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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/36444-8.txt b/36444-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..98f88cb --- /dev/null +++ b/36444-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3840 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Studies in Old Testament History, by Jesse L. Hurlbut + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Studies in Old Testament History + +Author: Jesse L. Hurlbut + +Release Date: June 16, 2011 [EBook #36444] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STUDIES IN OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY *** + + + + +Produced by Emmy, Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: Italic text is set apart by _underscores_ and bold +text by =equal signs=.] + + + + +STUDIES IN OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY + +By Rev. Jesse L. Hurlbut, D.D., + + AUTHOR OF + + "A MANUAL OF BIBLE GEOGRAPHY," "REVISED NORMAL LESSONS," + "SUPPLEMENTAL LESSONS FOR THE SUNDAY-SCHOOL," and + "STUDIES IN THE FOUR GOSPELS." + + + New York: HUNT & EATON. Cincinnati: CRANSTON & CURTS. + + + + +For All Sunday-School Workers. + + +[Sidenote: FOR THE SUPERINTENDENT.] + +=OUR SUPERINTENDENT.= By J. H. VINCENT. 10 cents. + +=THE MODERN SUNDAY-SCHOOL.= By J. H. VINCENT. 90 + +The first of these is an inspiring talk with the superintendent upon the +duties of his office and how to perform them. The second is a thorough +explanation of the best methods of conducting a Sunday-school. + +The Sunday-school experience of one hundred years has proved that +without well trained teachers success is only partial. Our list of +books, adapted both for private use and for normal teaching, is +unsurpassed: + + =SUNDAY-SCHOOL SCIENCE.= By R. S. HOLMES. 20 + cents. + + =REVISED NORMAL LESSONS.= By J. L. HURLBUT. 25 + cents. + + =STUDIES IN THE FOUR GOSPELS.= By J. L. HURLBUT. + 25 cents. + + =OPEN LETTERS TO PRIMARY TEACHERS.= By Mrs. W. F. + CRAFTS. 40 cents. + + +[Sidenote: FOR TEACHERS AND NORMAL CLASSES.] + +=NORMAL OUTLINE SERIES:= + + Bible History. By J. F. HURST. 40 cents. + Christian Evidences. By JOSEPH ALDEN. 35 cents. + Church History. By JOHN F. HURST. 40 cents. + On Teaching. By JOSEPH ALDEN. 35 cents. + English Bible. By J. M. FREEMAN. 40 cents. + +=CHAUTAUQUA TEXT-BOOKS.= Price, 10 cents each. + + No. 22. On Biblical Biology. + No. 28. Manners and Customs of Bible Times. + No. 36. Assembly Bible Outlines. + No. 37. Assembly Normal Outlines. + No. 39. The Normal Class. + No. 41. The Teacher Before his Class. + No. 42. Outlines of Methodism. + No. 49. Palestine. + +For the many earnest teachers who desire to give their scholars a more +comprehensive course than that of the International Lesson Series a +series of Supplemental Lessons has been prepared. These are not intended +to displace the regular lesson, but to fill out its deficiencies, to +supplement it with other studies with which young people should be +acquainted: + +=SUPPLEMENTAL LESSONS.= By J. L. HURLBUT. 25 cents. + +[Sidenote: FOR THE SCHOLARS.] + + =GRADED LESSONS FOR THE SUNDAY-SCHOOL.= By H. A. + STRONG. Seven numbers. Sample set, 40 cents. + + =PALESTINE CLASS.= By J. H. VINCENT. Four + leaflets. 2 cents each; 6 cents per set. + + =YOUNG TRAVELERS' CLASS.= By Mrs. M. G. KENNEDY. + Seven numbers. 2 cents each; 6 cents per set. + + =YOUNG FOLKS' WALKS AND TALKS WITH JESUS.= By Mrs. + M. G. KENNEDY. Eight numbers. 2 cents each; 10 + cents per set. + + + New York: HUNT & EATON. Cincinnati: CRANSTON & CURTS. + +[Illustration: THE EMPIRE OF DAVID AND SOLOMON.] + + + + + +STUDIES + +IN + +OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY + +BY + +REV. JESSE L. HURLBUT, D.D. + + AUTHOR OF + + "_A Manual of Bible Geography_," "_Outline Normal Lessons_," + "_Supplemental Lessons for the Sunday-School_," and "_Studies + in the Four Gospels_." + + + NEW YORK: HUNT & EATON + CINCINNATI: CRANSTON & CURTS + + + + + Copyright, 1890, by + HUNT & EATON, + NEW YORK. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PAGE + PREFACE 5 + CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 9 + HINTS TO STUDENTS 11 + HINTS TO TEACHERS 13 + THE COURSE DIVIDED INTO LESSONS 14 + FIRST STUDY.--The Beginnings of Bible History 17 + SECOND STUDY.--The Wandering in the Wilderness 25 + THIRD STUDY.--The Conquest of Canaan 34 + FOURTH STUDY.--The Age of the Heroes 41 + FIFTH STUDY.--The Rise of the Israelite Empire 49 + SIXTH STUDY.--The Golden Age of Israel 56 + SEVENTH STUDY.--The Rival Thrones--Israel 63 + EIGHTH STUDY.--The Rival Thrones--Judah 71 + NINTH STUDY.--The Captivity of Judah 77 + TENTH STUDY.--The Jewish Province 88 + + +FULL-PAGE MAPS. + + Empire of David and Solomon _Facing title-page._ + Canaan 16 + Old Testament World 19 + Modern Jerusalem 48 + The Divisions of Solomon's Empire 62 + Solomon's Dominions 76 + Alexander's Empire 90 + + + + +CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. + + +These dates are taken from the common chronology, and those earlier than +the Exodus are probably inaccurate. (See foot-note on page 22.) The +student will find that to commit this table to memory will give him +command of the most important facts of Bible history. + + 1. The Deluge B. C. 2348 + 2. The Dispersion of the Races " 2247 + 3. The Rise of the Empires " 2200 + 4. The Migration of Abraham " 1921 + 5. The Descent into Egypt " 1706 + 6. The Exodus from Egypt " 1491 + 7. The Battle of Beth-horon " 1451 + 8. The Death of Joshua " 1426 + 9. The Victory of Gideon " 1245 + 10. The Coronation of Saul " 1095 + 11. The Accession of David " 1055 + 12. The Division of the Kingdom " 975 + 13. The Fall of Samaria " 721 + 14. The Captivity at Babylon " 587 + 15. The Return from Captivity " 536 + 16. The Reforms of Ezra " 450 + 17. The Empire of Alexander " 330 + 18. The Maccabean Independence " 166 + 19. The Accession of Herod " 40 + 20. The Birth of Christ " 4 + + + + +PREFACE. + + +THE New Testament is the outgrowth and development of the Old. There is +no revelation in the gospels or the epistles which is not in its essence +contained in the elder Scripture; though to make it manifest required +the incarnation of God's Son and the descent of the Holy Spirit. +Therefore, to understand the New Testament it is necessary to study the +Old Testament. We cannot appreciate Matthew's point of view of Christ as +the Messiah until we have looked upon the throne of David, and Solomon +in all his glory; the theology of Paul is blind until read in the light +of Moses and Isaiah; and Hebrews will obtain a new meaning when placed +side by side with Leviticus. Every chapter in the New Testament has its +references to parallel passages in the Old Testament. + +When we open the Old Testament we find it, first of all, a book of +history. We are apt to look upon the Bible as a dictionary of doctrine, +wherein we are to search for sentences as proof-texts. But instead it +contains the story of redemption in the form of a history. We see how +God chose a family and pruned off its dead branches and caused it to +grow into a nation; then, how he trained and disciplined that nation +through fifteen centuries, until upon it blossomed the Divine Man. The +history of the Bible is the history of humanity, of literature, of +ethics, of religion, of doctrine; and no one who studies it carefully +will fail of an abundant reward for his endeavor. + +In most works upon Bible history the purpose of the author seems to be +merely to arrange in chronological order a series of events without much +regard to their importance or their relations to each other. The +successive reigns of kings, the chronicles of courts, the reports of +battles form the contents of most histories, whether sacred or secular. +Works like these have their value in the statement of those facts which +form the basis and working material of history. But mere facts +chronologically arranged do not constitute a history, any more than +words alphabetically arranged constitute a literature. True history +records processes, the relation of cause and effect, the formative +influences and their result in national life. The true history of +England shows not annals of kings and achievements of warriors, but the +development of a mighty people. The true history of Greece gives the +secret springs of that intense activity which in two centuries called +forth more great men in more departments of life than all the rest of +the world could produce in a thousand years. The true history of +Israel--which is the history of the Old Testament--shows how a little +people in their mountain-eyrie grew up to a destiny more glorious than +that of the proudest empire of all the earth, the honor of giving +religion to mankind. + +The aim of this little book is to present the outlines of that +remarkable history of the chosen people. What their mission was, how +they were trained for it, and how the world was prepared to receive it +together constitute the three threads woven together in this work. It is +a book of outlines to be studied, not of chapters to be read. The reader +will doubtless find the paragraphs somewhat disconnected, but we trust +that the student may receive from them suggestions for thought. + +In the preparation of this book many works have been read and examined; +but it is not my purpose to give a catalogue of them. I would name, +however, a very few books which will be of service to the student, and +will be almost a necessity for the teacher who expects to use these +outlines in the class, for one secret of successful teaching is for the +teacher to have at his command a fund of knowledge vastly greater than +that contained in the text-book. For this purpose the following works +are named, none of which are too abstruse or difficult for the average +reader: + +1. _Outline of Bible History._ Bishop J. F. Hurst. A small book, +containing merely the facts of the subject. + +2. _Old Testament History._ William Smith. A larger work and valuable, +but ending with the Old Testament canon. An additional chapter on the +interval between Old and New Testament history would greatly improve the +book. + +3. _Lectures on the History of the Jewish Church._ Dean A. P. Stanley. +Three large volumes, in a brilliant but diffuse style, advanced to the +knowledge of twenty years ago; not altogether sound in its critical +point of view, yet to be read by all who would understand the subject. + +4. _Hours with the Bible._ Cunningham Geikie. Six volumes, discussing +Bible history in all of its aspects, particularly in its relations with +secular history. Perhaps this is the best work on the subject for the +reader who is not a specialist. But it is prolix, and could be +compressed to advantage. + +There is need, in my opinion, of a good semi-popular Bible history, in +one volume or two, to present results rather than processes of thought, +and to embody all the latest knowledge from the study of the Scriptures +and the monuments of the ancient world. + +It is needless to urge upon the student that the best book for the +study of Bible history is the Bible itself. The historical books should +be read with great care, even to their details of genealogical tables. +The most valuable document in the study of the origin of races is the +tenth chapter of Genesis; and a catalogue of names in the opening of +Chronicles will give a clew to the chronology of the sojourn in Egypt. +The prophetical books will aid the student, and the Psalms will +irradiate certain dark periods. Whoever undertakes to use these outlines +should examine every text cited for its suggestion upon the subject. + +This book is commended to Bible students, to Sunday-school normal +classes, and to all who love the word, with a hope that it may be of +service in calling attention to the Old Testament, and that it may lead +some through the Old to enter into a better spiritual understanding of +the New. + + JESSE L. HURLBUT. + + + + +HINTS TO STUDENTS. + + +Those who desire merely to _read_ this book or to look it over will not +find it interesting. Those who already know how to study will not need +these hints, and can use the book in their own way. But there are many +who desire to study these subjects carefully, and yet do not know +precisely how to do the work. For these students, earnest but untrained, +the hints are given. + +1. These studies should be pursued with the Bible close at hand, so that +every Scripture reference may be at once searched out and read. + +2. Begin each lesson by a general view; reading it through carefully, +and memorizing the leading divisions of the outline, which are indicated +by the Roman numerals I, II, III, etc. This will give the general plan +of the lesson. + +3. Now take up Part I of the lesson in detail; notice and memorize its +subdivisions, indicated by 1, 2, 3, etc., and search out the Scripture +references cited in it. If practicable, write out on a sheet of paper +the reference (not the language of the text in full), and what each +reference shows. Thus, with the references in the First Study, page 17, +Part I: + +BEGINNINGS OF BIBLE HISTORY. Part I. =Deluge.= + + Gen. 7. Description of the flood. + Gen. 6. 5-7. God punished the world for wickedness. + Gen. 7. 23. Covered the inhabited earth. + +4. It would be a good plan to write out in full, as a connected +statement, all the facts in the section; thus: "The Bible says there was +a deluge and the traditions of other nations attest it. The date +commonly given is 2348 B. C. Its cause was God's anger with the +wickedness of the race, and it covered the inhabited globe. God's +purpose was to cleanse the world for a new epoch." + +5. In like manner study out and write out all the facts obtained by a +study of the lesson and the texts cited in it. This will greatly aid the +memory in holding fast to the information gained. + +6. Having done this, look at the blackboard outline at the end of the +study, and see if you can read the outline of the lesson by the aid of +the catch-words and indications which it affords. Study the lesson until +you can read it with the blackboard outline, and then recall it without +the outline. + +7. Now read over the questions for review, one by one, and see if you +can answer them. Do not cease your study until every question can be +answered without the aid of the text. + +8. Frequently review the lessons already learned. Before beginning the +third study review the first and the second; before the fourth, review +the first, second, and third, and at the completion of all the studies +review them all. The knowledge gained by this thorough study will more +than compensate for the time and trouble which it requires. + + + + +HINTS TO TEACHERS. + + +Classes may be organized on various plans and out of varied materials +for the study of these lessons. + +1. A teachers' class, composed of teachers, and also of senior scholars +in the Sunday-school, may be formed to study the life of Christ, which +is one of the most important subjects in the Bible. This may meet on an +evening or an afternoon, and devote all the sessions to the study of the +lesson, and to discussions upon it. + +2. In many places a teachers' meeting is held for the study of the +International Lesson, as a preparation for the Sunday-school class. A +part of the time might be taken at this meeting for the study of these +subjects. In that case it would be well to follow the division into +lessons, as given on page 14. + +3. A normal class may be organized among the brightest scholars in the +Sunday-school, who should be trained to become teachers. This normal +class may meet on an afternoon or an evening, or may take a +lesson-period in the Sunday-school session. + +4. These studies may be pursued by the young people's society of the +church, or by a class formed under its auspices, meeting at such time +and place as shall be found most convenient. + +There are two methods in which these lessons may be taught: One is the +_lecture method_, by which the instructor gives the lesson to the class +in the form of a lecture, placing the outline upon the blackboard as he +proceeds, calling upon the students to read the texts cited, and +frequently reviewing the outline in a concert-drill. By this method the +students may or may not have the books, as they and the instructor +prefer. While it is not necessary to supply the class with the +text-book, it will be a good plan to do so. + +The other method, simpler and easier, is to let each student have a copy +of the book, to expect the lesson to be prepared by the class, and to +have it recited, either individually or in concert. Let each student +gain all the information that he can upon the subject of the lesson; let +each contribute his knowledge; let all talk freely, and all will be the +gainers. + +It would be a good plan to have papers read from time to time upon +topics suggested by the course and parallel with it. A list of subjects +for such special papers is given at the close of each study. + + + + +THE COURSE DIVIDED INTO LESSONS. + + +IN many places it will be found impracticable to give an entire evening +to the study of these lessons. They may be taught at the close of the +prayer-meeting, or of the young people's meeting, in short sections; or +they may occupy a part of the hour at the weekly teachers' meeting for +the study of the Sunday-school lesson; or they may be taught to the +Normal class in the Sunday-school at the lesson hour. In the latter +case, the regular lesson should receive some attention; and the members +of the class should be expected to prepare it, and should be questioned +upon it. + +Often from twenty to thirty minutes is all that can be given in a class +to studies like these. We have, therefore, divided the studies into +short sections, each of which may be taught in about twenty minutes, if +properly prepared by both teacher and students. Thus arranged, the +course will be included in thirty-two lessons, as follows: + +=Lesson I.=--_The Beginnings of Bible History._ The deluge and the +dispersion. (First Study, I and II.) + +=Lesson II.=--_The Beginnings of Bible History._ Rise of the empires, +migration of Abraham, and journeys of the patriarchs. (First Study, III, +IV, and V.) + +=Lesson III.=--_The Beginnings of Bible History._ Sojourn in Egypt. +(First Study, VI.) Also review First Study. + +=Lesson IV.=--_The Wandering in the Wilderness._ Events leading to the +wandering in the wilderness. (Second Study, I and II.) + +=Lesson V.=--_The Wandering in the Wilderness._ Journeys of the +wandering. (Second Study, III.) + +=Lesson VI.=--_The Wandering in the Wilderness._ Results of the +wandering. (Second Study IV.) Also review Second Study. + +=Lesson VII.=--_The Conquest of Canaan._ Canaanites and campaigns of the +conquest. (Third Study, I and II.) + +=Lesson VIII.=--_The Conquest of Canaan._ Aspect of Israel after +conquest. (Third Study, IV.) Also review Third Study. + +=Lesson IX.=--_The Age of the Heroes._ Condition of Israel and the +judges of Israel. (Fourth Study, I and II.) + +=Lesson X.=--_The Age of the Heroes._ The oppressions and deliverers. +(Fourth Study, III.) + +=Lesson XI.=--_The Age of the Heroes._ General aspects of the period. +(Fourth Study, IV.) Also review Fourth Study. + +=Lesson XII.=--_The Rise of the Israelite Empire._ Causes leading to the +monarchy, and character of the Israelite kingdom. (Fifth Study, I and +II.) + +=Lesson XIII.=--_The Rise of the Israelite Empire._ The reign of Saul. +(Fifth Study, III.) + +=Lesson XIV.=--_The Rise of the Israelite Empire._ The reign of David. +(Fifth Study, IV.) Also review Fifth Study. + +=Lesson XV.=--_The Golden Age of Israel._ Reign of Solomon. (Sixth +Study, I.) + +=Lesson XVI.=--_The Golden Age of Israel._ General aspect of Israel and +dangers of the period. (Sixth Study, II and III.) + +=Lesson XVII.=--_The Empire of Israel._ Review the reigns of Saul, +David, and Solomon. (Fifth Study, III, IV, and Sixth Study, I, II, III.) + +=Lesson XVIII.=--_Israel._ Causes and results of division. (Seventh +Study, I and II.) + +=Lesson XIX.=--_Israel._ Kingdom of Israel. (Seventh Study, III.) + +=Lesson XX.=--_Israel._ Fate of ten tribes. (Seventh Study, IV.) Also +review Seventh Study. + +=Lesson XXI.=--_Judah._ General aspects and duration of the kingdom. +(Eighth Study, I and II.) + +=Lesson XXII.=--_Judah._ Periods in its history. (Eighth Study, III.) +Also review Seventh and Eighth Studies. + +=Lesson XXIII.=--_The Captivity of Judah._ Captivities of Judah and +Israel, and three captivities of Judah. (Ninth Study, I and II.) + +=Lesson XXIV.=--_The Captivity of Judah._ Causes of captivity. (Ninth +Study, III.) + +=Lesson XXV.=--_The Captivity of Judah._ Condition of the captives. +(Ninth Study, IV.) + +=Lesson XXVI.=--_The Captivity of Judah._ Results of the captivity. +(Ninth Study, V.) + +=Lesson XXVII.=--_The Captivity of Judah._ Review of Ninth Study. + +=Lesson XXVIII.=--_The Jewish Province._ Persian. (Tenth Study, I, II.) + +=Lesson XXIX.=--_The Jewish Province._ Greek periods. (Tenth Study, II.) + +=Lesson XXX.=--_The Jewish Province._ Maccabean and Roman periods. +(Tenth Study, III, IV.) + +=Lesson XXXI.=--_The Jewish Province._ Preparation for the temple. +(Tenth Study, V.) + +=Lesson XXXII.=--Review of Tenth Study. + +[Illustration: RADIAL KEY MAP OF CANAAN] + + + + +STUDIES IN OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY. + + + + +FIRST STUDY. + +THE BEGINNINGS OF BIBLE HISTORY. + + +It is our purpose in this series of studies to trace the progress of +events as related in the Bible from the dawn of history down to the +opening of the New Testament era. The aim will be not to give a mere +catalogue of facts, but rather to show the relation of cause and effect, +and to unfold the development of the divine purpose which extends +through all the history in the Bible. We recommend the student, first of +all, to read the preface to this book. + +Turning back to the beginnings of Bible history we notice =six events= +between the Deluge and the Exodus. We begin with the Deluge as the +starting-point of history. Back of that event is a land of shadows. We +have so little knowledge of the world before the flood that its history +cannot be written. But since that fact we tread upon firm ground, having +both the Bible and secular history to confirm each other. + +I. =THE DELUGE.= With regard to this event we note: + +1. The =fact= of a general deluge is stated in Scripture (Gen. 7.), and +attested by the traditions of nearly all nations. Compare the story of +Xisuthros in Berosus; the record in the Chaldean tablets; the Greek myth +of Deucalion; the Mexican tradition; and the legends of the North +American Indians.[A] + +2. The =date= is given in reference Bibles (following Archbishop Ussher) +as B. C. 2348. This is probably incorrect. It may have been a thousand +years earlier. But as archæologists are not yet agreed, we give Ussher's +chronology, here and elsewhere, merely as a convenience in the +arrangement, not as accurate. + +3. Its =cause= was the wickedness of the human race (Gen. 6. 5-7). +Before this event all the population of the world was massed together, +forming one vast family and speaking one language. Under these +conditions the good were overborne by evil surroundings, and general +corruption followed. + +4. Its =extent= was undoubtedly not the entire globe, but so much of it +as was occupied by the human race (Gen. 7. 23), probably the Euphrates +valley. Many Christian scholars, however, hold to the view that the Book +of Genesis relates the history of but one family of races, and not all +the race; consequently, that the flood may have been partial, as far as +mankind is concerned. + +5. Its =purpose= was: 1.) To destroy the evil in the world. 2.) To open +a new epoch under better conditions for social, national, and individual +life. + +II. =THE DISPERSION OF THE RACES.= (B.C. 2247?) 1. Very soon after the +deluge a new =instinct=, that =of migration=, took possession of the +human family. Hitherto all mankind had lived together; from this time +they began to scatter. As a result came tribes, nations, languages, and +varieties of civilization. "The confusion of tongues" was not the cause, +but the result of this spirit, and was not sudden, but gradual (Gen. 11. +2, 7). + +[Illustration: MAP OF THE OLD TESTAMENT WORLD.] + +2. =Evidences of this migration= are given: 1.) In the Bible (Gen. 9. +19; 11. 8). 2.) The records and traditions of nearly all nations point +to it. 3.) Language gives a certain proof; for example, showing that the +ancestors of the English, Greeks, Romans, Medes, and Hindus--races now +widely dispersed--once slept under the same roof. At an early period +streams of migration poured forth from the highlands of Asia in every +direction and to great distances. + +III. =THE RISE OF THE EMPIRES.= In the Bible world three centers of +national life arose, not far apart in time, each of which became a +powerful kingdom, and in turn ruled all the Oriental lands. The strifes +of these three nations, their rise and fall, constitute the matter of +ancient Oriental history, which is closely connected with that of the +Bible. These three centers were Egypt (called in the Bible Mizraim, Gen. +10. 6, 13), of which the capital was Memphis; Chaldea, of which the +capital was Babel or Babylon (Gen. 10. 10; 11. 2-9); and Assyria, of +which the capital was Nineveh (Gen. 10. 11). We might add to these the +Canaanite or Phenician city of Sidon (Gen. 10. 15, 19), and its daughter +Tyre, the great commercial centers of the ancient world, whose empire +was not the land, but the sea. Note that all of these early kingdoms +were established by the Hamitic race. + +IV. =THE MIGRATION OF ABRAHAM.= (B. C. 1921?) No other journey in +history has the _importance_ of that transfer of the little clan of +Abraham from the plain of Shinar to the mountains of Palestine in view +of its results to the world. Compare with it the voyage of the +_Mayflower_. Its causes were: 1. Probably the migratory instinct of the +age, for it was the epoch of tribal movements. 2. The political cause +may have been the desire for liberty from the rule of the Accadian +dynasty that had become dominant in Chaldea. 3. But the deepest motive +was religious, a purpose to escape from the idolatrous influences of +Chaldea, and to find a home for the worship of God in what was then "the +new West," where population was thin. It was by the call of God that +Abraham set forth on his journey (Gen. 12. 1-3). + +V. =THE JOURNEYS OF THE PATRIARCHS.= (B. C. 1921-1706?) For two +centuries the little clan of Abraham's family lived in Palestine as +strangers, pitching their tents in various localities, wherever +pasturage was abundant, for at this time they were shepherds and +herdsmen (Gen. 13. 2; 46. 34). Their home was generally in the southern +part of the country, west of the Dead Sea, and their relations with the +Amorites, Canaanites, and Philistines on the soil were generally +friendly (Gen. 20. 14; 26. 26-31). + +[Illustration: PALESTINE IN THE TIMES OF THE PATRIARCHS] + +[Illustration: Goshen] + +VI. =THE SOJOURN IN EGYPT.= (B. C. 1706-1491?) After three generations +the branch of Abraham's family belonging to his grandson Jacob or Israel +removed to Egypt (Deut. 26. 5), where they remained either two hundred +or four hundred years, according to different opinions.[B] This stay in +Egypt is always called "the sojourn." The event which led directly to +the descent into Egypt was the selling of Joseph (Gen. 37. 28). But we +can trace a providential purpose in the transfer. Its objects were: + +1. =Preservation.= The frequent famines in Palestine (Gen. 12. 10; 26. +1;42. 1-3) showed that as shepherds the Israelites could not be +supported in the land. On the fertile soil of Egypt, with three crops +each year, they would find food in abundance. + +2. =Growth.= At the end of the stay in Canaan the Israelites counted +only seventy souls (Gen. 46. 27); but at the close of the sojourn in +Egypt they had increased to nearly two millions (Exod. 12. 37; Num. 1. +45, 46). The hot climate and cheap food of Egypt has always caused an +abundant population. In Egypt Israel grew from a family to a nation. + +3. =Isolation.= There was great danger to the morals and religion of the +Israelites in the land of Canaan. Abraham had sent to his own relatives +at Haran for a wife for Isaac (Gen. 24. 3, 4) in order to keep both the +race and the faith pure. One of Isaac's sons married Canaanite wives, +and as a result his descendants, the Edomites, lost the faith and became +idolaters (Gen. 26. 34, 35). Jacob sought his wives among his own +relatives (Gen. 28. 1, 2). We note a dangerous tendency in Jacob's +family to ally themselves with the Canaanites (Gen. 34. 8-10; 38. 1, 2). +If they had stayed in Canaan the chosen family would have become lost +among the heathen. But in Egypt they lived apart, and were kept by the +caste system from union with the people (Gen. 46. 34; 43. 32). It was a +necessary element in the divine plan that Israel should dwell apart from +other nations (Num. 23. 9). + +4. =Civilization.= The Egyptians were far in advance of all other +nations of that age in intelligence, in the organization of society, and +in government. Though the Israelites lived apart from them, they were +among them, and learned much of their knowledge. Whatever may have been +their condition at the beginning of the sojourn, at the end of it they +had a written language (Exod. 24. 7), a system of worship (Exod. 19. 22; +33. 7), and a leader who had received the highest culture of his age +(Acts 7. 22). As one result of the sojourn the Israelites were +transformed from shepherds and herdsmen to tillers of the soil--a higher +manner of living. + + +Blackboard Outline. + + =Six Ev.= =I. Del.= 1. Fac. Scrip. Trad. 2. Dat. 2348? 3. Cau. Wick. + rac. 4. Ext. par. 5. Pur. 1.) Des. ev. 2.) New ep. + =II. Disp. Rac.= 1. Inst. mig. 2. Evid. Bib. Trad. Lang. + =III. Rise Emp.= 1. Eg. 2. Chal. 3. Ass. 4. Sid. and Tyr. + =IV. Mig. Abr.= Causes. 1. Mig. inst. 2. Pol. cau. 3. Rel. mot. + =V. Jour. Patr.= Str. in Pal. Shep. Hom. Relat. + =VI. Soj. in Eg.= Obj. 1. Pres. 2. Gro. 3. Isol. 4. Civ. + + +QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. + + What is the purpose in this series of studies? + At what point does history begin? + Name the six great events in early Bible history. + How is the fact of a deluge attested? + What date is commonly given to this event? + What was the moral cause of the flood? + What was its extent? + What was its purpose in the plan of God? + What new spirit took possession of men soon after the flood? + To what results did this lead? + What was the relation of this fact to the confusion of tongues? + What evidences of these migrations are found? + What were the three great centers of national life in the Oriental + world? + What city became the center of commercial life? + To what race did the earliest empires belong? + What was the most important journey, in its results, in all history? + What three causes are given for this migration? + What was especially the religious motive of this journey? + How long did Abraham's descendants remain in Palestine? + In what part of the country did they live? + What were their relations with the native peoples in Palestine? + What is meant by "the sojourn?" + What was its immediate cause? + What four providential results came to Israel through this sojourn? + How long was the time of the sojourn? + How were the Israelites protected from corruption through this sojourn? + What was the effect of the sojourn upon their civilization? + + +Subjects for Special Papers. + + THE PYRAMIDS. + THE CITY OF BABYLON. + THE GREAT RACES. + TRADITIONS OF THE DELUGE. + THE CHARACTER OF ABRAHAM. + EGYPT IN THE TIME OF JOSEPH. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[A] See Geikie's _Hours with the Bible_, vol. 1, chap. xiii; _Bible +Commentary_, note at the end of Gen. 8. + +[B] From the fact that in several genealogies four generations are given +to the sojourn in Egypt, the shorter period, from 1706 to 1491, has been +generally assumed. But it is almost impossible that seventy people could +become two million in four generations by natural increase alone. +Moreover, the genealogy of Joshua (1 Chron. 7. 22-27) gives either ten +or eleven generations to this period. It is probable that the other +tables name only sufficient links to show the line, and omit many of the +generations. This was frequently the case with Jewish records. (See the +genealogy of Jesus Christ in Matt. 1, where several names are omitted.) +We conclude that the sojourn began about 1900 B. C., and the call of +Abraham was about 2100 B. C., or earlier; but we give in the text the +usual chronology. + + + + +SECOND STUDY. + +THE WANDERING IN THE WILDERNESS. + + +I. Let us notice briefly the =EVENTS LEADING TO THE WANDERING.= + +1. =The Oppression of the Israelites.= (B. C. 1635.) (Exod. 1. 8-13.) +This was an important link in the chain of events. If the Israelites had +been prosperous and happy in Egypt they would have remained there, and +the destiny of the chosen people would have been forgotten. Therefore, +when Egypt had given to Israel all that it could, the wrath of man was +made to praise God; and by suffering the Israelites were made willing to +leave the land of their sojourn and seek the land of promise. The nest +was stirred up, and the young eaglet was compelled to fly (Deut. 32. 11, +12). + +2. =The Training of Moses.= (Born B. C. 1571.) There was another element +of preparation. No common man could have wrought the great work of +liberation, of legislation, and of training which Israel needed. Notice, +1.) Moses was an _Israelite in birth_, of the consecrated tribe of Levi +(Exod. 2. 1, 2). 2.) But he was _educated in the palace_, and in the +highest culture, as a prince in Egypt (Exod. 2. 10). If he had been +doomed to a slave's life he could never have accomplished his mission. +3.) At full age Moses made _choice of his people_, because they were the +people of God (Heb. 11. 24-26). 4.) Then came the _training of forty +years_ in the desert, giving him knowledge of the land, experience of +hardships, and maturity of thought. 5.) Lastly, there was the _call of +God_ (Exod. 3. 2), with its revelation of God's name and power, +imparting strength for his work. + +3. =The Ten Plagues.= There was a special significance in these plagues, +for each was a blow at some form of idol-worship among the Egyptians. +They were: 1.) The river turned to blood (Exod. 7. 20, 21). 2.) Frogs +(Exod. 8. 6). 3.) Lice (Exod. 8. 17). 4.) Flies, probably including +beetles and other winged pests (Exod. 8. 24). 5.) Murrain, or pestilence +among domestic animals (Exod. 9. 3, 4). 6.) Boils (Exod. 9. 10). 7.) +Hail (Exod. 9. 23). 8.) Locusts (Exod. 10. 14, 15). 9.) Darkness (Exod. +10. 22, 23). 10.) Death of the first-born (Exod. 12. 29). + +4. =The Passover.= (Exod. 12. 21-28.) This service represented three +ideas. 1.) It was the spring-tide festival. 2.) It commemorated the +sudden departure from Egypt, when there was not even time to "raise the +bread" before leaving (Exod. 12. 34-39). 3.) It was an impressive +prophecy of Christ, the slain Lamb of God (Exod. 12. 21, 22). + +[Illustration: JOURNEYS OF THE ISRAELITES] + +5. =The Exodus.= (B. C. 1491.) (Exod. 12. 40, 41.) The word means "going +out." This was the birthday of a nation, the hour when the Israelites +rose from being merely a mass of men to become a people. + +II. =THE WILDERNESS OF THE WANDERING.= Let the student note carefully +upon a good map the following locations, and then draw a map containing +them: + +1. Draw the coast-lines and note =three Seas=. 1.) The "great sea," or +_Mediterranean_ (Josh. 1. 4). 2.) The _Red Sea_ (Exod. 13. 18), (Gulfs +of Suez and Akaba). 3.) The _Dead Sea_. + +2. Draw the mountain ranges, and note =five Deserts=. 1.) The _Desert of +Shur_ (Exod. 15. 22), between Goshen and Canaan. 2.) The _Desert of +Paran_, in the center of the Sinaitic triangle (Num. 10. 12). This is +the wilderness in which thirty-eight of the forty years were passed +(Deut. 1. 19). 3.) The _Desert of E'ham_ (Num. 33. 8), on the shore of +the Gulf of Suez. 4.) The _Desert of Sin_, near Mount Sinai (Exod. 16. +1). 5.) The _Desert of Zin_, the desolate valley between the Gulf of +Akaba and the Dead Sea, now called the Arabah (Num. 13. 21). + +3. Locate also the =five Lands= of this region. 1.) _Goshen_, the land +of the sojourn (Exod. 9. 26). 2.) _Midian_, the land of Moses's shepherd +life (Exod. 2. 15), on both sides of the Gulf of Akaba. 3.) _Edom_, the +land of Esau's descendants, south of the Dead Sea (Num. 21. 4). 4.) +_Moab_, the land of Lot's descendants, east of the Dead Sea (Num. 21. +13). 5.) _Canaan_, the land of promise (Gen. 12. 7). + +4. Fix also the location of =three Mountains=. 1.) _Mount Sinai_, where +the law was given (Exod. 19. 20). 2.) _Mount Hor_, where Aaron died +(Num. 20. 23-28). 3.) _Mount Nebo_ (Pisgah), where Moses died (Deut. 34. +1). + +5. Notice also =seven Places=, some of which are clearly, others not so +definitely, identified. 1.) _Rameses_, the starting-point of the +Israelites (Exod. 12. 37). 2.) _Baal-zephon_, the place of crossing the +Red Sea (Exod. 14. 2). 3.) _Marah_, where the bitter waters were +sweetened (Exod. 15. 22-25). 4.) _Elim_, the place of rest (Exod. 15. +27). 5.) _Rephidim_, the place of the first battle, near Mount Sinai +(Exod. 17. 8-16). 6.) _Kadesh-barnea_,[C] whence the spies were sent +forth (Num. 13. 26). 7.) _Jahaz_, in the land of Moab, south of the +brook Arnon, the place of a victory over the Amorites (Num. 21. 23, 24). + +III. =THE JOURNEYS OF THE WANDERING.= These, with the =EVENTS= connected +with them, may be arranged in order as follows: + +1. From Rameses to the Red Sea (Exod. 12. 37; 14. 9). With this note: +1.) _The crossing of the Red Sea._ + +[Illustration: VICINITY OF MT. SINAI] + +2. From the Red Sea to Mount Sinai. Events: 2.) _The Waters of Marah._ +3.) _The repulse of the Amalekites._ 4.) _The giving of the law._ 5.) +_The worship of the golden calf._ At Mount Sinai the camp was kept for +nearly a year, and the organization of the people was effected. + +3. From Mount Sinai to Kadesh-barnea (B. C. 1490). At the latter place +occurred, 6.) _The sending out of the spies_ (Num. 13. 1-26). 7.) _The +defeat at Hormah_ (Num. 14. 40-45). It was the purpose of Moses to lead +the people at once from Kadesh up to Canaan. But their fear of the +Canaanite and Amorite inhabitants made them weak; they were defeated and +driven back into the desert of Paran, where they wandered thirty-eight +years, until the generation of slavish souls should die off, and a new +Israel, the young people, trained in the spirit of Moses and Aaron, and +fitted for conquest, should arise in their places. + +4. From Kadesh-barnea through the desert of Paran and return. This was +the long wandering of thirty-eight years. We trace the route from +Kadesh, around the desert of Paran, to Mount Hor, to Ezion-geber at the +head of the Gulf of Akaba, and at last to Kadesh once more (Num. 20. 1). +There occurred, 8.) _The water from the rock at Kadesh_, and Moses's +disobedience (Num. 20. 10-12). 9.) _The repulse of Arad_ (Num. 21. 1). +It would seem that the Israelites made a second attempt to enter Canaan +on the south, and were again defeated, though not so severely as before. + +5. From Kadesh-barnea around Edom to the river Jordan. After this second +defeat Moses desired to lead the people through the land of the +Edomites, and to enter Canaan by crossing the Jordan (Num. 20. 14). But +the Edomites refused to permit such an army to pass through their land +(Num. 20. 18-21). Hence the Israelites were compelled to go down the +desert of Zin, past Edom, as far as the Red Sea, then east of Edom, a +very long and toilsome journey (Num. 21. 4). Note with this journey: +10.) _The brazen serpent_ (Num. 21. 6-9; John 3. 14, 15). 11.) _The +victory over the Amorites_ (Num. 21. 23, 24). This victory gave to the +Israelites control of the country from Amon to Jabbok, and was the first +campaign of the conquest. The long journey was now ended in the +encampment of the Israelites at the foot of Mount Nebo, on the eastern +bank of the Jordan, near the head of the Dead Sea. 12.) The last event +of the period was _the death of Moses_ (Deut. 34. 5-8) (B. C. 1451). + +IV. =THE RESULTS OF THE WANDERING.= These forty years of wilderness life +made a deep impress upon the Israelite people, and wrought great changes +in their character. + +1. It gave them certain =Institutions=. From the wilderness they brought +their tabernacle and all its rites and services, out of which grew the +magnificent ritual of the temple. The Feast of Passover commemorated the +Exodus, the Feast of Pentecost, the giving of the law; the Feast of +Tabernacles (during which for a week the people lived in huts and +booths), the outdoor life in the desert. + +2. Another result was =National Unity=. When the Israelites left Egypt +they were twelve unorganized tribes, without a distinct national life. +Forty years in the wilderness, meeting adversities together, fighting +enemies, marching as one host, made them a nation. They emerged from the +wilderness a distinct people, with one hope and aim, with patriotic +self-respect, ready to take their place among the nations of the earth. + +3. =Individual Liberty.= They had just been set free from the tyranny of +the most complete governmental machine on the face of the earth. In +Egypt the man was nothing, the state was every thing. The Israelite +system was an absolute contrast to the Egyptian. For four centuries +after the Exodus the Israelites lived with almost no government, each +man doing what was right in his own eyes. They were the freest people on +earth, far more so than the Greeks or the Romans during their republican +epochs. Moses trained them not to look to the government for their care, +but to be a self-reliant people, able to take care of themselves. If +they had passed this initial stage of their history surrounded by +kingdoms they would have become a kingdom. But they learned their first +lessons of national life in the wilderness, untrammeled by environment +and under a wise leader, who sought to train up a nation of kings +instead of a kingdom. + +4. =Military Training.= We trace in the history of those forty years a +great advance in military discipline. After crossing the Red Sea Moses +did not care to lead them by the direct route to Canaan, lest they +should "see war" (Exod. 13. 17, 18). Attacked by the Amalekites soon +after the Exodus, the Israelites were almost helpless (Exod. 17. 8-16; +Deut. 25. 17-19). A year later they were the easy prey of the Canaanites +at Hormah (Num. 14. 40-45). Forty years after they crossed the Jordan +and entered Canaan, a drilled and trained host, a conquering army. This +discipline and spirit of conquest they gained under Moses and Joshua in +the wilderness. + +5. =Religious Education.= This was the greatest of all the benefits +gained in the wilderness. They were brought back from the idolatries of +Egypt to the faith of their fathers. They received God's law, the system +of worship, and the ritual which brought them by its services into a +knowledge of God. Moreover, their experience of God's care taught them +to trust in Jehovah, who had chosen them for his own people. Even though +the mass of the people might worship idols, there was always from this +time an Israel of the heart that sought and obeyed God. + + +Blackboard Outline. + + =I. Eve. le. Wan.= 1. Opp. Isr. + 2. Tra. Mos. 1.) Bir. 2.) Edu. 3.) Cho. 4.) Tra. 5.) Cal. + 3. Ten Pla. 1.) Bl. 2.) Fr. 3.) Li. 4.) Fl. 5.) Mur. 6.) Boi. + 7.) Hai. 8.) Loc. 9.) Dar. 10.) Dea. fir. bo. + 4. Pass. + 5. Exod. + + =II. Wil. Wan.= 1. Seas. 1.) M. S. 2.) R. S. [G, S., G. A.] + 3.) D. S. + 2. Des. 1.) D. Sh. 2.) D. Par. 3.) D. Eth. 4.) D. Si. 5.) D. Zi. + 3. Lan. 1.) Gos. 2.) Mid. 3.) Ed. 4.) Mo. 5.) Can. + 4. Mts. 1.) Mt. Sin. 2.) Mt. H. 3.) Mt. Neb. + 5. Pla. 1.) Ram. 2.) B.-zep. 3.) Mar. 4.) El. 5.) Rep. 6.) Kad.-bar + 7.) Jah. + + =III. Jour. and Even.= Jour. 1. Ram.--R. S., Ev. 1.) Cr. R. S. + Jour. 2. R. S.--Mt. Sin. 2.) Wat. Mar. 3.) Rep. Am. 4.) Giv. L. 5.) + Wor. gol. cal. + Jour. 3. Mt. Sin.--Kad.-bar. 6.) Sen. Sp. 7.) Del. Hor. + Jour. 4. Kad.-bar.--Des. Par.--Ret. 8.) Wat. roc. Kad. 9.) Rep. Ar. + Jour. 5. Kad.-bar.--Ed.--Riv. Jor. 10.) Bra. Ser. 11.) Vic. ov. Amo. + 12.) Dea. Mos. + + =IV. Res. Wan.= 1. Ins. 2. Nat. Un. 3. Ind. Lib. 4. Mil. Tra. 5. Rel. + Ed. + + +QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. + + Name five events which were preparatory to the wandering. + What made the Israelites willing to leave Egypt? + How was their leader trained for his mission? + What were the ten plagues upon the Egyptians? + What three ideas were connected with the Passover? + What is meant by the Exodus? + What are the three seas of the map illustrating the wandering? + Name five deserts of this region. + In which desert were the most years passed? + What were the two deserts on the shore of the Red Sea? + Where was the desert of Zin? + Which desert was between Egypt and Palestine? + Name and locate five lands of this region. + Which land was nearest to Egypt? + Which land was on the eastern arm of the Red Sea? + Which land lay east of the Dead Sea? + Which land was south of the Dead Sea? + Name three mountains in this region. + What event look place on each of these mountains? + Name two places between Egypt and the Red Sea. + Name three places on the route between the Red Sea, and an event at + each place. + What place was south of Canaan and near it? + What events occurred at this place? + What two places were battlefields? + State the route of the first journey. + What was the great event of this journey? + What was the second journey? + What four events are named with this journey? + What was the third journey? + What two events took place with this journey? + What was the longest journey? + Name four places of this journey. + Name two events near its close. + What was the last journey? + What events took place at this time? + Where was the last encampment of the Israelites? + What institutions originated during this period? + What was the political effect of this epoch upon the people? + How did it give them liberty? + What was the influence in military affairs? + What were its results upon the religion of the people? + + +Subjects for Special Papers. + + THE PHARAOH OF THE OPPRESSION. + MOUNT SINAI. + THE GREATNESS OF MOSES. + THE MOSAIC LEGISLATION. + THE SITE OF KADESH-BARNEA. + THE TABERNACLE IN THE WILDERNESS. + +FOOTNOTE: + +[C] The location of Kadesh-barnea is one of the great questions of the +Bible geography. Robinson places it at _ŽAin el-Weibeh_, north-west of +Petra. Rowlands, and lately Trumbull, locates it at _Ain Gadis_, +forty-five miles south of Beersheba. I think the latter is the true +place, though the authorities are not agreed. + + + + +THIRD STUDY. + +THE CONQUEST OF CANAAN. + + +I. Let us notice the =CANAANITES= before the conquest. + +1. They were a =varied people=. There were from seven to ten different +nations in Palestine when the Israelites entered it (Exod. 3. 17; Deut. +7. 1). Each tribe, often each city, had its own government. There was no +unity of government, no combined action to resist the invasion of +Israel. This made the conquest easy. If one king had ruled a united +people the result might have been different. + +2. These peoples were, however, of =one stock=. They belonged to the +Hamite race, and were all descended from the family of Canaan (Gen. 10. +15-19). There was no reason, except the tribal spirit, for their +separation into small clans and nationalities. + +3. They were =idolatrous= and, as a result, grossly =immoral=. Idolatry +is always associated with immorality; for the worship of idols is a +deification of sensuality. Baal and Asherah (plural Ashtoreth) were the +male and female divinities worshiped by most of these races (Judg. 2. +13). + +4. They had been =weakened= before the coming of the Israelites either +by war or by pestilence. The allusions in Exod. 23. 28; Deut. 7. 20; and +Josh. 7. 12, have been referred to an invasion before that of Israel, or +to some plague, which destroyed the native races. + +II. =THE CAMPAIGNS OF THE CONQUEST.= These may be divided as follows: + +1. =The campaigns east of the Jordan.= (B. C. 1451.) These were during +the life-time of Moses, and gained for Israel all the territory between +the brook Arnon and Mount Hermon. + +1.) The conquest of Gilead was made at the battle of Jahaz, near the +brook Arnon (Num. 21. 21-31). In one battle the Israelites gained the +land of Gilead from the Arnon to the Hieromax. + +2.) The conquest of Bashan was completed at the battle of Edrei, in the +mountainous region. + +3.) The conquest of Midian (Num. 31. 1-8) was led by the warrior-priest +Phinehas, and by smiting the tribes on the east protected the frontier +toward the desert. The land won by these three campaigns became the +territory of the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh +(Deut. 32). + +[Illustration: JOURNEYS OF THE CONQUEST] + +2. =The campaigns west of the Jordan= (B. C. 1451) were led by Joshua, +and showed great tactical skill and resistless energy of action. Joshua +led his people across the Jordan and established a fortified camp, the +center of operations during all his campaigns, at Gilgal (Josh. 4. 19). + +1.) The first invasion was of _central Palestine_, beginning with +Jericho (Josh. 6), taking Ai on the way (Josh. 8), and ending with +Shechem, which apparently fell without resistance (Josh. 8. 30-33). This +campaign gave to Israel the center of the land and divided their enemies +into two sections. + +2.) Next came the campaign against _southern Palestine_. At this time +was fought the battle of Beth-horon (Josh. 10. 10), the most momentous +in its results in all history, and one over which, if ever, the sun and +moon might well stand still (Josh. 10. 12, 13).[D] After this great +victory Joshua pursued his enemies and took the towns as far south as +Hebron and Debir (Josh. 10. 29-39). + +[Illustration: JOSHUA'S VICTORY AT BETH-HORON.] + +3.) Lastly, Joshua conquered _northern Palestine_ (Josh. 11). The battle +in this campaign was near Lake Merom (Josh. 11. 7), and, as before, it +was followed by the capture of many cities in the north. Thus, in those +marches Joshua won all the mountain region of western Palestine. + +3. There were certain =supplementary campaigns=, partly in Joshua's +time, partly afterward. + +1.) Caleb's rapture of Hebron, which had been re-occupied by the +Amorites (Josh. 14; Judg. 1. 10-15). + +2.) The Judahites' capture of Bezek, an unknown place between Jerusalem +and the Philistine plain (Judg. 1. 1-8). + +3.) The Danites' capture of Laish, in the extreme north, which afterward +bore the name of Dan (Judg. 18). + +But, after all these campaigns, a large part of the land was still +unsubdued, and the war of the conquest did not end until the days of +David, by whom every foe was finally placed under foot. + +III. =GENERAL ASPECTS OF ISRAEL AT THE CLOSE OF THE CONQUEST.= + +1. With regard to =the native races=. They were not destroyed nor driven +away, as had been commanded.[E] They remained as subject people in some +places, as the ruling race on the sea-coast and in the Jordan valley. We +see their influence, always injurious, throughout all Israel's history +(Exod. 23. 31-33; Deut. 7. 1-5); and some think that the present +inhabitants of the country belong to the original Canaanite stock. + +2. =The Israelites= did not occupy all the country. They possessed most +of the mountain region, but none of the sea-coast plain on the Jordan +valley. They were like the Swiss in modern times, living among the +mountains. Even in the New Testament period the lowlands were occupied +mainly by Gentiles. + +3. =The landed system= was peculiar. Estates were inalienable. They +might be leased, but not sold; and on the year of Jubilee (every +fiftieth year) all land reverted to the family originally owning it. +Thus every family had its ancestral home, the poor were protected, and +riches were kept within bounds. + +4. =The government= was a republic of families without an executive +head, except when a judge was raised up to meet special needs. Each +tribe had its own rulers, but there was no central authority after +Joshua (Judg. 21. 25). This had its evils, for it led to national +weakness; but it had its benefits: 1.) It kept Israel from becoming a +great worldly kingdom like Egypt and Assyria, which would have thwarted +the divine purpose. 2.) It promoted individuality and personal energy of +character. There would have been no "age of heroes" if Israel had been a +kingdom like Egypt. + +5. The =religious system= was simple. There was but one altar at Shiloh +for all the land and for all the tribes, and the people were required to +visit it for the three great feasts (Deut. 12. 11, 14; Josh. 18. 1). +This was the religious bond which united the people. If it had been +maintained they would have needed no other constitution, and even its +partial observance kept the people one nation. + +6. The =character= of the people was diverse. Throughout the history we +trace the working of two distinct elements. There was the true +Israel--the earnest, religious, God-worshiping section, the Israel of +Joshua and Gideon and Samuel. Then there was the underlying mass of the +people--secular, ignorant, prone to idolatry, the Israel that worshiped +Baal and Ashtoreth, and sought alliance with the heathen. One element +was the hope of the nation, the other was its bane. + + +Blackboard Outline. + + =I. Canaanites.= 1. Var. 2. Ham. rac. 3. Idol. 4. Weak. + + =II. Camp. Conq.= 1. Camp. Eas. Jor. 1.) Gil. Jah. 2) Bash. Ed. + 3.) Mid. + 2. Camp. Wes. Jor. 1.) Cent. Pal. Jer. Ai. She. 2) Sou. Pal. Beth-hor. + 3.) Nor. Pal. L. Mer. + 3. Supp. Camp. 1.) Cal. cap. Heb. 2.) Jud. cap. Bez. 3.) Dan. cap. + Lai. + + =III. Gen. Asp. Isr. at Clo. Conq.= 1. Nat. rac. sub. 2. Isr. in mtn. + reg. 3. Land. sys. 4. Gov. rep. fam. 5. Rel. sys. 6. Char. peo. + + +QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. + + What was the political system of the Canaanites before the conquest? + How did this condition affect the result of the war? + To what race did the Canaanite tribes belong? + What was their religion? + What was the effect of their worship on their character? + What had taken place shortly before the coming of the Israelites? + What campaigns of conquest were made before the death of Moses? + What battles were fought in these campaigns? + What tribes took possession of this territory? + On which side of the Jordan were Joshua's campaigns? + What traits as a military leader did he show? + What places were captured on the first of Joshua's campaigns? + What was the effect of this campaign on the enemies? + Against what section was Joshua's second campaign? + Where was the great battle fought? + What is said to have taken place at this battle? + What cities were captured at this time? + Where was the third campaign of Joshua directed? + Where was the battle fought in this campaign? + What were the three supplementary campaigns? + What city was conquered by Caleb? + What city was occupied by the tribe of Dan? + What king, long after Joshua, completed the conquest of Canaan? + What was the condition of the native races after the conquest? + What was the result of their continuance in the land? + What portion of the country was occupied by the Israelites? + What modern analogy is given to them? + What was the system of land-tenure among the Israelites? + What were some of its benefits? + What was the form of government? + Wherein was this system defective? + What were its excellences? + What was the religious system of the Israelites? + What was the effect of this system? + What was the religious character of the people? + What was the condition of the mass of the Israelites? + + +Subjects for Special Papers. + + JOSHUA AS A GENERAL. + BETH-HORON AS ONE OF THE WORLD'S GREATEST BATTLES. + THE MORAL ASPECTS OF THE DESTRUCTION OF THE CANAANITES. + THE RIVER JORDAN. + THE HISTORY OF JERICHO. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[D] The account of the sun and moon standing still is an extract from an +ancient poem, and is so printed in the Revised Version. The subject is +discussed in Geikie's _Hours With the Bible_, foot-note with chapter +xiii. + +[E] With regard to the destruction of the Canaanites: 1. Such +destruction was the almost universal custom of the ancient world. 2. It +was deserved by the Canaanites, who were among the most wicked of +ancient peoples. 3. It was necessary, if Israel was to be kept from the +corruption of their morals, and upon Israel's character depended the +world in after ages. 4. As a result of failing to extirpate the +Canaanites a vastly greater number of the Israelites were destroyed +during the succeeding centuries. + + + + +FOURTH STUDY. + +THE AGE OF THE HEROES. + + +From the death of Joshua (about B. C. 1426) to the coronation of Saul +(B. C. 1095) the twelve tribes of Israel were without a central +government, except as from time to time men of ability rose up among +them. It was not as some have supposed, "an age of anarchy," for anarchy +is confusion; and during most of the three hundred and thirty years +there were peace and order in Israel. It was rather an age of heroes, +for its rulers were neither hereditary nor elective, but men called +forth by the needs of the hour and their own qualities of leadership. + +I. =THE CONDITION OF ISRAEL DURING THIS PERIOD.= This was partly +favorable, and partly unfavorable. The favorable elements were: + +1. =The mountain location= of Israel. The tribes were perched like +Switzerland in the Alps. There was a desert on the south and on the +east, while on the west lay the plain by the sea, the great route of +travel between Egypt and the Euphrates. Great armies passed and repassed +over this plain, and great battles were fought by Egyptians, Hittites, +and Assyrians, while Israel on her mountain peaks was unmolested. This +mountain home left Israel generally unnoticed, and, when attacked, +almost inaccessible. + +2. =The racial unity= of Israel. The two finest races of the world, the +Greek and the Israelite, were both of pure blood. The Israelites were +one in origin, in language, in traditions, in aspirations. This national +unity often brought the tribes together in times of distress; though not +always when their union was needed. + +3. =The religious institutions.= In Greece every town had its own god +and its own religion; hence the many parties and petty nationalities. +But in Israel there was in theory but one altar, one house of God, one +system of worship, with its annual pilgrimage to the religious capital +(1 Sam. 1. 3). Just to the measure in which these institutions were +observed, Israel was strong against all foes, and as they were neglected +the land became the prey of oppressors (Judg. 2. 7-14; 1. Sam. 7. 3). + +But there were also unfavorable elements in the condition of Israel, +which threatened its very existence. These were: + +1. =The native races.= These were of two kinds: the subject peoples left +on the soil, more or less under the domination of the conquerors, and +the surrounding nations, Ammon, Moab, Syria, and the Philistines. There +was danger from their enmity, a rebellion of the subject tribes, allied +with the enemies around, for the destruction of Israel. And there was +far greater danger from their friendship, which would lead to +intermarriage, to idolatry, to corruption of morals, and to ruin (Judg. +3. 1-7). + +2. =Lack of a central government.= Israel was in the condition of the +United States at the close of the Revolution, from 1783 to 1789, a loose +confederation with no central authority. There were twelve tribes, but +each governed itself. Only under some great chieftain like Gideon or +Samuel were all the twelve tribes united. Most of the judges ruled only +over their own district of a few adjoining tribes. Often the northern +tribes were in peril, but we never read of Judah going to their +assistance; and in Judah's wars with the Philistines the northern tribes +stood aloof. + +3. =Tribal jealousy.= Until the establishment of the American republic +the world never saw, for any length of time, a league of states on an +equal footing. In Greece the strongest state claimed the _hegemony_, or +leadership, and oppressed its allies. In Italy the Romans reduced all +their neighbors to subjection. In Europe it now requires an army of more +than a million men to maintain the "balance of power." So in Israel +there was a constant struggle for the leadership between the two great +tribes of Judah and Ephraim. During the period of the judges Ephraim was +constantly asserting its right to rule the other tribes (Judg. 8. 1-3; +12. 1-6). We trace this rivalry through all the reign of David; and at +last it led to the division of the empire under Rehoboam. + +4. =Idolatrous tendencies.= We note constantly "the two Israels"--a +spiritual minority and an irreligious, idolatrous mass. For ten +centuries the greatest evil of Israelite history was the tendency to the +worship of idols. Causes which operated to promote it were: 1.) The +natural craving for a visible object of worship, not altogether +eradicated from even the Christian heart; for example, Romish images and +ritualistic bowing toward the altar. 2.) The association of Israel with +idolaters on the soil or as neighbors. 3.) The opportunity which +idol-worship gives to gratify lust under the guise of religion. As a +result of these forces we find idol-worship the crying sin of the +Israelites down to the captivity in Babylon. + +II. =THE JUDGES OF ISRAEL.= These were the heroes of that age, the men +who in turn led the tribes, freed them from their enemies, and restored +them to the service of God. + +1. =Their office.= It was not generally to try legal cases between man +and man, or between tribe and tribe. It might be regarded as a military +dictatorship blended with a religious authority. The judge was a union +of the warrior and the religious reformer. + +2. =Their appointment=; not by election, nor the votes of the people. +The Orientals have never chosen their rulers by suffrage. The judges +were men whom the people recognized as called of God to their office +(Judg. 2. 16; 3. 9; 6. 11-13). + +3. =Their authority= rested not on law, nor on armies, but on the +personal elements of integrity and leadership in the men, and on the +general belief in their inspiration. They spoke to the people with the +authority of a messenger from God. They arose in some hour of great +need, and after the immediate danger was over held their power until the +end of their lives. + +4. =The extent of their rule= was generally local, over a few tribes in +one section. Deborah ruled in the north (Judg. 5. 14-18); Jephthah +governed the east of the Jordan only (Judg. 11. 29). Often more than one +judge was ruling at the same time; probably Samson and Eli were +contemporaneous. Gideon and Samuel alone ruled all the twelve tribes. + +III. =THE OPPRESSIONS AND DELIVERERS.= During these three centuries the +influences already named brought Israel many times under the domination +of foreign power. The story was always the same, forsaking God, +following idols, subjection, reformation, victory, and temporary +prosperity. We notice the seven oppressions. Some of these were +undoubtedly contemporaneous. + +1. =The Mesopotamian Oppression.= (Judg. 3. 