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diff --git a/36417-h/36417-h.htm b/36417-h/36417-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dfbeccc --- /dev/null +++ b/36417-h/36417-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,12236 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content= + "text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> + + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Pictorial Press by Mason Jackson. + </title> + + <style type="text/css"> + + body { margin-left: 12%; margin-right: 12%; text-align: justify; } + p { margin-top: .75em; margin-bottom: .75em; text-indent: 1em; line-height: 1.4em;} + p.c { margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; text-indent: 1em; padding-left: 1em; line-height: 1.4em;} + p.noind { margin-top: .75em; margin-bottom: .75em; text-indent: 0; } + p.mind { margin-top: .75em; margin-bottom: .75em; text-indent: -1em;; } + + h2,h3,h4 { text-align: center; } + hr { margin-left: auto; 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padding-bottom: 1em;} + td.prl {padding-left: 10%; padding-right: 7em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Pictorial Press, by Mason Jackson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Pictorial Press + Its Origin and Progress + +Author: Mason Jackson + +Release Date: June 13, 2011 [EBook #36417] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PICTORIAL PRESS *** + + + + +Produced by Marius Masi, Chris Curnow and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<p class="pt2"> </p> + +<p class="center f200">THE PICTORIAL PRESS.</p> + +<p class="pt2"> </p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:830px; height:509px" src="images/img005.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">HEADING OF ‘THE JACOBITE’S JOURNAL,’ 1747.<br /> +(<i>Supposed to be Drawn by Hogarth.</i>)<br /> +<span class="rgt">(<i>See page 197.</i>)</span></td></tr></table> + +<p class="pt2"> </p> + +<div style="border: 7px double; border-color: #c11B17;"> +<p class="center f120 pt1">THE</p> +<p class="center ptb1 sc" style="color: #c11B17; font-size: 250%;">PICTORIAL PRESS</p> +<p class="center f120">ITS ORIGIN AND PROGRESS.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:500px; height:491px" src="images/img006.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr></table> + +<p class="pt2 f80 center">BY</p> + +<p class="center ptb1 sc" style="color: #c11B17; font-size: 120%;">MASON JACKSON.</p> + +<p class="fo f90 center">With One Hundred and Fifty Illustrations.</p> + +<p class="center pt1">LONDON:</p> +<p class="center sc" style="color: #c11B17; font-size: 110%;">HURST AND BLACKETT. PUBLISHERS.</p> + +<p class="f90 center">13 GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET.<br /> +1885.</p> +<p class="pt1"> </p> +</div> + +<p class="pt2"> </p> + +<p class="f80 center"><i>All Rights reserved.</i></p> + +<hr class="art" /> +<p class="chap2 center">NOTE.</p> + +<p><span class="sc">Some</span> of the chapters of this book in a condensed form were +published a few years ago in the <i>Illustrated London News</i>, and my +acknowledgments are due to the proprietors of that journal for +permission to reprint such of the woodcuts as accompanied the +text in that form. I have also to thank them for their courtesy +in allowing me to use several other engravings from the <i>Illustrated +London News</i>, including some from the early numbers, which must +now be reckoned among the curiosities of the Pictorial Press.</p> + +<p class="rgt">M. J.</p> + +<hr class="art" /> +<p class="chap2 center">CONTENTS.</p> + +<table class="pic" width="90%" summary="Contents"> +<tr><td class="tcr f80" colspan="2">PAGE</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tcl">CHAPTER I.</td> <td class="tcr"><a href="#page1">1</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tcl" colspan="2"><p>The Pictorial Taste Universal—The Early ‘News-books’—Development +of the Newspaper Press—General use of Newspapers—Establishment +of Illustrated Journals—Wandering +Ballad-Singers the First Newsvendors—The <i>English Mercurie</i> +of 1588—The Abolition of the Star Chamber and its Effect +on the Press.</p></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tcl">CHAPTER II.</td> <td class="tcr"><a href="#page8">8</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tcl" colspan="2"><p>Illustrated Broadsides—Sir Francis Drake’s Operations +against the Spaniards—Papers of News in the Reign of +James I.—The first Periodical Newspaper published in +England—Illustrated Tracts relating to Storms and Floods—Remarkable +Murders favourite subjects with the early Newswriters—Murder +of the Rev. Mr. Storre—Murder in +Cornwall—Apparition of Three Skeletons—Visions in the +Air—Attempt on the Life of the Duke of Buckingham—Fall +of Meteors at Bawlkin Green, Berkshire—The <i>Swedish +Intelligencer</i>—Passage of the River Leck by Gustavus +Adolphus—The Sallee Rovers—The <i>Weekly News</i> of 1638, +an Illustrated Paper—The Irish Rebellion of 1641—The +Plague in London—Murder on board an English Ship—The +Earl of Strafford—His Execution on Tower Hill—Archbishop +Laud—A Burlesque Play about him—Attack by the +Mob on Lambeth Palace—Caricature of the Devil offering +Laud a Cardinal’s Hat.</p></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tcl">CHAPTER III.</td> <td class="tcr"><a href="#page63">63</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tcl" colspan="2"><p>Ben Jonson’s Ridicule of the Early Newspapers—Fondness +of the Old News-Writers for the Marvellous—The +Smithfield Ghost—The Wonderful Whale—The Newbury +Witch—Satirical Tracts and Caricatures at the Commencement +of the Civil War—Religion Tossed in a Blanket—Caricatures +of the Pope and the Bishops—Pluralists and Patentees—Taylor, +the Water Poet—<i>Mercurius Aulicus</i>—Activity +of the Pamphleteers—Welshmen Satirised—Satires on +Prince Rupert—On the King and Queen—The Ladies’ Parliament—Illustrated +Tracts relating to Social and Political +Subjects—Sir Kenelm Digby’s Duel—The King entertained by +the City of London, 1641—Executions in 1641—The Liquor +Traffic and Sunday Closing in 1641—Abuses of the Ecclesiastical +Courts—Ritualism and Nunneries in 1641—Truths +enforced by Lieing—Stage Players and the Plague in 1641—Bartholomew +Fair in 1641—Destruction of Charing Cross and +Cheapside Cross—Strange Apparition—Method of enforcing +their Views adopted by the Puritan Pamphleteers—Parodies +of Roundhead Sermons—Matthew Hopkins the Witch-finder—The +<i>Welsh Post</i> of 1643—William Lilly the Astrologer—Three +Suns seen in London on the King’s Birthday.</p></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tcl">CHAPTER IV.</td> <td class="tcr"><a href="#page108">108</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tcl" colspan="2"><p>The Civil War—Flying Sheets of News—Disturbance at +Kingston-on-Thames—Plot against London—Riotous Proceedings +at York, and Conspiracy in Edinburgh—The House +of Commons—The Royal Standard raised at Nottingham—Battle +of Edgehill—Prince Rupert—The Lord Mayor of +London—<i>Mercurius Civicus</i>—The <i>Scottish Dove</i>—The <i>Flying +Post</i>—The <i>Kingdomes Weekly Post</i>—Cruelties of the Cavaliers—The +‘Levellers’—The King’s Escape from Oxford—Funeral +of the Earl of Essex—The Great Seal Broken—Fairfax—Cromwell—Sea +Fight in the Channel—The Prince of Wales’s +Squadron—Mutiny at Norwich—Siege of Colchester—Execution +of Sir Charles Lucas—The King at Carisbrooke Castle—Execution +of the King—Confession of Richard Brandon.</p></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tcl">CHAPTER V.</td> <td class="tcr"><a href="#page153">153</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tcl" colspan="2"><p>Decrease of Newspapers after the Civil War—<i>Mercurius +Democritus</i>—The <i>Faithful Post</i>—The <i>Politique Post</i>—Broadsides +for the People—The Hollow Tree at Hampstead—Prodigious +Monster taken in Spain—The Restoration—Trial +of the Regicides—Execution of the Regicides—Licenser of +the Press appointed—Popular Taste for the Supernatural—Apparition +in the Air in Holland—Revival of <i>Mercurius +Civicus</i>—Murder of Archbishop Sharpe—The <i>Loyal Protestant</i>—Frost +Fair on the Thames—Monmouth’s Rebellion—The +Bloody Assizes—Funeral of Queen Mary, Consort of +William III.—Increase of Newspapers after the Revolution.</p></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tcl">CHAPTER VI.</td> <td class="tcr"><a href="#page180">180</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tcl" colspan="2"><p>Constant Attempts at Illustrated News—Increase of +Caricatures—The <i>Postman</i>, 1704—Fiery Apparition in the +Air, seen in London—Caricature against the Jacobites—The +South-Sea Bubble—Eclipse of the Sun, 1724—The <i>Grub +Street Journal</i> an Illustrated Paper—The <i>Daily Post</i>—Admiral +Vernon’s Attack on Porto Bello—The <i>Penny London +Post</i>—Henry Fielding and the <i>Jacobite’s Journal</i>—<i>Owen’s +Weekly Chronicle</i>—<i>Lloyd’s Evening Post</i>, and the Trial of +Lord Byron for the Murder of Mr. Chaworth—The <i>St. +James’s Chronicle</i>—Illustrated Account of a Strange Wild +Beast seen in France—The <i>Gentleman’s Journal</i> of Anthony +Motteux—The <i>Gentleman’s Magazine</i> of Edward Cave—The +<i>London Magazine</i>—The <i>Scot’s Magazine</i>.</p></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tcl">CHAPTER VII.</td> <td class="tcr"><a href="#page219">219</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tcl" colspan="2"><p>Revival of Wood-engraving by Thomas Bewick—The +<i>Observer</i> started, 1791—The <i>Times</i> an Illustrated Paper—Illustrations +of News in the <i>Observer</i>—St. Helena and +Napoleon Bonaparte—Abraham Thornton and the ‘Assize +of Battle’—Mr. William Clement and Illustrated Journalism—The +Cato Street Conspiracy—Trial of Queen Caroline—The +House of Commons in 1821—Coronation of George IV.—Royal +Visits to Ireland and Scotland—Murder of Mr. +Weare—Illustrations of the Murder in the <i>Morning Chronicle</i>, +the <i>Observer</i>, and the <i>Englishman</i>—<i>Bell’s Life in London</i>—Prize-Fight +at Warwick—Liston as ‘Paul Pry’—‘Gallery +of Comicalities,’ &c.—<i>Pierce Egan’s Life in London</i>—Death +of the Duke of York—Death of Mr. Canning—Opening of +Hammersmith Bridge, 1827—Mr. Gurney’s Steam Coach—The +Thames Tunnel—The Murder in the Red Barn—The +Siamese Twins—Death of George IV.—Opening of New +London Bridge, 1831—Coronation of William IV. and Queen +Adelaide—Fieschi’s Infernal Machine—Funeral of William +IV.—Queen Victoria’s First Visit to the City—Coronation +and Marriage of the Queen—Christening of the Prince of +Wales—The <i>Weekly Chronicle</i>—The Greenacre Murder—Mr. +Cocking and his Parachute—The Courtney Riots at +Canterbury—Burning of the Tower of London, 1841—The +<i>Sunday Times</i>—Burning of the Houses of Parliament, 1834—The +<i>Champion</i>—The <i>Weekly Herald</i>—The <i>Magnet</i>—Removing +the Body of Napoleon I.—The <i>Penny Magazine</i>—Charles +Knight—Humorous Journalism of the Victorian +Era.</p></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tcl">CHAPTER VIII.</td> <td class="tcr"><a href="#page284">284</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tcl" colspan="2"><p>The <i>Illustrated London News</i>—The Early Numbers—The +Burning of Hamburg—Facetious Advertisements—Bal Masque +at Buckingham Palace—Attempted Assassination of the +Queen—The Queen’s First Trip by Railway—First Royal +Visit to Scotland—Political Portraits—R. Cobden—Lord +John Russell—Benjamin Disraeli—The French Revolution, +1848—The Great Exhibition, 1851—The Crimean War—Coloured +Pictures—Christmas Numbers—Herbert Ingram—The +<i>Pictorial Times</i>—Other Illustrated Journals.</p></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tcl">CHAPTER IX.</td> <td class="tcr"><a href="#page315">315</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tcl" colspan="2"><p>How an Illustrated Newspaper is +Produced—Wood-Engraving—Boxwood—Blocks +for Illustrated Newspapers—Rapid +Sketching—Drawing on the Block—Method of Dividing +the Block for Engraving—Electrotyping—Development of the +Printing Machine—Printing Woodcuts—Machinery for Folding +Newspapers—Special Artists—Their Dangers and Difficulties—Their +Adventures in War and Peace.</p></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tcl">CHAPTER X.</td> <td class="tcr"><a href="#page355">355</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tcl" colspan="2"><p>Artists who have assisted in founding the Pictorial Press—Sir +John Gilbert, R.A., G. H. Thomas, and others—Wood-Engraving +and its Connexion with the Pictorial Press—Other +Methods of producing Illustrations—Wood-Engraving in +England before and after Bewick’s time—Its wide Diffusion +owing to the kindred Art of Printing—The resources of the +Art developed by Pictorial Newspapers—Conclusion. Newspapers +a Necessity of Civilised Life—The <i>Acta Diurna</i> of +the Romans—Early Newspapers in Venice, Germany, and +the Low Countries—List of Illustrated Newspapers published +Abroad.</p></td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="center art1"><img style="width:150px; height:35px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img001.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page1" id="page1"></a>1</span></p> + +<p class="ptb1 center f150">THE PICTORIAL PRESS:<br /> +ITS ORIGIN AND PROGRESS.</p> + +<p class="chap2 center">CHAPTER I.</p> + +<div class="condensed"> +<p class="mind">The Pictorial Taste Universal—The Early ‘News-books’—Development +of the Newspaper Press—General use of Newspapers—Establishment +of Illustrated Journals—Wandering Ballad Singers the First Newsvendors—The +<i>English Mercurie</i> of 1588—The Abolition of the Star +Chamber and its Effect on the Press.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="sc chap1">The</span> inherent love of pictorial representation in all races +of men and in every age is manifest by the frequent +attempts made to depict natural objects, under the most +unfavourable circumstances and with the slenderest means. +The rude drawing scratched on the smooth bone of an +animal by the cave-dweller of pre-historic times, the painted +rocks of the Mexican forests, and the cave-paintings of the +Bushmen, are all evidences of this deeply-rooted passion. +The child of civilised life looks with delight on his picture-book +long before he can make out the letters of the alphabet, +and the untutored Esquimaux treasures up the stray number +of an illustrated newspaper left in his hut by the crew of +some whaling ship, though he cannot understand one word +of the printed page. But the pictures speak a universal +language, which requires no teaching to comprehend.</p> + +<p>When the printing-press came into use this love of +pictures had a wide field for development. Some of the first +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page2" id="page2"></a>2</span> +books printed in England were illustrated with woodcuts, +and many of the tracts, or ‘News-books,’ which preceded +regular newspapers, were adorned with rude engravings. It +mattered not how graphic was the pen, its work was deemed +incomplete without the aid of the pencil. It often happened +that the pen was none the better for the fellowship, but the +public taste was not fastidious, and the work sufficed for the +occasion. In tracing the origin and progress of pictorial +journalism we shall find in ‘the abstracts and brief chronicles +of the time’ many curious illustrations of contemporary +history. The subject is not without interest now that the +illustrated newspaper has become a prominent feature in the +journalism of every country.</p> + +<p>The development of the newspaper press and its unrestricted +use as the exponent of public opinion is one of the +most interesting signs of modern progress. When we consider +the liberty of thought and action that prevails in our +own day, it is difficult to believe that our forefathers were +liable to the pillory and other degrading punishments when +they ventured to publish their opinions without first obtaining +the sanction of the ruling powers. We are accustomed to +the daily exercise of the right which cost Prynne his ears +and brought fines and imprisonment on Defoe. Newspapers +have become almost as necessary to our daily life as bread +itself. The mind demands its breakfast as well as the body; +and to many a busy man the loss of his morning paper +would be as great a deprivation as the want of his usual +matutinal meal.</p> + +<p>In London, and in all our great centres of population, the +newspaper has become the unfailing accompaniment of the +City man’s journey to business. At the railway stations +journals of every kind tempt the loitering passenger, while +the illustrated papers appeal to him in a language of their +own. Whether in the railway carriage, the omnibus, or the +steam-boat, the newspaper is eagerly conned, and its contents +form the food of conversation. Most of these newspapers +are cast aside at the end of the twenty minutes’ or half hour’s +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page3" id="page3"></a>3</span> +journey; and then, at second hand, they amuse the leisure +moments of the railway porter, or, better still, they are +collected together, and perhaps serve to solace the sick poor +during many lingering hours in hospitals and refuges. Day +by day the demand is made, and the supply is ready. The +printing-machine never sleeps and is never tired. Its voice +is one of the voices of the night—most unmusical, yet with a +mysterious meaning. The daily newspaper, so potent in +diffusing the light of knowledge, is itself the offspring of +darkness. The busy brains and active fingers which create +it turn night into day in the execution of their quickly +recurring tasks, and with unflagging energy they labour on, +that the slumbering world may be properly amused and +instructed when it wakes.</p> + +<p>The intelligent foreigner who happens to reach our +southern coast on a Monday morning in summer or autumn, +and travels to London by one of the early trains, is astonished, +when the train stops, to see most of the gentlemen +rush from the carriages and surround a small boy, whom +they appear to hustle and threaten with violent gesticulations. +The boy appears to buy off the hostility of his assailants by +dealing out to each a paper, which he takes from a large +bundle under his arm, and with which the appeased passenger +returns to his carriage. Cries of ‘<i>Times!</i> <i>Daily News!</i> +<i>Telegraph!</i> <i>Standard!</i>—Here, give us one—anything!’ reach +the ears of the wondering stranger, who beholds the boy at +length take refuge in an empty railway carriage on the +opposite side of the platform, and from that place of vantage +he continues to deal out the mysterious papers. After a +time the intelligent foreigner learns that these are the +London papers of that morning, which are sent out to meet +the trains, and are eagerly bought by the gentlemen who +have been spending from Saturday to Monday at the seaside, +and, having fasted from all newspapers during that time, +they are now of course famishing for news. Such is their +eagerness that politics are thrown to the winds. The Conservative +will put up with a Liberal newspaper rather than +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page4" id="page4"></a>4</span> +have none at all; and he whose ill luck or inertness has left +him without the coveted sheet is glad to borrow of his neighbour, +that he may not be walking in the darkness of ignorance +when he arrives at his place of business. As the train moves +off, the intelligent foreigner, if he thrusts his head out of the +carriage window, may behold in the distance the newsboy +pensively counting his gains and endeavouring to make his +receipts tally with the number of papers that have vanished.</p> + +<p>One of the most remarkable phases of newspaper history +has been the establishment of illustrated journals. Though +this idea, in an immature form, is as old as the newspaper +itself, yet it was never fully developed till the late Mr. +Herbert Ingram brought out the <i>Illustrated London News</i> in +1842. Since that time the removal of the newspaper stamp +and the repeal of the paper duty have imparted a freedom +and a vigour to newspaper enterprise previously unknown. +Journals of all kinds have sprung into existence, and cheapness +has become the rule. Penny and even halfpenny papers +compete with the leading journals in activity and enterprise. +No expense is spared in obtaining the earliest and most +authentic intelligence. Correspondents are sent to every +part of the world where any information is to be gleaned, +and the presence of the newspaper ‘Special’ is now expected +at every great event. Each class has its organ, and ‘he who +runs may read.’</p> + +<p>When we consider the immense amount of printed matter +that is published every day by the newspapers, we cannot but +wonder at the public appetite. And this appetite is fed from +one year to another upon a diet that is only varied when +there occurs a war, a revolution, an unusually disastrous +shipwreck, or a murder of uncommon atrocity. Then the +monotony of ordinary life gives place to the temporary excitement. +There is a run upon the newspapers, which are as +susceptible as barometers, and rise or fall according to the +state of public feeling. The calamities of nations and the +misfortunes of individuals are sources of profit and prosperity +to the newspaper.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page5" id="page5"></a>5</span></p> + +<p>It was a happy idea to gather together the principal +events of the week, to illustrate them with authentic pictures, +and place them before the public in the form of a pictorial +newspaper. Considering the great cost of production, and +the restrictions under which newspapers lay at that time, to +say nothing of the difficulty of bringing out news with appropriate +illustrations, so that both should be fresh, the +<i>Illustrated London News</i> was a bold undertaking. Like most +things that are successful, it soon had many imitators, and +there are now few large cities in the civilised world that have +not their illustrated newspapers.</p> + +<p>But the full development of illustrated journalism was +immediately preceded by many significant symptoms. Several +of the then existing newspapers, on the occurrence of any +unusual or interesting event, introduced into their pages +rough woodcut illustrations. A great fire—a remarkable +murder—a fatal balloon ascent—these were the subjects +seized upon at the moment to satisfy the public craving for +illustrated news. All this seems to have been the working of +an impulse or instinct which existed even before the days of +newspapers; for, as I shall presently show, attempts were +made to illustrate the news of the hour in tracts or ‘News-books’ +before the beginning of regular newspapers in England. +The idea of illustrated journalism may be traced from +the earliest years of the seventeenth century to 1842, the +date of the first number of the <i>Illustrated London News</i>. The +art of wood-engraving had fallen very low in the seventeenth +century, and the illustrations to be found in early newspapers +are mostly of a very rude description; but they show the +existence of a germ which eventually grew into full and +flourishing life.</p> + +<p>The English newspaper, like many other great inventions, +was a thing of gradual growth. The news that was sung or +recited by wandering ballad-singers at the village cross, or in +the court-yard of the squire’s mansion, and the written newsletter +furnished to the wealthy aristocracy, were the precursors +of the early news-books and the periodical sheets of news. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page6" id="page6"></a>6</span> +As the art of printing extended, many of the productions of +the press assumed the character of news to attract readers. +Sermons, satires, and travels, were all put forward under the +name of <i>news</i>, and sometimes a single grain of truth was +deemed sufficient to leaven a whole bushel of fiction. Most +of these publications were small tracts, and published at +irregular intervals. Some of them were adorned with engravings +on the title-pages, which show that even at this early +period the authors or printers of these papers were imbued +with the pictorial spirit. The idea of illustrating current +events had already taken root, and we find examples of it +long before the establishment of regular newspapers.</p> + +<p>The earliest form of the newspaper is known to have +come into existence during times of war and tumult, and it +was for a long time believed that the first English newspaper +was brought forth under similar circumstances. But when +the <i>English Mercurie</i> of 1588 was proved to be a forgery, the +enthusiast in newspaper history received a heavy blow and +sad discouragement. It seemed so highly probable, when +this country was threatened with the descent of the Spanish +Armada, that something like a newspaper might have sprung +into existence, that people were only too ready to adopt the +imposture. When the whole nation was greatly excited and +anxious to learn something about the reality of their danger, +nothing was more natural than for the sagacious minister of +Queen Elizabeth to appeal to the people through the printing-press, +and by its means endeavour to calm the public mind +by circulating printed sheets of intelligence, ‘for the contradiction +of false reports.’ But we were compelled to admit +that Lord Burleigh had missed his opportunity, and neglected +to use the most powerful means for exciting the +patriotism or allaying the fears of his countrymen. The +author of this remarkable imposition showed great skill and +acuteness in constructing his false newspaper, and fixing the +date of its supposed publication. The forgery has been attributed +to Lord Hardwick; but what were his motives it is +difficult to understand. Unlike Chatterton and Ireland, he +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page7" id="page7"></a>7</span> +never brought his imposture before the world, and if he +intended it merely for an antiquarian <i>jeu-d’esprit</i> he had the +enjoyment of the joke entirely to himself.</p> + +<p>The abolition of the Star Chamber, in 1641, was an important +event for the press of this country. The so-called +newspapers then began to print English news and discuss +home affairs, no longer dreading the fines, imprisonments, +and mutilations, that had been so liberally dispensed by that +obnoxious tribunal. There was not, however, any considerable +increase in the number of newspapers till the Civil War +reached its height. During that remarkable contest many +hundreds of tracts and newspapers were published, some +of them numbered consecutively and published at regular +intervals; but the great majority bore no continuous title, +and treated of one subject only. During the reigns of +Charles II. and James II. the press was more or less under a +censorship, from which it was not emancipated till the +seventh year of William III. Lord Macaulay dates the +commencement of English newspapers from this period, +when a great many new journals made their appearance. +They included political news amongst their contents; and +they more nearly resembled in character, but not in appearance, +what we now understand by a newspaper than anything +that had preceded them. This press revival was not accompanied +by any corresponding activity in the direction of +pictorial illustration. Art of every kind was in a low condition +in England at this time. Even if the art of popular +illustration had been better understood, the means of production +were exceedingly limited. Newspapers multiplied +greatly, but illustrated journalism had to struggle with difficulties, +and its existence was only made known by the +occasional appearance of a rough woodcut or an indifferent +copper-plate.</p> + +<div class="center art1"><img style="width:150px; height:35px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img001.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page8" id="page8"></a>8</span></p> + +<p class="chap2 center">CHAPTER II.</p> + +<div class="condensed"> +<p class="mind">Illustrated Broadsides—Sir Francis Drake’s Operations against the +Spaniards—Papers of News in the Reign of James I.—The first +Periodical Newspaper published in England—Illustrated Tracts relating +to Storms and Floods—Remarkable Murders favourite subjects +with the early Newswriters—Murder of the Rev. Mr. Storre—Murder +in Cornwall—Apparition of Three Skeletons—Visions in the +Air—Attempt on the Life of the Duke of Buckingham—Fall of +Meteors at Bawlkin Green, Berkshire—The <i>Swedish Intelligencer</i>—Passage +of the River Leck by Gustavus Adolphus—The Sallee +Rovers—The <i>Weekly News</i> of 1638, an Illustrated Paper—The +Irish Rebellion of 1641—The Plague in London—Murder on board +an English Ship—The Earl of Strafford—His Execution on Tower +Hill—Archbishop Laud—A Burlesque Play about him—Attack by +the Mob on Lambeth Palace—Caricature of the Devil offering Laud +a Cardinal’s Hat.</p> +</div> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:533px" src="images/img022.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE VALIANT EXPLOITS OF SIR FRANCIS DRAKE, 1587.</td></tr></table> + +<p><span class="sc chap1">Before</span>, and for a long time after, the general use of newspapers, +illustrated broadsides were published relating to particular +events, or satirising the vices and follies of the period. +In a broadside adorned with a woodcut representing Death +and Time, and entitled, <i>The Doleful Dance, and Song of Death</i>, +allusion is made to the ‘Fatal Assizes’ of Oxford, when three +hundred persons, including the High Sheriff, died of a distemper, +which was supposed to have originated among the +prisoners. A sheet of a later date refers to the Spanish +Armada and the Gunpowder Plot; while a third, entitled, +<i>Tittle-Tattle</i>, &c., satirises the gossiping habits of the fair +sex, and contains many illustrations of manners, costume, +and character. Such were the publications that did duty for +newspapers in the days of Queen Elizabeth, whose subjects, +however, were not left wholly without information as to +passing events. In 1587 there was published an illustrated +tract giving an account of the doings of Sir Francis Drake, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page9" id="page9"></a>9</span> +who was employed by Queen Elizabeth to harass the Spaniards +in their harbours, and hinder them in their preparations +for invading England. These operations, which Drake +himself described as ‘singeing the King of Spain’s beard,’ +delayed the sailing of the Armada, and gave Elizabeth time +to prepare for defence. The tract referred to is entitled, ‘<i>The +true and perfect Newes of the worthy and valiant exploytes performed +and done by that valiant Knight Syr Frauncis Drake; +Not only at Sancto Domingo, and Carthagena, but also nowe at +Cales, and upon the Coast of Spayne, 1587</i>. <i>Printed at London, +by J. Charlewood, for Thomas Hackett.</i>’ There is an account, +in verse, written by one Thomas Greepe, of the doings of Sir +Francis Drake and other sea captains. The author tells his +reader, ‘Here hast thou, gentle Reader, set forth unto thee +the most worthy and valiant exploytes and enterpryses, lately +atchieved and done by that valiant Knight Syr Frauncis Drake +& others not pend in lofty verse, nor curiously handled, but +playnly and truly, so that it may be well understood of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page10" id="page10"></a>10</span> +Reader.’ There is no attempt made to illustrate the events +related in the tract, but on the title-page there is a woodcut +of a ship in full sail, which was perhaps intended to +represent the admiral’s own vessel. I have reproduced it on +a reduced scale, as an early specimen of marine draughtsmanship.</p> + +<p>Thomas Greepe commences his poem with the following +rhapsody:—</p> + +<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr"> +<p class="i1">‘Triumph, O England, and rejoice,</p> + <p class="i2">And prayse thy God incessantly</p> +<p class="i1">For this thy Queene, that pearle of choyce,</p> + <p class="i2">Which God doth blesse with victory!</p> + <p class="i3">In countryes strange, both farre and neere,</p> + <p class="i3">All raging foes her force doth feare.</p> + +<p class="i1 s">Yee worthy wights that doo delighte</p> + <p class="i2">To heare of Novels strange and rare,</p> +<p class="i1">What valors, woone by a famous knight,</p> + <p class="i2">May please you marke I shall declare.</p> + <p class="i3">Such rare exploytes performde and done</p> + <p class="i3">As none the like hath ever woone.’</p> +</div> </td></tr></table> + +<p>He gives a list of the ships under Drake’s command:—</p> + +<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr"> +<p class="i1">‘Twenty-five ships were then preparde,</p> + <p class="i2">Fifteene Pinnaces, brave and fine,</p> +<p class="i1">Well furnished for his safe garde,</p> + <p class="i2">Preventing foes that would him tyne.</p> + <p class="i3">With Masters good and Marriners rare</p> + <p class="i3">As ever tooke charge, I dare compare.</p> + +<p class="s i2" style="letter-spacing: 2em;">*******</p> + +<p class="i1 s">The <i>Bonaventure</i>, a ship royall,</p> + <p class="i2">Cheefe Admirall then of the fleete,</p> +<p class="i1">Sir Frauncis Drake, cheefe Generall,</p> + <p class="i2">As by desertes he was most meete.</p> + <p class="i3">Most worthy Captaynes of hand and heart</p> + <p class="i3">In this boon voyage then tooke hys part.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page11" id="page11"></a>11</span></p> + +<p class="i1 s">The <i>Primrose</i> next, Vice-Admirall,</p> + <p class="i2">Appoynted by thyre best device,</p> +<p class="i1">Captayne Frobisher, Vice-Generall—</p> + <p class="i2">A valiant Captayne, ware and wyse.</p> + <p class="i3">Captayne Carelell they did ordayne</p> + <p class="i3">Lieftenant-Generall on the mayne.’</p> +</div> </td></tr></table> + +<p>The poem thus winds up:—</p> + +<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr"> +<p class="i1">‘God save our Queene of merry England,</p> + <p class="i2">His sacred word long to maintaine;</p> +<p class="i1">Her Graces Navie and royall bande,</p> + <p class="i2">Through his good Grace, may long remaine.</p> + <p class="i3">Lord blesse her counsell, and keepe them aye</p> + <p class="i3">With all true subjects night and day.</p> + <p class="i7">Finis, quoth Thomas Greepe.’</p> +</div> </td></tr></table> + +<p>This curious poem is supplemented by a letter, written +by Sir Francis Drake, ‘To the right reverende, godly, +learned Father, my very good friend, M. John Fox, preacher +of the word of God.’ This was John Fox, the Martyrologist, +who died in 1587. The letter proceeds: ‘Mister Fox, +whereas we have had of late such happy successe against the +Spanyardes, I do assure myselfe that you have faithfully +remembered us in your good prayers, and therefore I have +not forgotten, breefly to make you partaker thereof. The +19. of Aprill we arrived within the road of Calles, where we +found very many shipping, but amongst the rest 32 of exceeding +burden, lade and to be laden with provision, and +prepared to furnish the King’s Navie, intended with all +speede against England, the which when we had boorded, +and also furnished our severall ships with provision as we +thought sufficient, wee burnt; and although by the space of +two dayes and two nights that we continued there, we were +still endangered, both with thundering shott from the towne, +and assailed with the roaring Cannons of twelve galleys; yet +we suncke two of them, and one great Argosey, and still +avoyded them with very small hurt, and so at our departure +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page12" id="page12"></a>12</span> +we brought away foure ships of provision, to the great +terror of our enemies, and honour to ourselves, as it may +appeare by a most curteous Letter written unto me with a +Flagge of truce by Duke Petro, Generall of the Galleys. +But whereas it is most certayne that the king doth not onely +make speedy preparation in Spayne, but likewise expected a +very great Fleete from the Straytes, and divers other places, +that should joyne with his forces to invade England; we +purpose to sette apart all feare of danger, and by Gods +furtherance to proceed by all the good means we can devise +to prevent their coming; wherefore I shall desire you to +continue faithfull in remembrance of us in your prayers that +our purpose may take that good effect, as God may be glorified, +his Church, our Queene and country, preserved, and +these enemies of the trueth utterly vanquished, that we may +have continuall peace in Israel. Fro aboord her Majesties +good ship the <i>Elizabeth Bonaventure</i>.</p> + +<p>‘Your loving freende, and faythfull Sonne in Christ Jesus,</p> + +<p class="rgt">‘<span class="sc">Frauncis Drake.</span>’</p> + +<p>In the reign of James I. papers of news began to be published, +but they only appeared occasionally, and were chiefly +devoted to foreign intelligence. In 1619 we have ‘Newes +out of Holland,’ followed by others in 1620, 1621, and 1622. +These occasional tracts were afterwards converted into a +regular weekly publication, entitled the ‘<i>Weekly News</i>,’ +printed by J. D. for Nichs. Bourne and T. Archer. This +was the first periodical newspaper published in England. +But long before this many illustrated tracts and pamphlets +were published relating to events of recent occurrence. In +one dated 1607 occurs the earliest instance I have met with +of an attempt to illustrate the news of the day. It is entitled +‘<i>Wofull Newes from Wales, or the lamentable loss of divers +Villages and Parishes (by a strange and wonderful Floud) +within the Countye of Monmouth in Wales: which happened +in January last past, 1607, whereby a great number of his +Majesties subjects inhabiting in these parts are utterly undone</i>.’ +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page13" id="page13"></a>13</span> +The writer of this news-book describes the flood, and then, +taking it for his text, preaches a sermon upon it. It is +printed in Old English, and is plentifully interspersed with +pious exhortations and scriptural references. It has on the +title a woodcut, a fac-simile of which is given on the next +page.</p> + +<p>This interesting little tract has a preface, in which the +author explains the difficulty he felt in producing it in the +short time that was allowed him for the purpose:—‘Reader, +when these newes were brought, and an importunitie used to +me that I would give the same forme, and bestow an exhortation +on them, I was unwilling, both in regard of that short +space (of lesse than one day which was limited to undertake +the matter) and also in respect of the usual unfaithfulness of +men ordinarily in reporting of such accidents as these bee; +whereby it often falleth out that the relation of them reapeth +much discredit. But when I could not have these just excuses +taken, I began and finished this businesse, as the shorte +space wold permit me.’</p> + +<p>The old story of the child washed away in a cradle, so +often related as having occurred in great floods, and which +Mr. Millais has immortalised in one of his pictures, is here +told probably for the first time:—‘Another little childe is +affirmed to have bene cast upon land in a Cradle, in which +was nothing but a Catte, the which was discerned, as it came +floating to the shore, to leape still from one side of the Cradle +unto the other, even as if she had been appointed steersman +to preserve the small barke from the waves’ furie.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:650px; height:422px" src="images/img027.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">GREAT FLOOD IN MONMOUTHSHIRE, 1607.</td></tr></table> + +<p>Another tract of the same date is illustrated with a woodcut +similar to the one here copied, but it has in addition +several more figures, including a cradle with a child in it +floating on the water. This tract is entitled ‘<i>A true report +of certaine wonderful overflowings of waters now lately in Summersetshire, +Norfolk, and other places in England, destroying +many thousands of men, women, and children, overthrowing and +bearing downe whole townes and villages, and drowning infinite +numbers of sheepe and other cattle</i>.’ It is written in the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page14" id="page14"></a>14<br />15</span> +same sermonising style, beginning by calling men to repent, +and to take warning from these signs of God’s anger. Then +follows the narrative. The inundation was caused by an +irruption of the sea, and many incidents are related of the +flood. Here the cradle story is again told:—‘An infant +likewise was found swimming in a cradle, some mile or two +fro’ ye place where it was known to be kept, and so was +preserved; for the cradle was not of wicker, as ours are +here, but of strong, thicke bordes, closely joynted together, +and that saved the infant’s life.’ This narrative of the +Somersetshire flood was reprinted in another tract with ‘<i>An +Addition of other and more strange Accidents happening by +these Flouds, and brought to light since the first publishing +of this Booke</i>.’ This second edition is illustrated with the +identical woodcut that is used in the tract relating the +floods in Wales. The two tracts recounting the Somersetshire +floods were ‘printed at London by W. I. for Edward +White, and are to be sold at the signe of the Gunne, at the +North doore of Paules.’ That describing the flood in Wales +was ‘printed for W. W., and are to be sold in Paules Church-yarde +at the sign of the Grey-hound.’ In those days printers +frequently combined the functions of engraver and printer; +and as regards the tracts under notice, we must conclude that +the printer supplied each of his customers with the same +woodcut, or that the booksellers of the time were in the +habit of lending their woodcuts to each other.</p> + +<p>Storms, floods, and burnings were favourite themes with +the early newswriters, and several illustrated tracts exist +describing such calamities. They are more or less interspersed +with pious exhortations, but the narrative is rarely +allowed to flag, and every incident is minutely described. +There is ‘<i>Woeful newes from the West parts of England of the +burning of Tiverton</i>,’ 1612; and a small quarto pamphlet of +1613, printed in old English, affords another good example +of this kind of news. It is entitled—it will be observed how +fond the old newswriters were of alliterative titles—‘<i>The +Wonders of this windie winter, by terrible stormes and tempests,</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page16" id="page16"></a>16</span> +<i>to be losse of lives and goods of many thousands of men, women, +and children. The like by Sea and Land hath not been seene nor +heard of in this age of the world. London. Printed by G. Eld +for John Wright, and are to be sold at his Shop neere Christ-Church +dore.</i> 1613.’ On the title-page is a woodcut, a copy +of which is annexed.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:580px; height:630px" src="images/img029.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">GREAT STORM, 1613.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The tract opens very much in the manner of a sermon, +and declares the dreadful occurrences related are intended +to ‘move sinful mankind to repentance and newnesse of +life.’ It then goes on to describe ‘that within these three +fore-passed months of October, November, and December, +the devouring gulfes of the Sea hath swallowed up above +two hundred saile of ships, as well of our own Country as of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page17" id="page17"></a>17</span> +neighbouring Nations, with great store of passengers, seafaring +men, and owners of the same, adventuring their dear +lives in the managing of the aforesaid ships, with all their +goods, and merchandizes, making for our country all lost; +yea, all, I say, in these three fore-passed months, hath been +lost and drenched in the deep vaults of this watery world, +a thing both lamentable and fearfull, that in so short a time, +nay, in a small part of the yeare, even in an instant, so +many heavy mischances should happen, and so many worthy +vessels of adventure miscarrie, which had bin sufficient (if +goodspeed had prevailed) to have inricht a whole Citie and +bettered a kingdome; but such is the will of God, and such +is His just indignation against us.</p> + +<p>‘By certification from men of good accompt and calling, +it is reported and knowne for truth, that in the month of +October last, a fleete of fourteene sayle of ships making +from Newcastle towards London, laden with sea-coale and +other commodities of those parts, had their passage, by the +tyranny of the windes, most untimely stopt, and violently +caste into the ocean’s wombe, in which ships were perished +to the number of a hundred and forty seafaring men, besides +other passengers, both of men and women, which at that +time made their watery graves in the deepe sea. This first +strooke feare into the hearts of people, which hath been since +seconded with many calamities, which lieth heavy upon the +heart of the reporter.’ The writer then goes on to relate +that between ‘Dover and Calice there hath been found +floating upon the waters in one weeke of fowle weather above +seven hundred drowned persons of divers nations, as of +English, Dutch, French, and Spanish, with parts and parcels +of many splitted ships.’ Further details are given at great +length, and in rather a wordy manner. For instance, the +writer describes the great number of women who are made +widows by the disasters at sea, ‘besides fatherlesse children +and children fatherlesse.’ Several examples are related of +the force of the wind. ‘A man and his wife riding over +Maidenhead Bridge upon one horse, by the fierceness of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page18" id="page18"></a>18</span> +wind, were blowne beside, and there drowned both horse and +all. God be merciful unto us and preserve us from all such +like mischances. The like mishap befell in November last +unto two Yorkshire men, as it is verified by some gentlemen +of the Inns of Court and Chancery, which knew the parties, +the one of them a tanner, named Francis Browne, the other +a clothier, called Richard Smith, both dwelling in a towne +neere Wakefield side called Thorby; which two countriemen +falling out upon small occassions wilfully purposed to come +up to London, and their put their causes of themselves to the +Lawes tryall; yet notwithstanding came they up together, +where in riding over a bridge about Bedfordshire, and conferring +of their inward grudges, they were blowne both +beside into the river, where, by the fierceness of the windes, +they were most lamentably drowned, both horse and men; +and thus by sodaine death ended their malice, to the fear and +amazement of all such as well could witness their envious +proceedings. These and such like accidents may be fearful +examples for the world to behold, especially for rich men, +shewing to them the certaintie of life and goods subject to +the chances of death and fortune, according to the saying of +a worthy philosopher,</p> + +<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr"> +<p>“Full little thinks the man at morning sun</p> +<p class="i05">What hap to him befalls ere day be done.”’</p> +</div> </td></tr></table> + +<p>A great many other instances are related of the fury of +the tempests, all of which the writer feels certain ‘have been +laid upon us for our sinnes;’ and winds up with a pious +exhortation to take warning.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:440px" src="images/img032.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">FLOODS AND TEMPESTS, 1613</td></tr></table> + +<p>Another tract of the same character and date, also +printed in black letter, has a larger and more elaborate +woodcut on the title-page, representing sinking ships, the +shore strewed with dead bodies, and on the outside of a +church tower the devil is seen throwing down the broken +steeple. The following is the address to the reader:—‘Reader, +I do here present unto thee and to thy understanding +(if thou hast any) some part of the lamentable +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page19" id="page19"></a>19<br />20</span> +losses and unrecoverable mischances that have happened by +occassion of these late blustering stormes of winde, and an +innumerable deal of rayne, the which a great many thousands +have too true cause to beleeve, because they are sharers +in the misfortunes that this outragious weather hath caused. +Now, if thou hast sustained no loss thyselfe, perhaps thou +wilt not beleeve these things to be true that I have written; +but if thou wilt or doest beleeve, then pray to God that it +will please Him to give them patience that are loosers, and +humilitie that are winners, and give God thanks that he +hath so blessed thee that thou hast no share in these mishaps. +But if thou wilt not beleeve, goe and looke, or else +remaine still in thy unbeliefe.’ A copy of the woodcut is +given on the preceding page.</p> + +<p>Another pamphlet, of 1613, has the annexed woodcut, +and is entitled ‘<i>Lamentable Newes, shewing the Wonderful +Deliverance of Maister Edmond Pet, Sayler, and Maister of a +Ship, dwelling in Seething-lane, in London, neere Barking +Church; with other strange things lately hapned concerning +those great windes and tempestuous weather, both at Sea and +Lande</i>. <i>Imprinted at London by T. C., for William Barley, +dwelling over against Cree Church, neere Algate.</i> 1613.’ It +describes the wreck of a Newcastle ship on the east coast, +and how ‘Maister Pet,’ after being exposed to the winds and +waves for forty-eight hours, was rescued by a Dutch man-of-war, +he being the only survivor from his ship. It will be +seen the woodcut represents two seamen lowering what +appears to be an arm-chair into the sea. This was probably +the artist’s notion of the safest and most comfortable way to +rescue shipwrecked persons. The same tract relates other +occurrences during the stormy weather, such as ‘A man +neere Bedford, being thaching a house, was blowne off +and kild; trees blown up by the rootes, houses and +chimnies quite blown downe,’ &c. ‘All which is for our +sinnes.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:430px" src="images/img034.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">RESCUE OF EDMUND PET, MARINER, 1613.</td></tr></table> + +<p>Remarkable murders were even more favourite subjects +with the early news-writers than storms and floods, a partiality +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page21" id="page21"></a>21<br />22</span> +that has continued down to our own time. A tract of +1613 is devoted to the details of ‘Three Bloodie Murders,’ +but it is mainly taken up with an account of the murder of +the Rev. William Storre, of Market Rasen, Lincolnshire. +The full title runs thus:—‘<i>Three Bloodie Murders. The first +committed by Francis Cartwright upon William Storre, M. +Arts Minister and Preacher at Market Rasen in the countie of +Lincolne. The second committed by Elizabeth James on the +body of her Mayde, in the Parish of Egham in Surrie: who +was condemned for the same fact at Sainte Margaret hill in +Southwark, the 2 of July 1613, and lieth in the White Lion +till her deliverie; discovered by a dombe Mayde and her Dogge. +The third committed upon a stranger very lately near Highgate +foure mile from London, very strangely found out by a Dogge. +Also the 2 of July 1613.</i>’</p> + +<p>The circumstances relating to the murder of the Rev. +William Storre are given at great length and with much +minuteness:—‘Not long since, there happened some controversey +between the Lords and the rest of the inhabitants of +Market Raisin in the Countie of Lincolne concerning the +Commons and Libertie in the Towne Fields; and the matter +being mooted by one of them in the Church immediately +after evening prayer on a Sabaoth day, divers hot intemperate +speeches passed among them; whereupon their +Minister, whose name was Mr. Storre, much disliking so +indiscreete a course, wished them to have respect both to +the time and place where they were: And further advised, +seeing the cause in hand concerned a multitude, (amongst +whom, some of the least government would always be the +readiest to speake) that they would therefore make choice +of two or three of the fittest and most substantial men, to +answere and undertake for all the rest. This motion seemed +to please them well, and therefore they intreated him, that +he would first, as a man indifferent speake what he thought +concerning the cause. But he not wishing to intermeddle +in that matter, twice or thrice denied their request; and the +rather, for that there was present one Francis Cartwright, a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page23" id="page23"></a>23</span> +young man of an unbridled humour, the only Sonne and +Heire to one of the same Lordes of the Towne, betwixt +whom and himselfe, there was growne no small unkindnesse. +Yet in the end being pressed thereunto by their importunities +with the consent of both the parties he delivered his opinion, +useing therein such discretion and reasons to confirme the +same that they could not directly except against him. Notwithstanding, +seeing him incline more to the right of the +Freeholders and the rest of the Commons than to favour +their intended purpose, they seemed to dislike his speaches, +and to cavill at the same.</p> + +<p>‘Young Cartwright standing by, not able any longer to +contain himselfe tooke occassion hereupon to breake forthe +abruptly into these wordes: The Priest deserveth a good +Fee, he speaketh so like a Lawyer. Maister Storre having +often aforetime had experience of his hotte stomacke and +hastinesse as well towards others as himselfe, thought it +best to reply little against him for that present.’ The +Rev. Mr. Storre’s forbearance was of no avail, for next day +young Cartwright took occasion to renew the quarrel, and +in the public market-place ‘proclaymed that Storre was +a scurvie, lowsie, paltrie Priest; that whoever sayd he +was his friend or spake in his cause, was a Rogue and a +Rascall, that he would (but for the Law) cut his Throat, +tear out his Heart, and hang his Quarters on the May-pole.’ +These sanguinary threats caused Mr. Storre to seek the +protection of the Magistrates; and he afterwards preached +a sermon containing words which young Cartwright thought +were purposely directed against him, so that he ‘more and +more thirsted for revenge.’</p> + +<p>‘About a week after, he espied Mr. Storre walking about +eight of the clocke in the morning alone, by the south side +of the Towne in his cloake, went to a cutler’s shop, and tooke +out of the same a short sword, formerly provided and made +very sharpe for that purpose, and presently overtooke him.’ +The young man attacked the clergyman, and the pamphlet +gives a minute account of the dreadful wounds he inflicted +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page24" id="page24"></a>24</span> +upon him until ‘A Mayde coming that way by occassion of +businesse, cried out, whereupon he fledde.’</p> + +<p>The clergyman died of the frightful wounds he received, +and the murderer was taken and carried before a justice, +‘where, either for lacke of their due information of the +truth, or by the corrupt and favourable affection of the +magistrate, or both, there was a very slender bayle taken, +and the malefactor by this flight sent away.’ Cartwright’s +friends ‘laboured by corrupt dealing and wrong information’ +to procure his pardon; but so barbarous a murder could not +be hushed up, and the culprit eventually ‘fled beyonde the +seas.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:582px" src="images/img037.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">MURDER OF THE REV MR. STORRE, 1613.</td></tr></table> + +<p>On the title-page of the pamphlet is a woodcut representing +the murder of the Rev. Mr. Storre, which is copied above.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page25" id="page25"></a>25</span></p> + +<p>The two other murders are not related at such great +length, and are not illustrated.</p> + +<p>This is the earliest example I have met with of a kind +of illustrated news that is very popular even in our own +day. From the pains taken to describe all the circumstances +of the crime and its consequences, the author evidently +regarded it as a subject of the highest interest, and worthy +of all the elaboration he was capable of bestowing upon it.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:461px" src="images/img038.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">NEWS FROM PENRHYN IN CORNWALL, 1618.</td></tr></table> + +<p>There is a very curious and rare tract of the date of +1618, which describes the circumstances of another remarkable +murder. It is entitled ‘<i>News from Perin (Penrhyn), in +Cornwall, of a most Bloody and unexampled Murther very lately +committed by a Father on his owne sonne (who was lately returned +from the Indyes), at the instigation of a mercilesse +Step Mother, together with their severall most wretched endes, +being all performed in the Month of September last, Anno +1618.</i>’ On the title-page is a woodcut representing the +discovery of the murder, which is reprinted in the body +of the pamphlet. Another woodcut illustrates a scene +before the murder is committed, where the son hands his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page26" id="page26"></a>26</span> +bag of treasure to his step-mother. The story is a very +minute history of a scapegrace son, who, after various +adventures, returns to his father’s house a penitent and +reformed man. Many years having elapsed, the son is not +recognised by his father, who has married a second wife +and is in straitened circumstances. The son begs a night’s +lodging and resolves not to make himself known till next +morning. In the meantime, to show that he will be able to +recompense his host and hostess for their hospitality, he +gives the latter a bag of gold and jewels to take care of +for him till the morrow. The woman, excited by the +possession of the gold, thinks how easy it would be to relieve +themselves from their embarrassments by murdering their +guest and keeping possession of his treasure. She urges +her husband to do the deed. After many refusals he consents, +and the father murders his own son. In the morning +it is made known to him who his victim is, and, in a fit of +remorse and despair, he kills himself; upon which the guilty +wife also commits suicide, and the tract thus winds up:—‘And +to the end it may be a warning to all covetous step +mothers, and a content for all easie Fathers to avoyde the +like hereafter. At the entreaty of divers Gentlemen in the +Countrey, It is as neere the life as Pen and Incke could +draw it out, thus put in Print.’</p> + +<p>William Lillo, the author of <i>George Barnwell</i>, is said +to have founded his play of ‘Fatal Curiosity’ on this tract. +Lillo was a prosperous London jeweller and a successful +dramatic author. He depicted the harrowing details of this +tragic story with great power; and the agonies of old +Wilmot, the father, constitute one of the most appalling +and affecting incidents of the drama.</p> + +<p>A curious black-letter tract of 1616, which is illustrated +with a fearful apparition of three skeletons, is entitled, +‘<i>Miraculous Newes from the cittie of Holdt, in the Lordship +of Munster (in Germany), the twentieth of September last past +1616, wherein there were plainly beheld three dead bodyes rise +out of their Graves, admonishing the people of Judgements to</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page27" id="page27"></a>27</span> +<i>come</i>.’ The truth of this miraculous news is vouched for by +‘divers worthy Persons and Burgimasters of the same citty,’ +whose names are given. This miraculous appearance was +preceded by a fearful tempest of thunder and lightning. +‘When this great tempest of thunder and lightning was +ceased, there was heard throughout all the parts and places +of the citty a most hideous and dolefull clamour or outcry, +striking terror into all the people, yet no man could perceive +whence it came, or where this clamour should bee. The +people came over all the citty after the noise, but could not +finde it; for when they were at one corner of the citty they +then heard it at another; and when they were come to that +other corner there it seemed to them to be in the middle of +the citty; and to them that were in the middest it seemed +farther off. So that all heard it, but none could find where +it was, or from whence it came.</p> + +<p>‘At length the people assembling in the churchyard +behelde there so strange and incredible judgements sent by +the Lord, that for the most part the beholders fell flatt on +their faces to the ground, crying loude unto the Lord for +mercy. For there they beheld coming out of their graves +three most ghostly and fearfull dead bodyes.</p> + +<p class="pt1 center">1.</p> + +<p>‘Whereof the first that was seen to arise out of the earth, +seemed very white, cleane, and cleere, who opening his +mouth and beating his handes together spake thus: +“Blessed be God in the highest Heaven, that our releasement +is come, for we have wayted many a hundred yeare for +this time.” The people hearing this fell upon their knees +and prayed unto the Lord with weeping and great lamentation, +saying: O Lord beholde us with thy merciful eyes, and +let us not be overwhelmed or smothered in our sinnes.</p> + +<p class="pt1 center">2.</p> + +<p>‘The second dead man that arose out of the earth caused +farre greater feare and trembling then the former, for the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page28" id="page28"></a>28</span> +beholders saw him altogether from the toppe to the toe, like +unto a burning fire; he likewise opened his mouth, and +wringing his handes, and tearing his haire, cryed with a +loude voyce: Repent yee, Repent yee; Almighty God hath +taken his chastising rodde in hand, to punish the people for +their sinnes, for their great wealth, for their great talke or +presumptious wordes, for their pompe, and for their pride: +The which the Lord will no longer suffer nor endure, for the +cry and complaint of these sinnes is asended up into his eares; +Wherefore hee will destroy you with a suddaine sicknesse, +and fiery Pestilence, so that you shall not have so much time +as one houre, to utter one worde, to call upon God.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:412px" src="images/img041.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">MIRACULOUS NEWS FROM MUNSTER IN GERMANY, 1616.</td></tr></table> + +<p class="pt1 center">3.</p> + +<p>‘After this fiery apparition and threatening speech ended, +there appeared likewise rising out of the grave a third dead +man, grinding and gnashing his teeth together, striking his +handes the one against the other, and crying with a most +fearful and hideous voyce, insomuch that it seemed to all the +multitude there present, that the earth would certainly have +rent in sunder; and spake that all the people plainly heard +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page29" id="page29"></a>29</span> +and understood his wordes, which were these; Woe, woe, +woe, to the wicked; this is the time that wee have long +attended and looked for; wherefore (ye people) looke to it, +and beware lest the great day of the Lord come upon you +suddainly, and fall upon you unprovided; for the time of his +comming is neerer than you thinke.</p> + +<p>‘After the uttering of these wordes, the three dead Bodyes +vanished and the Graves were shut againe, the heavens became +cleere, the Tempest ceased, and all the people being +released of their present horror and feare, rejoyced, and +assembling themselves together, gave glory and laude, and +praise unto the Lord for his Fatherly mercy and unspeakable +goodnesse, in the mitigation of his furie, and withdrawing +his heavy hand for the present. And thereupon appointed a +sett day of supplications, prayers, and fasting, with true and +unfained Repentance to be proclaimed, and observed.’</p> + +<p>This account is supplemented by an ‘apology,’ setting +forth that men must not be incredulous because they hear of +miraculous occurrences—that God is able to bring back the +age of miracles, &c. The writer evidently thought his readers +might require to be strengthened by argument before they +could place implicit faith in his narrative, and so he takes +some pains in his ‘apology’ to convince them that however +unnatural and uncommon may be the appearances he relates, +the wickedness of the world was a sufficient justification for +this and other extraordinary events. A copy of the woodcut +that illustrates this curious production is shown on the preceding +page.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:488px" src="images/img043.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">‘GOOD NEWES TO CHRISTENDOME,’ 1620.</td></tr></table> + +<p>In 1620 Nathaniel Butter printed an illustrated tract +entitled <i>’Good Newes to Christendome, sent to a Venetian in +Ligorne, from a Merchant in Alexandria, Discovering a Wonderfull +and Strange Apparition, visibly seene for many dayes together +in Arabia over the place where the supposed Tombe of +Mahomet (the Turkish Prophet) is inclosed; By which the learned +Arabians prognosticate the Reducing and Calling of the great +Turke to Christianitie. With many other Notable Accidents: +But the most remarkable is the miraculous rayning of Bloud</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page30" id="page30"></a>30<br />31</span> +<i>about Rome</i>.’ This tract, which is very long and discursive, +relates, among other things, the apparition of a woman in the +air, with a book in her hand, being the same apparition that +is described at great length in a tract of 1642, which I shall +quote hereafter. In the tract under notice there is a woodcut +representing an army in the clouds—the clouds raining blood +over a city; a woman with sword and book; and a crowd of +men below watching the aerial phenomenon. The writer, in +winding up his narrative, thus addresses his reader:—‘If +you cannot beleeve it as truth, yet to make that use of it as +if it were true; and then shall you know, there is but one +way to happiness, and all the predictions, prophesies, visions, +apparitions, comets, inundations, stormes, tempests, famine, +warre, alteration, and subversion of kingdomes, with all the +cabinet of mysteries, tend to this end that <i>premium</i> and <i>pœna</i> +be the mastering curbs of the world; that is, that God hath +a <i>Magazine</i> of judgements to inflict on the obstinate sinner +with punishments: and a store-house of mercy to support +the penitent soule with comfort.’</p> + +<p>In 1627 we come upon a very curious and literal example +of illustrated news. In that year Charles I., having declared +war against France, fitted out an expedition of a hundred +sail and an army of 7000 men for the support of the Protestant +cause in that country. The King’s favourite, the self-confident +and vainglorious Duke of Buckingham, took the +command of the expedition, although he was totally unfit for +that position. He was personally brave, but possessed no +other quality of a commander. He had no knowledge or +experience of the art of war, and was too proud and presumptuous +to be guided by the advice of others. The expedition +was destined for Rochelle, then in possession of the +Huguenots; but Buckingham went to sea without any understanding +with his allies; and, when he anchored off Rochelle, +he was refused admission to the town. He then directed his +course to the neighbouring Isle of Rhè, where he succeeded +in landing his men under the fire of his ships, and defeated +a small French force commanded by the governor of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page32" id="page32"></a>32</span> +island. Instead of immediately following up his success, +Buckingham allowed the French commander to secure and +strengthen the fortress of St. Martin; and when he did +advance he foolishly left the enemy in possession of another +fort in his rear. He besieged the Castle of St. Martin for +many weeks, and then led his men to storm the place without +having made a single breach in the walls. They were +repulsed at all points with considerable loss, and attempted +to retreat to their ships; but Marshal Schomberg with a +French army had thrown himself between the Duke and the +fleet, and had put a strong corps and artillery into the fort of +La Prèe, which Buckingham had left in his rear. No precautions +whatever had been taken, and they suffered great loss +before they could re-embark. The expedition was a total failure, +and Buckingham returned to England beaten and disgraced.</p> + +<p>While the Duke of Buckingham was besieging the citadel +of St. Martin, an attempt was made, or was said to have been +made, upon his life by a French Papist or Jesuit, with a +thick four-edged knife. An account of the Duke’s proceedings +while in the Isle of Rhè appears to have been sent home, +and was published probably with a view of influencing the +people in his favour and showing to what dangers he was +exposed in the national service. There is in the British +Museum a tract entitled ‘<i>A Continued Journal of all the Proceedings +of the Duke of Buckingham his Grace, in the Isle of +Ree since the last day of July. With the names of the Noblemen +as were drowned and taken in going to releeve the Fort. As +also the Portraiture of the knife with which his Excellence should +have been murdered, which very knife was brought over by Captaine +Buckestone and delivered unto the Duchess of Buckingham +her Grace on Monday night last. Published by Authoritie. +London, Printed for Thomas Walkley, and are to be sold at his +shop at the Eagle and Childe in Britaines Bursse, 1627.</i>’ The +following account is given of the intended assassination of +the Duke:—</p> + +<p class="center">‘Received the 27 of August.</p> + +<p>‘Here I have sent you all the remarkable Newes that I +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page33" id="page33"></a>33</span> +have upon the last of <i>July</i>. There was taken by a <i>Perdue</i> of +ours, in the night (a Frenchman), that was sent by <i>Monsieur +de Thorax</i>, the Governour of the Citadell, with a full intent +to kill my Lord Duke; and for the speedy effecting of the +same he had prepared a strange and dangerous <i>Poynado</i>, +which, although it was taken about him, he confidently +denied that he came not with any intent to kill the <i>Duke</i> +untill he came to the Tortures, which being presented before +him he promised to discover all to my <i>Lord</i> if he would +promise him life, the which he did, and doth so performe +with him, like a noble and mercifull Generall.’ The tract +contains a large woodcut of a knife, a reduced copy of which +is given above, and underneath the engraving is the following +description:—‘This is the true Portraiture of the poysoned +knife, both in length and breadth, having foure edges, with +which a Jesuited Vilaine was sent out of the Fort by Monsieur +de Thorax, the Governour of that Island, with an intent +to have killed his Excellence, but by God’s providence was +delivered. His Grace hath used the French so nobly in all +respects that he rather deserved their love than any wayes +to have his life thus treacherously sought after, under the +pretence that it was a meritorious act. Which knife was +brought over into England by Captaine Buckestone, and by +him delivered unto the Dutches of Buckingham her Grace on +Monday night last.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:127px" src="images/img046.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">KNIFE INTENDED FOR THE ASSASSINATION OF THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM, 1627.</td></tr></table> + +<p>Whether the attempt on Buckingham’s life was a reality +or was got up for the purpose of endearing the court +favourite to all good Protestants, it foreshadowed his ultimate +fate. In the following year, while he was at Portsmouth, +and about to embark on a second expedition to Rochelle, he +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page34" id="page34"></a>34</span> +was stabbed by Felton, who had served under him in the +expedition to the Isle of Rhè.</p> + +<p>Besides the subjects already noticed, the old news-writers +delighted in signs and portents in the air, and failed not to +improve the occasion whenever they met with a text so much +to their liking. There was a fall of meteorites in 1628, +which was chronicled at the time in an illustrated pamphlet, +entitled, ‘<i>Looke up and See Wonders: a miraculous Apparition in +the Ayre, lately seen in Barke-shire, at Bawlkin Greene, neere Hatford, +April 9th, 1628.</i>’ The author, like his fellow-chroniclers, +already quoted, regards the occurrence as a sign of Heaven’s +displeasure, and addresses his readers thus:—‘So Benummed +wee are in our Sences, that albeit God himselfe Holla in our +Eares, wee by our wills are loath to heare him. His dreadfull +Pursiuants of <i>Thunder and Lightning</i> terrifie vs so long +as they haue vs in their fingers, but beeing off, wee dance +and sing in the midst of our Follies.’ He then goes on to +tell how ‘the foure great quarter-masters of the World (<i>the +foure Elements</i>) ... haue bin in ciuill Warres one against +another.... As for <i>Fire</i>, it hath denied of late to warme vs, +but at vnreasonable rates, and extreame hard conditions. +But what talke I of this earthy nourishment of <i>fire</i>? How +haue the <i>Fires</i> of Heauen (some few yeares past) gone beyond +their bounds, and appeared in the shapes of Comets and +Blazing Starres?... The <i>Aire</i> is the shop of Thunder and +Lightning. In that, hath of late been held a Muster of +terrible enemies and threatners of Vengeance, which the +great Generall of the Field who Conducts and Commands all +such Armies (<i>God Almighty, I meane</i>) auert from our Kingdome, +and shoote the arrowes of his indignation some other +way, vpon the bosomes of those that would confound his +Gospell.... Many windowes hath he set open in +heauen, to shewe what Artillery hee has lying there, and +many of our Kings haue trembled, when they were shewne +vnto them. What blazing Starres (euen at Noone-dayes) in +those times hung houering in the Aire? How many frightfull +Ecclipses both of Sun and Moone?... It is not for +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page35" id="page35"></a>35</span> +man to dispute with God, why he has done this so often ... +but, with feare and trembling casting our eyes vp to Heauen, +let vs now behold him, bending his Fist onely, as lately he +did to the terrour and affrightment of all the Inhabitants +dwelling within a Towne in the County of Barkshire.... +The name of the Towne is <i>Hatford</i>, some eight miles from +<i>Oxford</i>. Ouer this Towne, vpon Wensday being the ninth of +this instant Moneth of <i>April</i>, 1628, about fiue of the clocke +in the afternoone this miraculous, prodigious and fearefull +handy-worke of God was presented.... The weather +was warme, and without any great shewe of distemperature, +only the skye waxed by degrees a little gloomy, yet not so +darkened but that the Sunne still and anon, by the power of +the brightnesse, brake through the thicke clouds....</p> + +<p>‘A gentle gale of wind then blowing from betweene the +<i>West</i> and <i>North-west</i>, in an instant was heard, first a hideous +rumbling in the <i>Ayre</i>, and presently after followed a strange +and fearfull peale of Thunder, running vp and downe these +parts of the <i>Countrey</i>, but it strake with the loudest violence, +and more furious tearing of the <i>Ayre</i>, about a place called +<i>The White Horse Hill</i>, than in any other. The whole order +of this thunder, carried a kind of Maiesticall state with it, for +it maintayned (<i>to the affrighted Beholders’ seeming</i>) the fashion +of a fought Battaile.</p> + +<p>‘It beganne thus: First, for an onset, went off one great +<i>Cannon</i> as it were of <i>thunder</i> alone, like a warning peece to +the rest that were to follow. Then a little while after was +heard a second; and so by degrees a third, vntil the number +of 20 were discharged (or thereabouts) in very good order, +though in very great terror.</p> + +<p>‘In some little distance of time after this was audibly +heard the sound of a Drum beating a Retreate. Amongst +all these angry peales shot off from Heauen, this begat a +wonderful admiration, that at the end of the report of every +cracke, or <i>Cannon-thundering</i>, a hizzing noyse made way +through the <i>Ayre</i>, not vnlike the flying of <i>Bullets</i> from the +mouthes of great Ordnance; and by the iudgement of all the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page36" id="page36"></a>36</span> +terror-stricken witnesses they were <i>Thunder-bolts</i>. For one +of them was seene by many people to fall at a place called +<i>Bawlkin Greene</i>, being a mile and a half from <i>Hatford</i>: +Which <i>Thunder-bolt</i> was by one Mistris <i>Greene</i> caused to be +digged out of the ground, she being an eye-witnesse amongst +many others, of the manner of the falling.</p> + +<p>‘The forme of the <i>Stone</i> is three-square, and picked in +the end: In colour outwardly blackish, some-what like +Iron: Crusted ouer with that blacknesse about the thicknesse +of a shilling. Within it is soft, of a grey colour, +mixed with some kind of minerall, shining like small peeces +of glasse.</p> + +<p>‘This <i>Stone</i> brake in the fal: The whole peece is in +weight nineteene pound and a halfe: The greater peece +that fell off weigheth fiue pound, which with other small +peeces being put together, make foure and twenty pound +and better....</p> + +<p>‘It is in the Countrey credibly reported that some other +Thunder-stones haue bin found in other places: but for +certainty there was one taken vp at <i>Letcombe</i>, and is now in +the custody of the <i>Shriefe</i>.’</p> + +<p>This curious account is illustrated with a quaint woodcut, +in the foreground of which the thunder-bolt seen by Mistress +Green is being ‘digged out of the ground.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:446px" src="images/img050.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">FALL OF METEORS AT BAWLKIN GREEN, BERKSHIRE, APRIL 9, 1628.</td></tr></table> + +<p>Amongst the many publications relating to the victorious +career of Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, there was +one entitled the <i>Swedish Intelligencer</i>, printed at London, in +1632, for Nathaniel Butter and Nicholas Bourne, both of +them names associated with the first establishment of newspapers +in England. The <i>Swedish Intelligencer</i> gives very full +accounts of the exploits of Gustavus, and it is illustrated +with his portrait, a bird’s-eye view of the siege of Magdeburg, +a plan showing how the King of Sweden and his army +crossed the river Lech into Bavaria, and a plan or bird’s-eye +view of the battle of Lutzen, where Gustavus was killed. +The portrait, the siege of Magdeburg, and the battle of +Lutzen, are engraved on copper, but the passage of the Lech +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page37" id="page37"></a>37<br />38</span> +is a woodcut. I have copied the latter, the others being +too elaborate for reproduction on a reduced scale. The +three last named are very curious as illustrations of war +news. Gustavus had crossed the Danube, and his troops +overspread the country between that river and the river +Lech. Field Marshal Tilly was in front of him, waiting for +reinforcements from the army of Wallenstein, in Bohemia, +and the junction of fresh levies raised in Bavaria, with +which he hoped to drive the invaders back across the +Danube. The account in the <i>Swedish Intelligencer</i> of this +celebrated passage of the River Lech is too long for quotation, +but I give a condensed version of the circumstances +from other sources.</p> + +<p>The Lech takes its rise among the mountains of the +Tyrol, and, after washing the walls of Landsberg and Augsburg, +falls into the Danube at a short distance from the town +of Rain. The banks are broken and irregular, and the +channel uncertain. Nor are there many rivers of the same +size in Germany which can be compared with it in the +strength and rapidity of its current. The united forces of +Bavaria and the League, with this efficient means of defence +in front, extended their right wing towards the Danube and +their left towards Rain, while the banks of the river, as far +as the city of Augsburg, were observed by their patrols, +supported by detached bodies of infantry. Tilly had taken +the precaution of breaking down the bridges over the Lech, +and had thrown up field works at points where he judged the +passage might be considered attended with fewest difficulties. +That the Swedes would attack him in his main position was +a pitch of daring to which, well as he was acquainted with +the enterprising spirit of the king, he could scarcely suspect +him of having yet attained. Such, however, was the full +determination of Gustavus. After he had reconnoitred the +course of the Lech for some miles, at the imminent peril of +his life, he fixed upon a point between Rain and Thierhauppen, +where the river makes a sweep to the eastward, as +the spot for carrying his venturous design into effect. The +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page39" id="page39"></a>39</span> +king’s first intention was to throw a floating bridge over the +stream, but the attempt was no sooner made than it was +found to be rendered hopeless by the rapidity of the current. +It was then imagined that tressels might be sunk, and firmly +secured by weights in the bed of the river, on which the +flooring of the bridge might afterwards be securely laid. +The king approved of this plan, and workmen were commanded +to prepare the necessary materials at the small +village of Oberendorf, situated about half a mile from the +spot. During the night of the 4th of April the work was +entirely finished, the supports fixed in the stream, and the +planks for forming the bridge brought down to the water’s +edge. The king had, in the meantime, ordered a trench to +be dug along the bank of the river for the reception of +bodies of musketeers, and several new batteries to be constructed +close to the shore, the fire from which, as they +were disposed along a convex line, necessarily crossed upon +the opposite side; those upon the left hand of the Swedes +playing upon the left of the enemy, and those on the right +upon the wood held by the Bavarians. Another battery, +slightly retired from the rest, directed its fire against the +entrenchments occupied by Tilly’s centre. By daybreak on +the 5th, all necessary preparations having been made, the +bridge was begun to be laid, and completed under the king’s +inspection. Three hundred Finland volunteers were the first +who crossed, excited by the reward of ten crowns each to +undertake the dangerous service of throwing up a slight +work upon the other side for its protection. By four in the +afternoon the Finlanders had finished their undertaking, +having been protected from a close attack by the musketry +of their own party and the batteries behind them, from +which the king is said to have discharged more than sixty +shots with his own hand, to encourage his gunners to charge +their pieces more expeditiously. The work consisted merely +of an embankment surrounded by a trench, but it was defended +both by the direct and cross fire of the Swedes. As +soon as it was completed, Gustavus, stationing himself with +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page40" id="page40"></a>40<br />41</span> +the King of Bohemia at the foot of the bridge, commanded +Colonel Wrangle, with a chosen body of infantry and two or +three field-pieces, to pass over, and after occupying the work, +to station a number of musketeers in a bed of osiers upon +the opposite side. The Swedes crossed the bridge with little +loss, and after a short but desperate struggle the Imperialists +were routed. The whole of the Swedish army was soon upon +the eastern bank of the Lech, where the king, without troubling +himself with the pursuit of the enemy, commanded his +army to encamp, and ordered the customary thanksgivings +to be offered for his victory.<a name="fa1a" id="fa1a" href="#ft1a"><span class="sp">1</span></a></p> + +<p>The account in the <i>Swedish Intelligencer</i> is wound up in +these words: ‘And this is the story of the King’s bridge +over the <i>Lech</i>, description whereof we have thought worthy +to be here in Figure imparted unto you.’ Then follows +an ‘Explanation of the Letters in the Figure of the <i>Bridge</i>,’ +given below the illustration. The engraving does not appear +to have been entirely satisfactory to the author, for on its +margin the following words are printed: ‘Our Cutter hath +made the Ordnance too long, and to lye too farre into the +River. The Hole also marked with R, should have been on +the right hand of the Bridge.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:439px" src="images/img053.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">PASSAGE OF THE RIVER LECH, BY GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS. FROM THE ‘SWEDISH INTELLIGENCER,’ 1632.</td></tr></table> + +<div class="condensed"> +<p class="center">REFERENCES TO PASSAGE OF THE RIVER LECH.</p> + +<p>‘A The King of Sweeden, and the King of Bohemia by him.</p> + +<p>B The Bridge.</p> + +<p>C A Trench or Brestworke, in which the Kings Musketeers were lodged, betwixt the +severall Batteryes of the great Ordnance, which Musketeers are represented by the small +stroakes made right forwards.</p> + +<p>D Divers little Field-pieces.</p> + +<p>E Plat-formes or Batteryes for the Kings greater Cannon.</p> + +<p>F The Halfe-moone, with its Pallisadoe or Stocket, beyond the Bridge, and for the +guard of it. It was scarcely bigge enough to lodge a hundred men in.</p> + +<p>G A little Underwood, or low Bushy place.</p> + +<p>H A plaice voyd of wood; which was a Bache, sometimes overflowne.</p> + +<p>I A Brestworke for Tillyes Musketeers.</p> + +<p>K K Tilly and Altringer; or the place where they were shot.</p> + +<p>L The high wood where the Duke of Bavaria stood.</p> + +<p>M Tilleyes great Batteryes to shoot down the Bridge.</p> + +<p>N A small riveret running thorow the wood.</p> + +<p>O Tillyes great Brestworke; not yet finished. Begun at sixe in the morning; and left +off when he was shot.</p> + +<p>P Some Horse-guards of Tillyes: layd scatteringly here and there all along the river +from Rain to Augsburg.</p> + +<p>Q The kings Horse-guards, and Horse-sentryes.</p> + +<p>R A hole in the earth, or casual advantageable place; wherein some of the Kings +Foot were lodged.</p> + +<p>S The Hill behind Tillyes great worke.</p> + +<p>T The fashion of the Tressels or Arches for the Kings Bridge.’</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page42" id="page42"></a>42</span></p> + +<p>In 1636 the Sallee Rovers had become very troublesome, +and not only hindered British commerce, on the high seas, +but even infested the English coasts. They had captured and +carried into slavery many Englishmen, for whose release a +‘Fleete of Shippes’ was sent out in January, 1636. Assisted +by the Emperor of Morocco, the nest of pirates was destroyed +and the captives released. A full account of this expedition +is given in a curious pamphlet, entitled, ‘<i>A true Journal of +the Sally Fleet with the proceedings of the Voyage, published +by John Dunton, London, Mariner, Master of the Admirall +called the Leopard. Whereunto is annexed a List of Sally Captives +names and the places where they dwell, and a Description of +the three Townes in a Card. London, printed by John Dawson +for Thomas Nicholes, and are to be sold at the Signe of the Bible +in Popes Head Alley, 1637</i>.’ This tract is illustrated by a +large plan of Sallee, engraved on copper, with representations +of six English vessels of war on the sea. After minutely describing +the proceedings of the voyage, and giving a long +list of the captives’ names, the journalist winds up in these +words: ‘All these good Shippes with the Captives are in +safety in England, we give God thanks. And bless King +Charles and all those that love him.’</p> + +<p>At the end of the pamphlet is printed the authority for +its publication: ‘Hampton Court, the 20. of October, 1637. +This Journall and Mappe may be printed.’</p> + +<p>There is an illustrated pamphlet of this period which I +have not been able to see. It is entitled, ‘<i>Newes, and Strange +Newes from St. Christopher’s of a Tempestuous Spirit, which is +called by the Indians a Hurrycano or Whirlwind; whereunto is +added the True and Last Relation (in verse) of the Dreadful +Accident which happened at Witticombe in Devonshire, 21. +October, 1638</i>.’</p> + +<p>The <i>Weekly News</i>, begun in 1622, had been in existence +sixteen years when the idea of illustrating current events +seems to have occurred to its conductors; for in the number +for December 20, 1638, there is, besides the usual items of +foreign news, an account of a ‘prodigious eruption of fire, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page43" id="page43"></a>43</span> +which exhaled in the middest of the ocean sea, over against +the Isle of Saint Michael, one of the Terceras, and the new +island which it hath made.’ The text is illustrated by a full-page +engraving showing ‘the island, its length and breadth, +and the places where the fire burst out.’ I have not been +able to find a copy of the <i>Weekly News</i> for December 20, +1638, either in the British Museum or elsewhere. My +authority for the above statement is a letter in the <i>Times</i> +of October 13, 1868. As far as I have been able to ascertain, +no other illustrations were published in the <i>Weekly News</i>, so +that we must conclude the engraving of the ‘prodigious +eruption of fire’ was an experiment, which in its result was +not encouraging to the proprietor or conductors of the +journal.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:406px" src="images/img057.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">TAKING OF THE CASTLE OF ARTAINE, IRELAND, 1641.</td></tr></table> + +<p>When the Irish Rebellion of 1641 broke out, many news-books +were published describing the transactions in that +country, and several of them are illustrated. I may here +remark that the illustrations of events in these pamphlets, as +well as many of those contained in the numerous tracts published +during the Civil War in England, appear to be works +of pure imagination, and were, probably, invented by the +artist just as a modern draughtsman would illustrate a work +of fiction. Others, again, were evidently old woodcuts executed +for some other purpose. A few instances occur, however, +where drawings have been made from actual scenes, and +sometimes maps and plans are given as illustrations of a +battle or a siege. This rising of the Roman Catholics in Ireland +began with a massacre of the Protestants, and, according +to the tracts published at the time, the atrocities of recent wars +in Bulgaria and elsewhere were equalled in every way by the +Roman Catholics in Ireland in the seventeenth century. The +illustrations in these tracts are very coarse woodcuts. One +represents the arrest of a party of conspirators, and another +is a view of a town besieged, while a third gives a group of +prisoners supplicating for mercy. The best illustration that +I have met with of this Irish news is contained in a pamphlet +entitled, ‘<i>Approved, good and happy Newes from Ireland; Relating</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page44" id="page44"></a>44<br />45</span> +<i>how the Castle of Artaine was taken from the Rebels, two +of their Captaines kild, and one taken prisoner by the Protestants, +with the arrival of 2000 foot, and 300 horse from England. +Also a great skirmish between the Protestants and the Rebels at +a place near Feleston, wherein the English obtained great renowne +and victory: Whereunto is added a true relation of the +great overthrow which the English gave the Rebels before Drogheda, +sent in a letter bearing date the 27 of February to Sir +Robert King, Knight, at Cecill house in the Strand. Printed +by order of Parliament. London, Printed for John Wright +1641.</i>’ The woodcut on the title-page of this tract represents +the taking of the castle of Artaine, but there is only the following +very short paragraph relating to it:—‘The last news +from Ireland 7 March 1641. The 10 of February our men +went to <i>Artaine</i> against a castle so called, which had before +done some mischiefe, to some of our men, the enemy being +in it. But the enemy fled before our second coming, and left +the Castle, and a garrison was left in it by us.’ The other +news is related more at length, and one of the paragraphs +runs thus:—‘On the 13 a man was brought to our City, being +taken by some of our scattering men scouting about our City, +who confest without constraint, that he had killed an <i>Englishwoman</i> +at a place called <i>Leslipson</i>, 6 Miles West of our City, +and washed his hands in her bloud, being set on by the popish +Priests so to doe; he was presently hanged, but dyed with +much repentance and a protestant, which few do.’ The concluding +paragraph of this pamphlet shows the writer to have +been a man of a commercial spirit:—‘Tis to be feared that a +famine is like to be in our City, in that still men come to us +and provision is short, and none of yours that come to us +bring any vittailes, great taxes are upon us, more than can +be borne. He that had Butter, and Cheese, and Cloath, at +between 6 and 14 shillings a yard here sent by any out of +London might make a good trade of it. Cheshire Cheese is +sould here for sixpence a pound already. Some of your +Londoners are come hither (acquaintance of mine) that will +send for such things, for great profit may be made by them +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page46" id="page46"></a>46</span> +and quicke returne.’ Annexed is a facsimile of the woodcut +representing the taking of the Castle of Artaine.</p> + +<p>Several other pamphlets relating to the Irish Rebellion +are illustrated, but, with a few exceptions, the cuts bear very +little relation to the subject, and were probably not executed +for the purpose. One gives an account of a victory obtained +by the English at Dundalk in 1642, and it has a woodcut of +a man firing a cannon against a town, a copy of which is +appended.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:499px" src="images/img059.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">VICTORY AT DUNDALK, 1642.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The description is in the following words:—‘Newes from +Ireland. On Monday morning came three Gentlemen to our +City of Dublin from Sir Henry Tichbourne, who brought a +message to the state of a great and happy victory obtained +by the aforesaid Sir Henry Tichbourne with 2000 horse and +foot marched to Ardee, and there put 400 of the Rebels to +the sword, yet lost not one man of our side; from thence +upon the Saturday following, he mustered up his forces +against a place called Dundalke some 14 miles northward +from Tredath, where the enemy was 5000 strong, and well +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page47" id="page47"></a>47</span> +fortified. At his first approach there issued out of the +Towne 3000 of the Rebels who all presented themselves in +Battallia, our Forlorne hopes of horse and foot had no sooner +fired upon them, but they routed the Rebels. Captaine +Marroe’s Troope of horse setting on killed great store of the +Rebels who thereupon retreated to the Towne, made fast the +gates, and ran out at the other end to their boats beforehand +provided: Our Army coming in fired the gates, entred, and +killed those within. Captain Marroe followed the flying foe, +and slew abundance of them upon the strand, and it is +reported by them that if he had known the Fords and the +River, he had cut them all off, if he had gained the other +side of the River, but being a stranger, could not doe it +(wanting a guide) without endangering the Troope. There +was slaine of the Rebels in this sudden skirmish not less +than 1100 besides what they took prisoners. Sir Philomy +O’Neale fled with the rest of the Commanders; but 10 +common soldiers were lost of our side. Sir Philomy O’Neale +made speed away to a place called Newry, a chiefe garrison +of the Rebels. Sir Henry Tichbourne hath sent 600 men +more to Dublin, intending that place shall be the next he +begins withall, which is granted, and tomorrow there goeth +to him 500 men, if not 5000, for whose safety and prosperity +in the meantime is the subject of our daily prayers that he +may have as good success as in all his other designs from +the first till this time; for no man was ever so beloved by +his souldiers, that protest to follow him while they can stand. +We are in great hope he will recover the Newry very +shortly; it is credibly reported, that they got 20,000 pounds +at least in pillage at Dundalke.’</p> + +<p>In another pamphlet, dated 1642, there is an account of +a battle at Kilrush, which is also illustrated with a woodcut. +The circumstances are related in detail, but they are sufficiently +set forth in the title, without further quotation:—‘Captaine +Yarner’s Relation of the Battaile fought at +Kilrush upon the 15th day of Aprill, by my Lord of +Ormond, who with 2500 Foot and 500 Horse, overthrew the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page48" id="page48"></a>48</span> +Lord Mountgarret’s Army, consisting of 8000 Foot and 400 +Horse, all well armed, and the choyce of eight Counties. +Together with a Relation of the proceedings of our Army, +from the second to the later end of Aprill, 1642.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:449px" src="images/img061.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">BATTLE OF KILRUSH, 1642.</td></tr></table> + +<p>Many other illustrated pamphlets relating to current +events were published at this time. It would appear that +in 1641 there was a visitation of the plague in London, and +a tract of that date has reference to it. It is entitled:—‘<i>London’s +Lamentation, or a fit admonishment for City and +Country, wherein is described certain causes of this affliction and +visitation of the Plague, yeare 1641, which the Lord hath been +pleased to inflict upon us, and withall what means must be used +to the Lord, to gain his mercy and favour, with an excellent +spirituall medicine to be used for the preservative both of Body +and Soule.</i>’ The ‘spiritual medicine’ recommended is an +earnest prayer to heaven at morning and evening and a +daily service to the Lord. The writer endeavours to improve +the occasion very much like a preacher in the pulpit and +continues his exhortation thus:—‘Now seeing it is apparent +that sin is the cause of sicknesse: It may appear as plainly +that prayer must be the best means to procure health and +safety, let not our security and slothfulnesse give death +opportunity, what man or woman will not seem to start, at +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page49" id="page49"></a>49</span> +the signe of the red Crosse, as they passe by to and fro in the +streets? And yet being gone they think no more on it. It +may be, they will say, such a house is shut up, I saw the red +crosse on the doore; but look on thine own guilty conscience, +and thou shalt find thou hast a multitude of red crimson +sinnes remaining in thee.’ I have copied the illustration to +this tract, and it will be seen that it is divided into two +parts—one representing a funeral procession advancing to +where men are digging two graves—the other showing +dead bodies dragged away on hurdles. The first is labelled +‘London’s Charity.’ The second ‘The Countrie’s Crueltie.’ +This was perhaps intended to impress the reader in favour +of the orderly burial of the dead in the city churchyards, a +subject on which public opinion has very much changed +since that time.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:421px" src="images/img062.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE PLAGUE IN LONDON. 1641.</td></tr></table> + +<p>We have already noticed that the vicissitudes of the sea +and the accidents of maritime life, which supply so much +material to modern newspapers, were not less attractive to +the early news-writers. There is a very circumstantial account +of the voyage and wreck of a ship called the <i>Merchant +Royall</i> in a pamphlet published in 1641. The engraving it +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page50" id="page50"></a>50</span> +contains is the same block used by Thomas Greepe in 1587. +It is entitled, ‘<i>Sad news from the seas, being a true relation of +the losse of that good Ship called the Merchant Royall, which +was cast away ten leagues from the Lands end, on Thursday +night, being the 23 of September last 1641 having in her a world +of Treasure, as this story following doth truly relate</i>.’ Another +illustrated pamphlet, dated 1642, contains a long and minute +narrative of how a certain ship called the <i>Coster</i> was +boarded by a native of Java, who, watching his opportunity, +murdered the captain and several of the crew, but who was +afterwards killed when assistance arrived from another ship. +There is a woodcut representing the murders, and the title +runs as follows:—‘<i>A most Execrable and Barbarous murder +done by an East Indian Devil, or a native of Java-Major, in the +Road of Bantam, Aboard an English ship called the Coster, on +the 22 of October last, 1641. Wherein is shewed how the wicked +Villain came to the said ship and hid himself till it was very +dark, and then he murdered all the men that were aboard, except +the Cooke and three Boyes. And lastly, how the murderer himselfe +was justly requited. Captain William Minor being an eye-witnesse +of this bloudy Massacre. London: Printed for T. +Banks, July the 18, 1642.</i>’ The very full particulars given +in this pamphlet show how minute and circumstantial the +old news-writers were in their narratives. It will be seen +by the following extracts that the story has an air of truth +given to it by careful attention to various small matters of +detail:—</p> + +<p>‘On Friday the 22 of October last 1641 towards night +there came aboard an English ship called the <i>Coster</i>, in a +small Prow (or flat Boat with one paddle) a proper young +man, (a Java, which is as much as to say as a man born or +native of the Territory of Java.) This man, (or devill in +mans shape) with a pretence to sell some Hews, (hatching +mischiefe in his damned minde,) did delay and trifle time, +because he would have the night more dark for him to do +his deeds of darknesse. At last he sold 6 Hews for half a +Royall of 8 which is not much above two shillings. There +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page51" id="page51"></a>51</span> +came also another Java aboard, (with the like small Prow or +Boat) to whom he gave the half Royall, sent him away and +bade him make haste; he being asked for what the other +Java went for, the answer was that he had sent him for more +Hews and Goates to sell.</p> + +<p>‘Night being come, and very dark, (for it was the last +night of the wane of the Moone) this inhumane dog staid +lurking under the half deck having 2 Crests (or dangerous +waving daggers) and a Buckler, of which he would have sold +one and the Buckler with it, and as he was discoursing he +took off one of the Crests hefts and put cloth about the +tongue of the Blade, and made it sure fast: on the other +Crest he rolled the handle with a fine linnen cloth to make +it also sure from slipping in his hand; these things he did +whilst the Master, Robert Start, Stephen Roberts, his mate, +Hugh Rawlinson, Chirurgeon, William Perks, Steward, +James Biggs, Gunner, and 3 Boys or Youths attending. At +supper they were very merry, and this Caitiffe took notice of +their carelessnesse of him to suffer him to sit on the quarter +deck upon a Cot close by them.</p> + +<p>‘Supper being ended about 6 at night the Master went to +his Cabin to rest, the Gunner asked leave to go ashore, (the +ship riding but half a mile from landing.) Afterwards +Robert Rawlinson and Perks walked upon the quarter deck; +and the devilish Java perceiving the Master to be absent, he +asked the Boyes where he was, who answered he was gone +to sleepe. This question he demanded 3 or 4 times of the +Boyes, and finding it to be so, he arose from the place where +he sate, which was on the starboard side and went about the +Table next the Mizzen Mast (where Roberts, Rawlings and +Perks were walking) with his Target about his Neck for +defence against Pikes, or the like; and his 2 Crests in his +hand, and upon a sudden cries <i>a Muck</i>, which in that language +is I hazard or run my death. Then first he stabd +Roberts, secondly he stabd Rawlinson, thirdly Perks, all +three at an instant. After that he let drive at the Boyes, +but they leapd down, and ran forward into the forecastle, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page52" id="page52"></a>52</span> +where they found the Cooke, to whom the Boyes related +what had happened.’</p> + +<p>Further details are given at great length, showing how +the savage continued his bloody work, and how he was +finally overpowered. The narrative thus winds up:—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:509px" src="images/img065.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">MURDERS ON BOARD AN ENGLISH SHIP, 1642.</td></tr></table> + +<p>‘It is observable that of all these men that were thus +butchered, the Hel-hound did never stab any man twice, +so sure did he strike, nor did he pursue any man that kept +clear of his stand under the quarter-deck. So there dyed in +all (in this bloody action) Robert Start, Master, Stephen +Roberts, his Mate, Hugh Rawlinson, Chirurgeon, William +Perks, Steward, Walter Rogers, Gunner’s Mate, and Francis +Drake, Trumpeter of the <i>Mary</i>. And after the Muck, Java, +or Devill, had ended the first part of this bloody Tragedy, +there was only left in the ship, the Cooke, 3 Boyes, and one +John Taylor, that was almost dead with a shott he foolishly +made. So that 7 men were unfortunately lost (as you have +heard) and the Gunner escaped very narrowly through God’s +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page53" id="page53"></a>53</span> +merciful prevention, from the like of these related disasters +and suddaine mischiefs, Good Lord deliver us.’