><td align='left'>Ea. cen.</td><td align='left'>Ehu.</td><td align='left'>For. Jor.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>3. Ea. Phil. </td><td align='left'>So.-wes.</td><td align='left'>Sham.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>4. Can.</td><td align='left'>Nor.</td><td align='left'>Deb.</td><td align='left'>Mt. Tab.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>5. Mid.</td><td align='left'>Nor. cen. </td><td align='left'>Gid.</td><td align='left'>Mt. Gil.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>6. Amm.</td><td align='left'>East.</td><td align='left'>Jeph.</td><td align='left'>Aro.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>7. Phil.</td><td align='left'>All.</td><td align='left'>Sams. Saml. </td><td align='left'>Eben.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Dav.</td><td align='left'>Gath.</td></tr> +</table></div> +<br /> + <b>IV. Gen. Asp. Per.</b> 1. Ind. 2. Neg. Law. 3. Prog.<br /> +</div> + + +<div class='bo'>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.</div> + +<div class='blockquot'> +<p>How long was this period? What were its traits? What were the conditions +favorable to Israel during this period? How did their location aid +the Israelites? Wherein were the Israelites one people? How did their +religious institutions keep them together?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span></p> + +<p>What were the unfavorable and dangerous elements in the condition of +Israel? How were they in danger from the native races? What was +lacking in the government of Israel? What two tribes were in rivalry? +What was the effect of this jealousy? What analogy is found in ancient +history? How is the same principle illustrated in modern times? What +evil tendency was manifested in Israel through nearly all its history? +What causes are assigned for this tendency?</p> + +<p>What was the office of a judge in Israel? How were the judges appointed? +What was their authority? How widely did their rule extend?</p> + +<p>What resulted from these evil tendencies in Israel? How many oppressors +were there? Who were the first oppressors? Over what part of the +country was the first oppression? Who delivered Israel from it? What +was the second oppression? What part of the country suffered from it? +Who was the deliverer? Where was the battle fought? What was the +third oppression, and where? Who delivered Israel? What was the +fourth oppression? Where was it? Who was the deliverer? Where was +the victory won? What was the fifth oppression? Over what part of the +country was it? Who delivered Israel from it? What was the sixth oppression? +Over what part of the land was it? Who delivered from it? +What was the last oppression? How did it differ from the others? What +three names are associated in the deliverance from its power?</p> + +<p>What are the three general aspects of this period?</p> +</div> + +<div class='bo'>Subjects for Special Papers.</div> + +<div class='special'> +<span class="smcap">The Israelite Republic.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Career of Gideon.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Vow of Jephthah.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Failure of Samson.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Shiloh and the Tabernacle.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Family Life during the Age of the Judges.</span><br /> +<br /><br /></div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_F_6" id="Footnote_F_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_6"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> With Jephthah is associated the only instance of human sacrifice offered to Jehovah +in all Bible history; and this was by an ignorant freebooter, in a part of the land farthest +from the instructions of the tabernacle and the priesthood. When we consider that the +practice of human sacrifice was universal in the ancient world, and that not only captives +taken in war but also the children of the worshipers were offered (2 Kings 3. 26, 27; Mic. +6. 7), this fact is a remarkable evidence of the elevating power of the Israelite worship.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a href="images/i-054-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-054.jpg" width="500" height="369" alt="MODERN JERUSALEM." title="" /></a> +</div> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span></p> + +<h2><span class="smcap">Fifth Study.</span></h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>THE RISE OF THE ISRAELITE EMPIRE.</div> + + +<p>The coronation of Saul (B. C. 1095) marks an epoch in +the history of Israel. From that point, for five hundred years, +the chosen people were under the rule of kings.</p> + +<p>I. <b>THE CAUSES LEADING TO THE MONARCHY.</b> +The kingdom was not an accidental nor a sudden +event. There had been a gradual preparation for it through +all the period of the judges.</p> + +<p>1. Note the <b>tendency toward settled government</b>. In +the time of Gideon the people desired him to become a king +(Judg. 8. 22, 23). His son attempted to make himself a +king, but failed (Judg. 9). We find judges setting up a semi-royal +state, and making marriages for their children outside of +their tribe (Judg. 12. 9, 13, 14). Judges associating their sons +with themselves (Judg. 10. 4; 1 Sam. 8. 1, 2). All these show +a monarchical trend in the time.</p> + +<p>2. Another cause was the <b>consolidation of the surrounding +nations</b>. In the days of the conquest there were +few kings in the lands neighboring Palestine. We read of +"lords" and "elders," but no kings, among the Philistines, +the Moabites, the Ammonites, and the Phenicians (Judg. 3. +3; 1 Sam. 5. 8; Num. 22. 7). But a wave of revolution +swept over all those lands, as about the same time over +Greece; and very soon we find that every nation around Israel +had its king (1 Sam. 21. 10; 11. 1; 22. 3; 2 Sam. 5. 11). +The movement of Israel toward monarchy was in accordance +with this spirit.</p> + +<p>3. There was a <b>danger of invasion</b>, which impelled the +Israelites to seek for a stronger government (1 Sam. 12. 12). +They felt themselves weak, while other nations were organized +for conquest, and desired a king for leader in war.</p> + +<p>4. Then, too, the <b>rule of Samuel</b> led the Israelites to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> +desire a better organization of the government. For twenty +years they had enjoyed the benefit of a wise, strong, and +steady rule. They felt unwilling to risk the dangers of tribal +dissension after the death of Samuel, and therefore they sought +for a king.</p> + +<p>5. But underlying all was the <b>worldly ambition</b> of the +people. They were not willing to remain the people of God, +and work out a peculiar destiny. They wished to be like the +nations around, to establish a secular state, to conquer an +empire for themselves (1 Sam. 8. 5-20). It was this worldly +spirit, whose results Samuel saw, which made him unwilling +to accede to the wish of the Israelites. But the very things +against which he warned them (1 Sam. 8. 11-18) were just +what they desired.</p> + +<p>II. <b>THE CHARACTER OF THE ISRAELITE +KINGDOM.</b> When men change their plans God changes +his. He desired Israel to remain a republic, and not to enter +into worldly relations and aims. When, however, the Israelites +were determined, God gave them a king (1 Sam. 8. 22); +but his rule was not to be like that of the nations around Israel. +We ascertain the divine ideal of a kingdom for his +chosen people:</p> + +<p>1. <b>It was a theocratic kingdom.</b> That is, it recognized +God as the supreme ruler, and the king as his representative, +to rule in accordance with his will, and not by his +own right. Only as people and king conformed to this principle +could the true aims of the kingdom be accomplished +(1 Sam. 12. 13-15). And if the king should deviate from this +order, he should lose his throne. Disobedience to the divine +will caused the kingdom to pass from the family of Saul to +that of David (1 Sam. 13. 13, 14; 15. 26).</p> + +<p>2. <b>It was a constitutional kingdom.</b> The rights of +the people were carefully guaranteed, and there was a written +constitution (1 Sam. 10. 25). Nearly all the Oriental countries +have always been governed by absolute monarchs; but Israel<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> +was an exception to this rule. The people could demand +their rights from Rehoboam (1 Kings 12. 3, 4). Ahab could +not take away nor even buy Naboth's vineyard against its +owner's will (1 Kings 21. 1-3). No doubt the rights of the +people were often violated; but the violation was contrary to +the spirit of the monarchy.</p> + +<p>3. <b>It was regulated by the prophets.</b> The order of +prophets had a regular standing in the Israelite state. The +prophet was a check upon the power of the king, as a representative +both of God's will and the people's rights. He +spoke not only of his own opinions, but by the authority of +God. Notice instances of the boldness of prophets in rebuking +kings (1 Sam. 15. 16-23; 2 Sam. 12. 1-7; 1 Kings +13. 1-6; 17. 1; 22. 7-17). The order of prophets was +like the House of Commons, between the king and the +people.</p> + +<p>III. <b>THE REIGN OF SAUL.</b> (B. C. 1095-1055.) +1. This may be divided into two parts: 1.) <i>a period of prosperity</i>, +during which Saul ruled well, and freed Israel from its +oppressors on every side (1 Sam. 14. 47, 48); 2.) then a <i>period +of decline</i>, in which Saul's kingdom seems to be falling in +pieces, and only preserved by the prowess and ability of +David. After David's exile the Philistines again overran Israel, +and Saul's reign ended in defeat and death.</p> + +<p>2. We observe that Saul's reign was <b>a failure</b>, and left +the tribes in worse condition than it found them. 1.) He +failed <i>in uniting the tribes</i>; for tribal jealousies continued +(1 Sam. 10. 27), and at the close of his reign broke out anew +in the establishment of rival thrones (2 Sam. 2. 4, 8, 9). 2.) +He failed <i>in making friends</i>. He alienated Samuel, and with +him the order of prophets (1 Sam. 15. 35); he alienated David, +the ablest young man of his age, and the rising hope of +Israel, and drove him into exile (1 Sam. 21. 10); he alienated +the entire order of the priests, and caused many of them +to be massacred (1 Sam. 22. 18). 3.) He failed <i>to advance<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> +religion</i>; left the tabernacle in ruins; left the ark in seclusion; +broke up the service; and drove the priests whom he +did not murder into exile (1 Sam. 22. 20-23). 4.) He failed +<i>to liberate Israel</i>; at his death the yoke of the Philistines was +more severe than ever before (1 Sam. 31. 1-7). The most +charitable view of Saul was that he was insane during the +latter years of his life. The cause of his failure was a desire +to reign as an absolute monarch, and an unwillingness to submit +to the constitution of the realm.</p> + +<p>IV. <b>THE REIGN OF DAVID.</b> (B. C. 1055-1015.) +This was a brilliant period; for it was led by a great man, in +nearly every respect the greatest after Moses in Israelite +history.</p> + +<p>1. Notice the <b>condition of Israel at his accession</b>. +This will throw into relief the greatness of his character and +his achievements.</p> + +<p>1.) It was a <i>subject people</i>; under Philistine yoke; its warriors +slain; many of its cities deserted; David himself probably +at first tributary to the King of Gath.</p> + +<p>2.) It was a <i>disorganized people</i>. The tribes were divided; +national unity was lost; and two thrones were set up, one at +Hebron, the other at Mahanaim (2 Sam. 2. 4-9).</p> + +<p>3.) It was a <i>people without religion</i>. The tabernacle was +gone; the ark was in neglect; there was no altar and no sacrifice; +the priests had been slain.</p> + +<p>We can scarcely imagine Israel at a lower ebb than when +David was called to the throne.</p> + +<p>2. We ascertain <b>David's achievements</b>; the results of +his reign. 1.) <i>He united the tribes.</i> At first crowned king by +Judah only, later he was made king over all the tribes, by +the desire of all (2 Sam. 5. 1-5). During his reign we find +but little trace of the old feud between Ephraim and Judah, +though it was not dead, and destined yet to rend the kingdom +asunder.</p> + +<p>2.) <i>He subjugated the land.</i> The conquest of Palestine,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> +left incomplete by Joshua, and delayed for three hundred +years, was finished at last by David in the capture of +Jebus or Jerusalem (2 Sam. 5. 6, 7), in the overthrow of +the Philistines (2 Sam. 5. 17-25), and in the final capture of +their capital city (1 +Chron. 18. 1). At +last Israel was possessor +of its own +land.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 227px;"> +<a href="images/i-059-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-059.jpg" width="227" height="400" alt="EMPIRE OF DAVID" title="" /></a> +</div> + +<p>3.) <i>He organized +the government.</i> He +established a capital +(2 Sam. 5. 9). He +built a palace (2 +Sam. 5. 11). Notice +that the builders +were from Tyre, +showing that the Israelites +were not advanced +in the arts. +He established a system +of government, +with officers in the +court and throughout +the realm (1 +Chron. 27. 25-34). +Contrast all this with +Saul, who ruled from +his tent, like a Bedouin +sheik.</p> + +<p>4.) <i>He established +an army.</i> There was a royal body-guard, probably of foreigners, +like that of many European kings in modern times (2 Sam. +8. 18; 15. 18). There was a band of heroes, like Arthur's +Round Table (2 Sam. 23. 8-39). There was "the host," the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> +available military force, divided into twelve divisions, one on +duty each month (1 Chron. 27. 1-15).</p> + +<p>5.) <i>He established religion.</i> No sooner was David on the +throne than he brought the ark out of its hiding-place, and +gave it a new home in his capital (1 Chron. 16. 1). The +priesthood was organized, and divided into courses for the +service of the tabernacle (1 Chron. 23. 27-32; 24. 1-19). +He wrote many psalms, and caused others to be written, for +the worship of God. Two prophets stood by his throne +(1 Chron. 29. 29), and two high-priests stood by the altar +(1 Chron. 24. 3). This organization and uplifting of the public +worship had a great effect upon the kingdom.</p> + +<p>6.) <i>He conquered all the surrounding nations.