7-11.) Probably this was +over the southern portion, and the invaders came by the east and around +the Dead Sea, as earlier invaders from the same land had come (Gen. 14. +1-7). The deliverer was Othniel, the first judge, and the only judge of +the tribe of Judah. + +2. =The Moabite Oppression.= (Judg. 3. 12-30.) Over the eastern and +central section, including Ephraim (verse 27); deliverer, Ehud, the +second judge; battle fought at the ford of the river Jordan (verse 28). + +3. =The Early Philistine Oppression.= (Judg. 3. 31.) Over the +south-west, on the frontier of Judah; deliverer, Shamgar. + +4. =The Canaanite Oppression.= (Judg. 4.) Over the northern tribes; +deliverer, Deborah, the woman judge; battle at Mount Tabor. + +5. =The Midianite Oppression.= (Judg. 6. 1-6.) Over the northern center, +especially Manasseh-east; the most severe of all; deliverer, Gideon, the +greatest of the judges (Judg. 6. 11, 12); battle, on Mount Gilboa +(Judg. 7), followed by other victories (Judg. 8). + +6. =The Ammonite Oppression.= (Judg. 10. 7-9.) Note an alliance between +the Amorites and Philistines, which is suggestive; mainly over the +tribes on the east of Jordan; deliverer, Jephthah[F] (Judg. 11); victory +at Aroer (verse 33). + +7. =The Philistine Oppression.= (Judg. 13) This was the most protracted +of all, for it extended, with intervals of freedom, for a hundred years; +embraced all the land, but was most heavily felt south of Mounts Carmel +and Gilboa. The liberation was begun by Samson (Judg. 13. 5), but he was +led astray by sensual lusts and became a failure. Freedom was later won +by Samuel at the battle of Ebenezer (1 Sam. 7. 7-14); but the oppression +was renewed in the time of Saul, and became heavier than ever (1 Sam. +13. 17-20). Finally the yoke was broken by David, in a succession of +victories, ending with the capture of Gath, the Philistine capital (2 +Sam. 5. 17-25; 1 Chron. 18. 1). + +Note with each oppression: 1.) The oppressor. 2.) The section oppressed. +3.) The deliverer. 4.) The battlefield. + +IV. =THE GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD.= + +1. It was an age of =individuality=. There was no strong government to +oppress the people, to concentrate all the life of the nation at the +court, and to repress individuality. Contrast Persia with Greece; Rome +under the emperors with Rome as a republic. As men were needed they were +raised up, for there was opportunity for character. Hence it was an age +of heroes--Othniel, Ehud, Shamgar, Gideon, Jephthah, Samson, Samuel, +etc. Free institutions bring strong men to the front. + +2. It was an age of =neglect of the law=. During all this period there +is no allusion to the law of Moses. Its regulations were ignored, except +so far as they belonged to the common law of conscience and right. The +laws of Moses were not deliberately disobeyed, but were ignorantly +neglected. Even good men, as Gideon and Samuel, built altars and offered +sacrifices (Judg. 6. 24; 1 Sam. 7. 9) contrary to the letter of the law +of Moses, but obeying its spirit. + +3. Nevertheless, it was an age of =progress=. There were alternate +advancements and retrogressions; yet we see a people with energy, rising +in spite of their hindrances. By degrees government became more settled +(1 Sam. 7. 15-17), foreign relations arose (1 Sam. 7. 14; Ruth 1. 1), +and the people began to look toward a more stable system (1 Sam. 8. +4-6). + + +Blackboard Outline. + + =I. Cond. Isr.= _Fav._ 1. Mtn. Loc. 2. Rac. Un. 3. Rel. Ins. + _Unfav._ 1. Nat. Rac. 2. Lac. cent. gov. 3. Tri. + jeal. 4. Idol. ten. + + =II. Jud. Isr.= 1. Off. 2. App. 3. Auth. 4. Ext. ru. + + =III. Opp. and Deliv.= + _Opp._ _Sec._ _Deliv._ _Batt.-fie._ + 1. Mes. Sou. Oth. + 2. Moab. Ea. cen. Ehu. For. Jor. + 3. Ea. Phil. So.-wes. Sham. + 4. Can. Nor. Deb. Mt. Tab. + 5. Mid. Nor. cen. Gid. Mt. Gil. + 6. Amm. East. Jeph. Aro. + 7. Phil. All. Sams. Saml. Eben. + Dav. Gath. + + =IV. Gen. Asp. Per.= 1. Ind. 2. Neg. Law. 3. Prog. + + +QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. + +How long was this period? What were its traits? What were the conditions +favorable to Israel during this period? How did their location aid the +Israelites? Wherein were the Israelites one people? How did their +religious institutions keep them together? + +What were the unfavorable and dangerous elements in the condition of +Israel? How were they in danger from the native races? What was lacking +in the government of Israel? What two tribes were in rivalry? What was +the effect of this jealousy? What analogy is found in ancient history? +How is the same principle illustrated in modern times? What evil +tendency was manifested in Israel through nearly all its history? What +causes are assigned for this tendency? + +What was the office of a judge in Israel? How were the judges appointed? +What was their authority? How widely did their rule extend? + +What resulted from these evil tendencies in Israel? How many oppressors +were there? Who were the first oppressors? Over what part of the country +was the first oppression? Who delivered Israel from it? What was the +second oppression? What part of the country suffered from it? Who was +the deliverer? Where was the battle fought? What was the third +oppression, and where? Who delivered Israel? What was the fourth +oppression? Where was it? Who was the deliverer? Where was the victory +won? What was the fifth oppression? Over what part of the country was +it? Who delivered Israel from it? What was the sixth oppression? Over +what part of the land was it? Who delivered from it? What was the last +oppression? How did it differ from the others? What three names are +associated in the deliverance from its power? + +What are the three general aspects of this period? + + +Subjects for Special Papers. + + THE ISRAELITE REPUBLIC. + THE CAREER OF GIDEON. + THE VOW OF JEPHTHAH. + THE FAILURE OF SAMSON. + SHILOH AND THE TABERNACLE. + FAMILY LIFE DURING THE AGE OF THE JUDGES. + +[Illustration: MODERN JERUSALEM.] + +FOOTNOTE: + +[F] With Jephthah is associated the only instance of human sacrifice +offered to Jehovah in all Bible history; and this was by an ignorant +freebooter, in a part of the land farthest from the instructions of the +tabernacle and the priesthood. When we consider that the practice of +human sacrifice was universal in the ancient world, and that not only +captives taken in war but also the children of the worshipers were +offered (2 Kings 3. 26, 27; Mic. 6. 7), this fact is a remarkable +evidence of the elevating power of the Israelite worship. + + + + +FIFTH STUDY. + +THE RISE OF THE ISRAELITE EMPIRE. + + +The coronation of Saul (B. C. 1095) marks an epoch in the history of +Israel. From that point, for five hundred years, the chosen people were +under the rule of kings. + +I. =THE CAUSES LEADING TO THE MONARCHY.= The kingdom was not an +accidental nor a sudden event. There had been a gradual preparation for +it through all the period of the judges. + +1. Note the =tendency toward settled government=. In the time of Gideon +the people desired him to become a king (Judg. 8. 22, 23). His son +attempted to make himself a king, but failed (Judg. 9). We find judges +setting up a semi-royal state, and making marriages for their children +outside of their tribe (Judg. 12. 9, 13, 14). Judges associating their +sons with themselves (Judg. 10. 4; 1 Sam. 8. 1, 2). All these show a +monarchical trend in the time. + +2. Another cause was the =consolidation of the surrounding nations=. In +the days of the conquest there were few kings in the lands neighboring +Palestine. We read of "lords" and "elders," but no kings, among the +Philistines, the Moabites, the Ammonites, and the Phenicians (Judg. 3. +3; 1 Sam. 5. 8; Num. 22. 7). But a wave of revolution swept over all +those lands, as about the same time over Greece; and very soon we find +that every nation around Israel had its king (1 Sam. 21. 10; 11. 1; 22. +3; 2 Sam. 5. 11). The movement of Israel toward monarchy was in +accordance with this spirit. + +3. There was a =danger of invasion=, which impelled the Israelites to +seek for a stronger government (1 Sam. 12. 12). They felt themselves +weak, while other nations were organized for conquest, and desired a +king for leader in war. + +4. Then, too, the =rule of Samuel= led the Israelites to desire a +better organization of the government. For twenty years they had enjoyed +the benefit of a wise, strong, and steady rule. They felt unwilling to +risk the dangers of tribal dissension after the death of Samuel, and +therefore they sought for a king. + +5. But underlying all was the =worldly ambition= of the people. They +were not willing to remain the people of God, and work out a peculiar +destiny. They wished to be like the nations around, to establish a +secular state, to conquer an empire for themselves (1 Sam. 8. 5-20). It +was this worldly spirit, whose results Samuel saw, which made him +unwilling to accede to the wish of the Israelites. But the very things +against which he warned them (1 Sam. 8. 11-18) were just what they +desired. + +II. =THE CHARACTER OF THE ISRAELITE KINGDOM.= When men change their +plans God changes his. He desired Israel to remain a republic, and not +to enter into worldly relations and aims. When, however, the Israelites +were determined, God gave them a king (1 Sam. 8. 22); but his rule was +not to be like that of the nations around Israel. We ascertain the +divine ideal of a kingdom for his chosen people: + +1. =It was a theocratic kingdom.= That is, it recognized God as the +supreme ruler, and the king as his representative, to rule in accordance +with his will, and not by his own right. Only as people and king +conformed to this principle could the true aims of the kingdom be +accomplished (1 Sam. 12. 13-15). And if the king should deviate from +this order, he should lose his throne. Disobedience to the divine will +caused the kingdom to pass from the family of Saul to that of David (1 +Sam. 13. 13, 14; 15. 26). + +2. =It was a constitutional kingdom.= The rights of the people were +carefully guaranteed, and there was a written constitution (1 Sam. 10. +25). Nearly all the Oriental countries have always been governed by +absolute monarchs; but Israel was an exception to this rule. The people +could demand their rights from Rehoboam (1 Kings 12. 3, 4). Ahab could +not take away nor even buy Naboth's vineyard against its owner's will (1 +Kings 21. 1-3). No doubt the rights of the people were often violated; +but the violation was contrary to the spirit of the monarchy. + +3. =It was regulated by the prophets.= The order of prophets had a +regular standing in the Israelite state. The prophet was a check upon +the power of the king, as a representative both of God's will and the +people's rights. He spoke not only of his own opinions, but by the +authority of God. Notice instances of the boldness of prophets in +rebuking kings (1 Sam. 15. 16-23; 2 Sam. 12. 1-7; 1 Kings 13. 1-6; 17. +1; 22. 7-17). The order of prophets was like the House of Commons, +between the king and the people. + +III. =THE REIGN OF SAUL.= (B. C. 1095-1055.) 1. This may be divided into +two parts: 1.) _a period of prosperity_, during which Saul ruled well, +and freed Israel from its oppressors on every side (1 Sam. 14. 47, 48); +2.) then a _period of decline_, in which Saul's kingdom seems to be +falling in pieces, and only preserved by the prowess and ability of +David. After David's exile the Philistines again overran Israel, and +Saul's reign ended in defeat and death. + +2. We observe that Saul's reign was =a failure=, and left the tribes in +worse condition than it found them. 1.) He failed _in uniting the +tribes_; for tribal jealousies continued (1 Sam. 10. 27), and at the +close of his reign broke out anew in the establishment of rival thrones +(2 Sam. 2. 4, 8, 9). 2.) He failed _in making friends_. He alienated +Samuel, and with him the order of prophets (1 Sam. 15. 35); he alienated +David, the ablest young man of his age, and the rising hope of Israel, +and drove him into exile (1 Sam. 21. 10); he alienated the entire order +of the priests, and caused many of them to be massacred (1 Sam. 22. 18). +3.) He failed _to advance religion_; left the tabernacle in ruins; left +the ark in seclusion; broke up the service; and drove the priests whom +he did not murder into exile (1 Sam. 22. 20-23). 4.) He failed _to +liberate Israel_; at his death the yoke of the Philistines was more +severe than ever before (1 Sam. 31. 1-7). The most charitable view of +Saul was that he was insane during the latter years of his life. The +cause of his failure was a desire to reign as an absolute monarch, and +an unwillingness to submit to the constitution of the realm. + +IV. =THE REIGN OF DAVID.= (B. C. 1055-1015.) This was a brilliant +period; for it was led by a great man, in nearly every respect the +greatest after Moses in Israelite history. + +1. Notice the =condition of Israel at his accession=. This will throw +into relief the greatness of his character and his achievements. + +1.) It was a _subject people_; under Philistine yoke; its warriors +slain; many of its cities deserted; David himself probably at first +tributary to the King of Gath. + +2.) It was a _disorganized people_. The tribes were divided; national +unity was lost; and two thrones were set up, one at Hebron, the other at +Mahanaim (2 Sam. 2. 4-9). + +3.) It was a _people without religion_. The tabernacle was gone; the ark +was in neglect; there was no altar and no sacrifice; the priests had +been slain. + +We can scarcely imagine Israel at a lower ebb than when David was called +to the throne. + +2. We ascertain =David's achievements=; the results of his reign. 1.) +_He united the tribes._ At first crowned king by Judah only, later he +was made king over all the tribes, by the desire of all (2 Sam. 5. 1-5). +During his reign we find but little trace of the old feud between +Ephraim and Judah, though it was not dead, and destined yet to rend the +kingdom asunder. + +2.) _He subjugated the land._ The conquest of Palestine, left +incomplete by Joshua, and delayed for three hundred years, was finished +at last by David in the capture of Jebus or Jerusalem (2 Sam. 5. 6, 7), +in the overthrow of the Philistines (2 Sam. 5. 17-25), and in the final +capture of their capital city (1 Chron. 18. 1). At last Israel was +possessor of its own land. + +[Illustration: EMPIRE OF DAVID] + +3.) _He organized the government._ He established a capital (2 Sam. 5. +9). He built a palace (2 Sam. 5. 11). Notice that the builders were from +Tyre, showing that the Israelites were not advanced in the arts. He +established a system of government, with officers in the court and +throughout the realm (1 Chron. 27. 25-34). Contrast all this with Saul, +who ruled from his tent, like a Bedouin sheik. + +4.) _He established an army._ There was a royal body-guard, probably of +foreigners, like that of many European kings in modern times (2 Sam. 8. +18; 15. 18). There was a band of heroes, like Arthur's Round Table (2 +Sam. 23. 8-39). There was "the host," the available military force, +divided into twelve divisions, one on duty each month (1 Chron. 27. +1-15). + +5.) _He established religion._ No sooner was David on the throne than he +brought the ark out of its hiding-place, and gave it a new home in his +capital (1 Chron. 16. 1). The priesthood was organized, and divided into +courses for the service of the tabernacle (1 Chron. 23. 27-32; 24. +1-19). He wrote many psalms, and caused others to be written, for the +worship of God. Two prophets stood by his throne (1 Chron. 29. 29), and +two high-priests stood by the altar (1 Chron. 24. 3). This organization +and uplifting of the public worship had a great effect upon the kingdom. + +6.) _He conquered all the surrounding nations._ These wars were largely +forced upon David by the jealousy of the neighboring kingdoms. In turn +his armies conquered and annexed to his dominions the land of the +Philistines (1 Chron. 18. 1), Moab (2 Sam. 8. 2), Syria, even to the +great river Euphrates (2 Sam. 8. 3-6); Edom (2 Sam. 8. 14), Ammon, and +the country east of Palestine (2 Sam. 10. 1-14; 12. 26-31). The empire +of David thus extended from the frontier of Egypt to the Euphrates +River, fulfilling the promise of Josh 1. 4. It was at least six times +the area of the twelve tribes. + +7.) We may add that _he reigned as a theocratic king_. He realized more +than any other monarch the divine ideal of a ruler, and so was "the man +after God's own heart" (1 Sam. 13. 14); if not altogether in personal +character, yet in the principles of his government. He respected the +rights of his subjects, had a sympathy for all people, obeyed the voice +of the prophets, and sought the interests of God's cause.[G] + + +Blackboard Outline. + + =I. Cau. lea. Mon.= 1. Ten. tow. set. gov. 2. Con. sur. nat. 3. Dan. + inv. 4. Ru. Sam. 5. Wor. am. peo. + + =II. Char. Isr. Kin.= 1. Theo. kin. 2. Cons. kin. 3. Reg. by pro. + + =III. Rei. Sau.= 1. Pros. and Dec. 2. Fai. 1.) Un. tri. 2.) Mak. + fri. 3.) Adv. rel. 4.) Lib. Isr. + + =IV. Rei. Dav.= 1. Con. Isr. acc. 1.) Sub. 2.) Dis. 3.) Wit. rel. + 2. Dav. Achiev. 1.) Uni. tri. 2.) Sub. la. 3.) Org. gov. + 4.) Est. ar. 5.) Est. rel. 6.) Conq. surr. nat. 7.) Rei. theo. + kin. + + +QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. + +What event marks an epoch in Israelite history? What were the causes +leading to the monarchy? What events in the period of the judges show a +tendency toward settled government? What changes in government in the +surrounding nations helped to bring on the monarchy in Israel? From what +source did external danger lead the Israelites to desire a king? How had +Samuel unconsciously helped to prepare the way for a kingdom? What +worldly spirit promoted the same result? + +What kind of a kingdom did God intend for Israel? What is a theocratic +kingdom? Wherein was Israel an exception among Oriental kingdoms? By +what institution was the kingdom regulated? Name some instances of +prophets rebuking kings. + +Into what two parts may Saul's reign be divided? Wherein was Saul a +failure? How did he fail in gaining and holding friends? + +What was the condition of Israel when David came to the throne? What +were the achievements of David? What great incomplete work did David +finish? What did he do in the organization of his kingdom? What was the +arrangement of his army? What were his services to the cause of +religion? What nations did he conquer? What was the extent of his +empire? In what spirit did he rule? + + +Subjects for Special Papers. + + HOW THE REPUBLIC BECAME A MONARCHY. + THE EARLY LIFE OF DAVID. + DAVID AS HERO, STATESMAN, AND POET. + DAVID'S TRAINING FOR THE THRONE. + SAMUEL, THE FOUNDER OF THE PROPHETIC ORDER. + THE CAUSES AND RESULTS OF ABSALOM'S REBELLION. + +FOOTNOTE: + +[G] With regard to David's crimes against Uriah and his wife, note that +no other ancient monarch would have hesitated to commit such an act, or +would have cared for it afterward; while David submitted to the +prophet's rebuke, publicly confessed his sin, and showed every token of +a true repentance. + + + + +SIXTH STUDY. + +THE GOLDEN AGE OF ISRAEL. + + +The reign of Solomon (B. C. 1015-975) may be regarded as the culminating +period in the history of Israel. But, strictly speaking, the latter part +of David's reign and only the former part of Solomon's constitute "the +golden age of Israel;" for Solomon's later years manifested a decline, +which after his death rapidly grew to a fall. + +I. =THE REIGN OF SOLOMON.= + +1. =His claim to the throne.= He was one of the youngest of David's +sons, the second child of Bath-sheba, born during the culmination of +David's reign (1 Chron. 22. 7-9). He obtained the throne by the decree +of David, by the choice of God, as the one among David's children best +fitted to reign (1 Chron. 28. 5, 6). The principle of primogeniture, or +the special right of the eldest son, was not fixed in those times. + +2. =His accession= was marked by the execution of three men, Adonijah (1 +Kings 2. 24, 25), Joab (1 Kings 2. 28-34), and Shimei (1 Kings 2. +36-46). Two of these had conspired against him, and the third was the +last survivor of the house of Saul, and a possible rival for the throne. +Their death was dictated by policy, and probably by justice. His throne +would not be secure while these men lived. + +3. =His empire= embraced all the lands from the Red Sea to the +Euphrates, and from the Mediterranean to the Syrian desert, except +Phenicia, which was isolated by the Lebanon Mountains. 1.) Besides +Palestine he ruled over Edom, Moab, Ammon, Syria (here referring to the +district having Damascus as its capital), Zobah, and Hamath. 2.) On the +Gulf of Akaba, Ezion-geber was his southern port (1 Kings 9. 26); on the +Mediterranean, Gaza (Azzah) was his limit; in the extreme north, +Tiphsah, by the Euphrates (1 Kings 4. 24); in the desert, Tadmor, +afterward Palmyra (1 Kings 9. 18). + +4. =His foreign relations= were extensive, for the first and only time +in the history of Israel. 1.) His earliest treaty was _with Tyre_ +(Phenicia), whose king had been his father's friend (1 Kings 5. 1). What +this alliance brought to Solomon (1 Kings 5. 6-10; 2 Chron. 2. 3-14). +2.) His relations _with Egypt_; in commerce (1 Kings 10. 28, 29); in +marriage, a bold departure from Israelite customs (1 Kings 3. 1). +Probably Psalm 45 was written upon this event. 3.) _With Arabia_, the +land bordering on the southern end of the Red Sea (1 Kings 10. 1-10, 14, +15). 4.) _With India_, which is probably referred to in 1 Kings 9. +26-28. 5.) _With Spain_, probably meant in 1 Kings 10. 22. + +5. =His buildings.= 1.) Of these the greatest, the most costly, and the +most famous was _the temple_ (1 Kings 6. 1). With this building notice: +(_a_) The courts and open square, with an inner court inside for the +priests only (2 Chron 4. 9). (_b_) The porch (2 Chron 3. 4). (_c_) The +holy place (2 Chron. 3. 8; 1 Kings 6. 17). (_d_) The holy of holies (1 +Kings 6. 19, 20). (_e_) The chambers for the priests (1 Kings 6. 5, 6). +2.) _His own palace_, situated south of the temple precincts, in the +district called Ophel. Its name derived from its columned entrance (1 +Kings 7. 1, 2). 3.) _His fortified cities_ (1 Kings 9. 17-19). 4.) _His +aqueducts_, some of which may still be seen (Eccl. 2. 4-6). No King of +Israel ever built so many public works as did Solomon. + +6. But all was not bright in the reign of Solomon. We must notice also +=his sins=, for they wrought great results of evil in the after years. +1.) That which led to all his other sins was _foreign marriages_ (1 +Kings 11. 1-4). These were the natural and inevitable result of his +foreign relations, and were probably effected for political reasons as +well as to add to the splendor of his court. 2.) His _toleration of +idolatry_, perhaps actual participation in it (1 Kings 11. 5-8). We +cannot over-estimate the harm of Solomon's influence in this direction. +At once it allied him with the lower and evil elements in the nation, +and lost to him the sympathy of all the earnest souls.[H] 3.) Another of +Solomon's sins, not named in Scripture, but referred to in many legends +of the East, was his _devotion to magical arts_. He appears in Oriental +traditions as the great master of forces in the invisible world, +engaging in practices forbidden by the law of Moses (Lev. 19. 31; Deut. +18. 10, 11). + +II. =GENERAL ASPECTS OF ISRAEL IN THE REIGN OF SOLOMON.= + +1. =It was a period of peace.= For sixty years there were no wars. This +gave opportunity for development, for wealth, and for culture. + +2. =It was a period of strong government.= The age of individual and +tribal energy was ended, and now all the life of the nation was gathered +around the throne. All the tribes were held under one strong hand; +tribal lines were ignored in the government of the empire (1 Kings 4. +7-19); every department was organized. + +3. =It was a period of wide empire.= It was Israel's opportunity for +power in the East; for the old Chaldean empire had broken up, the new +Assyrian empire had not arisen, and Egypt was passing through a change +of rulers and was weak. For one generation Israel held the supremacy in +the Oriental world. + +4. =It was a period of abundant wealth.= (1 Kings 3. 12, 13; 4. 20; 10. +23, 27.) The sources of this wealth were: 1.) The _conquests_ of David, +who had plundered many nations and left his accumulated riches to +Solomon (1 Chron. 22. 14-16). 2.) The _tribute_ of the subject kingdoms, +doubtless heavy (1 Kings 10. 25). 3.) _Commerce_ with foreign countries, +Egypt, Arabia, Tarshish, and Ophir, in ancient times was not carried on +by private enterprise, but by the government. The _trade_ of the East +from Egypt and Tyre passed through Solomon's dominions, enriching the +land. 4.) There were also _taxes_ laid upon the people (1 Kings 4. 7; +12. 4). 5.) The erection of _public buildings_ must have enriched many +private citizens and made money plenty. + +5. =It was a period of literary activity.= The books written during this +epoch were Samuel, Psalms (in part), Proverbs (in part), and perhaps +Ecclesiastes and Solomon's Song. Not all the writings of Solomon have +been preserved (1 Kings 4. 32, 33). + +III. =DANGERS OF THE PERIOD.= There was an Arabian tradition that in +Solomon's staff, on which he leaned, there was a worm secretly gnawing +it asunder. So there were elements of destruction under all the splendor +of Solomon's throne. + +1. =The absolute power of the king.= David had maintained the theocratic +constitution of the state; Solomon set it aside and ruled with absolute +power in all departments. He assumed priestly functions (1 Kings 8. 22, +54, 64); he abolished tribal boundaries in his administration (1 Kings +4. 7-19); he ignored both priests and prophets, and concentrated all +rule in his own person. + +2. =The formal character of the worship.= There was a magnificent temple +and a gorgeous ritual, but none of the warmth and personal devotion +which characterized the worship of David. The fervor of the Davidic +psalms is wanting in the literature of Solomon's age. + +3. =Luxury and corruption of morals.= These are the inevitable results +of abundant riches and worldly association. We do not need the warnings +in Prov. 2. 16-19; 5. 3-6, etc., to know that a flood of immorality +swept over Jerusalem and Israel. + +4. =The burden of taxation.= With a splendid court, an immense harem, +and a wealthy nobility came high prices and high taxes; the rich growing +richer rapidly, the poor becoming poorer. The events of the next reign +show how heavy and unendurable these burdens grew. + +5. =Heathen customs.= With the foreign peoples came the toleration of +idolatry, its encouragement, and all the abominations connected with it. +Jeroboam could not have established his new religion (1 Kings 12. 28) if +Solomon had not already patronized idol-worship. + +6. Underlying all was the old =tribal jealousy= of Ephraim and Judah, +fostered by an able leader (1 Kings 11. 26), ready to break out in due +time, and to destroy the empire. + +After all, it is uncertain whether the reign of Solomon was a golden or +only a gilded age. + + +Blackboard Outline. + + =I. Rei. Sol.= 1. Cl. thr. 2. Acc. 3. Emp. [Lands. Cities] 4. For. + rel. 1.) Ty. 2.) Eg. 3.) Ar. 4.) Ind. 5.) Sp. 5. Buil. 1.) + Tem. 2.) Pal. 3.) For. cit. 4.) Aque. 6. Sins 1.) For. mar. + 2.) Tol. idol. 3.) Mag. + + =II. Gen. Asp. Isr.= 1. Pea. 2. Str. gov. 3. Abun. weal. 1.) Conq. + 2.) Trib. 3.) Com. 4.) Tax. 5). Pub. build. 5. Lit. art. + + =III. Dan. Per.= 1. Abs. pow. 2. For. wor. 3. Lux. cor. mor. 4. + Bur. tax. 5. Hea. cus. 6. Tri. jeal. + + +QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. + + What is meant by the Golden Age of Israel? + Who was Solomon? + How did Solomon obtain the throne? + What events marked his accession? + What lands were included in his empire? + What were the frontier cities of the empire? + With what foreign countries did Solomon have relations? + What resulted from his alliance with Tyre? + What innovation came from Egypt? + Who visited Solomon from Arabia? + What were the early names of Spain and India? + What four classes of buildings were erected by Solomon? + What were the different parts of his temple? + What was the name given to Solomon's palace? + Name some of the cities which he built and fortified. + What other public works did he build? + What three kinds of sin did Solomon commit? + What was his motive in seeking foreign marriages? + Name five general aspects of Israel in Solomon's reign. + What were the benefits of the peace at that time? + What was the characteristic of Solomon's administration? + What opportunity did the age give to a great empire for Israel? + What were the sources of the wealth in Solomon's age? + How was it a period of literary activity? + What ancient legend illustrates the dangers of Solomon's age? + What were some of these dangers? + Wherein did Solomon set aside the Israelite constitution? + What was the defect in the religion of Solomon's time? + What evils resulted from the wealth of that time? + What caused heavy taxation? + What heathen customs were introduced? + What showed that tribal jealousy was still existing? + + +Subjects for Special Papers. + + THE CHARACTER OF SOLOMON. + WAS AN EMPIRE FOR ISRAEL DESIRABLE? + THE WRITINGS OF SOLOMON. + TARSHISH AND OPHIR. + THE TEMPLE OF SOLOMON. + SOLOMON IN ORIENTAL LEGENDS. + +[Illustration: THE DIVISION OF SOLOMON'S EMPIRE.] + +FOOTNOTE: + +[H] Notice that while the prophets had been friendly to David, they were +strongly opposed to Solomon, and gave aid to his enemy Jeroboam (1 Kings +11. 29-39). + + + + +SEVENTH STUDY. + +THE RIVAL THRONES.--ISRAEL. + + +The splendors of Solomon's reign passed away even more suddenly than +they arose. In less than a year after his death his empire was broken +up, and two quarreling principalities were all that was left of Israel. + +I. Let us ascertain the =CAUSES OF THE DIVISION OF ISRAEL=. These were: + +1. =The oppressive government of Solomon.= (1 Kings 12. 3, 4.) How far +the complaints of the people were just, and to what degree they were the +pretexts of an ambitious demagogue, we have no means of knowing. But it +is evident that the government of Solomon, with its court, its palaces, +its buildings, and its splendor, must have borne heavily upon the +people. Probably, also, the luxury of living among the upper classes, so +suddenly introduced, led to financial crises and stringency of money, +for which the government was held responsible by the discontented +people. + +2. =The opposition of the prophets.= (1 Kings 11. 11-13, 29-33.) It is a +suggestive fact that the prophets were opposed to Solomon and friendly +to Jeroboam. Their reason was a strong resentment to the foreign +alliances, foreign customs, and especially to the foreign idolatries +which Solomon introduced. + +3. =Foreign intrigues=, especially in Egypt. The old kingdoms were not +friendly to this Israelite empire, which loomed up so suddenly, and +threatened to conquer all the East. Solomon's attempt to win the favor +of Egypt by a royal marriage (1 Kings 3. 1) was a failure, for two +enemies of Solomon, driven out of his dominions, found refuge in Egypt, +were admitted to the court, married relatives of the king, and stirred +up conspiracies against Solomon's throne (1 Kings 11. 14-22, 40). +Another center of conspiracy was Damascus, where Rezon kept up a +semi-independent relation to Solomon's empire (1 Kings 11. 23-25). + +4. =Tribal jealousy=; the old sore broken out again. Notice that +Jeroboam belonged to the haughty tribe of Ephraim (1 Kings 11. 26), +always envious of Judah, and restless under the throne of David. The +kingdom of the ten tribes was established mainly through the influence +of this tribe. + +5. =The ambition of Jeroboam= was another force in the disruption. It +was unfortunate for Solomon's kingdom that the ablest young man of that +time in Israel, a wily political leader and an unscrupulous partisan, +belonged to the tribe of Ephraim, and from his environment was an enemy +of the then existing government. The fact that he was sent for from +Egypt to the assembly at Shechem showed collusion and preparation of the +scheme (1 Kings 12. 2, 3). + +6. But even all these causes might have been insufficient but for =the +folly of Rehoboam= (1 Kings 12. 13, 14). If David had been on the throne +that day an empire might have been saved. But Rehoboam, brought up in +the purple, was without sympathy with the people, tried to act the part +of a tyrant, and lost his ancestral realm (1 Kings 12. 16). + +II. =THE RESULTS OF THE DIVISION.= These were partly political, partly +religious, and were neither of unmixed good nor unmixed evil. + +1. The =political results= were: 1.) The entire _disruption_ of +Solomon's empire. Five kingdoms took the place of one; Syria on the +north, Israel in the center, Judah west of the Dead Sea, Moab east of +the Dead Sea, and Edom on the extreme south. Moab was nominally subject +to Israel, and Edom to Judah; but only strong kings, like Ahab in Israel +and Jehoshaphat in Judah, could exact the tribute (2 Kings 3. 4; 1 Kings +22. 47). 2.) With the loss of empire came _rivalry_, and consequent +_weakness_. For fifty years Israel and Judah were at war, and spent +their strength in civil strife, while Syria was growing powerful, and +afar in the north-east Assyria was threatening. 3.) As a natural result +came at last _foreign domination_. Both Israel and Judah fell under the +power of other nations, and were swept into captivity as the final +result of the disruption wrought by Jeroboam. + +2. =The religious results= of the division were more favorable. They +were: 1.) _Preservation of the true religion._ A great empire would +inevitably have been the spiritual ruin of Israel, for it must have been +worldly, secular, and, in the end, idolatrous. The disruption broke off +relation with the world, put an end to schemes of secular empire, and +placed Israel and Judah once more alone among their mountains. In this +sense the event was from the Lord, who had higher and more enduring +purposes than an earthly empire (1 Kings 12. 15-24). 2.) _Protection of +the true religion._ Israel on the north stood as a "buffer," warding off +the world from Judah on the south. It was neither wholly idolatrous nor +wholly religious, but was a debatable land for centuries. It fell at +last, but it saved Judah; and in Judah was the unconscious hope of the +world. 3.) _Concentration of the true religion._ The departure of Israel +from the true faith led to the gathering of the priests, Levites and +worshiping element of the people in Judah (2 Chron. 11. 13-16). Thus the +Jewish kingdom was far more devoted to Jehovah than it might otherwise +have been. + +III. =THE KINGDOM OF ISRAEL.= From the division the name _Israel_ was +applied to the northern kingdom and _Judah_ to the southern. We notice +the general aspects of Israel during its history, from B. C. 975 to 721. + +1. =Its extent.= It embraced all the territory of the twelve tribes +except Judah and a part of Benjamin (1 Kings 12. 19-21), held a nominal +supremacy over Moab east of the Dead Sea, and embraced about 9,375 +square miles, while Judah included only 3,435. Israel was about equal in +area to Massachusetts and Rhode Island together. + +2. =Its capital= was at first _Shechem_, in the center of the land (1 +Kings 12. 25); then, during several reigns, at _Tirzah_ (1 Kings 15. 33; +16. 23); then at _Samaria_ (1 Kings 16. 24), where it remained until the +end of the kingdom. That city after a time gave its name to the kingdom +(1 Kings 21. 1), and after the fall of the kingdom to the province in +the center of Palestine (John 4. 3, 4). + +3. =Its religion.= 1.) Very soon after the institution of the new +kingdom Jeroboam established a national religion, the _worship of the +calves_ (1 Kings 12. 26-33). This was not a new form of worship, but had +been maintained in Israel ever since the Exodus (Exod. 32. 1-4). In +character it was a modified idolatry, half-way between the pure religion +and the abominations of the heathen. 2.) Ahab and his house introduced +the Phenician _worship of Baal_, an idolatry of the most abominable and +immoral sort (1 Kings 16. 30-33), but it never gained control in Israel, +and was doubtless one cause of the revolution which placed another +family on the throne. 3.) Through the history of Israel there remained a +remnant of _worshipers of Jehovah_, who were watched over by a noble +array of prophets, and though often persecuted remained faithful (1 +Kings 19. 14, 18). + +4. =Its rulers.= During two hundred and fifty years Israel was governed +by nineteen kings, with intervals of anarchy. Five houses in turn held +sway, each established by a usurper, generally a soldier, and each +dynasty ending in a murder. + +1.) _The House of Jeroboam_ (B. C. 974 to 953), with two kings, followed +by a general massacre of Jeroboam's family (1 Kings 15. 29, 30). + +2.) _The House of Baasha_ (B. C. 953-929), two kings, followed by a +civil war (1 Kings 16. 16-22). + +3.) _The House of Omri_ (B. C. 929-884), four kings, of whom Omri and +Ahab were the most powerful. This was the age of the prophet Elijah and +the great struggle between the worship of Jehovah and of Baal (1 Kings +18. 4-21). + +4.) _The House of Jehu_ (B. C. 884-772), five kings, under whom were +great changes of fortune. The reign of Jehoahaz saw Israel reduced to a +mere province of Syria (2 Kings 13. 1-9). His son Joash threw off the +Syrian yoke, and _his_ son, Jeroboam II., raised Israel almost to its +condition of empire in the days of Solomon (2 Kings 14. 23-29). His +reign is called "the Indian summer of Israel." + +5.) _The House of Menahem_ (B. C. 772-759), two reigns. Israel had by +this time fallen under the power of Assyria, now dominant over the East, +and its history is the story of kings rising and falling in rapid +succession, with long intervals of anarchy. From the fall of this +dynasty there was only the semblance of a state until the final +destruction of Samaria, B. C. 721. + +5. =Its foreign relations.= During the period of the Israelite kingdom +we see lands struggling for the dominion of the East. The history of +Israel is interwoven with that of Syria and Assyria, which may now be +read from the monuments. + +1.) There was a _Period of Division_ (B. C. 975-929). During the reign +of the houses of Jeroboam and Baasha there were constant wars between +Israel, Syria, and Judah; and as a result all were kept weak, and "a +balance of power" was maintained. + +2.) Then followed a _Period of Alliance_ (B. C. 929-884)--that is, +between Israel and Judah, during the sway of the House of Omri. The two +lands were in friendly relations, and the two thrones were connected by +marriages. As a result both Israel and Judah were strong, Moab and Edom +were kept under control, and Syria was held in check. + +3.) Next came the _Period of Syrian Ascendency_ (B. C. 884-840). During +the first two reigns of the House of Jehu Syria rose to great power +tinder Hazael, and overran both Israel and Judah. At one time Israel was +in danger of utter destruction, but was preserved. Near the close of +these periods the dying prophecy of Elisha was uttered (2 Kings 13. +14-25). + +4.) _The Period of Israelite Ascendency_ (B. C. 840-772). Israel under +Jeroboam II. took its turn of power, and for a brief period was again +dominant to the Euphrates, as in the days of Solomon. + +5.) _The Period of Assyrian Ascendency_ (B. C. 772-721). But its glory +soon faded away before that of Assyria, which was now rapidly becoming +the empire of the East. Its rise meant the fall of Israel; and under the +unfortunate Hoshea Samaria was taken, what was left of the ten tribes +were carried captive, and the kingdom of Israel was extinguished (2 +Kings 17. 1-6). + +IV. =THE FATE OF THE TEN TRIBES.= There has been much idle discussion +over this subject and some absurd claims set up; for example, that the +Anglo-Saxon race are descended from the ten lost tribes--a statement +opposed to all history, to ethnology, and to every evidence of language. + +1. After their deposition nearly all the Israelites, having lost their +national religion and having no bond of union, =mingled with the +Gentiles= around them and lost their identity, just as hundreds of other +races have done. The only bond which will keep a nation long alive is +that of religion. + +2. Some remained in Palestine, others returned thither and formed the +=nucleus of the Samaritan people=, a race of mingled origin (2 Kings 17. +24-29). + +3. Some of those who remained in the East retained their religion, or +were revived in it, and later became a part of the =Jews of the +dispersion=; though "the dispersion" was mainly Jewish, and not +Israelite. + +4. A few =families united with the Jews= returned with them to Palestine +after the exile, yet retained their tribal relationship; for example, +Anna (Luke 2. 36). + + +Blackboard Outline. + + =I. Cau. Div.= 1. Opp. gov. 2. Opp. pro. 3. For. int. 4. Tri. jeal. + 5. Am. Jer. 6. Fol. Re. + + =II. Res. Div.= 1. Pol. res. 1.) Dis. emp. 2.) Riv. and weak. + 3.) For. dom. + 2. Rel. res. 1.) Pres. rel. 2.) Pro. rel. 3.) Conc. rel. + + =III. Kin. Isr.= 1. Ext. 9,375. + 2. Cap. 1.) Sh. 2.) Tir. 3.) Sam. + 3. Rel. 1.) Wor. cal. 2.) Wor. Ba. 3.) Wor. Jeh. + 4. Rul. 1.) Hou. Jer. 2.) Hou. Ra. 3.) Hou. Om. 4.) Hou. Je. + 5.) Hou. Men. + 5. For. Rel. 1.) Per. Div. 2.) Per. All. 3.) Per. Syr. Asc. + 4.) Per. Isr. Asc. 5.) Per. Ass. Asc. + + =IV. Fat. Ten. Tri.= 1. Min. Gen. 2. Sam. peo. 3. Disp. + 4. Jews. + + +QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. + +What causes may be assigned for the division of Israel? How far was +Solomon's government responsible? What was the relation of the prophets +to the revolution? What foreign intrigues contributed to break up the +kingdom? Who were connected with these intrigues? What ancient jealousy +aided, and how? What man led in the breaking up of the kingdom? Whose +folly enabled the plot to succeed? + +What were the political results of the division? What were its religious +results? How was this event from the Lord? + +How long did the new kingdom of Israel last? What was its extent? What +were its three successive capitals? What three forms of religion were +found in it? Who was the first king of the ten tribes? What family +introduced foreign idolatry? How many kings ruled over the ten tribes? +What were the five royal houses? Which house raised Israel almost to its +ancient power? What is this period of prosperity called? Who was the +greatest King of Israel? With what other history is that of Israel +interwoven? What were the five periods in the foreign relations of +Israel? By what kingdom was Israel destroyed? Who was its last king? +What finally became of the ten tribes? + + +CHART OF THE KINGS OF ISRAEL, + +From the DIVISION OF THE KINGDOM TO THE CAPTIVITY Together with the +Contemporaneous PROPHETS AND KINGS OF JUDAH + + + + +Subjects for Special Papers. + + THE HISTORY AND TRAITS OF THE TRIBE OF EPHRAIM. + SHECHEM, AND EVENTS CONNECTED WITH IT. + THE RELIGION OF THE TEN TRIBES. + QUEEN JEZEBEL AND HER INFLUENCE. + THE MISSION OF ELIJAH. + ELISHA AND HIS INFLUENCE. + + + +CHART OF THE KINGS OF ISRAEL, + + From the DIVISION OF THE KINGDOM TO THE CAPTIVITY + Together wiht the Contemporaneous PROPHETS AND KINGS OF JUDAH + + Years B.C. 975 970 960 950 940 930 920 910 900 + + DIVISION + OF + KINGDOM _Dynasty of Jeroboam_ + --- ·······················> _Dynasty of Baasha_ + Jeroboam I.[1] <······················> _Dynasty of Omri_ + ------------+ Nadab[1] <···························· + KINGS } ++ Baasha[1] Elah Zimri + OF } +-------------------------------+ Tibni + ISRAEL } +----- + Omri[1] + --- ------------+ Ahab[1] + +------------------- + + KINGS } Rehoboam[1] + OF } -----------------+ Abijam[1] + JUDAH } +-+ Asa[2] + +------------------------------------------+ Jehoshaphat[2] + +------------- + --- + Iddo + ------------- + Ahijah Azariah Elijah + Prophets -------------------- ---- Jehu ----------- + -------- + Shemaiah Hanani Elisha + --------------- ---- ----- + + + 900 890 880 870 860 850 840 830 820 810 + + + + + _Dynasty of Omri_ + ····················> + + + _Dynasty of Jehu_ + <········································································· + Ahab[1] + ---+ Ahaziah II.[1] + +-+ Jehoram I.[1] + ISRAEL +----------+ Jehu[2][1] + +----------------------------+ Jehoahaz I.[2] + +---------------+ Jehoash II.[1] + Jehosaphat[2] [3]-+-------------+ Jeroboam II.[1] + -----------+ Jehoiam II.[1] [3]--------+--------------- + JUDAH -------+---+ Ahaziah II.[1] + ++ Athaliah[1] + +-----+ Jehoash I.[2] + Elijah +----------------------------------------+ Amaziah[2][1] + ----- +--------------------------- + Micaiah Zechariah + ----- Elisha ------ + -------------------------------------------------------------- + Jehaziel Jonah + -------- ------------------------------------- + + ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + 810 800 790 780 770 760 750 740 730 720 + + + + + + + + + _Dynasty of Jehu_ + ········································> + + + + + + + Jeroboam II.[1] Zachariah[1] + --------------------------- _Anarchy_ + Shallum + Menakeu[1] + +---------+ Pekahiah[1] + ISRAEL +-+ Pekah[1] Hoshea[1] _Captivity_ + +--------------------- -------- + Azariah or Uzziah[2] + ---------------------------------------------------- Jotham[2] + JUDAH ---------------+ Ahaz[1] + +---------------+ Hez.[2] + Hosea +------ + Joel ----------------------------------------------------------- + PROPHETS -------------------------------------- Isaiah + Amos ----------------------------------------------------------- + ---------- Micah + ----------------------------- + Oded + ----- + _Fish and See, N.Y._ + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] Did evil in the sight of the Lord + +[2] Did right in the sight of the Lord + +[3] Viceroy with his father + + + + +EIGHTH STUDY. + +THE RIVAL THRONES--JUDAH. + + +I. =GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE KINGDOM OF JUDAH.= + +1. =Its territory.= It embraced the mountain portion of the tribe of +Judah, from the Dead Sea to the Philistine plain; a part of Benjamin, in +which tribe the larger part of Jerusalem stood; and also a part of Dan +(2 Chron. 11. 10). Simeon was nominally within its border, but was +practically given up to the Arabians of the desert; Edom was tributary, +though often in rebellion, and finally independent (1 Kings 22. 47; 2 +Kings 8. 20); Philistia was outside of its boundary. Its extent was +about 3,435 square miles, about half the area of Massachusetts. + +[Illustration: JUDAH.] + +2. =Its government= was a monarchy, with but one family on the throne, +the line of David, in direct succession, with the exception of +Athaliah's usurpation (2 Kings 11. 1-3), through nineteen reigns. + +3. =Its religion.= Through all the history we find two forms of worship +strongly opposed to each other, yet both rooted in the nation. 1.) The +worship of Jehovah through the temple, the priesthood, and the prophets. +2.) But side by side with this pure religion was the worship of idols +upon "high places," probably begun as a form of worshiping Jehovah, but +degenerating into gross and immoral idolatry. There was a struggle going +on constantly between these two elements in the state, the spiritual and +the material. Notwithstanding the efforts of reforming kings like +Jehoshaphat, Hezekiah, and Josiah, the general tendency was downward. + +II. =THE DURATION OF THE KINGDOM.= The kingdom lasted from B. C. 975 to +587--more than one hundred and thirty years longer than Israel. Reasons +for its endurance may have been: + +1. =Its retired situation=: hemmed in by mountains and deserts; at a +distance from the ordinary lines of travel; not in the direct path of +conquest from any other nation. Judah had few foreign wars as compared +with Israel. + +2. =The unity of its people.= They were not ten tribes loosely +connected, but one tribe, with a passionate love of their nation and a +pride in their blood. + +3. =Its concentration at Jerusalem.= Through all its history there was +but one capital, where the palace of the king and the temple of the Lord +were standing together. + +4. =The reverence for the House of David= also kept the people together. +There was no change in dynasty, and the loyalty of the people grew +stronger through the generations toward the family on the throne. There +being no usurpers, the throne was permanent until destroyed by foreign +power. + +5. =The purity of its religion= tended to keep the nation united, and to +keep it in existence. No bond of self-interest or of blood will hold a +people together as strongly as the tie of religion. Judah's strength was +in the measure of her service of God, and when she renounced Jehovah her +doom came speedily. + +III. =PERIODS IN THE HISTORY.= Though Judah was not without political +contact with other nations, yet its history is the record of internal +events rather than external relations. We may divide its history into +four epochs: + +1. =The first decline and revival.= (B. C. 975-889.) 1.) The reigns of +Rehoboam and Abijah marked a decline indicated by the Egyptian invasion +and the growth of idolatry. 2.) The reign of Asa and Jehoshaphat showed +a revival in reformation, progress, and power. Under Jehoshaphat Judah +was at the height of prosperity. This was the time of peace with Israel, +and of strength at home and abroad (2 Chron. 17. 5; 20. 30). + +2. =The second decline and revival.= (B. C. 889-682.) 1.) For nearly two +hundred years after the death of Jehoshaphat the course of Judah was +downward. Edom was lost under Jehoram (2 Chron. 21. 8); the Baalite +idolatry was introduced by the usurping queen, Athaliah (2 Kings 11. +18); the land was again and again invaded under Joash and Amaziah, and +Jerusalem itself was taken and plundered. 2.) But a great reformation +was wrought under Hezekiah, who was the best and wisest of the kings of +Judah, and the kingdom again rose to power, even daring to throw off the +Assyrian yoke and defy the anger of the mightiest king then on the +earth. At this time came the great event of the destruction of the +Assyrian host (2 Kings 19. 30). + +3. =The third decline and revival.= (B. C. 682-610.) 1.) The reforms of +Hezekiah were short lived, for his son Manasseh was both the longest in +reigning and the wickedest of the kings, and his late repentance did not +stay the tide of corruption which he had let loose (2 Kings 21. 10-17; 2 +Chron. 33. 1-18). The wickedness of Manasseh's reign was the great +moral cause of the kingdom's destruction, for from it no reform +afterward could lift the mass of the people. 2.) Josiah, the young +reformer, attempted the task, but his efforts, though earnest, were only +measurably successful, and after his untimely death the kingdom hastened +to its fall (2 Kings 23. 29). + +4. =The final decline and fall.= (B. C. 610-587.) 1.) The political +cause of the destruction of the kingdom was the rise of Babylon. The old +Assyrian empire went down about 625 B. C., and a struggle followed +between Babylon and Egypt for the supremacy. Judah took the side of +Egypt, which proved to be the losing side. 2.) After several +chastisements and repeated rebellions Jerusalem was finally destroyed by +Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon, and the kingdom of Judah was +extinguished, B. C. 587. + + +Blackboard Outline. + + =I. Gen. Asp. Kin. Jud.= 1. Terr. Tri. Jud. 3,435 m. 2. Gov. mon. + 3. Rel. 1.) Jeh. 2.) Idol. + + =II. Dur. Kin.= 1. Ret. sit. 2. Un. peo. 3. Conc. Jer. 4. Rev. Ho. + Dav. 5. Pur. rel. + + =III. Per. Hist.= 1. Fir. dec. rev. 1.) Dec. Reho. Abi. 2.) Rev. + As. Jehosh. + 2. Sec. dec. rev. 1.) Dec. 200 y. 2.) Rev. Hez. + 3. Thi. dec. rev. 1.) Dec. Man. 2.) Rev. Jos. + 4. Fin. dec. fal. 1.) Ris. Bab. 2.) Des. Jer. + + +QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. + + What was embraced in the kingdom of Judah? + What was its area? + How was it governed? + What was its religion? + What was associated with the worship of Jehovah? + What was the religious tendency of the people? + How long did the kingdom of Judah last? + What were the causes of this duration? + What were the periods in its history? + Under what kings was the first decline? + Who led in a revival and reformation? + Who was the greatest of the kings of Judah? + What took place during the second decline? + Who was the usurping queen? + What did this queen try to do? + Who wrought the second great reformation? + What was the character of this king? + What great destruction of Judah's enemies took place at this time? + Which reign was both longest, wickedest, and most evil in its results? + Who attempted a third reformation? + What was the result of his endeavor? + What was the political cause of the fall of Judah? + By what nation and by what king was Jerusalem finally destroyed? + + +Subjects for Special Papers. + + HISTORY OF THE TRIBE OF JUDAH. + THE HOUSE OF DAVID. + THE RELIGION OF JUDAH. + THE PROPHETS OF JUDAH. + ANCIENT JERUSALEM. + THE KINGDOM OF JUDAH IN RELATION TO EGYPT AND ASSYRIA. + +[Illustration: SOLOMON'S DOMINIONS, THE KINGDOMS OF JUDAH & ISRAEL AND +THE LANDS of the CAPTIVITIES] + + + + +NINTH STUDY. + +THE CAPTIVITY OF JUDAH. + + +I. We must distinguish between the =CAPTIVITY OF ISRAEL=, or the ten +tribes, and =THAT OF JUDAH=. + +1. The captivity of Israel took place B. C. 721, that of Judah B. C. +587. The southern kingdom lasted one hundred and thirty-four years +longer than the northern. + +2. Israel was taken captive by the Assyrians under Sargon; Judah by the +Chaldeans under Nebuchadnezzar. + +3. Israel was taken to the lands south of the Caspian Sea (2 Kings 17. +6); Judah to Chaldea, by the river Euphrates (Psa. 137. 1). + +4. Israel never returned from its captivity, which was the end of its +history; but Judah was brought back from its captivity and again became +a flourishing state, though subject to foreign nations during most of +its after history. + +II. There were =THREE CAPTIVITIES= of Judah, all in one generation and +all under one Chaldean king, Nebuchadnezzar: + +1. =Jehoiakim's captivity.= (B. C. 607.) Jehoiakim was the son of +Josiah, placed upon the throne after the battle of Megiddo, in which +Josiah perished (2 Kings 23. 34). In the war between Pharaoh-nechoh of +Egypt and Nebuchadnezzar (then joint king of Babylon with his father +Nabopolassar) Jehoiakim, as a vassal of Nechoh, aided the Egyptians. +After the defeat of Nechoh, Nebuchadnezzar marched to punish Jehoiakim. +He was called away from the siege of Jerusalem by the death of his +father and the necessity of hastening to Babylon to assume the +government. Jehoiakim was spared, but a number of the nobles of Judah +were taken to Babylon, perhaps as hostages for the king's good conduct. +For three years Jehoiakim obeyed Nebuchadnezzar; then he rebelled, but +was speedily reduced to subjection, and many of the leading people +among the Jews were carried captive to Babylon (2 Kings 24. 1, 2). Among +these captives was Daniel the prophet (Dan. 1. 1-6). From this event the +_seventy years_ of the captivity were dated (Jer. 27. 22; 29. 10), +though the kingdom of Judah remained for twenty years longer. Jehoiakim, +the king, was not taken away, though bound in chains for that purpose (2 +Chron. 36. 6); he reigned several years after this event, but under +suspicion of the Chaldeans, and his end was ignoble (Jer. 22. 18, 19; +36. 30). + +2. =Jehoiachin's captivity.= (B. C. 598.) Jehoiachin was the son of +Jehoiakim (called Jeconiah, 1 Chron 3. 16; Jer. 24. 1; and Coniah, Jer. +22. 24). He reigned only three months, and was then deposed by +Nebuchadnezzar and carried to Babylon. With the young king and the royal +family were taken thousands of the people of the middle classes, whom +the land could ill spare (2 Kings 24. 8-16). Among these captives was +Ezekiel, the prophet-priest (Ezek. 1. 1-3). + +3. =Zedekiah's captivity.= (B. C. 587.) He was the uncle of Jehoiachin, +and the son of the good Josiah (2 Kings 24. 17), and had been made king +by Nebuchadnezzar. But he too rebelled against his master, to whom he +had taken a solemn oath of fidelity (2 Chron. 36. 13). The Chaldeans +were greatly incensed by these frequent insurrections, and determined +upon a final destruction of the rebellious city. After a long siege +Jerusalem was taken, and the king was captured while attempting flight. +He was blinded and carried away to Babylon, the city was destroyed, and +nearly all the people left alive were also taken to the land of Chaldea +(2 Kings 25. 1-11). After this captivity the city lay desolate for fifty +years, until the conquest of Babylon by Cyrus (B. C. 536). + +III. Let us ascertain the =CAUSES OF THE CAPTIVITY=; why the Jews were +taken up bodily from their own land and deported to a distant country. + +1. Such deportations were a frequent =policy of Oriental conquerors=. +The Orientals had three ways of dealing with a conquered people: that +of extermination or wholesale butchery, which is frequently described +upon the Assyrian monuments; that of leaving them in the land under +tribute, as subjects of the conqueror; and that of deporting them _en +masse_ to a distant land. Frequently, when the interests of the empire +would be served by changing the population of a province, this plan was +carried out. Thus the ten tribes were carried to a land near the Caspian +Sea, and other people were brought to Samaria in their place (2 Kings +17. 6, 24). A similar plan with respect to Judah was proposed by +Sennacherib (2 Kings 18. 31, 32), but was thwarted by the destruction of +the Assyrian host. + +2. We have already noticed another cause of the captivity in the +frequent =rebellions of the kings of Judah= against the authority of +Babylon. The old spirit of independence, which had made Judah the leader +of the twelve tribes, was still strong, and it was fostered by the hope +of universal rule, which had been predicted through centuries, even +while the kingdom was declining. The prophets, however, favored +submission to Babylon; but the nobles urged rebellion and independence. +Their policy was pursued, and the unequal strife was taken up more than +once. The rebellions always failed; but after several attempts the +patience of Nebuchadnezzar was exhausted, and the destruction of the +rebellious city and the deportation of the population was ordered. + +3. But underneath was another and a deeper cause--in =the rivalry of +Egypt and Babylon=. Whenever in history one nation has been dominant +there has been another nation, next in strength, as its rival to check +its supremacy. Thus Greece stood in the way of Persia, Carthage in the +way of republican Rome, and Parthia in the way of imperial Rome. In the +earlier days Assyria (and after Assyria Babylon) was the controlling +power in the East; but it was always opposed by Egypt, which, though +less powerful, was yet strong enough to be dangerous to Assyrian or +Chaldean supremacy. Palestine stood on the border of the Assyrian +Empire toward Egypt; and in Palestine there were two parties, the +Assyrian and the Egyptian; one counseling submission to Assyria, the +other seeking alliance with Egypt against Assyria (Isa. 31. 1-3; 37. 6). +After Babylon took the place of Nineveh the Chaldean party took the +place of the Assyrian, as the Chaldean Empire was the successor of the +Assyrian Empire. The prophets, led by Jeremiah, always counseled +submission to Babylon, and warned against trusting to Egypt, which had +never given any thing more than promises; but the nobles were of the +Egyptian party, and constantly influenced the kings to renounce the yoke +of Babylon, and to strike for independence by the aid of Egypt. Under +Egyptian influence the later kings of Judah made attempt after attempt +to rebel against the Chaldean Empire. But the expected help from Egypt +never came, and Judah was left again and again to suffer the wrath of +Babylon (Jer. 37. 5-9). The necessity of making the frontier of the +Chaldean Empire safe on the side toward Egypt was the political cause +for the deportation of the tribe of Judah. Nebuchadnezzar dared not to +leave a people on the soil who would constantly endanger the entrance to +his dominions by plotting with the Egyptians. He therefore took up the +Jews bodily, placed them in the center of his empire, and turned the +land of Judah into a desolation. + +4. There was underlying all these political reasons a moral cause in +=the divine purpose to discipline the nation=. The captivity was a +weeding-out process, to separate the precious from the vile, the false +from the true, the "remnant" from the mass. There had always been two +distinct elements in Israel and Judah--the spiritual, God-fearing few, +and the worldly, idol-worshiping many. The worldly and irreligious took +part in the resistance to the King of Babylon; and the worshipers of +Jehovah, led by the prophets, urged submission. As a result, the nobles +and the warriors, for the most part, perished; while the better part, +the strength and hope of the nation, were carried away captive. Notice +that the captives were mainly of the middle class, the working element +(2 Kings 24. 14-16). Those who had submitted to the Chaldeans were also +taken away (2 Kings 25. 11). The prophet expressed greater hope for +those taken away than for those left behind (Jer. 24. 1-10). The +captives were the root of Judah, out of which in due time a new nation +should rise. + +IV. =THE CONDITION OF THE CAPTIVES IN CHALDEA= was far better than we +are apt to suppose. + +1. They received =kind treatment=; were regarded not as slaves or +prisoners, but as colonists. At a later captivity by the Romans the Jews +were sold as slaves and dispersed throughout the empire. Such wholesale +enslavement was common after a conquest. For some reason the Chaldeans +did not enslave the Jews at the time of their conquest, but colonized +them as free people. This may have been because the captives as a class +were of the "Chaldean party" among the Jews, and hence were treated in a +measure as friends. The letter of Jeremiah to the exiles (Jer. 29. 1-7) +shows that they were kindly dealt with in Chaldea. Some of them were +received at the court and rose to high station in the realm (Dan. 1. +1-6). + +2. =Their organization was maintained.= The exiles were not merged into +the mass of the people where they were living, but retained their own +system, and were recognized as a separate colony. Their dethroned kings +had a semi-royal state, and at death an honorable burial (Jer. 52. +31-34; 34. 4, 5). The captives were governed by elders, rulers of their +own nation (Ezek. 8. 1; 14. 1; 20. 1). Such a system is still pursued in +the East, where the government is according to race as well as according +to locality; that is, the different races in one province will each have +separate rulers. There was a "prince of Judah" at the close of the +captivity (Ezra 1. 8). This fact of a national organization was a +fortunate one for the exiles. If they had been dispersed as slaves +throughout the empire, or even had been scattered as individuals, they +would soon have been merged among the Gentiles, and would have lost +their identity as a people. But maintaining as a separate race, and in +Jewish communities, they were readily gathered for a return to their own +land when the opportunity came. + +3. =Their law and worship were observed.