</p> + +<p>The engraving, like all those belonging to this period, +is very rough; but it was evidently prepared specially +for the occasion, and some care appears to have been +taken to represent the ‘<i>Java</i>’ as he is described. It is a +genuine attempt to illustrate the story, and on that account +is more interesting than some of the woodcuts in +the early newspapers.</p> + +<p>The Earl of Strafford, who was executed on Tower Hill, +May 12, 1641, forms the subject of more than one illustrated +tract of this period. In 1642 was published a curious +pamphlet, consisting of an engraved title and eight pages of +illustrations, representing the principal events of 1641-2. +There are sixteen illustrations, exclusive of the title, two on +each page. They are all etched on copper, and are done +with some freedom and artistic ability. I shall have occasion +to refer to this pamphlet hereafter; but at present I +have copied the engraving entitled, ‘The Earle of Strafford +for treasonable practises beheaded on the Tower-hill.’</p> + +<p>In this example of illustrated news the artist has faithfully +represented the locality in his background, but there +the truth of his pencil stops. Strafford himself, although his +head is not yet severed from his body, lies at full length on +the scaffold, and instead of the usual block used for decapitations +the victim’s head rests on an ordinary plank or thick +piece of wood. There is no one standing on the scaffold but +the executioner, whereas history asserts that the Earl was +attended in his last moments by his brother, Sir George +Wentworth, the Earl of Cleveland, and Archbishop Usher. +These omissions, if they were noticed at all, were no doubt +looked upon as trivial faults in the infancy of illustrated +journalism, and before a truth-loving public had learnt to +be satisfied with nothing less than ‘sketches done on the +spot.’ What appears to be a more correct view of the +execution was, however, published at the time. In the +British Museum are two etchings by Hollar (single sheets, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page54" id="page54"></a>54</span> +1641), representing the trial and execution of the Earl of +Strafford. They both look as if they had been done from +sketches on the spot, that of the execution giving a correct +view of the Tower and the surrounding buildings, but they +are too crowded to admit of reproduction on a reduced +scale.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:405px" src="images/img067.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">EXECUTION OF STRAFFORD, 1641.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The taste of the time tolerated the publication of satires +and petty lampoons even upon dead men. Soon after +Strafford’s death a tract was published entitled ‘<i>A Description +of the Passage of Thomas, late Earle of Strafford, over the +River of Styx, with the Conference betwixt him, Charon, and +William Noy</i>.’ There is a dialogue between Strafford and +Charon, of which the following is a specimen:—</p> + +<p>‘<i>Charon.</i>—In the name of Rhodomont what ayles me? +I have tugged and tugged above these two hours, yet can +hardly steere one foot forward; either my dried nerves +deceive my arme, or my vexed Barke carries an unwonted +burden. From whence comest thou, Passenger?</p> + +<p>‘<i>Strafford.</i>—From England.</p> + +<p>‘<i>Charon.</i>—From England! Ha! I was counsailed to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page55" id="page55"></a>55</span> +prepare myselfe, and trim up my boat. I should have work +enough they sayd ere be long from England, but trust me +thy burden alone outweighs many transported armies, were +all the expected numbers of thy weight poor Charon well +might sweat.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:556px; height:630px" src="images/img068.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">STRAFFORD CROSSING THE STYX, 1641.</td></tr></table> + +<p>‘<i>Strafford.</i>—I bear them all in one.</p> + +<p>‘<i>Charon.</i>—How? Bear them all in one, and thou shalt +pay for them all in one, by the just soul of Rhodomont; +this was a fine plot indeed, sure this was some notable fellow +being alive, that hath a trick to cosen the devil being dead. +What is thy name?</p> + +<p>‘(Strafford sighs.)</p> + +<p>‘<i>Charon.</i>—Sigh not so deep. Take some of this Lethæan +water into thine hand, and soope it up; it will make thee +forget thy sorrows.</p> + +<p>‘<i>Strafford.</i>—My name is Wentworth, Strafford’s late Earle.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page56" id="page56"></a>56</span></p> + +<p>‘<i>Charon.</i>—Wentworth! O ho! Thou art hee who +hath been so long expected by William Noy. He hath been +any time these two months on the other side of the banke, +expecting thy coming daily.’</p> + +<p>Strafford gives Charon but one halfpenny for his fare, +whereat the ferryman grumbles. Then ensues a conversation +between Strafford and William Noy, part of which is in +blank verse. The tract is illustrated with a woodcut, representing +Strafford in the ferryman’s boat with William Noy +waiting his arrival on the opposite bank.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:341px" src="images/img070.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">A BURLESQUE PLAY ABOUT ARCHBISHOP LAUD. ACT I. 1641.</td></tr></table> + +<p>No man of his time appears to have excited the hostile +notice of the press more than Archbishop Laud. The Archbishops +of Canterbury had long been considered censors of +the press by right of their dignity and office; and Laud +exercised this power with unusual tyranny. The ferocious +cruelty with which he carried out his prosecutions in the +Star Chamber and Court of High Commission made his name +odious, and his apparent preference for ceremonial religion +contributed to render him still more unpopular. Men were +put in the pillory, had their ears cut off, their noses slit, and +were branded on the cheeks with S. S. (Sower of Sedition), +and S. L. (Schismatical Libeller). They were heavily fined, +were whipped through the streets, were thrown into prison; +and all for printing and publishing opinions and sentiments +unpleasing to Archbishop Laud, under whose rule this +despotic cruelty became so prevalent that it was a common +thing for men to speak of So-and-so as having been ‘Star-Chambered.’ +No wonder, when the tide turned, that the +long-pent-up indignation found a vent through the printing-press. +Amongst the numerous tracts that were published +after the suppression of the Star Chamber were many which +held up Laud to public execration. He was reviled for his +ambition, reproached for his cruelty, and caricatured for his +Romish sympathies. During the four years between his fall +and his execution, portraits of him and other illustrations +relating to his career may be found in many pamphlets. I +propose to introduce the reader to some of these, as examples +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page57" id="page57"></a>57</span> +of the kind of feeling that was excited by a man whose +character and actions must have contributed not a little to +bring about a convulsion which shook both the Church and +the throne to their foundations. It must have been with a +peculiar satisfaction that Prynne, one of the chief sufferers +under Laud’s rule, found himself armed with the authority +of the House of Commons to despoil his old enemy. Probably +a similar feeling caused many others to chuckle and +rub their hands when they read, ‘<i>A New Play called Canterburie’s +Change of Diet</i>, printed in 1641.’ This is a small tract +illustrated with woodcuts, and is written in the form of a +play. The persons represented are the Archbishop of Canterbury, +a doctor of physic, a lawyer, a divine, a Jesuit, a +carpenter and his wife. The doctor of physic is intended for +either Dr. Alexander Leighton, or Dr. John Bastwick, both +of whom had their ears cut off; the lawyer is Prynne; and +the divine is meant for the Rev. Henry Burton, a London +clergyman, who also suffered under Laud’s administration. +In the first act enter the Archbishop, the doctor, the lawyer, +and the divine. Being seated, a variety of dishes are brought +to the table, but Laud expresses himself dissatisfied with the +fare placed before him and demands a more racy diet. He +then calls in certain bishops, who enter armed with muskets, +bandoleers, and swords. He cuts off the ears of the doctor, +the lawyer, and the divine, and tells them he makes them an +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page58" id="page58"></a>58</span> +example that others may be more careful to please his palate. +On the previous page is a copy of the cut which illustrates +the first act.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:357px" src="images/img071a.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">A BURLESQUE PLAY ABOUT ARCHBISHOP LAUD. ACT II.</td></tr></table> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:404px" src="images/img071b.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">A BURLESQUE PLAY ABOUT ARCHBISHOP LAUD. ACT III.</td></tr></table> + +<p>In the second act the Archbishop of Canterbury enters a +carpenter’s yard by the waterside, and seeing a grindstone +he is about to sharpen his knife upon it, when he is interrupted +by the carpenter who refuses to let him sharpen his +knife upon his grindstone, lest he should treat him (the +carpenter) as he had treated the others. The carpenter then +holds the Archbishop’s nose to the grindstone, and orders his +apprentice to turn with a will. The bishop cries out, +‘Hold! hold! such turning will soon deform my face. O, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page59" id="page59"></a>59</span> +I bleed, I bleed, and am extremely sore.’ The carpenter, +however, rejoins, ‘But who regarded “hold” before? +Remember the cruelty you have used to others, whose bloud +crieth out for vengeance. Were not their ears to them as +pretious as your nostrils can be to you? If such dishes +must be your fare, let me be your Cooke, I’ll invent you +rare sippets.’ Then enters a Jesuit Confessor who washes +the bishop’s wounded face and binds it up with a cloth. +There is also an illustration to this act which is here copied.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:424px" src="images/img072.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">ASSAULT ON LAMBETH PALACE, 1642.</td></tr></table> + +<p>In the third act the Archbishop and the Jesuit are +represented in a great Cage (the Tower) while the carpenter +and his wife, conversing together, agree that the two caged +birds will sing very well together. The woodcut to this act +represents a fool laughing at the prisoners.</p> + +<p>There is a fourth act in which the King and his Jester +hold a conversation about the Bishop and the confessor in +the cage. There is no printer’s or publisher’s name to this +play, only the date, 1641.</p> + +<p>The pamphlet previously referred to as containing a +picture of Strafford’s execution, has also an engraving showing +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page60" id="page60"></a>60</span> +how the tide of public feeling had set against Archbishop +Laud. The powerful Churchman had been impeached for +high treason; he was deprived of all the profits of his high +office and was imprisoned in the Tower. All his goods in +Lambeth Palace, including his books, were seized, and even +his Diary and private papers were taken from him by +Prynne, who acted under a warrant from the House of +Commons. The engraving under notice is entitled ‘The +rising of Prentices and Sea-men on Southwark side to assault +the Archbishops of Canterburys House at Lambeth.’</p> + +<p>In a tract entitled ‘<i>A Prophecie of the Life, Reigne, and +Death of William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury</i>,’ there is a +caricature of Laud seated on a throne or chair of state. A +pair of horns grow out of his forehead, and in front the +devil offers him a Cardinal’s Hat. This business of the +Cardinal’s Hat is alluded to by Laud himself, who says, ‘At +Greenwich there came one to me seriously, and that avowed +ability to perform it, and offered me to be a Cardinal. I +went presently to the king, and acquainted him both with +the thing and the person.’ This offer was afterwards +renewed: ‘But,’ says he, ‘my answer again was, that +something dwelt within me which would not suffer that till +Rome were other than it is.’ It would thus appear that the +Archbishop did not give a very decided refusal at first or the +offer would not have been repeated; and that circumstance, +if it were known at the time, must have strengthened the +opinion that he was favourably inclined towards the Church +of Rome. At all events, the offer must have been made +public, as this caricature shows.</p> + +<p>Though Laud behaved with dignity and courage when +he came to bid farewell to the world, if we are to believe the +publications of the time, he was not above petitioning for +mercy, while any hope of life remained. In 1643 a pamphlet +was published with the following title, ‘<i>The Copy of the Petition +presented to the Honourable Houses of Parliament by the +Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, wherein the said Archbishop +desires that he may not be transported beyond the Seas into New</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page61" id="page61"></a>61</span> +<i>England with Master Peters in regard to his extraordinary age +and weaknesse</i>.’ The petition is dated ‘From the Tower of +London this 6th of May 1643,’ and in it the petitioner sets +forth that out of a ‘fervent zeal to Christianity’ he endeavoured +to reconcile the principles of the Protestant and +Roman Catholic religions, hoping that if he could effect this +he might more easily draw the Queen into an adherence to +the Protestant faith. He deplores that his endeavours were +not successful, and he begs the honourable Parliament to +pardon his errors, and to ‘looke upon him in mercy, and not +permit or suffer your Petitioner to be transported, to endure +the hazard of the Seas, and the long tediousnesse of Voyage +into those trans-marine parts, and cold Countries, which +would soon bring your Petitioners life to a period; but +rather that your Petitioner may abide in his native country, +untill your Petitioner shall pay the debt which is due from +him to Nature, and so your Petitioner doth submit himselfe +to your Honourable and grave Wisdoms for your Petitioners +request and desire therein. And your Petitioner shall +humbly pray &c.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:453px" src="images/img074.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">CARICATURE OF THE DEVIL OFFERING LAUD A CARDINAL’S HAT, 1644.</td></tr></table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page62" id="page62"></a>62</span></p> + +<p>If Archbishop Laud was really the author of this petition +he appears to have expected that his long imprisonment +would end in banishment rather than death. He was +beheaded on Tower Hill, January 10, 1645. There is a +woodcut portrait of the Archbishop printed on the title-page +of the petition.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:423px" src="images/img075.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">ARCHBISHOP LAUD.</td></tr></table> + +<hr class="foot" /> <div class="note"> + +<p><a name="ft1a" id="ft1a" href="#fa1a"><span class="fn">1</span></a> <i>Life of Gustavus Adolphus</i>. Family Library.</p> +</div> + +<div class="center art1"><img style="width:150px; height:35px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img001.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page63" id="page63"></a>63</span></p> + +<p class="chap2 center">CHAPTER III.</p> + +<div class="condensed"> +<p class="mind">Ben Jonson’s Ridicule of the Early Newspapers—Fondness of the Old +News-Writers for the Marvellous—The Smithfield Ghost—The Wonderful +Whale—The Newbury Witch—Satirical Tracts and Caricatures +at the Commencement of the Civil War—Religion Tossed in a Blanket—Caricatures +of the Pope and the Bishops—Pluralists and Patentees—Taylor, +the Water Poet—<i>Mercurius Aulicus</i>—Activity of the +Pamphleteers—Welshmen Satirised—Satires on Prince Rupert—On +the King and Queen—The Ladies’ Parliament—Illustrated Tracts +relating to Social and Political Subjects—Sir Kenelm Digby’s Duel—The +King entertained by the City of London, 1641—Executions in +1641—The Liquor Traffic and Sunday Closing in 1641—Abuses of the +Ecclesiastical Courts—Ritualism and Nunneries in 1641—Truths +enforced by Lieing—Stage Players and the Plague in 1641—Bartholomew +Fair in 1641—Destruction of Charing Cross and Cheapside +Cross—Strange Apparition—Method of Enforcing their Views adopted +by the Puritan Pamphleteers—Parodies of Roundhead Sermons—Matthew +Hopkins the Witch-finder—<i>The Welsh Post</i> of 1643—William +Lilly the Astrologer—Three Suns seen in London on the +King’s Birthday.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="sc chap1">When</span> Ben Jonson called the newspaper ‘a weekly cheat to +draw money,’ and ridiculed the growing taste for news, he +had some reason for satirising the journalism of the period. +To satisfy the craving for news all kinds of impositions +were freely circulated. Nothing was too wonderful for the +credulity of the age, and people eagerly accepted what was +placed before them, fully believing that whatever was in +print must be true. It was not, however, till many years +after Ben Jonson’s death that the so-called newspapers put +forward their full powers as purveyors of the marvellous. +<i>Mercurius Democritus</i> was the <i>Punch</i> of that day. While he +satirised men and things he laboured to satisfy the popular +taste for the wonderful, as in the following account of a +ghost that was said to haunt the neighbourhood of Smithfield:—‘There +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page64" id="page64"></a>64</span> +is a great report of a ghoast that walks +every Night amongst the Butchers at <i>Smithfield Barrs</i>, the +<i>Shambles</i>, White-<i>Chappell</i>, and <i>Eastcheape</i>, in the habit of +<i>Mallet</i>, the Lawyer, pulling the meat off the Butchers +Tainters; many have adventured to strike at him with +Cleavers and Chopping-knives, but cannot feel anything +but Aire, every Saturday at night between 9 and 12, he +walks his stations, in this very habit as you see, doing more +mischiefe to the <i>Butchers</i> than ever <i>Robin Goodfellow</i> did to +the Country Hindes.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:434px; height:630px" src="images/img077.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE SMITHFIELD GHOST. FROM ‘MERCURIUS DEMOCRITUS,’ 1654.</td></tr></table> + +<p>Another example of the marvellous occurs in a tract +entitled, ‘<i>The Sea Wonder: a true and wonderful relation of a +Whale pursued in the Sea, and incountered by multitudes of +other Fishes as it was certified by divers Mariners of Weymouth, +who, comming from France in the good ship called the</i> Bonaventure, +<i>did shoote the said Whale, which making to Land did</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page65" id="page65"></a>65</span> +<i>strike upon the Shore, within three miles of Weymouth, where +being opened there was found in the belly of it a Romish Priest, +with Pardon for divers Papists in England and Ireland, whose +names are here inserted</i>.’ Great pains appear to have been +taken to give an air of truth to the narrative, which begins +thus:—‘On the 19th of October being the Lord’s Day the +good Ship called the <i>Bonaventure</i> of <i>Weymouth</i> being bound +for <i>England</i> was bringing home her Merchandise from <i>France</i> +which was wines, linning cloth, and abundance of Wall-nuts, +the day was very fair and no wind stirring, so that the ship +for above three hours space lay hulling upon the Seas, being +not able to move either one way nor other for want of wind, +although she was full sayled and prepared to take the advantage +of every gale.’ The author gravely explains that the +excitement of the fishes and their attacks on the whale were +caused by their instinctively feeling the presence of the +Popish Priest. Annexed is a copy of the woodcut on the +title-page of this curious tract.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:427px" src="images/img078.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE WONDERFUL WHALE, 1645.</td></tr></table> + +<p>‘<i>Newes, True Newes, Laudable Newes, Citie Newes, Country +Newes; The World is Mad, or it is a Mad World my Masters +especially now when in the Antipodes these things are come to</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page66" id="page66"></a>66</span> +<i>pass.</i>’ Such is the lengthy title of a pamphlet containing an +imaginary account of things at the Antipodes, and illustrated +with a fanciful woodcut on the title-page. Then we have +news from Boston in New England of a strange and prodigious +birth of a child with two heads, also illustrated. +<i>Mercurius Democritus</i>, besides such waggeries as giving an +account of ‘a sight seen in the air by a blind philosopher,’ +communicates ‘<i>Many strange wonders out of the World, in the +Moon, the Antipodes, Maggy Land, Tenebris, Fary-Land, Greenland, +and other adjacent countries</i>. <i>Published for the right +understanding of all the Mad-merry-people of Great Bedlam.</i>’ +Another example of the wonderful stories put forth to entertain +the multitude relates to the discovery and punishment +of a witch during the civil war. It occurs in a pamphlet +entitled ‘<i>A most Certain, Strange and true Discovery of a +Witch, being taken by some of the Parliament Forces, as she +was standing on a small planck-board and sayling on it over the +River of Newbury</i>.’ The illustration is of the rudest description, +and the story is told in a breathless sort of way, without +a full stop in the whole narrative:—</p> + +<p>‘A part of the Army marching through Newbury, some +of the Souldiers being scattered by the reason of their loytering +by the way, in gathering Nuts, Apples, Plummes, Blackberries, +and the like, one of them by chance in clambring up +a tree, being pursued by his fellow or comrade in waggish +merriment, jesting one with another, espied on the river +being there adjacent, a tall, lean, slender woman, as he supposed, +to his amazement, and great terrour, treading of the +water with her feet, with as much ease and firmnesse as if +one should walk or trample on the earth, wherewith he softly +calls, and beckoned to his fellows to behold it, and with all +possible speed that could be to obscure them from her sight, +who as conveniently as they could they did observe, this +could be no little amazement unto them you may think to +see a woman dance upon the water, nor could all their sights +be deluded, though perhaps one might, but coming nearer to +the shore, they could perceive there was a planke or deale +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page67" id="page67"></a>67</span> +overshadowed with a little shallow water that she stood upon, +the which did beare her up, anon rode by some of the commanders +who were eye witnesses, as well as they, and were +as much astonished as they could be, still too and fro she +fleeted on the water, the boord standing firm boult upright, +indeed I have both heard and read of many that in tempests +and on rivers by casualty have become shipwracked, or cast +overboard, where catching empty barrells, rudders, boards, or +planks have made good shift by the assisting Providence of +God to get on shore, but not in this womans kind to stand +upon the board, turning and winding it which way she +pleased, making it pastime to her, as little thinking who +perceived her tricks, or that she did imagine that they were +the last she ever should show, as we have heard the swan +sing before her death, so did this devilish woman, as after +plainly it appeared make sport before her death, at last +having sufficiently been upon the water, he that deceived +her alway did so then, blinding her that she could not, at +her landing see the ambush that was laid for her, coming +upon the shore, she gave the board a push, which they +plainly perceived, and crossed the river, they searched after +her but could not find her she being landed the Commanders +beholding her, gave orders to lay hold on her, and bring her +to them straight, the which some were fearful, but one being +more venturous than other some, boldly went to her and +seized on her by the arms, demanding what she was? but +the woman no whit replying any words unto them, they +brought her to the Commanders, to whom though mightily +she was urged she did reply as little; so consulting with +themselves what should be done with her, being it so apparently +appeared she was a <i>witch</i>, being loth to let her goe +& as loth to carry her with them, so they resolved with themselves, +to make a shot at her, and gave order to a couple of +their souldiers that were approved good marksmen, to charge +and shoot her straight, which they prepared to doe; so setting +her boult upright against a mud bank or wall; two of +the souldiers according to their command made themselves +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page68" id="page68"></a>68</span> +ready, where having taken aime gave fire and shot at her, +but with a deriding and loud laughter at them she caught +their bullets in her hands and chew’d them, which was a +stronger testimony than the water, that she was the same +that their imaginations thought her for to be, so resolving +with themselves if either fire or sword or halter were sufficient +for to make an end of her, one set his Carbine close +unto her brest; where discharging, the bullet back rebounded +like a ball, and narrowly he mist it in his face that was the +shooter; this so enraged the Gentleman, that one drew out +his sword and manfully run at her with all the force his +strength had power to make, but it prevailed no more than +did the shot, the woman still though speechless, yet in a +most contemptible way of scorn, still laughing at them, +which did the more exhaust their furie against her life, yet +one amongst the rest had heard that piercing or drawing +bloud from forth the veins that crosse the temples of the +head, it would prevail against the strongest sorcery, and +quell the force of Witchcraft, which was allowed for triall; +the woman hearing this knew then the Devill had left her +and her power was gone, wherefore she began alowd to cry, +and roare, tearing her haire, and making pitious moan, which +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page69" id="page69"></a>69</span> +in these words expressed were: And is it come to passe that +I must die indeed? Why then his Excellency the Earle of +Essex shall be fortunate and win the field, after which no +more words could be got from her; wherewith they immediately +discharged a Pistoll underneath her ear, at which +she straight sunk down and died, leaving her legacy of a +detested carcasse to the wormes, her soul we ought not to +judge of, though the evils of her wicked life and death can +scape no censure.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:451px" src="images/img081.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE NEWBURY WITCH, 1643.</td></tr></table> + +<p>On the outbreak of the great Civil War an immense +number of tracts and pamphlets were published relating to +social and political questions, many of which were illustrated. +Satire was a weapon freely used, and many hard hits were +made, the point and bitterness of which cannot now be +understood. Caricatures, which are generally supposed to +have made their appearance in England at a much later +date, are of frequent occurrence. The wonderful and supernatural +were freely dealt in, and many tracts were published +which were not strictly news, yet had some reference to +public men and passing events. The woodcuts in the tracts +and pamphlets of this period were frequently repeated, being +sometimes used where they had no relation to the subject +treated.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:505px; height:550px" src="images/img083.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">RELIGION TOSSED IN A BLANKET, 1641.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The minds of men being much exercised on questions of +religion at this time, it was to be expected that the subject +would not escape the notice of the satirist. Accordingly, +many tracts were published relating to religious matters, +some of which are illustrated with woodcut caricatures. +There is one of the date of 1641 containing a woodcut of +four men tossing Religion (represented by a Bible) in a +blanket. The writer condemns the numberless sects which +were perplexing men’s minds and tearing the Church +asunder:—</p> + +<p>‘Religion is made a Hotch potch, and as it were tossed +in a Blanquet, and too many places of England too much +<i>Amsterdamnified</i> by several opinions. Religion is now become +the common discourse and Table-talke in every Taverne and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page70" id="page70"></a>70</span> +Ale-house, where a man shall hardly find five together in one +minde, and yet every one presumes hee is in the right. The +Booke of Common prayer which was established by Act of +Parliament by that good and Godly King Edward the sixth, +and after reestablished by another Parliament by that +unparaled and peerlesse princesse Queen Elizabeth, and continued +since in the happy Raignes of two gracious kings in +the church of England for the service of God these ninetie +yeares; yet one would have it to be cast out now, holding it +to be a false worship; another is angrie at the vestments +and habits of the Ministry; one will not kneel, another will +not stand, one will sit downe, one will not bowe, another +will not be uncovered, one holds all good manners to be +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page71" id="page71"></a>71</span> +popery, another that all decencie is superstitious, another +that railes are Romish (which is false for the papists have no +railes in their churches, nor anything so convenient). One +foolishly assumes and presumes to save himselfe and some of +his Neighbours too, by his good workes; another will be +saved by a bare and lazie Faith that will do no work at all, +and thus religion is puft and blowne to and fro with every +wind of doctrine, and as it were tost in a Blanquet; but of +this more largely hereafter in another part which will +suddenly be printed, till when and ever it shall be my hearty +prayers that as there is but one Shepheard, that is God in his +gracious goodnesse and mercie would make us all one +sheepfold.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:435px" src="images/img084.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">CARICATURE OF THE POPE, 1643.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The shafts of satire were frequently aimed at the Pope +and the Bishops. One caricature represents the Pope seated, +while a unicorn tumbles the triple crown from his head. +The same woodcut illustrates a ‘<i>Letter from the Devil to the +Pope of Rome</i>.’ Another tract has a representation of the +Pope riding upon a seven-headed monster and holding in +his hand a scroll on which are the words ‘Estote proditores’—‘Betraye +your Country.’ This advice he is giving to a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page72" id="page72"></a>72</span> +cavalier, a bishop, and a monk, and at the same time three +devils are represented as leaving him and entering into +them. This cut, which is repeated in other pamphlets, is +curious as an early specimen of caricature, but its meaning is +now lost.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:617px; height:630px" src="images/img085.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">CARICATURE OF THE BISHOPS, 1642.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The Bishops were treated with as little ceremony as the +Pope. In one caricature four of them are represented as +falling to the earth, with the following lines underneath the +woodcut:—</p> + +<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr"> +<p>‘The tottering prelates, with their trumpery all,</p> +<p class="i05">Shall moulder downe, like elder from the wall.’</p> +</div> </td></tr></table> + +<p>In a pamphlet called <i>The Decoy Duck</i>, printed in 1642, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page73" id="page73"></a>73</span> +there is a quaint woodcut caricature and a satirical account +of how the Bishops of Durham, Lichfield, Norwich, Asaph, +Bath, Hereford, Oxford, Ely, Gloucester, Peterborough, and +Llandaff were decoyed and deceived by the Bishop of Lincoln +(Bishop Williams). I have copied the woodcut, but no +quotation from the pamphlet would be understood unless +given at great length. It doubtless refers to the charge of +high treason against the twelve Bishops.</p> + +<p>The abuses of the Established Church in an age when +the spirit of dissent was strong were pretty sure to attract +the notice of the satirical writer and the caricaturist. +Accordingly, we find representations of the pluralist holding +a church in each hand and one on each shoulder; while the +non-resident clergyman was compared to the locust:—‘The +Locust is given to spoile and devoure greene things; it was +one of the plagues of Egypt. Non-residents devoure the +tithes of many parishes in this kingdome; and they are not +to be numbered amongst the least of those plagues that God +inflicts upon us for our sins. The Locusts caused Pharaoh +and his servants to cry unto Moses that he would entreat the +Lord to take them away; and our Non-Residents cause all +good people to cry mightily unto God, to the King’s +Majesty, and to the Honourable House of Parliament, to +reform them or remove them; that there may not be any +carelesse Non-Resident in all the coasts of England.... +Some of our carelesse Non-Residents have a cure of soules +in one place and live in another, like fugitive Captaines forsake +their Ensigne and Company at Barwick, and flee to +Dover; who being with Jonah commanded for Nineveh, flee +to Tarshish; being placed in the Country they run to the +Cathedrals, they leave their charge as the Ostrich doth her +eggs in the earth and sands, forgetting that either the foot +may crush them or that the wild beast may break them, or +at the best they leave their Congregations, as the Cuckoo +doth her eggs to be hatched of a sparrow or some other +bird.’</p> + +<p>The following woodcut is copied from a pamphlet entitled +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page74" id="page74"></a>74</span> +‘<i>A Purge for Pluralities, showing the unlawfulnesse of men to +have two Livings, or the Downefall of Double Benifices</i>.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:484px; height:630px" src="images/img087.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE PLURALIST, 1642.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The abuse of the Crown’s prerogative in the granting of +patents and monopolies was very frequent in the reigns of +Elizabeth and James, and was not diminished under Charles +the First. The practice did not fail to attract the notice of +the satirical writers of the day, and caricature laid hold on +the ‘Projectors and Patentees,’ and held them up to ridicule. +‘<i>A Dialogue or accidental discourse betwixt Mr. Alderman Abell,</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page75" id="page75"></a>75</span> +<i>and Richard Kilvert, the two maine Projectors for Wine</i>, 1641, +contains a woodcut showing ‘The manner and forme how +Projectors and Patentees have rode a Tylting in a Parliament +time.’ The wit of the illustration is a little obscure to the +modern reader, but at the time of its publication it was no +doubt understood, and relished accordingly. The pamphlet +describes how Messrs. Abell and Kilvert laid their heads +together to obtain the patent for wine; how they put the +patent in force, and how, after the tide turned against +them, they reviled one another.</p> + +<p>As the excitement of the Civil War increased, political +animosity rose to a red heat. Cavaliers and Roundheads +belaboured each other in many a merciless pamphlet, to +which they often endeavoured to give additional bitterness +by woodcut caricatures. Prominent individuals, such as +Prince Rupert, became marks for the satirist’s wit. Even +the throne itself did not escape, and it was broadly hinted +that the Protestant king was unduly influenced by the Roman +Catholic queen. The curious subject of the growth of caricature +might be illustrated by numerous examples from the +publications of this period, but it will be sufficient to refer +to two or three more woodcut satires of this date.</p> + +<p>The distractions of the times were epitomised by John +Taylor, the Water Poet, in an illustrated rhyming pamphlet, +published in 1642. It is entitled, ‘<i>Mad Fashions, Od Fashions, +all out of Fashion, or the Emblems of these distracted Times</i>.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:460px" src="images/img089.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">EMBLEMS OF THE DISTRACTED TIMES, 1642.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The author compares England to the engraving on his +title-page, where everything is represented upside down:—</p> + +<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr"> +<p>‘The Picture that is printed on the front</p> +<p class="i05">Is like this Kingdome if you look upon ‘t;</p> +<p class="i05">For if you well doe note it as it is,</p> +<p class="i05">It is a Transform’d Metamorphasis.</p> +<p class="i05">This Monstrous Picture plainly doth declare</p> +<p class="i05">This land (quite out of order) out of square.</p> +<p class="i05">His Breeches on his shoulders doe appeare,</p> +<p class="i05">His doublet on his lower parts doth weare. + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page76" id="page76"></a>76</span></p> +<p class="i05">His Boots and Spurs upon his Armes and Hands,</p> +<p class="i05">His Gloves upon his feet (whereon he stands)</p> +<p class="i05">The church o’erturned (a lamentable show)</p> +<p class="i05">The Candlestick above, the light below,</p> +<p class="i05">The Coney hunts the Dogge, the Rat the Cat,</p> +<p class="i05">The Horse doth whip the Cart (I pray marke that)</p> +<p class="i05">The Wheelbarrow doth drive the man (Oh Base)</p> +<p class="i05">And Eeles and Gudgeons flie a mighty pace.</p> +<p class="i05">And sure this is a Monster of strange fashion</p> +<p class="i05">That doth surpasse all Ovids transformation.</p> +<p class="i05">And this is England’s case this very day,</p> +<p class="i05">All things are turned the clean contrary way;</p> +<p class="i05">For now, as when a Royall Parliament,</p> +<p class="i05">(With King, and Peers, and Commons whole consent)</p> +<p class="i05">Have almost sate two years, with paines and Cares,</p> +<p class="i05">And charge, to free us from our Griefes and fears,</p> +<p class="i05">For when many a worthy Lord and Knight,</p> +<p class="i05">And good Esquire (for King and Countrey’s Right) + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page77" id="page77"></a>77</span></p> +<p class="i05">Have spent so much time with great Toyle and Heede</p> +<p class="i05">All England’s vicious garden how to weed,</p> +<p class="i05">So like a wildernesse ‘twas over run,</p> +<p class="i05">That though much better hath been done; All is not done.’</p> +</div> </td></tr></table> + +<p>The Water Poet sided with the Cavalier party, and verse +and prose flowed plentifully from his pen in favour of the +Royal cause. His effusions provoked many replies, one of +which is entitled, ‘<i>No Mercurius Aquaticus, but a Cable-Rope, +double twisted for John Tayler, the Water Poet; who escaping +drowning in a Paper-Wherry-Voyage, is reserved for another +day, as followeth, viz.</i>’</p> + +<p>Then follows the subjoined woodcut, with verses underneath. +The hint that the poet was born to be hanged +because he had escaped from drowning refers to his having +undertaken to sail from London to Queenborough in a boat +made of brown paper. In this foolhardy exploit Taylor and +a friend who was with him nearly lost their lives. The tract +under notice affords a good specimen of the sort of language +used by the partisans of each faction against their opponents: +‘I should be loathe to foule my fingers with any base +Pamphlets that comes from Oxford, if the venom of their +malicious spleens were darted against my particular self: +But when through my sides they wound the honour of the +Parliament and our Armies abroad, I cannot but set Pen to +paper, and pay them back again in their own kinde. And +who d’ye think I should meet abroad for a <i>Rogue-in-Print</i> +but one of our City Water-rats, the doughty John Taylor, +who according to the knavish custom, changes his name +upon every new paper-designe? Sometimes he calls himself +<i>Thorney Ailo, Mercurius Aquaticus</i>, and now he entitles himself +<span class="sc">No Mercurius Aulicus</span>. I thought I had lately sent +<i>rope</i> enough for all the Parrots in Oxford; But I perceive +they will be prattling still; and therefore I must unmaske +the Mysterious Masters of the science of railing. There are +three grand paper conspirators well known by the name of +<i>Mercurius Aulicus, George Naworth</i>, and reverend Master +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page78" id="page78"></a>78</span> +<i>John Tayler</i> the water-tankard, by whose sprinklings in this +great dearth of Wit and Honesty the University is cherished +and kept in credit. These three are they which pumpe and +Pimpe about with their Prostitute Noddles in the behalf of +Popery, Murder, and Rebellion against the state; they are +Liars in all elements, <i>Aulicus</i> for Land-lies, <i>Tayler</i> for Water, +and hungry <i>George Naworth</i> for all between Heaven and +Earth, where I doubt not but to see them all meet together +to take their farewell of the world, where the <i>Parrots</i> will +find <i>Ropes</i> made of stronger Lines than mine, and such as +will <i>non-plus</i> the very primest Wits in the University.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:352px" src="images/img091.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">PREDICTED FATE OF JOHN TAYLOR THE WATER POET, 1644.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The pamphleteer goes on to give the Water-Poet what he +doubtless considered a thorough drubbing, and at the end he +leaves him ‘to the Gallows, the proper cure for such Rebels.’ +The words ‘London’ and ‘Oxford’ on the woodcut have +reference to another voyage which the Water-Poet performed +in a sculler’s boat between those places.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:547px" src="images/img092.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">MERCURIUS AULICUS IN THE PILLORY, 1645.</td></tr></table> + +<p><i>Mercurius Aulicus</i> was the organ of the Court party, and +was published at Oxford. A curious satire upon this Court +paper was printed in 1645, entitled, <i>Newes from Smith the +Oxford Jaylor</i>. It consists of a dialogue between the author +and the ‘Oxford Jaylor,’ and sets forth that ‘Mercurius +Aulicus’ was sentenced, by a jury of women,’ to stand in the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page79" id="page79"></a>79</span> +pillory three market-days in Oxford, for his lies, libels, and +deceitful glozings;’ to have a written paper over his head +announcing his shame; to beg forgiveness of ‘Mercurius +Brittanicus;’ to be prevented from writing any more libels +for one year. ‘That before two months’ expiration he be cut +of the simples, and his braines be taken out, washt in white +wine, and put in againe.’ ‘That for every morning during +the said time he have one mess of stewd broth made of the +interlinings of fower Court Parazites, and the braines of 26 +Oxford Widgins boyld in the water of forgetfulnesse.’ ‘That +he may never hereafter have so much as one graine of wit +left him in his empty Hogshead (his brains being taken out +and washed as before is ordered) to scandalize those whom if +he had any grace he is bound to honour.’ There is a woodcut +of <i>Mercurius Aulicus</i> in the pillory, which is supposed to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page80" id="page80"></a>80</span> +represent Sir John Birkenhead, who acquired the title of the +Loyal Poet, and suffered several imprisonments. This cut +was used on several other occasions.</p> + +<p>The troubles of the times are constantly indicated in the +pamphlets of the period. In one the State is represented as a +two-headed serpent, with these lines underneath the engraving:</p> + +<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr"> +<p>‘This double-headed serpent is a wonder,</p> +<p class="i05">It draws two ways and tears the womb in sunder;</p> +<p class="i05">The wofull emblem of a troubled State</p> +<p class="i05">Where civill warres doe threat to ruinate.’</p> +</div> </td></tr></table> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:425px" src="images/img093.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">SQUARE CAPS TURNED INTO ROUND HEADS, 1642.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The partisans of the Parliament faction appear to have +been much more active pamphleteers than the Cavaliers. +‘<i>Square Caps turned into Round Heads, or the Bishop’s Vindication +and the Brownist’s conviction, being a Dialogue between +Time and Opinion; showing the folly of the one and the worthinesse +of the other</i>,’ is a tract with an illustration representing +Opinion turning a wheel, on which are five square caps and +five round heads, while Time, with his scythe and hourglass, +holds converse with Opinion. Under the woodcut are +the following lines:—</p> + +<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr"> +<p>‘Time doth Opinion call unto accompt,</p> +<p class="i05">Who turns the Bishop’s downe and Roundheads mount;</p> +<p class="i05">Upon her lofty wheels their Noddles are,</p> +<p class="i05">But her Camelion feedeth on his aire.’</p> +</div> </td></tr></table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page81" id="page81"></a>81</span></p> + +<p>‘<i>Cornucopia, or Room for a Ram head, wherein is described +the dignity of the Ram head above the Roundhead or Rattlehead</i>,’ +is another tract, with a woodcut caricature representing +a woman attempting to saw the horns from a man’s head. +The letterpress consists of a dialogue between a man and his +wife, wherein the man humorously praises horns. It was +a favourite joke to represent the Puritan as a ‘cuckoldy +Roundhead.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:515px" src="images/img094.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">CARICATURE, 1642.</td></tr></table> + +<p>Another satirical pamphlet has a woodcut representing +Cavaliers and Roundheads exciting their dogs to fight. It +is entitled, ‘<i>A Dialogue or rather a Parly between Prince +Rupert’s Dogge whose name is Puddle, and Tobies Dog whose +name is Pepper, &c.</i> <i>Whereunto is added the challenge which +Prince Griffin’s Dog, called Towzer, hath sent to Prince +Rupert’s Dog Puddle, in the behalfe of honest Pepper, Tobie’s +Dog. Moreover, the said Prince Griffin is newly gone to +Oxford to lay the wager, and to make up the Match.</i>’ In this +satire, which is very highly flavoured, both Cavaliers and +Roundheads are pelted with very vigorous epithets, but in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page82" id="page82"></a>82</span> +the end the Roundhead dog is converted by his opponent, +and seals his recantation in a very striking manner.</p> + +<p>There is a tirade against the Jesuits entitled, ‘<i>A Peece of +ordnance invented by a Jesuite, for Cowards that fight by +Whisperings, and raise jealousies to overthrow both Church and +State, which with the help of a private Ensign in the Cabbinet +Councell, or Westminster Hall is able to doe more mischiefe at +twentie miles distance, than a whole Regiment of stout Souldiers, +at Musket-shot</i>. <i>Which grievance is by way of Remonstrance +humbly presented to the consideration of the Parliament.</i>’ This +tract has a woodcut of a man firing a cannon formed of the +figure of a man.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:384px" src="images/img095.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">CARICATURE, 1643.</td></tr></table> + +<p>‘<i>Hell’s Hurlie-Burlie, or a Fierce contention between the +Pope and the Devill</i>,’ is illustrated; and there is a pamphlet, +with a woodcut, entitled, ‘<i>The Devill’s White Boyes: A Mixture +of Malicious Malignants, with their much evill and manifold +practises against the Kingdome and Parliament, with a bottomlesse +Sack-full of Knavery, Popery, Prelacy, Policy, Treachery, +Malignant Trumpery, Conspiricies, and Cruelties, filled to the +top by the Malignants, laid on the shoulders of Time, and now +by Time emptied forth, and poured out, to show the Truth, and</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page83" id="page83"></a>83</span> +<i>shame the Devill</i>. Beneath, the woodcut are the following +verses:—</p> + +<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr"> +<p>‘Malignants are the Divell’s Agents still,</p> +<p class="i05">The Sack is <i>England</i>, which they strive to fill</p> +<p class="i05">With misery and mischief, and this Sack</p> +<p class="i05">Full stufft is laid upon Times aged back;</p> +<p class="i05"><i>Time</i> pours it out now in an angry mood</p> +<p class="i05">That all their knaveries may be understood.’</p> +</div> </td></tr></table> + +<p>On the cut itself are printed the lines:—</p> + +<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr"> +<p>‘<i>Time</i> now at the last pours out much knavery,</p> +<p class="i05">The Devill holds down fast to hinder the discovery.’</p> +</div> </td></tr></table> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:461px" src="images/img096.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">CARICATURE, 1644.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The Welshman came in for a share of the satirist’s wit at +the commencement of the Civil War. He generally figures +under the name of ‘Ap Shinkin,’ and is made to speak +English much the same as the Scottish Highlander does in +Scott’s novels. ‘<i>The Welsh mans Postures, or the true manner +how her doe exercise her company of Souldiers in her own +Country in a warlike manners</i>,’ is a satire of a very broad +character, and is illustrated with a woodcut representing +men exercising with the pike. Shinkin is also ridiculed for +the share he took in the battle of Edgehill, the first important +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page84" id="page84"></a>84</span> +engagement in the Civil War. There is an illustrated +tract with the following title: ‘<i>The Welsh mans Complements: +or the true manner how Shinkin wood his Sweetheart Maudlin +after his return from Kenton Battaile</i>. <i>Also Fair Maudlin’s +reply and answer to all Shinkin’s Welch complements, full of +merry wit and pleasant mirth.</i>’ The ‘merry wit’ is certainly +not refined, and the ‘pleasant mirth’ is founded on Shinkin’s +supposed hasty departure from the neighbourhood of the +fight. The woodcut represents Shinkin and Maudlin in +conversation.</p> + +<p>Prince Rupert is often the mark for the satirist’s wit. In +‘<i>Rupert’s Sumpter, and private Cabinet rifled, and a Discovery +of a Pack of his Jewels, by way of Dialogue between Mercurius +Brittanicus and Mercurius Aulicus</i>,’ there is a discussion as to +the Prince’s merits and demerits, and he is charged with +aiming at the crown. Both the King and Queen were +brought under the caricaturist’s lash. In 1644 there was +an illustrated pamphlet published, representing the King, +Queen, and a bishop, with the following title: ‘<i>The Sussex +Picture, or an Answer to the Sea-gull</i>.’ The address to the +reader is headed: ‘The Sceptre’s Submission, the Distaffs +Triumph, and the Crosiers Combination. Reader, If thou +hast view’d that stately Picture, which was lately sent up to +the Parliament by Collonel Morley, and was taken in a +Flemish Ship upon the Sussex Shore; Thou hast beheld +therein the weaker sexe triumphing over the stronger, and +by the help of a Miter, thou hast seen a Scepter doing +homage to the Distaffe. If thou hast never seen the Originall, +yet here is to be seen a poore, rude, counterfeit of the chief +part in it; use thy judgement freely, and impartially: let +both the Peece itself, and that which is said by both sides, in +judgement thereupon, be put into one equal ballance. If +the Dutch Author be not to undergo censure, as if he intended +an English Storie, yet neither art thou to be censured +for doubting his intention, or for standing amazed at his +phancie. Shadows which are not fashioned by some certain, +neer, interposing body present nothing to the eye, and therefore +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page85" id="page85"></a>85</span> +work nothing upon the understanding. The language +of a picture is to be borrowed from the veritie of the matter, +if that be wanting, neither the Art of the Limner nor the +imagination of the spectator can supply its vocall organs.’ +This caricature may have referred to the influence which the +Roman Catholic Queen was supposed to exercise over the +Protestant king under clerical guidance.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:426px" src="images/img098.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE PARLIAMENT OF LADIES, 1644.</td></tr></table> + +<p>Charles I. summoned a Parliament at Oxford in 1644, +consisting of such members of both Houses as were devoted +to his interests. There exists a satirical tract ridiculing this +Parliament, and, in fact, representing it as a Parliament of +old women. The tract is entitled ‘<i>An exact Diurnall of the +Parliament of Laydes</i>,’ and is illustrated with a woodcut. It +sets forth that ‘Countesses and other Ladies (on Monday +morning early in a Prosopopia) being met in Mary Maudlins +Hall in Oxford, they first made choyce of their speaker; +and it was agreed by all that the Lady Oboney should have +the chaire, the Lady Rivers was made Chancellor, Nurse +Windham High Constable, the Countess of Derby High +Treasurer, and the Countess of Essex High Chamberlain. +These Ladies having all taken their places, Mrs. Powell +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page86" id="page86"></a>86</span> +was appointed cheefe Clerk to the House, and Mrs. Peele +Chaire Lady to the Close Committee, and Moll Cut-Purse +was made Sergeant at Arms.’ Prince Rupert and others are +tried and sentenced for various crimes, but the ladies afterwards +relent, and pardon all the prisoners brought before +them. I give on the preceding page a reduced copy of the +rough woodcut which illustrates this curious burlesque.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:605px; height:630px" src="images/img099.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">CARICATURE, 1644.</td></tr></table> + +<p>A writer of much verbosity satirised the Assembly of +Divines at Westminster in another illustrated pamphlet, +printed ‘by Martin Claw-Clergy for Bartholomew Bang-Priest, +and sold in Toleration-street, at the sign of the +Subject’s Liberty, opposite to Persecuting Court.’ The +author states on the title-page that his production displays +‘many witty Synodian Conceits both pleasant and commodious,’ +and adorns his work with the above curious +engraving, which probably had some reference to a Papal +Bull, but at this distance of time we look in vain for the +point and meaning of many of these old caricatures.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page87" id="page87"></a>87</span></p> + +<p>Having glanced at the satirical side of illustrated journalism +at the epoch of the Civil War, I will quote two or +three examples relating to the social and political condition +of the country before entering upon the stirring events of +that time.</p> + +<p>A great variety of subjects are embraced in this section. +There are accounts of apparitions, signs and portents in the +heavens, monstrous births, duels and murders, criminal trials +and executions, besides many tracts relating to the vices and +follies of the age. One of the first illustrated pamphlets we +come to in this division of our subject describes a duel fought +in vindication of the good name of King Charles I. The +pamphlet is entitled, ‘<i>Sir Kenelme Digby’s Honour maintained +by a most couragious Combat which he fought with the Lord +Mount le Ros, who by base and slanderous words reviled our +King</i>. <i>Also the true relation how he went to the King of +France, who kindly intreated and sent two hundred men to guard +him so far as Flanders. And now he is returned from Banishment, +and to his eternal honour lives in England.</i>’ This is a +tract written by an undoubted Royalist. It begins in praise +of valour, which is divided into three kinds—that which is +allied to rashness, that which is born of the fear of death, +and temperate or true valour. It describes how Sir Kenelme +Digby was dining with a French lord, who, having toasted +most of the kings of Christendom, then proposed the health +of the most arrant coward in the world; and on Sir Kenelme +inquiring who that was, he was told, after he had drunk the +toast, that it was meant for the King of England: ‘At which +the good knight seemed very much discontent, knowing in +what nature his Soveraigne was wronged; yet very wisely +did he seeme to pass it by untill dinner being ended, then did +he desire the same lord the next day to come and dine with +him, who promised him upon his honour that he would.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:535px" src="images/img101.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">SIR KENELM DIGBY’s DUEL, 1641.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The next day the French Lord repaired to Sir Kenelme’s +lodgings, where an entertainment befitting his rank was provided: +‘Neither did Sir Kenelme seeme to remember the +former daies discontent, but was very frolic and merry, and in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page88" id="page88"></a>88</span> +the midst of dinner time desired them all to be bare, for he +would beginne a health to the bravest king in the world. The +French Lord asked whom that was, Sir Kenelme made answer +that when it had gone about he should know; well, about it +went and then Sir Kenelme said that it was the health of the +bravest king in the world, which is the King of England, +my royal Master, for although my body be banished from +him, yet is my heart loyally linkt; the French Lord at those +words seemed to laugh repeating the same words before +mentioned, then was Sir Kenelme throughly moved in the +behalf of our Soveraigne King Charles whereupon he whispered +the Lord in the eare, telling of him how that twice he +had reviled the best King in the world in the hearing of me +which am his faithful subject, wherefore for satisfaction I +require a single combate of you, where either you shall pay +your life for your sawcinesse, or I will sacrifice mine in the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page89" id="page89"></a>89</span> +behalfe of my King. The French Lord being of a resolute +spirit condescended to fight, the place was appointed, dinner +being ended, they both arise from table and privately went +together, being in field off they pluckt their doublets, and +out they draw their weapons.</p> + +<p>‘Mars would have bashful beene to have seene himselfe +by Noble Digby there excelled, long work with the contemptible +French Lord, he would not make, for fear lest any +should lye in ambush and so he might hazard his own life, +wherefore in four bouts he run his rapier into the French +Lords brest till it came out of his throat againe, which so +soon as he had done, away he fled to the Court of France, and +made all knowne to the King thereof, who said the proudest +Lord in France should not dare to revile his brother King.</p> + +<p>‘A guard was presently chosen to conduct Sir Kenelme +into Flanders, which they did, where he tooke shipping for +England, where he now is, where in peace and quietnesse +may he still remaine.</p> + +<p>‘As for the French Lord he was paid according to his +desert, and may all be so rewarded which shall dare to revile +the Lords anointed, who suffers by other Nations, for the +clemency he hath shown to his own Nation, <i>sed beati sunt +pacifici</i>, but blessed is the peace maker; good king for thy +patience in this world there are Crownes of immortal glory +laid in store for thee in the world to come, there shall not +traitors dare to show their faces, nor shall perplexity proceed +from the great care of ruling of a kingdome, in the meanwhile +may more such Noble Digbies increase to rebuke all +cursing <i>Achitophels</i> and reviling <i>Rabshakey’s</i>.</p> + +<p>‘Let God arise and then shall the enemies of our gracious +King be sure to be scattered.</p> + +<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr"> +<p>‘Now I conclude commanding fame to show</p> +<p class="i05">Brave Digby’s worthy deed, that all may know</p> +<p class="i05">He lov’d his king, may all so loyal prove</p> +<p class="i05">And like this Digby to their king show love.’</p> +</div> </td></tr></table> + +<p>Many portraits of Charles I. were published in tracts +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page90" id="page90"></a>90</span> +about this time. One of the best is contained in a poetical +welcome to the King on his return from Scotland. ‘<i>King +Charles his Entertainment and Londons Loyaltie</i>,’ 1641, contains +a precept issued by the Lord Mayor, directing how the +aldermen and citizens shall meet the King, on his return +from Scotland, at Shoreditch Church, and conduct him to the +Guildhall to a banquet, and afterwards to Westminster. +There is also a a very spirited woodcut of a City trumpeter +in this pamphlet, which is copied above. City entertainments +to sovereigns and princes have always been fruitful +occasions for illustrated newspapers.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:412px; height:630px" src="images/img103.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">CITY TRUMPETER, 1641.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The wholesale executions that used to take place at this +period would astonish the modern newspaper reader. Sometimes +as many as twenty-four persons were executed in one +day at Tyburn. ‘<i>A Coppy of the Prisoners judgement condemned +to dy, from Nugate on Monday the 13 of December, +1641</i>,’ gives an account of eight Jesuits and several other +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page91" id="page91"></a>91</span> +prisoners who were executed. A descriptive list is given of +the condemned, and amongst them are the following:—</p> + +<p>‘Charles James, an handsome gentile young man, was +convicted for Robery and Burglary.</p> + +<p>‘John Hodskins, a fine Scholler, a pretty fellow, yet +wanted grace.</p> + +<p>‘John Davis, a lusty stout personable man.</p> + +<p>‘Francis Middlefield, a pretty youth, and a good Scholler, +convicted of felonie.’</p> + +<p>Several highwaymen, horse-stealers, and coiners, are also +included in this gloomy list, which is adorned with a woodcut +of an execution.</p> + +<p>The regulation of the licensed victuallers’ trade and the +Sunday closing movement appear to have been as troublesome +questions in the seventeenth century as they are now. As +early as 1641 the publican was uttering the complaints which +he still continues to utter. In a pamphlet of that date there +is a dialogue between a tapster and a cook, which sets forth +the grievances of both these worthies. The pamphlet is +entitled, ‘<i>The Lamentable Complaints of Nick Froth the Tapster +and Rulerost the Cook, concerning the restraint lately set forth +against drinking, potting, and piping on the Sabbath day, and +against selling meate</i>.’ The publican expresses himself thus:—‘I +much wonder Master Rulerost why my trade should be +put downe, it being so necessary in a commonwealth; why +the noble art of drinking, it is the soul of all good fellowship, +the marrow of a Poet’s Minervs, it makes a man as valiant +as Hercules though he were as cowardly as a Frenchman; +besides I could prove it necessary for any man sometimes to +be drunk, for suppose you should kill a man when you are +drunk, you shall never be hanged for it untill you are sober; +therefore I think it good for a man to be always drunk; +and besides it is the kindliest companion, and friendliest sin +of all the seven, for most sins leave a man by some accident +or other, before his death, but this will never forsake him +till the breath be out of his body; and lastly a full bowle of +strong beere will drown all sorrows.’</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page92" id="page92"></a>92</span></p> + +<p>To which master Cook rejoins:—‘Master Nick, you are +mistaken, your trade is not put downe as you seem to say; +what is done is done to a good intent; to the end that poor +men that worke hard all the weeke for a little money, should +not spend it all on the Sunday while they should be at +some church, and so consequently there will not be so many +Beggars.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:465px" src="images/img105.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE COMPLAINT OF THE LICENSED VICTUALLERS, 1641.</td></tr></table> + +<p>Froth—‘Alack you know all my profit doth arise onely +on Sundays, let them but allow me that privilege, and +abridge me all the weeke besides; S’foot, I could have so +scowered my young sparks up for a penny a demy can, or a +halfe pint, heapt with froth. I got more by uttering half +a Barrell in time of Divine service, than I could by a whole +Barrell at any other time, for my customers were glad to take +anything for money, and think themselves much ingaged to +me; but now the case is altered.’</p> + +<p>Cook—‘Truly Master Froth you are a man of a light +constitution, and not so much to be blamed as I that am +more solid: O what will become of me! I now think of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page93" id="page93"></a>93</span> +the lusty Sirloines of roast Beefe which I with much policy +divided into an innumerable company of demy slices, by +which, with my provident wife, I used to make eighteene +pence of that which cost me but a groat (provided that I +sold it in service time,) I could tell you too, how I used my +halfe cans and my Bloomsbury Pots, when occasion served; +and my Smoak which I sold dearer than any Apothecary +doth his Physick; but those happy days are now past, and +therefore no more of that.’</p> + +<p>This pamphlet is illustrated with a woodcut showing the +Cook and Tapster in confabulation, while in the background +joints are roasting, and guests are seated in boxes, refreshing +themselves with ‘half-cans and Bloomsbury pots.’</p> + +<p>The abuses of the Ecclesiastical Courts did not escape the +notice of the seventeenth-century pamphleteers. Doctors’ +Commons and the Proctors were quizzed in an illustrated +pamphlet, wherein ‘Sponge, the Proctor,’ and ‘Hunter, the +Parator,’ hold a long conversation, and express their opinion +that the only way to make men live in quietness is to beggar +them with long suits and large fees. Other evil-doers were +shown up in a similar manner. A certain Edward Finch, +Vicar of Christ-church, London, gave so much offence to the +parishioners by his manner of life that a petition was presented +to Parliament on the subject. The petitioners said +they were offended by their Vicar’s ‘frequent and unreasonable +bowings’ before the altar, and by his ‘scandalous life +and conversation.’ They set forth in the petition that they +are ‘troubled in their church with singing, organs, and other +Instruments of Musicke, not understood by them, whereby +they are greatly distracted in the service of God, the same +being altogether unprofitable, and no way tending to their +spirituall edification.’ The Vicar is charged with drunkenness +and incontinence—with exacting unreasonable fees—with +being a non-resident; and the evidence in support of +the petition shows that on one occasion he went to Hammersmith +in a coach with certain loose companions and spent the +day in a manner unfit for a clergyman. He is proved to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page94" id="page94"></a>94</span> +have attempted to administer the Sacrament to a dying +woman while he was in a state of drunkenness, and to have +been guilty of many other disgraceful acts. The House of +Commons passed a vote of censure on this graceless Ritualist; +and the petition setting forth his misdeeds was printed and +published, illustrated with a woodcut showing the journey to +Hammersmith in a coach. Notwithstanding the condemnation +of Parliament, the Rev. Edward Finch continued in his +evil courses, and conducted his ‘life and conversation’ much +the same as before.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:451px" src="images/img107.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">EVIL DOINGS OF THE REV. EDWARD FINCH, 1641.</td></tr></table> + +<p>From the ‘perambulations’ of a Ritualistic clergyman we +come to a nunnery, in a pamphlet published in 1641, entitled, +‘<i>The Arminian Nunnery, or a briefe description and relation of +the late erected Monasticall Place, called the Arminian Nunnery +at Little Gidding, in Huntingdonshire</i>.’ The writer of this +pamphlet gives a minute and by no means ‘brief’ description +of the institution, which he evidently believes to be Roman +Catholic, or a stepping-stone to it, though the ‘Deacon’ who +attended him on his visit assured him to the contrary. He, +however, sets down all the tapers and crosses, the bowings +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page95" id="page95"></a>95</span> +and prostrations, as so many proofs of idolatry, and marvels +that, in a settled Church government, the Bishops should +suffer any such institutions to exist; particularly that Archbishop +Laud, professing to be such an ‘Anti-Papist and +enemy to superstition and idolatry, should permit this innovation +and connive at such canting betwixt the barke and +the tree in matter of Religion.’ While censuring the prelates +for their criminal slothfulness, the writer gave his +countrymen the benefit of his own acuteness and energy, +and published his description, illustrated with an engraving +representing one of the nuns, with a portion of the nunnery +in the background.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:446px" src="images/img108.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">NUNNERY AT LITTLE GIDDING, HUNTINGDONSHIRE, 1641.