</i> These wars +were largely forced upon David by the jealousy of the neighboring +kingdoms. In turn his armies conquered and annexed +to his dominions the land of the Philistines (1 Chron. 18. 1), +Moab (2 Sam. 8. 2), Syria, even to the great river Euphrates +(2 Sam. 8. 3-6); Edom (2 Sam. 8. 14), Ammon, and the country +east of Palestine (2 Sam. 10. 1-14; 12. 26-31). The +empire of David thus extended from the frontier of Egypt to +the Euphrates River, fulfilling the promise of Josh 1. 4. It +was at least six times the area of the twelve tribes.</p> + +<p>7.) We may add that <i>he reigned as a theocratic king</i>. He +realized more than any other monarch the divine ideal of a +ruler, and so was "the man after God's own heart" (1 Sam. +13. 14); if not altogether in personal character, yet in the +principles of his government. He respected the rights of his +subjects, had a sympathy for all people, obeyed the voice of +the prophets, and sought the interests of God's cause.<a name="FNanchor_G_7" id="FNanchor_G_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_G_7" class="fnanchor">[G]</a></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p> + +<div class='bo'>Blackboard Outline.</div> + +<div class='bbox'> +<div class='hang1'> <b>I. Cau. lea. Mon.</b> 1. Ten. tow. set. gov. 2. Con. sur. nat. 3. Dan. inv. 4. Ru. Sam. 5. Wor. am. peo.<br /></div> +<br /> + <b>II. Char. Isr. Kin.</b> 1. Theo. kin. 2. Cons. kin. 3. Reg. by pro.<br /> +<br /> +<div class='hang1'><b>III. Rei. Sau.</b> 1. Pros. and Dec. 2. Fai. 1.) Un. tri. 2.) Mak. fri. 3.) Adv. rel. 4.) Lib. Isr.<br /></div> +<br /> +<div class='hang1'> <b>IV. Rei. Dav.</b> 1. Con. Isr. acc. 1.) Sub. 2.) Dis. 3.) Wit. rel. 2. Dav. Achiev. 1.) Uni. tri. 2.) Sub. la. 3.) Org. gov. 4.) Est. ar. 5.) Est. rel. 6.) Conq. surr. nat. 7.) Rei. theo. kin.<br /> +</div></div> + + +<div class='bo'>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.</div> + +<div class='blockquot'> +<p>What event marks an epoch in Israelite history? What were the causes +leading to the monarchy? What events in the period of the judges show +a tendency toward settled government? What changes in government in +the surrounding nations helped to bring on the monarchy in Israel? From +what source did external danger lead the Israelites to desire a king? How +had Samuel unconsciously helped to prepare the way for a kingdom? What +worldly spirit promoted the same result?</p> + +<p>What kind of a kingdom did God intend for Israel? What is a theocratic +kingdom? Wherein was Israel an exception among Oriental kingdoms? +By what institution was the kingdom regulated? Name some +instances of prophets rebuking kings.</p> + +<p>Into what two parts may Saul's reign be divided? Wherein was Saul a +failure? How did he fail in gaining and holding friends?</p> + +<p>What was the condition of Israel when David came to the throne? +What were the achievements of David? What great incomplete work did +David finish? What did he do in the organization of his kingdom? +What was the arrangement of his army? What were his services to the +cause of religion? What nations did he conquer? What was the extent +of his empire? In what spirit did he rule?</p> +</div> + +<div class='bo'>Subjects for Special Papers.</div> + +<div class='special'> +<span class="smcap">How the Republic became a Monarchy.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Early Life of David.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">David as Hero, Statesman, and Poet.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">David's Training for the Throne.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Samuel, the Founder of the Prophetic Order.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Causes and Results of Absalom's Rebellion.</span><br /> +<br /><br /></div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_G_7" id="Footnote_G_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_G_7"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> With regard to David's crimes against Uriah and his wife, note that no other ancient +monarch would have hesitated to commit such an act, or would have cared for it afterward; +while David submitted to the prophet's rebuke, publicly confessed his sin, and +showed every token of a true repentance.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span></p> + +<h2><span class="smcap">Sixth Study.</span></h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>THE GOLDEN AGE OF ISRAEL.</div> + + +<p>The reign of Solomon (B. C. 1015-975) may be regarded +as the culminating period in the history of Israel. But, +strictly speaking, the latter part of David's reign and only the +former part of Solomon's constitute "the golden age of +Israel;" for Solomon's later years manifested a decline, which +after his death rapidly grew to a fall.</p> + +<p>I. <b>THE REIGN OF SOLOMON.</b></p> + +<p>1. <b>His claim to the throne.</b> He was one of the youngest +of David's sons, the second child of Bath-sheba, born during +the culmination of David's reign (1 Chron. 22. 7-9). He +obtained the throne by the decree of David, by the choice of +God, as the one among David's children best fitted to reign +(1 Chron. 28. 5, 6). The principle of primogeniture, or the +special right of the eldest son, was not fixed in those times.</p> + +<p>2. <b>His accession</b> was marked by the execution of three +men, Adonijah (1 Kings 2. 24, 25), Joab (1 Kings 2. 28-34), +and Shimei (1 Kings 2. 36-46). Two of these had conspired +against him, and the third was the last survivor of the house +of Saul, and a possible rival for the throne. Their death was +dictated by policy, and probably by justice. His throne +would not be secure while these men lived.</p> + +<p>3. <b>His empire</b> embraced all the lands from the Red Sea +to the Euphrates, and from the Mediterranean to the Syrian +desert, except Phenicia, which was isolated by the Lebanon +Mountains. 1.) Besides Palestine he ruled over Edom, +Moab, Ammon, Syria (here referring to the district having +Damascus as its capital), Zobah, and Hamath. 2.) On the +Gulf of Akaba, Ezion-geber was his southern port (1 Kings +9. 26); on the Mediterranean, Gaza (Azzah) was his limit; +in the extreme north, Tiphsah, by the Euphrates (1 Kings 4. +24); in the desert, Tadmor, afterward Palmyra (1 Kings 9. 18).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span></p> + +<p>4. <b>His foreign relations</b> were extensive, for the first and +only time in the history of Israel. 1.) His earliest treaty was +<i>with Tyre</i> (Phenicia), whose king had been his father's friend +(1 Kings 5. 1). What this alliance brought to Solomon (1 +Kings 5. 6-10; 2 Chron. 2. 3-14). 2.) His relations <i>with +Egypt</i>; in commerce (1 Kings 10. 28, 29); in marriage, a +bold departure from Israelite customs (1 Kings 3. 1). Probably +Psalm 45 was written upon this event. 3.) <i>With Arabia</i>, +the land bordering on the southern end of the Red Sea (1 +Kings 10. 1-10, 14, 15). 4.) <i>With India</i>, which is probably +referred to in 1 Kings 9. 26-28. 5.) <i>With Spain</i>, probably +meant in 1 Kings 10. 22.</p> + +<p>5. <b>His buildings.</b> 1.) Of these the greatest, the most +costly, and the most famous was <i>the temple</i> (1 Kings 6. 1). +With this building notice: (<i>a</i>) The courts and open square, +with an inner court inside for the priests only (2 Chron 4. 9). +(<i>b</i>) The porch (2 Chron 3. 4). (<i>c</i>) The holy place (2 Chron. +3. 8; 1 Kings 6. 17). (<i>d</i>) The holy of holies (1 Kings 6. 19, +20). (<i>e</i>) The chambers for the priests (1 Kings 6. 5, 6). 2.) +<i>His own palace</i>, situated south of the temple precincts, in the +district called Ophel. Its name derived from its columned +entrance (1 Kings 7. 1, 2). 3.) <i>His fortified cities</i> (1 Kings +9. 17-19). 4.) <i>His aqueducts</i>, some of which may still be seen +(Eccl. 2. 4-6). No King of Israel ever built so many public +works as did Solomon.</p> + +<p>6. But all was not bright in the reign of Solomon. We +must notice also <b>his sins</b>, for they wrought great results of +evil in the after years. 1.) That which led to all his other +sins was <i>foreign marriages</i> (1 Kings 11. 1-4). These +were the natural and inevitable result of his foreign relations, +and were probably effected for political reasons as well as to +add to the splendor of his court. 2.) His <i>toleration of idolatry</i>, +perhaps actual participation in it (1 Kings 11. 5-8). We +cannot over-estimate the harm of Solomon's influence in this +direction. At once it allied him with the lower and evil<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> +elements in the nation, and lost to him the sympathy of all the +earnest souls.<a name="FNanchor_H_8" id="FNanchor_H_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_H_8" class="fnanchor">[H]</a> 3.) Another of Solomon's sins, not named in +Scripture, but referred to in many legends of the East, was +his <i>devotion to magical arts</i>. He appears in Oriental traditions +as the great master of forces in the invisible world, engaging +in practices forbidden by the law of Moses (Lev. 19. 31; +Deut. 18. 10, 11).</p> + +<p>II. <b>GENERAL ASPECTS OF ISRAEL IN THE +REIGN OF SOLOMON.</b></p> + +<p>1. <b>It was a period of peace.</b> For sixty years there +were no wars. This gave opportunity for development, for +wealth, and for culture.</p> + +<p>2. <b>It was a period of strong government.</b> The age of +individual and tribal energy was ended, and now all the life of +the nation was gathered around the throne. All the tribes were +held under one strong hand; tribal lines were ignored in the +government of the empire (1 Kings 4. 7-19); every department +was organized.</p> + +<p>3. <b>It was a period of wide empire.</b> It was Israel's opportunity +for power in the East; for the old Chaldean empire +had broken up, the new Assyrian empire had not arisen, +and Egypt was passing through a change of rulers and was +weak. For one generation Israel held the supremacy in the +Oriental world.</p> + +<p>4. <b>It was a period of abundant wealth.</b> (1 Kings 3. +12, 13; 4. 20; 10. 23, 27.) The sources of this wealth were: +1.) The <i>conquests</i> of David, who had plundered many nations +and left his accumulated riches to Solomon (1 Chron. +22. 14-16). 2.) The <i>tribute</i> of the subject kingdoms, doubtless +heavy (1 Kings 10. 25). 3.) <i>Commerce</i> with foreign +countries, Egypt, Arabia, Tarshish, and Ophir, in ancient +times was not carried on by private enterprise, but by the +government. The <i>trade</i> of the East from Egypt and Tyre +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>passed through Solomon's dominions, enriching the land. +4.) There were also <i>taxes</i> laid upon the people (1 Kings 4. 7; +12. 4). 5.) The erection of <i>public buildings</i> must have enriched +many private citizens and made money plenty.</p> + +<p>5. <b>It was a period of literary activity.</b> The books +written during this epoch were Samuel, Psalms (in part), +Proverbs (in part), and perhaps Ecclesiastes and Solomon's +Song. Not all the writings of Solomon have been preserved +(1 Kings 4. 32, 33).</p> + +<p>III. <b>DANGERS OF THE PERIOD.</b> There was an +Arabian tradition that in Solomon's staff, on which he leaned, +there was a worm secretly gnawing it asunder. So there were +elements of destruction under all the splendor of Solomon's +throne.</p> + +<p>1. <b>The absolute power of the king.</b> David had maintained +the theocratic constitution of the state; Solomon set +it aside and ruled with absolute power in all departments. He +assumed priestly functions (1 Kings 8. 22, 54, 64); he abolished +tribal boundaries in his administration (1 Kings 4. 7-19); +he ignored both priests and prophets, and concentrated +all rule in his own person.</p> + +<p>2. <b>The formal character of the worship.</b> There was +a magnificent temple and a gorgeous ritual, but none of the +warmth and personal devotion which characterized the worship +of David. The fervor of the Davidic psalms is wanting +in the literature of Solomon's age.</p> + +<p>3. <b>Luxury and corruption of morals.</b> These are the +inevitable results of abundant riches and worldly association. +We do not need the warnings in Prov. 2. 16-19; 5. 3-6, etc., to +know that a flood of immorality swept over Jerusalem and Israel.</p> + +<p>4. <b>The burden of taxation.</b> With a splendid court, an +immense harem, and a wealthy nobility came high prices and +high taxes; the rich growing richer rapidly, the poor becoming +poorer. The events of the next reign show how heavy +and unendurable these burdens grew.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span></p> + +<p>5. <b>Heathen customs.</b> With the foreign peoples came +the toleration of idolatry, its encouragement, and all the abominations +connected with it. Jeroboam could not have established +his new religion (1 Kings 12. 28) if Solomon had not +already patronized idol-worship.</p> + +<p>6. Underlying all was the old <b>tribal jealousy</b> of Ephraim +and Judah, fostered by an able leader (1 Kings 11. 26), ready +to break out in due time, and to destroy the empire.</p> + +<p>After all, it is uncertain whether the reign of Solomon was +a golden or only a gilded age.</p> + + +<div class='bo'>Blackboard Outline.</div> + +<div class='bbox'> +<div class='hang1'><b> I. Rei. Sol.</b> 1. Cl. thr. 2. Acc. 3. Emp. [Lands. Cities] 4. For. rel. 1.) Ty. 2.) Eg. 3.) Ar. 4.) Ind. 5.) Sp. 5. Buil. 1.) Tem. 2.) Pal. 3.) For. cit. 4.) Aque. 6. Sins 1.) For. mar. 2.) Tol. idol. 3.) Mag.<br /> +</div><br /> +<div class='hang1'><b> II. Gen. Asp. Isr.</b> 1. Pea. 2. Str. gov. 3. Abun. weal. 1.) Conq. 2.) Trib. 3.) Com. 4.) Tax. 5). Pub. build. 5. Lit. art.<br /> +</div><br /> +<div class='hang1'><b>III. Dan. Per.</b> 1. Abs. pow. 2. For. wor. 3. Lux. cor. mor. 4. Bur. tax. 5. Hea. cus. 6. Tri. jeal.<br /> +</div></div> + + +<div class='bo'>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.</div> + +<div class='quest'> +What is meant by the Golden Age of Israel?<br /> +Who was Solomon?<br /> +How did Solomon obtain the throne?<br /> +What events marked his accession?<br /> +What lands were included in his empire?<br /> +What were the frontier cities of the empire?<br /> +With what foreign countries did Solomon have relations?<br /> +What resulted from his alliance with Tyre?<br /> +What innovation came from Egypt?<br /> +Who visited Solomon from Arabia?<br /> +What were the early names of Spain and India?<br /> +What four classes of buildings were erected by Solomon?<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span>What were the different parts of his temple?<br /> +What was the name given to Solomon's palace?