= There were no sacrifices, for +these could be offered only at Jerusalem in the temple. But the people +gathered for worship and for the study of the law far more faithfully +than before the exile; for adversity is a school of religious character +far more than prosperity. The exile would naturally exert an influence +in the direction of religion. While the irreligious and idolatrous among +the captives would soon drop out of the nation and be lost among the +Gentiles, the earnest, the spiritual, and the God-fearing would grow +more intense in their devotion. The institutions which date from the +captivity (noticed below, under "Results of Captivity") are an evidence +of this fact. + +4. =They were instructed by prophets and teachers.= Jeremiah lived for +some time after the beginning of the captivity, made a visit to Babylon, +and wrote at least one letter to the exiles (Jer. 13. 4-7; 29. 1-3). +Daniel lived during the captivity, and, though in the court, maintained +a deep interest in his people, and comforted them by his prophecies. +Ezekiel was himself one of the captives, and all his teachings were +addressed to them (Ezek. 1. 1-3). Many evangelical and eminent Bible +scholars are of the opinion that the latter part of Isaiah, from the +fortieth chapter to the end, was given by a "later Isaiah" during the +exile; but whether written at that time or earlier, it must have +circulated among the captives and given them new hope and inspiration. +The radical change in the character of the Jews which took place during +this period shows that a great revival swept over the captive people and +brought them back to the earnest religion of their noblest ancestors. + +5. =Their literature was preserved and enlarged.= Internal evidence +shows that the Books of the Kings were finished and the Books of the +Chronicles written at this time or soon afterward; the Books of Daniel, +Ezekiel, Habakkuk, and other of the minor prophets were given; and a +number of the best psalms were composed during this epoch, as such poems +are likely to be written in periods of trial and sorrow. Out of the many +psalms we cite Psalms 124, 126, 129, 130, 137, as manifestly written +during the captivity. The exile was an age of life and vigor to Hebrew +literature. + +V. =THE RESULTS OF THE CAPTIVITY.= In the year 536 B. C. the city of +Babylon was taken by Cyrus, King of the combined Medes and Persians. One +of his first acts was to issue an edict permitting the exiled Jews to +return to their own country and rebuild their city. Not all the Jews +availed themselves of the privilege, for many were already rooted in +their new homes, where they had been for two generations. But a large +number returned (Ezra 2. 64), and re-established the city and state of +the Jews. The captivity, however, left its impress upon the people down +to the end of their national history, and even to the present time. + +1. =There was a change in language=, from Hebrew to Aramaic or Chaldaic. +The books of the Old Testament written after the restoration are in a +different language from the earlier writings. After the captivity the +Jews needed an interpreter in order to understand their own earlier +Scriptures. Allusion to this fact is given in Neh. 8. 7. The Chaldee of +Babylon and the Hebrew were sufficiently alike to cause the people +during two generations to glide imperceptibly from one to the other, +until the knowledge of their ancient tongue was lost to all but the +scholars. + +2. =There was a change in habits.= Before the captivity the Jews were a +secluded people, having scarcely any relation with the world. The +captivity brought them into contact with other nations, and greatly +modified their manner of living. Hitherto they had been mostly farmers, +living on their own fields; now they became merchants and traders, and +filled the world with their commerce. Rarely now do we find a Jew who +cultivates the ground for his support. They are in the cities, buying +and selling. This tendency began with the Babylonian captivity, and has +since been strengthened by the varied experiences, especially by the +persecutions of the Jews during the centuries. + +3. =There was a change in character.= This was the most radical of all. +Before the captivity the crying sin of Judah, as well as of Israel, was +its tendency to idolatry. Every prophet had warned against it and +rebuked it; reformers had risen up; kings had endeavored to extirpate, +but all in vain; the worshipers of God were the few, the worshipers of +idols were the many. After the captivity there was a wonderful +transformation. From that time we never read of a Jew bowing his knee +before an idol. The entire nation was a unit in the service of Jehovah. +Among all the warnings of the later prophets, and the reforms of Ezra +and Nehemiah, there is no allusion to idolatry. That crime was utterly +and forever eradicated; from the captivity until to-day the Jews have +been the people of the one, invisible God, and intense in their hatred +of idols. We may not know all the causes of this change, but some of +them were: 1.) The fact that the idolatrous element largely perished, +and the spiritual element formed the bulk of the captives. 2.) The +idol-worshipers among the captives would naturally be less loyal to the +national ideas, and would more readily assimilate with the heathen; +while the religious among the exiles would grow all the more devoted to +their religion as their only hope in trial. 3.) The most ardent lovers +of their country and their religion would be the most eager to return +after the exile; hence, the new state was founded by zealous Jews, who +gave it religious spirit. So in modern times the spirit of the Pilgrims +and the Puritans gave tone to New England, and through New England to +America. + +4. =There were new institutions= as the result of the captivity. Two +great institutions arose during the captivity: + +1.) The _synagogue_, which grew up among the exiles, was carried back to +Palestine, and was established throughout the Jewish world. This was a +meeting of Jews for worship, for reading the law, and for religious +instruction. It had far greater influence than the temple after the +captivity; for while there was but one temple in all the Jewish world, +there was a synagogue in every city and village where Jews lived; and +while the temple was the seat of a priestly and ritualistic service, the +synagogue promoted freedom of religious thought and utterance. Out of +the synagogue, far more than the temple, grew the Christian Church. + +2.) _The order of scribes_ was also a result of the captivity. The days +of direct inspiration through prophets were passing away, and those of +the written Scripture, with a class of men to study and interpret it, +came in their place. During the captivity the devout Jews studied the +books of their literature, the law, the psalms, the histories, and the +prophets. After the captivity arose a series of scholars who were the +expounders of the Scriptures. Their founder was Ezra, at once a priest, +a scribe, and a prophet (Ezra 7. 1-10), who arranged the books and in a +measure completed the canon of Old Testament Scripture. + +5. =There was a new hope, that of a Messiah.= From the time of the +captivity the Jewish people looked forward with eager expectation to the +coming of a Deliverer, the Consolation of Israel, the "Anointed One" +(the word Messiah means "anointed"), who should lift up his people from +the dust, exalt the throne of David, and establish an empire over all +the nations. This had been promised by prophets for centuries before the +exile, but only then did it begin to shine as the great hope of the +people. It grew brighter with each generation, and finally appeared in +the coming of Jesus Christ, the King of Israel. + +6. From the captivity there =were two parts of the Jewish people=; the +Jews of Palestine, and the Jews of the dispersion. 1.) The Jews of +Palestine, sometimes called Hebrews (Acts 6. 1), were the lesser in +number, who lived in their own land and maintained the Jewish state. 2.) +The Jews of the dispersion were the descendants of those who did not +return after the decree of Cyrus (Ezra 1. 1), but remained in foreign +lands and gradually formed Jewish "quarters" in all the cities of the +ancient world. They were the larger in number, and later were called +"Grecian Jews," or Hellenists, from the language which they used (Acts +6. 1). Between these two bodies there was a close relation. The Jews of +the dispersion had synagogues in every city (Acts 15. 1), were devoted +to the law, made constant pilgrimages to Jerusalem, and were recognized +as having one hope with the Jews of Palestine. The traits of the two +bodies were different, but each contributed its own element toward the +making of a great people. + + +Blackboard Outline. + + =I. Cap. Isr. Jud.= 1. Isr. 721. Jud. 587. 2. Ass. Sar.--Chal. Neb. + 3. Cas. Sea.--Riv. Eup. 4. Nev. ret.--Bro. b. + + =II. Thr. Cap. Jud.= 1. Jeh. cap. 607. 2. Jehn. cap. 598. 3. Zed. + cap. 587. + + =III. Caus. Cap.= 1. Pol. Or. conq. 2. Reb. kgs. Jud. 3. Riv. Eg. + Bab. 4. Div. pur. dis. + + =IV. Con. Cap.= 1. Kin. tre. 2. Org. main. 3. La. wor. obs. 4. Ins. + pro. tea. 5. Lit. pre. enl. + + =V. Res. Cap.= 1. Ch. lan. 2. Ch. hab. 3. Ch. char. 4. Ne. ins. + (syn. scr.) 5. Hop. Mess. 6. Two. par. peo. + + +QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. + + From what earlier captivity must that of Judah be distinguished? + What were the dates of these two captivities? + By whom was each nation taken captive? + Where was each nation carried captive? + What followed the captivity in each nation? + What were the three captivities of Judah? + What were the events of the first captivity of Judah? + Who were carried away at this time? + What date is connected with this captivity? + What were the events of the second captivity of Judah? + Who were then taken away? + What were the events of the third captivity? + How long was Jerusalem left in ruins? + By whom, and when, were the Jews permitted to return from captivity? + What causes may be assigned for the carrying away of the Jews? + What were the customs of ancient Oriental conquerors? + How did the conduct of the kings of Judah bring on the captivity? + What rivalry between nations was a cause of the captivity? + What were the two parties in the kingdom of Judah? + How was the carrying away of the Jews a political necessity? + What was the moral cause of the captivity? + How were the captive Jews treated? + What evidences show that their national organization was continued + during the captivity? + Why was this fact a fortunate one for the exiles? + What customs of the Jews were observed during the captivity? + What instructors did the Jews have during this period? + What was the condition of Jewish literature during the captivity? + What events followed the decree of Cyrus? + Did all the exiles of the Jews return? + What change in language was wrought by the captivity? + What change in habits followed the captivity? + What great change in religion came as the result of the captivity? + How can that change be accounted for? + What two institutions arose during the captivity? + What new hope arose at this time? + How were the Jews divided after the captivity? + + +Subjects for Special Papers. + + THE GREAT ORIENTAL EMPIRES. + THE CITY OF BABYLON. + THE PROPHETS OF THE CAPTIVITY. + THE PSALMS OF THE CAPTIVITY. + THE REIGN OF NEBUCHADNEZZAR. + THE FALL OF BABYLON. + + + + +TENTH STUDY. + +The Jewish Province. + + +From the return of the exiles, B. C. 536, to the final destruction of +the Jewish state by the Romans, A. D. 70, the history of the chosen +people is closely interwoven with that of the East in general. During +most of this time Judea was a subject province, belonging to the great +empires which rose and fell in succession. For a brief but brilliant +period it was an independent state, with its own rulers. As most of this +period comes between the Old and New Testaments its events are less +familiar to Bible readers than the other portions of Israelite history. +We therefore give more space than usual to the facts, only selecting the +most important, and omitting all that have no direct relation with the +development of the divine plan in the Jewish people. + +I. The history divides itself into =FOUR PERIODS=, as follows: + +1. =The Persian period=, B. C. 536 to 330, from Cyrus to Alexander, +while the Jewish province was a part of the Persian Empire. Very few +events of these two centuries have been recorded, but it appears to have +been a period of quiet prosperity and growth. The Jews were governed by +their high-priests under the general control of the Persian government. +The principal events of this period were: + +1.) _The second temple._ (B. C. 535-515.) This was begun soon after the +return from exile (Ezra 3. 1, 2, 8), but was not completed until +twenty-one years afterward (Ezra 6. 15, 16). It was smaller and less +splendid than that of Solomon, but was built upon the same plan. + +2.) _Queen Esther's deliverance._ (B. C. 474.) This took place, not in +Judea, but in Shushan (Susa), the capital of the Persian Empire. The +king referred to as Ahasuerus was probably Xerxes, and the events of +Esther's elevation and intercession took place after the defeat of his +invasion of Greece. The whole story is in accord with both Persian +customs and the character of Xerxes. + +3.) _Ezra's reformation._ (B. C. 450.) The coming to Jerusalem of Ezra +the scribe was a great event in Israelite history; for, aided by +Nehemiah, he led in a great reformation of the people. He found them +neglecting their law and following foreign customs. He awakened an +enthusiasm for the Mosaic law, aroused the patriotism of the people, and +renewed the ancient faith. His work gave him the title of "the second +founder of Israel." + +4.) _The separation of the Samaritans._ (B. C. 409.) For the origin of +the Samaritans, see 2 Kings 17. 22-34. They were a mingled people, both +in race and religion; but until the captivity were permitted to worship +in the temple at Jerusalem. After the return from Babylon the Samaritans +and the Jews grew further and further apart. The Samaritans opposed the +rebuilding of the temple (Ezra 4. 9-24), and delayed it for many years; +and a century later strove to prevent Nehemiah from building the wall of +Jerusalem (Neh. 4. 2). Finally they established a rival temple on Mount +Gerizim, and thenceforth the two races were in bitter enmity (John 4. +9). + +5.) _The completion of the Old Testament canon._ The prophets after the +restoration were Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi; but the author of most +of the latest books was Ezra, who also arranged the Old Testament +nearly, perhaps fully, in its present form. Thenceforward no more books +were added, and the scribe or interpreter took the place of the prophet. + +[Illustration: ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE.] + +2. =The Greek period.= (B. C. 330-166.) In the year 330 B. C. Alexander +the Great won the empire of Persia in the great battle of Arbela, by +which the sovereignty of the East was transferred from Asia to Europe, +and a new chapter in the history of the world was opened. Alexander died +at the hour when his conquests were completed, and before they could be +organized and assimilated; but the kingdoms into which his empire was +divided were all under Greek kings, and were all Greek in language and +civilization. Judea was on the border between Syria and Egypt, and +belonged alternately to each kingdom. We divide this period into three +subdivisions. + +1.) _The reign of Alexander._ (B. C. 330-321.) The Jews had been well +treated by the Persian kings and remained faithful to Darius, the last +King of Persia, in his useless struggle. Alexander marched against +Jerusalem, determined to visit upon it heavy punishment for its +opposition, but (according to tradition) was met by Jaddua, the +high-priest, and turned from an enemy to a friend of the Jews. + +2.) _The Egyptian supremacy._ (B. C. 311-198.) In the division of +Alexander's conquests Judea was annexed to Syria, but it soon fell into +the hands of Egypt, and was governed by the Ptolemies (Greek kings of +Egypt) until 198 B. C. The only important events of this period were the +rule of Simon the Just, an exceptionally able high-priest, about 300 B. +C., and the translation of the Old Testament into the Greek language for +the use of the Jews of Alexandria, who had lost the use of Hebrew or +Chaldee. This translation was made about 286 B. C., according to Jewish +tradition, and is known as the Septuagint version. It was regarded as an +act of sacrilege by the Palestinian Jews to translate their Holy +Scriptures into the language of heathens, and for centuries the +anniversary of the completion of the Septuagint was observed as a day of +humiliation and prayer. + +3.) _The Syrian supremacy._ (B. C. 198-166.) About the year 198 B. C. +Judea fell into the hands of the Syrian kingdom, also ruled by a Greek +dynasty, the Seleucidæ, or descendants of Seleucus. This change of +rulers brought to the Jews a change of treatment. Hitherto they had been +permitted to live undisturbed upon their mountains, and to enjoy a +measure of liberty, both in civil and ecclesiastical matters. But now +the Syrian kings not only robbed them of their freedom, but also +undertook to compel them to renounce their religion by one of the most +cruel persecutions in all history. The temple was desecrated and left to +ruin, and the worshipers of Jehovah were tortured and slain, in the vain +endeavor to introduce the Greek and Syrian forms of idolatry among the +Jews. Heb. 11, 33-40, is supposed to refer to this persecution. When +Antiochus, the Syrian king, found that the Jews could not be driven from +their faith, he deliberately determined to exterminate the whole nation. +Uncounted thousands of Jews were slaughtered, other thousands were sold +as slaves, Jerusalem was well nigh destroyed, the temple was dedicated +to Jupiter Olympius, and the orgies of the Bacchanalia were substituted +for the Feast of Tabernacles. The religion of Jehovah and the race of +the Jews seemed on the verge of utter annihilation in their own land. + +3. =The Maccabean period.= (B. C. 166-40.) But the darkest hour precedes +the day; the cruelties of the Syrians caused a new and splendid epoch to +rise upon Israel. + +1.) _The revolt of Mattathias._ In the year 170 B. C. an aged priest, +Mattathias, unfurled the banner of independence from the Syrian yoke. He +did not at first aim for political freedom, but religious liberty; but +after winning a few victories over the Syrian armies he began to dream +of a free Jewish state. He died in the beginning of the war, but was +succeeded by his greater son, Judas Maccabeus.[L] + +2.) _Judas Maccabeus_ gained a greater success than had been dreamed at +the beginning of the revolt. Within four years the Jews recaptured +Jerusalem and reconsecrated the temple. (The anniversary of this event +was ever after celebrated in the Feast of Dedication, John 10. 22.) +Judas ranks in history as one of the noblest of the Jewish heroes, and +deserves a place beside Joshua, Gideon, and Samuel as a liberator and +reformer. + +3.) _The Maccabean dynasty._ Judas refused the title of king, but his +family established a line of rulers who by degrees assumed a royal +state, and finally the royal title. In the year 143 B. C. Jewish liberty +was formally recognized, and the Maccabean princes ruled for a time over +an independent state. Between 130 and 110 B. C. Edom, Samaria, and +Galilee were added to Judea. The latter province had been known as +"Galilee of the Gentiles" (Isa. 9. 1); but by degrees the foreigners +withdrew, and the province was occupied by Jews who were as devoted and +loyal as those of Jerusalem. + +[Illustration: ROMAN EMPIRE] + +4.) _The rise of the sects._ About B. C. 100 the two sects, or schools +of thought, the Pharisees and Sadducees, began to appear, though their +principles had long been working. The Pharisees ("separatists") sought +for absolute separation from the Gentile world and a strict construction +of the law of Moses, while the Sadducees ("moralists") were liberal in +their their theories and in their lives. + +4. =The Roman period.= (B. C. 40-A. D. 70.) It is not easy to name a +date for the beginning of the Roman supremacy in Palestine. It began in +B. C. 63, when Pompey the Great (afterward the antagonist of Julius +Cæsar) was asked to intervene between two claimants for the Jewish +throne, Hyrcanus and Aristobulus. Pompey decided for Hyrcanus, and aided +him by a Roman army. In his interest he besieged and took Jerusalem, and +then placed Hyrcanus in power, but without the title of king. From this +time the Romans were practically, though not nominally, in control of +affairs. + +1.) _Herod the Great._ We assign as the date of the Roman rule 40 B. C., +when Herod (son of Antipater, an Edomite, who had been the general of +Hyrcanus) received the title of king from the Roman Senate. From this +time Palestine was regarded as a part of the Roman Empire. Herod was the +ablest man of his age, and one of the most unscrupulous. He ruled over +all Palestine, Idumea (ancient Edom), and the lands south of Damascus. + +[Illustration: PALESTINE IN THE TIME OF CHRIST] + +2.) _Herod's temple._ Herod was thoroughly hated by the Jews, less for +his character than for his foreign birth. To gain their favor he began +rebuilding the temple upon a magnificent scale. It was not completed +until long after his death, which took place at Jericho about the time +when Jesus Christ, the true King of the Jews, was born (Matt. 2. 1, 2). + +3.) _The tetrarchies._ By Herod's will his dominions were divided into +four tetrarchies ("quarter-rulings," a title for a fourth part of a +kingdom). Three of these were in Palestine--Archelaus receiving Judea, +Idumea, and Samaria; Antipas (the Herod of Luke 4. 19, 20; 23. 7-11) +receiving Galilee and Perea; and Philip (Luke 3. 1) having the district +of Bashan. About A. D. 6 Archelaus was deposed, and a Roman, Coponius, +was appointed the first Procurator of Judea, which was made a part of +the prefecture of Syria. The rest of Jewish annals belongs properly to +the New Testament history. + +II. Through these periods we notice the gradual =PREPARATION FOR THE +GOSPEL=, which was steadily advancing. + +1. =There was a political preparation.= Six centuries before Christ the +world around the Mediterranean was divided into states, whose normal +condition was war. At no time was peace prevalent over all the world at +once. If Christ had come at that time it would have been impossible to +establish the Gospel except through war and conquest. But kingdoms were +absorbed into empires, empires rose and fell by turns, each with a +larger conception of the nation than its predecessor. From the crude +combination of undigested states in the Assyrian Empire to the orderly, +assimilated, systematic condition of the Roman world was a great +advance. Christ appeared at the only point in the world's history when +the great nations of the world were under one government, with a system +of roads such that a traveler could pass from Mesopotamia to Spain and +could sail the Mediterranean Sea in perfect safety. + +2. =There was a preparation of language.= The conquests of Alexander, +though accomplished in ten years, left a deeper impress upon the world +than any other two centuries of history. They gave to the whole of that +world one language, the noblest tongue ever spoken by human lips, "a +language fit for the gods," as men said. Through Alexander Greek cities +were founded every-where in the East, Greek kingdoms were established, +the Greek literature and the Greek civilization covered all the lands. +That was the language in which Paul preached the Gospel, and in which +the New Testament was written--the only language of the ancient world in +which the thoughts of the Gospel could be readily expressed. While each +land had its own tongue, the Greek tongue was common in all lands. + +3. While these preparations were going on there was another in progress +at the same time, =the preparation of a race=. We might point to the +history of the Israelites from the migration of Abraham as a training; +but we refer now to their special preparation for their mission after +the restoration, B. C. 536. There was a divine purpose in the division +of Judaism into two streams; one a little fountain in Palestine, the +other a river dispersed over all the lands. Each branch had its part in +the divine plan. One was to concentrate its energies upon the divine +religion, to study the sacred books, to maintain a chosen people, whose +bigotry, narrowness, and intolerance kept them from destruction; the +other branch was out in the world, where every Jewish synagogue in a +heathen city kept alive the knowledge of God, and disseminated that +knowledge, drawing around it the thoughtful, spiritual minds who were +looking for something better than heathenism. Palestine gave the Gospel, +but the Jews of the dispersion carried it to the Gentiles, and each +synagogue in the foreign world became the nucleus of a Christian Church, +where for the first time Jew and Gentile met as equals. + +4. Finally, there was the =preparation of a religion=. The Gospel of +Christ was not a new religion; it was the new development of an old +religion. As we study the Old Testament we see that each epoch stands +upon a higher religious plane. There is an enlargement of spiritual +vision between Abraham and Moses; between Moses and David; between David +and Isaiah; between Isaiah and John the Baptist. Pharisee and Sadducee +each held a share of the truth which embraced the best thought of both +sects. The work of many scribes prepared the way for the coming of the +Lord, and just when revelation was brought up to the highest level, when +a race was trained to apprehend and proclaim it, when a language had +been created and diffused to express it, when the world was united in +one great brotherhood of states, ready to receive it--then, in the +fullness of times, the Christ was manifested, who is over all, God +blessed forever. + + +Blackboard Outline. + + =I. Four Per.= 1. Per. per. 1.) Sec. tem. 2.) Q. Es. del. 3.) Ez. + ref. 4.) Sep. Sam. 5.) Com. O. T. can. + 2. Gk. per. 1.) Rei. Alex. 2.) Eg. sup. 3.) Syr. sup. + 3. Macc. per. 1.) Rev. Mat. 2.) Jud. Macc. 3.) Macc. dyn. 4.) Ri. + sec. + 4. Rom. per. 1.) Her. Cr. 2.) Her. tem. 3.) Tetr. + + =II. Prep. Gosp.= 1. Pol. prep. 2. Prep. lan. 3. Prep. rac. 4. Prep. + rel. + + +QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. + + With what history is that of the Jews interwoven during this period? + What was the political condition of the Jews at this time? + What are the four periods of this history? + Who were the rulers of the Jews during the first period? + What building was erected after the return from captivity? + What great deliverance was effected by a woman? + What great reforms were effected by a scribe? + What title has been given to him? + What were the events connected with the separation of the Samaritans? + Who were the prophets of the restoration? + By whom was the Old Testament canon arranged? + What brought on the Greek period? + What events of Jewish history were connected with Alexander the Great? + Under what people did the Jews fall afterward? + What were the events of the Egyptian rule? + What is the Septuagint? + How was its translation regarded by the Jews of Palestine? + In what kingdom, after Egypt, did Judea fall? + How was it governed by its new masters? + Who instituted a great persecution? + What was the effect of this persecution? + Who led the Jews in revolt? + What great hero arose at this time? + What line of rulers arose in his family? + What was the growth of the Jewish state at this time? + What sects of the Jews arose? + How did Judea fall under the Roman power? + Whom did the Romans establish as king? + What were his dominions? + What building did he erect? + How was his kingdom divided after his death? + What finally became of Judea? + + +Subjects for Special Papers. + + CYRUS THE EMANCIPATOR. + THE CONQUESTS OF ALEXANDER. + JUDAS MACCABEUS. + THE JEWISH SECTS. + HEROD THE GREAT. + THE JEWS OF THE DISPERSION. + +FOOTNOTE: + +[L] The origin of this title is obscure. Some regard it as meaning "the +hammer," like a similar name in the Middle Ages, Charles Martel. Others +say that it was a part of the Hebrew inscription on the banner of Judas, +"Micamo Ka Baalim Jehovah," "Who is like unto thee among the gods, O +Jehovah?" Still others that it was made up as a sort of charm from the +last letters of the words Abraham, Isaac, Jacob. The Maccabean princes +were also called Asmoneans. + + + + + THE + Ten Minute Series OF + Supplemental Lessons + --FOR-- + The Sunday School, + --BY-- + LORANUS E. HITCHCOCK. + +[Illustration: T]HE necessity of some instruction in the Bible, in order +to supply the deficiencies which are unavoidable to any system of +uniform lessons, is realized in every Sunday school. The International +Lessons can only give detached portions of Scripture, and a supplemental +lesson must be added to impart a general knowledge of the book as a +whole. + +The full course of study includes five series of lessons, adapted to be +used in any denomination. + +[Illustration] + + =I. The Life of Jesus.= + =II. Studies about the Bible.= + =III. Bible Geography.= + =IV. Bible History.= + =V. History of the Christian Church.= + +Two additional series of special interest to the Methodist Episcopal +Church have been prepared, namely: + + =VI. History of the Methodist Episcopal Church.= + =VII. 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In the HTML +version, the links will take the reader to the actual place indexed +instead of the page written. + +The rest of the table of contents appears accurate. + +The first four lessons have the questions for review in a list format. +Beginning with lesson five this changes to paragraphs. + +Text uses both post-paid and postpaid. + +Page 46, "hinderances" changed to "hindrances" (spite of their +hindrances) + +Page 51, repeated word "of" deleted. Original read (by the authority of +of God) + +Page 77, "seige" changed to "siege" (from the siege of Jerusalem) + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Studies in Old Testament History, by +Jesse L. 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Jesse L. Hurlbut, D.D. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p {margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + text-indent: 1.25em; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + img {border: 0;} + .tnote {border: dashed 1px; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; + padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em;} + ins {text-decoration:none; border-bottom: thin dotted gray;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + .copyright {text-align: center; font-size: 70%;} + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%; text-align: justify;} + + .bbox {border: solid 2px; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; + padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em;} + .small {font-size: 70%;} + .big {font-size: 110%;} + .author {font-size: 120%; text-align: center;} + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .chaptertitle {text-align: center; font-size: 110%; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 1.75em;} + .bo {text-align: center; font-weight: bold; margin-top: .75em;} + .quest {margin-left: 15%;} + .special {margin-left: 40%;} + .caption {font-weight: bold; font-size: 90%;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .figleft {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: + 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .figright {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .unindent {margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + .right {text-align: right;} + .poem {margin-left: 30%; text-align: left;} + .poem2 {margin-left: 15%; text-align: left;} + .sig {margin-right: 10%; text-align: right;} + + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align:baseline; + position: relative; + bottom: 0.33em; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: none;} + .hang1 {text-indent: -3em; margin-left: 3em;} + .cap:first-letter {float: left; clear: left; margin: -0.2em 0.1em 0; margin-top: 0%; + padding: 0; line-height: .75em; font-size: 300%; text-align: justify;} + .cap {text-align: justify;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's Studies in Old Testament History, by Jesse L. Hurlbut + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Studies in Old Testament History + +Author: Jesse L. Hurlbut + +Release Date: June 16, 2011 [EBook #36444] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STUDIES IN OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY *** + + + + +Produced by Emmy, Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<div class='tnote'><b>Transcriber's Note:</b> Clicking on a map or chart image +will provide the reader with a larger and more readable version of the +same.</div> +<p> <br /><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 374px;"> +<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="374" height="600" alt="Cover" title="" /> +</div> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/ad-title1.png" width="500" height="62" alt="For All Sunday-School Workers." title="" /> +</div> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Materials for sale"> +<tr><td align='center' style="border-right: solid 1px"><b>FOR THE<br /> +SUPERINTENDENT.</b></td><td align='left'><div class='unindent'><b>OUR SUPERINTENDENT.</b> By <span class="smcap">J. H. Vincent</span>. 10 cents.</div> + +<div class='unindent'><b>THE MODERN SUNDAY-SCHOOL.</b> By <span class="smcap">J. H. Vincent</span>. 90</div> + +<p>The first of these is an inspiring talk with the superintendent +upon the duties of his office and how to perform them. The +second is a thorough explanation of the best methods of conducting +a Sunday-school.</p> + +<p>The Sunday-school experience of one hundred years has +proved that without well trained teachers success is only partial. +Our list of books, adapted both for private use and for normal +teaching, is unsurpassed:</p> + +<div class='unindent'><b>SUNDAY-SCHOOL SCIENCE.</b> By <span class="smcap">R. S. Holmes</span>. 20 cents.</div> + +<div class='unindent'><b>REVISED NORMAL LESSONS.</b> By <span class="smcap">J. L. Hurlbut</span>. 25 cents.</div> + +<div class='unindent'><b>STUDIES IN THE FOUR GOSPELS.</b> By <span class="smcap">J. L. 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Palestine.</span><br /> + + +<p>For the many earnest teachers who desire to give their scholars +a more comprehensive course than that of the International +Lesson Series a series of Supplemental Lessons has been prepared. +These are not intended to displace the regular lesson, +but to fill out its deficiencies, to supplement it with other studies +with which young people should be acquainted:</p> + +<div class='unident'><b>SUPPLEMENTAL LESSONS.</b> By <span class="smcap">J. L. Hurlbut</span>. 25 cents.</div> +</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center' style="border-right: solid 1px"><b>FOR<br /> +THE<br /> +SCHOLARS.</b></td><td align='left'><div class="unindent"><b>GRADED LESSONS FOR THE SUNDAY-SCHOOL.</b> By <span class="smcap">H. A. +Strong</span>. Seven numbers. Sample set, 40 cents.</div> + +<div class="unindent"><b>PALESTINE CLASS.</b> By <span class="smcap">J. H. Vincent</span>. Four leaflets. +2 cents each; 6 cents per set.</div> + +<div class="unindent"><b>YOUNG TRAVELERS' CLASS.</b> By Mrs. <span class="smcap">M. G. Kennedy</span>. +Seven numbers. 2 cents each; 6 cents per set.</div> + +<div class="unindent"><b>YOUNG FOLKS' WALKS AND TALKS WITH JESUS.</b> By +Mrs. <span class="smcap">M. G. Kennedy</span>. Eight numbers. 2 cents each; 10 +cents per set.</div></td></tr> +</table></div> + + + + + +<div class='center'><br /><br /> +New York: HUNT & EATON. Cincinnati: CRANSTON & CURTS.<br /> +</div> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 336px;"><a name="frontis" id="frontis"></a> +<a href="images/i-008-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-008.jpg" width="336" height="500" alt="THE EMPIRE OF DAVID AND SOLOMON." title="" /></a> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h1>STUDIES<br /> + +<span class='small'>IN</span><br /> +OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY</h1> + +<div class='center'>BY<br /> + +<span class='author'>REV. JESSE L. HURLBUT, D.D.</span><br /> + + +<span class='small'>AUTHOR OF</span><br /> +<span class='small'>"<i>A Manual of Bible Geography</i>," "<i>Outline Normal Lessons</i>," "<i>Supplemental</i></span><br /> +<span class='small'><i>Lessons for the Sunday-School</i>," and "<i>Studies in the Four Gospels</i>."</span><br /> +<br /><br /><br /> +<br /> +NEW YORK: HUNT & EATON<br /> +CINCINNATI: CRANSTON & CURTS<br /> +</div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class='copyright'> +Copyright, 1890, by<br /> +HUNT & EATON,<br /> +<span class="smcap">New York</span>.<br /> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents"> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'><span class='small'>PAGE</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Preface</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_7">5</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Chronological Table</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_6">9</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Hints to Students</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Hints to Teachers</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Course Divided Into Lessons</span></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">First Study.</span>—The Beginnings of Bible History</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Second Study.</span>—The Wandering in the Wilderness</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Third Study.</span>—The Conquest of Canaan</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Fourth Study.</span>—The Age of the Heroes</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Fifth Study.</span>—The Rise of the Israelite Empire</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Sixth Study.</span>—The Golden Age of Israel</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Seventh Study.</span>—The Rival Thrones—Israel</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Eighth Study.</span>—The Rival Thrones—Judah</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Ninth Study.</span>—The Captivity of Judah</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Tenth Study.</span>—The Jewish Province</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center' colspan='2'><br /><br />FULL-PAGE MAPS.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Empire of David and Solomon</td><td align='right'><i><a href="#frontis">Facing title-page.</a></i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Canaan</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Old Testament World</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Modern Jerusalem</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>The Divisions of Solomon's Empire</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Solomon's Dominions</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Alexander's Empire</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.</h2> + + +<p>These dates are taken from the common chronology, and those earlier +than the Exodus are probably inaccurate. (<a href="#Footnote_B_2">See foot-note on page 22.</a>) The +student will find that to commit this table to memory will give him command +of the most important facts of Bible history.</p> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Chronological table"> +<tr><td align='right'>1.</td><td align='left'> The Deluge</td><td align='left'> B. C.</td><td align='right'> 2348</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>2.</td><td align='left'> The Dispersion of the Races</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 2247</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>3.</td><td align='left'> The Rise of the Empires</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 2200</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>4.</td><td align='left'> The Migration of Abraham</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 1921</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>5.</td><td align='left'> The Descent into Egypt</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 1706</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>6.</td><td align='left'> The Exodus from Egypt</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 1491</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>7.</td><td align='left'> The Battle of Beth-horon</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 1451</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>8.</td><td align='left'> The Death of Joshua</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 1426</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>9.</td><td align='left'> The Victory of Gideon</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 1245</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>10.</td><td align='left'> The Coronation of Saul</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 1095</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>11.</td><td align='left'> The Accession of David</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 1055</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>12.</td><td align='left'> The Division of the Kingdom</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 975</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>13.</td><td align='left'> The Fall of Samaria</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 721</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>14.</td><td align='left'> The Captivity at Babylon</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 587</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>15.</td><td align='left'> The Return from Captivity</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 536</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>16.</td><td align='left'> The Reforms of Ezra</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 450</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>17.</td><td align='left'> The Empire of Alexander</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 330</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>18.</td><td align='left'> The Maccabean Independence</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 166</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>19.</td><td align='left'> The Accession of Herod</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 40</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>20.</td><td align='left'> The Birth of Christ</td><td align='center'>"</td><td align='right'> 4</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span></p> + +<h2>PREFACE.</h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">The</span> New Testament is the outgrowth and development of +the Old. There is no revelation in the gospels or the epistles +which is not in its essence contained in the elder Scripture; +though to make it manifest required the incarnation of God's +Son and the descent of the Holy Spirit. Therefore, to understand +the New Testament it is necessary to study the Old +Testament. We cannot appreciate Matthew's point of view +of Christ as the Messiah until we have looked upon the throne +of David, and Solomon in all his glory; the theology of Paul +is blind until read in the light of Moses and Isaiah; and Hebrews +will obtain a new meaning when placed side by side +with Leviticus. Every chapter in the New Testament has its +references to parallel passages in the Old Testament.</p> + +<p>When we open the Old Testament we find it, first of all, a +book of history. We are apt to look upon the Bible as a +dictionary of doctrine, wherein we are to search for sentences +as proof-texts. But instead it contains the story of redemption +in the form of a history. We see how God chose a family +and pruned off its dead branches and caused it to grow +into a nation; then, how he trained and disciplined that nation +through fifteen centuries, until upon it blossomed the +Divine Man. The history of the Bible is the history of humanity, +of literature, of ethics, of religion, of doctrine; and +no one who studies it carefully will fail of an abundant reward +for his endeavor.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span></p> + +<p>In most works upon Bible history the purpose of the author +seems to be merely to arrange in chronological order a series +of events without much regard to their importance or their +relations to each other. The successive reigns of kings, the +chronicles of courts, the reports of battles form the contents +of most histories, whether sacred or secular. Works like these +have their value in the statement of those facts which form +the basis and working material of history. But mere facts +chronologically arranged do not constitute a history, any +more than words alphabetically arranged constitute a literature. +True history records processes, the relation of cause +and effect, the formative influences and their result in national +life. The true history of England shows not annals of kings +and achievements of warriors, but the development of a mighty +people. The true history of Greece gives the secret springs +of that intense activity which in two centuries called forth +more great men in more departments of life than all the rest +of the world could produce in a thousand years. The true +history of Israel—which is the history of the Old Testament—shows +how a little people in their mountain-eyrie grew up to +a destiny more glorious than that of the proudest empire of +all the earth, the honor of giving religion to mankind.</p> + +<p>The aim of this little book is to present the outlines of that +remarkable history of the chosen people. What their mission +was, how they were trained for it, and how the world was prepared +to receive it together constitute the three threads woven +together in this work. It is a book of outlines to be studied, +not of chapters to be read. The reader will doubtless find the +paragraphs somewhat disconnected, but we trust that the +student may receive from them suggestions for thought.</p> + +<p>In the preparation of this book many works have been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> +read and examined; but it is not my purpose to give a catalogue +of them. I would name, however, a very few books +which will be of service to the student, and will be almost a +necessity for the teacher who expects to use these outlines in +the class, for one secret of successful teaching is for the teacher +to have at his command a fund of knowledge vastly greater +than that contained in the text-book. For this purpose the +following works are named, none of which are too abstruse or +difficult for the average reader:</p> + +<p>1. <i>Outline of Bible History.</i> Bishop J. F. Hurst. A small +book, containing merely the facts of the subject.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Old Testament History.</i> William Smith. A larger work +and valuable, but ending with the Old Testament canon. An +additional chapter on the interval between Old and New +Testament history would greatly improve the book.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Lectures on the History of the Jewish Church.</i> Dean A. +P. Stanley. Three large volumes, in a brilliant but diffuse +style, advanced to the knowledge of twenty years ago; not +altogether sound in its critical point of view, yet to be read +by all who would understand the subject.</p> + +<p>4. <i>Hours with the Bible.</i> Cunningham Geikie. Six volumes, +discussing Bible history in all of its aspects, particularly +in its relations with secular history. Perhaps this is the best +work on the subject for the reader who is not a specialist. +But it is prolix, and could be compressed to advantage.</p> + +<p>There is need, in my opinion, of a good semi-popular Bible +history, in one volume or two, to present results rather than +processes of thought, and to embody all the latest knowledge +from the study of the Scriptures and the monuments of the +ancient world.</p> + +<p>It is needless to urge upon the student that the best book<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> +for the study of Bible history is the Bible itself. The historical +books should be read with great care, even to their details +of genealogical tables. The most valuable document in the +study of the origin of races is the tenth chapter of Genesis; +and a catalogue of names in the opening of Chronicles will +give a clew to the chronology of the sojourn in Egypt. The +prophetical books will aid the student, and the Psalms will +irradiate certain dark periods. Whoever undertakes to use +these outlines should examine every text cited for its suggestion +upon the subject.</p> + +<p>This book is commended to Bible students, to Sunday-school +normal classes, and to all who love the word, with a +hope that it may be of service in calling attention to the Old +Testament, and that it may lead some through the Old to +enter into a better spiritual understanding of the New.</p> + +<div class='sig'> +JESSE L. HURLBUT.<br /> +</div> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span></p> + +<h2>HINTS TO STUDENTS.</h2> + + +<p>Those who desire merely to <i>read</i> this book or to look it over will not +find it interesting. Those who already know how to study will not need +these hints, and can use the book in their own way. But there are many +who desire to study these subjects carefully, and yet do not know precisely +how to do the work. For these students, earnest but untrained, the hints +are given.</p> + +<p>1. These studies should be pursued with the Bible close at hand, so that +every Scripture reference may be at once searched out and read.</p> + +<p>2. Begin each lesson by a general view; reading it through carefully, +and memorizing the leading divisions of the outline, which are indicated by +the Roman numerals I, II, III, etc. This will give the general plan of +the lesson.</p> + +<p>3. Now take up Part I of the lesson in detail; notice and memorize its +subdivisions, indicated by 1, 2, 3, etc., and search out the Scripture references +cited in it. If practicable, write out on a sheet of paper the reference +(not the language of the text in full), and what each reference shows. Thus, +with the references in the First Study, <a href="#Page_17">page 17</a>, Part I:</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Beginnings of Bible History.</span> Part I. <b>Deluge.</b></p> + +<div> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gen. 7. Description of the flood.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gen. 6. 5-7. God punished the world for wickedness.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gen. 7. 23. Covered the inhabited earth.</span><br /> +</div> + +<p>4. It would be a good plan to write out in full, as a connected statement, +all the facts in the section; thus: "The Bible says there was a deluge and +the traditions of other nations attest it. The date commonly given is 2348 +B. C. Its cause was God's anger with the wickedness of the race, and it +covered the inhabited globe. God's purpose was to cleanse the world for a +new epoch."</p> + +<p>5. In like manner study out and write out all the facts obtained by a +study of the lesson and the texts cited in it. This will greatly aid the +memory in holding fast to the information gained.</p> + +<p>6. Having done this, look at the blackboard outline at the end of the +study, and see if you can read the outline of the lesson by the aid of the +catch-words and indications which it affords. Study the lesson until you<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> +can read it with the blackboard outline, and then recall it without the outline.</p> + +<p>7. Now read over the questions for review, one by one, and see if you +can answer them. Do not cease your study until every question can be +answered without the aid of the text.</p> + +<p>8. Frequently review the lessons already learned. Before beginning the +third study review the first and the second; before the fourth, review the first, +second, and third, and at the completion of all the studies review them all. +The knowledge gained by this thorough study will more than compensate +for the time and trouble which it requires.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p> +<h2>HINTS TO TEACHERS.</h2> + + +<p>Classes may be organized on various plans and out of varied materials +for the study of these lessons.</p> + +<p>1. A teachers' class, composed of teachers, and also of senior scholars in +the Sunday-school, may be formed to study the life of Christ, which is one +of the most important subjects in the Bible. This may meet on an evening +or an afternoon, and devote all the sessions to the study of the lesson, and +to discussions upon it.</p> + +<p>2. In many places a teachers' meeting is held for the study of the International +Lesson, as a preparation for the Sunday-school class. A part +of the time might be taken at this meeting for the study of these subjects. +In that case it would be well to follow the division into lessons, as given +on <a href="#Page_14">page 14</a>.</p> + +<p>3. A normal class may be organized among the brightest scholars in the +Sunday-school, who should be trained to become teachers. This normal +class may meet on an afternoon or an evening, or may take a lesson-period +in the Sunday-school session.</p> + +<p>4. These studies may be pursued by the young people's society of the +church, or by a class formed under its auspices, meeting at such time and +place as shall be found most convenient.</p> + +<p>There are two methods in which these lessons may be taught: One is +the <i>lecture method</i>, by which the instructor gives the lesson to the class in +the form of a lecture, placing the outline upon the blackboard as he proceeds, +calling upon the students to read the texts cited, and frequently reviewing +the outline in a concert-drill. By this method the students may +or may not have the books, as they and the instructor prefer. While it is +not necessary to supply the class with the text-book, it will be a good plan +to do so.</p> + +<p>The other method, simpler and easier, is to let each student have a copy +of the book, to expect the lesson to be prepared by the class, and to have +it recited, either individually or in concert. Let each student gain all the +information that he can upon the subject of the lesson; let each contribute +his knowledge; let all talk freely, and all will be the gainers.</p> + +<p>It would be a good plan to have papers read from time to time upon +topics suggested by the course and parallel with it. A list of subjects for +such special papers is given at the close of each study.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></p> +<h2>THE COURSE DIVIDED INTO LESSONS.</h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">In</span> many places it will be found impracticable to give an entire evening +to the study of these lessons. They may be taught at the close of the +prayer-meeting, or of the young people's meeting, in short sections; or they +may occupy a part of the hour at the weekly teachers' meeting for the study +of the Sunday-school lesson; or they may be taught to the Normal class in +the Sunday-school at the lesson hour. In the latter case, the regular lesson +should receive some attention; and the members of the class should be expected +to prepare it, and should be questioned upon it.</p> + +<p>Often from twenty to thirty minutes is all that can be given in a class to +studies like these. We have, therefore, divided the studies into short sections, +each of which may be taught in about twenty minutes, if properly +prepared by both teacher and students. Thus arranged, the course will +be included in thirty-two lessons, as follows:</p> + +<p><b>Lesson I.</b>—<i>The Beginnings of Bible History.</i> The deluge and the +dispersion. (First Study, I and II.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson II.</b>—<i>The Beginnings of Bible History.</i> Rise of the empires, +migration of Abraham, and journeys of the patriarchs. (First Study, III, +IV, and V.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson III.</b>—<i>The Beginnings of Bible History.</i> Sojourn in Egypt. +(First Study, VI.) Also review First Study.</p> + +<p><b>Lesson IV.</b>—<i>The Wandering in the Wilderness.</i> Events leading to +the wandering in the wilderness. (Second Study, I and II.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson V.</b>—<i>The Wandering in the Wilderness.</i> Journeys of the wandering. +(Second Study, III.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson VI.</b>—<i>The Wandering in the Wilderness.</i> Results of the +wandering. (Second Study IV.) Also review Second Study.</p> + +<p><b>Lesson VII.</b>—<i>The Conquest of Canaan.</i> Canaanites and campaigns +of the conquest. (Third Study, I and II.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson VIII.</b>—<i>The Conquest of Canaan.</i> Aspect of Israel after conquest. +(Third Study, IV.) Also review Third Study.</p> + +<p><b>Lesson IX.</b>—<i>The Age of the Heroes.</i> Condition of Israel and the judges +of Israel. (Fourth Study, I and II.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson X.</b>—<i>The Age of the Heroes.</i> The oppressions and deliverers. +(Fourth Study, III.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XI.</b>—<i>The Age of the Heroes.</i> General aspects of the period. +(Fourth Study, IV.) Also review Fourth Study.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Lesson XII.</b>—<i>The Rise of the Israelite Empire.</i> Causes leading to +the monarchy, and character of the Israelite kingdom. (Fifth Study, I and +II.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XIII.</b>—<i>The Rise of the Israelite Empire.</i> The reign of Saul. +(Fifth Study, III.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XIV.</b>—<i>The Rise of the Israelite Empire.</i> The reign of David. +(Fifth Study, IV.) Also review Fifth Study.</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XV.</b>—<i>The Golden Age of Israel.</i> Reign of Solomon. (Sixth +Study, I.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XVI.</b>—<i>The Golden Age of Israel.</i> General aspect of Israel +and dangers of the period. (Sixth Study, II and III.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XVII.</b>—<i>The Empire of Israel.</i> Review the reigns of Saul, +David, and Solomon. (Fifth Study, III, IV, and Sixth Study, I, II, III.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XVIII.</b>—<i>Israel.</i> Causes and results of division. (Seventh +Study, I and II.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XIX.</b>—<i>Israel.</i> Kingdom of Israel. (Seventh Study, III.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XX.</b>—<i>Israel.</i> Fate of ten tribes. (Seventh Study, IV.) Also +review Seventh Study.</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XXI.</b>—<i>Judah.</i> General aspects and duration of the kingdom. +(Eighth Study, I and II.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XXII.</b>—<i>Judah.</i> Periods in its history. (Eighth Study, III.) +Also review Seventh and Eighth Studies.</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XXIII.</b>—<i>The Captivity of Judah.</i> Captivities of Judah and +Israel, and three captivities of Judah. (Ninth Study, I and II.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XXIV.</b>—<i>The Captivity of Judah.</i> Causes of captivity. +(Ninth Study, III.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XXV.</b>—<i>The Captivity of Judah.</i> Condition of the captives. +(Ninth Study, IV.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XXVI.</b>—<i>The Captivity of Judah.</i> Results of the captivity. +(Ninth Study, V.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XXVII.</b>—<i>The Captivity of Judah.</i> Review of Ninth Study.</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XXVIII.</b>—<i>The Jewish Province.</i> Persian. (Tenth Study, +I, II.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XXIX.</b>—<i>The Jewish Province.</i> Greek periods. (Tenth +Study, II.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XXX.</b>—<i>The Jewish Province.</i> Maccabean and Roman periods. +(Tenth Study, III, IV.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XXXI.</b>—<i>The Jewish Province.</i> Preparation for the temple. +(Tenth Study, V.)</p> + +<p><b>Lesson XXXII.</b>—Review of Tenth Study.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 338px;"> +<a href="images/i-022-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-022.jpg" width="338" height="500" alt="RADIAL KEY MAP OF CANAAN" title="" /></a> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span></p> +<h2><span class="smcap">Studies in Old Testament History.</span></h2> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><span class="smcap">First Study.</span></h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>THE BEGINNINGS OF BIBLE HISTORY.</div> + + +<p>It is our purpose in this series of studies to trace the +progress of events as related in the Bible from the dawn of +history down to the opening of the New Testament era. The +aim will be not to give a mere catalogue of facts, but rather +to show the relation of cause and effect, and to unfold the +development of the divine purpose which extends through all +the history in the Bible. We recommend the student, first of +all, to read the preface to this book.</p> + +<p>Turning back to the beginnings of Bible history we notice +<b>six events</b> between the Deluge and the Exodus. We +begin with the Deluge as the starting-point of history. Back +of that event is a land of shadows. We have so little knowledge +of the world before the flood that its history cannot be +written. But since that fact we tread upon firm ground, having +both the Bible and secular history to confirm each other.</p> + +<p>I. <b>THE DELUGE.</b> With regard to this event we note:</p> + +<p>1. The <b>fact</b> of a general deluge is stated in Scripture (Gen. +7.), and attested by the traditions of nearly all nations. +Compare the story of Xisuthros in Berosus; the record in the +Chaldean tablets; the Greek myth of Deucalion; the Mexican +tradition; and the legends of the North American Indians.<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></p> +<p>2. The <b>date</b> is given in reference Bibles (following Archbishop +Ussher) as B. C. 2348. This is probably incorrect. It +may have been a thousand years earlier. But as archæologists +are not yet agreed, we give Ussher's chronology, here and +elsewhere, merely as a convenience in the arrangement, not +as accurate.</p> + +<p>3. Its <b>cause</b> was the wickedness of the human race (Gen. +6. 5-7). Before this event all the population of the world +was massed together, forming one vast family and speaking +one language. Under these conditions the good were overborne +by evil surroundings, and general corruption followed.</p> + +<p>4. Its <b>extent</b> was undoubtedly not the entire globe, but so +much of it as was occupied by the human race (Gen. 7. 23), +probably the Euphrates valley. Many Christian scholars, +however, hold to the view that the Book of Genesis relates +the history of but one family of races, and not all the race; +consequently, that the flood may have been partial, as far as +mankind is concerned.