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The next illustrated pamphlet we come to is a curious +attempt on the part of its author to satirise his literary contemporaries +for the falsehoods contained in their writings, +and he burlesques their productions by relating many things +as lies which, however, he means to be understood as truths. +It is called ‘<i>The Liar, or a contradiction to those who in the +titles of their Books affirmed them to be true, when they were +false; although mine are all true yet I term them lyes. Veritas +Veritatis</i>.’</p> + +<p>‘There was an Englishman which travelled to the Swedish +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page96" id="page96"></a>96</span> +Army, and began to relate very strange passages which he +had seen here in England, thinking that travellers might lye +by authority; for said he in the County of Berke, at a place +called Abingdon, when the Earle of Strafford lost his head, +was such thundering and lightning, and earthquakes, that it +is almost incredible. Surely I think it is incredible indeed, +for I know ’tis no such matter.</p> + +<p>‘He told too that the very same day that my Lord Archbishop +of Canterbury was committed to the Tower, there was +a child born in the County of Somerset with a Mitre on its +head, a marke on his breast like a Crucifix, and many other +strange things which were there seene.’ Having invented +the travelling Englishman for a mouth-piece and selected the +Swedish army for an audience, the writer goes on to relate +many other strange things, which, though told as lies, are +evidently intended to be taken as truths.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:438px" src="images/img109.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE LIAR ON THE RACK, 1641.</td></tr></table> + +<p>‘They heard him with patience till he had made an end +of his lying, and then they asked him whether yea or nay he +saw these things he spake of, he presently swore all the oaths +of God that he saw these things with his own natural eyes, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page97" id="page97"></a>97</span> +which he had reported, and he would maintaine it, though +he spent his dearest blood in the doeing of it; well, they +heard his protestations, and made a full account that they +would prove his constancie whether he would be a Martyr +yea or nay, in the meane time they horsed him, and this was +the manner of it.</p> + +<p>‘There was a great high thing raised to the height of +twelve or fourteen yards, made of Iron, whereon he was +seated, with two great weights on his toes, and the like on +his hands where he sate in great paine, if he should chance +to ease himselfe upwards, there were sharp nailes over his +head which would prick him, thus he sate and thus he suffered, +till they had sufficiently made a laughing stock of +him; well, when he had suffered enough they let him +downe.’</p> + +<p>There is a woodcut representing the lying traveller on +his ‘horse,’ and the tract winds up thus:—</p> + +<p>‘Gentle Reader, I have heere related under the name of +lies nothing but true tales, for if a man doth now speake +truth he shall be sure to smart for it now-a-daies, either here +or in other places: read gentlie and buy willingly.’</p> + +<p>When the Plague visited London in 1641 the theatres +were closed and the players were thrown out of employment. +This state of things is discussed in a dialogue +between ‘Cane of the Fortune and Reed of the Friars,’ in a +tract illustrated with a woodcut which was frequently used +afterwards in broadsides. Bartholomew Fair, which was +proclaimed for the last time in 1855, was in all its glory in +the days of Charles I. A contemporary tract gives a +graphic description of the fair, and is illustrated with a +woodcut representing a man swallowing a serpent. This +probably represented a picture hung outside one of the +shows. The title of the tract is, ‘<i>Bartholomew Faire, or +Variety of Fancies, where you may find a faire of wares and all +to please your mind; with the several enormities and misdemeanours +which are there seen and acted</i>.’ The fair is +described as beginning ‘on the twenty-fourth day of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page98" id="page98"></a>98</span> +August, and is then of so vast an extent that it is contained +in no lesse than four several parishes, namely, Christ +Church, Great and Little Saint Bartholomew’s, and Saint +Sepulchre’s. Hither resort people of all sorts, High and +Low, Rich and Poore, from cities, townes, and countreys; +of all sects, Papists, Atheists, Anabaptists, and Brownists, +and of all conditions, good and bad, virtuous and vitious.’ +It is said to be ‘full of gold and silver-drawers; just as Lent +is to the Fishmonger so is Bartholomew Faire to the Pickpocket; +it is his high harvest, which is never bad but when +his cart goes up Holborn.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:450px" src="images/img111.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">A BARTHOLOMEW FAIR WONDER, 1641.</td></tr></table> + +<p>‘It is remarkable and worth your observation to behold +and hear the strange sights and confused noise in the Faire. +Here a knave in a fool’s coat, with a trumpet sounding, or +on a drum beating, invites you and would fain perswade you +to see his puppets; there a rogue like a wild woodman, or in +an Antick shape like an incubus, desires your company, to +view his motion; on the other side Hocus Pocus, with three +yards of tape or ribbin in’s hand, shewing his art of Legerdemain, +to the admiration and astonishment of a company of +cockoloaches. Amongst these you shall see a gray goose cap +(as wise as the rest), with a what do ye lacke in his mouth, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page99" id="page99"></a>99</span> +stand in his boothe, shaking a rattle, or scraping on a fiddle, +with which children are so taken, that they presently cry out +for these fopperies; and all these together make such a distracted +noise that you would think Babell were not comparable +to it. Here there are also your gamesters in action, +some turning of a whimsey, others throwing for pewter, who +can quickly dissolve a round shilling into a three-halfpenny +saucer. Long Lane at this time looks very faire, and puts +out her best cloaths, with the wrong side outward, so turned +for their better turning off. And Cloth Faire is now in +great request; well fare the ale-houses therein; yet better +may a man fare (but at a dearer rate) in the pig market, +alias Pasty-nooke, or Pye Corner, where pigges are all hours +of the day on the stalls piping hot, and would cry (if they +could speak) come eate me.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:500px" src="images/img113.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">PULLING DOWN CHEAPSIDE CROSS, 1643.</td></tr></table> + +<p>In 1641 an order of Parliament directed the removal of +idolatrous pictures from churches and the demolition of +crosses in the streets. It must have been on the passing +of this order that ‘<i>The Doleful lamentation of Cheapside +Cross</i>,’ with a woodcut of the Cross, was published, 1641. +Also, ‘<i>A Dialogue between the Crosse in Cheap and Charing +Crosse</i>,’ 1641, which has also a woodcut representing the two +crosses, while a Brownist and an Anabaptist converse about +their demolition. It was not, however, till 1643 that +Charing Cross and Cheapside Cross were demolished. ‘<i>The +Downfall of Dagon, or the taking down of Cheapside Crosse +this second of May, 1643</i>,’ is a mock lamentation for the +destruction of the Cross on account of its being a symbol of +idolatry. The Cross itself is made to describe its history and +to lament its errors. Divers reasons are given for its demolition, +and the tract concludes in these words: ‘And so +this Tuesday it is a taking down with a great deal of judgement +and discretion, and foure Companies of the Traine +Bands of the City to guard and defend those that are about +the worke, and to keep others from domineering, and so I +leave it to be made levell with the ground this second day of +May 1643.’ The tract is illustrated with a woodcut representing +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page100" id="page100"></a>100</span> +the demolition of the Cross; and, as the day of +publication is the day after the event, the persons concerned +in its production must have been unusually prompt and +energetic. The destruction of Cheapside and Charing +Crosses is also recorded, under the date of 1643, in ‘<i>A Sight +of the Transactions of these latter yeares Emblemized with +Ingraven Plates, which men may read without Spectacles</i>.’ +This pamphlet contains a reprint of the etched plates +previously mentioned, together with six others, one of +which represents the pulling down of Cheapside Cross, and +a summary of the transactions of the reign of Charles I., +in which occurs the following passage:—‘Cheapside Crosse, +Charing Crosse, and all other crosses, in and about London +utterly demolished and pulled down, and that abominable +and blasphemous book of tolerating sports and pastimes on +the Lord’s daies, voted to be burnt, and shortly after accordingly +burnt, together with many crucifixes and popish +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page101" id="page101"></a>101</span> +trinckets and trumperies in the very same place where +Cheapside Crosse stood.’ I have copied the plate representing +the demolition of Cheapside Cross.</p> + +<p>The affairs of Turkey would seem to have had an interest +for the English public in the seventeenth century, if we +may judge from a pamphlet printed in 1642, with the following +lengthy title:—‘<i>Strange and Miraculous Newes from +Turkie, sent to our English Ambassadour resident at Constantinople, +of a woman which was seen in the Firmament with +a Book in her hand at</i> Medina Talnabi, <i>where Mahomet’s Tomb +is</i>. <i>Also several visions of armed men appearing in the Ayre +for one and twenty dayes together. With a prophetical interpretation +made by a Mahomedan Priest, who lost his life in the +maintenance thereof. London, printed for Hugh Perry neere +Ivy Bridge in the Strand June 13, 1642.</i>’ There is a +woodcut of the apparition, and a lengthy description, passages +from which I have extracted:—</p> + +<p>‘There came newes to Constantinople of a strange Apparition +or Vision, which was seene at <i>Medina Talnabi</i> in +Arabia, whereat Mahomet their great Prophet was buried. +To visit whose Tombe the Turkes used to goe in Pilgrimage, +but they must first goe to <i>Mecha</i>, which is some few dayes +journey off, and there they take a ticket from the Grand +Seigniors Beglerbeg, else they are not allowed to go to +Medina.</p> + +<p>‘This Vision continued three weeks together, which +terrified the whole country, for that no man could discover +the truth thereof.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:563px" src="images/img115.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">STRANGE VISION IN THE AIR, 1642.</td></tr></table> + +<p>‘About the 20 of <i>September</i> there fell so great a +Tempest and so fearful a Thunder about midnight, as the +Heavens were darkened, and those that were awake were +almost distracted, but the Vapours being disperst, and the +Element cleere, the people might read in Arabian characters +these words in the Firmament, <i>O Why will you believe +in Lies</i>. Betweene two and three in the morning there was +seen a woman in white compassed about with the Sun, +having a cheerfull countenance, holding in her hand a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page102" id="page102"></a>102</span> +Booke, coming from the Northeast, opposite against her +were Armies of <i>Turkes</i>, <i>Persians</i>, <i>Arabians</i>, and other Mahometans, +ranged in order of Battaile, and ready to charge +her, but she kept her standing, and onely opened the Booke, +at the sight whereof the Armies fled, and presently all the +lamps about Mahomet’s Tombe went out, for as soon as ever +the Vision vanished (which was commonly an hour before +sunne rising) a murmuring Wind was heard, whereunto they +imputed the extinguishing of the lamps. The antient pilgrims +of Mahomet’s Race, who after they have visited this +place, never use to cut their haire, were much amazed, for +that they could not conceive the meaning of this vision, only +one of the <i>Dervices</i>, which is a strict religious order among +the <i>Turkes</i> like unto the Cappuchins amongst the Papists, +and live in contemplation, stepped up very boldly and made +a speech unto the Company which incensed them much +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page103" id="page103"></a>103</span> +against him, so as the poore Priest for his plain dealing lost +his life, as you shall hereafter heare.’</p> + +<p>Then follows the speech of the Dervish to the Turks, +who became so incensed that they put him to death, ‘the +poore man crying to the last gaspe, O thou woman with the +Booke save me, and so he died. At which time there was a +feareful tempest.’</p> + +<p>It seems to have been a favourite method amongst the +Puritan pamphleteers of inducing belief in a particular creed +or doctrine by setting forth the awful consequences arising +from adherence to an opposite faith. Thus, in 1645, in the +parish of Kirkham, a Popish gentlewoman was said to have +become the mother of a child without a head, because she +wished she might bear a child without a head rather than her +offspring should become a Roundhead. Again, it was related +that in Scotland a woman wished she might become the +mother of a monster rather than her child should receive the +rites of the Church of England. Accordingly, the child +was born with two heads, long donkey-like ears, &c. In all +these cases the pamphlets recording these extraordinary +occurrences are illustrated. The apparitions of deceased +persons were also used as a means of enforcing certain views. +For example, in 1642, the ghosts of King James, the Marquis +of Hamilton, George Eglisham, and the Duke of Buckingham, +were made to hold a conversation, wherein Buckingham was +charged with having caused the deaths of the others by +poison. Buckingham confesses his guilt and promises to +weep repentant tears. This pamphlet is also illustrated. +The sermons of the Roundhead preachers were sometimes +parodied, as in the case of a humorous pamphlet entitled, ‘<i>A +Seasonable Lecture, or a most learned Oration; disburthened +from Henry Walker, a most judicious quondam ironmonger, &c.</i>’ +There is a woodcut to this pamphlet representing a person +holding forth from a tub to several others who are listening +to him. In ‘<i>A Glasse for the Times, 1648</i>,’ there is a woodcut +representing the ‘Orthodox true Minister’ preaching in a +church, while the ‘Seducer, or False Prophet,’ is holding +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page104" id="page104"></a>104</span> +forth to people in the open air; and the reader is instructed +as to the difference between true ministers and false teachers.</p> + +<p>Amongst the numerous executions that took place about +the beginning of the Civil War, some of the sufferers +belonged to the Roman Catholic Religion, and went to the +gallows for conscience sake. In 1643 a certain Father Bell, +a Romish priest, was hanged; and a few days after the +execution a pamphlet was published, entitled ‘<i>The Confession, +Obstinacy, and Ignorance of Father Bell, a Romish Priest, +wherein is declared the manner of his Tryall, Condemnation, +and Execution on Munday December 11, 1643</i>.’ There is a +woodcut of the execution of Father Bell, and an account of +his behaviour on the occasion, his speech at the gallows, and +his disputatious conversation with the Sheriff.</p> + +<p>Though many persons were put to death for witchcraft +during the Long Parliament, I have met with no illustrated +record of any such event. Matthew Hopkins was ‘witch-finder +general’ at this time, and he had a flourishing trade. He had +a regular system for finding out witches; but it appears that +it must have been called in question, for the objections to +his system and his answers thereto were delivered to the +Judges of Assize for the County of Norfolk in 1647. A +pamphlet of that date contains a full account of Hopkins’s +rules for finding witches, and it is illustrated with a woodcut +representing the interior of a house, with the witch-finder, +two witches seated, and surrounded by their imps in the +shapes of animals.</p> + +<p><i>The Welsh Post</i> of 1643 is a curious illustrated pamphlet +which relates the news of the Civil War in language such +as was supposed to be used by a Welshman speaking +English. It begins thus:—‘Whereas there hath beene +many Tiurnals and Passages, the truth whereof hath beene +much suspected, so tat her doth not be certaine to heare the +true report of her pretherns proceeding; her hath terefore +chosen to herselfe a fery true Printer (tat do scorne to +print lie) to print a weekly Tiurnall for her dear Countryman +of Whales to understand te fery truth marke you me tat +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page105" id="page105"></a>105</span> +now, for ferily her will not lye truly, but tell her te pare +naked truth.’ The news from Oxford is that ‘te kings forces +are fery weake there, and that the Countrey are fery glad of +it, because of teir intolerable trouble and charge.’ There is +also news from Northamptonshire, Cheshire, Gloucester, Plymouth, +Yorkshire, &c, all related in the same language.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:501px; height:630px" src="images/img118.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">HOPKINS, THE WITCHFINDER, 1647.</td></tr></table> + +<p><i>The Welsh Plunderer</i> is another pamphlet, with a woodcut +of a Cavalier, which is probably intended for Prince +Rupert. It contains a rambling protestation from ‘Shinkin’ +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page106" id="page106"></a>106</span> +of his loyalty, and states what he will do in case Prince +Rupert should visit Wales.</p> + +<p>William Lilly, the Astrologer, found a rich field for the +exercise of his gifts during the progress of the Civil War. +He was employed by both Royalists and Roundheads; and +it is said he was even consulted by the King about signing +the propositions of the Parliament. His advice was also +sought respecting the King’s projected escape from Carisbrook +Castle. He kept his name before the public by +publishing various almanacs and tracts, in one of which, +<i>The Starry Messenger</i>, 1645, he gives an account of a strange +apparition of three suns seen in London on the King’s +birthday. This is preceded by a long list of similar appearances, +from the time of Christ to his own time, and the +remarkable events which followed. In high-flown language, +mixed with the jargon of astrology he vaguely hints at +great events impending:—‘I am clearly of opinion, These +Sights, as well as many others, were caused by those +tutelary Angels, who, by Gods permission, and under him, +have the Government of the English Commonwealth. +They are sensible of those many impending Miseries now +too plentifully amongst us. Their conference with man +now, as in the days of old, very few attain unto, it being a +blessing sought after by many, attained unto by few: And +yet there are some of opinion there lives in the world some, +and of those some, a small Party in England, that know +more than they utter, and either by Vision, or verball +Colloquie, have the knowledge of future events, yea, even +from the blessed Angels:’—which is as much as to say, I, +William Lilly, am one of the favoured few! Come to me +and I will teach you wisdom—I will unfold to you the +mysterious future! The tract is illustrated with a woodcut; +and a later tract published by Lilly contains an engraving +of the three suns, together with a further exposition of his +views on the subject:—‘God many waves in these last times +(though not by prophecy) yet discovers and signifies his +intentions unto us, and especially in and at those times when +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page107" id="page107"></a>107</span> +his heavy judgments are imminent upon us; witnesse the +many and frequent Appearances of severall Prodigies seen +in this Kingdom of England within these four or five years, +the like whereof for number are not recorded in any, either +ancient or modern History, so that I might weary the reader, +should I but mention the severall Letters which from sundry +parts of this Kingdom have come to my hands, some mentioning +strange sights in the ayre; others men fighting +therein; others Guns shooting; others relating of three +moons; others the apparition of two suns; some sending me +letters, and including therein some part of that Corn which +was rained down from heaven, &c. I forbear all further +discourse hereof, assuring the kingdom, these Prodigies are +the Premonitions, and assumed infallible Messengers of +Gods wrath against the whole Kingdom, for our wicked +transgressions, &c. God give us peace and grace to repent.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:494px" src="images/img120.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THREE SUNS SEEN IN LONDON ON THE KING’S BIRTHDAY, 1648.</td></tr></table> + +<div class="center art1"><img style="width:150px; height:35px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img001.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page108" id="page108"></a>108</span></p> + +<p class="chap2 center">CHAPTER IV.</p> + +<div class="condensed"> +<p class="mind">The Civil War—Flying Sheets of News—Disturbance at Kingston-on-Thames—Plot +against London—Riotous Proceedings at York, and +Conspiracy in Edinburgh—The House of Commons—The Royal +Standard raised at Nottingham—Battle of Edgehill—Prince Rupert—The +Lord Mayor of London—<i>Mercurius Civicus</i>—<i>The Scottish +Dove</i>—<i>The Flying Post</i>—<i>The Kingdomes Weekly Post</i>—Cruelties of +the Cavaliers—The ‘Levellers’—The King’s Escape from Oxford—Funeral +of the Earl of Essex—The Great Seal Broken—Fairfax—Cromwell—Sea +Fight in the Channel—The Prince of Wales’s Squadron—Mutiny +at Norwich—Siege of Colchester—Execution of Sir +Charles Lucas—The King at Carisbrooke Castle—Execution of the +King—Confession of Richard Brandon.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="sc chap1">The</span> discontent which had been growing for so many years, +and which had been strengthened and inflamed by the acts +of Charles I. and his advisers in violating the principles of +the Constitution, had now arrived at the point of rebellion. +At the commencement of the Civil War the excitement was +increased and sustained by the publication of flying sheets of +news. Although the practice of publishing regular periodical +papers had commenced, numerous fugitive tracts and +pamphlets continued to be printed relating to particular +events. Some of these papers were illustrated with woodcuts +evidently executed on the spur of the moment, while +others appear to have been taken from other sources and +adapted to the occasion. An example of this latter kind +occurs in a tract of 1642, which strikingly illustrates the +state of the times:—</p> + +<p>‘<i>A true Relation of the late Hurleyburly at Kingston upon +Thames on Wednesday the 12th of January caused by Collonell +Lundsford and the rest of his company, and the Towne fearing +they would rise up in Rebellion, one cam speedily to declare it at</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page109" id="page109"></a>109</span> +London, <i>upon which the Traine Band were raised and caused to +watch all night for the safety of the City.</i>’ On the title-page is +a woodcut of an officer and a soldier, which, however, was +evidently not executed for this special occasion, the officer +being in the costume of the preceding reign. A facsimile of +it is subjoined. The tract describes the commotion made in +Kingston by the appearance of Colonel Lundsford and three +hundred troopers, who, ‘about the middle of the Towne, went +in to drink, and continued there part of that day, swaggering, +and swearing blasphemous Oathes (which filled the +Towne with feares) and some amongst the rest, to frighten +the Towne, swore bitter Oathes that they should see bloody +times ere long.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:591px" src="images/img122.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">HURLEYBURLEY AT KINGSTON-ON-THAMES, 1642.</td></tr></table> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:381px; height:630px" src="images/img123.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">CAPTAIN VAUL, THAT CRUEL TYRANT, 1642.</td></tr></table> + +<p>A tract of the same date refers to a reported conspiracy +of the same Colonel Lundsford:—‘<i>A terrible plot against +London and Westminster discovered, showing how Colonell Lunsford +the Papist, that should have bin Lieutenant in the Tower, +should in a Conspiracy among the Jesuits and other Papists</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page110" id="page110"></a>110</span> +<i>have blowne up the City of London, placing the pieces of Ordinance +against it. Also how the papists with their forces should +have risen against Westminster, and burnt downe the parliament +house. Likewise how by this Conspiracy the Arch-bishop of</i> +Canterbury <i>should have been transported into France, and how +Bishop Wren with many other Bishops and popish Doctors +should have bin conducted with him thither, where Canterbury +should have bin Sainted, and Wren made Cardinall. With an +exact Relation of the chiefe Cause of the Apprentices rising in +Armes to defend the City of London from their treachery, Describing +most succinctly the singular mercy of God towards us in +defending this Kingdome from the manifold Plots of the Papists</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page111" id="page111"></a>111</span> +<i>and their Treacherous Conspiracies.</i>’ On the last page is a +woodcut of a Cavalier in a hat and feathers, entitled ‘Captaine +Vaul that cruell Tyrant.’ As there is no mention of this +person in the pamphlet it was perhaps a well-known nickname +of Colonel Lundsford. I annex a copy of this cut. +The same cut appears in a tract entitled ‘<i>Terrible Newes from +York</i>,’ detailing certain riotous proceedings in that city, where +it is given as ‘Mr. Holk, chief Agent in the uproar.’ Its +first appearance, however, is in an account of a ‘<i>Bloody Conspiracy +at Edinburgh</i>;’ and, from its frequent use, this rough +woodcut must have been regarded as a good, bold representation +of a truculent soldier, suitable for the times.</p> + +<p>While the King and the House of Commons were contending +for the upper hand there was published ‘<i>A Perfect +Diurnall of the Passages in Parliament</i>,’ illustrated with a +woodcut of the House of Commons, with Mr. Speaker in the +chair. This is used as a heading to several numbers of the +same <i>Diurnall</i>, and sundry varieties of it are printed as headings +to other reports of Parliament. This old woodcut has +been often copied, but my examples of illustrated journalism +would not be complete unless I introduced it here.</p> + +<p>The printing-presses that are said to have been carried +by both armies during the Civil War must have been used +solely for the printing of Proclamations, General Orders, and +suchlike documents. It seems to be an ascertained fact that +Cromwell’s soldiers set up a printing-press in Scotland, and +printed a newspaper; but it is not so certain that the armies +of Charles I. and of the Parliament issued printed ‘news’ +from whatever town they chanced to occupy at the time. It +does not follow that because a tract is entitled <i>News from +Hull</i> it was actually printed at that place. On the contrary, +I have found nearly all the tracts I have examined bear +the imprints of London printers. <i>The News from the North, +The Last printed News from Chichester</i>, &c., were all sent up +to London, and there printed and published.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:434px" src="images/img125.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, 1642.</td></tr></table> + +<p>In the words of Hume, ‘The open signal of discord and +civil war throughout the kingdom’ was made at Nottingham +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page112" id="page112"></a>112<br />113</span> +on August 22, 1642, when the King erected his Royal standard +and appealed to the loyalty of his subjects to support his +authority by arms. Historians differ as to the precise day +when this formal declaration of hostilities took place. Clarendon +and Hume both fix it on the <i>25th</i> of August, while +Rushworth gives the <i>22nd</i> as the date. The latter view is +confirmed by a contemporary pamphlet, which gives an account +of the raising of the Standard, and is illustrated with a +woodcut representing the event. This pamphlet was written +in the interest of the Parliament and against the King’s +party; but his Majesty is referred to in the most respectful +language, as is generally the case in the pamphlets of the +time. At the beginning of the struggle frequent hopes were +expressed that the King would consent to be guided by the +Parliament, while his Cavalier adherents were represented as +his real enemies. The pamphlet referred to has the following +title:—</p> + +<p>‘<i>A true and exact Relation of the manner of his Majesties +setting up of His Standard at</i> Nottingham <i>on Munday the 22 of +August, 1642</i>.</p> + +<p>‘<i>First, the forme of the Standard, as it is here figured, and +who were present at the advancing of it.</i></p> + +<p>‘<i>Secondly, the danger of setting up of former standards, and +the damage which ensued thereon.</i></p> + +<p>‘<i>Thirdly, a relation of all the Standards that ever were set up +by any King.</i></p> + +<p>‘<i>Fourthly, the names of those knights who are appointed to be +the King’s Standard-bearers, with the forces that are appointed +to guard it.</i></p> + +<p>‘<i>Fifthly, the manner of the Kings comming first to Coventry.</i></p> + +<p>‘<i>Sixthly, the Cavalieres resolution and dangerous threats which +they have uttered, if the King concludes a peace without them, or +hearkens unto his great Councill the Parliament; moreover how +they have shared and divided London amongst themselves already. +London, printed for T. Coles, 1642.</i>’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:553px" src="images/img127.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">RAISING THE ROYAL STANDARD AT NOTTINGHAM, 1642.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The account of this interesting historical event is given +in these words: ‘Munday being the 22 of August in the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page114" id="page114"></a>114<br />115</span> +morning, his Majesty left his forces before Coventry, and +with some Lords and others in company rode to Leicester, +where he dined that day at the Abbey House, the Countesse of +Devonshire’s house; however, so many printed intelligences +doe falsely, though with much confidence aver (much like +their other relations) that the king was with his Army in +the field, at the time of the battell between them and the +Lord Brookes forces, which was not untill the day following. +Presently after dinner the King againe tooke horse, and with +his company rode to Nottingham, where was great preparation +for the setting up of the Standard that day as was +formerly appointed. Not long after the Kings coming to +towne, the Standard was taken out of the Castle, and carried +into the field a little on the back side of the Castle wall. +The likenesse of the Standard it is much of the fashion of the +City Streamers used at the Lord Mayor’s Show, having about +20 supporters, and is to be carried after the same way; on +the top of it hangs a bloody flag, the Kings Armes quartered, +with a hand pointing to the Crowne which stands above with +this Motto: <i>Give Cæsar his due</i>. The names of those Knights +Baronets who were appointed to beare the Standard, viz. +The chiefe was Sir <i>Thomas Brookes</i>, Sir <i>Arthur Hopton</i>, Sir +<i>Francis Wortley</i>, and Sir <i>Robert Darlington</i>.</p> + +<p>‘Likewise there was three troop of Horse appointed to +waite upon the Standard, and to beare the same backwards +and forwards with about sixe hundred foot Souldiers. It +was conducted to the field in great state, his Majesty, the +Prince, Prince <i>Robert</i> (whom his Majesty hath lately made a +Knight of the Garter), going along with divers other Lords +and Gentlemen of his Majesties traine, beside great company +of Horse and Foot, in all to the number of about two thousand, +who came more to see the manner of the thing than any waie +to offer assistance to his Majesty, as did afterwards evidently +appear, for that upon the taking downe of the Standard, there +were not above thirty of the trained bands that offered to +come in to his Majesty, which, because their numbers were +so inconsiderable his Majesty refused to accept of.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page116" id="page116"></a>116</span></p> + +<p>‘So soon as the Standard was set up, and his Majesty +and the other Lords placed about it, a Herauld at Armes +made ready to proclaim a Proclamation declaring the +Ground and Cause of his Majesties setting up his Standard +namely to suppress the pretended Rebellion of the +Earle of Essex in raysing forces against him, to which he +required the aid and assistance of all his loving subjects. +But before the Trumpeters could sound to make Proclamation +his Majesty called to view the said Proclamation; which +being given him he privately read the same over to himselfe, +and seeming to dislike some passages therein called for +Penne and Inke, and with his owne hand crossed out and +altered the same in diverse places, (a thing well worthy the +noting) and then gave it the Herauld, who proclaymed the +same to the people, though with some difficulty after his +Majesties corrections; after the reading whereof, the whole +multitude threw up their hats, with other suchlike expressions, +<i>God Save the King</i>. Not long after the reading of the +said Proclamation, it being towards night, the Standard was +taken downe, and again carried into the castle, with the like +state as it was brought into the field. And the next day it was +again set up, and his Majesty came along with it, and made +proclamation as the day before, and the like also was done on +Wednesday, his Majesty being also present. But since that +it hath been set up with lesse ceremony, there being not a +hundred persons as are yet heard of that have offered themselves +to his Majesty since the first setting up of his Standard.