<br /> +Name some of the cities which he built and fortified.<br /> +What other public works did he build?<br /> +What three kinds of sin did Solomon commit?<br /> +What was his motive in seeking foreign marriages?<br /> +Name five general aspects of Israel in Solomon's reign.<br /> +What were the benefits of the peace at that time?<br /> +What was the characteristic of Solomon's administration?<br /> +What opportunity did the age give to a great empire for Israel?<br /> +What were the sources of the wealth in Solomon's age?<br /> +How was it a period of literary activity?<br /> +What ancient legend illustrates the dangers of Solomon's age?<br /> +What were some of these dangers?<br /> +Wherein did Solomon set aside the Israelite constitution?<br /> +What was the defect in the religion of Solomon's time?<br /> +What evils resulted from the wealth of that time?<br /> +What caused heavy taxation?<br /> +What heathen customs were introduced?<br /> +What showed that tribal jealousy was still existing?<br /> +</div> + + +<div class='bo'>Subjects for Special Papers.</div> + +<div class='special'> +<span class="smcap">The Character of Solomon.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Was an Empire for Israel Desirable?</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Writings of Solomon.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Tarshish and Ophir.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Temple of Solomon.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Solomon in Oriental Legends.</span><br /> +<br /><br /></div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_H_8" id="Footnote_H_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_H_8"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> Notice that while the prophets had been friendly to David, they were strongly opposed +to Solomon, and gave aid to his enemy Jeroboam (1 Kings 11. 29-39).</p></div> +</div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 331px;"> +<a href="images/i-068-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-068.jpg" width="331" height="500" alt="THE DIVISION OF SOLOMON'S EMPIRE." title="" /></a> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span></p> + +<h2><span class="smcap">Seventh Study.</span></h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>THE RIVAL THRONES.—ISRAEL.</div> + + +<p>The splendors of Solomon's reign passed away even more +suddenly than they arose. In less than a year after his death +his empire was broken up, and two quarreling principalities +were all that was left of Israel.</p> + +<p>I. Let us ascertain the <b>CAUSES OF THE DIVISION +OF ISRAEL</b>. These were:</p> + +<p>1. <b>The oppressive government of Solomon.</b> (1 Kings +12. 3, 4.) How far the complaints of the people were just, +and to what degree they were the pretexts of an ambitious +demagogue, we have no means of knowing. But it is evident +that the government of Solomon, with its court, its palaces, +its buildings, and its splendor, must have borne heavily upon +the people. Probably, also, the luxury of living among the +upper classes, so suddenly introduced, led to financial crises +and stringency of money, for which the government was held +responsible by the discontented people.</p> + +<p>2. <b>The opposition of the prophets.</b> (1 Kings 11. 11-13, +29-33.) It is a suggestive fact that the prophets were opposed +to Solomon and friendly to Jeroboam. Their reason +was a strong resentment to the foreign alliances, foreign customs, +and especially to the foreign idolatries which Solomon +introduced.</p> + +<p>3. <b>Foreign intrigues</b>, especially in Egypt. The old +kingdoms were not friendly to this Israelite empire, which +loomed up so suddenly, and threatened to conquer all the +East. Solomon's attempt to win the favor of Egypt by a royal +marriage (1 Kings 3. 1) was a failure, for two enemies of Solomon, +driven out of his dominions, found refuge in Egypt, +were admitted to the court, married relatives of the king, and +stirred up conspiracies against Solomon's throne (1 Kings 11. +14-22, 40). Another center of conspiracy was Damascus,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> +where Rezon kept up a semi-independent relation to Solomon's +empire (1 Kings 11. 23-25).</p> + +<p>4. <b>Tribal jealousy</b>; the old sore broken out again. +Notice that Jeroboam belonged to the haughty tribe of Ephraim +(1 Kings 11. 26), always envious of Judah, and restless +under the throne of David. The kingdom of the ten tribes +was established mainly through the influence of this tribe.</p> + +<p>5. <b>The ambition of Jeroboam</b> was another force in the +disruption. It was unfortunate for Solomon's kingdom that +the ablest young man of that time in Israel, a wily political +leader and an unscrupulous partisan, belonged to the tribe +of Ephraim, and from his environment was an enemy of the +then existing government. The fact that he was sent for +from Egypt to the assembly at Shechem showed collusion +and preparation of the scheme (1 Kings 12. 2, 3).</p> + +<p>6. But even all these causes might have been insufficient +but for <b>the folly of Rehoboam</b> (1 Kings 12. 13, 14). If +David had been on the throne that day an empire might have +been saved. But Rehoboam, brought up in the purple, was +without sympathy with the people, tried to act the part of a +tyrant, and lost his ancestral realm (1 Kings 12. 16).</p> + +<p>II. <b>THE RESULTS OF THE DIVISION.</b> These +were partly political, partly religious, and were neither of unmixed +good nor unmixed evil.</p> + +<p>1. The <b>political results</b> were: 1.) The entire <i>disruption</i> +of Solomon's empire. Five kingdoms took the place of one; +Syria on the north, Israel in the center, Judah west of +the Dead Sea, Moab east of the Dead Sea, and Edom +on the extreme south. Moab was nominally subject to +Israel, and Edom to Judah; but only strong kings, like +Ahab in Israel and Jehoshaphat in Judah, could exact the +tribute (2 Kings 3. 4; 1 Kings 22. 47). 2.) With the +loss of empire came <i>rivalry</i>, and consequent <i>weakness</i>. For +fifty years Israel and Judah were at war, and spent their +strength in civil strife, while Syria was growing powerful,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> +and afar in the north-east Assyria was threatening. 3.) As +a natural result came at last <i>foreign domination</i>. Both Israel +and Judah fell under the power of other nations, and were +swept into captivity as the final result of the disruption +wrought by Jeroboam.</p> + +<p>2. <b>The religious results</b> of the division were more favorable. +They were: 1.) <i>Preservation of the true religion.</i> A +great empire would inevitably have been the spiritual ruin of +Israel, for it must have been worldly, secular, and, in the end, +idolatrous. The disruption broke off relation with the world, +put an end to schemes of secular empire, and placed Israel +and Judah once more alone among their mountains. In this +sense the event was from the Lord, who had higher and more +enduring purposes than an earthly empire (1 Kings 12. 15-24). +2.) <i>Protection of the true religion.</i> Israel on the north stood +as a "buffer," warding off the world from Judah on the south. +It was neither wholly idolatrous nor wholly religious, but +was a debatable land for centuries. It fell at last, but it saved +Judah; and in Judah was the unconscious hope of the world. +3.) <i>Concentration of the true religion.</i> The departure of Israel +from the true faith led to the gathering of the priests, Levites +and worshiping element of the people in Judah (2 Chron. 11. +13-16). Thus the Jewish kingdom was far more devoted to +Jehovah than it might otherwise have been.</p> + +<p>III. <b>THE KINGDOM OF ISRAEL.</b> From the +division the name <i>Israel</i> was applied to the northern kingdom +and <i>Judah</i> to the southern. We notice the general +aspects of Israel during its history, from B. C. 975 to 721.</p> + +<p>1. <b>Its extent.</b> It embraced all the territory of the twelve +tribes except Judah and a part of Benjamin (1 Kings 12. +19-21), held a nominal supremacy over Moab east of the +Dead Sea, and embraced about 9,375 square miles, while +Judah included only 3,435. Israel was about equal in area +to Massachusetts and Rhode Island together.</p> + +<p>2. <b>Its capital</b> was at first <i>Shechem</i>, in the center of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> +land (1 Kings 12. 25); then, during several reigns, at <i>Tirzah</i> +(1 Kings 15. 33; 16. 23); then at <i>Samaria</i> (1 Kings 16. 24), +where it remained until the end of the kingdom. That city +after a time gave its name to the kingdom (1 Kings 21. 1), +and after the fall of the kingdom to the province in the center +of Palestine (John 4. 3, 4).</p> + +<p>3. <b>Its religion.</b> 1.) Very soon after the institution of the +new kingdom Jeroboam established a national religion, the +<i>worship of the calves</i> (1 Kings 12. 26-33). This was not a +new form of worship, but had been maintained in Israel ever +since the Exodus (Exod. 32. 1-4). In character it was a +modified idolatry, half-way between the pure religion and the +abominations of the heathen. 2.) Ahab and his house introduced +the Phenician <i>worship of Baal</i>, an idolatry of the most +abominable and immoral sort (1 Kings 16. 30-33), but it never +gained control in Israel, and was doubtless one cause of +the revolution which placed another family on the throne. +3.) Through the history of Israel there remained a remnant +of <i>worshipers of Jehovah</i>, who were watched over by a noble +array of prophets, and though often persecuted remained +faithful (1 Kings 19. 14, 18).</p> + +<p>4. <b>Its rulers.</b> During two hundred and fifty years Israel +was governed by nineteen kings, with intervals of anarchy. +Five houses in turn held sway, each established by a usurper, +generally a soldier, and each dynasty ending in a murder.</p> + +<p>1.) <i>The House of Jeroboam</i> (B. C. 974 to 953), with two +kings, followed by a general massacre of Jeroboam's family +(1 Kings 15. 29, 30).</p> + +<p>2.) <i>The House of Baasha</i> (B. C. 953-929), two kings, followed +by a civil war (1 Kings 16. 16-22).</p> + +<p>3.) <i>The House of Omri</i> (B. C. 929-884), four kings, of whom +Omri and Ahab were the most powerful. This was the age +of the prophet Elijah and the great struggle between the worship +of Jehovah and of Baal (1 Kings 18. 4-21).</p> + +<p>4.) <i>The House of Jehu</i> (B. C. 884-772), five kings, under<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> +whom were great changes of fortune. The reign of Jehoahaz +saw Israel reduced to a mere province of Syria (2 Kings 13. +1-9). His son Joash threw off the Syrian yoke, and <i>his</i> son, +Jeroboam II., raised Israel almost to its condition of empire +in the days of Solomon (2 Kings 14. 23-29). His reign is +called "the Indian summer of Israel."</p> + +<p>5.) <i>The House of Menahem</i> (B. C. 772-759), two reigns. Israel +had by this time fallen under the power of Assyria, now +dominant over the East, and its history is the story of kings +rising and falling in rapid succession, with long intervals of +anarchy. From the fall of this dynasty there was only the +semblance of a state until the final destruction of Samaria, +B. C. 721.</p> + +<p>5. <b>Its foreign relations.</b> During the period of the Israelite +kingdom we see lands struggling for the dominion of the +East. The history of Israel is interwoven with that of Syria +and Assyria, which may now be read from the monuments.</p> + +<p>1.) There was a <i>Period of Division</i> (B. C. 975-929). During +the reign of the houses of Jeroboam and Baasha there were +constant wars between Israel, Syria, and Judah; and as a result +all were kept weak, and "a balance of power" was maintained.</p> + +<p>2.) Then followed a <i>Period of Alliance</i> (B. C. 929-884)—that +is, between Israel and Judah, during the sway of the +House of Omri. The two lands were in friendly relations, +and the two thrones were connected by marriages. As +a result both Israel and Judah were strong, Moab and +Edom were kept under control, and Syria was held in check.</p> + +<p>3.) Next came the <i>Period of Syrian Ascendency</i> (B. C. +884-840). During the first two reigns of the House of Jehu +Syria rose to great power tinder Hazael, and overran both +Israel and Judah. At one time Israel was in danger of utter +destruction, but was preserved. Near the close of these periods +the dying prophecy of Elisha was uttered (2 Kings 13. +14-25).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span></p> + +<p>4.) <i>The Period of Israelite Ascendency</i> (B. C. 840-772). Israel +under Jeroboam II. took its turn of power, and for a +brief period was again dominant to the Euphrates, as in the +days of Solomon.</p> + +<p>5.) <i>The Period of Assyrian Ascendency</i> (B. C. 772-721). But +its glory soon faded away before that of Assyria, which was +now rapidly becoming the empire of the East. Its rise meant +the fall of Israel; and under the unfortunate Hoshea Samaria +was taken, what was left of the ten tribes were carried +captive, and the kingdom of Israel was extinguished (2 Kings +17. 1-6).</p> + +<p>IV. <b>THE FATE OF THE TEN TRIBES.</b> There +has been much idle discussion over this subject and some +absurd claims set up; for example, that the Anglo-Saxon race +are descended from the ten lost tribes—a statement opposed to +all history, to ethnology, and to every evidence of language.</p> + +<p>1. After their deposition nearly all the Israelites, having +lost their national religion and having no bond of union, +<b>mingled with the Gentiles</b> around them and lost their +identity, just as hundreds of other races have done. The +only bond which will keep a nation long alive is that of +religion.</p> + +<p>2. Some remained in Palestine, others returned thither and +formed the <b>nucleus of the Samaritan people</b>, a race of +mingled origin (2 Kings 17. 24-29).</p> + +<p>3. Some of those who remained in the East retained their +religion, or were revived in it, and later became a part of the +<b>Jews of the dispersion</b>; though "the dispersion" was +mainly Jewish, and not Israelite.</p> + +<p>4. A few <b>families united with the Jews</b> returned with +them to Palestine after the exile, yet retained their tribal +relationship; for example, Anna (Luke 2. 36).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span></p> + + +<div class='bo'>Blackboard Outline.</div> + +<div class='bbox'> +<b> I. Cau. Div.</b> 1. Opp. gov. 2. Opp. pro. 3. For. int. 4. Tri. jeal. 5. Am. Jer. 6. Fol. Re.<br /> +<br /> +<b> II. Res. Div.</b> 1. Pol. res. 1.) Dis. emp. 2.) Riv. and weak. 3.) For. dom.