</p> + +<p>5. Its <b>purpose</b> was: 1.) To destroy the evil in the world. +2.) To open a new epoch under better conditions for social, +national, and individual life.</p> + +<p>II. <b>THE DISPERSION OF THE RACES.</b> (B.C. +2247?) 1. Very soon after the deluge a new <b>instinct</b>, that +<b>of migration</b>, took possession of the human family. Hitherto +all mankind had lived together; from this time they began to +scatter. As a result came tribes, nations, languages, and varieties +of civilization. "The confusion of tongues" was not +the cause, but the result of this spirit, and was not sudden, +but gradual (Gen. 11. 2, 7).</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19"></a> +<a href="images/i-025-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-025.jpg" width="500" height="281" alt="MAP OF THE OLD TESTAMENT WORLD." title="" /></a> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Evidences of this migration</b> are given: 1.) In the Bible +(Gen. 9. 19; 11. 8). 2.) The records and traditions of nearly all +nations point to it. 3.) Language gives a certain proof; for +example, showing that the ancestors of the English, Greeks, +Romans, Medes, and Hindus—races now widely dispersed—once +slept under the same roof. At an early period streams<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> +of migration poured forth from the highlands of Asia in every +direction and to great distances.</p> + +<p>III. <b>THE RISE OF THE EMPIRES.</b> In the Bible +world three centers of national life arose, not far apart in +time, each of which became a powerful kingdom, and in turn +ruled all the Oriental lands. The strifes of these three nations, +their rise and fall, constitute the matter of ancient +Oriental history, which is closely connected with that of the +Bible. These three centers were Egypt (called in the Bible +Mizraim, Gen. 10. 6, 13), of which the capital was Memphis; +Chaldea, of which the capital was Babel or Babylon (Gen. 10. +10; 11. 2-9); and Assyria, of which the capital was Nineveh +(Gen. 10. 11). We might add to these the Canaanite or +Phenician city of Sidon (Gen. 10. 15, 19), and its daughter +Tyre, the great commercial centers of the ancient world, whose +empire was not the land, but the sea. Note that all of these +early kingdoms were established by the Hamitic race.</p> + +<p>IV. <b>THE MIGRATION OF ABRAHAM.</b> (B. C. +1921?) No other journey in history has the <i>importance</i> of +that transfer of the little clan of Abraham from the plain of +Shinar to the mountains of Palestine in view of its results to +the world. Compare with it the voyage of the <i>Mayflower</i>. +Its causes were: 1. Probably the migratory instinct of the +age, for it was the epoch of tribal movements. 2. The political +cause may have been the desire for liberty from the rule +of the Accadian dynasty that had become dominant in Chaldea. +3. But the deepest motive was religious, a purpose to +escape from the idolatrous influences of Chaldea, and to find +a home for the worship of God in what was then "the new +West," where population was thin. It was by the call of God +that Abraham set forth on his journey (Gen. 12. 1-3).</p> + +<p>V. <b>THE JOURNEYS OF THE PATRIARCHS.</b> +(B. C. 1921-1706?) For two centuries the little clan of +Abraham's family lived in Palestine as strangers, pitching +their tents in various localities, wherever pasturage was abundant,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> +for at this time they were shepherds and herdsmen (Gen. +13. 2; 46. 34). Their home was generally in the southern +part of the country, west of the Dead Sea, and their relations +with the Amorites, Canaanites, and Philistines on the soil were +generally friendly (Gen. 20. 14; 26. 26-31).</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 299px;"> +<a href="images/i-027-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-027.jpg" width="299" height="500" alt="PALESTINE IN THE TIMES OF THE PATRIARCHS" title="" /></a> +</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 200px;"> +<a href="images/i-028-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-028.jpg" width="200" height="108" alt="Goshen" title="" /></a> +</div> + +<p>VI. <b>THE SOJOURN IN EGYPT.</b> (B. C. 1706-1491?) +After three generations the branch of Abraham's +family belonging to his grandson Jacob or Israel removed to +Egypt (Deut. 26. 5), where they +remained either two hundred or +four hundred years, according to +different opinions.<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> This stay in +Egypt is always called "the sojourn." +The event which led directly +to the descent into Egypt was the selling of Joseph +(Gen. 37. 28). But we can trace a providential purpose in +the transfer. Its objects were:</p> + +<p>1. <b>Preservation.</b> The frequent famines in Palestine +(Gen. 12. 10; 26. 1;42. 1-3) showed that as shepherds the +Israelites could not be supported in the land. On the fertile +soil of Egypt, with three crops each year, they would find food +in abundance.</p> + +<p>2. <b>Growth.</b> At the end of the stay in Canaan the Israelites +counted only seventy souls (Gen. 46. 27); but at the +close of the sojourn in Egypt they had increased to nearly +two millions (Exod. 12. 37; Num. 1. 45, 46). The hot +climate and cheap food of Egypt has always caused an abundant +population. In Egypt Israel grew from a family to a +nation.</p> + +<p>3. <b>Isolation.</b> There was great danger to the morals and +religion of the Israelites in the land of Canaan. Abraham +had sent to his own relatives at Haran for a wife for Isaac<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> +(Gen. 24. 3, 4) in order to keep both the race and the faith +pure. One of Isaac's sons married Canaanite wives, and as +a result his descendants, the Edomites, lost the faith and became +idolaters (Gen. 26. 34, 35). Jacob sought his wives +among his own relatives (Gen. 28. 1, 2). We note a dangerous +tendency in Jacob's family to ally themselves with the +Canaanites (Gen. 34. 8-10; 38. 1, 2). If they had stayed in +Canaan the chosen family would have become lost among the +heathen. But in Egypt they lived apart, and were kept by +the caste system from union with the people (Gen. 46. 34; +43. 32). It was a necessary element in the divine plan that +Israel should dwell apart from other nations (Num. 23. 9).</p> + +<p>4. <b>Civilization.</b> The Egyptians were far in advance of +all other nations of that age in intelligence, in the organization +of society, and in government. Though the Israelites +lived apart from them, they were among them, and learned +much of their knowledge. Whatever may have been their +condition at the beginning of the sojourn, at the end of it +they had a written language (Exod. 24. 7), a system of worship +(Exod. 19. 22; 33. 7), and a leader who had received the +highest culture of his age (Acts 7. 22). As one result of the +sojourn the Israelites were transformed from shepherds and +herdsmen to tillers of the soil—a higher manner of living.</p> + + +<div class='bo'>Blackboard Outline.</div> + +<div class='bbox'> +<b>Six Ev.</b> <b>I. Del.</b> 1. Fac. Scrip. Trad. 2. Dat. 2348? 3. Cau. Wick. rac. 4. Ext. par. 5. Pur. 1.) Des. ev. 2.) New ep.<br /> +<b> II. Disp. Rac.</b> 1. Inst. mig. 2. Evid. Bib. Trad. Lang.<br /> +<b>III. Rise Emp.</b> 1. Eg. 2. Chal. 3. Ass. 4. Sid. and Tyr.<br /> +<b> IV. Mig. Abr.</b> Causes. 1. Mig. inst. 2. Pol. cau. 3. Rel. mot.<br /> +<b> V. Jour. Patr.</b> Str. in Pal. Shep. Hom. Relat.<br /> +<b> VI. Soj. in Eg.</b> Obj. 1. Pres. 2. Gro. 3. Isol. 4. Civ.<br /> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span></p> + + +<div class='bo'>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.</div> + +<div class='quest'> +What is the purpose in this series of studies?<br /> +At what point does history begin?<br /> +Name the six great events in early Bible history.<br /> +How is the fact of a deluge attested?<br /> +What date is commonly given to this event?<br /> +What was the moral cause of the flood?<br /> +What was its extent?<br /> +What was its purpose in the plan of God?<br /> +What new spirit took possession of men soon after the flood?<br /> +To what results did this lead?<br /> +What was the relation of this fact to the confusion of tongues?<br /> +What evidences of these migrations are found?<br /> +What were the three great centers of national life in the Oriental world?<br /> +What city became the center of commercial life?<br /> +To what race did the earliest empires belong?<br /> +What was the most important journey, in its results, in all history?<br /> +What three causes are given for this migration?<br /> +What was especially the religious motive of this journey?<br /> +How long did Abraham's descendants remain in Palestine?<br /> +In what part of the country did they live?<br /> +What were their relations with the native peoples in Palestine?<br /> +What is meant by "the sojourn?"<br /> +What was its immediate cause?<br /> +What four providential results came to Israel through this sojourn?<br /> +How long was the time of the sojourn?<br /> +How were the Israelites protected from corruption through this sojourn?<br /> +What was the effect of the sojourn upon their civilization?<br /> +</div> + + +<div class='bo'>Subjects for Special Papers.</div> + +<div class='special'> +<span class="smcap">The Pyramids.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The City of Babylon.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Great Races.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Traditions of the Deluge.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Character of Abraham.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Egypt in the Time of Joseph.</span><br /> +<br /><br /></div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> See Geikie's <i>Hours with the Bible</i>, vol. 1, chap. xiii; <i>Bible Commentary</i>, note at +the end of Gen. 8.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> From the fact that in several genealogies four generations are given to the sojourn in +Egypt, the shorter period, from 1706 to 1491, has been generally assumed. But it is almost +impossible that seventy people could become two million in four generations by natural +increase alone. Moreover, the genealogy of Joshua (1 Chron. 7. 22-27) gives either ten +or eleven generations to this period. It is probable that the other tables name only sufficient +links to show the line, and omit many of the generations. This was frequently +the case with Jewish records. (See the genealogy of Jesus Christ in Matt. 1, where +several names are omitted.) We conclude that the sojourn began about 1900 B. C., and +the call of Abraham was about 2100 B. C., or earlier; but we give in the text the usual +chronology.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span></p> + +<h2><span class="smcap">Second Study.</span></h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>THE WANDERING IN THE WILDERNESS.</div> + + +<p>I. Let us notice briefly the <b>EVENTS LEADING TO +THE WANDERING.</b></p> + +<p>1. <b>The Oppression of the Israelites.</b> (B. C. 1635.) +(Exod. 1. 8-13.) This was an important link in the chain +of events. If the Israelites had been prosperous and happy +in Egypt they would have remained there, and the destiny +of the chosen people would have been forgotten. Therefore, +when Egypt had given to Israel all that it could, the wrath +of man was made to praise God; and by suffering the Israelites +were made willing to leave the land of their sojourn and +seek the land of promise. The nest was stirred up, and the +young eaglet was compelled to fly (Deut. 32. 11, 12).</p> + +<p>2. <b>The Training of Moses.</b> (Born B. C. 1571.) There +was another element of preparation. No common man could +have wrought the great work of liberation, of legislation, and +of training which Israel needed. Notice, 1.) Moses was an +<i>Israelite in birth</i>, of the consecrated tribe of Levi (Exod. 2. +1, 2). 2.) But he was <i>educated in the palace</i>, and in the +highest culture, as a prince in Egypt (Exod. 2. 10). If he +had been doomed to a slave's life he could never have accomplished +his mission. 3.) At full age Moses made <i>choice +of his people</i>, because they were the people of God (Heb. 11. +24-26). 4.) Then came the <i>training of forty years</i> in the +desert, giving him knowledge of the land, experience of hardships, +and maturity of thought. 5.) Lastly, there was the <i>call +of God</i> (Exod. 3. 2), with its revelation of God's name and +power, imparting strength for his work.</p> + +<p>3. <b>The Ten Plagues.</b> There was a special significance +in these plagues, for each was a blow at some form of idol-worship +among the Egyptians. They were: 1.) The river +turned to blood (Exod. 7. 20, 21). 2.) Frogs (Exod. 8. 6).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> +3.) Lice (Exod. 8. 17). 4.) Flies, probably including beetles +and other winged pests (Exod. 8. 24). 5.) Murrain, or pestilence +among domestic animals (Exod. 9. 3, 4). 6.) Boils +(Exod. 9. 10). 7.) Hail (Exod. 9. 23). 8.) Locusts (Exod. +10. 14, 15). 9.) Darkness (Exod. 10. 22, 23). 10.) Death +of the first-born (Exod. 12. 29).</p> + +<p>4. <b>The Passover.</b> (Exod. 12. 21-28.) This service +represented three ideas. 1.) It was the spring-tide festival. +2.) It commemorated the sudden departure from Egypt, when +there was not even time to "raise the bread" before leaving +(Exod. 12. 34-39). 3.) It was an impressive prophecy of +Christ, the slain Lamb of God (Exod. 12. 21, 22).</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/i-032-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-032.jpg" width="400" height="245" alt="JOURNEYS OF THE ISRAELITES" title="" /></a> +</div> + +<p>5. <b>The Exodus.</b> (B. C. 1491.) (Exod. 12. 40, 41.) The +word means "going out." This was the birthday of a nation, +the hour when the Israelites rose from being merely a mass +of men to become a people.</p> + +<p>II. <b>THE WILDERNESS OF THE WANDERING.</b> +Let the student note carefully upon a good map the +following locations, and then draw a map containing them:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p> + +<p>1. Draw the coast-lines and note <b>three Seas</b>. 1.) The +"great sea," or <i>Mediterranean</i> (Josh. 1. 4). 2.) The <i>Red Sea</i> +(Exod. 13. 18), (Gulfs of Suez and Akaba). 3.) The <i>Dead Sea</i>.</p> + +<p>2. Draw the mountain ranges, and note <b>five Deserts</b>. +1.) The <i>Desert of Shur</i> (Exod. 15. 22), between Goshen and +Canaan. 2.) The <i>Desert of Paran</i>, in the center of the Sinaitic +triangle (Num. 10. 12). This is the wilderness in which +thirty-eight of the forty years were passed (Deut. 1. 19). 3.) +The <i>Desert of E'ham</i> (Num. 33. 8), on the shore of the Gulf of +Suez. 4.) The <i>Desert of Sin</i>, near Mount Sinai (Exod. 16. 1). +5.) The <i>Desert of Zin</i>, the desolate valley between the Gulf of +Akaba and the Dead Sea, now called the Arabah (Num. 13. 21).</p> + +<p>3. Locate also the <b>five Lands</b> of this region. 1.) <i>Goshen</i>, +the land of the sojourn (Exod. 9. 26). 2.) <i>Midian</i>, the land +of Moses's shepherd life (Exod. 2. 15), on both sides of the +Gulf of Akaba. 3.) <i>Edom</i>, the land of Esau's descendants, +south of the Dead Sea (Num. 21. 4). 4.) <i>Moab</i>, the land of +Lot's descendants, east of the Dead Sea (Num. 21. 13). +5.) <i>Canaan</i>, the land of promise (Gen. 12. 7).</p> + +<p>4. Fix also the location of <b>three Mountains</b>. 1.) <i>Mount +Sinai</i>, where the law was given (Exod. 19. 20). 2.) <i>Mount +Hor</i>, where Aaron died (Num. 20. 23-28). 3.) <i>Mount Nebo</i> +(Pisgah), where Moses died (Deut. 34. 1).</p> + +<p>5. Notice also <b>seven Places</b>, some of which are clearly, +others not so definitely, identified. 1.) <i>Rameses</i>, the starting-point +of the Israelites (Exod. 12. 37). 2.) <i>Baal-zephon</i>, the +place of crossing the Red Sea (Exod. 14. 2). 3.) <i>Marah</i>, where +the bitter waters were sweetened (Exod. 15. 22-25). 4.) <i>Elim</i>, +the place of rest (Exod. 15. 27). 5.) <i>Rephidim</i>, the place of +the first battle, near Mount Sinai (Exod. 17. 8-16). 6.) <i>Kadesh-barnea</i>,<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> +whence the spies were sent forth (Num. 13. 26).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> +7.) <i>Jahaz</i>, in the land of Moab, south of the brook Arnon, +the place of a victory over the Amorites (Num. 21. 23, 24).</p> + +<p>III. <b>THE JOURNEYS OF THE WANDERING.</b> +These, with the <b>EVENTS</b> connected with them, +may be arranged in order as follows:</p> + +<p>1. From Rameses to the Red Sea (Exod. 12. 37; 14. 9). +With this note: 1.) +<i>The crossing of the +Red Sea.</i></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 274px;"> +<a href="images/i-034-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-034.jpg" width="274" height="400" alt="VICINITY OF MT. SINAI" title="" /></a> +</div> + +<p>2. From the Red +Sea to Mount Sinai. +Events: 2.) <i>The +Waters of Marah.</i> +3.) <i>The repulse of the +Amalekites.</i> 4.) <i>The +giving of the law.</i> 5.) +<i>The worship of the +golden calf.</i> At +Mount Sinai the +camp was kept for +nearly a year, and +the organization of +the people was effected.</p> + +<p>3. From Mount +Sinai to Kadesh-barnea +(B. C. 1490). At +the latter place occurred, +6.) <i>The sending out of the spies</i> (Num. 13. 1-26). 7.) <i>The +defeat at Hormah</i> (Num. 14. 40-45). It was the purpose of +Moses to lead the people at once from Kadesh up to Canaan. +But their fear of the Canaanite and Amorite inhabitants made +them weak; they were defeated and driven back into the +desert of Paran, where they wandered thirty-eight years, until +the generation of slavish souls should die off, and a new<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> +Israel, the young people, trained in the spirit of Moses and +Aaron, and fitted for conquest, should arise in their places.</p> + +<p>4. From Kadesh-barnea through the desert of Paran and +return. This was the long wandering of thirty-eight years. +We trace the route from Kadesh, around the desert of Paran, +to Mount Hor, to Ezion-geber at the head of the Gulf of +Akaba, and at last to Kadesh once more (Num. 20. 1). There +occurred, 8.) <i>The water from the rock at Kadesh</i>, and Moses's +disobedience (Num. 20. 10-12). 9.) <i>The repulse of Arad</i> +(Num. 21. 1). It would seem that the Israelites made a +second attempt to enter Canaan on the south, and were again +defeated, though not so severely as before.</p> + +<p>5. From Kadesh-barnea around Edom to the river Jordan. +After this second defeat Moses desired to lead the people +through the land of the Edomites, and to enter Canaan by +crossing the Jordan (Num. 20. 14). But the Edomites refused +to permit such an army to pass through their land +(Num. 20. 18-21). Hence the Israelites were compelled to go +down the desert of Zin, past Edom, as far as the Red Sea, then +east of Edom, a very long and toilsome journey (Num. 21. 4). +Note with this journey: 10.) <i>The brazen serpent</i> (Num. 21. 6-9; +John 3. 14, 15). 11.) <i>The victory over the Amorites</i> (Num. 21. +23, 24). This victory gave to the Israelites control of the +country from Amon to Jabbok, and was the first campaign +of the conquest. The long journey was now ended in the encampment +of the Israelites at the foot of Mount Nebo, on the +eastern bank of the Jordan, near the head of the Dead Sea. +12.) The last event of the period was <i>the death of Moses</i> +(Deut. 34. 5-8) (B. C. 1451).</p> + +<p>IV. <b>THE RESULTS OF THE WANDERING.</b> +These forty years of wilderness life made a deep impress +upon the Israelite people, and wrought great changes in their +character.</p> + +<p>1. It gave them certain <b>Institutions</b>. From the wilderness +they brought their tabernacle and all its rites and services,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> +out of which grew the magnificent ritual of the temple. +The Feast of Passover commemorated the Exodus, the Feast +of Pentecost, the giving of the law; the Feast of Tabernacles +(during which for a week the people lived in huts and booths), +the outdoor life in the desert.</p> + +<p>2. Another result was <b>National Unity</b>. When the Israelites +left Egypt they were twelve unorganized tribes, without +a distinct national life. Forty years in the wilderness, meeting +adversities together, fighting enemies, marching as one +host, made them a nation. They emerged from the wilderness +a distinct people, with one hope and aim, with patriotic +self-respect, ready to take their place among the nations of +the earth.</p> + +<p>3. <b>Individual Liberty.</b> They had just been set free from +the tyranny of the most complete governmental machine on +the face of the earth. In Egypt the man was nothing, the +state was every thing. The Israelite system was an absolute +contrast to the Egyptian. For four centuries after the Exodus +the Israelites lived with almost no government, each +man doing what was right in his own eyes. They were the +freest people on earth, far more so than the Greeks or the +Romans during their republican epochs. Moses trained them +not to look to the government for their care, but to be a self-reliant +people, able to take care of themselves. If they had +passed this initial stage of their history surrounded by kingdoms +they would have become a kingdom. But they learned +their first lessons of national life in the wilderness, untrammeled +by environment and under a wise leader, who sought +to train up a nation of kings instead of a kingdom.</p> + +<p>4. <b>Military Training.</b> We trace in the history of those +forty years a great advance in military discipline. After +crossing the Red Sea Moses did not care to lead them by the +direct route to Canaan, lest they should "see war" (Exod. +13. 17, 18). Attacked by the Amalekites soon after the Exodus, +the Israelites were almost helpless (Exod. 17. 8-16;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> +Deut. 25. 17-19). A year later they were the easy prey of +the Canaanites at Hormah (Num. 14. 40-45). Forty years +after they crossed the Jordan and entered Canaan, a drilled +and trained host, a conquering army. This discipline and +spirit of conquest they gained under Moses and Joshua in the +wilderness.</p> + +<p>5. <b>Religious Education.</b> This was the greatest of all +the benefits gained in the wilderness. They were brought +back from the idolatries of Egypt to the faith of their fathers. +They received God's law, the system of worship, and the ritual +which brought them by its services into a knowledge of +God. Moreover, their experience of God's care taught them +to trust in Jehovah, who had chosen them for his own people. +Even though the mass of the people might worship idols, +there was always from this time an Israel of the heart that +sought and obeyed God.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span></p> + + +<div class='bo'>Blackboard Outline.</div> + +<div class='bbox'> + <b>I. Eve. le. Wan.</b> 1. Opp. Isr.<br /> +2. Tra. Mos. 1.) Bir. 2.) Edu. 3.) Cho. 4.) Tra. 5.) Cal.<br /> +3. Ten Pla. 1.) Bl. 2.) Fr. 3.) Li. 4.) Fl. 5.) Mur. 6.) Boi. 7.) Hai. 8.) Loc. 9.) Dar. 10.) Dea. fir. bo.<br /> +4. Pass.<br /> +5. Exod.<br /> +<br /> + <b>II. Wil. Wan.</b> 1. Seas. 1.) M. S. 2.) R. S. [G, S., G. A.] 3.) D. S.<br /> +2. Des. 1.) D. Sh. 2.) D. Par. 3.) D. Eth. 4.) D. Si. 5.) D. Zi.<br /> +3. Lan. 1.) Gos. 2.) Mid. 3.) Ed. 4.) Mo. 5.) Can.<br /> +4. Mts. 1.) Mt. Sin. 2.) Mt. H. 3.) Mt. Neb.<br /> +5. Pla. 1.) Ram. 2.) B.-zep. 3.) Mar. 4.) El. 5.) Rep. 6.) Kad.-bar 7.) Jah.<br /> +<br /> + <b>III. Jour. and Even.</b> Jour. 1. Ram.—R. S., Ev. 1.) Cr. R. S.<br /> +Jour. 2. R. S.—Mt. Sin. 2.) Wat. Mar. 3.) Rep. Am. 4.) Giv. L. 5.) Wor. gol. cal.<br /> +Jour. 3. Mt. Sin.—Kad.-bar. 6.) Sen. Sp. 7.) Del. Hor.<br /> +Jour. 4. Kad.-bar.—Des. Par.—Ret. 8.) Wat. roc. Kad. 9.) Rep. Ar.<br /> +Jour. 5. Kad.-bar.—Ed.—Riv. Jor. 10.) Bra. Ser. 11.) Vic. ov. Amo. 12.) Dea. Mos.<br /> +<br /> + <b>IV. Res. Wan.</b> 1. Ins. 2. Nat. Un. 3. Ind. Lib. 4. Mil. Tra. 5. Rel. Ed.<br /> +</div> + + +<div class='bo'>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.</div> + +<div class='quest'> +Name five events which were preparatory to the wandering.<br /> +What made the Israelites willing to leave Egypt?<br /> +How was their leader trained for his mission?<br /> +What were the ten plagues upon the Egyptians?<br /> +What three ideas were connected with the Passover?<br /> +What is meant by the Exodus?<br /> +What are the three seas of the map illustrating the wandering?<br /> +Name five deserts of this region.<br /> +In which desert were the most years passed?<br /> +What were the two deserts on the shore of the Red Sea?<br /> +Where was the desert of Zin?<br /> +Which desert was between Egypt and Palestine?<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>Name and locate five lands of this region.<br /> +Which land was nearest to Egypt?<br /> +Which land was on the eastern arm of the Red Sea?<br /> +Which land lay east of the Dead Sea?<br /> +Which land was south of the Dead Sea?<br /> +Name three mountains in this region.<br /> +What event look place on each of these mountains?<br /> +Name two places between Egypt and the Red Sea.<br /> +Name three places on the route between the Red Sea, and an event at each place.<br /> +What place was south of Canaan and near it?<br /> +What events occurred at this place?<br /> +What two places were battlefields?<br /> +State the route of the first journey.<br /> +What was the great event of this journey?<br /> +What was the second journey?<br /> +What four events are named with this journey?<br /> +What was the third journey?<br /> +What two events took place with this journey?<br /> +What was the longest journey?<br /> +Name four places of this journey.<br /> +Name two events near its close.<br /> +What was the last journey?<br /> +What events took place at this time?<br /> +Where was the last encampment of the Israelites?<br /> +What institutions originated during this period?<br /> +What was the political effect of this epoch upon the people?<br /> +How did it give them liberty?<br /> +What was the influence in military affairs?<br /> +What were its results upon the religion of the people?<br /> +</div> + + +<div class='bo'>Subjects for Special Papers.</div> + +<div class='special'> +<span class="smcap">The Pharaoh of the Oppression.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Mount Sinai.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Greatness of Moses.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Mosaic Legislation.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Site of Kadesh-barnea.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Tabernacle in the Wilderness.</span><br /> +<br /><br /></div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> The location of Kadesh-barnea is one of the great questions of the Bible geography. +Robinson places it at <i>´Ain el-Weibeh</i>, north-west of Petra. Rowlands, and lately Trumbull, +locates it at <i>Ain Gadis</i>, forty-five miles south of Beersheba. I think the latter +is the true place, though the authorities are not agreed.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span></p> + +<h2><span class="smcap">Third Study.</span></h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>THE CONQUEST OF CANAAN.</div> + + +<p>I. Let us notice the <b>CANAANITES</b> before the conquest.</p> + +<p>1. They were a <b>varied people</b>. There were from seven +to ten different nations in Palestine when the Israelites entered +it (Exod. 3. 17; Deut. 7. 1). Each tribe, often each +city, had its own government. There was no unity of government, +no combined action to resist the invasion of Israel. +This made the conquest easy. If one king had ruled a united +people the result might have been different.</p> + +<p>2. These peoples were, however, of <b>one stock</b>. They +belonged to the Hamite race, and were all descended from +the family of Canaan (Gen. 10. 15-19). There was no reason, +except the tribal spirit, for their separation into small +clans and nationalities.</p> + +<p>3. They were <b>idolatrous</b> and, as a result, grossly <b>immoral</b>. +Idolatry is always associated with immorality; for the worship +of idols is a deification of sensuality. Baal and Asherah +(plural Ashtoreth) were the male and female divinities worshiped +by most of these races (Judg. 2. 13).</p> + +<p>4. They had been <b>weakened</b> before the coming of the +Israelites either by war or by pestilence. The allusions in +Exod. 23. 28; Deut. 7. 20; and Josh. 7. 12, have been referred +to an invasion before that of Israel, or to some plague, which +destroyed the native races.</p> + +<p>II. <b>THE CAMPAIGNS OF THE CONQUEST.</b> +These may be divided as follows:</p> + +<p>1. <b>The campaigns east of the Jordan.</b> (B. C. 1451.) +These were during the life-time of Moses, and gained for +Israel all the territory between the brook Arnon and Mount +Hermon.</p> + +<p>1.) The conquest of Gilead was made at the battle of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> +Jahaz, near the brook Arnon (Num. 21. 21-31). In one +battle the Israelites gained the land of Gilead from the +Arnon to the Hieromax.</p> + +<p>2.) The conquest of Bashan was completed at the battle of +Edrei, in the mountainous region.</p> + +<p>3.) The conquest +of Midian (Num. 31. +1-8) was led by the +warrior-priest Phinehas, +and by smiting +the tribes on the east +protected the frontier +toward the desert. +The land won +by these three campaigns +became the +territory of the tribes +of Reuben, Gad, and +the half-tribe of Manasseh +(Deut. 32).</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 223px;"> +<a href="images/i-041-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-041.jpg" width="223" height="400" alt="JOURNEYS OF THE CONQUEST" title="" /></a> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>The campaigns +west of +the Jordan</b> (B. C. +1451) were led by +Joshua, and showed +great tactical skill +and resistless energy +of action. Joshua +led his people across +the Jordan and established +a fortified camp, the center of operations during +all his campaigns, at Gilgal (Josh. 4. 19).</p> + +<p>1.) The first invasion was of <i>central Palestine</i>, beginning +with Jericho (Josh. 6), taking Ai on the way (Josh. 8), and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> +ending with Shechem, which apparently fell without resistance +(Josh. 8. 30-33). This campaign gave to Israel the +center of the land and divided their enemies into two sections.</p> + +<p>2.) Next came the campaign against <i>southern Palestine</i>. +At this time was fought the battle of Beth-horon (Josh. 10. 10), +the most momentous in its results in all history, and one over +which, if ever, the sun and moon might well stand still (Josh. +10. 12, 13).<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> After this great victory Joshua pursued his +enemies and took the towns as far south as Hebron and Debir +(Josh. 10. 29-39).</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<a href="images/i-042-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-042.jpg" width="450" height="281" alt="JOSHUA'S VICTORY AT BETH-HORON." title="" /></a> +</div> + +<p>3.) Lastly, Joshua conquered <i>northern Palestine</i> (Josh. +11). The battle in this campaign was near Lake Merom +(Josh. 11. 7), and, as before, it was followed by the capture +of many cities in the north. Thus, in those marches Joshua +won all the mountain region of western Palestine.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span></p> +<p>3. There were certain <b>supplementary campaigns</b>, partly +in Joshua's time, partly afterward.</p> + +<p>1.) Caleb's rapture of Hebron, which had been re-occupied +by the Amorites (Josh. 14; Judg. 1. 10-15).</p> + +<p>2.) The Judahites' capture of Bezek, an unknown place +between Jerusalem and the Philistine plain (Judg. 1. 1-8).</p> + +<p>3.) The Danites' capture of Laish, in the extreme north, +which afterward bore the name of Dan (Judg. 18).</p> + +<p>But, after all these campaigns, a large part of the land was +still unsubdued, and the war of the conquest did not end until +the days of David, by whom every foe was finally placed +under foot.</p> + +<p>III. <b>GENERAL ASPECTS OF ISRAEL AT +THE CLOSE OF THE CONQUEST.</b></p> + +<p>1. With regard to <b>the native races</b>. They were not destroyed +nor driven away, as had been commanded.<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a> They +remained as subject people in some places, as the ruling race +on the sea-coast and in the Jordan valley. We see their influence, +always injurious, throughout all Israel's history (Exod. +23. 31-33; Deut. 7. 1-5); and some think that the present +inhabitants of the country belong to the original Canaanite +stock.</p> + +<p>2. <b>The Israelites</b> did not occupy all the country. They +possessed most of the mountain region, but none of the sea-coast +plain on the Jordan valley. They were like the Swiss +in modern times, living among the mountains. Even in the +New Testament period the lowlands were occupied mainly +by Gentiles.</p> + +<p>3. <b>The landed system</b> was peculiar. Estates were inalienable. +They might be leased, but not sold; and on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> +year of Jubilee (every fiftieth year) all land reverted to the +family originally owning it. Thus every family had its ancestral +home, the poor were protected, and riches were kept +within bounds.</p> + +<p>4. <b>The government</b> was a republic of families without +an executive head, except when a judge was raised up to +meet special needs. Each tribe had its own rulers, but there +was no central authority after Joshua (Judg. 21. 25). This +had its evils, for it led to national weakness; but it had its +benefits: 1.) It kept Israel from becoming a great worldly +kingdom like Egypt and Assyria, which would have thwarted +the divine purpose. 2.) It promoted individuality and personal +energy of character. There would have been no "age +of heroes" if Israel had been a kingdom like Egypt.</p> + +<p>5. The <b>religious system</b> was simple. There was but +one altar at Shiloh for all the land and for all the tribes, and +the people were required to visit it for the three great feasts +(Deut. 12. 11, 14; Josh. 18. 1). This was the religious bond +which united the people. If it had been maintained they +would have needed no other constitution, and even its partial +observance kept the people one nation.</p> + +<p>6. The <b>character</b> of the people was diverse. Throughout +the history we trace the working of two distinct elements. +There was the true Israel—the earnest, religious, God-worshiping +section, the Israel of Joshua and Gideon and Samuel. +Then there was the underlying mass of the people—secular, +ignorant, prone to idolatry, the Israel that worshiped Baal and +Ashtoreth, and sought alliance with the heathen. One element +was the hope of the nation, the other was its bane.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span></p> + + +<div class='bo'>Blackboard Outline.</div> + +<div class='bbox'> + <b>I. Canaanites.</b> 1. Var. 2. Ham. rac. 3. Idol. 4. Weak.<br /> +<br /> + <b>II. Camp. Conq.</b> 1. Camp. Eas. Jor. 1.) Gil. Jah. 2.) Bash. Ed. 3.) Mid.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">2. Camp. Wes. Jor. 1.) Cent. Pal. Jer. Ai. She. 2.) Sou. Pal. Beth-hor. 3.) Nor. Pal. L. Mer.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">3. Supp. Camp. 1.) Cal. cap. Heb. 2.) Jud. cap. Bez. 3.) Dan. cap. Lai.</span><br /> +<br /> +<div class='hang1'><b>III. Gen. Asp. Isr. at Clo. Conq.</b> 1. Nat. rac. sub. 2. Isr. in mtn. reg. 3. Land. sys. 4. Gov. rep. fam. 5. Rel. sys. 6. Char. peo.<br /></div> +</div> + + +<div class='bo'>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.</div> + +<div class='quest'> +What was the political system of the Canaanites before the conquest?<br /> +How did this condition affect the result of the war?<br /> +To what race did the Canaanite tribes belong?<br /> +What was their religion?<br /> +What was the effect of their worship on their character?<br /> +What had taken place shortly before the coming of the Israelites?<br /> +What campaigns of conquest were made before the death of Moses?<br /> +What battles were fought in these campaigns?<br /> +What tribes took possession of this territory?<br /> +On which side of the Jordan were Joshua's campaigns?<br /> +What traits as a military leader did he show?<br /> +What places were captured on the first of Joshua's campaigns?<br /> +What was the effect of this campaign on the enemies?<br /> +Against what section was Joshua's second campaign?<br /> +Where was the great battle fought?<br /> +What is said to have taken place at this battle?<br /> +What cities were captured at this time?<br /> +Where was the third campaign of Joshua directed?<br /> +Where was the battle fought in this campaign?<br /> +What were the three supplementary campaigns?<br /> +What city was conquered by Caleb?<br /> +What city was occupied by the tribe of Dan?<br /> +What king, long after Joshua, completed the conquest of Canaan?<br /> +What was the condition of the native races after the conquest?<br /> +What was the result of their continuance in the land?<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>What portion of the country was occupied by the Israelites?<br /> +What modern analogy is given to them?<br /> +What was the system of land-tenure among the Israelites?<br /> +What were some of its benefits?<br /> +What was the form of government?<br /> +Wherein was this system defective?<br /> +What were its excellences?<br /> +What was the religious system of the Israelites?<br /> +What was the effect of this system?<br /> +What was the religious character of the people?<br /> +What was the condition of the mass of the Israelites?<br /> +</div> + + +<div class='bo'>Subjects for Special Papers.</div> + +<div class='special'> +<span class="smcap">Joshua as a General.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Beth-horon as one of the World's Greatest Battles.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Moral Aspects of the Destruction of the Canaanites.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The River Jordan.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The History of Jericho.</span><br /> +<br /><br /></div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> The account of the sun and moon standing still is an extract from an ancient poem, +and is so printed in the Revised Version. The subject is discussed in Geikie's <i>Hours +With the Bible</i>, foot-note with chapter xiii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> With regard to the destruction of the Canaanites: 1. Such destruction was the almost +universal custom of the ancient world. 2. It was deserved by the Canaanites, who were +among the most wicked of ancient peoples. 3. It was necessary, if Israel was to be kept +from the corruption of their morals, and upon Israel's character depended the world in +after ages. 4. As a result of failing to extirpate the Canaanites a vastly greater number +of the Israelites were destroyed during the succeeding centuries.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p> + +<h2><span class="smcap">Fourth Study.</span></h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>THE AGE OF THE HEROES.</div> + + +<p>From the death of Joshua (about B. C. 1426) to the coronation +of Saul (B. C. 1095) the twelve tribes of Israel were +without a central government, except as from time to time +men of ability rose up among them. It was not as some have +supposed, "an age of anarchy," for anarchy is confusion; and +during most of the three hundred and thirty years there were +peace and order in Israel. It was rather an age of heroes, +for its rulers were neither hereditary nor elective, but men +called forth by the needs of the hour and their own qualities +of leadership.</p> + +<p>I. <b>THE CONDITION OF ISRAEL DURING +THIS PERIOD.</b> This was partly favorable, and partly +unfavorable. The favorable elements were:</p> + +<p>1. <b>The mountain location</b> of Israel. The tribes were +perched like Switzerland in the Alps. There was a desert on +the south and on the east, while on the west lay the plain by +the sea, the great route of travel between Egypt and the Euphrates. +Great armies passed and repassed over this plain, +and great battles were fought by Egyptians, Hittites, and Assyrians, +while Israel on her mountain peaks was unmolested. +This mountain home left Israel generally unnoticed, and, +when attacked, almost inaccessible.</p> + +<p>2. <b>The racial unity</b> of Israel. The two finest races of +the world, the Greek and the Israelite, were both of pure +blood. The Israelites were one in origin, in language, in +traditions, in aspirations. This national unity often brought +the tribes together in times of distress; though not always +when their union was needed.</p> + +<p>3. <b>The religious institutions.</b> In Greece every town +had its own god and its own religion; hence the many parties +and petty nationalities. But in Israel there was in theory but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> +one altar, one house of God, one system of worship, with its +annual pilgrimage to the religious capital (1 Sam. 1. 3). Just +to the measure in which these institutions were observed, +Israel was strong against all foes, and as they were neglected +the land became the prey of oppressors (Judg. 2. 7-14; 1. +Sam. 7. 3).</p> + +<p>But there were also unfavorable elements in the condition +of Israel, which threatened its very existence. These were:</p> + +<p>1. <b>The native races.</b> These were of two kinds: the +subject peoples left on the soil, more or less under the domination +of the conquerors, and the surrounding nations, Ammon, +Moab, Syria, and the Philistines. There was danger +from their enmity, a rebellion of the subject tribes, allied with +the enemies around, for the destruction of Israel. And there +was far greater danger from their friendship, which would +lead to intermarriage, to idolatry, to corruption of morals, and +to ruin (Judg. 3. 1-7).</p> + +<p>2. <b>Lack of a central government.</b> Israel was in +the condition of the United States at the close of the Revolution, +from 1783 to 1789, a loose confederation with no +central authority. There were twelve tribes, but each governed +itself. Only under some great chieftain like Gideon or +Samuel were all the twelve tribes united. Most of the judges +ruled only over their own district of a few adjoining tribes. +Often the northern tribes were in peril, but we never read of +Judah going to their assistance; and in Judah's wars with +the Philistines the northern tribes stood aloof.</p> + +<p>3. <b>Tribal jealousy.</b> Until the establishment of the +American republic the world never saw, for any length of +time, a league of states on an equal footing. In Greece the +strongest state claimed the <i>hegemony</i>, or leadership, and oppressed +its allies. In Italy the Romans reduced all their +neighbors to subjection. In Europe it now requires an army +of more than a million men to maintain the "balance of +power." So in Israel there was a constant struggle for the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> +leadership between the two great tribes of Judah and Ephraim. +During the period of the judges Ephraim was constantly asserting +its right to rule the other tribes (Judg. 8. 1-3; 12. +1-6). We trace this rivalry through all the reign of David; +and at last it led to the division of the empire under Rehoboam.</p> + +<p>4. <b>Idolatrous tendencies.</b> We note constantly "the +two Israels"—a spiritual minority and an irreligious, idolatrous +mass. For ten centuries the greatest evil of Israelite +history was the tendency to the worship of idols. Causes +which operated to promote it were: 1.) The natural craving +for a visible object of worship, not altogether eradicated from +even the Christian heart; for example, Romish images and +ritualistic bowing toward the altar. 2.) The association of +Israel with idolaters on the soil or as neighbors. 3.) The opportunity +which idol-worship gives to gratify lust under the +guise of religion. As a result of these forces we find idol-worship +the crying sin of the Israelites down to the captivity +in Babylon.</p> + +<p>II. <b>THE JUDGES OF ISRAEL.</b> These were the +heroes of that age, the men who in turn led the tribes, freed +them from their enemies, and restored them to the service of +God.</p> + +<p>1. <b>Their office.</b> It was not generally to try legal cases +between man and man, or between tribe and tribe. It might +be regarded as a military dictatorship blended with a religious +authority. The judge was a union of the warrior and the religious +reformer.</p> + +<p>2. <b>Their appointment</b>; not by election, nor the votes of +the people. The Orientals have never chosen their rulers by +suffrage. The judges were men whom the people recognized +as called of God to their office (Judg. 2. 16; 3. 9; 6. 11-13).</p> + +<p>3. <b>Their authority</b> rested not on law, nor on armies, but +on the personal elements of integrity and leadership in the +men, and on the general belief in their inspiration. They +spoke to the people with the authority of a messenger from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> +God. They arose in some hour of great need, and after the +immediate danger was over held their power until the end of +their lives.</p> + +<p>4. <b>The extent of their rule</b> was generally local, over a +few tribes in one section. Deborah ruled in the north (Judg. +5. 14-18); Jephthah governed the east of the Jordan only +(Judg. 11. 29). Often more than one judge was ruling at the +same time; probably Samson and Eli were contemporaneous. +Gideon and Samuel alone ruled all the twelve tribes.</p> + +<p>III. <b>THE OPPRESSIONS AND DELIVERERS.</b> +During these three centuries the influences already named +brought Israel many times under the domination of foreign +power. The story was always the same, forsaking God, following +idols, subjection, reformation, victory, and temporary prosperity. +We notice the seven oppressions. Some of these +were undoubtedly contemporaneous.</p> + +<p>1. <b>The Mesopotamian Oppression.</b> (Judg. 3. 7-11.) +Probably this was over the southern portion, and the invaders +came by the east and around the Dead Sea, as earlier invaders +from the same land had come (Gen. 14. 1-7). The deliverer +was Othniel, the first judge, and the only judge of the +tribe of Judah.</p> + +<p>2. <b>The Moabite Oppression.</b> (Judg. 3. 12-30.) Over +the eastern and central section, including Ephraim (verse 27); +deliverer, Ehud, the second judge; battle fought at the ford +of the river Jordan (verse 28).</p> + +<p>3. <b>The Early Philistine Oppression.</b> (Judg. 3. 31.) +Over the south-west, on the frontier of Judah; deliverer, +Shamgar.</p> + +<p>4. <b>The Canaanite Oppression.</b> (Judg. 4.) Over the +northern tribes; deliverer, Deborah, the woman judge; battle +at Mount Tabor.</p> + +<p>5. <b>The Midianite Oppression.</b> (Judg. 6. 1-6.) Over +the northern center, especially Manasseh-east; the most +severe of all; deliverer, Gideon, the greatest of the judges<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> +(Judg. 6. 11, 12); battle, on Mount Gilboa (Judg. 7), followed +by other victories (Judg. 8).</p> + +<p>6. <b>The Ammonite Oppression.</b> (Judg. 10. 7-9.) Note +an alliance between the Amorites and Philistines, which is +suggestive; mainly over the tribes on the east of Jordan; +deliverer, Jephthah<a name="FNanchor_F_6" id="FNanchor_F_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_6" class="fnanchor">[F]</a> (Judg. 11); victory at Aroer (verse 33).</p> + +<p>7. <b>The Philistine Oppression.</b> (Judg. 13) This was +the most protracted of all, for it extended, with intervals of +freedom, for a hundred years; embraced all the land, but +was most heavily felt south of Mounts Carmel and Gilboa. +The liberation was begun by Samson (Judg. 13. 5), but he +was led astray by sensual lusts and became a failure. Freedom +was later won by Samuel at the battle of Ebenezer +(1 Sam. 7. 7-14); but the oppression was renewed in the time +of Saul, and became heavier than ever (1 Sam. 13. 17-20). +Finally the yoke was broken by David, in a succession of +victories, ending with the capture of Gath, the Philistine capital +(2 Sam. 5. 17-25; 1 Chron. 18. 1).</p> + +<p>Note with each oppression: 1.) The oppressor. 2.) The +section oppressed. 3.) The deliverer. 4.) The battlefield.</p> + +<p>IV. <b>THE GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE +PERIOD.</b></p> + +<p>1. It was an age of <b>individuality</b>. There was no strong +government to oppress the people, to concentrate all the life +of the nation at the court, and to repress individuality. Contrast +Persia with Greece; Rome under the emperors with Rome +as a republic. As men were needed they were raised up, for +there was opportunity for character. Hence it was an age of +heroes—Othniel, Ehud, Shamgar, Gideon, Jephthah, Samson, +Samuel, etc. Free institutions bring strong men to the front.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span></p> +<p>2. It was an age of <b>neglect of the law</b>. During all this +period there is no allusion to the law of Moses. Its regulations +were ignored, except so far as they belonged to the common +law of conscience and right. The laws of Moses were +not deliberately disobeyed, but were ignorantly neglected. +Even good men, as Gideon and Samuel, built altars and +offered sacrifices (Judg. 6. 24; 1 Sam. 7. 9) contrary to the +letter of the law of Moses, but obeying its spirit.</p> + +<p>3. Nevertheless, it was an age of <b>progress</b>. There were +alternate advancements and retrogressions; yet we see a people +with energy, rising in spite of their hindrances. By degrees +government became more settled (1 Sam. 7. 15-17), +foreign relations arose (1 Sam. 7. 14; Ruth 1. 1), and the people +began to look toward a more stable system (1 Sam. 8. 4-6).</p> + + +<div class='bo'>Blackboard Outline.</div> + +<div class='bbox'> + <b>I. Cond. Isr.</b> <i>Fav.</i> 1. Mtn. Loc. 2. Rac. Un. 3. Rel. Ins.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;"><i>Unfav.</i> 1. Nat. Rac. 2. Lac. cent. gov. 3. Tri. jeal. 4. Idol. ten.</span><br /> +<br /> + <b>II. Jud. Isr.</b> 1. Off. 2. App. 3. Auth. 4. Ext. ru.<br /> +<br /> +<b>III. Opp. and Deliv.</b> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Battles"> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Opp.</i></td><td align='left'><i>Sec.</i></td><td align='left'><i>Deliv.</i></td><td align='left'><i>Batt.-fie.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>1. Mes.</td><td align='left'>Sou.</td><td align='left'>Oth.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>2. Moab.</td><td align='left'>Ea. cen.</td><td align='left'>Ehu.</td><td align='left'>For. Jor.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>3. Ea. Phil. </td><td align='left'>So.-wes.</td><td align='left'>Sham.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>4. Can.</td><td align='left'>Nor.</td><td align='left'>Deb.</td><td align='left'>Mt. Tab.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>5. Mid.</td><td align='left'>Nor. cen. </td><td align='left'>Gid.</td><td align='left'>Mt. Gil.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>6. Amm.</td><td align='left'>East.</td><td align='left'>Jeph.</td><td align='left'>Aro.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>7. Phil.</td><td align='left'>All.</td><td align='left'>Sams. Saml. </td><td align='left'>Eben.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>Dav.</td><td align='left'>Gath.</td></tr> +</table></div> +<br /> + <b>IV. Gen. Asp. Per.</b> 1. Ind. 2. Neg. Law. 3. Prog.<br /> +</div> + + +<div class='bo'>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.</div> + +<div class='blockquot'> +<p>How long was this period? What were its traits? What were the conditions +favorable to Israel during this period? How did their location aid +the Israelites? Wherein were the Israelites one people? How did their +religious institutions keep them together?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span></p> + +<p>What were the unfavorable and dangerous elements in the condition of +Israel? How were they in danger from the native races? What was +lacking in the government of Israel? What two tribes were in rivalry? +What was the effect of this jealousy? What analogy is found in ancient +history? How is the same principle illustrated in modern times? What +evil tendency was manifested in Israel through nearly all its history? +What causes are assigned for this tendency?</p> + +<p>What was the office of a judge in Israel? How were the judges appointed? +What was their authority? How widely did their rule extend?</p> + +<p>What resulted from these evil tendencies in Israel? How many oppressors +were there? Who were the first oppressors? Over what part of the +country was the first oppression? Who delivered Israel from it? What +was the second oppression? What part of the country suffered from it? +Who was the deliverer? Where was the battle fought? What was the +third oppression, and where? Who delivered Israel? What was the +fourth oppression? Where was it? Who was the deliverer? Where was +the victory won? What was the fifth oppression? Over what part of the +country was it? Who delivered Israel from it? What was the sixth oppression? +Over what part of the land was it? Who delivered from it? +What was the last oppression? How did it differ from the others? What +three names are associated in the deliverance from its power?</p> + +<p>What are the three general aspects of this period?</p> +</div> + +<div class='bo'>Subjects for Special Papers.</div> + +<div class='special'> +<span class="smcap">The Israelite Republic.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Career of Gideon.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Vow of Jephthah.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Failure of Samson.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Shiloh and the Tabernacle.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Family Life during the Age of the Judges.</span><br /> +<br /><br /></div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_F_6" id="Footnote_F_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_6"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> With Jephthah is associated the only instance of human sacrifice offered to Jehovah +in all Bible history; and this was by an ignorant freebooter, in a part of the land farthest +from the instructions of the tabernacle and the priesthood. When we consider that the +practice of human sacrifice was universal in the ancient world, and that not only captives +taken in war but also the children of the worshipers were offered (2 Kings 3. 26, 27; Mic. +6. 7), this fact is a remarkable evidence of the elevating power of the Israelite worship.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a href="images/i-054-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-054.jpg" width="500" height="369" alt="MODERN JERUSALEM." title="" /></a> +</div> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span></p> + +<h2><span class="smcap">Fifth Study.</span></h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>THE RISE OF THE ISRAELITE EMPIRE.</div> + + +<p>The coronation of Saul (B. C. 1095) marks an epoch in +the history of Israel. From that point, for five hundred years, +the chosen people were under the rule of kings.</p> + +<p>I. <b>THE CAUSES LEADING TO THE MONARCHY.</b> +The kingdom was not an accidental nor a sudden +event. There had been a gradual preparation for it through +all the period of the judges.</p> + +<p>1. Note the <b>tendency toward settled government</b>. In +the time of Gideon the people desired him to become a king +(Judg. 8. 22, 23). His son attempted to make himself a +king, but failed (Judg. 9). We find judges setting up a semi-royal +state, and making marriages for their children outside of +their tribe (Judg. 12. 9, 13, 14). Judges associating their sons +with themselves (Judg. 10. 4; 1 Sam. 8. 1, 2). All these show +a monarchical trend in the time.</p> + +<p>2. Another cause was the <b>consolidation of the surrounding +nations</b>. In the days of the conquest there were +few kings in the lands neighboring Palestine. We read of +"lords" and "elders," but no kings, among the Philistines, +the Moabites, the Ammonites, and the Phenicians (Judg. 3. +3; 1 Sam. 5. 8; Num. 22. 7). But a wave of revolution +swept over all those lands, as about the same time over +Greece; and very soon we find that every nation around Israel +had its king (1 Sam. 21. 10; 11. 1; 22. 3; 2 Sam. 5. 11). +The movement of Israel toward monarchy was in accordance +with this spirit.</p> + +<p>3. There was a <b>danger of invasion</b>, which impelled the +Israelites to seek for a stronger government (1 Sam. 12. 12). +They felt themselves weak, while other nations were organized +for conquest, and desired a king for leader in war.</p> + +<p>4. Then, too, the <b>rule of Samuel</b> led the Israelites to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> +desire a better organization of the government. For twenty +years they had enjoyed the benefit of a wise, strong, and +steady rule. They felt unwilling to risk the dangers of tribal +dissension after the death of Samuel, and therefore they sought +for a king.</p> + +<p>5. But underlying all was the <b>worldly ambition</b> of the +people. They were not willing to remain the people of God, +and work out a peculiar destiny. They wished to be like the +nations around, to establish a secular state, to conquer an +empire for themselves (1 Sam. 8. 5-20). It was this worldly +spirit, whose results Samuel saw, which made him unwilling +to accede to the wish of the Israelites. But the very things +against which he warned them (1 Sam. 8. 11-18) were just +what they desired.</p> + +<p>II. <b>THE CHARACTER OF THE ISRAELITE +KINGDOM.</b> When men change their plans God changes +his. He desired Israel to remain a republic, and not to enter +into worldly relations and aims. When, however, the Israelites +were determined, God gave them a king (1 Sam. 8. 22); +but his rule was not to be like that of the nations around Israel. +We ascertain the divine ideal of a kingdom for his +chosen people:</p> + +<p>1. <b>It was a theocratic kingdom.</b> That is, it recognized +God as the supreme ruler, and the king as his representative, +to rule in accordance with his will, and not by his +own right. Only as people and king conformed to this principle +could the true aims of the kingdom be accomplished +(1 Sam. 12. 13-15). And if the king should deviate from this +order, he should lose his throne. Disobedience to the divine +will caused the kingdom to pass from the family of Saul to +that of David (1 Sam. 13. 13, 14; 15. 26).</p> + +<p>2. <b>It was a constitutional kingdom.</b> The rights of +the people were carefully guaranteed, and there was a written +constitution (1 Sam. 10. 25). Nearly all the Oriental countries +have always been governed by absolute monarchs; but Israel<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> +was an exception to this rule. The people could demand +their rights from Rehoboam (1 Kings 12. 3, 4). Ahab could +not take away nor even buy Naboth's vineyard against its +owner's will (1 Kings 21. 1-3). No doubt the rights of the +people were often violated; but the violation was contrary to +the spirit of the monarchy.</p> + +<p>3. <b>It was regulated by the prophets.</b> The order of +prophets had a regular standing in the Israelite state. The +prophet was a check upon the power of the king, as a representative +both of God's will and the people's rights. He +spoke not only of his own opinions, but by the authority of +God. Notice instances of the boldness of prophets in rebuking +kings (1 Sam. 15. 16-23; 2 Sam. 12. 1-7; 1 Kings +13. 1-6; 17. 1; 22. 7-17). The order of prophets was +like the House of Commons, between the king and the +people.</p> + +<p>III. <b>THE REIGN OF SAUL.</b> (B. C. 1095-1055.) +1. This may be divided into two parts: 1.) <i>a period of prosperity</i>, +during which Saul ruled well, and freed Israel from its +oppressors on every side (1 Sam. 14. 47, 48); 2.) then a <i>period +of decline</i>, in which Saul's kingdom seems to be falling in +pieces, and only preserved by the prowess and ability of +David. After David's exile the Philistines again overran Israel, +and Saul's reign ended in defeat and death.</p> + +<p>2. We observe that Saul's reign was <b>a failure</b>, and left +the tribes in worse condition than it found them. 1.) He +failed <i>in uniting the tribes</i>; for tribal jealousies continued +(1 Sam. 10. 27), and at the close of his reign broke out anew +in the establishment of rival thrones (2 Sam. 2. 4, 8, 9). 2.) +He failed <i>in making friends</i>. He alienated Samuel, and with +him the order of prophets (1 Sam. 15. 35); he alienated David, +the ablest young man of his age, and the rising hope of +Israel, and drove him into exile (1 Sam. 21. 10); he alienated +the entire order of the priests, and caused many of them +to be massacred (1 Sam. 22. 18). 3.) He failed <i>to advance<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> +religion</i>; left the tabernacle in ruins; left the ark in seclusion; +broke up the service; and drove the priests whom he +did not murder into exile (1 Sam. 22. 20-23). 4.) He failed +<i>to liberate Israel</i>; at his death the yoke of the Philistines was +more severe than ever before (1 Sam. 31. 1-7). The most +charitable view of Saul was that he was insane during the +latter years of his life. The cause of his failure was a desire +to reign as an absolute monarch, and an unwillingness to submit +to the constitution of the realm.</p> + +<p>IV. <b>THE REIGN OF DAVID.</b> (B. C. 1055-1015.) +This was a brilliant period; for it was led by a great man, in +nearly every respect the greatest after Moses in Israelite +history.</p> + +<p>1. Notice the <b>condition of Israel at his accession</b>. +This will throw into relief the greatness of his character and +his achievements.</p> + +<p>1.) It was a <i>subject people</i>; under Philistine yoke; its warriors +slain; many of its cities deserted; David himself probably +at first tributary to the King of Gath.</p> + +<p>2.) It was a <i>disorganized people</i>. The tribes were divided; +national unity was lost; and two thrones were set up, one at +Hebron, the other at Mahanaim (2 Sam. 2. 4-9).</p> + +<p>3.) It was a <i>people without religion</i>. The tabernacle was +gone; the ark was in neglect; there was no altar and no sacrifice; +the priests had been slain.</p> + +<p>We can scarcely imagine Israel at a lower ebb than when +David was called to the throne.</p> + +<p>2. We ascertain <b>David's achievements</b>; the results of +his reign. 1.) <i>He united the tribes.</i> At first crowned king by +Judah only, later he was made king over all the tribes, by +the desire of all (2 Sam. 5. 1-5). During his reign we find +but little trace of the old feud between Ephraim and Judah, +though it was not dead, and destined yet to rend the kingdom +asunder.</p> + +<p>2.) <i>He subjugated the land.</i> The conquest of Palestine,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> +left incomplete by Joshua, and delayed for three hundred +years, was finished at last by David in the capture of +Jebus or Jerusalem (2 Sam. 5. 