</p> + +<p>‘Since which time his gracious Majesty hath pleased to +send some propositions to both Houses of Parliament; and +hath employed the Earle of Dorset, the Earle of Southampton, +and Sir John Culpeper, and Sir William Uvedall to deliver +his Majesties minde to the honourable Houses of Parliament +for a fair Treaty and accommodation of Peace, and that all +differences and mistakes might be ended, and all hostile +manner of warre to cease in our Land and that it might be +sent over to Ireland upon which report the Cavaliers which +are about the Country are very desperate to heare that his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page117" id="page117"></a>117</span> +Majesty will hearken to an accommodation of peace, or to +apply or comply with his Parliament; telling his Majesty +that it is dishonourable to stoop to his Subjects, and if his +Majesty doth, they will either hang themselves, or kill and +murther themselves, and doth vow private revenge to this +Kingdome, if they do now misse of their hopes and enterprises, +for they say they are sure to overcome us whom they +called Roundheads, and call our Souldiers nothing else but a +company of Shrove-Tuesday boyes, and idle headed prentices, +who run away from their Masters under pretence of having +this opportunity to get liberty from their hard service and +cruelty. It is truly reported that the Cavaliers are all desperately +bent against the City of London, and the inhabitants; +they have already within themselves shared and divided it; +some have allotted to themselves Gracious Street, others +Lumbard Street, then others have shared Cheapside, and +Pauls Church-yard, others do determine to seize upon the +rich Aldermens houses and Persons, others to whom they +owe or are indebted to by bond, or bill, or book, doe resolve +when they come into the City to seize upon those persons +first, to whom they are indebted, and to cut their throats, +and then to seize upon Usurer or others, and to cut his +throat for that money, so say they, we shall be both at once +out of debt and have money to boot; these are the resolutions +of the Cavaliers who doth but looke for such an advantage, +so full of cruelty and malice they are, which God in +his infinite and blessed mercy protect both our King and +Kingdome from; and that their own swords may returne +into their own bosoms that wish and long for such a day.’</p> + +<p>Then follows a notification from both Houses of Parliament +that none shall proclaim the setting up of the King’s +Standard; and whoever shall suffer loss or damage through +the Cavaliers shall receive reparation.</p> + +<p>According to Clarendon, the Royal Standard was set up +under the most ill-omened and depressing circumstances: +‘There was not one regiment of foot yet brought hither, so +that the train-bands which the sheriff had drawn together +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page118" id="page118"></a>118</span> +were all the strength the King had for his person and the +guard of the Standard. There appeared no conflux of men +in obedience to the proclamation; the arms and ammunition +were not yet come from York, and a general sadness covered +the whole town. The Standard was blown down the same +night it had been set up, by a very strong and unruly wind, +and could not be fixed again in a day or two, till the tempest +was allayed. This was the melancholy state of the King’s +affairs when the Standard was set up.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:578px; height:630px" src="images/img131.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">PRINCE RUPERT, GENERAL OF THE KING’S HORSE, 1643.</td></tr></table> + +<p>Soon after the King had unfurled his Standard at Nottingham +the battle of Edgehill was fought, and an illustrated +tract relates how the inhabitants of Kenton, a village near +the battle-field, were disturbed at night by strange noises and +the appearance of apparitions after the battle. The name of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page119" id="page119"></a>119</span> +Prince Rupert begins to appear in the narratives of events, +and his portrait frequently occurs in the illustrated sheets of +this period. This dashing and impetuous Cavalier, whose +rash courage excited the admiration of the Royalists, was +regarded by the Roundheads as a cruel and bloodthirsty +enemy, and he was often denounced by the Puritan preachers. +In 1643 there was a pamphlet published called ‘<i>The Bloody +Prince; or, a Declaration of the Most Cruell Practises of Prince +Rupert and the rest of the Cavaliers in fighting against God +and the true Ministers of his Church</i>.’ Facing the title is a +woodcut representing Prince Rupert on his charger, with the +towns of Birmingham and Daventry in the background, both +of which places were the scenes of conflict during the war, +the former having been taken, partially burnt, and a heavy +fine inflicted on the inhabitants by Prince Rupert.</p> + +<p>The City of London having taken the side of the Parliament, +was naturally inclined to honour its chief magistrate +when he was found to be an active and energetic promoter of +its views. Isaac Pennington was Lord Mayor in 1643, and +his portrait was published in a laudatory pamphlet, entitled +‘<i>A True Declaration, and just Commendation of the great and +incomparable care of the Right Honourable Isaac Pennington</i>.’ +His Lordship is styled the Atlas of the city, bearing the +weight and management of all civil affairs on his shoulders, +and he is much commended for his great care in superintending +the building of the fortifications round London +under the direction of the Parliament. ‘And herein,’ says +the writer, ‘your honour hath shewed yourselfe an excellent +Magistrate complying with the Parliament in all matters +that concerne the publicke administration of the Commonweale; +so that you have lookt upon the present state of this +Citie and Religion with the cleare eye of justice; you have +heard of the great pressures which the country hath endured +by the cruelty of the Cavaliers; you have to the discouragement +of malignants on the shoulders of fortitude, bore and +suffered their false aspersions.... Your Honour hath in +your present Magistracie walked uprightly, having clean and +pure hands; nay, strong hands; for your Honour hath been the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page120" id="page120"></a>120</span> +chiefest raiser and promoter of the workes and fortifications +round about the Citie of London: you saw the times were +dangerous, and that the King’s Cavaliers gaped after nothing +more than to get London, and make it a prey to the supplying +of their necessities.’ I have copied the portrait of the +man who was thus distinguished by his fellow-citizens, not +merely as an example of illustrated news, but as showing +what a Lord Mayor of London looked like in Charles I.’s +time.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:573px; height:630px" src="images/img133.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">ISAAC PENNINGTON, LORD MAYOR OF LONDON, 1643.</td></tr></table> + +<p>It was in the City of London, and during the second +year of the Civil War, that the first illustrated newspaper +came into existence. <i>The Weekly News</i> had attempted on +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page121" id="page121"></a>121</span> +only one occasion to illustrate the news of the day, but the +<i>Mercurius Civicus</i> frequently gave illustrations, and it is +therefore entitled to be ranked as the first illustrated newspaper. +It is true that most of the engravings it contains +are portraits, and sometimes the same woodcut is used to +represent more than one person. Besides portraits of the +King and Queen, there are portraits of the chief generals +and commanders engaged in the war. There are Prince +Rupert, the Lord General, Sir Thomas Fairfax, the Marquis +of Huntley, Sir Edward Deering, General Lesley, Lord +Inchiquin, Lord Digby, Sir W. Waller, the Earl of +Warwick, and others. ‘<i>The Mercurius Civicus, London’s +Intelligencer, or Truth impartially related from thence to the +whole kingdom, to prevent misinformation, from Thursday July +13 to Thursday July 20, 1643</i>,’ is the full title of No. 8; and +it is curious to notice how nearly a portion of the title—<i>London’s +Intelligencer</i>—corresponds to the <i>London News</i>. It +was a peculiar feature of the early newspapers that they +were announced as being published ‘to prevent misinformation,’ +or for the ‘correction of false reports’—not so much +for the diffusion of truth as for the correction of falsehood.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:358px" src="images/img134.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">CHARLES I. AND HIS QUEEN, FROM ‘MERCURIUS CIVICUS,’ 1643.</td></tr></table> + +<p>On the front page of Number 8 of the <i>Mercurius Civicus</i> +are small portraits of Charles I. and his Queen, engraved on +wood. Over the woodcut is a sort of table of contents, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page122" id="page122"></a>122</span> +thus:—‘The King and Queen conjoyned, the Kentish news +related, our Forces are united, A publique Fast appointed.’ +On the preceding page is given a facsimile of the cut of +the King and Queen.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:462px; height:550px" src="images/img135.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">WEAPON CALLED A ROUNDHEAD, FROM ‘MERCURIUS CIVICUS,’ 1643.</td></tr></table> + +<p>Similar portraits occur in other numbers, as well as +several ornamental letters; but there is in Number 11 a +very interesting illustration of the news of the hour. It is a +woodcut of a weapon said to be intended for use against the +Roundheads, and the following account is given of it:—‘In +the Danish Ship lately taken by the Earle of Warwicke, +near Newcastle, were found Armes compleat for 5000 foot +and for 500 horse, 500 barrels of Gunpowder, Great store of +Match and Lead, beside a thousand of those weapons which +the Papists call Round-heads, for that with them they +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page123" id="page123"></a>123</span> +intended to bring the Round-heads into subjection. Many +such weapons were long since found in divers Papists’ houses +in Lancashire; it is a weapon with an ovall or round top, +stuck full of iron spikes. The forme whereof for better +satisfaction is here set downe.’ Then follows a representation +of the weapon, of which a facsimile is given on the opposite +page. The same cut is reprinted in other numbers.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:431px; height:550px" src="images/img136.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">PORTRAIT OF PRINCE RUPERT, FROM ‘MERCURIUS CIVICUS,’ 1644.</td></tr></table> + +<p>In another number it is related that ‘the Manchestrians +have lately taken from severall Papists in that County many +desperate weapons which they call Round-heads.’ No. 22 +has a portrait of a Cavalier in hat and feather, intended +probably for Prince Maurice, as there is in the body of the +number an allusion to a report of his death. In No. 42 there +is a portrait of Prince Rupert and the following summary on +the title-page:—‘Prince Rupert’s forces routed near Stratford-on-Avon. +Generall King’s Army dispersed by the +Scots. Himselfe wounded and fled to Yorke. Banbury +Castle besieged by Colonell Cromwell.’ I give a copy of +Prince Rupert’s portrait, which is made to do duty for the +Marquis of Newcastle in another number. This practice of +making the same woodcut pass for the portraits of different +individuals savours somewhat of impudence on the part of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page124" id="page124"></a>124</span> +the editor, and shows a cool reliance on the good nature or +the obtuseness of his readers.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:600px; height:477px" src="images/img137.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE OXFORD JUNTA IN COUNCIL, FROM ‘MERCURIUS CIVICUS,’ 1644.</td></tr></table> + +<p>In the number of the <i>Mercurius Civicus</i> for April 11, +1644, there is a curious woodcut representing the ‘Oxford +Junta in Council,’ with the following paragraph referring to +it:—‘The news from his Excellencies generall Roundezvous +at Ailsbury on Good-Fryday next, will no doubt cause the +Oxonian Papists to whip themselves before the time, and to +make the Oxford Junto to recall their late votes.’ The lady +and gentleman in the balcony were probably intended for +the King and Queen. There is more variety in this number +of <i>Mercurius Civicus</i> than in any I have seen. In the war +news there is the taking of Waltam House, in Hampshire; +the taking of numerous men and horses at Christ-church, +in Dorsetshire; then comes a paragraph stating that +‘On Munday last, April 8, there were ten men and two +women executed at Tyburne for the severall offences for +which they were condemned the last weeke at the Sessions +in the Old Bayley.’ Mention is made of a fight between the +Scots Army and the Marquis of Newcastle’s forces near +Hilton; the gathering of the King’s forces in the neighbourhood +of Marlborough, and an announcement that the Parliament +intend to draw all their forces together, and, if possible, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page125" id="page125"></a>125</span> +by fighting a decisive action ‘to put a speedy end to these +miserable distractions.’ The trial of Archbishop Laud was +at this time going on, and reference is made to his appearance +before the House of Peers. Two Welshmen were taken into +custody for talking in Welsh, while they were crossing the +river from Westminster to Southwark, about firing the city +in several places, they not knowing that the waterman +understood their language. It is stated that a solemn day of +thanksgiving had been observed in London for the victory +obtained over Sir Ralph Hopton’s forces, and an ordinance +was read in the churches exhorting the citizens to contribute +all their strength to bring the contest to a final issue. There +is also some account of recent fires in the city, which are +attributed to the treachery of Cavaliers and Malignants. +‘But,’ says the writer, ‘which way soever these sad accidents +are brought to passe, they may afford the whole City this +caution: that if the firing of some few houses be so dreadful +and fearfull, as I am sure this appeared to those that beheld +them, notwithstanding they had all means convenient to +quench them, and the multitude being industrious to set +their hands to the worke: O how terrible would it be to see +your houses set on fire by the enemy, and the cruell +souldiers, instead of bringing buckets of water, should stand +with their drawne swords threatening the death of those that +should offer to quench the flame? Poore Ireland can give +ample testimony of this.’ From Yorkshire there is news that +Fairfax had taken Cawood Castle; from Banbury that the +Royalist garrison was withdrawn from that place, and ‘that +the Carriers of Banbury and Southam were robbed the last +weeke neere Tossiter in Northamptonshire by divers of the +Cavaliers Forces.’ In the number for April 25, 1644, there +is a figure of the King armed with a sword, and with this +inscription:—‘Fire and sword again menaced by his +Majesty.’ During the first years of the Civil War the +newspapers contained many portraits of the King, some of +which were carefully engraved on copper.</p> + +<p>It is noticeable that the <i>Mercurius Civicus</i> and other +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page126" id="page126"></a>126</span> +papers published during the Civil War were in the habit of +including on their title-pages a summary of the contents of +the number. Sometimes it was put in the form of rhyme, as—</p> + +<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr"> +<p>‘Tewkesbury is taken</p> +<p class="i05">Yorke walls are well shaken.’</p> +</div> </td></tr></table> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:576px" src="images/img139.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">HEADING TO THE ‘SCOTTISH DOVE,’ 1644.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The <i>Scottish Dove</i> frequently indulged in these rhyming +summaries. On the title-page of Number 39 for July 13, +1644, the following lines are printed:—</p> + +<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr"> +<p>‘Rupert and Newcastle wholly Routed</p> +<p class="i05">Rupert and Newcastle’s jarres undoubted;</p> +<p class="i05">Newcastle fled to Sea, Rupert to the King,</p> +<p class="i05">Give God the Glory heavenly praises sing.</p> +<p class="i05">A day of thankes the parliament hath set,</p> +<p class="i05">Lord Gray with some of Hasting’s troops hath met.</p> +<p class="i05">From Oswestree Middleton the siege did raise</p> +<p class="i05">And Barnstaples defence, doth Essex praise;</p> +<p class="i05">The Queen Pendennis Castle liketh best.</p> +<p class="i05">The King uncertain where to take his rest.’</p> +</div> </td></tr></table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page127" id="page127"></a>127</span></p> + +<p>The <i>Scottish Dove</i> was a small quarto numbered and paged +consecutively like the <i>Mercurius Civicus</i>. On the front page +of every number was printed a woodcut of a dove bearing an +olive-branch in its mouth, and at the side of the woodcut +was usually printed the rhyming summary. I annex a +facsimile of this heading.</p> + +<p>Many of the journals of this period showed their hankering +after illustrations by occasionally indulging in an +initial letter, if they could do nothing more. The animosities +of party often caused them to forget their original +purpose of spreading true intelligence, and they were quite +as ready to apply the lash to each other as to chastise public +wrongdoers or ‘correct false reports.’ At this time first +appeared the familiar newspaper heading of the man on +horseback blowing a horn. It was on the front page of +the <i>Flying Post</i>, the first number of which was published +on May 10, 1644. The full title was ‘<i>The Flying Post, conveying +Weekly Packets to all Forraigne Nations, of the Proceedings +of both Houses of Parliament and the Armies in Great +Brittain</i>,’ and it was ‘published for the cleere satisfaction of +all Forraigners and others who desire Certain, and Weekly +Information.’ The introduction is as follows:—</p> + +<p>‘Gentlemen,—The too many errours committed of late +time, by the irregularitie of the Presse (which since by the +wisdome of the Parliament, is in a great measure suppressed), +which did run Weekly in severall channels to the +greatest part of Europe in great dishonour to our English +Nation; Have enforced this my Flying Post never to make +stay, till it had intimated the same unto you, and fully +vindicated this my Native Kingdome, by publishing a +certain Weekly Intelligence of all Proceedings of our +honourable Parliament and unhappy wars of this Kingdome; +wherein (though a well wisher to his Excellencie the Earle +of Essex, and the Proceedings of Parliament) I shall write +with the greatest indifference, truth, and modestie, as shall +satisfie the impartiallest that reades me; attributing to the +Enemy no otherwise than Truth will warrant it, be it to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page128" id="page128"></a>128</span> +their honour or shame according to their demerit. Therefore +give me leave to beg your credence beyond Sea and +elsewhere, as you find me.’</p> + +<p>The <i>Flying Post</i> gives intelligence from York, then +besieged by the Scots; from Hull, Newark, and Mansfield; +some notes of the proceedings in Parliament, respecting +which the journalist says cautiously:—‘As for our proceedings +in Parliament, I shall be very cautious and tender in +divulging them.’ It was ‘Published according to order,’ +and printed at London for Bernard Alsop, 1644.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:450px" src="images/img141.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">HEADING TO THE ‘KINGDOMES WEEKLY POST,’ 1644.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The <i>Klngdomes Weekly Post</i> had the same heading, which +is here copied.</p> + +<p>In a tract entitled ‘<i>Strange true and lamentable news from +Exeter and other parts of the Western Countreys</i>’ there is a +woodcut of a woman on her knees praying for mercy. The +pamphlet relates the cruelties inflicted by the Cavaliers on +the inhabitants of Exeter, Bristol, and other towns. Prince +Maurice is charged with breaking the articles of agreement +made with the city of Exeter, and both he and Prince +Rupert are likened to ‘Tigers or Savage Beares.’ It is +stated that in the city of Exeter ‘the rude Souldiers would +not forbeare upon the least discontent given to them to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page129" id="page129"></a>129</span> +draw their Rapiers upon the Citizens, and wound them, +but especially when they are in their cups, they swagger, +roare, sweare, and domineere, plundering, pillaging, or +doing any other kind of wrong; to break shops and +houses they count as nothing, taking away Boots, Shoes, +Stockings, Hats, or any other commodities they can lay +their hands on, and no Justice dares to resist them, and by +this means the City is in such a miserable condition that +they are even terrified to the death.’ At Cirencester, +having entered the town by force, they slew all the men +who opposed them, took the unresisting inhabitants prisoners, +and pillaged the town. At Bristol ‘They went into +some Cellars, where was plenty of wine and beere, drank +what their gormandising guts would hold, and let the rest +run about the house, with many other antique tricks that +they used, which I cannot omit to speak of; moreover, they +breake the Covenant which was made in every respect the +very first hour that they entered the city, and fell to plundering, +pillaging, robbing, stealing, cutting and slashing, as +if they had never been brought up to any other practice.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:650px; height:486px" src="images/img142.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">STRANGE NEWS FROM EXETER, 1643.</td></tr></table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page130" id="page130"></a>130</span></p> + +<p>In an account of the defence of Plymouth against the +Royalists there is a very elaborate map showing the fortifications +of the town, ‘with the workes and approaches of the +enemy at the last siege.’ The account of the siege is very +long, but the following passage may be quoted:—‘One remarkable +passage of God’s providence to us we must with all +thankfulnesse remember and acknowledge, that after the +Towne had been a long time strictly beseiged and no fresh +victuall either flesh or fish could be had, whereby the poore +people were grievously punished, there came in an infinite +multitude of Pilchards into the Harbour, within the Barbican, +which the people took up with great ease in baskets, +which did not only refresh them for the present, but a great +deal more were taken, preserved, and salted; whereby the poore +got much money; such a passage hath not happened before.</p> + +<p>‘We cannot forget the humanity of the good women of +Plymouth, and their courage in bringing out strong waters, +and all sorts of provisions in the midst of all our skirmishes +for refreshing of our souldiers, though many shot through +the cloathes.’</p> + +<p>I have already made the remark that the military atrocities +of recent times were equalled, if not exceeded, during +the Civil War in England and Ireland. In a tract of 1644, +containing various items of news, the following woodcut is +given as an illustration of recent events. The same woodcut +is found in another tract entitled ‘<i>Terrible and bloody Newes +from the disloyall Army in the North</i>:’—‘The proceedings of +the Scots and Irish appears more visible and inhumane than +formerly; their actions are tyrannical, their ways most insufferable, +and executeth nothing but blood thirstinesse and +cruelty tending only to utter ruin and desolation; they have +burned down divers stately buildings in these parts, executed +some of my Lord Wharton’s tenants, and threatens others, +which causeth the Country to rise and joyn with Lieu. Gen. +Cromwell, insomuch that there will be a sudden engagement.’</p> + +<p>The sect called the ‘Levellers’ is thus alluded to in the +same tract:—‘Colonel Martin’s approach with his Levellers +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page131" id="page131"></a>131</span> +in these parts hath alarmed the Country and put themselves +into a posture to receive them, and for preservation of their +ancient rights and liberties against their new design of levelling, +who by their strange, politick, and subtill delusions +have wrought into the hearts of divers people to ingage with +them, especially among those who are of a desperate fortune, +and mean condition, the basest and vilest of men resorting to +them. They rob and plunder exceedingly wheresoever they +come, saying they will levell all sorts of people, even from +the highest to the lowest, and that he that hath the most +shall be equall with him that hath the least.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:650px; height:438px" src="images/img144.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">CRUELTIES OF THE CAVALIERS, 1644.</td></tr></table> + +<p>In a pamphlet relating to the events of Charles I.’s reign +there are some of the etchings previously noticed, together +with nine others illustrating the history of the same period. +They are:—1. The Court of High Commission and Star +Chamber. 2. The Execution on Tower Hill of Sir Alexander +Carew, Sir John Hotham, Captain Hotham, and the Archbishop +of Canterbury. 3. The King’s Escape from Oxford. +4. The Execution of the Duke of Hamilton, Earl of Cambridge, +Earl of Holland, and Arthur Lord Capel. 5. The +Coronation of Charles II. in Scotland, 1650. 6. A Meeting +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page132" id="page132"></a>132</span> +of Cavaliers. 7. A Seapiece illustrating Charles II.’s Escape +from England after the Battle of Worcester. 8. Reading the +Act of General Pardon and Oblivion, 1651. 9. The House of +Commons in Session. The full title of the pamphlet is as +follows:—‘<i>A Brief Review of the most material Parliamentary +Proceedings of this present Parliament, and their Armies, in +their civil and Martial Affairs, which Parliament began the third +of November, 1640, and the remarkable Transactions are continued +untill the Act of Oblivion February 24, 1652. Published +as a Breviary, leading all along successively, as they fell out in +their several years. So that if any man will be informed of any +remarkable passage, he may turne to the year and so see in some +measure in what Moneth thereof it was accomplished. And for +information of such as are altogether ignorant of the rise and +progress of these times, which things are brought to pass that +former ages have not heard of and after ages will admire. A +work worthy to be kept in Record, and communicated to Posterity. +London: Printed for Tho. Jenner at the South Entrance of the +Royal Exchange.</i>’ From the above I have copied the etching +of the escape of Charles I. from Oxford.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:413px" src="images/img145.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">ESCAPE OF CHARLES I. FROM OXFORD, 1646.</td></tr></table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page133" id="page133"></a>133</span></p> + +<p>It is stated by Hume that when the King escaped from +Oxford he was accompanied by two persons only—Dr. Hudson +and Mr. Ashburnham—and that he rode before a portmanteau +and called himself Ashburnham’s servant. The +engraving scarcely corresponds with this account; but the +scene represented is evidently outside the city of Oxford, and +other persons may then have joined the King’s party.</p> + +<p>The city of Oxford surrendered to the Parliament on +June 24, 1646, the King having signed a warrant for the +surrender fourteen days previously. This event is recorded +in a pamphlet entitled ‘<i>Good Newes from Oxford of the Treaty +for the Surrender thereof, and how they are packing up to march +away on Thursday next, June 18, 1646</i>.’ The ‘march away,’ +however, was not accomplished till the 24th. Amongst those +who left the place were Prince Rupert and Prince Maurice, +and the King’s second son, James, the young Duke of York. +The illustration to this pamphlet has no relation to the event, +and was used on other occasions.</p> + +<p>The funeral of the Earl of Essex, the Parliamentary +General, who died in 1646, was made the occasion of a +great display of pomp and ceremonial magnificence, which +was duly chronicled and illustrated by the journalists of the +time. ‘<i>The true manner and forme of the proceeding to the +Funerall of Devereux, Earl of Essex</i>,’ contains, besides a +copperplate portrait of the Earl, numerous woodcuts of +banners, and the funeral canopy. Several illustrated broadsides +relating to this event were also published. In looking +over the old newspapers we are frequently reminded of the +truth of the saying that ‘history repeats itself.’ The Duke +of Wellington’s funeral in 1852 was a repetition, on a much +more splendid scale, of the funeral of the Earl of Essex in +1646, with such differences as arose from the taste and circumstances +of the time. Portraits of the Earl of Essex are +of frequent occurrence in the pamphlets of this period.</p> + +<p>In the pamphlet containing the escape of the King from +Oxford there is an etching of the burning of the Book of +Sports on the site of Cheapside Cross, which is thus described:—‘10 +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page134" id="page134"></a>134</span> +of May the Booke of Sportes upon the Lords +Day was burned by the Hangman in the place where the +Crosse stoode and at Exchange.’ There is also in the same +pamphlet a representation of breaking the Great Seal:—‘The +Great Seale broken before the Lords and Commons, +on Tuesday, the 11 of August, 1646.’ Some authorities say +the Great Seal was not broken till January, 1649, new style.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:408px" src="images/img147.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE GREAT SEAL BROKEN, 1646.</td></tr></table> + +<p>Sir Thomas Fairfax succeeded the Earl of Essex as commander +of the Parliamentary army, and had Oliver Cromwell +for his Lieutenant-General. Though a Presbyterian, he suffered +himself to become the tool of the Independent party, +and followed the councils of Cromwell until the Army had +become master both of the Parliament and of the kingdom. +All that related to a person of so much importance must +have had uncommon interest for the popular mind, and +accordingly we find Sir Thomas Fairfax and his military +council form the subject of an engraving in a pamphlet of +1647. It is entitled ‘<i>The manner of His Excellency Sir Thomas +Fairfax and the officers of his Army sitting in Council</i>.’ In this +engraving it will be seen that Fairfax, though farthest +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page135" id="page135"></a>135</span> +removed from the spectator, is made the largest figure in +the picture, apparently for the purpose of giving him proper +importance. Note also the huge pens, and the mysterious +way in which the foreground figures appear to grow <i>out</i> of +the benches instead of sitting <i>on</i> them.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:558px; height:610px" src="images/img148.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">SIR THOMAS FAIRFAX AND HIS MILITARY COUNCIL, 1647.</td></tr></table> + +<p>Though Cromwell was at this time the real director of +the army, and ere long became its acknowledged head, I +have met with no representation of him in the illustrated +news of the period. The art of ‘interviewing’ had not +then been developed, and the ‘Special Artist’ did not exist. +The most enterprising correspondent would probably have +hesitated to intrude upon that stern and resolute leader of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page136" id="page136"></a>136</span> +a revolutionary army, if he had no better excuse than to +describe how he looked and what he said. Fancy the Special +Artist of the <i>Mercurius Civicus</i>, for instance, sending in his +card to Oliver Cromwell with a polite request that the +General would give him five minutes of his valuable time +for the purpose of making a sketch for the next number of +his journal! And fancy how the uncomely countenance of +the <i>ci-devant</i> brewer would redden at the request, and how, +probably, the unlucky artist would be consigned to the +custody of the sentinel at the door!</p> + +<p>There is not much said about naval matters in the newspaper +chronicles of the Civil War. The earliest account of +a sea-fight that I have met with occurs in a pamphlet published +in 1647. It is illustrated with a woodcut representing +ships of war in action—which woodcut, by-the-by, afterwards +appears in other pamphlets. The narrative is in the form of +a letter, dated at sea, off Dover, May 4th, 1647; and, as the +pamphlet is dated May 10th, we have another example of the +extreme eagerness of the news-writers to supply the public +with early intelligence. The combatants were not at war, +and the fight appears to have arisen out of a mere question +of naval etiquette. The following account is given of the +transaction:—</p> + +<p>‘A full Relation of a late Sea-Fight, betwixt the Parliament +Ships and the Queene of Sweathlands, upon the Coast +of England, neere Portsmouth, May 1.</p> + +<p>‘Sir,</p> + +<p>‘On the 2 of this instant moneth, being the Lords day, +our Commander in chiefe of the Sea Forces, received a packet +from a small Frigat, that came from the Rear-Admirall who +had been in Fight the day before with five of the Queen of +Swethlands ships, which they conveyed, being all laden with +salt from Tubey in Portingale.</p> + +<p>‘The reason of the fight was, the Swedish ships wore +flags, viz., Admirall, Vice-Admirall, and Rear-Admirall, which +they refused to take in, or to low their top-sales (although +commanded by Cap. Owen, Capt. of the Parliaments Reare-Admiral +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page137" id="page137"></a>137</span> +so to do) whereupon the said Capt. Owen gave them +a broadside, insomuch that divers shots past betweene them, +and great execution done upon the Switzers, scouring their +upper decks with small shot severall times. Captain Owen +lost not above 8 men, besides some few wounded, the fight +continued sixe hours, til night began to aproach, where the +Swedish Fleet tooke their opportunity, and got away. But +so soon as Vice-Admirall Batten<a name="fa1b" id="fa1b" href="#ft1b"><span class="sp">1</span></a> heard of it, he set saile +with the St. Andrew, Garland, Convertine, and Mary-Rose, +and stood over for the coast of France in the night; and in +the morning about 8 of the clock, being the 3 of May near +Bulloign, he came up with the Admiral of the Swedes ship +whose names was Martin Tysin, the ship was called the +Leopard and had 32 guns; the Vice-Admiral Daniel Johnson, +a lusty stout ship, called the Angel Raphael, and had +24 guns; the Rear-Admiral the Neptune, Moris Cook +Captain, with 18 guns; the other two ships of 22 guns +apiece, one being called the Anne-Free, the other the +Neptune.</p> + +<p>‘The Captaines of all these ships, hee commanded aboard, +and asked them what they had done with his Rear-Admiral; +they at first denied that they saw him, but he pressing it so +hard upon them, at length confessed, that they had been in +fight with him, and that the reason was, because they would +not take in their flags, being so commanded by their Queen, +and had instructions to that purpose, which he caused them +to send for, and took copies of them, which appeared to be +true in a high manner.