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">2. Rel. res. 1.) Pres. rel. 2.) Pro. rel. 3.) Conc. rel.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>III. Kin. Isr.</b> 1. Ext. 9,375.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">2. Cap. 1.) Sh. 2.) Tir. 3.) Sam.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">3. Rel. 1.) Wor. cal. 2.) Wor. Ba. 3.) Wor. Jeh.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">4. Rul. 1.) Hou. Jer. 2.) Hou. Ra. 3.) Hou. Om. 4.) Hou. Je. 5.) Hou. Men.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">5. For. Rel. 1.) Per. Div. 2.) Per. All. 3.) Per. Syr. Asc. 4.) Per. Isr. Asc. 5.) Per. Ass. Asc.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b> IV. Fat. Ten. Tri.</b> 1. Min. Gen. 2. Sam. peo. 3. Disp. 4. Jews.<br /> +</div> + + +<div class='bo'>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.</div> + +<div class='blockquot'> +<p>What causes may be assigned for the division of Israel? How far was +Solomon's government responsible? What was the relation of the prophets +to the revolution? What foreign intrigues contributed to break up the +kingdom? Who were connected with these intrigues? What ancient +jealousy aided, and how? What man led in the breaking up of the kingdom? +Whose folly enabled the plot to succeed?</p> + +<p>What were the political results of the division? What were its religious +results? How was this event from the Lord?</p> + +<p>How long did the new kingdom of Israel last? What was its extent? +What were its three successive capitals? What three forms of religion +were found in it? Who was the first king of the ten tribes? What family +introduced foreign idolatry? How many kings ruled over the ten tribes? +What were the five royal houses? Which house raised Israel almost to +its ancient power? What is this period of prosperity called? Who was +the greatest King of Israel? With what other history is that of Israel interwoven? +What were the five periods in the foreign relations of Israel? +By what kingdom was Israel destroyed? Who was its last king? What +finally became of the ten tribes?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span></p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a href="images/i-076-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-076.jpg" width="600" height="789" alt="CHART OF THE KINGS OF ISRAEL" title="" /></a> +</div> + + +<div class='bo'>Subjects for Special Papers.</div> + +<div class='special'> +<span class="smcap">The History and Traits of the Tribe of Ephraim.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Shechem, and Events connected with it.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Religion of the Ten Tribes.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Queen Jezebel and her Influence.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Mission of Elijah.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Elisha and his Influence.</span><br /> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span></p> + +<h2><span class="smcap">Eighth Study.</span></h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>THE RIVAL THRONES—JUDAH.</div> + + +<p>I. <b>GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE KINGDOM +OF JUDAH.</b></p> + +<p>1. <b>Its territory.</b> It embraced the mountain portion of +the tribe of Judah, from the Dead Sea to the Philistine plain; +a part of Benjamin, in which tribe the larger part of Jerusalem +stood; and also a part of Dan (2 Chron. 11. 10). Simeon +was nominally within its border, but was practically given up +to the Arabians of the desert; Edom was tributary, though +often in rebellion, and finally independent (1 Kings 22. 47; +2 Kings 8. 20); Philistia was outside of its boundary. Its +extent was about 3,435 square miles, about half the area of +Massachusetts.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/i-077-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-077.jpg" width="400" height="284" alt="JUDAH." title="" /></a> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Its government</b> was a monarchy, with but one family +on the throne, the line of David, in direct succession, with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> +the exception of Athaliah's usurpation (2 Kings 11. 1-3), +through nineteen reigns.</p> + +<p>3. <b>Its religion.</b> Through all the history we find two +forms of worship strongly opposed to each other, yet both +rooted in the nation. 1.) The worship of Jehovah through +the temple, the priesthood, and the prophets. 2.) But side +by side with this pure religion was the worship of idols upon +"high places," probably begun as a form of worshiping +Jehovah, but degenerating into gross and immoral idolatry. +There was a struggle going on constantly between these two +elements in the state, the spiritual and the material. Notwithstanding +the efforts of reforming kings like Jehoshaphat, +Hezekiah, and Josiah, the general tendency was downward.</p> + +<p>II. <b>THE DURATION OF THE KINGDOM.</b> The +kingdom lasted from B. C. 975 to 587—more than one hundred +and thirty years longer than Israel. Reasons for its +endurance may have been:</p> + +<p>1. <b>Its retired situation</b>: hemmed in by mountains and +deserts; at a distance from the ordinary lines of travel; not +in the direct path of conquest from any other nation. Judah +had few foreign wars as compared with Israel.</p> + +<p>2. <b>The unity of its people.</b> They were not ten tribes +loosely connected, but one tribe, with a passionate love of their +nation and a pride in their blood.</p> + +<p>3. <b>Its concentration at Jerusalem.</b> Through all its +history there was but one capital, where the palace of the +king and the temple of the Lord were standing together.</p> + +<p>4. <b>The reverence for the House of David</b> also kept +the people together. There was no change in dynasty, and +the loyalty of the people grew stronger through the generations +toward the family on the throne. There being no usurpers, +the throne was permanent until destroyed by foreign +power.</p> + +<p>5. <b>The purity of its religion</b> tended to keep the nation +united, and to keep it in existence. No bond of self-interest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> +or of blood will hold a people together as strongly as the tie +of religion. Judah's strength was in the measure of her +service of God, and when she renounced Jehovah her doom +came speedily.</p> + +<p>III. <b>PERIODS IN THE HISTORY.</b> Though Judah +was not without political contact with other nations, yet its +history is the record of internal events rather than external +relations. We may divide its history into four epochs:</p> + +<p>1. <b>The first decline and revival.</b> (B. C. 975-889.) +1.) The reigns of Rehoboam and Abijah marked a decline +indicated by the Egyptian invasion and the growth of idolatry. +2.) The reign of Asa and Jehoshaphat showed a revival in +reformation, progress, and power. Under Jehoshaphat Judah +was at the height of prosperity. This was the time of peace +with Israel, and of strength at home and abroad (2 Chron. +17. 5; 20. 30).</p> + +<p>2. <b>The second decline and revival.</b> (B. C. 889-682.) +1.) For nearly two hundred years after the death of Jehoshaphat +the course of Judah was downward. Edom was lost +under Jehoram (2 Chron. 21. 8); the Baalite idolatry was introduced +by the usurping queen, Athaliah (2 Kings 11. 18); +the land was again and again invaded under Joash and Amaziah, +and Jerusalem itself was taken and plundered. 2.) But +a great reformation was wrought under Hezekiah, who was +the best and wisest of the kings of Judah, and the kingdom +again rose to power, even daring to throw off the Assyrian +yoke and defy the anger of the mightiest king then on the +earth. At this time came the great event of the destruction +of the Assyrian host (2 Kings 19. 30).</p> + +<p>3. <b>The third decline and revival.</b> (B. C. 682-610.) +1.) The reforms of Hezekiah were short lived, for his son +Manasseh was both the longest in reigning and the wickedest +of the kings, and his late repentance did not stay the tide +of corruption which he had let loose (2 Kings 21. 10-17; 2 +Chron. 33. 1-18). The wickedness of Manasseh's reign was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> +the great moral cause of the kingdom's destruction, for from +it no reform afterward could lift the mass of the people. 2.) +Josiah, the young reformer, attempted the task, but his efforts, +though earnest, were only measurably successful, and after +his untimely death the kingdom hastened to its fall (2 Kings +23. 29).</p> + +<p>4. <b>The final decline and fall.</b> (B. C. 610-587.) 1.) The +political cause of the destruction of the kingdom was the +rise of Babylon. The old Assyrian empire went down about +625 B. C., and a struggle followed between Babylon and +Egypt for the supremacy. Judah took the side of Egypt, +which proved to be the losing side. 2.) After several chastisements +and repeated rebellions Jerusalem was finally destroyed +by Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon, and the kingdom of +Judah was extinguished, B. C. 587.</p> + + +<div class='bo'>Blackboard Outline.</div> + +<div class='bbox'> +<b> I. Gen. Asp. Kin. Jud.</b> 1. Terr. Tri. Jud. 3,435 m. 2. Gov. mon. 3. Rel. 1.) Jeh. 2.) Idol.<br /> +<br /> +<b> II. Dur. Kin.</b> 1. Ret. sit. 2. Un. peo. 3. Conc. Jer. 4. Rev. Ho. Dav. 5. Pur. rel.<br /> +<br /> +<b>III. Per. Hist.</b> 1. Fir. dec. rev. 1.) Dec. Reho. Abi. 2.) Rev. As. Jehosh.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6.5em;">2. Sec. dec. rev. 1.) Dec. 200 y. 2.) Rev. Hez.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6.5em;">3. Thi. dec. rev. 1.) Dec. Man. 2.) Rev. Jos.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6.5em;">4. Fin. dec. fal. 1.) Ris. Bab. 2.) Des. Jer.</span><br /> +</div> + + +<div class='bo'>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.</div> + +<div class='quest'> +What was embraced in the kingdom of Judah?<br /> +What was its area?<br /> +How was it governed?<br /> +What was its religion?<br /> +What was associated with the worship of Jehovah?<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span>What was the religious tendency of the people?<br /> +How long did the kingdom of Judah last?<br /> +What were the causes of this duration?<br /> +What were the periods in its history?<br /> +Under what kings was the first decline?<br /> +Who led in a revival and reformation?<br /> +Who was the greatest of the kings of Judah?<br /> +What took place during the second decline?<br /> +Who was the usurping queen?<br /> +What did this queen try to do?<br /> +Who wrought the second great reformation?<br /> +What was the character of this king?<br /> +What great destruction of Judah's enemies took place at this time?<br /> +Which reign was both longest, wickedest, and most evil in its results?<br /> +Who attempted a third reformation?<br /> +What was the result of his endeavor?<br /> +What was the political cause of the fall of Judah?<br /> +By what nation and by what king was Jerusalem finally destroyed?<br /> +</div> + + +<div class='bo'>Subjects for Special Papers.</div> + +<div class='quest'> +<span class="smcap">History of the Tribe of Judah.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The House of David.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Religion of Judah.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Prophets of Judah.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Ancient Jerusalem.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Kingdom of Judah in Relation to Egypt and Assyria.</span><br /> +<br /><br /></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a href="images/i-082-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-082.jpg" width="500" height="333" alt="SOLOMON'S DOMINIONS, THE KINGDOMS OF JUDAH & ISRAEL AND THE LANDS of the CAPTIVITIES" title="" /></a> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span></p> +<h2><span class="smcap">Ninth Study.</span></h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>THE CAPTIVITY OF JUDAH.</div> + + +<p>I. We must distinguish between the <b>CAPTIVITY OF +ISRAEL</b>, or the ten tribes, and <b>THAT OF JUDAH</b>.</p> + +<p>1. The captivity of Israel took place B. C. 721, that of Judah +B. C. 587. The southern kingdom lasted one hundred +and thirty-four years longer than the northern.</p> + +<p>2. Israel was taken captive by the Assyrians under Sargon; +Judah by the Chaldeans under Nebuchadnezzar.</p> + +<p>3. Israel was taken to the lands south of the Caspian Sea +(2 Kings 17. 6); Judah to Chaldea, by the river Euphrates +(Psa. 137. 1).</p> + +<p>4. Israel never returned from its captivity, which was the +end of its history; but Judah was brought back from its +captivity and again became a flourishing state, though subject +to foreign nations during most of its after history.</p> + +<p>II. There were <b>THREE CAPTIVITIES</b> of Judah, +all in one generation and all under one Chaldean king, Nebuchadnezzar:</p> + +<p>1. <b>Jehoiakim's captivity.</b> (B. C. 607.) Jehoiakim was +the son of Josiah, placed upon the throne after the battle of +Megiddo, in which Josiah perished (2 Kings 23. 34). In the +war between Pharaoh-nechoh of Egypt and Nebuchadnezzar +(then joint king of Babylon with his father Nabopolassar) +Jehoiakim, as a vassal of Nechoh, aided the Egyptians. After +the defeat of Nechoh, Nebuchadnezzar marched to punish Jehoiakim. +He was called away from the siege of Jerusalem +by the death of his father and the necessity of hastening to +Babylon to assume the government. Jehoiakim was spared, +but a number of the nobles of Judah were taken to Babylon, +perhaps as hostages for the king's good conduct. For three +years Jehoiakim obeyed Nebuchadnezzar; then he rebelled, +but was speedily reduced to subjection, and many of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> +leading people among the Jews were carried captive to Babylon +(2 Kings 24. 1, 2). Among these captives was Daniel +the prophet (Dan. 1. 1-6). From this event the <i>seventy years</i> +of the captivity were dated (Jer. 27. 22; 29. 10), though the +kingdom of Judah remained for twenty years longer. Jehoiakim, +the king, was not taken away, though bound in chains +for that purpose (2 Chron. 36. 6); he reigned several years +after this event, but under suspicion of the Chaldeans, and his +end was ignoble (Jer. 22. 18, 19; 36. 30).</p> + +<p>2. <b>Jehoiachin's captivity.</b> (B. C. 598.) Jehoiachin +was the son of Jehoiakim (called Jeconiah, 1 Chron 3. 16; +Jer. 24. 1; and Coniah, Jer. 22. 