6, 7), in the overthrow of +the Philistines (2 Sam. 5. 17-25), and in the final capture of +their capital city (1 +Chron. 18. 1). At +last Israel was possessor +of its own +land.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 227px;"> +<a href="images/i-059-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-059.jpg" width="227" height="400" alt="EMPIRE OF DAVID" title="" /></a> +</div> + +<p>3.) <i>He organized +the government.</i> He +established a capital +(2 Sam. 5. 9). He +built a palace (2 +Sam. 5. 11). Notice +that the builders +were from Tyre, +showing that the Israelites +were not advanced +in the arts. +He established a system +of government, +with officers in the +court and throughout +the realm (1 +Chron. 27. 25-34). +Contrast all this with +Saul, who ruled from +his tent, like a Bedouin +sheik.</p> + +<p>4.) <i>He established +an army.</i> There was a royal body-guard, probably of foreigners, +like that of many European kings in modern times (2 Sam. +8. 18; 15. 18). There was a band of heroes, like Arthur's +Round Table (2 Sam. 23. 8-39). There was "the host," the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> +available military force, divided into twelve divisions, one on +duty each month (1 Chron. 27. 1-15).</p> + +<p>5.) <i>He established religion.</i> No sooner was David on the +throne than he brought the ark out of its hiding-place, and +gave it a new home in his capital (1 Chron. 16. 1). The +priesthood was organized, and divided into courses for the +service of the tabernacle (1 Chron. 23. 27-32; 24. 1-19). +He wrote many psalms, and caused others to be written, for +the worship of God. Two prophets stood by his throne +(1 Chron. 29. 29), and two high-priests stood by the altar +(1 Chron. 24. 3). This organization and uplifting of the public +worship had a great effect upon the kingdom.</p> + +<p>6.) <i>He conquered all the surrounding nations.</i> These wars +were largely forced upon David by the jealousy of the neighboring +kingdoms. In turn his armies conquered and annexed +to his dominions the land of the Philistines (1 Chron. 18. 1), +Moab (2 Sam. 8. 2), Syria, even to the great river Euphrates +(2 Sam. 8. 3-6); Edom (2 Sam. 8. 14), Ammon, and the country +east of Palestine (2 Sam. 10. 1-14; 12. 26-31). The +empire of David thus extended from the frontier of Egypt to +the Euphrates River, fulfilling the promise of Josh 1. 4. It +was at least six times the area of the twelve tribes.</p> + +<p>7.) We may add that <i>he reigned as a theocratic king</i>. He +realized more than any other monarch the divine ideal of a +ruler, and so was "the man after God's own heart" (1 Sam. +13. 14); if not altogether in personal character, yet in the +principles of his government. He respected the rights of his +subjects, had a sympathy for all people, obeyed the voice of +the prophets, and sought the interests of God's cause.<a name="FNanchor_G_7" id="FNanchor_G_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_G_7" class="fnanchor">[G]</a></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p> + +<div class='bo'>Blackboard Outline.</div> + +<div class='bbox'> +<div class='hang1'> <b>I. Cau. lea. Mon.</b> 1. Ten. tow. set. gov. 2. Con. sur. nat. 3. Dan. inv. 4. Ru. Sam. 5. Wor. am. peo.<br /></div> +<br /> + <b>II. Char. Isr. Kin.</b> 1. Theo. kin. 2. Cons. kin. 3. Reg. by pro.<br /> +<br /> +<div class='hang1'><b>III. Rei. Sau.</b> 1. Pros. and Dec. 2. Fai. 1.) Un. tri. 2.) Mak. fri. 3.) Adv. rel. 4.) Lib. Isr.<br /></div> +<br /> +<div class='hang1'> <b>IV. Rei. Dav.</b> 1. Con. Isr. acc. 1.) Sub. 2.) Dis. 3.) Wit. rel. 2. Dav. Achiev. 1.) Uni. tri. 2.) Sub. la. 3.) Org. gov. 4.) Est. ar. 5.) Est. rel. 6.) Conq. surr. nat. 7.) Rei. theo. kin.<br /> +</div></div> + + +<div class='bo'>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.</div> + +<div class='blockquot'> +<p>What event marks an epoch in Israelite history? What were the causes +leading to the monarchy? What events in the period of the judges show +a tendency toward settled government? What changes in government in +the surrounding nations helped to bring on the monarchy in Israel? From +what source did external danger lead the Israelites to desire a king? How +had Samuel unconsciously helped to prepare the way for a kingdom? What +worldly spirit promoted the same result?</p> + +<p>What kind of a kingdom did God intend for Israel? What is a theocratic +kingdom? Wherein was Israel an exception among Oriental kingdoms? +By what institution was the kingdom regulated? Name some +instances of prophets rebuking kings.</p> + +<p>Into what two parts may Saul's reign be divided? Wherein was Saul a +failure? How did he fail in gaining and holding friends?</p> + +<p>What was the condition of Israel when David came to the throne? +What were the achievements of David? What great incomplete work did +David finish? What did he do in the organization of his kingdom? +What was the arrangement of his army? What were his services to the +cause of religion? What nations did he conquer? What was the extent +of his empire? In what spirit did he rule?</p> +</div> + +<div class='bo'>Subjects for Special Papers.</div> + +<div class='special'> +<span class="smcap">How the Republic became a Monarchy.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Early Life of David.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">David as Hero, Statesman, and Poet.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">David's Training for the Throne.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Samuel, the Founder of the Prophetic Order.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Causes and Results of Absalom's Rebellion.</span><br /> +<br /><br /></div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_G_7" id="Footnote_G_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_G_7"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> With regard to David's crimes against Uriah and his wife, note that no other ancient +monarch would have hesitated to commit such an act, or would have cared for it afterward; +while David submitted to the prophet's rebuke, publicly confessed his sin, and +showed every token of a true repentance.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span></p> + +<h2><span class="smcap">Sixth Study.</span></h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>THE GOLDEN AGE OF ISRAEL.</div> + + +<p>The reign of Solomon (B. C. 1015-975) may be regarded +as the culminating period in the history of Israel. But, +strictly speaking, the latter part of David's reign and only the +former part of Solomon's constitute "the golden age of +Israel;" for Solomon's later years manifested a decline, which +after his death rapidly grew to a fall.</p> + +<p>I. <b>THE REIGN OF SOLOMON.</b></p> + +<p>1. <b>His claim to the throne.</b> He was one of the youngest +of David's sons, the second child of Bath-sheba, born during +the culmination of David's reign (1 Chron. 22. 7-9). He +obtained the throne by the decree of David, by the choice of +God, as the one among David's children best fitted to reign +(1 Chron. 28. 5, 6). The principle of primogeniture, or the +special right of the eldest son, was not fixed in those times.</p> + +<p>2. <b>His accession</b> was marked by the execution of three +men, Adonijah (1 Kings 2. 24, 25), Joab (1 Kings 2. 28-34), +and Shimei (1 Kings 2. 36-46). Two of these had conspired +against him, and the third was the last survivor of the house +of Saul, and a possible rival for the throne. Their death was +dictated by policy, and probably by justice. His throne +would not be secure while these men lived.</p> + +<p>3. <b>His empire</b> embraced all the lands from the Red Sea +to the Euphrates, and from the Mediterranean to the Syrian +desert, except Phenicia, which was isolated by the Lebanon +Mountains. 1.) Besides Palestine he ruled over Edom, +Moab, Ammon, Syria (here referring to the district having +Damascus as its capital), Zobah, and Hamath. 2.) On the +Gulf of Akaba, Ezion-geber was his southern port (1 Kings +9. 26); on the Mediterranean, Gaza (Azzah) was his limit; +in the extreme north, Tiphsah, by the Euphrates (1 Kings 4. +24); in the desert, Tadmor, afterward Palmyra (1 Kings 9. 18).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span></p> + +<p>4. <b>His foreign relations</b> were extensive, for the first and +only time in the history of Israel. 1.) His earliest treaty was +<i>with Tyre</i> (Phenicia), whose king had been his father's friend +(1 Kings 5. 1). What this alliance brought to Solomon (1 +Kings 5. 6-10; 2 Chron. 2. 3-14). 2.) His relations <i>with +Egypt</i>; in commerce (1 Kings 10. 28, 29); in marriage, a +bold departure from Israelite customs (1 Kings 3. 1). Probably +Psalm 45 was written upon this event. 3.) <i>With Arabia</i>, +the land bordering on the southern end of the Red Sea (1 +Kings 10. 1-10, 14, 15). 4.) <i>With India</i>, which is probably +referred to in 1 Kings 9. 26-28. 5.) <i>With Spain</i>, probably +meant in 1 Kings 10. 22.</p> + +<p>5. <b>His buildings.</b> 1.) Of these the greatest, the most +costly, and the most famous was <i>the temple</i> (1 Kings 6. 1). +With this building notice: (<i>a</i>) The courts and open square, +with an inner court inside for the priests only (2 Chron 4. 9). +(<i>b</i>) The porch (2 Chron 3. 4). (<i>c</i>) The holy place (2 Chron. +3. 8; 1 Kings 6. 17). (<i>d</i>) The holy of holies (1 Kings 6. 19, +20). (<i>e</i>) The chambers for the priests (1 Kings 6. 5, 6). 2.) +<i>His own palace</i>, situated south of the temple precincts, in the +district called Ophel. Its name derived from its columned +entrance (1 Kings 7. 1, 2). 3.) <i>His fortified cities</i> (1 Kings +9. 17-19). 4.) <i>His aqueducts</i>, some of which may still be seen +(Eccl. 2. 4-6). No King of Israel ever built so many public +works as did Solomon.</p> + +<p>6. But all was not bright in the reign of Solomon. We +must notice also <b>his sins</b>, for they wrought great results of +evil in the after years. 1.) That which led to all his other +sins was <i>foreign marriages</i> (1 Kings 11. 1-4). These +were the natural and inevitable result of his foreign relations, +and were probably effected for political reasons as well as to +add to the splendor of his court. 2.) His <i>toleration of idolatry</i>, +perhaps actual participation in it (1 Kings 11. 5-8). We +cannot over-estimate the harm of Solomon's influence in this +direction. At once it allied him with the lower and evil<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> +elements in the nation, and lost to him the sympathy of all the +earnest souls.<a name="FNanchor_H_8" id="FNanchor_H_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_H_8" class="fnanchor">[H]</a> 3.) Another of Solomon's sins, not named in +Scripture, but referred to in many legends of the East, was +his <i>devotion to magical arts</i>. He appears in Oriental traditions +as the great master of forces in the invisible world, engaging +in practices forbidden by the law of Moses (Lev. 19. 31; +Deut. 18. 10, 11).</p> + +<p>II. <b>GENERAL ASPECTS OF ISRAEL IN THE +REIGN OF SOLOMON.</b></p> + +<p>1. <b>It was a period of peace.</b> For sixty years there +were no wars. This gave opportunity for development, for +wealth, and for culture.</p> + +<p>2. <b>It was a period of strong government.</b> The age of +individual and tribal energy was ended, and now all the life of +the nation was gathered around the throne. All the tribes were +held under one strong hand; tribal lines were ignored in the +government of the empire (1 Kings 4. 7-19); every department +was organized.</p> + +<p>3. <b>It was a period of wide empire.</b> It was Israel's opportunity +for power in the East; for the old Chaldean empire +had broken up, the new Assyrian empire had not arisen, +and Egypt was passing through a change of rulers and was +weak. For one generation Israel held the supremacy in the +Oriental world.</p> + +<p>4. <b>It was a period of abundant wealth.</b> (1 Kings 3. +12, 13; 4. 20; 10. 23, 27.) The sources of this wealth were: +1.) The <i>conquests</i> of David, who had plundered many nations +and left his accumulated riches to Solomon (1 Chron. +22. 14-16). 2.) The <i>tribute</i> of the subject kingdoms, doubtless +heavy (1 Kings 10. 25). 3.) <i>Commerce</i> with foreign +countries, Egypt, Arabia, Tarshish, and Ophir, in ancient +times was not carried on by private enterprise, but by the +government. The <i>trade</i> of the East from Egypt and Tyre +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>passed through Solomon's dominions, enriching the land. +4.) There were also <i>taxes</i> laid upon the people (1 Kings 4. 7; +12. 4). 5.) The erection of <i>public buildings</i> must have enriched +many private citizens and made money plenty.</p> + +<p>5. <b>It was a period of literary activity.</b> The books +written during this epoch were Samuel, Psalms (in part), +Proverbs (in part), and perhaps Ecclesiastes and Solomon's +Song. Not all the writings of Solomon have been preserved +(1 Kings 4. 32, 33).</p> + +<p>III. <b>DANGERS OF THE PERIOD.</b> There was an +Arabian tradition that in Solomon's staff, on which he leaned, +there was a worm secretly gnawing it asunder. So there were +elements of destruction under all the splendor of Solomon's +throne.</p> + +<p>1. <b>The absolute power of the king.</b> David had maintained +the theocratic constitution of the state; Solomon set +it aside and ruled with absolute power in all departments. He +assumed priestly functions (1 Kings 8. 22, 54, 64); he abolished +tribal boundaries in his administration (1 Kings 4. 7-19); +he ignored both priests and prophets, and concentrated +all rule in his own person.</p> + +<p>2. <b>The formal character of the worship.</b> There was +a magnificent temple and a gorgeous ritual, but none of the +warmth and personal devotion which characterized the worship +of David. The fervor of the Davidic psalms is wanting +in the literature of Solomon's age.</p> + +<p>3. <b>Luxury and corruption of morals.</b> These are the +inevitable results of abundant riches and worldly association. +We do not need the warnings in Prov. 2. 16-19; 5. 3-6, etc., to +know that a flood of immorality swept over Jerusalem and Israel.</p> + +<p>4. <b>The burden of taxation.</b> With a splendid court, an +immense harem, and a wealthy nobility came high prices and +high taxes; the rich growing richer rapidly, the poor becoming +poorer. The events of the next reign show how heavy +and unendurable these burdens grew.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span></p> + +<p>5. <b>Heathen customs.</b> With the foreign peoples came +the toleration of idolatry, its encouragement, and all the abominations +connected with it. Jeroboam could not have established +his new religion (1 Kings 12. 28) if Solomon had not +already patronized idol-worship.</p> + +<p>6. Underlying all was the old <b>tribal jealousy</b> of Ephraim +and Judah, fostered by an able leader (1 Kings 11. 26), ready +to break out in due time, and to destroy the empire.</p> + +<p>After all, it is uncertain whether the reign of Solomon was +a golden or only a gilded age.</p> + + +<div class='bo'>Blackboard Outline.</div> + +<div class='bbox'> +<div class='hang1'><b> I. Rei. Sol.</b> 1. Cl. thr. 2. Acc. 3. Emp. [Lands. Cities] 4. For. rel. 1.) Ty. 2.) Eg. 3.) Ar. 4.) Ind. 5.) Sp. 5. Buil. 1.) Tem. 2.) Pal. 3.) For. cit. 4.) Aque. 6. Sins 1.) For. mar. 2.) Tol. idol. 3.) Mag.<br /> +</div><br /> +<div class='hang1'><b> II. Gen. Asp. Isr.</b> 1. Pea. 2. Str. gov. 3. Abun. weal. 1.) Conq. 2.) Trib. 3.) Com. 4.) Tax. 5). Pub. build. 5. Lit. art.<br /> +</div><br /> +<div class='hang1'><b>III. Dan. Per.</b> 1. Abs. pow. 2. For. wor. 3. Lux. cor. mor. 4. Bur. tax. 5. Hea. cus. 6. Tri. jeal.<br /> +</div></div> + + +<div class='bo'>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.</div> + +<div class='quest'> +What is meant by the Golden Age of Israel?<br /> +Who was Solomon?<br /> +How did Solomon obtain the throne?<br /> +What events marked his accession?<br /> +What lands were included in his empire?<br /> +What were the frontier cities of the empire?<br /> +With what foreign countries did Solomon have relations?<br /> +What resulted from his alliance with Tyre?<br /> +What innovation came from Egypt?<br /> +Who visited Solomon from Arabia?<br /> +What were the early names of Spain and India?<br /> +What four classes of buildings were erected by Solomon?<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span>What were the different parts of his temple?<br /> +What was the name given to Solomon's palace?<br /> +Name some of the cities which he built and fortified.<br /> +What other public works did he build?<br /> +What three kinds of sin did Solomon commit?<br /> +What was his motive in seeking foreign marriages?<br /> +Name five general aspects of Israel in Solomon's reign.<br /> +What were the benefits of the peace at that time?<br /> +What was the characteristic of Solomon's administration?<br /> +What opportunity did the age give to a great empire for Israel?<br /> +What were the sources of the wealth in Solomon's age?<br /> +How was it a period of literary activity?<br /> +What ancient legend illustrates the dangers of Solomon's age?<br /> +What were some of these dangers?<br /> +Wherein did Solomon set aside the Israelite constitution?<br /> +What was the defect in the religion of Solomon's time?<br /> +What evils resulted from the wealth of that time?<br /> +What caused heavy taxation?<br /> +What heathen customs were introduced?<br /> +What showed that tribal jealousy was still existing?<br /> +</div> + + +<div class='bo'>Subjects for Special Papers.</div> + +<div class='special'> +<span class="smcap">The Character of Solomon.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Was an Empire for Israel Desirable?</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Writings of Solomon.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Tarshish and Ophir.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Temple of Solomon.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Solomon in Oriental Legends.</span><br /> +<br /><br /></div> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_H_8" id="Footnote_H_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_H_8"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> Notice that while the prophets had been friendly to David, they were strongly opposed +to Solomon, and gave aid to his enemy Jeroboam (1 Kings 11. 29-39).</p></div> +</div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 331px;"> +<a href="images/i-068-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-068.jpg" width="331" height="500" alt="THE DIVISION OF SOLOMON'S EMPIRE." title="" /></a> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span></p> + +<h2><span class="smcap">Seventh Study.</span></h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>THE RIVAL THRONES.—ISRAEL.</div> + + +<p>The splendors of Solomon's reign passed away even more +suddenly than they arose. In less than a year after his death +his empire was broken up, and two quarreling principalities +were all that was left of Israel.</p> + +<p>I. Let us ascertain the <b>CAUSES OF THE DIVISION +OF ISRAEL</b>. These were:</p> + +<p>1. <b>The oppressive government of Solomon.</b> (1 Kings +12. 3, 4.) How far the complaints of the people were just, +and to what degree they were the pretexts of an ambitious +demagogue, we have no means of knowing. But it is evident +that the government of Solomon, with its court, its palaces, +its buildings, and its splendor, must have borne heavily upon +the people. Probably, also, the luxury of living among the +upper classes, so suddenly introduced, led to financial crises +and stringency of money, for which the government was held +responsible by the discontented people.</p> + +<p>2. <b>The opposition of the prophets.</b> (1 Kings 11. 11-13, +29-33.) It is a suggestive fact that the prophets were opposed +to Solomon and friendly to Jeroboam. Their reason +was a strong resentment to the foreign alliances, foreign customs, +and especially to the foreign idolatries which Solomon +introduced.</p> + +<p>3. <b>Foreign intrigues</b>, especially in Egypt. The old +kingdoms were not friendly to this Israelite empire, which +loomed up so suddenly, and threatened to conquer all the +East. Solomon's attempt to win the favor of Egypt by a royal +marriage (1 Kings 3. 1) was a failure, for two enemies of Solomon, +driven out of his dominions, found refuge in Egypt, +were admitted to the court, married relatives of the king, and +stirred up conspiracies against Solomon's throne (1 Kings 11. +14-22, 40). Another center of conspiracy was Damascus,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> +where Rezon kept up a semi-independent relation to Solomon's +empire (1 Kings 11. 23-25).</p> + +<p>4. <b>Tribal jealousy</b>; the old sore broken out again. +Notice that Jeroboam belonged to the haughty tribe of Ephraim +(1 Kings 11. 26), always envious of Judah, and restless +under the throne of David. The kingdom of the ten tribes +was established mainly through the influence of this tribe.</p> + +<p>5. <b>The ambition of Jeroboam</b> was another force in the +disruption. It was unfortunate for Solomon's kingdom that +the ablest young man of that time in Israel, a wily political +leader and an unscrupulous partisan, belonged to the tribe +of Ephraim, and from his environment was an enemy of the +then existing government. The fact that he was sent for +from Egypt to the assembly at Shechem showed collusion +and preparation of the scheme (1 Kings 12. 2, 3).</p> + +<p>6. But even all these causes might have been insufficient +but for <b>the folly of Rehoboam</b> (1 Kings 12. 13, 14). If +David had been on the throne that day an empire might have +been saved. But Rehoboam, brought up in the purple, was +without sympathy with the people, tried to act the part of a +tyrant, and lost his ancestral realm (1 Kings 12. 16).</p> + +<p>II. <b>THE RESULTS OF THE DIVISION.</b> These +were partly political, partly religious, and were neither of unmixed +good nor unmixed evil.</p> + +<p>1. The <b>political results</b> were: 1.) The entire <i>disruption</i> +of Solomon's empire. Five kingdoms took the place of one; +Syria on the north, Israel in the center, Judah west of +the Dead Sea, Moab east of the Dead Sea, and Edom +on the extreme south. Moab was nominally subject to +Israel, and Edom to Judah; but only strong kings, like +Ahab in Israel and Jehoshaphat in Judah, could exact the +tribute (2 Kings 3. 4; 1 Kings 22. 47). 2.) With the +loss of empire came <i>rivalry</i>, and consequent <i>weakness</i>. For +fifty years Israel and Judah were at war, and spent their +strength in civil strife, while Syria was growing powerful,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> +and afar in the north-east Assyria was threatening. 3.) As +a natural result came at last <i>foreign domination</i>. Both Israel +and Judah fell under the power of other nations, and were +swept into captivity as the final result of the disruption +wrought by Jeroboam.</p> + +<p>2. <b>The religious results</b> of the division were more favorable. +They were: 1.) <i>Preservation of the true religion.</i> A +great empire would inevitably have been the spiritual ruin of +Israel, for it must have been worldly, secular, and, in the end, +idolatrous. The disruption broke off relation with the world, +put an end to schemes of secular empire, and placed Israel +and Judah once more alone among their mountains. In this +sense the event was from the Lord, who had higher and more +enduring purposes than an earthly empire (1 Kings 12. 15-24). +2.) <i>Protection of the true religion.</i> Israel on the north stood +as a "buffer," warding off the world from Judah on the south. +It was neither wholly idolatrous nor wholly religious, but +was a debatable land for centuries. It fell at last, but it saved +Judah; and in Judah was the unconscious hope of the world. +3.) <i>Concentration of the true religion.</i> The departure of Israel +from the true faith led to the gathering of the priests, Levites +and worshiping element of the people in Judah (2 Chron. 11. +13-16). Thus the Jewish kingdom was far more devoted to +Jehovah than it might otherwise have been.</p> + +<p>III. <b>THE KINGDOM OF ISRAEL.</b> From the +division the name <i>Israel</i> was applied to the northern kingdom +and <i>Judah</i> to the southern. We notice the general +aspects of Israel during its history, from B. C. 975 to 721.</p> + +<p>1. <b>Its extent.</b> It embraced all the territory of the twelve +tribes except Judah and a part of Benjamin (1 Kings 12. +19-21), held a nominal supremacy over Moab east of the +Dead Sea, and embraced about 9,375 square miles, while +Judah included only 3,435. Israel was about equal in area +to Massachusetts and Rhode Island together.</p> + +<p>2. <b>Its capital</b> was at first <i>Shechem</i>, in the center of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> +land (1 Kings 12. 25); then, during several reigns, at <i>Tirzah</i> +(1 Kings 15. 33; 16. 23); then at <i>Samaria</i> (1 Kings 16. 24), +where it remained until the end of the kingdom. That city +after a time gave its name to the kingdom (1 Kings 21. 1), +and after the fall of the kingdom to the province in the center +of Palestine (John 4. 3, 4).</p> + +<p>3. <b>Its religion.</b> 1.) Very soon after the institution of the +new kingdom Jeroboam established a national religion, the +<i>worship of the calves</i> (1 Kings 12. 26-33). This was not a +new form of worship, but had been maintained in Israel ever +since the Exodus (Exod. 32. 1-4). In character it was a +modified idolatry, half-way between the pure religion and the +abominations of the heathen. 2.) Ahab and his house introduced +the Phenician <i>worship of Baal</i>, an idolatry of the most +abominable and immoral sort (1 Kings 16. 30-33), but it never +gained control in Israel, and was doubtless one cause of +the revolution which placed another family on the throne. +3.) Through the history of Israel there remained a remnant +of <i>worshipers of Jehovah</i>, who were watched over by a noble +array of prophets, and though often persecuted remained +faithful (1 Kings 19. 14, 18).</p> + +<p>4. <b>Its rulers.</b> During two hundred and fifty years Israel +was governed by nineteen kings, with intervals of anarchy. +Five houses in turn held sway, each established by a usurper, +generally a soldier, and each dynasty ending in a murder.</p> + +<p>1.) <i>The House of Jeroboam</i> (B. C. 974 to 953), with two +kings, followed by a general massacre of Jeroboam's family +(1 Kings 15. 29, 30).</p> + +<p>2.) <i>The House of Baasha</i> (B. C. 953-929), two kings, followed +by a civil war (1 Kings 16. 16-22).</p> + +<p>3.) <i>The House of Omri</i> (B. C. 929-884), four kings, of whom +Omri and Ahab were the most powerful. This was the age +of the prophet Elijah and the great struggle between the worship +of Jehovah and of Baal (1 Kings 18. 4-21).</p> + +<p>4.) <i>The House of Jehu</i> (B. C. 884-772), five kings, under<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> +whom were great changes of fortune. The reign of Jehoahaz +saw Israel reduced to a mere province of Syria (2 Kings 13. +1-9). His son Joash threw off the Syrian yoke, and <i>his</i> son, +Jeroboam II., raised Israel almost to its condition of empire +in the days of Solomon (2 Kings 14. 23-29). His reign is +called "the Indian summer of Israel."</p> + +<p>5.) <i>The House of Menahem</i> (B. C. 772-759), two reigns. Israel +had by this time fallen under the power of Assyria, now +dominant over the East, and its history is the story of kings +rising and falling in rapid succession, with long intervals of +anarchy. From the fall of this dynasty there was only the +semblance of a state until the final destruction of Samaria, +B. C. 721.</p> + +<p>5. <b>Its foreign relations.</b> During the period of the Israelite +kingdom we see lands struggling for the dominion of the +East. The history of Israel is interwoven with that of Syria +and Assyria, which may now be read from the monuments.</p> + +<p>1.) There was a <i>Period of Division</i> (B. C. 975-929). During +the reign of the houses of Jeroboam and Baasha there were +constant wars between Israel, Syria, and Judah; and as a result +all were kept weak, and "a balance of power" was maintained.</p> + +<p>2.) Then followed a <i>Period of Alliance</i> (B. C. 929-884)—that +is, between Israel and Judah, during the sway of the +House of Omri. The two lands were in friendly relations, +and the two thrones were connected by marriages. As +a result both Israel and Judah were strong, Moab and +Edom were kept under control, and Syria was held in check.</p> + +<p>3.) Next came the <i>Period of Syrian Ascendency</i> (B. C. +884-840). During the first two reigns of the House of Jehu +Syria rose to great power tinder Hazael, and overran both +Israel and Judah. At one time Israel was in danger of utter +destruction, but was preserved. Near the close of these periods +the dying prophecy of Elisha was uttered (2 Kings 13. +14-25).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span></p> + +<p>4.) <i>The Period of Israelite Ascendency</i> (B. C. 840-772). Israel +under Jeroboam II. took its turn of power, and for a +brief period was again dominant to the Euphrates, as in the +days of Solomon.</p> + +<p>5.) <i>The Period of Assyrian Ascendency</i> (B. C. 772-721). But +its glory soon faded away before that of Assyria, which was +now rapidly becoming the empire of the East. Its rise meant +the fall of Israel; and under the unfortunate Hoshea Samaria +was taken, what was left of the ten tribes were carried +captive, and the kingdom of Israel was extinguished (2 Kings +17. 1-6).</p> + +<p>IV. <b>THE FATE OF THE TEN TRIBES.</b> There +has been much idle discussion over this subject and some +absurd claims set up; for example, that the Anglo-Saxon race +are descended from the ten lost tribes—a statement opposed to +all history, to ethnology, and to every evidence of language.</p> + +<p>1. After their deposition nearly all the Israelites, having +lost their national religion and having no bond of union, +<b>mingled with the Gentiles</b> around them and lost their +identity, just as hundreds of other races have done. The +only bond which will keep a nation long alive is that of +religion.</p> + +<p>2. Some remained in Palestine, others returned thither and +formed the <b>nucleus of the Samaritan people</b>, a race of +mingled origin (2 Kings 17. 24-29).</p> + +<p>3. Some of those who remained in the East retained their +religion, or were revived in it, and later became a part of the +<b>Jews of the dispersion</b>; though "the dispersion" was +mainly Jewish, and not Israelite.</p> + +<p>4. A few <b>families united with the Jews</b> returned with +them to Palestine after the exile, yet retained their tribal +relationship; for example, Anna (Luke 2. 36).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span></p> + + +<div class='bo'>Blackboard Outline.</div> + +<div class='bbox'> +<b> I. Cau. Div.</b> 1. Opp. gov. 2. Opp. pro. 3. For. int. 4. Tri. jeal. 5. Am. Jer. 6. Fol. Re.<br /> +<br /> +<b> II. Res. Div.</b> 1. Pol. res. 1.) Dis. emp. 2.) Riv. and weak. 3.) For. dom.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">2. Rel. res. 1.) Pres. rel. 2.) Pro. rel. 3.) Conc. rel.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>III. Kin. Isr.</b> 1. Ext. 9,375.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">2. Cap. 1.) Sh. 2.) Tir. 3.) Sam.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">3. Rel. 1.) Wor. cal. 2.) Wor. Ba. 3.) Wor. Jeh.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">4. Rul. 1.) Hou. Jer. 2.) Hou. Ra. 3.) Hou. Om. 4.) Hou. Je. 5.) Hou. Men.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">5. For. Rel. 1.) Per. Div. 2.) Per. All. 3.) Per. Syr. Asc. 4.) Per. Isr. Asc. 5.) Per. Ass. Asc.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b> IV. Fat. Ten. Tri.</b> 1. Min. Gen. 2. Sam. peo. 3. Disp. 4. Jews.<br /> +</div> + + +<div class='bo'>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.</div> + +<div class='blockquot'> +<p>What causes may be assigned for the division of Israel? How far was +Solomon's government responsible? What was the relation of the prophets +to the revolution? What foreign intrigues contributed to break up the +kingdom? Who were connected with these intrigues? What ancient +jealousy aided, and how? What man led in the breaking up of the kingdom? +Whose folly enabled the plot to succeed?</p> + +<p>What were the political results of the division? What were its religious +results? How was this event from the Lord?</p> + +<p>How long did the new kingdom of Israel last? What was its extent? +What were its three successive capitals? What three forms of religion +were found in it? Who was the first king of the ten tribes? What family +introduced foreign idolatry? How many kings ruled over the ten tribes? +What were the five royal houses? Which house raised Israel almost to +its ancient power? What is this period of prosperity called? Who was +the greatest King of Israel? With what other history is that of Israel interwoven? +What were the five periods in the foreign relations of Israel? +By what kingdom was Israel destroyed? Who was its last king? What +finally became of the ten tribes?<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span></p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a href="images/i-076-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-076.jpg" width="600" height="789" alt="CHART OF THE KINGS OF ISRAEL" title="" /></a> +</div> + + +<div class='bo'>Subjects for Special Papers.</div> + +<div class='special'> +<span class="smcap">The History and Traits of the Tribe of Ephraim.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Shechem, and Events connected with it.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Religion of the Ten Tribes.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Queen Jezebel and her Influence.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Mission of Elijah.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Elisha and his Influence.</span><br /> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span></p> + +<h2><span class="smcap">Eighth Study.</span></h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>THE RIVAL THRONES—JUDAH.</div> + + +<p>I. <b>GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE KINGDOM +OF JUDAH.</b></p> + +<p>1. <b>Its territory.</b> It embraced the mountain portion of +the tribe of Judah, from the Dead Sea to the Philistine plain; +a part of Benjamin, in which tribe the larger part of Jerusalem +stood; and also a part of Dan (2 Chron. 11. 10). Simeon +was nominally within its border, but was practically given up +to the Arabians of the desert; Edom was tributary, though +often in rebellion, and finally independent (1 Kings 22. 47; +2 Kings 8. 20); Philistia was outside of its boundary. Its +extent was about 3,435 square miles, about half the area of +Massachusetts.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/i-077-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-077.jpg" width="400" height="284" alt="JUDAH." title="" /></a> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>Its government</b> was a monarchy, with but one family +on the throne, the line of David, in direct succession, with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> +the exception of Athaliah's usurpation (2 Kings 11. 1-3), +through nineteen reigns.</p> + +<p>3. <b>Its religion.</b> Through all the history we find two +forms of worship strongly opposed to each other, yet both +rooted in the nation. 1.) The worship of Jehovah through +the temple, the priesthood, and the prophets. 2.) But side +by side with this pure religion was the worship of idols upon +"high places," probably begun as a form of worshiping +Jehovah, but degenerating into gross and immoral idolatry. +There was a struggle going on constantly between these two +elements in the state, the spiritual and the material. Notwithstanding +the efforts of reforming kings like Jehoshaphat, +Hezekiah, and Josiah, the general tendency was downward.</p> + +<p>II. <b>THE DURATION OF THE KINGDOM.</b> The +kingdom lasted from B. C. 975 to 587—more than one hundred +and thirty years longer than Israel. Reasons for its +endurance may have been:</p> + +<p>1. <b>Its retired situation</b>: hemmed in by mountains and +deserts; at a distance from the ordinary lines of travel; not +in the direct path of conquest from any other nation. Judah +had few foreign wars as compared with Israel.</p> + +<p>2. <b>The unity of its people.</b> They were not ten tribes +loosely connected, but one tribe, with a passionate love of their +nation and a pride in their blood.</p> + +<p>3. <b>Its concentration at Jerusalem.</b> Through all its +history there was but one capital, where the palace of the +king and the temple of the Lord were standing together.</p> + +<p>4. <b>The reverence for the House of David</b> also kept +the people together. There was no change in dynasty, and +the loyalty of the people grew stronger through the generations +toward the family on the throne. There being no usurpers, +the throne was permanent until destroyed by foreign +power.</p> + +<p>5. <b>The purity of its religion</b> tended to keep the nation +united, and to keep it in existence. No bond of self-interest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> +or of blood will hold a people together as strongly as the tie +of religion. Judah's strength was in the measure of her +service of God, and when she renounced Jehovah her doom +came speedily.</p> + +<p>III. <b>PERIODS IN THE HISTORY.</b> Though Judah +was not without political contact with other nations, yet its +history is the record of internal events rather than external +relations. We may divide its history into four epochs:</p> + +<p>1. <b>The first decline and revival.</b> (B. C. 975-889.) +1.) The reigns of Rehoboam and Abijah marked a decline +indicated by the Egyptian invasion and the growth of idolatry. +2.) The reign of Asa and Jehoshaphat showed a revival in +reformation, progress, and power. Under Jehoshaphat Judah +was at the height of prosperity. This was the time of peace +with Israel, and of strength at home and abroad (2 Chron. +17. 5; 20. 30).</p> + +<p>2. <b>The second decline and revival.</b> (B. C. 889-682.) +1.) For nearly two hundred years after the death of Jehoshaphat +the course of Judah was downward. Edom was lost +under Jehoram (2 Chron. 21. 8); the Baalite idolatry was introduced +by the usurping queen, Athaliah (2 Kings 11. 18); +the land was again and again invaded under Joash and Amaziah, +and Jerusalem itself was taken and plundered. 2.) But +a great reformation was wrought under Hezekiah, who was +the best and wisest of the kings of Judah, and the kingdom +again rose to power, even daring to throw off the Assyrian +yoke and defy the anger of the mightiest king then on the +earth. At this time came the great event of the destruction +of the Assyrian host (2 Kings 19. 30).</p> + +<p>3. <b>The third decline and revival.</b> (B. C. 682-610.) +1.) The reforms of Hezekiah were short lived, for his son +Manasseh was both the longest in reigning and the wickedest +of the kings, and his late repentance did not stay the tide +of corruption which he had let loose (2 Kings 21. 10-17; 2 +Chron. 33. 1-18). The wickedness of Manasseh's reign was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> +the great moral cause of the kingdom's destruction, for from +it no reform afterward could lift the mass of the people. 2.) +Josiah, the young reformer, attempted the task, but his efforts, +though earnest, were only measurably successful, and after +his untimely death the kingdom hastened to its fall (2 Kings +23. 29).</p> + +<p>4. <b>The final decline and fall.</b> (B. C. 610-587.) 1.) The +political cause of the destruction of the kingdom was the +rise of Babylon. The old Assyrian empire went down about +625 B. C., and a struggle followed between Babylon and +Egypt for the supremacy. Judah took the side of Egypt, +which proved to be the losing side. 2.) After several chastisements +and repeated rebellions Jerusalem was finally destroyed +by Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon, and the kingdom of +Judah was extinguished, B. C. 587.</p> + + +<div class='bo'>Blackboard Outline.</div> + +<div class='bbox'> +<b> I. Gen. Asp. Kin. Jud.</b> 1. Terr. Tri. Jud. 3,435 m. 2. Gov. mon. 3. Rel. 1.) Jeh. 2.) Idol.<br /> +<br /> +<b> II. Dur. Kin.</b> 1. Ret. sit. 2. Un. peo. 3. Conc. Jer. 4. Rev. Ho. Dav. 5. Pur. rel.<br /> +<br /> +<b>III. Per. Hist.</b> 1. Fir. dec. rev. 1.) Dec. Reho. Abi. 2.) Rev. As. Jehosh.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6.5em;">2. Sec. dec. rev. 1.) Dec. 200 y. 2.) Rev. Hez.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6.5em;">3. Thi. dec. rev. 1.) Dec. Man. 2.) Rev. Jos.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6.5em;">4. Fin. dec. fal. 1.) Ris. Bab. 2.) Des. Jer.</span><br /> +</div> + + +<div class='bo'>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.</div> + +<div class='quest'> +What was embraced in the kingdom of Judah?<br /> +What was its area?<br /> +How was it governed?<br /> +What was its religion?<br /> +What was associated with the worship of Jehovah?<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span>What was the religious tendency of the people?<br /> +How long did the kingdom of Judah last?<br /> +What were the causes of this duration?<br /> +What were the periods in its history?<br /> +Under what kings was the first decline?<br /> +Who led in a revival and reformation?<br /> +Who was the greatest of the kings of Judah?<br /> +What took place during the second decline?<br /> +Who was the usurping queen?<br /> +What did this queen try to do?<br /> +Who wrought the second great reformation?<br /> +What was the character of this king?<br /> +What great destruction of Judah's enemies took place at this time?<br /> +Which reign was both longest, wickedest, and most evil in its results?<br /> +Who attempted a third reformation?<br /> +What was the result of his endeavor?<br /> +What was the political cause of the fall of Judah?<br /> +By what nation and by what king was Jerusalem finally destroyed?<br /> +</div> + + +<div class='bo'>Subjects for Special Papers.</div> + +<div class='quest'> +<span class="smcap">History of the Tribe of Judah.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The House of David.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Religion of Judah.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Prophets of Judah.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Ancient Jerusalem.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Kingdom of Judah in Relation to Egypt and Assyria.</span><br /> +<br /><br /></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<a href="images/i-082-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-082.jpg" width="500" height="333" alt="SOLOMON'S DOMINIONS, THE KINGDOMS OF JUDAH & ISRAEL AND THE LANDS of the CAPTIVITIES" title="" /></a> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span></p> +<h2><span class="smcap">Ninth Study.</span></h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>THE CAPTIVITY OF JUDAH.</div> + + +<p>I. We must distinguish between the <b>CAPTIVITY OF +ISRAEL</b>, or the ten tribes, and <b>THAT OF JUDAH</b>.</p> + +<p>1. The captivity of Israel took place B. C. 721, that of Judah +B. C. 587. The southern kingdom lasted one hundred +and thirty-four years longer than the northern.</p> + +<p>2. Israel was taken captive by the Assyrians under Sargon; +Judah by the Chaldeans under Nebuchadnezzar.</p> + +<p>3. Israel was taken to the lands south of the Caspian Sea +(2 Kings 17. 6); Judah to Chaldea, by the river Euphrates +(Psa. 137. 1).</p> + +<p>4. Israel never returned from its captivity, which was the +end of its history; but Judah was brought back from its +captivity and again became a flourishing state, though subject +to foreign nations during most of its after history.</p> + +<p>II. There were <b>THREE CAPTIVITIES</b> of Judah, +all in one generation and all under one Chaldean king, Nebuchadnezzar:</p> + +<p>1. <b>Jehoiakim's captivity.</b> (B. C. 607.) Jehoiakim was +the son of Josiah, placed upon the throne after the battle of +Megiddo, in which Josiah perished (2 Kings 23. 34). In the +war between Pharaoh-nechoh of Egypt and Nebuchadnezzar +(then joint king of Babylon with his father Nabopolassar) +Jehoiakim, as a vassal of Nechoh, aided the Egyptians. After +the defeat of Nechoh, Nebuchadnezzar marched to punish Jehoiakim. +He was called away from the siege of Jerusalem +by the death of his father and the necessity of hastening to +Babylon to assume the government. Jehoiakim was spared, +but a number of the nobles of Judah were taken to Babylon, +perhaps as hostages for the king's good conduct. For three +years Jehoiakim obeyed Nebuchadnezzar; then he rebelled, +but was speedily reduced to subjection, and many of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> +leading people among the Jews were carried captive to Babylon +(2 Kings 24. 1, 2). Among these captives was Daniel +the prophet (Dan. 1. 1-6). From this event the <i>seventy years</i> +of the captivity were dated (Jer. 27. 22; 29. 10), though the +kingdom of Judah remained for twenty years longer. Jehoiakim, +the king, was not taken away, though bound in chains +for that purpose (2 Chron. 36. 6); he reigned several years +after this event, but under suspicion of the Chaldeans, and his +end was ignoble (Jer. 22. 18, 19; 36. 30).</p> + +<p>2. <b>Jehoiachin's captivity.</b> (B. C. 598.) Jehoiachin +was the son of Jehoiakim (called Jeconiah, 1 Chron 3. 16; +Jer. 24. 1; and Coniah, Jer. 22. 24). He reigned only three +months, and was then deposed by Nebuchadnezzar and carried +to Babylon. With the young king and the royal family +were taken thousands of the people of the middle classes, +whom the land could ill spare (2 Kings 24. 8-16). Among +these captives was Ezekiel, the prophet-priest (Ezek. 1. 1-3).</p> + +<p>3. <b>Zedekiah's captivity.</b> (B. C. 587.) He was the +uncle of Jehoiachin, and the son of the good Josiah (2 Kings +24. 17), and had been made king by Nebuchadnezzar. But +he too rebelled against his master, to whom he had taken a +solemn oath of fidelity (2 Chron. 36. 13). The Chaldeans +were greatly incensed by these frequent insurrections, and determined +upon a final destruction of the rebellious city. After +a long siege Jerusalem was taken, and the king was captured +while attempting flight. He was blinded and carried away +to Babylon, the city was destroyed, and nearly all the people +left alive were also taken to the land of Chaldea (2 Kings 25. +1-11). After this captivity the city lay desolate for fifty +years, until the conquest of Babylon by Cyrus (B. C. 536).</p> + +<p>III. Let us ascertain the <b>CAUSES OF THE CAPTIVITY</b>; +why the Jews were taken up bodily from their +own land and deported to a distant country.</p> + +<p>1. Such deportations were a frequent <b>policy of Oriental +conquerors</b>. The Orientals had three ways of dealing with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span> +a conquered people: that of extermination or wholesale +butchery, which is frequently described upon the Assyrian +monuments; that of leaving them in the land under tribute, +as subjects of the conqueror; and that of deporting them <i>en +masse</i> to a distant land. Frequently, when the interests of the +empire would be served by changing the population of a province, +this plan was carried out. Thus the ten tribes were carried +to a land near the Caspian Sea, and other people were +brought to Samaria in their place (2 Kings 17. 6, 24). A +similar plan with respect to Judah was proposed by Sennacherib +(2 Kings 18. 31, 32), but was thwarted by the destruction +of the Assyrian host.</p> + +<p>2. We have already noticed another cause of the captivity +in the frequent <b>rebellions of the kings of Judah</b> against +the authority of Babylon. The old spirit of independence, +which had made Judah the leader of the twelve tribes, was +still strong, and it was fostered by the hope of universal rule, +which had been predicted through centuries, even while the +kingdom was declining. The prophets, however, favored +submission to Babylon; but the nobles urged rebellion and +independence. Their policy was pursued, and the unequal +strife was taken up more than once. The rebellions always +failed; but after several attempts the patience of Nebuchadnezzar +was exhausted, and the destruction of the rebellious +city and the deportation of the population was ordered.</p> + +<p>3. But underneath was another and a deeper cause—in <b>the +rivalry of Egypt and Babylon</b>. Whenever in history one +nation has been dominant there has been another nation, +next in strength, as its rival to check its supremacy. Thus +Greece stood in the way of Persia, Carthage in the way of republican +Rome, and Parthia in the way of imperial Rome. In +the earlier days Assyria (and after Assyria Babylon) was the +controlling power in the East; but it was always opposed by +Egypt, which, though less powerful, was yet strong enough to +be dangerous to Assyrian or Chaldean supremacy. Palestine<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span> +stood on the border of the Assyrian Empire toward Egypt; +and in Palestine there were two parties, the Assyrian and the +Egyptian; one counseling submission to Assyria, the other +seeking alliance with Egypt against Assyria (Isa. 31. 1-3; 37. +6). After Babylon took the place of Nineveh the Chaldean +party took the place of the Assyrian, as the Chaldean Empire +was the successor of the Assyrian Empire. The prophets, +led by Jeremiah, always counseled submission to Babylon, and +warned against trusting to Egypt, which had never given any +thing more than promises; but the nobles were of the Egyptian +party, and constantly influenced the kings to renounce +the yoke of Babylon, and to strike for independence by the +aid of Egypt. Under Egyptian influence the later kings of +Judah made attempt after attempt to rebel against the Chaldean +Empire. But the expected help from Egypt never came, +and Judah was left again and again to suffer the wrath of +Babylon (Jer. 37. 5-9). The necessity of making the frontier +of the Chaldean Empire safe on the side toward Egypt was +the political cause for the deportation of the tribe of Judah. +Nebuchadnezzar dared not to leave a people on the soil who +would constantly endanger the entrance to his dominions by +plotting with the Egyptians. He therefore took up the Jews +bodily, placed them in the center of his empire, and turned +the land of Judah into a desolation.</p> + +<p>4. There was underlying all these political reasons a moral +cause in <b>the divine purpose to discipline the nation</b>. +The captivity was a weeding-out process, to separate the +precious from the vile, the false from the true, the "remnant" +from the mass. There had always been two distinct +elements in Israel and Judah—the spiritual, God-fearing few, +and the worldly, idol-worshiping many. The worldly and +irreligious took part in the resistance to the King of Babylon; +and the worshipers of Jehovah, led by the prophets, urged +submission. As a result, the nobles and the warriors, for the +most part, perished; while the better part, the strength and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> +hope of the nation, were carried away captive. Notice that +the captives were mainly of the middle class, the working element +(2 Kings 24. 14-16). Those who had submitted to the +Chaldeans were also taken away (2 Kings 25. 11). The +prophet expressed greater hope for those taken away than for +those left behind (Jer. 24. 1-10). The captives were the root +of Judah, out of which in due time a new nation should rise.</p> + +<p>IV. <b>THE CONDITION OF THE CAPTIVES +IN CHALDEA</b> was far better than we are apt to suppose.</p> + +<p>1. They received <b>kind treatment</b>; were regarded not as +slaves or prisoners, but as colonists. At a later captivity by +the Romans the Jews were sold as slaves and dispersed +throughout the empire. Such wholesale enslavement was +common after a conquest. For some reason the Chaldeans +did not enslave the Jews at the time of their conquest, but +colonized them as free people. This may have been because +the captives as a class were of the "Chaldean party" among +the Jews, and hence were treated in a measure as friends. +The letter of Jeremiah to the exiles (Jer. 29. 1-7) shows that +they were kindly dealt with in Chaldea. Some of them were +received at the court and rose to high station in the realm +(Dan. 1. 1-6).</p> + +<p>2. <b>Their organization was maintained.</b> The exiles +were not merged into the mass of the people where they were +living, but retained their own system, and were recognized as +a separate colony. Their dethroned kings had a semi-royal +state, and at death an honorable burial (Jer. 52. 31-34; 34. +4, 5). The captives were governed by elders, rulers of their +own nation (Ezek. 8. 1; 14. 1; 20. 1). Such a system is still +pursued in the East, where the government is according to +race as well as according to locality; that is, the different +races in one province will each have separate rulers. There +was a "prince of Judah" at the close of the captivity (Ezra +1. 8). This fact of a national organization was a fortunate +one for the exiles. If they had been dispersed as slaves<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span> +throughout the empire, or even had been scattered as individuals, +they would soon have been merged among the Gentiles, +and would have lost their identity as a people. But maintaining +as a separate race, and in Jewish communities, they +were readily gathered for a return to their own land when the +opportunity came.</p> + +<p>3. <b>Their law and worship were observed.</b> There were +no sacrifices, for these could be offered only at Jerusalem in +the temple. But the people gathered for worship and for the +study of the law far more faithfully than before the exile; +for adversity is a school of religious character far more than +prosperity. The exile would naturally exert an influence in +the direction of religion. While the irreligious and idolatrous +among the captives would soon drop out of the nation and +be lost among the Gentiles, the earnest, the spiritual, and the +God-fearing would grow more intense in their devotion. The +institutions which date from the captivity (noticed below, +under "Results of Captivity") are an evidence of this fact.</p> + +<p>4. <b>They were instructed by prophets and teachers.</b> +Jeremiah lived for some time after the beginning of the captivity, +made a visit to Babylon, and wrote at least one letter +to the exiles (Jer. 13. 4-7; 29. 1-3). Daniel lived during the +captivity, and, though in the court, maintained a deep interest +in his people, and comforted them by his prophecies. +Ezekiel was himself one of the captives, and all his teachings +were addressed to them (Ezek. 1. 1-3). Many evangelical +and eminent Bible scholars are of the opinion that the +latter part of Isaiah, from the fortieth chapter to the end, was +given by a "later Isaiah" during the exile; but whether +written at that time or earlier, it must have circulated among +the captives and given them new hope and inspiration. The +radical change in the character of the Jews which took place +during this period shows that a great revival swept over the +captive people and brought them back to the earnest religion +of their noblest ancestors.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span></p> + +<p>5. <b>Their literature was preserved and enlarged.</b> +Internal evidence shows that the Books of the Kings were +finished and the Books of the Chronicles written at this time +or soon afterward; the Books of Daniel, Ezekiel, Habakkuk, +and other of the minor prophets were given; and a number +of the best psalms were composed during this epoch, as such +poems are likely to be written in periods of trial and sorrow. +Out of the many psalms we cite Psalms 124, 126, 129, 130, +137, as manifestly written during the captivity. The exile +was an age of life and vigor to Hebrew literature.</p> + +<p>V. <b>THE RESULTS OF THE CAPTIVITY.</b> +In the year 536 B. C. the city of Babylon was taken by Cyrus, +King of the combined Medes and Persians. One of his first +acts was to issue an edict permitting the exiled Jews to return +to their own country and rebuild their city. Not all the Jews +availed themselves of the privilege, for many were already +rooted in their new homes, where they had been for two generations. +But a large number returned (Ezra 2. 64), and re-established +the city and state of the Jews. The captivity, +however, left its impress upon the people down to the end of +their national history, and even to the present time.</p> + +<p>1. <b>There was a change in language</b>, from Hebrew to +Aramaic or Chaldaic. The books of the Old Testament +written after the restoration are in a different language from +the earlier writings. After the captivity the Jews needed an +interpreter in order to understand their own earlier Scriptures. +Allusion to this fact is given in Neh. 8. 7. The Chaldee +of Babylon and the Hebrew were sufficiently alike to cause +the people during two generations to glide imperceptibly from +one to the other, until the knowledge of their ancient tongue +was lost to all but the scholars.</p> + +<p>2. <b>There was a change in habits.</b> Before the captivity +the Jews were a secluded people, having scarcely any +relation with the world. The captivity brought them into +contact with other nations, and greatly modified their manner<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> +of living. Hitherto they had been mostly farmers, living on +their own fields; now they became merchants and traders, +and filled the world with their commerce. Rarely now do we +find a Jew who cultivates the ground for his support. They +are in the cities, buying and selling. This tendency began +with the Babylonian captivity, and has since been strengthened +by the varied experiences, especially by the persecutions of +the Jews during the centuries.</p> + +<p>3. <b>There was a change in character.</b> This was the +most radical of all. Before the captivity the crying sin of +Judah, as well as of Israel, was its tendency to idolatry. +Every prophet had warned against it and rebuked it; reformers +had risen up; kings had endeavored to extirpate, but all +in vain; the worshipers of God were the few, the worshipers +of idols were the many. After the captivity there was a +wonderful transformation. From that time we never read of +a Jew bowing his knee before an idol. The entire nation +was a unit in the service of Jehovah. Among all the warnings +of the later prophets, and the reforms of Ezra and Nehemiah, +there is no allusion to idolatry. That crime was utterly +and forever eradicated; from the captivity until to-day +the Jews have been the people of the one, invisible God, and +intense in their hatred of idols. We may not know all the +causes of this change, but some of them were: 1.) The fact that +the idolatrous element largely perished, and the spiritual element +formed the bulk of the captives. 2.) The idol-worshipers +among the captives would naturally be less loyal to the national +ideas, and would more readily assimilate with the heathen; +while the religious among the exiles would grow all the more +devoted to their religion as their only hope in trial. 3.) The +most ardent lovers of their country and their religion would be +the most eager to return after the exile; hence, the new state +was founded by zealous Jews, who gave it religious spirit. So +in modern times the spirit of the Pilgrims and the Puritans gave +tone to New England, and through New England to America.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span></p> + +<p>4. <b>There were new institutions</b> as the result of the +captivity. Two great institutions arose during the captivity:</p> + +<p>1.) The <i>synagogue</i>, which grew up among the exiles, was +carried back to Palestine, and was established throughout the +Jewish world. This was a meeting of Jews for worship, for +reading the law, and for religious instruction. It had far +greater influence than the temple after the captivity; for +while there was but one temple in all the Jewish world, there +was a synagogue in every city and village where Jews lived; +and while the temple was the seat of a priestly and ritualistic +service, the synagogue promoted freedom of religious thought +and utterance. Out of the synagogue, far more than the +temple, grew the Christian Church.</p> + +<p>2.) <i>The order of scribes</i> was also a result of the captivity. +The days of direct inspiration through prophets were passing +away, and those of the written Scripture, with a class of men +to study and interpret it, came in their place. During the captivity +the devout Jews studied the books of their literature, +the law, the psalms, the histories, and the prophets. After the +captivity arose a series of scholars who were the expounders +of the Scriptures. Their founder was Ezra, at once a priest, +a scribe, and a prophet (Ezra 7. 1-10), who arranged the +books and in a measure completed the canon of Old Testament +Scripture.</p> + +<p>5. <b>There was a new hope, that of a Messiah.</b> +From the time of the captivity the Jewish people looked +forward with eager expectation to the coming of a Deliverer, +the Consolation of Israel, the "Anointed One" (the word Messiah +means "anointed"), who should lift up his people from +the dust, exalt the throne of David, and establish an empire +over all the nations. This had been promised by prophets +for centuries before the exile, but only then did it begin to +shine as the great hope of the people. It grew brighter with +each generation, and finally appeared in the coming of Jesus +Christ, the King of Israel.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span></p> + +<p>6. From the captivity there <b>were two parts of the +Jewish people</b>; the Jews of Palestine, and the Jews of the +dispersion. 1.) The Jews of Palestine, sometimes called Hebrews +(Acts 6. 1), were the lesser in number, who lived in +their own land and maintained the Jewish state. 2.) The +Jews of the dispersion were the descendants of those who +did not return after the decree of Cyrus (Ezra 1. 1), but +remained in foreign lands and gradually formed Jewish +"quarters" in all the cities of the ancient world. They were +the larger in number, and later were called "Grecian Jews," +or Hellenists, from the language which they used (Acts 6. 1). +Between these two bodies there was a close relation. The +Jews of the dispersion had synagogues in every city (Acts +15. 1), were devoted to the law, made constant pilgrimages to +Jerusalem, and were recognized as having one hope with the +Jews of Palestine. The traits of the two bodies were different, +but each contributed its own element toward the making of a +great people.</p> + + +<div class='bo'>Blackboard Outline.</div> + +<div class='bbox'> +<div class='hang1'><b> I. Cap. Isr. Jud.</b> 1. Isr. 721. Jud. 587. 2. Ass. Sar.—Chal. Neb. 3. Cas. Sea.—Riv. Eup. 4. Nev. ret.—Bro. b.<br /> +</div><br /> +<div class='hang1'><b> II. Thr. Cap. Jud.</b> 1. Jeh. cap. 607. 2. Jehn. cap. 598. 3. Zed. cap. 587.<br /> +</div><br /> +<div class='hang1'><b>III. Caus. Cap.</b> 1. Pol. Or. conq. 2. Reb. kgs. Jud. 3. Riv. Eg. Bab. 4. Div. pur. dis.