24). He reigned only three +months, and was then deposed by Nebuchadnezzar and carried +to Babylon. With the young king and the royal family +were taken thousands of the people of the middle classes, +whom the land could ill spare (2 Kings 24. 8-16). Among +these captives was Ezekiel, the prophet-priest (Ezek. 1. 1-3).</p> + +<p>3. <b>Zedekiah's captivity.</b> (B. C. 587.) He was the +uncle of Jehoiachin, and the son of the good Josiah (2 Kings +24. 17), and had been made king by Nebuchadnezzar. But +he too rebelled against his master, to whom he had taken a +solemn oath of fidelity (2 Chron. 36. 13). The Chaldeans +were greatly incensed by these frequent insurrections, and determined +upon a final destruction of the rebellious city. After +a long siege Jerusalem was taken, and the king was captured +while attempting flight. He was blinded and carried away +to Babylon, the city was destroyed, and nearly all the people +left alive were also taken to the land of Chaldea (2 Kings 25. +1-11). After this captivity the city lay desolate for fifty +years, until the conquest of Babylon by Cyrus (B. C. 536).</p> + +<p>III. Let us ascertain the <b>CAUSES OF THE CAPTIVITY</b>; +why the Jews were taken up bodily from their +own land and deported to a distant country.</p> + +<p>1. Such deportations were a frequent <b>policy of Oriental +conquerors</b>. The Orientals had three ways of dealing with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span> +a conquered people: that of extermination or wholesale +butchery, which is frequently described upon the Assyrian +monuments; that of leaving them in the land under tribute, +as subjects of the conqueror; and that of deporting them <i>en +masse</i> to a distant land. Frequently, when the interests of the +empire would be served by changing the population of a province, +this plan was carried out. Thus the ten tribes were carried +to a land near the Caspian Sea, and other people were +brought to Samaria in their place (2 Kings 17. 6, 24). A +similar plan with respect to Judah was proposed by Sennacherib +(2 Kings 18. 31, 32), but was thwarted by the destruction +of the Assyrian host.</p> + +<p>2. We have already noticed another cause of the captivity +in the frequent <b>rebellions of the kings of Judah</b> against +the authority of Babylon. The old spirit of independence, +which had made Judah the leader of the twelve tribes, was +still strong, and it was fostered by the hope of universal rule, +which had been predicted through centuries, even while the +kingdom was declining. The prophets, however, favored +submission to Babylon; but the nobles urged rebellion and +independence. Their policy was pursued, and the unequal +strife was taken up more than once. The rebellions always +failed; but after several attempts the patience of Nebuchadnezzar +was exhausted, and the destruction of the rebellious +city and the deportation of the population was ordered.</p> + +<p>3. But underneath was another and a deeper cause—in <b>the +rivalry of Egypt and Babylon</b>. Whenever in history one +nation has been dominant there has been another nation, +next in strength, as its rival to check its supremacy. Thus +Greece stood in the way of Persia, Carthage in the way of republican +Rome, and Parthia in the way of imperial Rome. In +the earlier days Assyria (and after Assyria Babylon) was the +controlling power in the East; but it was always opposed by +Egypt, which, though less powerful, was yet strong enough to +be dangerous to Assyrian or Chaldean supremacy. Palestine<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span> +stood on the border of the Assyrian Empire toward Egypt; +and in Palestine there were two parties, the Assyrian and the +Egyptian; one counseling submission to Assyria, the other +seeking alliance with Egypt against Assyria (Isa. 31. 1-3; 37. +6). After Babylon took the place of Nineveh the Chaldean +party took the place of the Assyrian, as the Chaldean Empire +was the successor of the Assyrian Empire. The prophets, +led by Jeremiah, always counseled submission to Babylon, and +warned against trusting to Egypt, which had never given any +thing more than promises; but the nobles were of the Egyptian +party, and constantly influenced the kings to renounce +the yoke of Babylon, and to strike for independence by the +aid of Egypt. Under Egyptian influence the later kings of +Judah made attempt after attempt to rebel against the Chaldean +Empire. But the expected help from Egypt never came, +and Judah was left again and again to suffer the wrath of +Babylon (Jer. 37. 5-9). The necessity of making the frontier +of the Chaldean Empire safe on the side toward Egypt was +the political cause for the deportation of the tribe of Judah. +Nebuchadnezzar dared not to leave a people on the soil who +would constantly endanger the entrance to his dominions by +plotting with the Egyptians. He therefore took up the Jews +bodily, placed them in the center of his empire, and turned +the land of Judah into a desolation.</p> + +<p>4. There was underlying all these political reasons a moral +cause in <b>the divine purpose to discipline the nation</b>. +The captivity was a weeding-out process, to separate the +precious from the vile, the false from the true, the "remnant" +from the mass. There had always been two distinct +elements in Israel and Judah—the spiritual, God-fearing few, +and the worldly, idol-worshiping many. The worldly and +irreligious took part in the resistance to the King of Babylon; +and the worshipers of Jehovah, led by the prophets, urged +submission. As a result, the nobles and the warriors, for the +most part, perished; while the better part, the strength and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> +hope of the nation, were carried away captive. Notice that +the captives were mainly of the middle class, the working element +(2 Kings 24. 14-16). Those who had submitted to the +Chaldeans were also taken away (2 Kings 25. 11). The +prophet expressed greater hope for those taken away than for +those left behind (Jer. 24. 1-10). The captives were the root +of Judah, out of which in due time a new nation should rise.</p> + +<p>IV. <b>THE CONDITION OF THE CAPTIVES +IN CHALDEA</b> was far better than we are apt to suppose.</p> + +<p>1. They received <b>kind treatment</b>; were regarded not as +slaves or prisoners, but as colonists. At a later captivity by +the Romans the Jews were sold as slaves and dispersed +throughout the empire. Such wholesale enslavement was +common after a conquest. For some reason the Chaldeans +did not enslave the Jews at the time of their conquest, but +colonized them as free people. This may have been because +the captives as a class were of the "Chaldean party" among +the Jews, and hence were treated in a measure as friends. +The letter of Jeremiah to the exiles (Jer. 29. 1-7) shows that +they were kindly dealt with in Chaldea. Some of them were +received at the court and rose to high station in the realm +(Dan. 1. 1-6).</p> + +<p>2. <b>Their organization was maintained.</b> The exiles +were not merged into the mass of the people where they were +living, but retained their own system, and were recognized as +a separate colony. Their dethroned kings had a semi-royal +state, and at death an honorable burial (Jer. 52. 31-34; 34. +4, 5). The captives were governed by elders, rulers of their +own nation (Ezek. 8. 1; 14. 1; 20. 1). Such a system is still +pursued in the East, where the government is according to +race as well as according to locality; that is, the different +races in one province will each have separate rulers. There +was a "prince of Judah" at the close of the captivity (Ezra +1. 8). This fact of a national organization was a fortunate +one for the exiles. If they had been dispersed as slaves<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span> +throughout the empire, or even had been scattered as individuals, +they would soon have been merged among the Gentiles, +and would have lost their identity as a people. But maintaining +as a separate race, and in Jewish communities, they +were readily gathered for a return to their own land when the +opportunity came.</p> + +<p>3. <b>Their law and worship were observed.</b> There were +no sacrifices, for these could be offered only at Jerusalem in +the temple. But the people gathered for worship and for the +study of the law far more faithfully than before the exile; +for adversity is a school of religious character far more than +prosperity. The exile would naturally exert an influence in +the direction of religion. While the irreligious and idolatrous +among the captives would soon drop out of the nation and +be lost among the Gentiles, the earnest, the spiritual, and the +God-fearing would grow more intense in their devotion. The +institutions which date from the captivity (noticed below, +under "Results of Captivity") are an evidence of this fact.</p> + +<p>4. <b>They were instructed by prophets and teachers.</b> +Jeremiah lived for some time after the beginning of the captivity, +made a visit to Babylon, and wrote at least one letter +to the exiles (Jer. 13. 4-7; 29. 1-3). Daniel lived during the +captivity, and, though in the court, maintained a deep interest +in his people, and comforted them by his prophecies. +Ezekiel was himself one of the captives, and all his teachings +were addressed to them (Ezek. 1. 1-3). Many evangelical +and eminent Bible scholars are of the opinion that the +latter part of Isaiah, from the fortieth chapter to the end, was +given by a "later Isaiah" during the exile; but whether +written at that time or earlier, it must have circulated among +the captives and given them new hope and inspiration. The +radical change in the character of the Jews which took place +during this period shows that a great revival swept over the +captive people and brought them back to the earnest religion +of their noblest ancestors.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span></p> + +<p>5. <b>Their literature was preserved and enlarged.</b> +Internal evidence shows that the Books of the Kings were +finished and the Books of the Chronicles written at this time +or soon afterward; the Books of Daniel, Ezekiel, Habakkuk, +and other of the minor prophets were given; and a number +of the best psalms were composed during this epoch, as such +poems are likely to be written in periods of trial and sorrow. +Out of the many psalms we cite Psalms 124, 126, 129, 130, +137, as manifestly written during the captivity. The exile +was an age of life and vigor to Hebrew literature.</p> + +<p>V. <b>THE RESULTS OF THE CAPTIVITY.</b> +In the year 536 B. C. the city of Babylon was taken by Cyrus, +King of the combined Medes and Persians. One of his first +acts was to issue an edict permitting the exiled Jews to return +to their own country and rebuild their city. Not all the Jews +availed themselves of the privilege, for many were already +rooted in their new homes, where they had been for two generations. +But a large number returned (Ezra 2. 64), and re-established +the city and state of the Jews. The captivity, +however, left its impress upon the people down to the end of +their national history, and even to the present time.</p> + +<p>1. <b>There was a change in language</b>, from Hebrew to +Aramaic or Chaldaic. The books of the Old Testament +written after the restoration are in a different language from +the earlier writings. After the captivity the Jews needed an +interpreter in order to understand their own earlier Scriptures. +Allusion to this fact is given in Neh. 8. 7. The Chaldee +of Babylon and the Hebrew were sufficiently alike to cause +the people during two generations to glide imperceptibly from +one to the other, until the knowledge of their ancient tongue +was lost to all but the scholars.</p> + +<p>2. <b>There was a change in habits.</b> Before the captivity +the Jews were a secluded people, having scarcely any +relation with the world. The captivity brought them into +contact with other nations, and greatly modified their manner<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> +of living. Hitherto they had been mostly farmers, living on +their own fields; now they became merchants and traders, +and filled the world with their commerce. Rarely now do we +find a Jew who cultivates the ground for his support. They +are in the cities, buying and selling. This tendency began +with the Babylonian captivity, and has since been strengthened +by the varied experiences, especially by the persecutions of +the Jews during the centuries.</p> + +<p>3. <b>There was a change in character.</b> This was the +most radical of all. Before the captivity the crying sin of +Judah, as well as of Israel, was its tendency to idolatry. +Every prophet had warned against it and rebuked it; reformers +had risen up; kings had endeavored to extirpate, but all +in vain; the worshipers of God were the few, the worshipers +of idols were the many. After the captivity there was a +wonderful transformation. From that time we never read of +a Jew bowing his knee before an idol. The entire nation +was a unit in the service of Jehovah. Among all the warnings +of the later prophets, and the reforms of Ezra and Nehemiah, +there is no allusion to idolatry. That crime was utterly +and forever eradicated; from the captivity until to-day +the Jews have been the people of the one, invisible God, and +intense in their hatred of idols. We may not know all the +causes of this change, but some of them were: 1.) The fact that +the idolatrous element largely perished, and the spiritual element +formed the bulk of the captives. 2.) The idol-worshipers +among the captives would naturally be less loyal to the national +ideas, and would more readily assimilate with the heathen; +while the religious among the exiles would grow all the more +devoted to their religion as their only hope in trial. 3.) The +most ardent lovers of their country and their religion would be +the most eager to return after the exile; hence, the new state +was founded by zealous Jews, who gave it religious spirit. So +in modern times the spirit of the Pilgrims and the Puritans gave +tone to New England, and through New England to America.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span></p> + +<p>4. <b>There were new institutions</b> as the result of the +captivity. Two great institutions arose during the captivity:</p> + +<p>1.) The <i>synagogue</i>, which grew up among the exiles, was +carried back to Palestine, and was established throughout the +Jewish world. This was a meeting of Jews for worship, for +reading the law, and for religious instruction. It had far +greater influence than the temple after the captivity; for +while there was but one temple in all the Jewish world, there +was a synagogue in every city and village where Jews lived; +and while the temple was the seat of a priestly and ritualistic +service, the synagogue promoted freedom of religious thought +and utterance. Out of the synagogue, far more than the +temple, grew the Christian Church.