<br /> +</div><br /> +<div class='hang1'><b> IV. Con. Cap.</b> 1. Kin. tre. 2. Org. main. 3. La. wor. obs. 4. Ins. pro. tea. 5. Lit. pre. enl.<br /> +</div><br /> +<div class='hang1'><b> V. Res. Cap.</b> 1. Ch. lan. 2. Ch. hab. 3. Ch. char. 4. Ne. ins. (syn. scr.) 5. Hop. Mess. 6. Two. par. peo.<br /> +</div></div> + + +<div class='bo'>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.</div> + +<div class='quest'> +From what earlier captivity must that of Judah be distinguished?<br /> +What were the dates of these two captivities?<br /> +By whom was each nation taken captive?<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span>Where was each nation carried captive?<br /> +What followed the captivity in each nation?<br /> +What were the three captivities of Judah?<br /> +What were the events of the first captivity of Judah?<br /> +Who were carried away at this time?<br /> +What date is connected with this captivity?<br /> +What were the events of the second captivity of Judah?<br /> +Who were then taken away?<br /> +What were the events of the third captivity?<br /> +How long was Jerusalem left in ruins?<br /> +By whom, and when, were the Jews permitted to return from captivity?<br /> +What causes may be assigned for the carrying away of the Jews?<br /> +What were the customs of ancient Oriental conquerors?<br /> +How did the conduct of the kings of Judah bring on the captivity?<br /> +What rivalry between nations was a cause of the captivity?<br /> +What were the two parties in the kingdom of Judah?<br /> +How was the carrying away of the Jews a political necessity?<br /> +What was the moral cause of the captivity?<br /> +How were the captive Jews treated?<br /> +What evidences show that their national organization was continued during the captivity?<br /> +Why was this fact a fortunate one for the exiles?<br /> +What customs of the Jews were observed during the captivity?<br /> +What instructors did the Jews have during this period?<br /> +What was the condition of Jewish literature during the captivity?<br /> +What events followed the decree of Cyrus?<br /> +Did all the exiles of the Jews return?<br /> +What change in language was wrought by the captivity?<br /> +What change in habits followed the captivity?<br /> +What great change in religion came as the result of the captivity?<br /> +How can that change be accounted for?<br /> +What two institutions arose during the captivity?<br /> +What new hope arose at this time?<br /> +How were the Jews divided after the captivity?<br /> +</div> + + +<div class='bo'>Subjects for Special Papers.</div> + +<div class='special'> +<span class="smcap">The Great Oriental Empires.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The City of Babylon.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Prophets of the Captivity.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Psalms of the Captivity.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Reign of Nebuchadnezzar.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Fall of Babylon.</span><br /> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span></p> +<h2><span class="smcap">Tenth Study.</span></h2> + +<div class='chaptertitle'>The Jewish Province.</div> + + +<p>From the return of the exiles, B. C. 536, to the final destruction +of the Jewish state by the Romans, A. D. 70, the history +of the chosen people is closely interwoven with that of the +East in general. During most of this time Judea was a subject +province, belonging to the great empires which rose and +fell in succession. For a brief but brilliant period it was an +independent state, with its own rulers. As most of this period +comes between the Old and New Testaments its events are +less familiar to Bible readers than the other portions of Israelite +history. We therefore give more space than usual to +the facts, only selecting the most important, and omitting all +that have no direct relation with the development of the divine +plan in the Jewish people.</p> + +<p>I. The history divides itself into <b>FOUR PERIODS</b>, as +follows:</p> + +<p>1. <b>The Persian period</b>, B. C. 536 to 330, from Cyrus to +Alexander, while the Jewish province was a part of the Persian +Empire. Very few events of these two centuries have +been recorded, but it appears to have been a period of quiet +prosperity and growth. The Jews were governed by their +high-priests under the general control of the Persian government. +The principal events of this period were:</p> + +<p>1.) <i>The second temple.</i> (B. C. 535-515.) This was begun +soon after the return from exile (Ezra 3. 1, 2, 8), but was not +completed until twenty-one years afterward (Ezra 6. 15, 16). +It was smaller and less splendid than that of Solomon, but +was built upon the same plan.</p> + +<p>2.) <i>Queen Esther's deliverance.</i> (B. C. 474.) This took +place, not in Judea, but in Shushan (Susa), the capital of the +Persian Empire. The king referred to as Ahasuerus was probably +Xerxes, and the events of Esther's elevation and intercession<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span> +took place after the defeat of his invasion of Greece. +The whole story is in accord with both Persian customs and +the character of Xerxes.</p> + +<p>3.) <i>Ezra's reformation.</i> (B. C. 450.) The coming to Jerusalem +of Ezra the scribe was a great event in Israelite history; +for, aided by Nehemiah, he led in a great reformation +of the people. He found them neglecting their law and following +foreign customs. He awakened an enthusiasm for the Mosaic +law, aroused the patriotism of the people, and renewed +the ancient faith. His work gave him the title of "the second +founder of Israel."</p> + +<p>4.) <i>The separation of the Samaritans.</i> (B. C. 409.) For +the origin of the Samaritans, see 2 Kings 17. 22-34. They +were a mingled people, both in race and religion; but until +the captivity were permitted to worship in the temple at Jerusalem. +After the return from Babylon the Samaritans and +the Jews grew further and further apart. The Samaritans +opposed the rebuilding of the temple (Ezra 4. 9-24), and delayed +it for many years; and a century later strove to prevent +Nehemiah from building the wall of Jerusalem (Neh. 4. 2). +Finally they established a rival temple on Mount Gerizim, +and thenceforth the two races were in bitter enmity (John 4. 9).</p> + +<p>5.) <i>The completion of the Old Testament canon.</i> The prophets +after the restoration were Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi; +but the author of most of the latest books was Ezra, who also +arranged the Old Testament nearly, perhaps fully, in its +present form. Thenceforward no more books were added, +and the scribe or interpreter took the place of the prophet.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90"></a> +<a href="images/i-096-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-096.jpg" width="450" height="246" alt="ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE." title="" /></a> +</div> + +<p>2. <b>The Greek period.</b> (B. C. 330-166.) In the year 330 +B. C. Alexander the Great won the empire of Persia in the +great battle of Arbela, by which the sovereignty of the East +was transferred from Asia to Europe, and a new chapter in +the history of the world was opened. Alexander died at the +hour when his conquests were completed, and before they +could be organized and assimilated; but the kingdoms into<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> +which his empire was divided were all under Greek kings, +and were all Greek in language and civilization. Judea was +on the border between Syria and Egypt, and belonged alternately +to each kingdom. We divide this period into three +subdivisions.</p> + +<p>1.) <i>The reign of Alexander.</i> (B. C. 330-321.) The Jews +had been well treated by the Persian kings and remained +faithful to Darius, the last King of Persia, in his useless +struggle. Alexander marched against Jerusalem, determined +to visit upon it heavy punishment for its opposition, but (according +to tradition) was met by Jaddua, the high-priest, and +turned from an enemy to a friend of the Jews.</p> + +<p>2.) <i>The Egyptian supremacy.</i> (B. C. 311-198.) In the division +of Alexander's conquests Judea was annexed to Syria, +but it soon fell into the hands of Egypt, and was governed by +the Ptolemies (Greek kings of Egypt) until 198 B. C. The +only important events of this period were the rule of Simon the +Just, an exceptionally able high-priest, about 300 B. C., and +the translation of the Old Testament into the Greek language +for the use of the Jews of Alexandria, who had lost the use +of Hebrew or Chaldee. This translation was made about 286 +B. C., according to Jewish tradition, and is known as the +Septuagint version. It was regarded as an act of sacrilege +by the Palestinian Jews to translate their Holy Scriptures into +the language of heathens, and for centuries the anniversary +of the completion of the Septuagint was observed as a day of +humiliation and prayer.</p> + +<p>3.) <i>The Syrian supremacy.</i> (B. C. 198-166.) About the +year 198 B. C. Judea fell into the hands of the Syrian kingdom, +also ruled by a Greek dynasty, the Seleucidæ, or descendants +of Seleucus. This change of rulers brought to the +Jews a change of treatment. Hitherto they had been permitted +to live undisturbed upon their mountains, and to enjoy +a measure of liberty, both in civil and ecclesiastical matters. +But now the Syrian kings not only robbed them of their freedom,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> +but also undertook to compel them to renounce their +religion by one of the most cruel persecutions in all history. +The temple was desecrated and left to ruin, and the worshipers +of Jehovah were tortured and slain, in the vain endeavor +to introduce the Greek and Syrian forms of idolatry among +the Jews. Heb. 11, 33-40, is supposed to refer to this persecution. +When Antiochus, the Syrian king, found that +the Jews could not be driven from their faith, he deliberately +determined to exterminate the whole nation. Uncounted +thousands of Jews were slaughtered, other thousands +were sold as slaves, Jerusalem was well nigh destroyed, the +temple was dedicated to Jupiter Olympius, and the orgies of +the Bacchanalia were substituted for the Feast of Tabernacles. +The religion of Jehovah and the race of the Jews seemed on +the verge of utter annihilation in their own land.</p> + +<p>3. <b>The Maccabean period.</b> (B. C. 166-40.) But the +darkest hour precedes the day; the cruelties of the Syrians +caused a new and splendid epoch to rise upon Israel.</p> + +<p>1.) <i>The revolt of Mattathias.</i> In the year 170 B. C. an aged +priest, Mattathias, unfurled the banner of independence from +the Syrian yoke. He did not at first aim for political freedom, +but religious liberty; but after winning a few victories +over the Syrian armies he began to dream of a free Jewish +state. He died in the beginning of the war, but was succeeded +by his greater son, Judas Maccabeus.<a name="FNanchor_I_9" id="FNanchor_I_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_I_9" class="fnanchor">[I]</a></p> + +<p>2.) <i>Judas Maccabeus</i> gained a greater success than had +been dreamed at the beginning of the revolt. Within four +years the Jews recaptured Jerusalem and reconsecrated the +temple. (The anniversary of this event was ever after celebrated +in the Feast of Dedication, John 10. 22.) Judas ranks<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span> +in history as one of the noblest of the Jewish heroes, and deserves +a place beside Joshua, Gideon, and Samuel as a liberator +and reformer.</p> + +<p>3.) <i>The Maccabean dynasty.</i> Judas refused the title of +king, but his family established a line of rulers who by degrees +assumed a royal state, and finally the royal title. In +the year 143 B. C. Jewish liberty was formally recognized, +and the Maccabean princes ruled for a time over an independent +state. Between 130 and 110 B. C. Edom, Samaria, and +Galilee were added to Judea. The latter province had been +known as "Galilee of the Gentiles" (Isa. 9. 1); but by degrees +the foreigners withdrew, and the province was occupied by +Jews who were as devoted and loyal as those of Jerusalem.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<a href="images/i-099-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-099.jpg" width="400" height="234" alt="ROMAN EMPIRE" title="" /></a> +</div> + +<p>4.) <i>The rise of the sects.</i> About B. C. 100 the two sects, or +schools of thought, the Pharisees and Sadducees, began to +appear, though their principles had long been working. The +Pharisees ("separatists") sought for absolute separation from +the Gentile world and a strict construction of the law of +Moses, while the Sadducees ("moralists") were liberal in their +their theories and in their lives.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span></p> + +<p>4. <b>The Roman period.</b> (B. C. 40-A. D. 70.) It is not +easy to name a date for the beginning of the Roman supremacy +in Palestine. It began in B. C. 63, when Pompey the +Great (afterward the antagonist of Julius Cæsar) was asked +to intervene between two claimants for the Jewish throne, +Hyrcanus and Aristobulus. Pompey decided for Hyrcanus, +and aided him by a Roman army. In his interest he besieged +and took Jerusalem, and then placed Hyrcanus in +power, but without the title of king. From this time the +Romans were practically, though not nominally, in control of +affairs.</p> + +<p>1.) <i>Herod the Great.</i> We assign as the date of the Roman +rule 40 B. C., when Herod (son of Antipater, an Edomite, +who had been the +general of Hyrcanus) +received the title of +king from the Roman +Senate. From this +time Palestine was +regarded as a part of +the Roman Empire. +Herod was the ablest +man of his age, and +one of the most unscrupulous. +He ruled +over all Palestine, +Idumea (ancient +Edom), and the lands +south of Damascus.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 304px;"> +<a href="images/i-100-big.jpg"><img src="images/i-100.jpg" width="304" height="400" alt="PALESTINE IN THE TIME OF CHRIST" title="" /></a> +</div> + +<p>2.) <i>Herod's temple.</i> +Herod was thoroughly +hated by the Jews, +less for his character +than for his foreign birth. To gain their favor he began rebuilding +the temple upon a magnificent scale. It was not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> +completed until long after his death, which took place at +Jericho about the time when Jesus Christ, the true King of +the Jews, was born (Matt. 2. 1, 2).</p> + +<p>3.) <i>The tetrarchies.</i> By Herod's will his dominions were +divided into four tetrarchies ("quarter-rulings," a title for a +fourth part of a kingdom). Three of these were in Palestine—Archelaus +receiving Judea, Idumea, and Samaria; Antipas +(the Herod of Luke 4. 19, 20; 23. 7-11) receiving Galilee +and Perea; and Philip (Luke 3. 1) having the district of Bashan. +About A. D. 6 Archelaus was deposed, and a Roman, +Coponius, was appointed the first Procurator of Judea, which +was made a part of the prefecture of Syria. The rest of Jewish +annals belongs properly to the New Testament history.</p> + +<p>II. Through these periods we notice the gradual <b>PREPARATION +FOR THE GOSPEL</b>, which was steadily +advancing.</p> + +<p>1. <b>There was a political preparation.</b> Six centuries +before Christ the world around the Mediterranean was divided +into states, whose normal condition was war. At no +time was peace prevalent over all the world at once. If Christ +had come at that time it would have been impossible to establish +the Gospel except through war and conquest. But kingdoms +were absorbed into empires, empires rose and fell by +turns, each with a larger conception of the nation than its +predecessor. From the crude combination of undigested +states in the Assyrian Empire to the orderly, assimilated, systematic +condition of the Roman world was a great advance. +Christ appeared at the only point in the world's history when +the great nations of the world were under one government, +with a system of roads such that a traveler could pass from +Mesopotamia to Spain and could sail the Mediterranean Sea +in perfect safety.</p> + +<p>2. <b>There was a preparation of language.</b> The conquests +of Alexander, though accomplished in ten years, left a +deeper impress upon the world than any other two centuries<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span> +of history. They gave to the whole of that world one language, +the noblest tongue ever spoken by human lips, "a +language fit for the gods," as men said. Through Alexander +Greek cities were founded every-where in the East, Greek +kingdoms were established, the Greek literature and the Greek +civilization covered all the lands. That was the language in +which Paul preached the Gospel, and in which the New Testament +was written—the only language of the ancient world +in which the thoughts of the Gospel could be readily expressed. +While each land had its own tongue, the Greek +tongue was common in all lands.</p> + +<p>3. While these preparations were going on there was another +in progress at the same time, <b>the preparation of a race</b>. +We might point to the history of the Israelites from the migration +of Abraham as a training; but we refer now to their +special preparation for their mission after the restoration, +B. C. 536. There was a divine purpose in the division of Judaism +into two streams; one a little fountain in Palestine, the +other a river dispersed over all the lands. Each branch had +its part in the divine plan. One was to concentrate its energies +upon the divine religion, to study the sacred books, to +maintain a chosen people, whose bigotry, narrowness, and intolerance +kept them from destruction; the other branch +was out in the world, where every Jewish synagogue in a +heathen city kept alive the knowledge of God, and disseminated +that knowledge, drawing around it the thoughtful, +spiritual minds who were looking for something better than +heathenism. Palestine gave the Gospel, but the Jews of the +dispersion carried it to the Gentiles, and each synagogue in +the foreign world became the nucleus of a Christian Church, +where for the first time Jew and Gentile met as equals.</p> + +<p>4. Finally, there was the <b>preparation of a religion</b>. +The Gospel of Christ was not a new religion; it was the new +development of an old religion. As we study the Old Testament +we see that each epoch stands upon a higher religious<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span> +plane. There is an enlargement of spiritual vision between +Abraham and Moses; between Moses and David; between +David and Isaiah; between Isaiah and John the Baptist. +Pharisee and Sadducee each held a share of the truth which +embraced the best thought of both sects. The work of many +scribes prepared the way for the coming of the Lord, and +just when revelation was brought up to the highest level, +when a race was trained to apprehend and proclaim it, when +a language had been created and diffused to express it, when +the world was united in one great brotherhood of states, ready +to receive it—then, in the fullness of times, the Christ was +manifested, who is over all, God blessed forever.</p> + + +<div class='bo'>Blackboard Outline.</div> + +<div class='bbox'> +<b> I. Four Per.</b> 1. Per. per. 1.) Sec. tem. 2.) Q. Es. del. 3.) Ez. ref. 4.) Sep. Sam. 5.) Com. O. T. can.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">2. Gk. per. 1.) Rei. Alex. 2.) Eg. sup. 3.) Syr. sup.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">3. Macc. per. 1.) Rev. Mat. 2.) Jud. Macc. 3.) Macc. dyn. 4.) Ri. sec.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">4. Rom. per. 1.) Her. Cr. 2.) Her. tem. 3.) Tetr.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>II. Prep. Gosp.</b> 1. Pol. prep. 2. Prep. lan. 3. Prep. rac. 4. Prep. rel.<br /> +</div> + + +<div class='bo'>QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.</div> + +<div class='quest'> +With what history is that of the Jews interwoven during this period?<br /> +What was the political condition of the Jews at this time?<br /> +What are the four periods of this history?<br /> +Who were the rulers of the Jews during the first period?<br /> +What building was erected after the return from captivity?<br /> +What great deliverance was effected by a woman?<br /> +What great reforms were effected by a scribe?<br /> +What title has been given to him?<br /> +What were the events connected with the separation of the Samaritans?<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span>Who were the prophets of the restoration?<br /> +By whom was the Old Testament canon arranged?<br /> +What brought on the Greek period?<br /> +What events of Jewish history were connected with Alexander the Great?<br /> +Under what people did the Jews fall afterward?<br /> +What were the events of the Egyptian rule?<br /> +What is the Septuagint?<br /> +How was its translation regarded by the Jews of Palestine?<br /> +In what kingdom, after Egypt, did Judea fall?<br /> +How was it governed by its new masters?<br /> +Who instituted a great persecution?<br /> +What was the effect of this persecution?<br /> +Who led the Jews in revolt?<br /> +What great hero arose at this time?<br /> +What line of rulers arose in his family?<br /> +What was the growth of the Jewish state at this time?<br /> +What sects of the Jews arose?<br /> +How did Judea fall under the Roman power?<br /> +Whom did the Romans establish as king?<br /> +What were his dominions?<br /> +What building did he erect?<br /> +How was his kingdom divided after his death?<br /> +What finally became of Judea?<br /> +</div> + + +<div class='bo'>Subjects for Special Papers.</div> + +<div class='special'> +<span class="smcap">Cyrus the Emancipator.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Conquests of Alexander.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Judas Maccabeus.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Jewish Sects.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Herod the Great.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">The Jews of the Dispersion.</span><br /><br /><br /> +</div> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_I_9" id="Footnote_I_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_I_9"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> The origin of this title is obscure. Some regard it as meaning "the hammer," like a +similar name in the Middle Ages, Charles Martel. Others say that it was a part of the +Hebrew inscription on the banner of Judas, "Micamo Ka Baalim Jehovah," "Who is +like unto thee among the gods, O Jehovah?" Still others that it was made up as a sort of +charm from the last letters of the words Abraham, Isaac, Jacob. The Maccabean princes +were also called Asmoneans.</p></div> +</div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/ad-title2.png" width="500" height="164" alt="The Ten Minute Series" title="" /> +</div> + + + +<div class='center'> +—FOR—<br /> +The Sunday School,<br /> +—BY—<br /> +LORANUS E. HITCHCOCK.<br /> +</div> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 35px;"> +<img src="images/ad2-drop_t.png" width="35" height="50" alt="T" title="" /> +</div><div class='unindent'><b>HE</b> necessity of some instruction in the Bible, in order to supply the +deficiencies which are unavoidable to any system of uniform lessons, is +realized in every Sunday school. The International Lessons can only give +detached portions of Scripture, and a supplemental lesson must be added to +impart a general knowledge of the book as a whole.</div> + +<p>The full course of study includes five series of lessons, adapted to be used in +any denomination.</p> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Booklist and sunburst"> +<tr><td align='left'><img src="images/ad2-sunburst.png" width="70" height="70" alt="sun burst" title="" /> +</td><td align='left'><div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Booklist"> +<tr><td align='right'><b>I. </b></td><td align='left'><b>The Life of Jesus.</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'><b>II .</b></td><td align='left'><b>Studies about the Bible.</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'><b>III. </b></td><td align='left'><b>Bible Geography.</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'><b>IV. </b></td><td align='left'><b>Bible History.</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'><b>V. </b></td><td align='left'><b>History of the Christian Church.</b></td></tr> +</table></div> +</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + + + + +<p>Two additional series of special interest to the Methodist Episcopal Church +have been prepared, namely:</p> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Two more books"> +<tr><td align='right'><b>VI. </b></td><td align='left'><b>History of the Methodist Episcopal Church.</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'><b>VII. </b></td><td align='left'><b>Government of the Methodist Episcopal Church.</b></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>These lessons are arranged for use as graded studies for scholars ten years of +age and upward.</p> + +<p>Each series contains thirty-six lessons, which can easily be learned in the +course of a year, even if the study be suspended during the summer months.</p> + +<div class='center'> +<b>Sample Set, 7 numbers, 35 cents.</b><br /> +<b>Price of each, per dozen, 50 cents; by mail, 60 cents.</b><br /> + +———————— +<br /> +<i>New York: Hunt & Eaton.</i> <i>Cincinnati: Cranston & Curts.</i><br /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span></p> + + + + + + +<h2>BOOKS BY REV. JESSE L. HURLBUT, D.D.</h2> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Books by Hurlbut"> +<tr><td align='left'><div class='hang1'><b>Life of Christ.</b> Chautauqua Text-book, No. 38</div></td><td align='right' valign='bottom'>$0 10</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><div class='hang1'><b>Illustrative Notes on the Sunday-School Lesson.</b> Published yearly. With maps and blackboard lessons. Size, 8vo, bound in cloth</div></td><td align='right' valign='bottom'>1 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><div class='hang1'><b>Revised Normal Lessons.</b> Paper, 25 cents. Cloth, flexible</div></td><td align='right' valign='bottom'>40</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><div class='hang1'><b>Scripture Selections for Daily Bible Headings.</b> A Portion of the Bible for Every Day. Crown 8vo. Cloth. Gilt top, $1.50. Flexible leather, gilt edges</div></td><td align='right' valign='bottom'>2 50</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><div class='hang1'><b>Studies in the Four Gospels.</b> Paper, 25 cents. Cloth, flexible</div></td><td align='right' valign='bottom'>40</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><div class='hang1'><b>Supplemental Lessons for the Sunday-school.</b> Paper, 25 cents. Cloth, flexible</div></td><td align='right' valign='bottom'>40</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><div class='hang1'><b>The Manual of Biblical Geography.</b> A text-book of Bible History for the use of Students and Teachers, containing maps, plans, review charts, and colored diagrams. Illustrated leatherette. 4to</div></td><td align='right' valign='bottom'>2 50</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + + + +<hr style="width: 25%;" /> +<h2>TRACTS FOR BIBLE STUDY.</h2> + + +<div class='chaptertitle'><br /><b>BIBLE LESSON LEAFLETS.</b></div> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Bible Lesson Leaflets"> +<tr><td align='left'><div class="hang1">First Series. Seven numbers. The Books of the Bible, Bible History, and The Holy Land. Per set,<br />post-paid</div></td><td align='right' valign='bottom'>03</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><div class="hang1">Second Series. Eight numbers. Old Testament Characters. Per set, postpaid</div></td><td align='right' valign='bottom'>04</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><div class="hang1">Third Series. Seven numbers. Life of the Apostle Paul. Per set, postpaid</div></td><td align='right' valign='bottom'>03</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div class='center'><br /><b>PALESTINE CLASS.</b></div> + +<div class='center'>By Bishop J. H. Vincent.</div> + +<p>No. 1. Pilgrim Grade. No. 2. Resident Grade. No. 3. Explorer Grade. +No. 4. Jerusalem Grade.</p> + +<div class='center'> +<i>Each, 2 cents. The four numbers for 6 cents.</i><br /> +</div> + + +<div class='center'><br /><b>YOUNG TRAVELERS' CLASS.</b></div> + +<div class='center'>BY MRS. M. G. KENNEDY.</div> + +<p>No. 1. The Journey. No. 2. Land and Kingdom. No. 3. By Hills and +Waters. No. 4. Guided Through the Land. No. 5. In the City. No. 6. Young +Travelers by the Sea-side. No. 7. Footsteps in the Holy Land.</p> + +<div class='center'> +<i>Each, 2 cents. The seven numbers for 10 cents.</i><br /> +</div> + + +<div class='center'><br /><b>YOUNG FOLKS' WALKS AND TALKS WITH JESUS.</b></div> + +<div class='center'>BY MRS. M. G. KENNEDY.</div> + +<p>1. Introductory, the Bible. 2. The Child and the Man. 3. The Chosen +Twelve. 4. The Spreading Gospel Light. 5. Teaching by Parables. 6. A +Little Talk with Jesus. 7. The Last Week. 8. Resurrection and Ascension.</p> + +<div class='center'> +<i>Each, 2 cents. The eight numbers for 10 cents.</i><br /> +<br /> +——————<br /> + + +<br /> +<span class="smcap">New York</span>: HUNT & EATON.<br /> +<span class="smcap">Cincinnati</span>: CRANSTON & CURTS.<br /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class='tnote'><h3>Transcriber's Notes:</h3> + +<p>Obvious punctuation errors have been repaired.</p> + +<p>The table of contents did not exactly match the numeration of the pages. It stated that the +Preface began on page 5 when in actuality it began on page 7. The Chronological Table was +shown to be on page 9 but that is the middle of the preface. It is actually located on page 6. +In the HTML version, the links will take the reader to the actual place indexed instead of the page +written.</p> + +<p>The rest of the table of contents appears accurate.</p> + +<p>The first four lessons have the questions for review in a list format. Beginning with lesson five this +changes to paragraphs and back and forth through the rest of the book.</p> + +<p>Page 51, repeated word "of" deleted. Original read (by the authority of of God)</p> + +<p>Page 77, "seige" changed to "siege" (from the siege of Jerusalem)</p></div> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Studies in Old Testament History, by +Jesse L. 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+1,3840 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Studies in Old Testament History, by Jesse L. Hurlbut + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Studies in Old Testament History + +Author: Jesse L. Hurlbut + +Release Date: June 16, 2011 [EBook #36444] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STUDIES IN OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY *** + + + + +Produced by Emmy, Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: Italic text is set apart by _underscores_ and bold +text by =equal signs=.] + + + + +STUDIES IN OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY + +By Rev. Jesse L. Hurlbut, D.D., + + AUTHOR OF + + "A MANUAL OF BIBLE GEOGRAPHY," "REVISED NORMAL LESSONS," + "SUPPLEMENTAL LESSONS FOR THE SUNDAY-SCHOOL," and + "STUDIES IN THE FOUR GOSPELS." + + + New York: HUNT & EATON. Cincinnati: CRANSTON & CURTS. + + + + +For All Sunday-School Workers. + + +[Sidenote: FOR THE SUPERINTENDENT.] + +=OUR SUPERINTENDENT.= By J. H. VINCENT. 10 cents. + +=THE MODERN SUNDAY-SCHOOL.= By J. H. VINCENT. 90 + +The first of these is an inspiring talk with the superintendent upon the +duties of his office and how to perform them. The second is a thorough +explanation of the best methods of conducting a Sunday-school. + +The Sunday-school experience of one hundred years has proved that +without well trained teachers success is only partial. Our list of +books, adapted both for private use and for normal teaching, is +unsurpassed: + + =SUNDAY-SCHOOL SCIENCE.= By R. S. HOLMES. 20 + cents. + + =REVISED NORMAL LESSONS.= By J. L. HURLBUT. 25 + cents. + + =STUDIES IN THE FOUR GOSPELS.= By J. L. HURLBUT. + 25 cents. + + =OPEN LETTERS TO PRIMARY TEACHERS.= By Mrs. W. F. + CRAFTS. 40 cents. + + +[Sidenote: FOR TEACHERS AND NORMAL CLASSES.] + +=NORMAL OUTLINE SERIES:= + + Bible History. By J. F. HURST. 40 cents. + Christian Evidences. By JOSEPH ALDEN. 35 cents. + Church History. By JOHN F. HURST. 40 cents. + On Teaching. By JOSEPH ALDEN. 35 cents. + English Bible. By J. M. FREEMAN. 40 cents. + +=CHAUTAUQUA TEXT-BOOKS.= Price, 10 cents each. + + No. 22. On Biblical Biology. + No. 28. Manners and Customs of Bible Times. + No. 36. Assembly Bible Outlines. + No. 37. Assembly Normal Outlines. + No. 39. The Normal Class. + No. 41. The Teacher Before his Class. + No. 42. Outlines of Methodism. + No. 49. Palestine. + +For the many earnest teachers who desire to give their scholars a more +comprehensive course than that of the International Lesson Series a +series of Supplemental Lessons has been prepared. These are not intended +to displace the regular lesson, but to fill out its deficiencies, to +supplement it with other studies with which young people should be +acquainted: + +=SUPPLEMENTAL LESSONS.= By J. L. HURLBUT. 25 cents. + +[Sidenote: FOR THE SCHOLARS.] + + =GRADED LESSONS FOR THE SUNDAY-SCHOOL.= By H. A. + STRONG. Seven numbers. Sample set, 40 cents. + + =PALESTINE CLASS.= By J. H. VINCENT. Four + leaflets. 2 cents each; 6 cents per set. + + =YOUNG TRAVELERS' CLASS.= By Mrs. M. G. KENNEDY. + Seven numbers. 2 cents each; 6 cents per set. + + =YOUNG FOLKS' WALKS AND TALKS WITH JESUS.= By Mrs. + M. G. KENNEDY. Eight numbers. 2 cents each; 10 + cents per set. + + + New York: HUNT & EATON. Cincinnati: CRANSTON & CURTS. + +[Illustration: THE EMPIRE OF DAVID AND SOLOMON.] + + + + + +STUDIES + +IN + +OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY + +BY + +REV. JESSE L. HURLBUT, D.D. + + AUTHOR OF + + "_A Manual of Bible Geography_," "_Outline Normal Lessons_," + "_Supplemental Lessons for the Sunday-School_," and "_Studies + in the Four Gospels_." + + + NEW YORK: HUNT & EATON + CINCINNATI: CRANSTON & CURTS + + + + + Copyright, 1890, by + HUNT & EATON, + NEW YORK. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PAGE + PREFACE 5 + CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 9 + HINTS TO STUDENTS 11 + HINTS TO TEACHERS 13 + THE COURSE DIVIDED INTO LESSONS 14 + FIRST STUDY.--The Beginnings of Bible History 17 + SECOND STUDY.--The Wandering in the Wilderness 25 + THIRD STUDY.--The Conquest of Canaan 34 + FOURTH STUDY.--The Age of the Heroes 41 + FIFTH STUDY.--The Rise of the Israelite Empire 49 + SIXTH STUDY.--The Golden Age of Israel 56 + SEVENTH STUDY.--The Rival Thrones--Israel 63 + EIGHTH STUDY.--The Rival Thrones--Judah 71 + NINTH STUDY.--The Captivity of Judah 77 + TENTH STUDY.--The Jewish Province 88 + + +FULL-PAGE MAPS. + + Empire of David and Solomon _Facing title-page._ + Canaan 16 + Old Testament World 19 + Modern Jerusalem 48 + The Divisions of Solomon's Empire 62 + Solomon's Dominions 76 + Alexander's Empire 90 + + + + +CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. + + +These dates are taken from the common chronology, and those earlier than +the Exodus are probably inaccurate. (See foot-note on page 22.) The +student will find that to commit this table to memory will give him +command of the most important facts of Bible history. + + 1. The Deluge B. C. 2348 + 2. The Dispersion of the Races " 2247 + 3. The Rise of the Empires " 2200 + 4. The Migration of Abraham " 1921 + 5. The Descent into Egypt " 1706 + 6. The Exodus from Egypt " 1491 + 7. The Battle of Beth-horon " 1451 + 8. The Death of Joshua " 1426 + 9. The Victory of Gideon " 1245 + 10. The Coronation of Saul " 1095 + 11. The Accession of David " 1055 + 12. The Division of the Kingdom " 975 + 13. The Fall of Samaria " 721 + 14. The Captivity at Babylon " 587 + 15. The Return from Captivity " 536 + 16. The Reforms of Ezra " 450 + 17. The Empire of Alexander " 330 + 18. The Maccabean Independence " 166 + 19. The Accession of Herod " 40 + 20. The Birth of Christ " 4 + + + + +PREFACE. + + +THE New Testament is the outgrowth and development of the Old. There is +no revelation in the gospels or the epistles which is not in its essence +contained in the elder Scripture; though to make it manifest required +the incarnation of God's Son and the descent of the Holy Spirit. +Therefore, to understand the New Testament it is necessary to study the +Old Testament. We cannot appreciate Matthew's point of view of Christ as +the Messiah until we have looked upon the throne of David, and Solomon +in all his glory; the theology of Paul is blind until read in the light +of Moses and Isaiah; and Hebrews will obtain a new meaning when placed +side by side with Leviticus. Every chapter in the New Testament has its +references to parallel passages in the Old Testament. + +When we open the Old Testament we find it, first of all, a book of +history. We are apt to look upon the Bible as a dictionary of doctrine, +wherein we are to search for sentences as proof-texts. But instead it +contains the story of redemption in the form of a history. We see how +God chose a family and pruned off its dead branches and caused it to +grow into a nation; then, how he trained and disciplined that nation +through fifteen centuries, until upon it blossomed the Divine Man. The +history of the Bible is the history of humanity, of literature, of +ethics, of religion, of doctrine; and no one who studies it carefully +will fail of an abundant reward for his endeavor. + +In most works upon Bible history the purpose of the author seems to be +merely to arrange in chronological order a series of events without much +regard to their importance or their relations to each other. The +successive reigns of kings, the chronicles of courts, the reports of +battles form the contents of most histories, whether sacred or secular. +Works like these have their value in the statement of those facts which +form the basis and working material of history. But mere facts +chronologically arranged do not constitute a history, any more than +words alphabetically arranged constitute a literature. True history +records processes, the relation of cause and effect, the formative +influences and their result in national life. The true history of +England shows not annals of kings and achievements of warriors, but the +development of a mighty people. The true history of Greece gives the +secret springs of that intense activity which in two centuries called +forth more great men in more departments of life than all the rest of +the world could produce in a thousand years. The true history of +Israel--which is the history of the Old Testament--shows how a little +people in their mountain-eyrie grew up to a destiny more glorious than +that of the proudest empire of all the earth, the honor of giving +religion to mankind. + +The aim of this little book is to present the outlines of that +remarkable history of the chosen people. What their mission was, how +they were trained for it, and how the world was prepared to receive it +together constitute the three threads woven together in this work. It is +a book of outlines to be studied, not of chapters to be read. The reader +will doubtless find the paragraphs somewhat disconnected, but we trust +that the student may receive from them suggestions for thought. + +In the preparation of this book many works have been read and examined; +but it is not my purpose to give a catalogue of them. I would name, +however, a very few books which will be of service to the student, and +will be almost a necessity for the teacher who expects to use these +outlines in the class, for one secret of successful teaching is for the +teacher to have at his command a fund of knowledge vastly greater than +that contained in the text-book. For this purpose the following works +are named, none of which are too abstruse or difficult for the average +reader: + +1. _Outline of Bible History._ Bishop J. F. Hurst. A small book, +containing merely the facts of the subject. + +2. _Old Testament History._ William Smith. A larger work and valuable, +but ending with the Old Testament canon. An additional chapter on the +interval between Old and New Testament history would greatly improve the +book. + +3. _Lectures on the History of the Jewish Church._ Dean A. P. Stanley. +Three large volumes, in a brilliant but diffuse style, advanced to the +knowledge of twenty years ago; not altogether sound in its critical +point of view, yet to be read by all who would understand the subject. + +4. _Hours with the Bible._ Cunningham Geikie. Six volumes, discussing +Bible history in all of its aspects, particularly in its relations with +secular history. Perhaps this is the best work on the subject for the +reader who is not a specialist. But it is prolix, and could be +compressed to advantage. + +There is need, in my opinion, of a good semi-popular Bible history, in +one volume or two, to present results rather than processes of thought, +and to embody all the latest knowledge from the study of the Scriptures +and the monuments of the ancient world. + +It is needless to urge upon the student that the best book for the +study of Bible history is the Bible itself. The historical books should +be read with great care, even to their details of genealogical tables. +The most valuable document in the study of the origin of races is the +tenth chapter of Genesis; and a catalogue of names in the opening of +Chronicles will give a clew to the chronology of the sojourn in Egypt. +The prophetical books will aid the student, and the Psalms will +irradiate certain dark periods. Whoever undertakes to use these outlines +should examine every text cited for its suggestion upon the subject. + +This book is commended to Bible students, to Sunday-school normal +classes, and to all who love the word, with a hope that it may be of +service in calling attention to the Old Testament, and that it may lead +some through the Old to enter into a better spiritual understanding of +the New. + + JESSE L. HURLBUT. + + + + +HINTS TO STUDENTS. + + +Those who desire merely to _read_ this book or to look it over will not +find it interesting. Those who already know how to study will not need +these hints, and can use the book in their own way. But there are many +who desire to study these subjects carefully, and yet do not know +precisely how to do the work. For these students, earnest but untrained, +the hints are given. + +1. These studies should be pursued with the Bible close at hand, so that +every Scripture reference may be at once searched out and read. + +2. Begin each lesson by a general view; reading it through carefully, +and memorizing the leading divisions of the outline, which are indicated +by the Roman numerals I, II, III, etc. This will give the general plan +of the lesson. + +3. Now take up Part I of the lesson in detail; notice and memorize its +subdivisions, indicated by 1, 2, 3, etc., and search out the Scripture +references cited in it. If practicable, write out on a sheet of paper +the reference (not the language of the text in full), and what each +reference shows. Thus, with the references in the First Study, page 17, +Part I: + +BEGINNINGS OF BIBLE HISTORY. Part I. =Deluge.= + + Gen. 7. Description of the flood. + Gen. 6. 5-7. God punished the world for wickedness. + Gen. 7. 23. Covered the inhabited earth. + +4. It would be a good plan to write out in full, as a connected +statement, all the facts in the section; thus: "The Bible says there was +a deluge and the traditions of other nations attest it. The date +commonly given is 2348 B. C. Its cause was God's anger with the +wickedness of the race, and it covered the inhabited globe. God's +purpose was to cleanse the world for a new epoch." + +5. In like manner study out and write out all the facts obtained by a +study of the lesson and the texts cited in it. This will greatly aid the +memory in holding fast to the information gained. + +6. Having done this, look at the blackboard outline at the end of the +study, and see if you can read the outline of the lesson by the aid of +the catch-words and indications which it affords. Study the lesson until +you can read it with the blackboard outline, and then recall it without +the outline. + +7. Now read over the questions for review, one by one, and see if you +can answer them. Do not cease your study until every question can be +answered without the aid of the text. + +8. Frequently review the lessons already learned. Before beginning the +third study review the first and the second; before the fourth, review +the first, second, and third, and at the completion of all the studies +review them all. The knowledge gained by this thorough study will more +than compensate for the time and trouble which it requires. + + + + +HINTS TO TEACHERS. + + +Classes may be organized on various plans and out of varied materials +for the study of these lessons. + +1. A teachers' class, composed of teachers, and also of senior scholars +in the Sunday-school, may be formed to study the life of Christ, which +is one of the most important subjects in the Bible. This may meet on an +evening or an afternoon, and devote all the sessions to the study of the +lesson, and to discussions upon it. + +2. In many places a teachers' meeting is held for the study of the +International Lesson, as a preparation for the Sunday-school class. A +part of the time might be taken at this meeting for the study of these +subjects. In that case it would be well to follow the division into +lessons, as given on page 14. + +3. A normal class may be organized among the brightest scholars in the +Sunday-school, who should be trained to become teachers. This normal +class may meet on an afternoon or an evening, or may take a +lesson-period in the Sunday-school session. + +4. These studies may be pursued by the young people's society of the +church, or by a class formed under its auspices, meeting at such time +and place as shall be found most convenient. + +There are two methods in which these lessons may be taught: One is the +_lecture method_, by which the instructor gives the lesson to the class +in the form of a lecture, placing the outline upon the blackboard as he +proceeds, calling upon the students to read the texts cited, and +frequently reviewing the outline in a concert-drill. By this method the +students may or may not have the books, as they and the instructor +prefer. While it is not necessary to supply the class with the +text-book, it will be a good plan to do so. + +The other method, simpler and easier, is to let each student have a copy +of the book, to expect the lesson to be prepared by the class, and to +have it recited, either individually or in concert. Let each student +gain all the information that he can upon the subject of the lesson; let +each contribute his knowledge; let all talk freely, and all will be the +gainers. + +It would be a good plan to have papers read from time to time upon +topics suggested by the course and parallel with it. A list of subjects +for such special papers is given at the close of each study. + + + + +THE COURSE DIVIDED INTO LESSONS. + + +IN many places it will be found impracticable to give an entire evening +to the study of these lessons. They may be taught at the close of the +prayer-meeting, or of the young people's meeting, in short sections; or +they may occupy a part of the hour at the weekly teachers' meeting for +the study of the Sunday-school lesson; or they may be taught to the +Normal class in the Sunday-school at the lesson hour. In the latter +case, the regular lesson should receive some attention; and the members +of the class should be expected to prepare it, and should be questioned +upon it. + +Often from twenty to thirty minutes is all that can be given in a class +to studies like these. We have, therefore, divided the studies into +short sections, each of which may be taught in about twenty minutes, if +properly prepared by both teacher and students. Thus arranged, the +course will be included in thirty-two lessons, as follows: + +=Lesson I.=--_The Beginnings of Bible History._ The deluge and the +dispersion. (First Study, I and II.) + +=Lesson II.=--_The Beginnings of Bible History._ Rise of the empires, +migration of Abraham, and journeys of the patriarchs. (First Study, III, +IV, and V.) + +=Lesson III.=--_The Beginnings of Bible History._ Sojourn in Egypt. +(First Study, VI.) Also review First Study. + +=Lesson IV.=--_The Wandering in the Wilderness._ Events leading to the +wandering in the wilderness. (Second Study, I and II.) + +=Lesson V.=--_The Wandering in the Wilderness._ Journeys of the +wandering. (Second Study, III.) + +=Lesson VI.=--_The Wandering in the Wilderness._ Results of the +wandering. (Second Study IV.) Also review Second Study. + +=Lesson VII.=--_The Conquest of Canaan._ Canaanites and campaigns of the +conquest. (Third Study, I and II.) + +=Lesson VIII.=--_The Conquest of Canaan._ Aspect of Israel after +conquest. (Third Study, IV.) Also review Third Study. + +=Lesson IX.=--_The Age of the Heroes._ Condition of Israel and the +judges of Israel. (Fourth Study, I and II.) + +=Lesson X.=--_The Age of the Heroes._ The oppressions and deliverers. +(Fourth Study, III.) + +=Lesson XI.=--_The Age of the Heroes._ General aspects of the period. +(Fourth Study, IV.) Also review Fourth Study. + +=Lesson XII.=--_The Rise of the Israelite Empire._ Causes leading to the +monarchy, and character of the Israelite kingdom. (Fifth Study, I and +II.) + +=Lesson XIII.=--_The Rise of the Israelite Empire._ The reign of Saul. +(Fifth Study, III.) + +=Lesson XIV.=--_The Rise of the Israelite Empire._ The reign of David. +(Fifth Study, IV.) Also review Fifth Study. + +=Lesson XV.=--_The Golden Age of Israel._ Reign of Solomon. (Sixth +Study, I.) + +=Lesson XVI.=--_The Golden Age of Israel._ General aspect of Israel and +dangers of the period. (Sixth Study, II and III.) + +=Lesson XVII.=--_The Empire of Israel._ Review the reigns of Saul, +David, and Solomon. (Fifth Study, III, IV, and Sixth Study, I, II, III.) + +=Lesson XVIII.=--_Israel._ Causes and results of division. (Seventh +Study, I and II.) + +=Lesson XIX.=--_Israel._ Kingdom of Israel. (Seventh Study, III.) + +=Lesson XX.=--_Israel._ Fate of ten tribes. (Seventh Study, IV.) Also +review Seventh Study. + +=Lesson XXI.=--_Judah._ General aspects and duration of the kingdom. +(Eighth Study, I and II.) + +=Lesson XXII.=--_Judah._ Periods in its history. (Eighth Study, III.) +Also review Seventh and Eighth Studies. + +=Lesson XXIII.=--_The Captivity of Judah._ Captivities of Judah and +Israel, and three captivities of Judah. (Ninth Study, I and II.) + +=Lesson XXIV.=--_The Captivity of Judah._ Causes of captivity. (Ninth +Study, III.) + +=Lesson XXV.=--_The Captivity of Judah._ Condition of the captives. +(Ninth Study, IV.) + +=Lesson XXVI.=--_The Captivity of Judah._ Results of the captivity. +(Ninth Study, V.) + +=Lesson XXVII.=--_The Captivity of Judah._ Review of Ninth Study. + +=Lesson XXVIII.=--_The Jewish Province._ Persian. (Tenth Study, I, II.) + +=Lesson XXIX.=--_The Jewish Province._ Greek periods. (Tenth Study, II.) + +=Lesson XXX.=--_The Jewish Province._ Maccabean and Roman periods. +(Tenth Study, III, IV.) + +=Lesson XXXI.=--_The Jewish Province._ Preparation for the temple. +(Tenth Study, V.) + +=Lesson XXXII.=--Review of Tenth Study. + +[Illustration: RADIAL KEY MAP OF CANAAN] + + + + +STUDIES IN OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY. + + + + +FIRST STUDY. + +THE BEGINNINGS OF BIBLE HISTORY. + + +It is our purpose in this series of studies to trace the progress of +events as related in the Bible from the dawn of history down to the +opening of the New Testament era. The aim will be not to give a mere +catalogue of facts, but rather to show the relation of cause and effect, +and to unfold the development of the divine purpose which extends +through all the history in the Bible. We recommend the student, first of +all, to read the preface to this book. + +Turning back to the beginnings of Bible history we notice =six events= +between the Deluge and the Exodus. We begin with the Deluge as the +starting-point of history. Back of that event is a land of shadows. We +have so little knowledge of the world before the flood that its history +cannot be written. But since that fact we tread upon firm ground, having +both the Bible and secular history to confirm each other. + +I. =THE DELUGE.= With regard to this event we note: + +1. The =fact= of a general deluge is stated in Scripture (Gen. 7.), and +attested by the traditions of nearly all nations. Compare the story of +Xisuthros in Berosus; the record in the Chaldean tablets; the Greek myth +of Deucalion; the Mexican tradition; and the legends of the North +American Indians.[A] + +2. The =date= is given in reference Bibles (following Archbishop Ussher) +as B. C. 2348. This is probably incorrect. It may have been a thousand +years earlier. But as archaeologists are not yet agreed, we give Ussher's +chronology, here and elsewhere, merely as a convenience in the +arrangement, not as accurate. + +3. Its =cause= was the wickedness of the human race (Gen. 6. 5-7). +Before this event all the population of the world was massed together, +forming one vast family and speaking one language. Under these +conditions the good were overborne by evil surroundings, and general +corruption followed. + +4. Its =extent= was undoubtedly not the entire globe, but so much of it +as was occupied by the human race (Gen. 7. 23), probably the Euphrates +valley. Many Christian scholars, however, hold to the view that the Book +of Genesis relates the history of but one family of races, and not all +the race; consequently, that the flood may have been partial, as far as +mankind is concerned. + +5. Its =purpose= was: 1.) To destroy the evil in the world. 2.) To open +a new epoch under better conditions for social, national, and individual +life. + +II. =THE DISPERSION OF THE RACES.= (B.C. 2247?) 1. Very soon after the +deluge a new =instinct=, that =of migration=, took possession of the +human family. Hitherto all mankind had lived together; from this time +they began to scatter. As a result came tribes, nations, languages, and +varieties of civilization. "The confusion of tongues" was not the cause, +but the result of this spirit, and was not sudden, but gradual (Gen. 11. +2, 7). + +[Illustration: MAP OF THE OLD TESTAMENT WORLD.] + +2. =Evidences of this migration= are given: 1.) In the Bible (Gen. 9. +19; 11. 8). 2.) The records and traditions of nearly all nations point +to it. 3.) Language gives a certain proof; for example, showing that the +ancestors of the English, Greeks, Romans, Medes, and Hindus--races now +widely dispersed--once slept under the same roof. At an early period +streams of migration poured forth from the highlands of Asia in every +direction and to great distances. + +III. =THE RISE OF THE EMPIRES.= In the Bible world three centers of +national life arose, not far apart in time, each of which became a +powerful kingdom, and in turn ruled all the Oriental lands. The strifes +of these three nations, their rise and fall, constitute the matter of +ancient Oriental history, which is closely connected with that of the +Bible. These three centers were Egypt (called in the Bible Mizraim, Gen. +10. 6, 13), of which the capital was Memphis; Chaldea, of which the +capital was Babel or Babylon (Gen. 10. 10; 11. 2-9); and Assyria, of +which the capital was Nineveh (Gen. 10. 11). We might add to these the +Canaanite or Phenician city of Sidon (Gen. 10. 15, 19), and its daughter +Tyre, the great commercial centers of the ancient world, whose empire +was not the land, but the sea. Note that all of these early kingdoms +were established by the Hamitic race. + +IV. =THE MIGRATION OF ABRAHAM.= (B. C. 1921?) No other journey in +history has the _importance_ of that transfer of the little clan of +Abraham from the plain of Shinar to the mountains of Palestine in view +of its results to the world. Compare with it the voyage of the +_Mayflower_. Its causes were: 1. Probably the migratory instinct of the +age, for it was the epoch of tribal movements. 2. The political cause +may have been the desire for liberty from the rule of the Accadian +dynasty that had become dominant in Chaldea. 3. But the deepest motive +was religious, a purpose to escape from the idolatrous influences of +Chaldea, and to find a home for the worship of God in what was then "the +new West," where population was thin. It was by the call of God that +Abraham set forth on his journey (Gen. 12. 1-3). + +V. =THE JOURNEYS OF THE PATRIARCHS.= (B. C. 1921-1706?) For two +centuries the little clan of Abraham's family lived in Palestine as +strangers, pitching their tents in various localities, wherever +pasturage was abundant, for at this time they were shepherds and +herdsmen (Gen. 13. 2; 46. 34). Their home was generally in the southern +part of the country, west of the Dead Sea, and their relations with the +Amorites, Canaanites, and Philistines on the soil were generally +friendly (Gen. 20. 14; 26. 26-31). + +[Illustration: PALESTINE IN THE TIMES OF THE PATRIARCHS] + +[Illustration: Goshen] + +VI. =THE SOJOURN IN EGYPT.= (B. C. 1706-1491?) After three generations +the branch of Abraham's family belonging to his grandson Jacob or Israel +removed to Egypt (Deut. 26. 5), where they remained either two hundred +or four hundred years, according to different opinions.[B] This stay in +Egypt is always called "the sojourn." The event which led directly to +the descent into Egypt was the selling of Joseph (Gen. 37. 28). But we +can trace a providential purpose in the transfer. Its objects were: + +1. =Preservation.= The frequent famines in Palestine (Gen. 12. 10; 26. +1;42. 1-3) showed that as shepherds the Israelites could not be +supported in the land. On the fertile soil of Egypt, with three crops +each year, they would find food in abundance. + +2. =Growth.= At the end of the stay in Canaan the Israelites counted +only seventy souls (Gen. 46. 27); but at the close of the sojourn in +Egypt they had increased to nearly two millions (Exod. 12. 37; Num. 1. +45, 46). The hot climate and cheap food of Egypt has always caused an +abundant population. In Egypt Israel grew from a family to a nation. + +3. =Isolation.= There was great danger to the morals and religion of the +Israelites in the land of Canaan. Abraham had sent to his own relatives +at Haran for a wife for Isaac (Gen. 24. 3, 4) in order to keep both the +race and the faith pure. One of Isaac's sons married Canaanite wives, +and as a result his descendants, the Edomites, lost the faith and became +idolaters (Gen. 26. 34, 35). Jacob sought his wives among his own +relatives (Gen. 28. 1, 2). We note a dangerous tendency in Jacob's +family to ally themselves with the Canaanites (Gen. 34. 8-10; 38. 1, 2). +If they had stayed in Canaan the chosen family would have become lost +among the heathen. But in Egypt they lived apart, and were kept by the +caste system from union with the people (Gen. 46. 34; 43. 32). It was a +necessary element in the divine plan that Israel should dwell apart from +other nations (Num. 23. 9). + +4. =Civilization.= The Egyptians were far in advance of all other +nations of that age in intelligence, in the organization of society, and +in government. Though the Israelites lived apart from them, they were +among them, and learned much of their knowledge. Whatever may have been +their condition at the beginning of the sojourn, at the end of it they +had a written language (Exod. 24. 7), a system of worship (Exod. 19. 22; +33. 7), and a leader who had received the highest culture of his age +(Acts 7. 22). As one result of the sojourn the Israelites were +transformed from shepherds and herdsmen to tillers of the soil--a higher +manner of living. + + +Blackboard Outline. + + =Six Ev.= =I. Del.= 1. Fac. Scrip. Trad. 2. Dat. 2348? 3. Cau. Wick. + rac. 4. Ext. par. 5. Pur. 1.) Des. ev. 2.) New ep. + =II. Disp. Rac.= 1. Inst. mig. 2. Evid. Bib. Trad. Lang. + =III. Rise Emp.= 1. Eg. 2. Chal. 3. Ass. 4. Sid. and Tyr. + =IV. Mig. Abr.= Causes. 1. Mig. inst. 2. Pol. cau. 3. Rel. mot. + =V. Jour. Patr.= Str. in Pal. Shep. Hom. Relat. + =VI. Soj. in Eg.= Obj. 1. Pres. 2. Gro. 3. Isol. 4. Civ. + + +QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. + + What is the purpose in this series of studies? + At what point does history begin? + Name the six great events in early Bible history. + How is the fact of a deluge attested? + What date is commonly given to this event? + What was the moral cause of the flood? + What was its extent? + What was its purpose in the plan of God? + What new spirit took possession of men soon after the flood? + To what results did this lead? + What was the relation of this fact to the confusion of tongues? + What evidences of these migrations are found? + What were the three great centers of national life in the Oriental + world? + What city became the center of commercial life? + To what race did the earliest empires belong? + What was the most important journey, in its results, in all history? + What three causes are given for this migration? + What was especially the religious motive of this journey? + How long did Abraham's descendants remain in Palestine? + In what part of the country did they live? + What were their relations with the native peoples in Palestine? + What is meant by "the sojourn?" + What was its immediate cause? + What four providential results came to Israel through this sojourn? + How long was the time of the sojourn? + How were the Israelites protected from corruption through this sojourn? + What was the effect of the sojourn upon their civilization? + + +Subjects for Special Papers. + + THE PYRAMIDS. + THE CITY OF BABYLON. + THE GREAT RACES. + TRADITIONS OF THE DELUGE. + THE CHARACTER OF ABRAHAM. + EGYPT IN THE TIME OF JOSEPH. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[A] See Geikie's _Hours with the Bible_, vol. 1, chap. xiii; _Bible +Commentary_, note at the end of Gen. 8. + +[B] From the fact that in several genealogies four generations are given +to the sojourn in Egypt, the shorter period, from 1706 to 1491, has been +generally assumed. But it is almost impossible that seventy people could +become two million in four generations by natural increase alone. +Moreover, the genealogy of Joshua (1 Chron. 7. 22-27) gives either ten +or eleven generations to this period. It is probable that the other +tables name only sufficient links to show the line, and omit many of the +generations. This was frequently the case with Jewish records. (See the +genealogy of Jesus Christ in Matt. 1, where several names are omitted.) +We conclude that the sojourn began about 1900 B. C., and the call of +Abraham was about 2100 B. C., or earlier; but we give in the text the +usual chronology. + + + + +SECOND STUDY. + +THE WANDERING IN THE WILDERNESS. + + +I. Let us notice briefly the =EVENTS LEADING TO THE WANDERING.= + +1. =The Oppression of the Israelites.= (B. C. 1635.) (Exod. 1. 