</p> + +<p>2.) <i>The order of scribes</i> was also a result of the captivity. +The days of direct inspiration through prophets were passing +away, and those of the written Scripture, with a class of men +to study and interpret it, came in their place. During the captivity +the devout Jews studied the books of their literature, +the law, the psalms, the histories, and the prophets. After the +captivity arose a series of scholars who were the expounders +of the Scriptures. Their founder was Ezra, at once a priest, +a scribe, and a prophet (Ezra 7. 1-10), who arranged the +books and in a measure completed the canon of Old Testament +Scripture.</p> + +<p>5. <b>There was a new hope, that of a Messiah.</b> +From the time of the captivity the Jewish people looked +forward with eager expectation to the coming of a Deliverer, +the Consolation of Israel, the "Anointed One" (the word Messiah +means "anointed"), who should lift up his people from +the dust, exalt the throne of David, and establish an empire +over all the nations. This had been promised by prophets +for centuries before the exile, but only then did it begin to +shine as the great hope of the people. It grew brighter with +each generation, and finally appeared in the coming of Jesus +Christ, the King of Israel.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span></p> + +<p>6. From the captivity there <b>were two parts of the +Jewish people</b>; the Jews of Palestine, and the Jews of the +dispersion. 1.) The Jews of Palestine, sometimes called Hebrews +(Acts 6. 1), were the lesser in number, who lived in +their own land and maintained the Jewish state. 2.) The +Jews of the dispersion were the descendants of those who +did not return after the decree of Cyrus (Ezra 1. 1), but +remained in foreign lands and gradually formed Jewish +"quarters" in all the cities of the ancient world. They were +the larger in number, and later were called "Grecian Jews," +or Hellenists, from the language which they used (Acts 6. 1). +Between these two bodies there was a close relation. The +Jews of the dispersion had synagogues in every city (Acts +15. 1), were devoted to the law, made constant pilgrimages to +Jerusalem, and were recognized as having one hope with the +Jews of Palestine. The traits of the two bodies were different, +but each contributed its own element toward the making of a +great people.</p> + + +<div class='bo'>Blackboard Outline.</div> + +<div class='bbox'> +<div class='hang1'><b> I. Cap. Isr. Jud.</b> 1. Isr. 721. Jud. 587. 2. Ass. Sar.—Chal. Neb. 3. Cas. Sea.—Riv. Eup. 4. Nev. ret.—Bro. b.<br /> +</div><br /> +<div class='hang1'><b> II. Thr. Cap. Jud.</b> 1. Jeh. cap. 607. 2. Jehn. cap. 598. 3. Zed. cap. 587.<br /> +</div><br /> +<div class='hang1'><b>III. Caus. Cap.</b> 1. Pol. Or. conq. 2. Reb. kgs. Jud. 3. Riv. Eg. Bab. 4. Div. pur. dis.<br /> +</div><br /> +<div class='hang1'><b> IV. Con. Cap.</b> 1. Kin. tre. 2. Org. main. 3. La. wor. obs. 4. Ins. pro. tea. 5. Lit. pre. enl.<br /> +</div><br /> +<div class='hang1'><b> V. Res. Cap.</b> 1. Ch. lan. 2. Ch. hab. 3. Ch. char. 4. Ne. ins. (syn. scr.) 5. Hop. Mess. 6. Two. par. peo.<br /> +</div></div> + + +<div class='bo'>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.</div> + +<div class='quest'> +From what earlier captivity must that of Judah be distinguished?<br /> +What were the dates of these two captivities?<br /> +By whom was each nation taken captive?<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span>Where was each nation carried captive?<br /> +What followed the captivity in each nation?<br /> +What were the three captivities of Judah?<br /> +What were the events of the first captivity of Judah?<br /> +Who were carried away at this time?<br /> +What date is connected with this captivity?<br /> +What were the events of the second captivity of Judah?<br /> +Who were then taken away?<br /> +What were the events of the third captivity?<br /> +How long was Jerusalem left in ruins?<br /> +By whom, and when, were the Jews permitted to return from captivity?<br /> +What causes may be assigned for the carrying away of the Jews?<br /> +What were the customs of ancient Oriental conquerors?<br /> +How did the conduct of the kings of Judah bring on the captivity?<br /> +What rivalry between nations was a cause of the captivity?<br /> +What were the two parties in the kingdom of Judah?<br /> +How was the carrying away of the Jews a political necessity?<br /> +What was the moral cause of the captivity?<br /> +How were the captive Jews treated?<br /> +What evidences show that their national organization was continued during the captivity?<br /> +Why was this fact a fortunate one for the exiles?<br /> +What customs of the Jews were observed during the captivity?<br /> +What instructors did the Jews have during this period?<br /> +What was the condition of Jewish literature during the captivity?<br /> +What events followed the decree of Cyrus?<br /> +Did all the exiles of the Jews return?<br /> +What change in language was wrought by the captivity?<br /> +What change in habits followed the captivity?<br /> +What great change in religion came as the result of the captivity?<br /> +How can that change be accounted for?<br /> +What two institutions arose during the captivity?<br /> +What new hope arose at this time?<br /> +How were the Jews divided after the captivity?<br /> +</div> + + +<div class='bo'>Subjects for Special Papers.</div> + +<div class='special'> +<span class="smcap">The Great Oriental Empires.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The City of Babylon.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Prophets of the Captivity.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Psalms of the Captivity.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Reign of Nebuchadnezzar.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Fall of Babylon.</span><br /> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span></p> +<h2><span class="smcap">Tenth Study.</span></h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>The Jewish Province.</div> + + +<p>From the return of the exiles, B. C. 536, to the final destruction +of the Jewish state by the Romans, A. D. 70, the history +of the chosen people is closely interwoven with that of the +East in general. During most of this time Judea was a subject +province, belonging to the great empires which rose and +fell in succession. For a brief but brilliant period it was an +independent state, with its own rulers. As most of this period +comes between the Old and New Testaments its events are +less familiar to Bible readers than the other portions of Israelite +history. We therefore give more space than usual to +the facts, only selecting the most important, and omitting all +that have no direct relation with the development of the divine +plan in the Jewish people.</p> + +<p>I. The history divides itself into <b>FOUR PERIODS</b>, as +follows:</p> + +<p>1. <b>The Persian period</b>, B. C. 536 to 330, from Cyrus to +Alexander, while the Jewish province was a part of the Persian +Empire. Very few events of these two centuries have +been recorded, but it appears to have been a period of quiet +prosperity and growth. The Jews were governed by their +high-priests under the general control of the Persian government. +The principal events of this period were:</p> + +<p>1.) <i>The second temple.</i> (B. C. 535-515.) This was begun +soon after the return from exile (Ezra 3. 1, 2, 8), but was not +completed until twenty-one years afterward (Ezra 6. 15, 16). +It was smaller and less splendid than that of Solomon, but +was built upon the same plan.</p> + +<p>2.) <i>Queen Esther's deliverance.</i> (B. C. 474.) This took +place, not in Judea, but in Shushan (Susa), the capital of the +Persian Empire. The king referred to as Ahasuerus was probably +Xerxes, and the events of Esther's elevation and intercession<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span> +took place after the defeat of his invasion of Greece. +The whole story is in accord with both Persian customs and +the character of Xerxes.</p> + +<p>3.) <i>Ezra's reformation.</i> (B. C. 450.) The coming to Jerusalem +of Ezra the scribe was a great event in Israelite history; +for, aided by Nehemiah, he led in a great reformation +of the people. He found them neglecting their law and following +foreign customs. He awakened an enthusiasm for the Mosaic +law, aroused the patriotism of the people, and renewed +the ancient faith. His work gave him the title of "the second +founder of Israel."</p> + +<p>4.) <i>The separation of the Samaritans.</i> (B. C. 409.) For +the origin of the Samaritans, see 2 Kings 17. 22-34. They +were a mingled people, both in race and religion; but until +the captivity were permitted to worship in the temple at Jerusalem. +After the return from Babylon the Samaritans and +the Jews grew further and further apart. The Samaritans +opposed the rebuilding of the temple (Ezra 4. 9-24), and delayed +it for many years; and a century later strove to prevent +Nehemiah from building the wall of Jerusalem (Neh. 4. 2). +Finally they established a rival temple on Mount Gerizim, +and thenceforth the two races were in bitter enmity (John 4. 9).</p> + +<p>5.) <i>The completion of the Old Testament canon.</i> The prophets +after the restoration were Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi; +but the author of most of the latest books was Ezra, who also +arranged the Old Testament nearly, perhaps fully, in its +present form. Thenceforward no more books were added, +and the scribe or interpreter took the place of the prophet.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90"></a> +<a href="images/i-096-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-096.jpg" width="450" height="246" alt="ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE." title="" /></a> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>The Greek period.</b> (B. C. 330-166.) In the year 330 +B. C. Alexander the Great won the empire of Persia in the +great battle of Arbela, by which the sovereignty of the East +was transferred from Asia to Europe, and a new chapter in +the history of the world was opened. Alexander died at the +hour when his conquests were completed, and before they +could be organized and assimilated; but the kingdoms into<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> +which his empire was divided were all under Greek kings, +and were all Greek in language and civilization. Judea was +on the border between Syria and Egypt, and belonged alternately +to each kingdom. We divide this period into three +subdivisions.</p> + +<p>1.) <i>The reign of Alexander.</i> (B. C. 330-321.) The Jews +had been well treated by the Persian kings and remained +faithful to Darius, the last King of Persia, in his useless +struggle. Alexander marched against Jerusalem, determined +to visit upon it heavy punishment for its opposition, but (according +to tradition) was met by Jaddua, the high-priest, and +turned from an enemy to a friend of the Jews.</p> + +<p>2.) <i>The Egyptian supremacy.</i> (B. C. 311-198.) In the division +of Alexander's conquests Judea was annexed to Syria, +but it soon fell into the hands of Egypt, and was governed by +the Ptolemies (Greek kings of Egypt) until 198 B. C. The +only important events of this period were the rule of Simon the +Just, an exceptionally able high-priest, about 300 B. C., and +the translation of the Old Testament into the Greek language +for the use of the Jews of Alexandria, who had lost the use +of Hebrew or Chaldee. This translation was made about 286 +B. C., according to Jewish tradition, and is known as the +Septuagint version. It was regarded as an act of sacrilege +by the Palestinian Jews to translate their Holy Scriptures into +the language of heathens, and for centuries the anniversary +of the completion of the Septuagint was observed as a day of +humiliation and prayer.</p> + +<p>3.) <i>The Syrian supremacy.</i> (B. C. 198-166.) About the +year 198 B. C. Judea fell into the hands of the Syrian kingdom, +also ruled by a Greek dynasty, the Seleucidæ, or descendants +of Seleucus. This change of rulers brought to the +Jews a change of treatment. Hitherto they had been permitted +to live undisturbed upon their mountains, and to enjoy +a measure of liberty, both in civil and ecclesiastical matters. +But now the Syrian kings not only robbed them of their freedom,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> +but also undertook to compel them to renounce their +religion by one of the most cruel persecutions in all history. +The temple was desecrated and left to ruin, and the worshipers +of Jehovah were tortured and slain, in the vain endeavor +to introduce the Greek and Syrian forms of idolatry among +the Jews. Heb. 11, 33-40, is supposed to refer to this persecution. +When Antiochus, the Syrian king, found that +the Jews could not be driven from their faith, he deliberately +determined to exterminate the whole nation. Uncounted +thousands of Jews were slaughtered, other thousands +were sold as slaves, Jerusalem was well nigh destroyed, the +temple was dedicated to Jupiter Olympius, and the orgies of +the Bacchanalia were substituted for the Feast of Tabernacles. +The religion of Jehovah and the race of the Jews seemed on +the verge of utter annihilation in their own land.</p> + +<p>3. <b>The Maccabean period.</b> (B. C. 166-40.) But the +darkest hour precedes the day; the cruelties of the Syrians +caused a new and splendid epoch to rise upon Israel.</p> + +<p>1.) <i>The revolt of Mattathias.</i> In the year 170 B. C. an aged +priest, Mattathias, unfurled the banner of independence from +the Syrian yoke. He did not at first aim for political freedom, +but religious liberty; but after winning a few victories +over the Syrian armies he began to dream of a free Jewish +state. He died in the beginning of the war, but was succeeded +by his greater son, Judas Maccabeus.<a name="FNanchor_I_9" id="FNanchor_I_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_I_9" class="fnanchor">[I]</a></p> + +<p>2.) <i>Judas Maccabeus</i> gained a greater success than had +been dreamed at the beginning of the revolt. Within four +years the Jews recaptured Jerusalem and reconsecrated the +temple. (The anniversary of this event was ever after celebrated +in the Feast of Dedication, John 10. 