8-13.) +This was an important link in the chain of events. If the Israelites had +been prosperous and happy in Egypt they would have remained there, and +the destiny of the chosen people would have been forgotten. Therefore, +when Egypt had given to Israel all that it could, the wrath of man was +made to praise God; and by suffering the Israelites were made willing to +leave the land of their sojourn and seek the land of promise. The nest +was stirred up, and the young eaglet was compelled to fly (Deut. 32. 11, +12). + +2. =The Training of Moses.= (Born B. C. 1571.) There was another element +of preparation. No common man could have wrought the great work of +liberation, of legislation, and of training which Israel needed. Notice, +1.) Moses was an _Israelite in birth_, of the consecrated tribe of Levi +(Exod. 2. 1, 2). 2.) But he was _educated in the palace_, and in the +highest culture, as a prince in Egypt (Exod. 2. 10). If he had been +doomed to a slave's life he could never have accomplished his mission. +3.) At full age Moses made _choice of his people_, because they were the +people of God (Heb. 11. 24-26). 4.) Then came the _training of forty +years_ in the desert, giving him knowledge of the land, experience of +hardships, and maturity of thought. 5.) Lastly, there was the _call of +God_ (Exod. 3. 2), with its revelation of God's name and power, +imparting strength for his work. + +3. =The Ten Plagues.= There was a special significance in these plagues, +for each was a blow at some form of idol-worship among the Egyptians. +They were: 1.) The river turned to blood (Exod. 7. 20, 21). 2.) Frogs +(Exod. 8. 6). 3.) Lice (Exod. 8. 17). 4.) Flies, probably including +beetles and other winged pests (Exod. 8. 24). 5.) Murrain, or pestilence +among domestic animals (Exod. 9. 3, 4). 6.) Boils (Exod. 9. 10). 7.) +Hail (Exod. 9. 23). 8.) Locusts (Exod. 10. 14, 15). 9.) Darkness (Exod. +10. 22, 23). 10.) Death of the first-born (Exod. 12. 29). + +4. =The Passover.= (Exod. 12. 21-28.) This service represented three +ideas. 1.) It was the spring-tide festival. 2.) It commemorated the +sudden departure from Egypt, when there was not even time to "raise the +bread" before leaving (Exod. 12. 34-39). 3.) It was an impressive +prophecy of Christ, the slain Lamb of God (Exod. 12. 21, 22). + +[Illustration: JOURNEYS OF THE ISRAELITES] + +5. =The Exodus.= (B. C. 1491.) (Exod. 12. 40, 41.) The word means "going +out." This was the birthday of a nation, the hour when the Israelites +rose from being merely a mass of men to become a people. + +II. =THE WILDERNESS OF THE WANDERING.= Let the student note carefully +upon a good map the following locations, and then draw a map containing +them: + +1. Draw the coast-lines and note =three Seas=. 1.) The "great sea," or +_Mediterranean_ (Josh. 1. 4). 2.) The _Red Sea_ (Exod. 13. 18), (Gulfs +of Suez and Akaba). 3.) The _Dead Sea_. + +2. Draw the mountain ranges, and note =five Deserts=. 1.) The _Desert of +Shur_ (Exod. 15. 22), between Goshen and Canaan. 2.) The _Desert of +Paran_, in the center of the Sinaitic triangle (Num. 10. 12). This is +the wilderness in which thirty-eight of the forty years were passed +(Deut. 1. 19). 3.) The _Desert of E'ham_ (Num. 33. 8), on the shore of +the Gulf of Suez. 4.) The _Desert of Sin_, near Mount Sinai (Exod. 16. +1). 5.) The _Desert of Zin_, the desolate valley between the Gulf of +Akaba and the Dead Sea, now called the Arabah (Num. 13. 21). + +3. Locate also the =five Lands= of this region. 1.) _Goshen_, the land +of the sojourn (Exod. 9. 26). 2.) _Midian_, the land of Moses's shepherd +life (Exod. 2. 15), on both sides of the Gulf of Akaba. 3.) _Edom_, the +land of Esau's descendants, south of the Dead Sea (Num. 21. 4). 4.) +_Moab_, the land of Lot's descendants, east of the Dead Sea (Num. 21. +13). 5.) _Canaan_, the land of promise (Gen. 12. 7). + +4. Fix also the location of =three Mountains=. 1.) _Mount Sinai_, where +the law was given (Exod. 19. 20). 2.) _Mount Hor_, where Aaron died +(Num. 20. 23-28). 3.) _Mount Nebo_ (Pisgah), where Moses died (Deut. 34. +1). + +5. Notice also =seven Places=, some of which are clearly, others not so +definitely, identified. 1.) _Rameses_, the starting-point of the +Israelites (Exod. 12. 37). 2.) _Baal-zephon_, the place of crossing the +Red Sea (Exod. 14. 2). 3.) _Marah_, where the bitter waters were +sweetened (Exod. 15. 22-25). 4.) _Elim_, the place of rest (Exod. 15. +27). 5.) _Rephidim_, the place of the first battle, near Mount Sinai +(Exod. 17. 8-16). 6.) _Kadesh-barnea_,[C] whence the spies were sent +forth (Num. 13. 26). 7.) _Jahaz_, in the land of Moab, south of the +brook Arnon, the place of a victory over the Amorites (Num. 21. 23, 24). + +III. =THE JOURNEYS OF THE WANDERING.= These, with the =EVENTS= connected +with them, may be arranged in order as follows: + +1. From Rameses to the Red Sea (Exod. 12. 37; 14. 9). With this note: +1.) _The crossing of the Red Sea._ + +[Illustration: VICINITY OF MT. SINAI] + +2. From the Red Sea to Mount Sinai. Events: 2.) _The Waters of Marah._ +3.) _The repulse of the Amalekites._ 4.) _The giving of the law._ 5.) +_The worship of the golden calf._ At Mount Sinai the camp was kept for +nearly a year, and the organization of the people was effected. + +3. From Mount Sinai to Kadesh-barnea (B. C. 1490). At the latter place +occurred, 6.) _The sending out of the spies_ (Num. 13. 1-26). 7.) _The +defeat at Hormah_ (Num. 14. 40-45). It was the purpose of Moses to lead +the people at once from Kadesh up to Canaan. But their fear of the +Canaanite and Amorite inhabitants made them weak; they were defeated and +driven back into the desert of Paran, where they wandered thirty-eight +years, until the generation of slavish souls should die off, and a new +Israel, the young people, trained in the spirit of Moses and Aaron, and +fitted for conquest, should arise in their places. + +4. From Kadesh-barnea through the desert of Paran and return. This was +the long wandering of thirty-eight years. We trace the route from +Kadesh, around the desert of Paran, to Mount Hor, to Ezion-geber at the +head of the Gulf of Akaba, and at last to Kadesh once more (Num. 20. 1). +There occurred, 8.) _The water from the rock at Kadesh_, and Moses's +disobedience (Num. 20. 10-12). 9.) _The repulse of Arad_ (Num. 21. 1). +It would seem that the Israelites made a second attempt to enter Canaan +on the south, and were again defeated, though not so severely as before. + +5. From Kadesh-barnea around Edom to the river Jordan. After this second +defeat Moses desired to lead the people through the land of the +Edomites, and to enter Canaan by crossing the Jordan (Num. 20. 14). But +the Edomites refused to permit such an army to pass through their land +(Num. 20. 18-21). Hence the Israelites were compelled to go down the +desert of Zin, past Edom, as far as the Red Sea, then east of Edom, a +very long and toilsome journey (Num. 21. 4). Note with this journey: +10.) _The brazen serpent_ (Num. 21. 6-9; John 3. 14, 15). 11.) _The +victory over the Amorites_ (Num. 21. 23, 24). This victory gave to the +Israelites control of the country from Amon to Jabbok, and was the first +campaign of the conquest. The long journey was now ended in the +encampment of the Israelites at the foot of Mount Nebo, on the eastern +bank of the Jordan, near the head of the Dead Sea. 12.) The last event +of the period was _the death of Moses_ (Deut. 34. 5-8) (B. C. 1451). + +IV. =THE RESULTS OF THE WANDERING.= These forty years of wilderness life +made a deep impress upon the Israelite people, and wrought great changes +in their character. + +1. It gave them certain =Institutions=. From the wilderness they brought +their tabernacle and all its rites and services, out of which grew the +magnificent ritual of the temple. The Feast of Passover commemorated the +Exodus, the Feast of Pentecost, the giving of the law; the Feast of +Tabernacles (during which for a week the people lived in huts and +booths), the outdoor life in the desert. + +2. Another result was =National Unity=. When the Israelites left Egypt +they were twelve unorganized tribes, without a distinct national life. +Forty years in the wilderness, meeting adversities together, fighting +enemies, marching as one host, made them a nation. They emerged from the +wilderness a distinct people, with one hope and aim, with patriotic +self-respect, ready to take their place among the nations of the earth. + +3. =Individual Liberty.= They had just been set free from the tyranny of +the most complete governmental machine on the face of the earth. In +Egypt the man was nothing, the state was every thing. The Israelite +system was an absolute contrast to the Egyptian. For four centuries +after the Exodus the Israelites lived with almost no government, each +man doing what was right in his own eyes. They were the freest people on +earth, far more so than the Greeks or the Romans during their republican +epochs. Moses trained them not to look to the government for their care, +but to be a self-reliant people, able to take care of themselves. If +they had passed this initial stage of their history surrounded by +kingdoms they would have become a kingdom. But they learned their first +lessons of national life in the wilderness, untrammeled by environment +and under a wise leader, who sought to train up a nation of kings +instead of a kingdom. + +4. =Military Training.= We trace in the history of those forty years a +great advance in military discipline. After crossing the Red Sea Moses +did not care to lead them by the direct route to Canaan, lest they +should "see war" (Exod. 13. 17, 18). Attacked by the Amalekites soon +after the Exodus, the Israelites were almost helpless (Exod. 17. 8-16; +Deut. 25. 17-19). A year later they were the easy prey of the Canaanites +at Hormah (Num. 14. 40-45). Forty years after they crossed the Jordan +and entered Canaan, a drilled and trained host, a conquering army. This +discipline and spirit of conquest they gained under Moses and Joshua in +the wilderness. + +5. =Religious Education.= This was the greatest of all the benefits +gained in the wilderness. They were brought back from the idolatries of +Egypt to the faith of their fathers. They received God's law, the system +of worship, and the ritual which brought them by its services into a +knowledge of God. Moreover, their experience of God's care taught them +to trust in Jehovah, who had chosen them for his own people. Even though +the mass of the people might worship idols, there was always from this +time an Israel of the heart that sought and obeyed God. + + +Blackboard Outline. + + =I. Eve. le. Wan.= 1. Opp. Isr. + 2. Tra. Mos. 1.) Bir. 2.) Edu. 3.) Cho. 4.) Tra. 5.) Cal. + 3. Ten Pla. 1.) Bl. 2.) Fr. 3.) Li. 4.) Fl. 5.) Mur. 6.) Boi. + 7.) Hai. 8.) Loc. 9.) Dar. 10.) Dea. fir. bo. + 4. Pass. + 5. Exod. + + =II. Wil. Wan.= 1. Seas. 1.) M. S. 2.) R. S. [G, S., G. A.] + 3.) D. S. + 2. Des. 1.) D. Sh. 2.) D. Par. 3.) D. Eth. 4.) D. Si. 5.) D. Zi. + 3. Lan. 1.) Gos. 2.) Mid. 3.) Ed. 4.) Mo. 5.) Can. + 4. Mts. 1.) Mt. Sin. 2.) Mt. H. 3.) Mt. Neb. + 5. Pla. 1.) Ram. 2.) B.-zep. 3.) Mar. 4.) El. 5.) Rep. 6.) Kad.-bar + 7.) Jah. + + =III. Jour. and Even.= Jour. 1. Ram.--R. S., Ev. 1.) Cr. R. S. + Jour. 2. R. S.--Mt. Sin. 2.) Wat. Mar. 3.) Rep. Am. 4.) Giv. L. 5.) + Wor. gol. cal. + Jour. 3. Mt. Sin.--Kad.-bar. 6.) Sen. Sp. 7.) Del. Hor. + Jour. 4. Kad.-bar.--Des. Par.--Ret. 8.) Wat. roc. Kad. 9.) Rep. Ar. + Jour. 5. Kad.-bar.--Ed.--Riv. Jor. 10.) Bra. Ser. 11.) Vic. ov. Amo. + 12.) Dea. Mos. + + =IV. Res. Wan.= 1. Ins. 2. Nat. Un. 3. Ind. Lib. 4. Mil. Tra. 5. Rel. + Ed. + + +QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. + + Name five events which were preparatory to the wandering. + What made the Israelites willing to leave Egypt? + How was their leader trained for his mission? + What were the ten plagues upon the Egyptians? + What three ideas were connected with the Passover? + What is meant by the Exodus? + What are the three seas of the map illustrating the wandering? + Name five deserts of this region. + In which desert were the most years passed? + What were the two deserts on the shore of the Red Sea? + Where was the desert of Zin? + Which desert was between Egypt and Palestine? + Name and locate five lands of this region. + Which land was nearest to Egypt? + Which land was on the eastern arm of the Red Sea? + Which land lay east of the Dead Sea? + Which land was south of the Dead Sea? + Name three mountains in this region. + What event look place on each of these mountains? + Name two places between Egypt and the Red Sea. + Name three places on the route between the Red Sea, and an event at + each place. + What place was south of Canaan and near it? + What events occurred at this place? + What two places were battlefields? + State the route of the first journey. + What was the great event of this journey? + What was the second journey? + What four events are named with this journey? + What was the third journey? + What two events took place with this journey? + What was the longest journey? + Name four places of this journey. + Name two events near its close. + What was the last journey? + What events took place at this time? + Where was the last encampment of the Israelites? + What institutions originated during this period? + What was the political effect of this epoch upon the people? + How did it give them liberty? + What was the influence in military affairs? + What were its results upon the religion of the people? + + +Subjects for Special Papers. + + THE PHARAOH OF THE OPPRESSION. + MOUNT SINAI. + THE GREATNESS OF MOSES. + THE MOSAIC LEGISLATION. + THE SITE OF KADESH-BARNEA. + THE TABERNACLE IN THE WILDERNESS. + +FOOTNOTE: + +[C] The location of Kadesh-barnea is one of the great questions of the +Bible geography. Robinson places it at _'Ain el-Weibeh_, north-west of +Petra. Rowlands, and lately Trumbull, locates it at _Ain Gadis_, +forty-five miles south of Beersheba. I think the latter is the true +place, though the authorities are not agreed. + + + + +THIRD STUDY. + +THE CONQUEST OF CANAAN. + + +I. Let us notice the =CANAANITES= before the conquest. + +1. They were a =varied people=. There were from seven to ten different +nations in Palestine when the Israelites entered it (Exod. 3. 17; Deut. +7. 1). Each tribe, often each city, had its own government. There was no +unity of government, no combined action to resist the invasion of +Israel. This made the conquest easy. If one king had ruled a united +people the result might have been different. + +2. These peoples were, however, of =one stock=. They belonged to the +Hamite race, and were all descended from the family of Canaan (Gen. 10. +15-19). There was no reason, except the tribal spirit, for their +separation into small clans and nationalities. + +3. They were =idolatrous= and, as a result, grossly =immoral=. Idolatry +is always associated with immorality; for the worship of idols is a +deification of sensuality. Baal and Asherah (plural Ashtoreth) were the +male and female divinities worshiped by most of these races (Judg. 2. +13). + +4. They had been =weakened= before the coming of the Israelites either +by war or by pestilence. The allusions in Exod. 23. 28; Deut. 7. 20; and +Josh. 7. 12, have been referred to an invasion before that of Israel, or +to some plague, which destroyed the native races. + +II. =THE CAMPAIGNS OF THE CONQUEST.= These may be divided as follows: + +1. =The campaigns east of the Jordan.= (B. C. 1451.) These were during +the life-time of Moses, and gained for Israel all the territory between +the brook Arnon and Mount Hermon. + +1.) The conquest of Gilead was made at the battle of Jahaz, near the +brook Arnon (Num. 21. 21-31). In one battle the Israelites gained the +land of Gilead from the Arnon to the Hieromax. + +2.) The conquest of Bashan was completed at the battle of Edrei, in the +mountainous region. + +3.) The conquest of Midian (Num. 31. 1-8) was led by the warrior-priest +Phinehas, and by smiting the tribes on the east protected the frontier +toward the desert. The land won by these three campaigns became the +territory of the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh +(Deut. 32). + +[Illustration: JOURNEYS OF THE CONQUEST] + +2. =The campaigns west of the Jordan= (B. C. 1451) were led by Joshua, +and showed great tactical skill and resistless energy of action. Joshua +led his people across the Jordan and established a fortified camp, the +center of operations during all his campaigns, at Gilgal (Josh. 4. 19). + +1.) The first invasion was of _central Palestine_, beginning with +Jericho (Josh. 6), taking Ai on the way (Josh. 8), and ending with +Shechem, which apparently fell without resistance (Josh. 8. 30-33). This +campaign gave to Israel the center of the land and divided their enemies +into two sections. + +2.) Next came the campaign against _southern Palestine_. At this time +was fought the battle of Beth-horon (Josh. 10. 10), the most momentous +in its results in all history, and one over which, if ever, the sun and +moon might well stand still (Josh. 10. 12, 13).[D] After this great +victory Joshua pursued his enemies and took the towns as far south as +Hebron and Debir (Josh. 10. 29-39). + +[Illustration: JOSHUA'S VICTORY AT BETH-HORON.] + +3.) Lastly, Joshua conquered _northern Palestine_ (Josh. 11). The battle +in this campaign was near Lake Merom (Josh. 11. 7), and, as before, it +was followed by the capture of many cities in the north. Thus, in those +marches Joshua won all the mountain region of western Palestine. + +3. There were certain =supplementary campaigns=, partly in Joshua's +time, partly afterward. + +1.) Caleb's rapture of Hebron, which had been re-occupied by the +Amorites (Josh. 14; Judg. 1. 10-15). + +2.) The Judahites' capture of Bezek, an unknown place between Jerusalem +and the Philistine plain (Judg. 1. 1-8). + +3.) The Danites' capture of Laish, in the extreme north, which afterward +bore the name of Dan (Judg. 18). + +But, after all these campaigns, a large part of the land was still +unsubdued, and the war of the conquest did not end until the days of +David, by whom every foe was finally placed under foot. + +III. =GENERAL ASPECTS OF ISRAEL AT THE CLOSE OF THE CONQUEST.= + +1. With regard to =the native races=. They were not destroyed nor driven +away, as had been commanded.[E] They remained as subject people in some +places, as the ruling race on the sea-coast and in the Jordan valley. We +see their influence, always injurious, throughout all Israel's history +(Exod. 23. 31-33; Deut. 7. 1-5); and some think that the present +inhabitants of the country belong to the original Canaanite stock. + +2. =The Israelites= did not occupy all the country. They possessed most +of the mountain region, but none of the sea-coast plain on the Jordan +valley. They were like the Swiss in modern times, living among the +mountains. Even in the New Testament period the lowlands were occupied +mainly by Gentiles. + +3. =The landed system= was peculiar. Estates were inalienable. They +might be leased, but not sold; and on the year of Jubilee (every +fiftieth year) all land reverted to the family originally owning it. +Thus every family had its ancestral home, the poor were protected, and +riches were kept within bounds. + +4. =The government= was a republic of families without an executive +head, except when a judge was raised up to meet special needs. Each +tribe had its own rulers, but there was no central authority after +Joshua (Judg. 21. 25). This had its evils, for it led to national +weakness; but it had its benefits: 1.) It kept Israel from becoming a +great worldly kingdom like Egypt and Assyria, which would have thwarted +the divine purpose. 2.) It promoted individuality and personal energy of +character. There would have been no "age of heroes" if Israel had been a +kingdom like Egypt. + +5. The =religious system= was simple. There was but one altar at Shiloh +for all the land and for all the tribes, and the people were required to +visit it for the three great feasts (Deut. 12. 11, 14; Josh. 18. 1). +This was the religious bond which united the people. If it had been +maintained they would have needed no other constitution, and even its +partial observance kept the people one nation. + +6. The =character= of the people was diverse. Throughout the history we +trace the working of two distinct elements. There was the true +Israel--the earnest, religious, God-worshiping section, the Israel of +Joshua and Gideon and Samuel. Then there was the underlying mass of the +people--secular, ignorant, prone to idolatry, the Israel that worshiped +Baal and Ashtoreth, and sought alliance with the heathen. One element +was the hope of the nation, the other was its bane. + + +Blackboard Outline. + + =I. Canaanites.= 1. Var. 2. Ham. rac. 3. Idol. 4. Weak. + + =II. Camp. Conq.= 1. Camp. Eas. Jor. 1.) Gil. Jah. 2) Bash. Ed. + 3.) Mid. + 2. Camp. Wes. Jor. 1.) Cent. Pal. Jer. Ai. She. 2) Sou. Pal. Beth-hor. + 3.) Nor. Pal. L. Mer. + 3. Supp. Camp. 1.) Cal. cap. Heb. 2.) Jud. cap. Bez. 3.) Dan. cap. + Lai. + + =III. Gen. Asp. Isr. at Clo. Conq.= 1. Nat. rac. sub. 2. Isr. in mtn. + reg. 3. Land. sys. 4. Gov. rep. fam. 5. Rel. sys. 6. Char. peo. + + +QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. + + What was the political system of the Canaanites before the conquest? + How did this condition affect the result of the war? + To what race did the Canaanite tribes belong? + What was their religion? + What was the effect of their worship on their character? + What had taken place shortly before the coming of the Israelites? + What campaigns of conquest were made before the death of Moses? + What battles were fought in these campaigns? + What tribes took possession of this territory? + On which side of the Jordan were Joshua's campaigns? + What traits as a military leader did he show? + What places were captured on the first of Joshua's campaigns? + What was the effect of this campaign on the enemies? + Against what section was Joshua's second campaign? + Where was the great battle fought? + What is said to have taken place at this battle? + What cities were captured at this time? + Where was the third campaign of Joshua directed? + Where was the battle fought in this campaign? + What were the three supplementary campaigns? + What city was conquered by Caleb? + What city was occupied by the tribe of Dan? + What king, long after Joshua, completed the conquest of Canaan? + What was the condition of the native races after the conquest? + What was the result of their continuance in the land? + What portion of the country was occupied by the Israelites? + What modern analogy is given to them? + What was the system of land-tenure among the Israelites? + What were some of its benefits? + What was the form of government? + Wherein was this system defective? + What were its excellences? + What was the religious system of the Israelites? + What was the effect of this system? + What was the religious character of the people? + What was the condition of the mass of the Israelites? + + +Subjects for Special Papers. + + JOSHUA AS A GENERAL. + BETH-HORON AS ONE OF THE WORLD'S GREATEST BATTLES. + THE MORAL ASPECTS OF THE DESTRUCTION OF THE CANAANITES. + THE RIVER JORDAN. + THE HISTORY OF JERICHO. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[D] The account of the sun and moon standing still is an extract from an +ancient poem, and is so printed in the Revised Version. The subject is +discussed in Geikie's _Hours With the Bible_, foot-note with chapter +xiii. + +[E] With regard to the destruction of the Canaanites: 1. Such +destruction was the almost universal custom of the ancient world. 2. It +was deserved by the Canaanites, who were among the most wicked of +ancient peoples. 3. It was necessary, if Israel was to be kept from the +corruption of their morals, and upon Israel's character depended the +world in after ages. 4. As a result of failing to extirpate the +Canaanites a vastly greater number of the Israelites were destroyed +during the succeeding centuries. + + + + +FOURTH STUDY. + +THE AGE OF THE HEROES. + + +From the death of Joshua (about B. C. 1426) to the coronation of Saul +(B. C. 1095) the twelve tribes of Israel were without a central +government, except as from time to time men of ability rose up among +them. It was not as some have supposed, "an age of anarchy," for anarchy +is confusion; and during most of the three hundred and thirty years +there were peace and order in Israel. It was rather an age of heroes, +for its rulers were neither hereditary nor elective, but men called +forth by the needs of the hour and their own qualities of leadership. + +I. =THE CONDITION OF ISRAEL DURING THIS PERIOD.= This was partly +favorable, and partly unfavorable. The favorable elements were: + +1. =The mountain location= of Israel. The tribes were perched like +Switzerland in the Alps. There was a desert on the south and on the +east, while on the west lay the plain by the sea, the great route of +travel between Egypt and the Euphrates. Great armies passed and repassed +over this plain, and great battles were fought by Egyptians, Hittites, +and Assyrians, while Israel on her mountain peaks was unmolested. This +mountain home left Israel generally unnoticed, and, when attacked, +almost inaccessible. + +2. =The racial unity= of Israel. The two finest races of the world, the +Greek and the Israelite, were both of pure blood. The Israelites were +one in origin, in language, in traditions, in aspirations. This national +unity often brought the tribes together in times of distress; though not +always when their union was needed. + +3. =The religious institutions.= In Greece every town had its own god +and its own religion; hence the many parties and petty nationalities. +But in Israel there was in theory but one altar, one house of God, one +system of worship, with its annual pilgrimage to the religious capital +(1 Sam. 1. 3). Just to the measure in which these institutions were +observed, Israel was strong against all foes, and as they were neglected +the land became the prey of oppressors (Judg. 2. 7-14; 1. Sam. 7. 3). + +But there were also unfavorable elements in the condition of Israel, +which threatened its very existence. These were: + +1. =The native races.= These were of two kinds: the subject peoples left +on the soil, more or less under the domination of the conquerors, and +the surrounding nations, Ammon, Moab, Syria, and the Philistines. There +was danger from their enmity, a rebellion of the subject tribes, allied +with the enemies around, for the destruction of Israel. And there was +far greater danger from their friendship, which would lead to +intermarriage, to idolatry, to corruption of morals, and to ruin (Judg. +3. 1-7). + +2. =Lack of a central government.= Israel was in the condition of the +United States at the close of the Revolution, from 1783 to 1789, a loose +confederation with no central authority. There were twelve tribes, but +each governed itself. Only under some great chieftain like Gideon or +Samuel were all the twelve tribes united. Most of the judges ruled only +over their own district of a few adjoining tribes. Often the northern +tribes were in peril, but we never read of Judah going to their +assistance; and in Judah's wars with the Philistines the northern tribes +stood aloof. + +3. =Tribal jealousy.= Until the establishment of the American republic +the world never saw, for any length of time, a league of states on an +equal footing. In Greece the strongest state claimed the _hegemony_, or +leadership, and oppressed its allies. In Italy the Romans reduced all +their neighbors to subjection. In Europe it now requires an army of more +than a million men to maintain the "balance of power." So in Israel +there was a constant struggle for the leadership between the two great +tribes of Judah and Ephraim. During the period of the judges Ephraim was +constantly asserting its right to rule the other tribes (Judg. 8. 1-3; +12. 1-6). We trace this rivalry through all the reign of David; and at +last it led to the division of the empire under Rehoboam. + +4. =Idolatrous tendencies.= We note constantly "the two Israels"--a +spiritual minority and an irreligious, idolatrous mass. For ten +centuries the greatest evil of Israelite history was the tendency to the +worship of idols. Causes which operated to promote it were: 1.) The +natural craving for a visible object of worship, not altogether +eradicated from even the Christian heart; for example, Romish images and +ritualistic bowing toward the altar. 2.) The association of Israel with +idolaters on the soil or as neighbors. 3.) The opportunity which +idol-worship gives to gratify lust under the guise of religion. As a +result of these forces we find idol-worship the crying sin of the +Israelites down to the captivity in Babylon. + +II. =THE JUDGES OF ISRAEL.= These were the heroes of that age, the men +who in turn led the tribes, freed them from their enemies, and restored +them to the service of God. + +1. =Their office.= It was not generally to try legal cases between man +and man, or between tribe and tribe. It might be regarded as a military +dictatorship blended with a religious authority. The judge was a union +of the warrior and the religious reformer. + +2. =Their appointment=; not by election, nor the votes of the people. +The Orientals have never chosen their rulers by suffrage. The judges +were men whom the people recognized as called of God to their office +(Judg. 2. 16; 3. 9; 6. 11-13). + +3. =Their authority= rested not on law, nor on armies, but on the +personal elements of integrity and leadership in the men, and on the +general belief in their inspiration. They spoke to the people with the +authority of a messenger from God. They arose in some hour of great +need, and after the immediate danger was over held their power until the +end of their lives. + +4. =The extent of their rule= was generally local, over a few tribes in +one section. Deborah ruled in the north (Judg. 5. 14-18); Jephthah +governed the east of the Jordan only (Judg. 11. 29). Often more than one +judge was ruling at the same time; probably Samson and Eli were +contemporaneous. Gideon and Samuel alone ruled all the twelve tribes. + +III. =THE OPPRESSIONS AND DELIVERERS.= During these three centuries the +influences already named brought Israel many times under the domination +of foreign power. The story was always the same, forsaking God, +following idols, subjection, reformation, victory, and temporary +prosperity. We notice the seven oppressions. Some of these were +undoubtedly contemporaneous. + +1. =The Mesopotamian Oppression.= (Judg. 3. 7-11.) Probably this was +over the southern portion, and the invaders came by the east and around +the Dead Sea, as earlier invaders from the same land had come (Gen. 14. +1-7). The deliverer was Othniel, the first judge, and the only judge of +the tribe of Judah. + +2. =The Moabite Oppression.= (Judg. 3. 12-30.) Over the eastern and +central section, including Ephraim (verse 27); deliverer, Ehud, the +second judge; battle fought at the ford of the river Jordan (verse 28). + +3. =The Early Philistine Oppression.= (Judg. 3. 31.) Over the +south-west, on the frontier of Judah; deliverer, Shamgar. + +4. =The Canaanite Oppression.= (Judg. 4.) Over the northern tribes; +deliverer, Deborah, the woman judge; battle at Mount Tabor. + +5. =The Midianite Oppression.= (Judg. 6. 1-6.) Over the northern center, +especially Manasseh-east; the most severe of all; deliverer, Gideon, the +greatest of the judges (Judg. 6. 11, 12); battle, on Mount Gilboa +(Judg. 7), followed by other victories (Judg. 8). + +6. =The Ammonite Oppression.= (Judg. 10. 7-9.) Note an alliance between +the Amorites and Philistines, which is suggestive; mainly over the +tribes on the east of Jordan; deliverer, Jephthah[F] (Judg. 11); victory +at Aroer (verse 33). + +7. =The Philistine Oppression.= (Judg. 13) This was the most protracted +of all, for it extended, with intervals of freedom, for a hundred years; +embraced all the land, but was most heavily felt south of Mounts Carmel +and Gilboa. The liberation was begun by Samson (Judg. 13. 5), but he was +led astray by sensual lusts and became a failure. Freedom was later won +by Samuel at the battle of Ebenezer (1 Sam. 7. 7-14); but the oppression +was renewed in the time of Saul, and became heavier than ever (1 Sam. +13. 17-20). Finally the yoke was broken by David, in a succession of +victories, ending with the capture of Gath, the Philistine capital (2 +Sam. 5. 17-25; 1 Chron. 18. 1). + +Note with each oppression: 1.) The oppressor. 2.) The section oppressed. +3.) The deliverer. 4.) The battlefield. + +IV. =THE GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD.= + +1. It was an age of =individuality=. There was no strong government to +oppress the people, to concentrate all the life of the nation at the +court, and to repress individuality. Contrast Persia with Greece; Rome +under the emperors with Rome as a republic. As men were needed they were +raised up, for there was opportunity for character. Hence it was an age +of heroes--Othniel, Ehud, Shamgar, Gideon, Jephthah, Samson, Samuel, +etc. Free institutions bring strong men to the front. + +2. It was an age of =neglect of the law=. During all this period there +is no allusion to the law of Moses. Its regulations were ignored, except +so far as they belonged to the common law of conscience and right. The +laws of Moses were not deliberately disobeyed, but were ignorantly +neglected. Even good men, as Gideon and Samuel, built altars and offered +sacrifices (Judg. 6. 24; 1 Sam. 7. 9) contrary to the letter of the law +of Moses, but obeying its spirit. + +3. Nevertheless, it was an age of =progress=. There were alternate +advancements and retrogressions; yet we see a people with energy, rising +in spite of their hindrances. By degrees government became more settled +(1 Sam. 7. 15-17), foreign relations arose (1 Sam. 7. 14; Ruth 1. 1), +and the people began to look toward a more stable system (1 Sam. 8. +4-6). + + +Blackboard Outline. + + =I. Cond. Isr.= _Fav._ 1. Mtn. Loc. 2. Rac. Un. 3. Rel. Ins. + _Unfav._ 1. Nat. Rac. 2. Lac. cent. gov. 3. Tri. + jeal. 4. Idol. ten. + + =II. Jud. Isr.= 1. Off. 2. App. 3. Auth. 4. Ext. ru. + + =III. Opp. and Deliv.= + _Opp._ _Sec._ _Deliv._ _Batt.-fie._ + 1. Mes. Sou. Oth. + 2. Moab. Ea. cen. Ehu. For. Jor. + 3. Ea. Phil. So.-wes. Sham. + 4. Can. Nor. Deb. Mt. Tab. + 5. Mid. Nor. cen. Gid. Mt. Gil. + 6. Amm. East. Jeph. Aro. + 7. Phil. All. Sams. Saml. Eben. + Dav. Gath. + + =IV. Gen. Asp. Per.= 1. Ind. 2. Neg. Law. 3. Prog. + + +QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. + +How long was this period? What were its traits? What were the conditions +favorable to Israel during this period? How did their location aid the +Israelites? Wherein were the Israelites one people? How did their +religious institutions keep them together? + +What were the unfavorable and dangerous elements in the condition of +Israel? How were they in danger from the native races? What was lacking +in the government of Israel? What two tribes were in rivalry? What was +the effect of this jealousy? What analogy is found in ancient history? +How is the same principle illustrated in modern times? What evil +tendency was manifested in Israel through nearly all its history? What +causes are assigned for this tendency? + +What was the office of a judge in Israel? How were the judges appointed? +What was their authority? How widely did their rule extend? + +What resulted from these evil tendencies in Israel? How many oppressors +were there? Who were the first oppressors? Over what part of the country +was the first oppression? Who delivered Israel from it? What was the +second oppression? What part of the country suffered from it? Who was +the deliverer? Where was the battle fought? What was the third +oppression, and where? Who delivered Israel? What was the fourth +oppression? Where was it? Who was the deliverer? Where was the victory +won? What was the fifth oppression? Over what part of the country was +it? Who delivered Israel from it? What was the sixth oppression? Over +what part of the land was it? Who delivered from it? What was the last +oppression? How did it differ from the others? What three names are +associated in the deliverance from its power? + +What are the three general aspects of this period? + + +Subjects for Special Papers. + + THE ISRAELITE REPUBLIC. + THE CAREER OF GIDEON. + THE VOW OF JEPHTHAH. + THE FAILURE OF SAMSON. + SHILOH AND THE TABERNACLE. + FAMILY LIFE DURING THE AGE OF THE JUDGES. + +[Illustration: MODERN JERUSALEM.] + +FOOTNOTE: + +[F] With Jephthah is associated the only instance of human sacrifice +offered to Jehovah in all Bible history; and this was by an ignorant +freebooter, in a part of the land farthest from the instructions of the +tabernacle and the priesthood. When we consider that the practice of +human sacrifice was universal in the ancient world, and that not only +captives taken in war but also the children of the worshipers were +offered (2 Kings 3. 26, 27; Mic. 6. 7), this fact is a remarkable +evidence of the elevating power of the Israelite worship. + + + + +FIFTH STUDY. + +THE RISE OF THE ISRAELITE EMPIRE. + + +The coronation of Saul (B. C. 1095) marks an epoch in the history of +Israel. From that point, for five hundred years, the chosen people were +under the rule of kings. + +I. =THE CAUSES LEADING TO THE MONARCHY.= The kingdom was not an +accidental nor a sudden event. There had been a gradual preparation for +it through all the period of the judges. + +1. Note the =tendency toward settled government=. In the time of Gideon +the people desired him to become a king (Judg. 8. 22, 23). His son +attempted to make himself a king, but failed (Judg. 9). We find judges +setting up a semi-royal state, and making marriages for their children +outside of their tribe (Judg. 12. 9, 13, 14). Judges associating their +sons with themselves (Judg. 10. 4; 1 Sam. 8. 1, 2). All these show a +monarchical trend in the time. + +2. Another cause was the =consolidation of the surrounding nations=. In +the days of the conquest there were few kings in the lands neighboring +Palestine. We read of "lords" and "elders," but no kings, among the +Philistines, the Moabites, the Ammonites, and the Phenicians (Judg. 3. +3; 1 Sam. 5. 8; Num. 22. 7). But a wave of revolution swept over all +those lands, as about the same time over Greece; and very soon we find +that every nation around Israel had its king (1 Sam. 21. 10; 11. 1; 22. +3; 2 Sam. 5. 11). The movement of Israel toward monarchy was in +accordance with this spirit. + +3. There was a =danger of invasion=, which impelled the Israelites to +seek for a stronger government (1 Sam. 12. 12). They felt themselves +weak, while other nations were organized for conquest, and desired a +king for leader in war. + +4. Then, too, the =rule of Samuel= led the Israelites to desire a +better organization of the government. For twenty years they had enjoyed +the benefit of a wise, strong, and steady rule. They felt unwilling to +risk the dangers of tribal dissension after the death of Samuel, and +therefore they sought for a king. + +5. But underlying all was the =worldly ambition= of the people. They +were not willing to remain the people of God, and work out a peculiar +destiny. They wished to be like the nations around, to establish a +secular state, to conquer an empire for themselves (1 Sam. 8. 5-20). It +was this worldly spirit, whose results Samuel saw, which made him +unwilling to accede to the wish of the Israelites. But the very things +against which he warned them (1 Sam. 8. 11-18) were just what they +desired. + +II. =THE CHARACTER OF THE ISRAELITE KINGDOM.= When men change their +plans God changes his. He desired Israel to remain a republic, and not +to enter into worldly relations and aims. When, however, the Israelites +were determined, God gave them a king (1 Sam. 8. 22); but his rule was +not to be like that of the nations around Israel. We ascertain the +divine ideal of a kingdom for his chosen people: + +1. =It was a theocratic kingdom.= That is, it recognized God as the +supreme ruler, and the king as his representative, to rule in accordance +with his will, and not by his own right. Only as people and king +conformed to this principle could the true aims of the kingdom be +accomplished (1 Sam. 12. 13-15). And if the king should deviate from +this order, he should lose his throne. Disobedience to the divine will +caused the kingdom to pass from the family of Saul to that of David (1 +Sam. 13. 13, 14; 15. 26). + +2. =It was a constitutional kingdom.= The rights of the people were +carefully guaranteed, and there was a written constitution (1 Sam. 10. +25). Nearly all the Oriental countries have always been governed by +absolute monarchs; but Israel was an exception to this rule. The people +could demand their rights from Rehoboam (1 Kings 12. 3, 4). Ahab could +not take away nor even buy Naboth's vineyard against its owner's will (1 +Kings 21. 1-3). No doubt the rights of the people were often violated; +but the violation was contrary to the spirit of the monarchy. + +3. =It was regulated by the prophets.= The order of prophets had a +regular standing in the Israelite state. The prophet was a check upon +the power of the king, as a representative both of God's will and the +people's rights. He spoke not only of his own opinions, but by the +authority of God. Notice instances of the boldness of prophets in +rebuking kings (1 Sam. 15. 16-23; 2 Sam. 12. 1-7; 1 Kings 13. 1-6; 17. +1; 22. 7-17). The order of prophets was like the House of Commons, +between the king and the people. + +III. =THE REIGN OF SAUL.= (B. C. 1095-1055.) 1. This may be divided into +two parts: 1.) _a period of prosperity_, during which Saul ruled well, +and freed Israel from its oppressors on every side (1 Sam. 14. 47, 48); +2.) then a _period of decline_, in which Saul's kingdom seems to be +falling in pieces, and only preserved by the prowess and ability of +David. After David's exile the Philistines again overran Israel, and +Saul's reign ended in defeat and death. + +2. We observe that Saul's reign was =a failure=, and left the tribes in +worse condition than it found them. 1.) He failed _in uniting the +tribes_; for tribal jealousies continued (1 Sam. 10. 27), and at the +close of his reign broke out anew in the establishment of rival thrones +(2 Sam. 2. 4, 8, 9). 2.) He failed _in making friends_. He alienated +Samuel, and with him the order of prophets (1 Sam. 15. 35); he alienated +David, the ablest young man of his age, and the rising hope of Israel, +and drove him into exile (1 Sam. 21. 10); he alienated the entire order +of the priests, and caused many of them to be massacred (1 Sam. 22. 18). +3.) He failed _to advance religion_; left the tabernacle in ruins; left +the ark in seclusion; broke up the service; and drove the priests whom +he did not murder into exile (1 Sam. 22. 20-23). 4.) He failed _to +liberate Israel_; at his death the yoke of the Philistines was more +severe than ever before (1 Sam. 31. 1-7). The most charitable view of +Saul was that he was insane during the latter years of his life. The +cause of his failure was a desire to reign as an absolute monarch, and +an unwillingness to submit to the constitution of the realm. + +IV. =THE REIGN OF DAVID.= (B. C. 1055-1015.) This was a brilliant +period; for it was led by a great man, in nearly every respect the +greatest after Moses in Israelite history. + +1. Notice the =condition of Israel at his accession=. This will throw +into relief the greatness of his character and his achievements. + +1.) It was a _subject people_; under Philistine yoke; its warriors +slain; many of its cities deserted; David himself probably at first +tributary to the King of Gath. + +2.) It was a _disorganized people_. The tribes were divided; national +unity was lost; and two thrones were set up, one at Hebron, the other at +Mahanaim (2 Sam. 2. 4-9). + +3.) It was a _people without religion_. The tabernacle was gone; the ark +was in neglect; there was no altar and no sacrifice; the priests had +been slain. + +We can scarcely imagine Israel at a lower ebb than when David was called +to the throne. + +2. We ascertain =David's achievements=; the results of his reign. 1.) +_He united the tribes._ At first crowned king by Judah only, later he +was made king over all the tribes, by the desire of all (2 Sam. 5. 1-5). +During his reign we find but little trace of the old feud between +Ephraim and Judah, though it was not dead, and destined yet to rend the +kingdom asunder. + +2.) _He subjugated the land._ The conquest of Palestine, left +incomplete by Joshua, and delayed for three hundred years, was finished +at last by David in the capture of Jebus or Jerusalem (2 Sam. 5. 6, 7), +in the overthrow of the Philistines (2 Sam. 5. 17-25), and in the final +capture of their capital city (1 Chron. 18. 1). At last Israel was +possessor of its own land. + +[Illustration: EMPIRE OF DAVID] + +3.) _He organized the government._ He established a capital (2 Sam. 5. +9). He built a palace (2 Sam. 5. 11). Notice that the builders were from +Tyre, showing that the Israelites were not advanced in the arts. He +established a system of government, with officers in the court and +throughout the realm (1 Chron. 27. 25-34). Contrast all this with Saul, +who ruled from his tent, like a Bedouin sheik. + +4.) _He established an army._ There was a royal body-guard, probably of +foreigners, like that of many European kings in modern times (2 Sam. 8. +18; 15. 18). There was a band of heroes, like Arthur's Round Table (2 +Sam. 23. 8-39). There was "the host," the available military force, +divided into twelve divisions, one on duty each month (1 Chron. 27. +1-15). + +5.) _He established religion._ No sooner was David on the throne than he +brought the ark out of its hiding-place, and gave it a new home in his +capital (1 Chron. 16. 1). The priesthood was organized, and divided into +courses for the service of the tabernacle (1 Chron. 23. 27-32; 24. +1-19). He wrote many psalms, and caused others to be written, for the +worship of God. Two prophets stood by his throne (1 Chron. 29. 29), and +two high-priests stood by the altar (1 Chron. 24. 3). This organization +and uplifting of the public worship had a great effect upon the kingdom. + +6.) _He conquered all the surrounding nations._ These wars were largely +forced upon David by the jealousy of the neighboring kingdoms. In turn +his armies conquered and annexed to his dominions the land of the +Philistines (1 Chron. 18. 1), Moab (2 Sam. 8. 2), Syria, even to the +great river Euphrates (2 Sam. 8. 3-6); Edom (2 Sam. 8. 14), Ammon, and +the country east of Palestine (2 Sam. 10. 1-14; 12. 26-31). The empire +of David thus extended from the frontier of Egypt to the Euphrates +River, fulfilling the promise of Josh 1. 4. It was at least six times +the area of the twelve tribes. + +7.) We may add that _he reigned as a theocratic king_. He realized more +than any other monarch the divine ideal of a ruler, and so was "the man +after God's own heart" (1 Sam. 13. 14); if not altogether in personal +character, yet in the principles of his government. He respected the +rights of his subjects, had a sympathy for all people, obeyed the voice +of the prophets, and sought the interests of God's cause.[G] + + +Blackboard Outline. + + =I. Cau. lea. Mon.= 1. Ten. tow. set. gov. 2. Con. sur. nat. 3. Dan. + inv. 4. Ru. Sam. 5. Wor. am. peo. + + =II. Char. Isr. Kin.= 1. Theo. kin. 2. Cons. kin. 3. Reg. by pro. + + =III. Rei. Sau.= 1. Pros. and Dec. 2. Fai. 1.) Un. tri. 2.) Mak. + fri. 3.) Adv. rel. 4.) Lib. Isr. + + =IV. Rei. Dav.= 1. Con. Isr. acc. 1.) Sub. 2.) Dis. 3.) Wit. rel. + 2. Dav. Achiev. 1.) Uni. tri. 2.) Sub. la. 3.) Org. gov. + 4.) Est. ar. 5.) Est. rel. 6.) Conq. surr. nat. 7.) Rei. theo. + kin. + + +QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. + +What event marks an epoch in Israelite history? What were the causes +leading to the monarchy? What events in the period of the judges show a +tendency toward settled government? What changes in government in the +surrounding nations helped to bring on the monarchy in Israel? From what +source did external danger lead the Israelites to desire a king? How had +Samuel unconsciously helped to prepare the way for a kingdom? What +worldly spirit promoted the same result? + +What kind of a kingdom did God intend for Israel? What is a theocratic +kingdom? Wherein was Israel an exception among Oriental kingdoms? By +what institution was the kingdom regulated? Name some instances of +prophets rebuking kings. + +Into what two parts may Saul's reign be divided? Wherein was Saul a +failure? How did he fail in gaining and holding friends? + +What was the condition of Israel when David came to the throne? What +were the achievements of David? What great incomplete work did David +finish? What did he do in the organization of his kingdom? What was the +arrangement of his army? What were his services to the cause of +religion? What nations did he conquer? What was the extent of his +empire? In what spirit did he rule? + + +Subjects for Special Papers. + + HOW THE REPUBLIC BECAME A MONARCHY. + THE EARLY LIFE OF DAVID. + DAVID AS HERO, STATESMAN, AND POET. + DAVID'S TRAINING FOR THE THRONE. + SAMUEL, THE FOUNDER OF THE PROPHETIC ORDER. + THE CAUSES AND RESULTS OF ABSALOM'S REBELLION. + +FOOTNOTE: + +[G] With regard to David's crimes against Uriah and his wife, note that +no other ancient monarch would have hesitated to commit such an act, or +would have cared for it afterward; while David submitted to the +prophet's rebuke, publicly confessed his sin, and showed every token of +a true repentance. + + + + +SIXTH STUDY. + +THE GOLDEN AGE OF ISRAEL. + + +The reign of Solomon (B. C. 1015-975) may be regarded as the culminating +period in the history of Israel. But, strictly speaking, the latter part +of David's reign and only the former part of Solomon's constitute "the +golden age of Israel;" for Solomon's later years manifested a decline, +which after his death rapidly grew to a fall. + +I. =THE REIGN OF SOLOMON.= + +1. =His claim to the throne.= He was one of the youngest of David's +sons, the second child of Bath-sheba, born during the culmination of +David's reign (1 Chron. 22. 7-9). He obtained the throne by the decree +of David, by the choice of God, as the one among David's children best +fitted to reign (1 Chron. 28. 5, 6). The principle of primogeniture, or +the special right of the eldest son, was not fixed in those times. + +2. =His accession= was marked by the execution of three men, Adonijah (1 +Kings 2. 24, 25), Joab (1 Kings 2. 28-34), and Shimei (1 Kings 2. +36-46). Two of these had conspired against him, and the third was the +last survivor of the house of Saul, and a possible rival for the throne. +Their death was dictated by policy, and probably by justice. His throne +would not be secure while these men lived. + +3. =His empire= embraced all the lands from the Red Sea to the +Euphrates, and from the Mediterranean to the Syrian desert, except +Phenicia, which was isolated by the Lebanon Mountains. 1.) Besides +Palestine he ruled over Edom, Moab, Ammon, Syria (here referring to the +district having Damascus as its capital), Zobah, and Hamath. 2.) On the +Gulf of Akaba, Ezion-geber was his southern port (1 Kings 9. 26); on the +Mediterranean, Gaza (Azzah) was his limit; in the extreme north, +Tiphsah, by the Euphrates (1 Kings 4. 24); in the desert, Tadmor, +afterward Palmyra (1 Kings 9. 18). + +4. =His foreign relations= were extensive, for the first and only time +in the history of Israel. 1.) His earliest treaty was _with Tyre_ +(Phenicia), whose king had been his father's friend (1 Kings 5. 1). What +this alliance brought to Solomon (1 Kings 5. 6-10; 2 Chron. 2. 3-14). +2.) His relations _with Egypt_; in commerce (1 Kings 10. 28, 29); in +marriage, a bold departure from Israelite customs (1 Kings 3. 1). +Probably Psalm 45 was written upon this event. 3.) _With Arabia_, the +land bordering on the southern end of the Red Sea (1 Kings 10. 1-10, 14, +15). 4.) _With India_, which is probably referred to in 1 Kings 9. +26-28. 5.) _With Spain_, probably meant in 1 Kings 10. 22. + +5. =His buildings.= 1.) Of these the greatest, the most costly, and the +most famous was _the temple_ (1 Kings 6. 1). With this building notice: +(_a_) The courts and open square, with an inner court inside for the +priests only (2 Chron 4. 9). (_b_) The porch (2 Chron 3. 4). (_c_) The +holy place (2 Chron. 3. 8; 1 Kings 6. 17). (_d_) The holy of holies (1 +Kings 6. 19, 20). (_e_) The chambers for the priests (1 Kings 6. 5, 6). +2.) _His own palace_, situated south of the temple precincts, in the +district called Ophel. Its name derived from its columned entrance (1 +Kings 7. 1, 2). 3.) _His fortified cities_ (1 Kings 9. 17-19). 4.) _His +aqueducts_, some of which may still be seen (Eccl. 2. 4-6). No King of +Israel ever built so many public works as did Solomon. + +6. But all was not bright in the reign of Solomon. We must notice also +=his sins=, for they wrought great results of evil in the after years. +1.) That which led to all his other sins was _foreign marriages_ (1 +Kings 11. 1-4). These were the natural and inevitable result of his +foreign relations, and were probably effected for political reasons as +well as to add to the splendor of his court. 2.) His _toleration of +idolatry_, perhaps actual participation in it (1 Kings 11. 5-8). We +cannot over-estimate the harm of Solomon's influence in this direction. +At once it allied him with the lower and evil elements in the nation, +and lost to him the sympathy of all the earnest souls.[H] 3.) Another of +Solomon's sins, not named in Scripture, but referred to in many legends +of the East, was his _devotion to magical arts_. He appears in Oriental +traditions as the great master of forces in the invisible world, +engaging in practices forbidden by the law of Moses (Lev. 19. 31; Deut. +18. 10, 11). + +II. =GENERAL ASPECTS OF ISRAEL IN THE REIGN OF SOLOMON.= + +1. =It was a period of peace.= For sixty years there were no wars. This +gave opportunity for development, for wealth, and for culture. + +2. =It was a period of strong government.= The age of individual and +tribal energy was ended, and now all the life of the nation was gathered +around the throne. All the tribes were held under one strong hand; +tribal lines were ignored in the government of the empire (1 Kings 4. +7-19); every department was organized. + +3. =It was a period of wide empire.= It was Israel's opportunity for +power in the East; for the old Chaldean empire had broken up, the new +Assyrian empire had not arisen, and Egypt was passing through a change +of rulers and was weak. For one generation Israel held the supremacy in +the Oriental world. + +4. =It was a period of abundant wealth.= (1 Kings 3. 12, 13; 4. 20; 10. +23, 27.) The sources of this wealth were: 1.) The _conquests_ of David, +who had plundered many nations and left his accumulated riches to +Solomon (1 Chron. 22. 14-16). 2.) The _tribute_ of the subject kingdoms, +doubtless heavy (1 Kings 10. 25). 3.) _Commerce_ with foreign countries, +Egypt, Arabia, Tarshish, and Ophir, in ancient times was not carried on +by private enterprise, but by the government. The _trade_ of the East +from Egypt and Tyre passed through Solomon's dominions, enriching the +land. 4.) There were also _taxes_ laid upon the people (1 Kings 4. 7; +12. 4). 5.) The erection of _public buildings_ must have enriched many +private citizens and made money plenty. + +5. =It was a period of literary activity.= The books written during this +epoch were Samuel, Psalms (in part), Proverbs (in part), and perhaps +Ecclesiastes and Solomon's Song. Not all the writings of Solomon have +been preserved (1 Kings 4. 32, 33). + +III. =DANGERS OF THE PERIOD.= There was an Arabian tradition that in +Solomon's staff, on which he leaned, there was a worm secretly gnawing +it asunder. So there were elements of destruction under all the splendor +of Solomon's throne. + +1. =The absolute power of the king.= David had maintained the theocratic +constitution of the state; Solomon set it aside and ruled with absolute +power in all departments. He assumed priestly functions (1 Kings 8. 22, +54, 64); he abolished tribal boundaries in his administration (1 Kings +4. 7-19); he ignored both priests and prophets, and concentrated all +rule in his own person. + +2. =The formal character of the worship.= There was a magnificent temple +and a gorgeous ritual, but none of the warmth and personal devotion +which characterized the worship of David. The fervor of the Davidic +psalms is wanting in the literature of Solomon's age. + +3. =Luxury and corruption of morals.= These are the inevitable results +of abundant riches and worldly association. We do not need the warnings +in Prov. 2. 16-19; 5. 3-6, etc., to know that a flood of immorality +swept over Jerusalem and Israel. + +4. =The burden of taxation.= With a splendid court, an immense harem, +and a wealthy nobility came high prices and high taxes; the rich growing +richer rapidly, the poor becoming poorer. The events of the next reign +show how heavy and unendurable these burdens grew. + +5. =Heathen customs.= With the foreign peoples came the toleration of +idolatry, its encouragement, and all the abominations connected with it. +Jeroboam could not have established his new religion (1 Kings 12. 28) if +Solomon had not already patronized idol-worship. + +6. Underlying all was the old =tribal jealousy= of Ephraim and Judah, +fostered by an able leader (1 Kings 11. 26), ready to break out in due +time, and to destroy the empire. + +After all, it is uncertain whether the reign of Solomon was a golden or +only a gilded age. + + +Blackboard Outline. + + =I. Rei. Sol.= 1. Cl. thr. 2. Acc. 3. Emp. [Lands. Cities] 4. For. + rel. 1.) Ty. 2.) Eg. 3.) Ar. 4.) Ind. 5.) Sp. 5. Buil. 1.) + Tem. 2.) Pal. 3.) For. cit. 4.) Aque. 6. Sins 1.) For. mar. + 2.) Tol. idol. 3.) Mag. + + =II. Gen. Asp. Isr.= 1. Pea. 2. Str. gov. 3. Abun. weal. 1.) Conq. + 2.) Trib. 3.) Com. 4.) Tax. 5). Pub. build. 5. Lit. art. + + =III. Dan. Per.= 1. Abs. pow. 2. For. wor. 3. Lux. cor. mor. 4. + Bur. tax. 5. Hea. cus. 6. Tri. jeal. + + +QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. + + What is meant by the Golden Age of Israel? + Who was Solomon? + How did Solomon obtain the throne? + What events marked his accession? + What lands were included in his empire? + What were the frontier cities of the empire? + With what foreign countries did Solomon have relations? + What resulted from his alliance with Tyre? + What innovation came from Egypt? + Who visited Solomon from Arabia? + What were the early names of Spain and India? + What four classes of buildings were erected by Solomon? + What were the different parts of his temple? + What was the name given to Solomon's palace? + Name some of the cities which he built and fortified. + What other public works did he build? + What three kinds of sin did Solomon commit? + What was his motive in seeking foreign marriages? + Name five general aspects of Israel in Solomon's reign. + What were the benefits of the peace at that time? + What was the characteristic of Solomon's administration? + What opportunity did the age give to a great empire for Israel? + What were the sources of the wealth in Solomon's age? + How was it a period of literary activity? + What ancient legend illustrates the dangers of Solomon's age? + What were some of these dangers? + Wherein did Solomon set aside the Israelite constitution? + What was the defect in the religion of Solomon's time? + What evils resulted from the wealth of that time? + What caused heavy taxation? + What heathen customs were introduced? + What showed that tribal jealousy was still existing? + + +Subjects for Special Papers. + + THE CHARACTER OF SOLOMON. + WAS AN EMPIRE FOR ISRAEL DESIRABLE? + THE WRITINGS OF SOLOMON. + TARSHISH AND OPHIR. + THE TEMPLE OF SOLOMON. + SOLOMON IN ORIENTAL LEGENDS. + +[Illustration: THE DIVISION OF SOLOMON'S EMPIRE.] + +FOOTNOTE: + +[H] Notice that while the prophets had been friendly to David, they were +strongly opposed to Solomon, and gave aid to his enemy Jeroboam (1 Kings +11. 29-39). + + + + +SEVENTH STUDY. + +THE RIVAL THRONES.--ISRAEL. + + +The splendors of Solomon's reign passed away even more suddenly than +they arose. In less than a year after his death his empire was broken +up, and two quarreling principalities were all that was left of Israel. + +I. Let us ascertain the =CAUSES OF THE DIVISION OF ISRAEL=. These were: + +1. =The oppressive government of Solomon.= (1 Kings 12. 3, 4.) How far +the complaints of the people were just, and to what degree they were the +pretexts of an ambitious demagogue, we have no means of knowing. But it +is evident that the government of Solomon, with its court, its palaces, +its buildings, and its splendor, must have borne heavily upon the +people. Probably, also, the luxury of living among the upper classes, so +suddenly introduced, led to financial crises and stringency of money, +for which the government was held responsible by the discontented +people. + +2. =The opposition of the prophets.= (1 Kings 11. 11-13, 29-33.) It is a +suggestive fact that the prophets were opposed to Solomon and friendly +to Jeroboam. Their reason was a strong resentment to the foreign +alliances, foreign customs, and especially to the foreign idolatries +which Solomon introduced. + +3. =Foreign intrigues=, especially in Egypt. The old kingdoms were not +friendly to this Israelite empire, which loomed up so suddenly, and +threatened to conquer all the East. Solomon's attempt to win the favor +of Egypt by a royal marriage (1 Kings 3. 1) was a failure, for two +enemies of Solomon, driven out of his dominions, found refuge in Egypt, +were admitted to the court, married relatives of the king, and stirred +up conspiracies against Solomon's throne (1 Kings 11. 14-22, 40). +Another center of conspiracy was Damascus, where Rezon kept up a +semi-independent relation to Solomon's empire (1 Kings 11. 23-25). + +4. =Tribal jealousy=; the old sore broken out again. Notice that +Jeroboam belonged to the haughty tribe of Ephraim (1 Kings 11. 26), +always envious of Judah, and restless under the throne of David. The +kingdom of the ten tribes was established mainly through the influence +of this tribe. + +5. =The ambition of Jeroboam= was another force in the disruption. It +was unfortunate for Solomon's kingdom that the ablest young man of that +time in Israel, a wily political leader and an unscrupulous partisan, +belonged to the tribe of Ephraim, and from his environment was an enemy +of the then existing government. The fact that he was sent for from +Egypt to the assembly at Shechem showed collusion and preparation of the +scheme (1 Kings 12. 2, 3). + +6. But even all these causes might have been insufficient but for =the +folly of Rehoboam= (1 Kings 12. 13, 14). If David had been on the throne +that day an empire might have been saved. But Rehoboam, brought up in +the purple, was without sympathy with the people, tried to act the part +of a tyrant, and lost his ancestral realm (1 Kings 12. 16). + +II. =THE RESULTS OF THE DIVISION.= These were partly political, partly +religious, and were neither of unmixed good nor unmixed evil. + +1. The =political results= were: 1.) The entire _disruption_ of +Solomon's empire. Five kingdoms took the place of one; Syria on the +north, Israel in the center, Judah west of the Dead Sea, Moab east of +the Dead Sea, and Edom on the extreme south. Moab was nominally subject +to Israel, and Edom to Judah; but only strong kings, like Ahab in Israel +and Jehoshaphat in Judah, could exact the tribute (2 Kings 3. 4; 1 Kings +22. 47). 