22.) Judas ranks<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span> +in history as one of the noblest of the Jewish heroes, and deserves +a place beside Joshua, Gideon, and Samuel as a liberator +and reformer.</p> + +<p>3.) <i>The Maccabean dynasty.</i> Judas refused the title of +king, but his family established a line of rulers who by degrees +assumed a royal state, and finally the royal title. In +the year 143 B. C. Jewish liberty was formally recognized, +and the Maccabean princes ruled for a time over an independent +state. Between 130 and 110 B. C. Edom, Samaria, and +Galilee were added to Judea. The latter province had been +known as "Galilee of the Gentiles" (Isa. 9. 1); but by degrees +the foreigners withdrew, and the province was occupied by +Jews who were as devoted and loyal as those of Jerusalem.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/i-099-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-099.jpg" width="400" height="234" alt="ROMAN EMPIRE" title="" /></a> +</div> + +<p>4.) <i>The rise of the sects.</i> About B. C. 100 the two sects, or +schools of thought, the Pharisees and Sadducees, began to +appear, though their principles had long been working. The +Pharisees ("separatists") sought for absolute separation from +the Gentile world and a strict construction of the law of +Moses, while the Sadducees ("moralists") were liberal in their +their theories and in their lives.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span></p> + +<p>4. <b>The Roman period.</b> (B. C. 40-A. D. 70.) It is not +easy to name a date for the beginning of the Roman supremacy +in Palestine. It began in B. C. 63, when Pompey the +Great (afterward the antagonist of Julius Cæsar) was asked +to intervene between two claimants for the Jewish throne, +Hyrcanus and Aristobulus. Pompey decided for Hyrcanus, +and aided him by a Roman army. In his interest he besieged +and took Jerusalem, and then placed Hyrcanus in +power, but without the title of king. From this time the +Romans were practically, though not nominally, in control of +affairs.</p> + +<p>1.) <i>Herod the Great.</i> We assign as the date of the Roman +rule 40 B. C., when Herod (son of Antipater, an Edomite, +who had been the +general of Hyrcanus) +received the title of +king from the Roman +Senate. From this +time Palestine was +regarded as a part of +the Roman Empire. +Herod was the ablest +man of his age, and +one of the most unscrupulous. +He ruled +over all Palestine, +Idumea (ancient +Edom), and the lands +south of Damascus.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 304px;"> +<a href="images/i-100-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-100.jpg" width="304" height="400" alt="PALESTINE IN THE TIME OF CHRIST" title="" /></a> +</div> + +<p>2.) <i>Herod's temple.</i> +Herod was thoroughly +hated by the Jews, +less for his character +than for his foreign birth. To gain their favor he began rebuilding +the temple upon a magnificent scale. It was not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> +completed until long after his death, which took place at +Jericho about the time when Jesus Christ, the true King of +the Jews, was born (Matt. 2. 1, 2).</p> + +<p>3.) <i>The tetrarchies.</i> By Herod's will his dominions were +divided into four tetrarchies ("quarter-rulings," a title for a +fourth part of a kingdom). Three of these were in Palestine—Archelaus +receiving Judea, Idumea, and Samaria; Antipas +(the Herod of Luke 4. 19, 20; 23. 7-11) receiving Galilee +and Perea; and Philip (Luke 3. 1) having the district of Bashan. +About A. D. 6 Archelaus was deposed, and a Roman, +Coponius, was appointed the first Procurator of Judea, which +was made a part of the prefecture of Syria. The rest of Jewish +annals belongs properly to the New Testament history.</p> + +<p>II. Through these periods we notice the gradual <b>PREPARATION +FOR THE GOSPEL</b>, which was steadily +advancing.</p> + +<p>1. <b>There was a political preparation.</b> Six centuries +before Christ the world around the Mediterranean was divided +into states, whose normal condition was war. At no +time was peace prevalent over all the world at once. If Christ +had come at that time it would have been impossible to establish +the Gospel except through war and conquest. But kingdoms +were absorbed into empires, empires rose and fell by +turns, each with a larger conception of the nation than its +predecessor. From the crude combination of undigested +states in the Assyrian Empire to the orderly, assimilated, systematic +condition of the Roman world was a great advance. +Christ appeared at the only point in the world's history when +the great nations of the world were under one government, +with a system of roads such that a traveler could pass from +Mesopotamia to Spain and could sail the Mediterranean Sea +in perfect safety.</p> + +<p>2. <b>There was a preparation of language.</b> The conquests +of Alexander, though accomplished in ten years, left a +deeper impress upon the world than any other two centuries<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span> +of history. They gave to the whole of that world one language, +the noblest tongue ever spoken by human lips, "a +language fit for the gods," as men said. Through Alexander +Greek cities were founded every-where in the East, Greek +kingdoms were established, the Greek literature and the Greek +civilization covered all the lands. That was the language in +which Paul preached the Gospel, and in which the New Testament +was written—the only language of the ancient world +in which the thoughts of the Gospel could be readily expressed. +While each land had its own tongue, the Greek +tongue was common in all lands.</p> + +<p>3. While these preparations were going on there was another +in progress at the same time, <b>the preparation of a race</b>. +We might point to the history of the Israelites from the migration +of Abraham as a training; but we refer now to their +special preparation for their mission after the restoration, +B. C. 536. There was a divine purpose in the division of Judaism +into two streams; one a little fountain in Palestine, the +other a river dispersed over all the lands. Each branch had +its part in the divine plan. One was to concentrate its energies +upon the divine religion, to study the sacred books, to +maintain a chosen people, whose bigotry, narrowness, and intolerance +kept them from destruction; the other branch +was out in the world, where every Jewish synagogue in a +heathen city kept alive the knowledge of God, and disseminated +that knowledge, drawing around it the thoughtful, +spiritual minds who were looking for something better than +heathenism. Palestine gave the Gospel, but the Jews of the +dispersion carried it to the Gentiles, and each synagogue in +the foreign world became the nucleus of a Christian Church, +where for the first time Jew and Gentile met as equals.</p> + +<p>4. Finally, there was the <b>preparation of a religion</b>. +The Gospel of Christ was not a new religion; it was the new +development of an old religion. As we study the Old Testament +we see that each epoch stands upon a higher religious<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span> +plane. There is an enlargement of spiritual vision between +Abraham and Moses; between Moses and David; between +David and Isaiah; between Isaiah and John the Baptist. +Pharisee and Sadducee each held a share of the truth which +embraced the best thought of both sects. The work of many +scribes prepared the way for the coming of the Lord, and +just when revelation was brought up to the highest level, +when a race was trained to apprehend and proclaim it, when +a language had been created and diffused to express it, when +the world was united in one great brotherhood of states, ready +to receive it—then, in the fullness of times, the Christ was +manifested, who is over all, God blessed forever.</p> + + +<div class='bo'>Blackboard Outline.</div> + +<div class='bbox'> +<b> I. Four Per.</b> 1. Per. per. 1.) Sec. tem. 2.) Q. Es. del. 3.) Ez. ref. 4.) Sep. Sam. 5.) Com. O. T. can.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">2. Gk. per. 1.) Rei. Alex. 2.) Eg. sup. 3.) Syr. sup.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">3. Macc. per. 1.) Rev. Mat. 2.) Jud. Macc. 3.) Macc. dyn. 4.) Ri. sec.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">4. Rom. per. 1.) Her. Cr. 2.) Her. tem. 3.) Tetr.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>II. Prep. Gosp.</b> 1. Pol. prep. 2. Prep. lan. 3. Prep. rac. 4. Prep. rel.<br /> +</div> + + +<div class='bo'>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.</div> + +<div class='quest'> +With what history is that of the Jews interwoven during this period?<br /> +What was the political condition of the Jews at this time?<br /> +What are the four periods of this history?<br /> +Who were the rulers of the Jews during the first period?<br /> +What building was erected after the return from captivity?<br /> +What great deliverance was effected by a woman?<br /> +What great reforms were effected by a scribe?<br /> +What title has been given to him?<br /> +What were the events connected with the separation of the Samaritans?<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span>Who were the prophets of the restoration?<br /> +By whom was the Old Testament canon arranged?<br /> +What brought on the Greek period?<br /> +What events of Jewish history were connected with Alexander the Great?<br /> +Under what people did the Jews fall afterward?<br /> +What were the events of the Egyptian rule?<br /> +What is the Septuagint?<br /> +How was its translation regarded by the Jews of Palestine?<br /> +In what kingdom, after Egypt, did Judea fall?<br /> +How was it governed by its new masters?<br /> +Who instituted a great persecution?<br /> +What was the effect of this persecution?<br /> +Who led the Jews in revolt?<br /> +What great hero arose at this time?<br /> +What line of rulers arose in his family?<br /> +What was the growth of the Jewish state at this time?<br /> +What sects of the Jews arose?<br /> +How did Judea fall under the Roman power?<br /> +Whom did the Romans establish as king?<br /> +What were his dominions?<br /> +What building did he erect?<br /> +How was his kingdom divided after his death?<br /> +What finally became of Judea?<br /> +</div> + + +<div class='bo'>Subjects for Special Papers.</div> + +<div class='special'> +<span class="smcap">Cyrus the Emancipator.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Conquests of Alexander.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Judas Maccabeus.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Jewish Sects.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Herod the Great.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Jews of the Dispersion.</span><br /><br /><br /> +</div> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_I_9" id="Footnote_I_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_I_9"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> The origin of this title is obscure. Some regard it as meaning "the hammer," like a +similar name in the Middle Ages, Charles Martel. Others say that it was a part of the +Hebrew inscription on the banner of Judas, "Micamo Ka Baalim Jehovah," "Who is +like unto thee among the gods, O Jehovah?" Still others that it was made up as a sort of +charm from the last letters of the words Abraham, Isaac, Jacob. The Maccabean princes +were also called Asmoneans.</p></div> +</div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/ad-title2.png" width="500" height="164" alt="The Ten Minute Series" title="" /> +</div> + + + +<div class='center'> +—FOR—<br /> +The Sunday School,<br /> +—BY—<br /> +LORANUS E. HITCHCOCK.<br /> +</div> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 35px;"> +<img src="images/ad2-drop_t.png" width="35" height="50" alt="T" title="" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><b>HE</b> necessity of some instruction in the Bible, in order to supply the +deficiencies which are unavoidable to any system of uniform lessons, is +realized in every Sunday school. The International Lessons can only give +detached portions of Scripture, and a supplemental lesson must be added to +impart a general knowledge of the book as a whole.</div> + +<p>The full course of study includes five series of lessons, adapted to be used in +any denomination.</p> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Booklist and sunburst"> +<tr><td align='left'><img src="images/ad2-sunburst.png" width="70" height="70" alt="sun burst" title="" /> +</td><td align='left'><div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Booklist"> +<tr><td align='right'><b>I. </b></td><td align='left'><b>The Life of Jesus.</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'><b>II .</b></td><td align='left'><b>Studies about the Bible.</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'><b>III. </b></td><td align='left'><b>Bible Geography.</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'><b>IV. </b></td><td align='left'><b>Bible History.</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'><b>V. </b></td><td align='left'><b>History of the Christian Church.</b></td></tr> +</table></div> +</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + + + + +<p>Two additional series of special interest to the Methodist Episcopal Church +have been prepared, namely:</p> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Two more books"> +<tr><td align='right'><b>VI. </b></td><td align='left'><b>History of the Methodist Episcopal Church.</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'><b>VII. </b></td><td align='left'><b>Government of the Methodist Episcopal Church.</b></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>These lessons are arranged for use as graded studies for scholars ten years of +age and upward.</p> + +<p>Each series contains thirty-six lessons, which can easily be learned in the +course of a year, even if the study be suspended during the summer months.</p> + +<div class='center'> +<b>Sample Set, 7 numbers, 35 cents.</b><br /> +<b>Price of each, per dozen, 50 cents; by mail, 60 cents.</b><br /> + +———————— +<br /> +<i>New York: Hunt & Eaton.</i> <i>Cincinnati: Cranston & Curts.</i><br /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span></p> + + + + + + +<h2>BOOKS BY REV. JESSE L. HURLBUT, D.D.</h2> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Books by Hurlbut"> +<tr><td align='left'><div class='hang1'><b>Life of Christ.