2.) With the loss of empire came _rivalry_, and consequent +_weakness_. For fifty years Israel and Judah were at war, and spent +their strength in civil strife, while Syria was growing powerful, and +afar in the north-east Assyria was threatening. 3.) As a natural result +came at last _foreign domination_. Both Israel and Judah fell under the +power of other nations, and were swept into captivity as the final +result of the disruption wrought by Jeroboam. + +2. =The religious results= of the division were more favorable. They +were: 1.) _Preservation of the true religion._ A great empire would +inevitably have been the spiritual ruin of Israel, for it must have been +worldly, secular, and, in the end, idolatrous. The disruption broke off +relation with the world, put an end to schemes of secular empire, and +placed Israel and Judah once more alone among their mountains. In this +sense the event was from the Lord, who had higher and more enduring +purposes than an earthly empire (1 Kings 12. 15-24). 2.) _Protection of +the true religion._ Israel on the north stood as a "buffer," warding off +the world from Judah on the south. It was neither wholly idolatrous nor +wholly religious, but was a debatable land for centuries. It fell at +last, but it saved Judah; and in Judah was the unconscious hope of the +world. 3.) _Concentration of the true religion._ The departure of Israel +from the true faith led to the gathering of the priests, Levites and +worshiping element of the people in Judah (2 Chron. 11. 13-16). Thus the +Jewish kingdom was far more devoted to Jehovah than it might otherwise +have been. + +III. =THE KINGDOM OF ISRAEL.= From the division the name _Israel_ was +applied to the northern kingdom and _Judah_ to the southern. We notice +the general aspects of Israel during its history, from B. C. 975 to 721. + +1. =Its extent.= It embraced all the territory of the twelve tribes +except Judah and a part of Benjamin (1 Kings 12. 19-21), held a nominal +supremacy over Moab east of the Dead Sea, and embraced about 9,375 +square miles, while Judah included only 3,435. Israel was about equal in +area to Massachusetts and Rhode Island together. + +2. =Its capital= was at first _Shechem_, in the center of the land (1 +Kings 12. 25); then, during several reigns, at _Tirzah_ (1 Kings 15. 33; +16. 23); then at _Samaria_ (1 Kings 16. 24), where it remained until the +end of the kingdom. That city after a time gave its name to the kingdom +(1 Kings 21. 1), and after the fall of the kingdom to the province in +the center of Palestine (John 4. 3, 4). + +3. =Its religion.= 1.) Very soon after the institution of the new +kingdom Jeroboam established a national religion, the _worship of the +calves_ (1 Kings 12. 26-33). This was not a new form of worship, but had +been maintained in Israel ever since the Exodus (Exod. 32. 1-4). In +character it was a modified idolatry, half-way between the pure religion +and the abominations of the heathen. 2.) Ahab and his house introduced +the Phenician _worship of Baal_, an idolatry of the most abominable and +immoral sort (1 Kings 16. 30-33), but it never gained control in Israel, +and was doubtless one cause of the revolution which placed another +family on the throne. 3.) Through the history of Israel there remained a +remnant of _worshipers of Jehovah_, who were watched over by a noble +array of prophets, and though often persecuted remained faithful (1 +Kings 19. 14, 18). + +4. =Its rulers.= During two hundred and fifty years Israel was governed +by nineteen kings, with intervals of anarchy. Five houses in turn held +sway, each established by a usurper, generally a soldier, and each +dynasty ending in a murder. + +1.) _The House of Jeroboam_ (B. C. 974 to 953), with two kings, followed +by a general massacre of Jeroboam's family (1 Kings 15. 29, 30). + +2.) _The House of Baasha_ (B. C. 953-929), two kings, followed by a +civil war (1 Kings 16. 16-22). + +3.) _The House of Omri_ (B. C. 929-884), four kings, of whom Omri and +Ahab were the most powerful. This was the age of the prophet Elijah and +the great struggle between the worship of Jehovah and of Baal (1 Kings +18. 4-21). + +4.) _The House of Jehu_ (B. C. 884-772), five kings, under whom were +great changes of fortune. The reign of Jehoahaz saw Israel reduced to a +mere province of Syria (2 Kings 13. 1-9). His son Joash threw off the +Syrian yoke, and _his_ son, Jeroboam II., raised Israel almost to its +condition of empire in the days of Solomon (2 Kings 14. 23-29). His +reign is called "the Indian summer of Israel." + +5.) _The House of Menahem_ (B. C. 772-759), two reigns. Israel had by +this time fallen under the power of Assyria, now dominant over the East, +and its history is the story of kings rising and falling in rapid +succession, with long intervals of anarchy. From the fall of this +dynasty there was only the semblance of a state until the final +destruction of Samaria, B. C. 721. + +5. =Its foreign relations.= During the period of the Israelite kingdom +we see lands struggling for the dominion of the East. The history of +Israel is interwoven with that of Syria and Assyria, which may now be +read from the monuments. + +1.) There was a _Period of Division_ (B. C. 975-929). During the reign +of the houses of Jeroboam and Baasha there were constant wars between +Israel, Syria, and Judah; and as a result all were kept weak, and "a +balance of power" was maintained. + +2.) Then followed a _Period of Alliance_ (B. C. 929-884)--that is, +between Israel and Judah, during the sway of the House of Omri. The two +lands were in friendly relations, and the two thrones were connected by +marriages. As a result both Israel and Judah were strong, Moab and Edom +were kept under control, and Syria was held in check. + +3.) Next came the _Period of Syrian Ascendency_ (B. C. 884-840). During +the first two reigns of the House of Jehu Syria rose to great power +tinder Hazael, and overran both Israel and Judah. At one time Israel was +in danger of utter destruction, but was preserved. Near the close of +these periods the dying prophecy of Elisha was uttered (2 Kings 13. +14-25). + +4.) _The Period of Israelite Ascendency_ (B. C. 840-772). Israel under +Jeroboam II. took its turn of power, and for a brief period was again +dominant to the Euphrates, as in the days of Solomon. + +5.) _The Period of Assyrian Ascendency_ (B. C. 772-721). But its glory +soon faded away before that of Assyria, which was now rapidly becoming +the empire of the East. Its rise meant the fall of Israel; and under the +unfortunate Hoshea Samaria was taken, what was left of the ten tribes +were carried captive, and the kingdom of Israel was extinguished (2 +Kings 17. 1-6). + +IV. =THE FATE OF THE TEN TRIBES.= There has been much idle discussion +over this subject and some absurd claims set up; for example, that the +Anglo-Saxon race are descended from the ten lost tribes--a statement +opposed to all history, to ethnology, and to every evidence of language. + +1. After their deposition nearly all the Israelites, having lost their +national religion and having no bond of union, =mingled with the +Gentiles= around them and lost their identity, just as hundreds of other +races have done. The only bond which will keep a nation long alive is +that of religion. + +2. Some remained in Palestine, others returned thither and formed the +=nucleus of the Samaritan people=, a race of mingled origin (2 Kings 17. +24-29). + +3. Some of those who remained in the East retained their religion, or +were revived in it, and later became a part of the =Jews of the +dispersion=; though "the dispersion" was mainly Jewish, and not +Israelite. + +4. A few =families united with the Jews= returned with them to Palestine +after the exile, yet retained their tribal relationship; for example, +Anna (Luke 2. 36). + + +Blackboard Outline. + + =I. Cau. Div.= 1. Opp. gov. 2. Opp. pro. 3. For. int. 4. Tri. jeal. + 5. Am. Jer. 6. Fol. Re. + + =II. Res. Div.= 1. Pol. res. 1.) Dis. emp. 2.) Riv. and weak. + 3.) For. dom. + 2. Rel. res. 1.) Pres. rel. 2.) Pro. rel. 3.) Conc. rel. + + =III. Kin. Isr.= 1. Ext. 9,375. + 2. Cap. 1.) Sh. 2.) Tir. 3.) Sam. + 3. Rel. 1.) Wor. cal. 2.) Wor. Ba. 3.) Wor. Jeh. + 4. Rul. 1.) Hou. Jer. 2.) Hou. Ra. 3.) Hou. Om. 4.) Hou. Je. + 5.) Hou. Men. + 5. For. Rel. 1.) Per. Div. 2.) Per. All. 3.) Per. Syr. Asc. + 4.) Per. Isr. Asc. 5.) Per. Ass. Asc. + + =IV. Fat. Ten. Tri.= 1. Min. Gen. 2. Sam. peo. 3. Disp. + 4. Jews. + + +QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. + +What causes may be assigned for the division of Israel? How far was +Solomon's government responsible? What was the relation of the prophets +to the revolution? What foreign intrigues contributed to break up the +kingdom? Who were connected with these intrigues? What ancient jealousy +aided, and how? What man led in the breaking up of the kingdom? Whose +folly enabled the plot to succeed? + +What were the political results of the division? What were its religious +results? How was this event from the Lord? + +How long did the new kingdom of Israel last? What was its extent? What +were its three successive capitals? What three forms of religion were +found in it? Who was the first king of the ten tribes? What family +introduced foreign idolatry? How many kings ruled over the ten tribes? +What were the five royal houses? Which house raised Israel almost to its +ancient power? What is this period of prosperity called? Who was the +greatest King of Israel? With what other history is that of Israel +interwoven? What were the five periods in the foreign relations of +Israel? By what kingdom was Israel destroyed? Who was its last king? +What finally became of the ten tribes? + + +CHART OF THE KINGS OF ISRAEL, + +From the DIVISION OF THE KINGDOM TO THE CAPTIVITY Together with the +Contemporaneous PROPHETS AND KINGS OF JUDAH + + + + +Subjects for Special Papers. + + THE HISTORY AND TRAITS OF THE TRIBE OF EPHRAIM. + SHECHEM, AND EVENTS CONNECTED WITH IT. + THE RELIGION OF THE TEN TRIBES. + QUEEN JEZEBEL AND HER INFLUENCE. + THE MISSION OF ELIJAH. + ELISHA AND HIS INFLUENCE. + + + +CHART OF THE KINGS OF ISRAEL, + + From the DIVISION OF THE KINGDOM TO THE CAPTIVITY + Together wiht the Contemporaneous PROPHETS AND KINGS OF JUDAH + + Years B.C. 975 970 960 950 940 930 920 910 900 + + DIVISION + OF + KINGDOM _Dynasty of Jeroboam_ + --- .......................> _Dynasty of Baasha_ + Jeroboam I.[1] <......................> _Dynasty of Omri_ + ------------+ Nadab[1] <............................ + KINGS } ++ Baasha[1] Elah Zimri + OF } +-------------------------------+ Tibni + ISRAEL } +----- + Omri[1] + --- ------------+ Ahab[1] + +------------------- + + KINGS } Rehoboam[1] + OF } -----------------+ Abijam[1] + JUDAH } +-+ Asa[2] + +------------------------------------------+ Jehoshaphat[2] + +------------- + --- + Iddo + ------------- + Ahijah Azariah Elijah + Prophets -------------------- ---- Jehu ----------- + -------- + Shemaiah Hanani Elisha + --------------- ---- ----- + + + 900 890 880 870 860 850 840 830 820 810 + + + + + _Dynasty of Omri_ + ....................> + + + _Dynasty of Jehu_ + <......................................................................... + Ahab[1] + ---+ Ahaziah II.[1] + +-+ Jehoram I.[1] + ISRAEL +----------+ Jehu[2][1] + +----------------------------+ Jehoahaz I.[2] + +---------------+ Jehoash II.[1] + Jehosaphat[2] [3]-+-------------+ Jeroboam II.[1] + -----------+ Jehoiam II.[1] [3]--------+--------------- + JUDAH -------+---+ Ahaziah II.[1] + ++ Athaliah[1] + +-----+ Jehoash I.[2] + Elijah +----------------------------------------+ Amaziah[2][1] + ----- +--------------------------- + Micaiah Zechariah + ----- Elisha ------ + -------------------------------------------------------------- + Jehaziel Jonah + -------- ------------------------------------- + + ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + 810 800 790 780 770 760 750 740 730 720 + + + + + + + + + _Dynasty of Jehu_ + ........................................> + + + + + + + Jeroboam II.[1] Zachariah[1] + --------------------------- _Anarchy_ + Shallum + Menakeu[1] + +---------+ Pekahiah[1] + ISRAEL +-+ Pekah[1] Hoshea[1] _Captivity_ + +--------------------- -------- + Azariah or Uzziah[2] + ---------------------------------------------------- Jotham[2] + JUDAH ---------------+ Ahaz[1] + +---------------+ Hez.[2] + Hosea +------ + Joel ----------------------------------------------------------- + PROPHETS -------------------------------------- Isaiah + Amos ----------------------------------------------------------- + ---------- Micah + ----------------------------- + Oded + ----- + _Fish and See, N.Y._ + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] Did evil in the sight of the Lord + +[2] Did right in the sight of the Lord + +[3] Viceroy with his father + + + + +EIGHTH STUDY. + +THE RIVAL THRONES--JUDAH. + + +I. =GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE KINGDOM OF JUDAH.= + +1. =Its territory.= It embraced the mountain portion of the tribe of +Judah, from the Dead Sea to the Philistine plain; a part of Benjamin, in +which tribe the larger part of Jerusalem stood; and also a part of Dan +(2 Chron. 11. 10). Simeon was nominally within its border, but was +practically given up to the Arabians of the desert; Edom was tributary, +though often in rebellion, and finally independent (1 Kings 22. 47; 2 +Kings 8. 20); Philistia was outside of its boundary. Its extent was +about 3,435 square miles, about half the area of Massachusetts. + +[Illustration: JUDAH.] + +2. =Its government= was a monarchy, with but one family on the throne, +the line of David, in direct succession, with the exception of +Athaliah's usurpation (2 Kings 11. 1-3), through nineteen reigns. + +3. =Its religion.= Through all the history we find two forms of worship +strongly opposed to each other, yet both rooted in the nation. 1.) The +worship of Jehovah through the temple, the priesthood, and the prophets. +2.) But side by side with this pure religion was the worship of idols +upon "high places," probably begun as a form of worshiping Jehovah, but +degenerating into gross and immoral idolatry. There was a struggle going +on constantly between these two elements in the state, the spiritual and +the material. Notwithstanding the efforts of reforming kings like +Jehoshaphat, Hezekiah, and Josiah, the general tendency was downward. + +II. =THE DURATION OF THE KINGDOM.= The kingdom lasted from B. C. 975 to +587--more than one hundred and thirty years longer than Israel. Reasons +for its endurance may have been: + +1. =Its retired situation=: hemmed in by mountains and deserts; at a +distance from the ordinary lines of travel; not in the direct path of +conquest from any other nation. Judah had few foreign wars as compared +with Israel. + +2. =The unity of its people.= They were not ten tribes loosely +connected, but one tribe, with a passionate love of their nation and a +pride in their blood. + +3. =Its concentration at Jerusalem.= Through all its history there was +but one capital, where the palace of the king and the temple of the Lord +were standing together. + +4. =The reverence for the House of David= also kept the people together. +There was no change in dynasty, and the loyalty of the people grew +stronger through the generations toward the family on the throne. There +being no usurpers, the throne was permanent until destroyed by foreign +power. + +5. =The purity of its religion= tended to keep the nation united, and to +keep it in existence. No bond of self-interest or of blood will hold a +people together as strongly as the tie of religion. Judah's strength was +in the measure of her service of God, and when she renounced Jehovah her +doom came speedily. + +III. =PERIODS IN THE HISTORY.= Though Judah was not without political +contact with other nations, yet its history is the record of internal +events rather than external relations. We may divide its history into +four epochs: + +1. =The first decline and revival.= (B. C. 975-889.) 1.) The reigns of +Rehoboam and Abijah marked a decline indicated by the Egyptian invasion +and the growth of idolatry. 2.) The reign of Asa and Jehoshaphat showed +a revival in reformation, progress, and power. Under Jehoshaphat Judah +was at the height of prosperity. This was the time of peace with Israel, +and of strength at home and abroad (2 Chron. 17. 5; 20. 30). + +2. =The second decline and revival.= (B. C. 889-682.) 1.) For nearly two +hundred years after the death of Jehoshaphat the course of Judah was +downward. Edom was lost under Jehoram (2 Chron. 21. 8); the Baalite +idolatry was introduced by the usurping queen, Athaliah (2 Kings 11. +18); the land was again and again invaded under Joash and Amaziah, and +Jerusalem itself was taken and plundered. 2.) But a great reformation +was wrought under Hezekiah, who was the best and wisest of the kings of +Judah, and the kingdom again rose to power, even daring to throw off the +Assyrian yoke and defy the anger of the mightiest king then on the +earth. At this time came the great event of the destruction of the +Assyrian host (2 Kings 19. 30). + +3. =The third decline and revival.= (B. C. 682-610.) 1.) The reforms of +Hezekiah were short lived, for his son Manasseh was both the longest in +reigning and the wickedest of the kings, and his late repentance did not +stay the tide of corruption which he had let loose (2 Kings 21. 10-17; 2 +Chron. 33. 1-18). The wickedness of Manasseh's reign was the great +moral cause of the kingdom's destruction, for from it no reform +afterward could lift the mass of the people. 2.) Josiah, the young +reformer, attempted the task, but his efforts, though earnest, were only +measurably successful, and after his untimely death the kingdom hastened +to its fall (2 Kings 23. 29). + +4. =The final decline and fall.= (B. C. 610-587.) 1.) The political +cause of the destruction of the kingdom was the rise of Babylon. The old +Assyrian empire went down about 625 B. C., and a struggle followed +between Babylon and Egypt for the supremacy. Judah took the side of +Egypt, which proved to be the losing side. 2.) After several +chastisements and repeated rebellions Jerusalem was finally destroyed by +Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon, and the kingdom of Judah was +extinguished, B. C. 587. + + +Blackboard Outline. + + =I. Gen. Asp. Kin. Jud.= 1. Terr. Tri. Jud. 3,435 m. 2. Gov. mon. + 3. Rel. 1.) Jeh. 2.) Idol. + + =II. Dur. Kin.= 1. Ret. sit. 2. Un. peo. 3. Conc. Jer. 4. Rev. Ho. + Dav. 5. Pur. rel. + + =III. Per. Hist.= 1. Fir. dec. rev. 1.) Dec. Reho. Abi. 2.) Rev. + As. Jehosh. + 2. Sec. dec. rev. 1.) Dec. 200 y. 2.) Rev. Hez. + 3. Thi. dec. rev. 1.) Dec. Man. 2.) Rev. Jos. + 4. Fin. dec. fal. 1.) Ris. Bab. 2.) Des. Jer. + + +QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. + + What was embraced in the kingdom of Judah? + What was its area? + How was it governed? + What was its religion? + What was associated with the worship of Jehovah? + What was the religious tendency of the people? + How long did the kingdom of Judah last? + What were the causes of this duration? + What were the periods in its history? + Under what kings was the first decline? + Who led in a revival and reformation? + Who was the greatest of the kings of Judah? + What took place during the second decline? + Who was the usurping queen? + What did this queen try to do? + Who wrought the second great reformation? + What was the character of this king? + What great destruction of Judah's enemies took place at this time? + Which reign was both longest, wickedest, and most evil in its results? + Who attempted a third reformation? + What was the result of his endeavor? + What was the political cause of the fall of Judah? + By what nation and by what king was Jerusalem finally destroyed? + + +Subjects for Special Papers. + + HISTORY OF THE TRIBE OF JUDAH. + THE HOUSE OF DAVID. + THE RELIGION OF JUDAH. + THE PROPHETS OF JUDAH. + ANCIENT JERUSALEM. + THE KINGDOM OF JUDAH IN RELATION TO EGYPT AND ASSYRIA. + +[Illustration: SOLOMON'S DOMINIONS, THE KINGDOMS OF JUDAH & ISRAEL AND +THE LANDS of the CAPTIVITIES] + + + + +NINTH STUDY. + +THE CAPTIVITY OF JUDAH. + + +I. We must distinguish between the =CAPTIVITY OF ISRAEL=, or the ten +tribes, and =THAT OF JUDAH=. + +1. The captivity of Israel took place B. C. 721, that of Judah B. C. +587. The southern kingdom lasted one hundred and thirty-four years +longer than the northern. + +2. Israel was taken captive by the Assyrians under Sargon; Judah by the +Chaldeans under Nebuchadnezzar. + +3. Israel was taken to the lands south of the Caspian Sea (2 Kings 17. +6); Judah to Chaldea, by the river Euphrates (Psa. 137. 1). + +4. Israel never returned from its captivity, which was the end of its +history; but Judah was brought back from its captivity and again became +a flourishing state, though subject to foreign nations during most of +its after history. + +II. There were =THREE CAPTIVITIES= of Judah, all in one generation and +all under one Chaldean king, Nebuchadnezzar: + +1. =Jehoiakim's captivity.= (B. C. 607.) Jehoiakim was the son of +Josiah, placed upon the throne after the battle of Megiddo, in which +Josiah perished (2 Kings 23. 34). In the war between Pharaoh-nechoh of +Egypt and Nebuchadnezzar (then joint king of Babylon with his father +Nabopolassar) Jehoiakim, as a vassal of Nechoh, aided the Egyptians. +After the defeat of Nechoh, Nebuchadnezzar marched to punish Jehoiakim. +He was called away from the siege of Jerusalem by the death of his +father and the necessity of hastening to Babylon to assume the +government. Jehoiakim was spared, but a number of the nobles of Judah +were taken to Babylon, perhaps as hostages for the king's good conduct. +For three years Jehoiakim obeyed Nebuchadnezzar; then he rebelled, but +was speedily reduced to subjection, and many of the leading people +among the Jews were carried captive to Babylon (2 Kings 24. 1, 2). Among +these captives was Daniel the prophet (Dan. 1. 1-6). From this event the +_seventy years_ of the captivity were dated (Jer. 27. 22; 29. 10), +though the kingdom of Judah remained for twenty years longer. Jehoiakim, +the king, was not taken away, though bound in chains for that purpose (2 +Chron. 36. 6); he reigned several years after this event, but under +suspicion of the Chaldeans, and his end was ignoble (Jer. 22. 18, 19; +36. 30). + +2. =Jehoiachin's captivity.= (B. C. 598.) Jehoiachin was the son of +Jehoiakim (called Jeconiah, 1 Chron 3. 16; Jer. 24. 1; and Coniah, Jer. +22. 24). He reigned only three months, and was then deposed by +Nebuchadnezzar and carried to Babylon. With the young king and the royal +family were taken thousands of the people of the middle classes, whom +the land could ill spare (2 Kings 24. 8-16). Among these captives was +Ezekiel, the prophet-priest (Ezek. 1. 1-3). + +3. =Zedekiah's captivity.= (B. C. 587.) He was the uncle of Jehoiachin, +and the son of the good Josiah (2 Kings 24. 17), and had been made king +by Nebuchadnezzar. But he too rebelled against his master, to whom he +had taken a solemn oath of fidelity (2 Chron. 36. 13). The Chaldeans +were greatly incensed by these frequent insurrections, and determined +upon a final destruction of the rebellious city. After a long siege +Jerusalem was taken, and the king was captured while attempting flight. +He was blinded and carried away to Babylon, the city was destroyed, and +nearly all the people left alive were also taken to the land of Chaldea +(2 Kings 25. 1-11). After this captivity the city lay desolate for fifty +years, until the conquest of Babylon by Cyrus (B. C. 536). + +III. Let us ascertain the =CAUSES OF THE CAPTIVITY=; why the Jews were +taken up bodily from their own land and deported to a distant country. + +1. Such deportations were a frequent =policy of Oriental conquerors=. +The Orientals had three ways of dealing with a conquered people: that +of extermination or wholesale butchery, which is frequently described +upon the Assyrian monuments; that of leaving them in the land under +tribute, as subjects of the conqueror; and that of deporting them _en +masse_ to a distant land. Frequently, when the interests of the empire +would be served by changing the population of a province, this plan was +carried out. Thus the ten tribes were carried to a land near the Caspian +Sea, and other people were brought to Samaria in their place (2 Kings +17. 6, 24). A similar plan with respect to Judah was proposed by +Sennacherib (2 Kings 18. 31, 32), but was thwarted by the destruction of +the Assyrian host. + +2. We have already noticed another cause of the captivity in the +frequent =rebellions of the kings of Judah= against the authority of +Babylon. The old spirit of independence, which had made Judah the leader +of the twelve tribes, was still strong, and it was fostered by the hope +of universal rule, which had been predicted through centuries, even +while the kingdom was declining. The prophets, however, favored +submission to Babylon; but the nobles urged rebellion and independence. +Their policy was pursued, and the unequal strife was taken up more than +once. The rebellions always failed; but after several attempts the +patience of Nebuchadnezzar was exhausted, and the destruction of the +rebellious city and the deportation of the population was ordered. + +3. But underneath was another and a deeper cause--in =the rivalry of +Egypt and Babylon=. Whenever in history one nation has been dominant +there has been another nation, next in strength, as its rival to check +its supremacy. Thus Greece stood in the way of Persia, Carthage in the +way of republican Rome, and Parthia in the way of imperial Rome. In the +earlier days Assyria (and after Assyria Babylon) was the controlling +power in the East; but it was always opposed by Egypt, which, though +less powerful, was yet strong enough to be dangerous to Assyrian or +Chaldean supremacy. Palestine stood on the border of the Assyrian +Empire toward Egypt; and in Palestine there were two parties, the +Assyrian and the Egyptian; one counseling submission to Assyria, the +other seeking alliance with Egypt against Assyria (Isa. 31. 1-3; 37. 6). +After Babylon took the place of Nineveh the Chaldean party took the +place of the Assyrian, as the Chaldean Empire was the successor of the +Assyrian Empire. The prophets, led by Jeremiah, always counseled +submission to Babylon, and warned against trusting to Egypt, which had +never given any thing more than promises; but the nobles were of the +Egyptian party, and constantly influenced the kings to renounce the yoke +of Babylon, and to strike for independence by the aid of Egypt. Under +Egyptian influence the later kings of Judah made attempt after attempt +to rebel against the Chaldean Empire. But the expected help from Egypt +never came, and Judah was left again and again to suffer the wrath of +Babylon (Jer. 37. 5-9). The necessity of making the frontier of the +Chaldean Empire safe on the side toward Egypt was the political cause +for the deportation of the tribe of Judah. Nebuchadnezzar dared not to +leave a people on the soil who would constantly endanger the entrance to +his dominions by plotting with the Egyptians. He therefore took up the +Jews bodily, placed them in the center of his empire, and turned the +land of Judah into a desolation. + +4. There was underlying all these political reasons a moral cause in +=the divine purpose to discipline the nation=. The captivity was a +weeding-out process, to separate the precious from the vile, the false +from the true, the "remnant" from the mass. There had always been two +distinct elements in Israel and Judah--the spiritual, God-fearing few, +and the worldly, idol-worshiping many. The worldly and irreligious took +part in the resistance to the King of Babylon; and the worshipers of +Jehovah, led by the prophets, urged submission. As a result, the nobles +and the warriors, for the most part, perished; while the better part, +the strength and hope of the nation, were carried away captive. Notice +that the captives were mainly of the middle class, the working element +(2 Kings 24. 14-16). Those who had submitted to the Chaldeans were also +taken away (2 Kings 25. 11). The prophet expressed greater hope for +those taken away than for those left behind (Jer. 24. 1-10). The +captives were the root of Judah, out of which in due time a new nation +should rise. + +IV. =THE CONDITION OF THE CAPTIVES IN CHALDEA= was far better than we +are apt to suppose. + +1. They received =kind treatment=; were regarded not as slaves or +prisoners, but as colonists. At a later captivity by the Romans the Jews +were sold as slaves and dispersed throughout the empire. Such wholesale +enslavement was common after a conquest. For some reason the Chaldeans +did not enslave the Jews at the time of their conquest, but colonized +them as free people. This may have been because the captives as a class +were of the "Chaldean party" among the Jews, and hence were treated in a +measure as friends. The letter of Jeremiah to the exiles (Jer. 29. 1-7) +shows that they were kindly dealt with in Chaldea. Some of them were +received at the court and rose to high station in the realm (Dan. 1. +1-6). + +2. =Their organization was maintained.= The exiles were not merged into +the mass of the people where they were living, but retained their own +system, and were recognized as a separate colony. Their dethroned kings +had a semi-royal state, and at death an honorable burial (Jer. 52. +31-34; 34. 4, 5). The captives were governed by elders, rulers of their +own nation (Ezek. 8. 1; 14. 1; 20. 1). Such a system is still pursued in +the East, where the government is according to race as well as according +to locality; that is, the different races in one province will each have +separate rulers. There was a "prince of Judah" at the close of the +captivity (Ezra 1. 8). This fact of a national organization was a +fortunate one for the exiles. If they had been dispersed as slaves +throughout the empire, or even had been scattered as individuals, they +would soon have been merged among the Gentiles, and would have lost +their identity as a people. But maintaining as a separate race, and in +Jewish communities, they were readily gathered for a return to their own +land when the opportunity came. + +3. =Their law and worship were observed.= There were no sacrifices, for +these could be offered only at Jerusalem in the temple. But the people +gathered for worship and for the study of the law far more faithfully +than before the exile; for adversity is a school of religious character +far more than prosperity. The exile would naturally exert an influence +in the direction of religion. While the irreligious and idolatrous among +the captives would soon drop out of the nation and be lost among the +Gentiles, the earnest, the spiritual, and the God-fearing would grow +more intense in their devotion. The institutions which date from the +captivity (noticed below, under "Results of Captivity") are an evidence +of this fact. + +4. =They were instructed by prophets and teachers.= Jeremiah lived for +some time after the beginning of the captivity, made a visit to Babylon, +and wrote at least one letter to the exiles (Jer. 13. 4-7; 29. 1-3). +Daniel lived during the captivity, and, though in the court, maintained +a deep interest in his people, and comforted them by his prophecies. +Ezekiel was himself one of the captives, and all his teachings were +addressed to them (Ezek. 1. 1-3). Many evangelical and eminent Bible +scholars are of the opinion that the latter part of Isaiah, from the +fortieth chapter to the end, was given by a "later Isaiah" during the +exile; but whether written at that time or earlier, it must have +circulated among the captives and given them new hope and inspiration. +The radical change in the character of the Jews which took place during +this period shows that a great revival swept over the captive people and +brought them back to the earnest religion of their noblest ancestors. + +5. =Their literature was preserved and enlarged.= Internal evidence +shows that the Books of the Kings were finished and the Books of the +Chronicles written at this time or soon afterward; the Books of Daniel, +Ezekiel, Habakkuk, and other of the minor prophets were given; and a +number of the best psalms were composed during this epoch, as such poems +are likely to be written in periods of trial and sorrow. Out of the many +psalms we cite Psalms 124, 126, 129, 130, 137, as manifestly written +during the captivity. The exile was an age of life and vigor to Hebrew +literature. + +V. =THE RESULTS OF THE CAPTIVITY.= In the year 536 B. C. the city of +Babylon was taken by Cyrus, King of the combined Medes and Persians. One +of his first acts was to issue an edict permitting the exiled Jews to +return to their own country and rebuild their city. Not all the Jews +availed themselves of the privilege, for many were already rooted in +their new homes, where they had been for two generations. But a large +number returned (Ezra 2. 64), and re-established the city and state of +the Jews. The captivity, however, left its impress upon the people down +to the end of their national history, and even to the present time. + +1. =There was a change in language=, from Hebrew to Aramaic or Chaldaic. +The books of the Old Testament written after the restoration are in a +different language from the earlier writings. After the captivity the +Jews needed an interpreter in order to understand their own earlier +Scriptures. Allusion to this fact is given in Neh. 8. 7. The Chaldee of +Babylon and the Hebrew were sufficiently alike to cause the people +during two generations to glide imperceptibly from one to the other, +until the knowledge of their ancient tongue was lost to all but the +scholars. + +2. =There was a change in habits.= Before the captivity the Jews were a +secluded people, having scarcely any relation with the world. The +captivity brought them into contact with other nations, and greatly +modified their manner of living. Hitherto they had been mostly farmers, +living on their own fields; now they became merchants and traders, and +filled the world with their commerce. Rarely now do we find a Jew who +cultivates the ground for his support. They are in the cities, buying +and selling. This tendency began with the Babylonian captivity, and has +since been strengthened by the varied experiences, especially by the +persecutions of the Jews during the centuries. + +3. =There was a change in character.= This was the most radical of all. +Before the captivity the crying sin of Judah, as well as of Israel, was +its tendency to idolatry. Every prophet had warned against it and +rebuked it; reformers had risen up; kings had endeavored to extirpate, +but all in vain; the worshipers of God were the few, the worshipers of +idols were the many. After the captivity there was a wonderful +transformation. From that time we never read of a Jew bowing his knee +before an idol. The entire nation was a unit in the service of Jehovah. +Among all the warnings of the later prophets, and the reforms of Ezra +and Nehemiah, there is no allusion to idolatry. That crime was utterly +and forever eradicated; from the captivity until to-day the Jews have +been the people of the one, invisible God, and intense in their hatred +of idols. We may not know all the causes of this change, but some of +them were: 1.) The fact that the idolatrous element largely perished, +and the spiritual element formed the bulk of the captives. 2.) The +idol-worshipers among the captives would naturally be less loyal to the +national ideas, and would more readily assimilate with the heathen; +while the religious among the exiles would grow all the more devoted to +their religion as their only hope in trial. 3.) The most ardent lovers +of their country and their religion would be the most eager to return +after the exile; hence, the new state was founded by zealous Jews, who +gave it religious spirit. So in modern times the spirit of the Pilgrims +and the Puritans gave tone to New England, and through New England to +America. + +4. =There were new institutions= as the result of the captivity. Two +great institutions arose during the captivity: + +1.) The _synagogue_, which grew up among the exiles, was carried back to +Palestine, and was established throughout the Jewish world. This was a +meeting of Jews for worship, for reading the law, and for religious +instruction. It had far greater influence than the temple after the +captivity; for while there was but one temple in all the Jewish world, +there was a synagogue in every city and village where Jews lived; and +while the temple was the seat of a priestly and ritualistic service, the +synagogue promoted freedom of religious thought and utterance. Out of +the synagogue, far more than the temple, grew the Christian Church. + +2.) _The order of scribes_ was also a result of the captivity. The days +of direct inspiration through prophets were passing away, and those of +the written Scripture, with a class of men to study and interpret it, +came in their place. During the captivity the devout Jews studied the +books of their literature, the law, the psalms, the histories, and the +prophets. After the captivity arose a series of scholars who were the +expounders of the Scriptures. Their founder was Ezra, at once a priest, +a scribe, and a prophet (Ezra 7. 1-10), who arranged the books and in a +measure completed the canon of Old Testament Scripture. + +5. =There was a new hope, that of a Messiah.= From the time of the +captivity the Jewish people looked forward with eager expectation to the +coming of a Deliverer, the Consolation of Israel, the "Anointed One" +(the word Messiah means "anointed"), who should lift up his people from +the dust, exalt the throne of David, and establish an empire over all +the nations. This had been promised by prophets for centuries before the +exile, but only then did it begin to shine as the great hope of the +people. It grew brighter with each generation, and finally appeared in +the coming of Jesus Christ, the King of Israel. + +6. From the captivity there =were two parts of the Jewish people=; the +Jews of Palestine, and the Jews of the dispersion. 1.) The Jews of +Palestine, sometimes called Hebrews (Acts 6. 1), were the lesser in +number, who lived in their own land and maintained the Jewish state. 2.) +The Jews of the dispersion were the descendants of those who did not +return after the decree of Cyrus (Ezra 1. 1), but remained in foreign +lands and gradually formed Jewish "quarters" in all the cities of the +ancient world. They were the larger in number, and later were called +"Grecian Jews," or Hellenists, from the language which they used (Acts +6. 1). Between these two bodies there was a close relation. The Jews of +the dispersion had synagogues in every city (Acts 15. 1), were devoted +to the law, made constant pilgrimages to Jerusalem, and were recognized +as having one hope with the Jews of Palestine. The traits of the two +bodies were different, but each contributed its own element toward the +making of a great people. + + +Blackboard Outline. + + =I. Cap. Isr. Jud.= 1. Isr. 721. Jud. 587. 2. Ass. Sar.--Chal. Neb. + 3. Cas. Sea.--Riv. Eup. 4. Nev. ret.--Bro. b. + + =II. Thr. Cap. Jud.= 1. Jeh. cap. 607. 2. Jehn. cap. 598. 3. Zed. + cap. 587. + + =III. Caus. Cap.= 1. Pol. Or. conq. 2. Reb. kgs. Jud. 3. Riv. Eg. + Bab. 4. Div. pur. dis. + + =IV. Con. Cap.= 1. Kin. tre. 2. Org. main. 3. La. wor. obs. 4. Ins. + pro. tea. 5. Lit. pre. enl. + + =V. Res. Cap.= 1. Ch. lan. 2. Ch. hab. 3. Ch. char. 4. Ne. ins. + (syn. scr.) 5. Hop. Mess. 6. Two. par. peo. + + +QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. + + From what earlier captivity must that of Judah be distinguished? + What were the dates of these two captivities? + By whom was each nation taken captive? + Where was each nation carried captive? + What followed the captivity in each nation? + What were the three captivities of Judah? + What were the events of the first captivity of Judah? + Who were carried away at this time? + What date is connected with this captivity? + What were the events of the second captivity of Judah? + Who were then taken away? + What were the events of the third captivity? + How long was Jerusalem left in ruins? + By whom, and when, were the Jews permitted to return from captivity? + What causes may be assigned for the carrying away of the Jews? + What were the customs of ancient Oriental conquerors? + How did the conduct of the kings of Judah bring on the captivity? + What rivalry between nations was a cause of the captivity? + What were the two parties in the kingdom of Judah? + How was the carrying away of the Jews a political necessity? + What was the moral cause of the captivity? + How were the captive Jews treated? + What evidences show that their national organization was continued + during the captivity? + Why was this fact a fortunate one for the exiles? + What customs of the Jews were observed during the captivity? + What instructors did the Jews have during this period? + What was the condition of Jewish literature during the captivity? + What events followed the decree of Cyrus? + Did all the exiles of the Jews return? + What change in language was wrought by the captivity? + What change in habits followed the captivity? + What great change in religion came as the result of the captivity? + How can that change be accounted for? + What two institutions arose during the captivity? + What new hope arose at this time? + How were the Jews divided after the captivity? + + +Subjects for Special Papers. + + THE GREAT ORIENTAL EMPIRES. + THE CITY OF BABYLON. + THE PROPHETS OF THE CAPTIVITY. + THE PSALMS OF THE CAPTIVITY. + THE REIGN OF NEBUCHADNEZZAR. + THE FALL OF BABYLON. + + + + +TENTH STUDY. + +The Jewish Province. + + +From the return of the exiles, B. C. 536, to the final destruction of +the Jewish state by the Romans, A. D. 70, the history of the chosen +people is closely interwoven with that of the East in general. During +most of this time Judea was a subject province, belonging to the great +empires which rose and fell in succession. For a brief but brilliant +period it was an independent state, with its own rulers. As most of this +period comes between the Old and New Testaments its events are less +familiar to Bible readers than the other portions of Israelite history. +We therefore give more space than usual to the facts, only selecting the +most important, and omitting all that have no direct relation with the +development of the divine plan in the Jewish people. + +I. The history divides itself into =FOUR PERIODS=, as follows: + +1. =The Persian period=, B. C. 536 to 330, from Cyrus to Alexander, +while the Jewish province was a part of the Persian Empire. Very few +events of these two centuries have been recorded, but it appears to have +been a period of quiet prosperity and growth. The Jews were governed by +their high-priests under the general control of the Persian government. +The principal events of this period were: + +1.) _The second temple._ (B. C. 535-515.) This was begun soon after the +return from exile (Ezra 3. 1, 2, 8), but was not completed until +twenty-one years afterward (Ezra 6. 15, 16). It was smaller and less +splendid than that of Solomon, but was built upon the same plan. + +2.) _Queen Esther's deliverance._ (B. C. 474.) This took place, not in +Judea, but in Shushan (Susa), the capital of the Persian Empire. The +king referred to as Ahasuerus was probably Xerxes, and the events of +Esther's elevation and intercession took place after the defeat of his +invasion of Greece. The whole story is in accord with both Persian +customs and the character of Xerxes. + +3.) _Ezra's reformation._ (B. C. 450.) The coming to Jerusalem of Ezra +the scribe was a great event in Israelite history; for, aided by +Nehemiah, he led in a great reformation of the people. He found them +neglecting their law and following foreign customs. He awakened an +enthusiasm for the Mosaic law, aroused the patriotism of the people, and +renewed the ancient faith. His work gave him the title of "the second +founder of Israel." + +4.) _The separation of the Samaritans._ (B. C. 409.) For the origin of +the Samaritans, see 2 Kings 17. 22-34. They were a mingled people, both +in race and religion; but until the captivity were permitted to worship +in the temple at Jerusalem. After the return from Babylon the Samaritans +and the Jews grew further and further apart. The Samaritans opposed the +rebuilding of the temple (Ezra 4. 9-24), and delayed it for many years; +and a century later strove to prevent Nehemiah from building the wall of +Jerusalem (Neh. 4. 2). Finally they established a rival temple on Mount +Gerizim, and thenceforth the two races were in bitter enmity (John 4. +9). + +5.) _The completion of the Old Testament canon._ The prophets after the +restoration were Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi; but the author of most +of the latest books was Ezra, who also arranged the Old Testament +nearly, perhaps fully, in its present form. Thenceforward no more books +were added, and the scribe or interpreter took the place of the prophet. + +[Illustration: ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE.] + +2. =The Greek period.= (B. C. 330-166.) In the year 330 B. C. Alexander +the Great won the empire of Persia in the great battle of Arbela, by +which the sovereignty of the East was transferred from Asia to Europe, +and a new chapter in the history of the world was opened. Alexander died +at the hour when his conquests were completed, and before they could be +organized and assimilated; but the kingdoms into which his empire was +divided were all under Greek kings, and were all Greek in language and +civilization. Judea was on the border between Syria and Egypt, and +belonged alternately to each kingdom. We divide this period into three +subdivisions. + +1.) _The reign of Alexander._ (B. C. 330-321.) The Jews had been well +treated by the Persian kings and remained faithful to Darius, the last +King of Persia, in his useless struggle. Alexander marched against +Jerusalem, determined to visit upon it heavy punishment for its +opposition, but (according to tradition) was met by Jaddua, the +high-priest, and turned from an enemy to a friend of the Jews. + +2.) _The Egyptian supremacy._ (B. C. 311-198.) In the division of +Alexander's conquests Judea was annexed to Syria, but it soon fell into +the hands of Egypt, and was governed by the Ptolemies (Greek kings of +Egypt) until 198 B. C. The only important events of this period were the +rule of Simon the Just, an exceptionally able high-priest, about 300 B. +C., and the translation of the Old Testament into the Greek language for +the use of the Jews of Alexandria, who had lost the use of Hebrew or +Chaldee. This translation was made about 286 B. C., according to Jewish +tradition, and is known as the Septuagint version. It was regarded as an +act of sacrilege by the Palestinian Jews to translate their Holy +Scriptures into the language of heathens, and for centuries the +anniversary of the completion of the Septuagint was observed as a day of +humiliation and prayer. + +3.) _The Syrian supremacy._ (B. C. 198-166.) About the year 198 B. C. +Judea fell into the hands of the Syrian kingdom, also ruled by a Greek +dynasty, the Seleucidae, or descendants of Seleucus. This change of +rulers brought to the Jews a change of treatment. Hitherto they had been +permitted to live undisturbed upon their mountains, and to enjoy a +measure of liberty, both in civil and ecclesiastical matters. But now +the Syrian kings not only robbed them of their freedom, but also +undertook to compel them to renounce their religion by one of the most +cruel persecutions in all history. The temple was desecrated and left to +ruin, and the worshipers of Jehovah were tortured and slain, in the vain +endeavor to introduce the Greek and Syrian forms of idolatry among the +Jews. Heb. 11, 33-40, is supposed to refer to this persecution. When +Antiochus, the Syrian king, found that the Jews could not be driven from +their faith, he deliberately determined to exterminate the whole nation. +Uncounted thousands of Jews were slaughtered, other thousands were sold +as slaves, Jerusalem was well nigh destroyed, the temple was dedicated +to Jupiter Olympius, and the orgies of the Bacchanalia were substituted +for the Feast of Tabernacles. The religion of Jehovah and the race of +the Jews seemed on the verge of utter annihilation in their own land. + +3. =The Maccabean period.= (B. C. 166-40.) But the darkest hour precedes +the day; the cruelties of the Syrians caused a new and splendid epoch to +rise upon Israel. + +1.) _The revolt of Mattathias._ In the year 170 B. C. an aged priest, +Mattathias, unfurled the banner of independence from the Syrian yoke. He +did not at first aim for political freedom, but religious liberty; but +after winning a few victories over the Syrian armies he began to dream +of a free Jewish state. He died in the beginning of the war, but was +succeeded by his greater son, Judas Maccabeus.[L] + +2.) _Judas Maccabeus_ gained a greater success than had been dreamed at +the beginning of the revolt. Within four years the Jews recaptured +Jerusalem and reconsecrated the temple. (The anniversary of this event +was ever after celebrated in the Feast of Dedication, John 10. 22.) +Judas ranks in history as one of the noblest of the Jewish heroes, and +deserves a place beside Joshua, Gideon, and Samuel as a liberator and +reformer. + +3.) _The Maccabean dynasty._ Judas refused the title of king, but his +family established a line of rulers who by degrees assumed a royal +state, and finally the royal title. In the year 143 B. C. Jewish liberty +was formally recognized, and the Maccabean princes ruled for a time over +an independent state. Between 130 and 110 B. C. Edom, Samaria, and +Galilee were added to Judea. The latter province had been known as +"Galilee of the Gentiles" (Isa. 9. 1); but by degrees the foreigners +withdrew, and the province was occupied by Jews who were as devoted and +loyal as those of Jerusalem. + +[Illustration: ROMAN EMPIRE] + +4.) _The rise of the sects._ About B. C. 100 the two sects, or schools +of thought, the Pharisees and Sadducees, began to appear, though their +principles had long been working. The Pharisees ("separatists") sought +for absolute separation from the Gentile world and a strict construction +of the law of Moses, while the Sadducees ("moralists") were liberal in +their their theories and in their lives. + +4. =The Roman period.= (B. C. 40-A. D. 70.) It is not easy to name a +date for the beginning of the Roman supremacy in Palestine. It began in +B. C. 63, when Pompey the Great (afterward the antagonist of Julius +Caesar) was asked to intervene between two claimants for the Jewish +throne, Hyrcanus and Aristobulus. Pompey decided for Hyrcanus, and aided +him by a Roman army. In his interest he besieged and took Jerusalem, and +then placed Hyrcanus in power, but without the title of king. From this +time the Romans were practically, though not nominally, in control of +affairs. + +1.) _Herod the Great._ We assign as the date of the Roman rule 40 B. C., +when Herod (son of Antipater, an Edomite, who had been the general of +Hyrcanus) received the title of king from the Roman Senate. From this +time Palestine was regarded as a part of the Roman Empire. Herod was the +ablest man of his age, and one of the most unscrupulous. He ruled over +all Palestine, Idumea (ancient Edom), and the lands south of Damascus. + +[Illustration: PALESTINE IN THE TIME OF CHRIST] + +2.) _Herod's temple._ Herod was thoroughly hated by the Jews, less for +his character than for his foreign birth. To gain their favor he began +rebuilding the temple upon a magnificent scale. It was not completed +until long after his death, which took place at Jericho about the time +when Jesus Christ, the true King of the Jews, was born (Matt. 2. 1, 2). + +3.) _The tetrarchies._ By Herod's will his dominions were divided into +four tetrarchies ("quarter-rulings," a title for a fourth part of a +kingdom). Three of these were in Palestine--Archelaus receiving Judea, +Idumea, and Samaria; Antipas (the Herod of Luke 4. 19, 20; 23. 7-11) +receiving Galilee and Perea; and Philip (Luke 3. 1) having the district +of Bashan. About A. D. 6 Archelaus was deposed, and a Roman, Coponius, +was appointed the first Procurator of Judea, which was made a part of +the prefecture of Syria. The rest of Jewish annals belongs properly to +the New Testament history. + +II. Through these periods we notice the gradual =PREPARATION FOR THE +GOSPEL=, which was steadily advancing. + +1. =There was a political preparation.= Six centuries before Christ the +world around the Mediterranean was divided into states, whose normal +condition was war. At no time was peace prevalent over all the world at +once. If Christ had come at that time it would have been impossible to +establish the Gospel except through war and conquest. But kingdoms were +absorbed into empires, empires rose and fell by turns, each with a +larger conception of the nation than its predecessor. From the crude +combination of undigested states in the Assyrian Empire to the orderly, +assimilated, systematic condition of the Roman world was a great +advance. Christ appeared at the only point in the world's history when +the great nations of the world were under one government, with a system +of roads such that a traveler could pass from Mesopotamia to Spain and +could sail the Mediterranean Sea in perfect safety. + +2. =There was a preparation of language.= The conquests of Alexander, +though accomplished in ten years, left a deeper impress upon the world +than any other two centuries of history. They gave to the whole of that +world one language, the noblest tongue ever spoken by human lips, "a +language fit for the gods," as men said. Through Alexander Greek cities +were founded every-where in the East, Greek kingdoms were established, +the Greek literature and the Greek civilization covered all the lands. +That was the language in which Paul preached the Gospel, and in which +the New Testament was written--the only language of the ancient world in +which the thoughts of the Gospel could be readily expressed. While each +land had its own tongue, the Greek tongue was common in all lands. + +3. While these preparations were going on there was another in progress +at the same time, =the preparation of a race=. We might point to the +history of the Israelites from the migration of Abraham as a training; +but we refer now to their special preparation for their mission after +the restoration, B. C. 536. There was a divine purpose in the division +of Judaism into two streams; one a little fountain in Palestine, the +other a river dispersed over all the lands. Each branch had its part in +the divine plan. One was to concentrate its energies upon the divine +religion, to study the sacred books, to maintain a chosen people, whose +bigotry, narrowness, and intolerance kept them from destruction; the +other branch was out in the world, where every Jewish synagogue in a +heathen city kept alive the knowledge of God, and disseminated that +knowledge, drawing around it the thoughtful, spiritual minds who were +looking for something better than heathenism. Palestine gave the Gospel, +but the Jews of the dispersion carried it to the Gentiles, and each +synagogue in the foreign world became the nucleus of a Christian Church, +where for the first time Jew and Gentile met as equals. + +4. Finally, there was the =preparation of a religion=. The Gospel of +Christ was not a new religion; it was the new development of an old +religion. As we study the Old Testament we see that each epoch stands +upon a higher religious plane. There is an enlargement of spiritual +vision between Abraham and Moses; between Moses and David; between David +and Isaiah; between Isaiah and John the Baptist. Pharisee and Sadducee +each held a share of the truth which embraced the best thought of both +sects. The work of many scribes prepared the way for the coming of the +Lord, and just when revelation was brought up to the highest level, when +a race was trained to apprehend and proclaim it, when a language had +been created and diffused to express it, when the world was united in +one great brotherhood of states, ready to receive it--then, in the +fullness of times, the Christ was manifested, who is over all, God +blessed forever. + + +Blackboard Outline. + + =I. Four Per.= 1. Per. per. 1.) Sec. tem. 2.) Q. Es. del. 3.) Ez. + ref. 4.) Sep. Sam. 5.) Com. O. T. can. + 2. Gk. per. 1.) Rei. Alex. 2.) Eg. sup. 3.) Syr. sup. + 3. Macc. per. 1.) Rev. Mat. 2.) Jud. Macc. 3.) Macc. dyn. 4.) Ri. + sec. + 4. Rom. per. 1.) Her. Cr. 2.) Her. tem. 3.) Tetr. + + =II. Prep. Gosp.= 1. Pol. prep. 2. Prep. lan. 3. Prep. rac. 4. Prep. + rel. + + +QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. + + With what history is that of the Jews interwoven during this period? + What was the political condition of the Jews at this time? + What are the four periods of this history? + Who were the rulers of the Jews during the first period? + What building was erected after the return from captivity? + What great deliverance was effected by a woman? + What great reforms were effected by a scribe? + What title has been given to him? + What were the events connected with the separation of the Samaritans? + Who were the prophets of the restoration? + By whom was the Old Testament canon arranged? + What brought on the Greek period? + What events of Jewish history were connected with Alexander the Great? + Under what people did the Jews fall afterward? + What were the events of the Egyptian rule? + What is the Septuagint? + How was its translation regarded by the Jews of Palestine? + In what kingdom, after Egypt, did Judea fall? + How was it governed by its new masters? + Who instituted a great persecution? + What was the effect of this persecution? + Who led the Jews in revolt? + What great hero arose at this time? + What line of rulers arose in his family? + What was the growth of the Jewish state at this time? + What sects of the Jews arose? + How did Judea fall under the Roman power? + Whom did the Romans establish as king? + What were his dominions? + What building did he erect? + How was his kingdom divided after his death? + What finally became of Judea? + + +Subjects for Special Papers. + + CYRUS THE EMANCIPATOR. + THE CONQUESTS OF ALEXANDER. + JUDAS MACCABEUS. + THE JEWISH SECTS. + HEROD THE GREAT. + THE JEWS OF THE DISPERSION. + +FOOTNOTE: + +[L] The origin of this title is obscure. Some regard it as meaning "the +hammer," like a similar name in the Middle Ages, Charles Martel. Others +say that it was a part of the Hebrew inscription on the banner of Judas, +"Micamo Ka Baalim Jehovah," "Who is like unto thee among the gods, O +Jehovah?" Still others that it was made up as a sort of charm from the +last letters of the words Abraham, Isaac, Jacob. The Maccabean princes +were also called Asmoneans. + + + + + THE + Ten Minute Series OF + Supplemental Lessons + --FOR-- + The Sunday School, + --BY-- + LORANUS E. HITCHCOCK. + +[Illustration: T]HE necessity of some instruction in the Bible, in order +to supply the deficiencies which are unavoidable to any system of +uniform lessons, is realized in every Sunday school. The International +Lessons can only give detached portions of Scripture, and a supplemental +lesson must be added to impart a general knowledge of the book as a +whole. + +The full course of study includes five series of lessons, adapted to be +used in any denomination. + +[Illustration] + + =I. The Life of Jesus.= + =II. Studies about the Bible.= + =III. Bible Geography.= + =IV. Bible History.= + =V. History of the Christian Church.= + +Two additional series of special interest to the Methodist Episcopal +Church have been prepared, namely: + + =VI. History of the Methodist Episcopal Church.= + =VII. Government of the Methodist Episcopal Church.= + +These lessons are arranged for use as graded studies for scholars ten +years of age and upward. + +Each series contains thirty-six lessons, which can easily be learned in +the course of a year, even if the study be suspended during the summer +months. + + =Sample Set, 7 numbers, 35 cents.= + =Price of each, per dozen, 50 cents; by mail, 60 cents.= + + _New York: Hunt & Eaton._ _Cincinnati: Cranston & Curts._ + + + + +BOOKS BY REV. JESSE L. HURLBUT, D.D. + + =Life of Christ.= Chautauqua Text-book, No. 38 $0 10 + + =Illustrative Notes on the Sunday-School Lesson.= Published + yearly. With maps and blackboard lessons. Size, 8vo, + bound in cloth 1 25 + + =Revised Normal Lessons.= Paper, 25 cents. Cloth, flexible 40 + + =Scripture Selections for Daily Bible Headings.= A Portion + of the Bible for Every Day. Crown 8vo. Cloth. Gilt top, + $1.50. Flexible leather, gilt edges 2 50 + + =Studies in the Four Gospels.= Paper, 25 cents. Cloth, + flexible 40 + + =Supplemental Lessons for the Sunday-school.= Paper, 25 + cents. Cloth, flexible 40 + + =The Manual of Biblical Geography.= A text-book of Bible + History for the use of Students and Teachers, containing + maps, plans, review charts, and colored diagrams. + Illustrated leatherette. 4to 2 50 + + + + +TRACTS FOR BIBLE STUDY. + + +BIBLE LESSON LEAFLETS. + + First Series. Seven numbers. The Books of the + Bible, Bible History, and The Holy Land. Per set, + post-paid 03 + + Second Series. Eight numbers. Old Testament + Characters. Per set, postpaid 04 + + Third Series. Seven numbers. Life of the Apostle + Paul. Per set, postpaid 03 + + +PALESTINE CLASS. + +By Bishop J. H. Vincent. + +No. 1. Pilgrim Grade. No. 2. Resident Grade. No. 3. Explorer Grade. No. +4. Jerusalem Grade. + + _Each, 2 cents. The four numbers for 6 cents._ + + +YOUNG TRAVELERS' CLASS. + +BY MRS. M. G. KENNEDY. + +No. 1. The Journey. No. 2. Land and Kingdom. No. 3. By Hills and Waters. +No. 4. Guided Through the Land. No. 5. In the City. No. 6. Young +Travelers by the Sea-side. No. 7. Footsteps in the Holy Land. + + _Each, 2 cents. The seven numbers for 10 cents._ + + +YOUNG FOLKS' WALKS AND TALKS WITH JESUS. + +BY MRS. M. G. KENNEDY. + +1. Introductory, the Bible. 2. The Child and the Man. 3. The Chosen +Twelve. 4. The Spreading Gospel Light. 5. Teaching by Parables. 6. A +Little Talk with Jesus. 7. The Last Week. 8. Resurrection and Ascension. + + _Each, 2 cents. The eight numbers for 10 cents._ + + + NEW YORK: HUNT & EATON. + CINCINNATI: CRANSTON & CURTS. + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's Notes: + +Obvious punctuation errors have been repaired. + +The table of contents did not exactly match the numeration of the pages. +It stated that the Preface began on page 5 when in actuality it began on +page 7. The Chronological Table was shown to be on page 9 but that is +the middle of the preface. It is actually located on page 6. In the HTML +version, the links will take the reader to the actual place indexed +instead of the page written. + +The rest of the table of contents appears accurate. + +The first four lessons have the questions for review in a list format. +Beginning with lesson five this changes to paragraphs. + +Text uses both post-paid and postpaid. + +Page 46, "hinderances" changed to "hindrances" (spite of their +hindrances) + +Page 51, repeated word "of" deleted. Original read (by the authority of +of God) + +Page 77, "seige" changed to "siege" (from the siege of Jerusalem) + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Studies in Old Testament History, by +Jesse L. 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