</b> Chautauqua Text-book, No. 38</div></td><td align='right' valign='bottom'>$0 10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><div class='hang1'><b>Illustrative Notes on the Sunday-School Lesson.</b> Published yearly. With maps and blackboard lessons. Size, 8vo, bound in cloth</div></td><td align='right' valign='bottom'>1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><div class='hang1'><b>Revised Normal Lessons.</b> Paper, 25 cents. Cloth, flexible</div></td><td align='right' valign='bottom'>40</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><div class='hang1'><b>Scripture Selections for Daily Bible Headings.</b> A Portion of the Bible for Every Day. Crown 8vo. Cloth. Gilt top, $1.50. Flexible leather, gilt edges</div></td><td align='right' valign='bottom'>2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><div class='hang1'><b>Studies in the Four Gospels.</b> Paper, 25 cents. Cloth, flexible</div></td><td align='right' valign='bottom'>40</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><div class='hang1'><b>Supplemental Lessons for the Sunday-school.</b> Paper, 25 cents. Cloth, flexible</div></td><td align='right' valign='bottom'>40</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><div class='hang1'><b>The Manual of Biblical Geography.</b> A text-book of Bible History for the use of Students and Teachers, containing maps, plans, review charts, and colored diagrams. Illustrated leatherette. 4to</div></td><td align='right' valign='bottom'>2 50</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + + + +<hr style="width: 25%;" /> +<h2>TRACTS FOR BIBLE STUDY.</h2> + + +<div class='chaptertitle'><br /><b>BIBLE LESSON LEAFLETS.</b></div> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Bible Lesson Leaflets"> +<tr><td align='left'><div class="hang1">First Series. Seven numbers. The Books of the Bible, Bible History, and The Holy Land. Per set,<br />post-paid</div></td><td align='right' valign='bottom'>03</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><div class="hang1">Second Series. Eight numbers. Old Testament Characters. Per set, postpaid</div></td><td align='right' valign='bottom'>04</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><div class="hang1">Third Series. Seven numbers. Life of the Apostle Paul. Per set, postpaid</div></td><td align='right' valign='bottom'>03</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div class='center'><br /><b>PALESTINE CLASS.</b></div> + +<div class='center'>By Bishop J. H. Vincent.</div> + +<p>No. 1. Pilgrim Grade. No. 2. Resident Grade. No. 3. Explorer Grade. +No. 4. Jerusalem Grade.</p> + +<div class='center'> +<i>Each, 2 cents. The four numbers for 6 cents.</i><br /> +</div> + + +<div class='center'><br /><b>YOUNG TRAVELERS' CLASS.</b></div> + +<div class='center'>BY MRS. M. G. KENNEDY.</div> + +<p>No. 1. The Journey. No. 2. Land and Kingdom. No. 3. By Hills and +Waters. No. 4. Guided Through the Land. No. 5. In the City. No. 6. Young +Travelers by the Sea-side. No. 7. Footsteps in the Holy Land.</p> + +<div class='center'> +<i>Each, 2 cents. The seven numbers for 10 cents.</i><br /> +</div> + + +<div class='center'><br /><b>YOUNG FOLKS' WALKS AND TALKS WITH JESUS.</b></div> + +<div class='center'>BY MRS. M. G. KENNEDY.</div> + +<p>1. Introductory, the Bible. 2. The Child and the Man. 3. The Chosen +Twelve. 4. The Spreading Gospel Light. 5. Teaching by Parables. 6. A +Little Talk with Jesus. 7. The Last Week. 8. Resurrection and Ascension.</p> + +<div class='center'> +<i>Each, 2 cents. The eight numbers for 10 cents.</i><br /> +<br /> +——————<br /> + + +<br /> +<span class="smcap">New York</span>: HUNT & EATON.<br /> +<span class="smcap">Cincinnati</span>: CRANSTON & CURTS.<br /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class='tnote'><h3>Transcriber's Notes:</h3> + +<p>Obvious punctuation errors have been repaired.</p> + +<p>The table of contents did not exactly match the numeration of the pages. It stated that the +Preface began on page 5 when in actuality it began on page 7. The Chronological Table was +shown to be on page 9 but that is the middle of the preface. It is actually located on page 6. +In the HTML version, the links will take the reader to the actual place indexed instead of the page +written.</p> + +<p>The rest of the table of contents appears accurate.</p> + +<p>The first four lessons have the questions for review in a list format. Beginning with lesson five this +changes to paragraphs and back and forth through the rest of the book.</p> + +<p>Page 51, repeated word "of" deleted. Original read (by the authority of of God)</p> + +<p>Page 77, "seige" changed to "siege" (from the siege of Jerusalem)</p></div> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Studies in Old Testament History, by +Jesse L. Hurlbut + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STUDIES IN OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY *** + +***** This file should be named 36444-h.htm or 36444-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/6/4/4/36444/ + +Produced by Emmy, Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> diff --git a/36444-h/images/ad-title1.png b/36444-h/images/ad-title1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..97efd19 --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/ad-title1.png diff --git a/36444-h/images/ad-title2.png b/36444-h/images/ad-title2.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6ec4c1b --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/ad-title2.png diff --git a/36444-h/images/ad2-drop_t.png b/36444-h/images/ad2-drop_t.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f5b2f4d --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/ad2-drop_t.png diff --git a/36444-h/images/ad2-sunburst.png b/36444-h/images/ad2-sunburst.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3b67b0a --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/ad2-sunburst.png diff --git a/36444-h/images/cover.jpg b/36444-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..68c077e --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-008-big.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-008-big.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2895017 --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-008-big.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-008.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-008.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..54c3a04 --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-008.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-022-big.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-022-big.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9db46f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-022-big.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-022.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-022.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..073fc9b --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-022.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-025-big.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-025-big.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ee5db4a --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-025-big.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-025.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-025.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6ba9790 --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-025.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-027-big.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-027-big.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..faeb4d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-027-big.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-027.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-027.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8715029 --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-027.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-028-big.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-028-big.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..31b4d81 --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-028-big.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-028.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-028.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c7efe54 --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-028.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-032-big.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-032-big.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a21b076 --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-032-big.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-032.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-032.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..91dad9f --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-032.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-034-big.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-034-big.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f03fa0a --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-034-big.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-034.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-034.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1df2eed --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-034.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-041-big.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-041-big.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..73f4fe5 --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-041-big.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-041.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-041.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..088d8cc --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-041.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-042-big.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-042-big.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c8348a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-042-big.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-042.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-042.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..39166aa --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-042.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-054-big.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-054-big.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..31c8869 --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-054-big.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-054.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-054.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..99a24c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-054.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-059-big.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-059-big.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9e6e815 --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-059-big.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-059.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-059.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6a93c66 --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-059.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-068-big.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-068-big.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f19b2ba --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-068-big.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-068.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-068.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6c3e04 --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-068.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-076-big.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-076-big.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8fe14ce --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-076-big.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-076.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-076.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..26ee009 --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-076.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-077-big.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-077-big.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6b88a37 --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-077-big.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-077.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-077.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3c9c86b --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-077.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-082-big.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-082-big.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..96113e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-082-big.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-082.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-082.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..41f0d47 --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-082.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-096-big.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-096-big.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e4354d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-096-big.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-096.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-096.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..fdc1374 --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-096.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-099-big.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-099-big.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..73fb717 --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-099-big.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-099.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-099.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4fd5710 --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-099.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-100-big.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-100-big.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..38abc57 --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-100-big.jpg diff --git a/36444-h/images/i-100.jpg b/36444-h/images/i-100.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..af88c1c --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-h/images/i-100.jpg |