</p> + +<p>‘And they further told our Commander Vice-Admiral +Batten, that they would rather die in honour, than to go +home and be hanged, for disobeying their commissions; a +brave resolution, and I could wish it were imprinted in the +hearts of all our commanders; they further told him, that if +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page138" id="page138"></a>138</span> +these flaggs were then abroad, they would die before they +made one shot at him, though he shot never so many at +them, yet would not take them in, and indeed were very +respective to him. But they did much blame the Rear-Admiral, +for that all the shot he made was at their Vice-Admiral +and Rear-Admiral, and not at their Admiral, +whom he ought first to have commanded, the others being +subordinate to his commands; and although he was 4 or 5 +hours by the Admirals side never shot gun at him, but sent +his Boat 3 times aboard. Our Vice-Admiral demanded of +them, where the Rear-Admiral left them, they told him off +Beachey which to him did seem strange, that he should +begin a quarrell and not follow them, till he came neer +where the Vice-Admiral was, having sent a Frigot to him, +to give him intelligence, and might undoubtedly expect +his relief.</p> + +<p>‘All Munday was spent in taking of Examinations, and +Copies of Commissions; the Swedish Commanders being +detained aboard by our Vice-Admiral as prisoners, but used +with great civilitie.</p> + +<p>‘At length a Councell of Warre was called by our Commander +in chiefe with his Captaines, the result whereof was, +that the Swedes Vice-Admiral, who had been the man which +was most active was with his ship to be carried into the +Downes, till the pleasure of the Parliament be further known +which was done accordingly, and the next day we arrived +in the Downes, being the 4. instant; the rest of the Swedes +in regard of their shortness of Victuall, and having charge +of the Convoy, were left to their own dispose, and this was +performed without shooting so much as a Musket; but truly, +if the Queene of Swethland leave not out that peremptory +command in her instructions, not to strike to any of our +Commanders, enjoyned to keep the Sovereignty of the Seas, +and to expect homage from all, even to sinking, or burning, +this must in time breed ill-bloud between the two Kingdomes, +which might be wisht might be prevented, by a letter +from our Parliament to the Queen of Swethland. Thus +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page139" id="page139"></a>139<br />140</span> +have I given you a perfect Relation of the whole proceedings. +Sir, I have not else at present, but to let you know, I am +your most humble servant and kinsman, ‘<span class="sc">R. B.</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:650px; height:440px" src="images/img152.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">NAVAL BATTLE, 1647.</td></tr></table> + +<p>‘Dated at Sea off Dover the 4. of May 1647.’</p> + +<p>Another piece of illustrated news bearing upon naval +affairs is entitled, ‘<i>News from the Royall Navie, Colchester, and +Portsmouth, declaring the proceedings and intentions of the +Prince of Wales, &c.</i>’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:479px" src="images/img153.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE PRINCE OF WALES’S SQUADRON, 1648.</td></tr></table> + +<p>‘We have received intelligence from the <i>Brill</i> in Holland, +that his Highness the Prince of Wales since his arrival there +hath embarked himself in a great Vessell for England, the +Earl of Newcastle, the Lord Gerhard, the Lord Culpepper, +and divers others Lords and Gentlemen, being now floating +upon the Neptune Seas towards the North of England, +accompanying of his Royall person; we hear that they +intend to land about Berwick, or else on the South side of +the Holy-Island, and to march in the Van of the English +Army. It is likewise said that divers Scottish Lords hath +been with his Highnesse, and have treated with his Councell +declaring the grounds and reasons of their engagement with +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page141" id="page141"></a>141</span> +England, and their resolution to redeem their dread Sovereign +from imprisonment, to re-invest His Royall Person, and to +make both him and His Posterity happy, and so Peace and +Unity may flourish throughout all His Majesties Realms +and Dominions. Severall urgent invitations were also +presented to his Highness for his speedy and personal appearance +in the North of England. The like to the Duke +of York for his hastening with the Royal Navie towards the +Downs, which unexpectedly is now come to pass; for we +hear that the Prince with a great number of Royalists are +sayled from the Brill in Holland towards the North of +England, and that the Duke is come upon the Downs with +a great and numerous Fleet, consisting of about 10 of the +Kings great ships, and 30 Flemings, but they have not +meddled on either side as yet; six of the Dukes ships, on +Saturday last strook sayle before the town and Castle of Deal, +and by their churlish tokens they sent us made it appear +what they were, for they shot very neer 100 great Pieces +at us, which killed 8 or nine of our men.’</p> + +<p>This account is illustrated with the woodcut on the +opposite page.</p> + +<p>Some of the rough woodcuts to be found in many of the +Civil War tracts would be unworthy of notice, did they not +show the constant efforts that were made to illustrate the +news of the hour. Such is the illustration to a tract entitled, +‘<i>A true Relation of the late Great Mutiny which was in the City +of Norwich April 24, 1648</i>.’ This gives an account of the +explosion of ninety-eight barrels of gunpowder, whereby +200 mutineers were slain, and the woodcut is intended to +show the effects of the explosion.</p> + +<p><i>Bloody Newes from the Scottish Army</i> contains a woodcut +representing two men on horseback charging each other. +The description gives an account of the advance of the +Scottish army on the English near Penrith, intending to +surprise the latter; ‘but by the vigilance of our scouts they +were discovered.’ After a ‘furious conflict gallantly maintained +on both sides, we gained ground, and beat them out of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page142" id="page142"></a>142</span> +the field. This action happened upon Sunday morning last +about 2 of the clock in the morning.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:463px" src="images/img155.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">EXPLOSION AT NORWICH, 1648.</td></tr></table> + +<p>During the last struggles between the Parliamentarians +and the Royalists, the latter, under Lord Goring, were +driven into Colchester by Fairfax, and there besieged for +more than two months. There are several pamphlets detailing +incidents of this siege, one or two of which are illustrated. +One of them is in the form of a letter to the writer’s +brother, and it has a quaint woodcut of ‘Colchester Leaguer.’</p> + +<p>Another tract, dated July 27, 1648, is entitled ‘<i>A great +Fight at Colchester upon Tuesday night last, being the 25 of +this instant July, and the advancing of General Lucas and his +forces to the very Guards of the Parliamenteers, with the particulars +of the Fight, and the number that were killed and taken +prisoners on both sides, and the springing of a Mine to blow up +part of the Leaguer. Likewise a letter from Colchester concerning +the marching of an Army to London. And Message from +Prince Charles to Gen. Lucas. And a bloudy Fight at Deal +Castle in Kent. London. Printed for R. Woodus, and are to +be sold at the Royall Exchange in Cornhill, 1648.</i> The letter +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page143" id="page143"></a>143</span> +describing this fight contains so much curious matter that it +is worth transcribing entire:—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:615px" src="images/img156.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">COLCHESTER LEAGUER, 1648.</td></tr></table> + +<p>‘Sir, we have received information from Yarmouth, Harwich, +and other places, that there is great fear of the Prince +of Wales landing in those parts with a very considerable +Army, and that he is resolved to advance towards Colchester, +to raise the siege, and to let those Birds at liberty, which he +esteems to be the only instruments to advance his Father’s +Cause. We hear that the L. Gerrard is designed Lieutenant +Generall of the new Eastern Army, and the Lord Culpepper +Major Generall, and that his Highnesse will repose no trust +in either of the Princes Rupert or Maurice, or any other +Foreign Personage whatsoever. This morning a Corporall +of a troop of horse deserted the Colchestrian service, and +humbly submitted himself to the Lord Generall, who upon +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page144" id="page144"></a>144</span> +examination touching their numbers and victualling said +that the last Muster Rolls made mention of above 6000 +Horse and Foot, and for victualling, they had plenty of Rye +and bread-corn, but for flesh-meat they had none at all left, +being constrained to kill Horses to satisfie their hungry +appetites, which causeth many of the young Soldiers to +desert their hard commons.</p> + +<p>‘He further said, that at the last Muster upon Munday +last the E. of Norwich and Sir Charles Lucas rode to the +head of each Regiment, and read a paper to the Soldiery +(which they said was a Message from the Prince of Wales) +intimating that his Highnesse were resolved immediately to +land his Forces about Yarmouth, and from thence to march +downe to Colchester to raise the siege, and set them at +liberty, and that if they could but hold out till Satterday, he +doubted not of the day, and should take it as an acceptable +service from them.</p> + +<p>‘But I conceive the truth of this to be as palpable falsehood +as the late report of the Royalists in these parts, who +would not stick to say, <i>that Colchester was relieved by the ship +called the Swallow, and that they shot in above 500 Holland +cheeses out of Mortar pieces &c.</i></p> + +<p>‘Some who are come out of the Town reports that the +enemy within are springing a Mine, and doth intend to blow +up the Lord Lucas his house (in our possession) which doth +very much annoy them; their great Ordnance plaid very +hard this morning, and did some execution, ours answered +them again from the Great Mount, and plaid upon them for +the space of one hour.</p> + +<p>‘They are in very great streights for provision, and have +eaten horse-flesh these six or seven dayes, but as resolute as +formerly.</p> + +<p>‘A party came out to cut Barley which was repulsed +without losse, two only wounded of the party; some horse +grazing under the City walls were snapt by some of Col. +Whalleyes Forces, some shot, 38 taken, no way serviceable +at present, unlesse good keeping recover them.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page145" id="page145"></a>145</span></p> + +<p>‘On Satterday last the Lord Generall gave Order that +several Papers should be shot into the town out of Arrows, +offering the private Souldiers quarter, and passes to go home, +if they will deliver up Goring, Capel, Lucas, Loughborough, +Farre, &c.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:548px; height:580px" src="images/img158.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">GENERAL LUCAS AT THE SIEGE OF COLCHESTER, 1648.</td></tr></table> + +<p>‘This morning betwixt three and four of the clock, we +received some tokens from the besieged, a party of them +sallied out, and advanced up a narrow Lane neer to one of +our Guards, thinking to surprise them unawares; but an +Eagle ey’d Centinel discovering them, presented her bill, +and fired; whereupon the rest of the Guardians received an +allarm and immediately man’d the Line, the Colchestrians +advanced and charged with great fury, this action was disputed +by both parties with great courage and resolution, the +enemy fell on without mercy, and fought it with much +violence, but our Forces bodying, they retreat, our men +pursues with great execution, killed about 20. and took as +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page146" id="page146"></a>146</span> +many prisoners, with the losse of 12. men; the like dispute +hapned the last night; we expect every hour when we shall +have Orders to fall on, the work will be difficult, and the +storming dangerous, the town being disadvantageous for +such a Military action.</p> + +<p>‘<i>Colchester Leaguer July 26. at 8. in the morning.</i>’</p> + +<p>This tract is illustrated with a portrait of General Lucas +on horseback, which is copied on the previous page.</p> + +<p>Colchester surrendered to the Parliament on Aug. 27, +1648, when Fairfax determined to make an example of Sir +Charles Lucas. This unexpected severity was attributed to +Ireton, who had been set by Cromwell to watch Fairfax. +There was a strong protest made against the intended +execution, but it nevertheless took place. Lucas was shot, +together with Sir George Lisle. The former suffered first, +and he himself gave the order to the soldiers to fire, with as +much coolness as if he had been a mere spectator. It is said +that Lisle ran and kissed the dead body of his friend, and +then presented himself to a like fate. Thinking that the +firing party was too far off, he called to them to come +nearer; one of the soldiers replied, ‘I’ll warrant you, Sir, +we’ll hit you.’ ‘Friends,’ said the gallant Royalist, smiling, +‘I have been nearer you when you have missed me.’</p> + +<p>Other tracts describe the proceedings of the Prince of +Wales in his attempts to retrieve his father’s fortunes. One +of them has a portrait of the Prince, and contains a message +sent by him to the Mayor of Yarmouth concerning the +landing of his forces there for the relief of Colchester. +Another is adorned with a very elaborate title-page, and +describes ‘The Resolution of the Prince of Wales, concerning +the landing of his Army in the Isle of Loving-Land, +within the County of Suffolk, and his Propositions to +all Englishmen concerning his Engagement for King, City, +and Kingdom, against the Army, and to fight for their +Liberties, Freedom, and Privileges. Likewise, the further +proceedings of the Royal Navie, under his Highness the +D. of York, and the Declaration of the Seamen in the Isle of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page147" id="page147"></a>147</span> +Wight and Portsmouth, concerning the Kings Majesty and +the Fleet Royall, 1648.’</p> + +<p>The contest between the Royalists and the Parliament +was now drawing to a close. The King was a prisoner +in Carisbrooke Castle, and while he lay there he continued +to occupy the pens of the pamphleteers and journalists. +One writer addressed an exhortation to the nobility, clergy, +and civil magistrates, in favour of the imprisoned Monarch; +and he adorned his work with the above representation +of the King in prison, which afterwards appeared in other +pamphlets.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:459px" src="images/img160.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">CHARLES I. IN CARISBROOKE CASTLE, 1648.</td></tr></table> + +<p>It is remarkable that such important events as the trial +and execution of Charles I. should not have tempted the +newspapers of the day to illustrate subjects of so much +interest. It may have been that such a terrible termination +of the Civil War in some degree paralysed men’s energies, +and drove all thoughts of trading on such an event from +their minds. I have met with two very rough woodcuts +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page148" id="page148"></a>148</span> +professing to represent the execution. One is contained +in the Confession of Richard Brandon, the Hangman, and +the other forms half of a woodcut frontispiece to a broadside +describing the execution of the Regicides, which I shall +refer to in its proper place. The Confession of Richard +Brandon was published in 1649, the same year in which the +King was executed, and purports to be a death-bed statement +concerning that event. There were two Brandons, +Gregory and Richard, father and son. The former beheaded +Lord Strafford, and was believed by Charles II. to +have been the executioner of his father. According to Sir +Nathaniel Wraxall, George Selwyn, ‘that insatiable amateur +of executions,’ told the story of King Charles’s execution +from information which he professed to have obtained from +the Duchess of Portsmouth, who, he said, always asserted, +on the authority of Charles II., that the King, his father, +was not beheaded by either Colonel Joyce or Colonel Pride, +as was then commonly believed, but that the real name of +the executioner was <i>Gregory</i> Brandon; that this man had +worn a black crape stretched over his face, and had no +sooner taken off the King’s head than he was put into a +boat at Whitehall Stairs, together with the block, the black +cloth that covered it, the axe, and every other article that +had been stained with the Royal blood. Being conveyed to +the Tower, all the implements used in the decapitation had +been immediately reduced to ashes. A purse containing one +hundred broad pieces of gold was then delivered to Brandon, +and he was dismissed. He survived the transaction many +years, but divulged it a short time before he died. ‘This +account,’ Wraxall adds, ‘as coming from the Duchess of +Portsmouth, challenges great respect.’<a name="fa2b" id="fa2b" href="#ft2b"><span class="sp">2</span></a> Popular belief, +however, at the time pointed to Richard Brandon, son of the +above-named Gregory Brandon, whose confession, published +immediately after his death, I here quote:—</p> + +<p>‘The Confession of Richard Brandon the Hangman (upon +his Death bed).</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page149" id="page149"></a>149</span></p> + +<p>‘The Confession of the Hangman concerning his beheading +his late Majesty the King of Great Brittaine (upon +his Death bed) who was buried on Thursday night last, in +White Chappell Church-yard, with the manner thereof.</p> + +<p>‘Upon Wednesday last (being the 20 of this instant +June, 1649) Richard Brandon, the late Executioner and +Hangman, who beheaded his late Majesty, King of Great +Brittaine, departed this life. But during the time of his +sicknesse his conscience was much troubled, and exceedingly +perplexed in mind, yet little shew of repentance, for remission +of his sins, and by past transgressions, which had +so much power and influence upon him, that he seemed +to live in them and they in him. And upon Sunday last, +a young man of his acquaintance going in to visit him, fell +into discourse, asked him how he did, and whether he was +not troubled in conscience, for cutting off of the King’s +head?</p> + +<p>‘He replied by reason that (upon the time of his tryal, +and at the denouncing of Sentence against him) he had +taken a vow and protestation, <i>wishing God to perish him body +and soul, if ever he appeared on the scaffold to do the act or lift +up his hand against him</i>.</p> + +<p>‘Further acknowledging, <i>That he was no sooner entered +upon the scaffold, but immediately he fell a trembling, and hath +ever since continued in the like agony</i>.</p> + +<p>‘He likewise confessed that he had 30 pounds for his +pains, all paid him in half-crowns, within an hour after the +blow was given, and that he had an orange stuck full of +cloves, and a handkircher out of the King’s pocket, so soon +as he was carried off from the scaffold; for which orange he +was proffered 20 shillings by a gentleman in Whitehall, +but refused the same, and afterwards sold it for ten S. in +Rosemary-lane.</p> + +<p>‘About 6 of the clock at night he returned home to his +wife living in Rosemary Lane, and gave her the money, +saying, <i>That it was the deerest money that ever he earned in his +life, for it would cost him his life</i>. Which prophetical words +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page150" id="page150"></a>150</span> +were soon made manifest; for it appeared that ever since he +hath been in a most sad condition, and upon the Almightie’s +first scourging of him with the Rod of meeknesse, and the +friendly admonition of divers friends, for the calling of him +to repentance, yet he persisted on in his vicious Vices, and +would not hearken thereunto, but lay raging and swearing, +and still pointing at one thing or another, which he conceived +to appear visible before him.</p> + +<p>‘About three dayes before he died he lay speechlesse, +uttering many a sigh and heavy groan and so in a most +desperate manner departed from his bed of sorrow. For the +buriall whereof great store of wines were sent in by the +sheriff of the City of London, and a great multitude of +people stood wayting to see the Corps carried to the Church-yard, +some crying out <i>Hang him Rogue, bury him in the +Dung-hill</i>; others pressing upon him saying, <i>They would +quarter him, for executing of the King</i>; insomuch, that the +Church Wardens and Masters of the Parish were fain to +come for the suppressing of them, and (with great difficulty) +he was at last carried to White-Chappell Church-yard, +having (as it is said) a bunch of Rosemary at each end of +the coffin, on the top thereof, with a Rope tyed crosse from +one end to the other.</p> + +<p>‘And a merry conceited Cook, living at the sign of the +Crown, having a black Fan (worth the value of 30 shillings) +took a resolution to rent the same in pieces, and to every +feather tied a piece of packthread dy’d in black ink, and +gave them to divers persons, who (in derision) for a while, +wore them in their hats.</p> + +<p>‘Thus have I given thee an exact account and perfect +relation of the life and death of Richard Brandon, to the +end, that the World may be convinced of those calumnious +speeches and erroneous suggestions which are dayly spit +from the mouth of envy, against divers persons of great +worth and eminency, by casting an <i>odium</i> upon them for the +executing of the King; it being now made manifest that the +aforesaid Executioner was the only man that gave the fatal +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page151" id="page151"></a>151</span> +blows, and his man that wayted upon him was a Ragman, +living in Rosemary Lane.’</p> + +<p>Subjoined is a copy of the cut on the title-page of this +tract.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:496px" src="images/img164.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">EXECUTION OF CHARLES I., 1649.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The death of Richard Brandon is entered in the register +of St. Mary’s, Whitechapel, under date June 21, 1649. To +the entry is appended a note, evidently of about the same +date, to the effect that ‘this R. Brandon is supposed to have +cut off the head of Charles the First.’ The ‘calumnious +speeches and erroneous suggestions’ had indicated several +persons as having struck the fatal blow on that dismal +morning in January. Amongst them, besides those already +named, were ‘Squire Dun,’ William Walker, Hugh Peters, +Lord Stair, and William Hewlett. The last-named person +was actually tried for the crime at the Restoration. The +evidence against him went to show that ‘his voice was heard +upon the scaffold, and his Breeches were seen under his +Frock, that he confest he was to have £100 and preferment +in Ireland to doe it; that being asked whether he cut off the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page152" id="page152"></a>152</span> +King’s head or no, he said what he had done he would not +be ashamed of; and if it were to doe again he would doe it; +more to the same purpose was witnessed by several witnesses, +and by one, who being sworn, said that the Common-Hangman +profest he did not doe it.’ This sort of evidence was +not fit to hang a dog; and, though Hewlett was found guilty +and sentenced to death, the sentence was never carried into +effect—a proof that public opinion must have been too strong +even for the hardihood of those who had foredoomed Hewlett +to the gallows. The Government had evidently determined +to fix the treason on this man with the sanguinary idea that +some person ought to be made to expiate the deed, even +though that person might be innocent. The prevalent belief, +however, was that it was the common executioner who had +been employed; and it is highly improbable that a mere +amateur would have been permitted to officiate on such an +important occasion.</p> + +<p>Although I have met with no native contemporary production +representing the execution, other than the rude +woodcuts before mentioned, there is in the British Museum a +collection of broadsides relating to the period of the Civil +War, one of which has a large and well-executed copperplate +engraving representing the execution of Charles I. It was +published at Frankfort, and the descriptive text is in +German. The view of Whitehall is correctly given, and +the engraving looks like a genuine representation of the +event.</p> + +<hr class="foot" /> <div class="note"> + +<p><a name="ft1b" id="ft1b" href="#fa1b"><span class="fn">1</span></a> There is an Admiral Batten often mentioned by Pepys. If this is +the same man who was an active commander under the Parliament he +must have trimmed his sails well to hold a place in the Navy office under +Charles II.</p> + +<p><a name="ft2b" id="ft2b" href="#fa2b"><span class="fn">2</span></a> <i>Old and New London.</i> By Edward Walford.</p> +</div> + +<div class="center art1"><img style="width:150px; height:35px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img001.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page153" id="page153"></a>153</span></p> + +<p class="chap2 center">CHAPTER V.</p> + +<div class="condensed"> +<p class="mind">Decrease of Newspapers after the Civil War—<i>Mercurius Democritus</i>—<i>The +Faithful Post</i>—<i>The Politique Post</i>—Broadsides for the People—The +Hollow Tree at Hampstead—Prodigious Monster taken in Spain—The +Restoration—Trial of the Regicides—Execution of the Regicides—Licenser +of the Press appointed—Popular Taste for the Supernatural—Apparition +in the Air in Holland—Revival of <i>Mercurius +Civicus</i>—Murder of Archbishop Sharpe—<i>The Loyal Protestant</i>—Frost +Fair on the Thames—Monmouth’s Rebellion—The Bloody +Assizes—Funeral of Queen Mary, Consort of William III.—Increase +of Newspapers after the Revolution.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="sc chap1">When</span> the Civil War was over the newspapers it had called +into existence disappeared. The printing-press was, of course, +not idle during the rule of Cromwell, but its productions were +narrowly watched, and there is reason to suppose the newspapers +were to a great extent under the influence of the party +in power. Examples of illustrated journalism during this +period are rare. We have ‘<i>A terrible and bloudy Fight at Sea</i>’ +between Blake and Van Tromp, and ‘<i>A great and wonderful +Victory</i>’ obtained by the English in the West Indies, each +illustrated with a woodcut that had done duty in the pamphlets +of the Civil War. A rough representation of an owl +seated at a table writing in a book heads a tract ridiculing +Lilly, the astrologer; while ‘<i>Black Monday, or a full and +exact description of the great and terrible Eclipse of the Sun</i>,’ is +adorned with a representation of ‘the true Figure of the +Eclipse.’ The grim and unsocial character of the times is +set forth in ‘<i>The Vindication of Christmas</i>,’ a pamphlet illustrated +with a woodcut representing Old Christmas welcomed +on one hand and forbidden on the other. After a pitiful +lament for the misery of the times, Christmas sets out on a +pilgrimage to London, where he enters a fair house that had +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page154" id="page154"></a>154</span> +once been an Alderman’s, but is now inhabited by a sour-tempered +miser. Here he meets with such a cold reception +that he is fain to take himself off, ‘and wandering into the +country up and down from house to house, found small +comfort in any.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:568px" src="images/img167.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE VINDICATION OF CHRISTMAS, 1653.</td></tr></table> + +<p>I have spoken of <i>Mercurius Democritus</i> as being the +<i>Punch</i> of the seventeenth century. It is singular that such +a publication as this should have existed under a Puritanical +Government. The humour is so exceedingly broad that it is +difficult to understand how it could be circulated at a time +when the rulers of the land professed a stern and rigid +morality. Unlike the modern <i>Punch</i>, who is refined and +courteous even when he is most severe, <i>Mercurius Democritus</i> +could seldom be facetious without being coarse and even +indecent. In the same number that contains the cut of the +Smithfield ghost, referred to in Chapter III., occur the following +jests, which are comparatively mild specimens of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page155" id="page155"></a>155</span> +humour of <i>Mercurius Democritus</i>:—‘The last Monday a Herd +of Swine being driven through Long Lane 600 Jews were +suddenly converted by them; some think it was for fear +those Rumford Cattell should serve them as they served the +Devill in the country of the <i>Gergesens</i> when they carried him +headlong into the sea.’</p> + +<p>‘A Mad Country Parson coming riding up to London +between Islington and the Red Bull met with a small-coale +man, very black, with his sack of small coale at his back. +The pitiful Parson minding to put a jeer on the small-coale +man, made a sudden stop with his Horse, saying with a loud +voyce, that those that rid after him might partake of the +jest, Fellow, fellow (quoth he) I prithee tell ‘s some news +from Hell, I see thou hast a whole sack full at thy back. +Truly quoth the small-coale man, I can tell you but very +little news from Hell, only the Devill wants a Chaplaine, +and you ride but a little faster you may perchance have the +place.’</p> + +<p>Much of the news printed continued to be circulated by +means of pamphlets and broadsides, but some regular newspapers +were also published. An illustrated example of the +latter occurs in the <i>Faithful Post</i> of 1653. The full title of +the number for April 8, 1653, is ‘<i>The Faithful Post Impartially +communicating the Proceedings of the Parliaments forces in England, +Scotland, and Ireland, comprising the sum of Intelligence +from the English and Dutch Fleets; with the Affairs and Designs +now on foot in France, Denmark, Sweden, Holland, and all other +parts of Europe</i>.’ It has a woodcut portrait of Admiral Van +Gallen, and contains the following news from Amsterdam +relating thereto:—</p> + +<p class="rgt">‘Wednesday, April 6.</p> + +<p>‘From Amsterdam thus; Van Gallen Admiral of the +Dutch Fleet in the Streights, has a golden chair sent him +for his little great gallantry in the last service. And the +Commons forsooth adore him extremely; insomuch that +many of the Bores have erected his Statue and Portraiture, +and hung it up as a memorial in the most eminent places of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page156" id="page156"></a>156</span> +their Low country Fabrics, according to the figure following; +with two silver keys in his hands; which, say they, are to +unlock the Treasury of their enemy. <i>Pure Youths</i>.’ (Here +follows the portrait.)</p> + +<p>‘And as we are informed, hath a golden Leg delicately +set forth by Mr. Painter, in lieu of that shot off in the fight.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:487px; height:600px" src="images/img169.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">PORTRAIT OF ADMIRAL VAN GALLEN. FROM THE ‘FAITHFUL POST,’ 1653.</td></tr></table> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:455px" src="images/img170.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">FLAG OF COL. CHARLES JAMES. FROM THE ‘POLITIQUE POST,’ 1653.</td></tr></table> + +<p>In the foregoing <i>Faithful Post</i> there is a good deal of +news about the English and Dutch fleets; and in the news +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page157" id="page157"></a>157</span> +from Lubeck it is reported that the English have printed a +‘picture of Admiral Van Tromp represented with a man +opening his breast to find his heart; but, searching, it was +found in the Calf of his Leg, whereas, saith the Dutch Print, +they know very well that Tromp behaved himself most gallantly, +and like a man of courage.’ In another number of +the <i>Faithful Post</i> is an illustration of a comet or ‘Blazing +Star’ seen in Germany. The foregoing portrait of Admiral +Van Gallen, and the blazing star, together with a map showing +the effects of a great storm and flood in Holland, are +printed in the <i>Politique Post</i> for January 4, 1653; but there +is no reference made to the engraving of Van Gallen; and +the blazing star is described as having been seen at Pembroke, +in Wales. In the same number of the <i>Politique Post</i> +is a woodcut of the flag of Colonel Charles James, which is +thus alluded to:—‘By the last Post and intelligence from +the Navie, we have received very certain and credible intelligence, +that Colonel Charles James having received a commission +from the King of Scots, is launched forth into the +deep with the Brest men of war who has now struck sail +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page158" id="page158"></a>158</span> +upon the Coast of Brittain, and there set up his Flag on the +Poop of the Patrick, called the Vice-Ambral as here represented +in the ensueing Figure.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:540px" src="images/img171.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE HOLLOW TREE AT HAMPSTEAD, 1654.</td></tr></table> + +<p>In 1654 there was a remarkable tree at Hampstead, which +was visited as a curiosity. It was called ‘The Hollow Tree,’ +and was probably the central attraction of a place of entertainment. +In a broadside of 1654 there is an etching of it +by Hollar, with descriptive and other verses. There was a +door in the trunk of the tree, and a turret on the top, the +ascent to which was in the hollow of the tree. The turret +was large enough to seat six, ‘and round about roome for +fourteene more.’ The following is a specimen of the verses +accompanying Hollar’s etching:—</p> + +<p class="center">‘<span class="sc">The Salutation.</span></p> + +<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr"> +<p>‘Welcome, before! welcome all you that follow!</p> +<p class="i05">Our heart is sound although our Tree be hollow, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page159" id="page159"></a>159</span></p> +<p class="i05">Yet know nor age, nor weaknesse did distresse</p> +<p class="i05">Its willing bulk into this hollownesse:</p> +<p class="i05">But a desire markt out for noble ends,</p> +<p class="i05">To finde more room to entertain fast friends,</p> +<p class="i05">And in the compasse of itself to try</p> +<p class="i05">Laws of true Mirth and Hospitality.</p> +<p class="i05">In such a Hollow, Musick dwells; thus love</p> +<p class="i05">Laies forth itself, yet ne’er doth bankrupt prove.</p> +<p class="i05">And having read the riddle doth impart</p> +<p class="i05">Things sometimes hollow have the soundest heart.’</p> +</div> </td></tr></table> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:533px; height:600px" src="images/img172.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">PRODIGIOUS MONSTER TAKEN IN THE MOUNTAINS OF ZARDANA IN SPAIN, 1655.</td></tr></table> + +<p>This broadside was an agreeable change from the prodigies +and monstrosities with which the public were so liberally +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page160" id="page160"></a>160</span> +supplied. A specimen of the latter was published in 1655, +which must have tried the faith of even the most credulous. +It is described as ‘<i>The True Portraiture of a prodigious +Monster, taken in the Mountains of Zardana</i>; the following +Description whereof was sent to Madrid October 20, 1654, +and from thence to Don Olonza de Cardines, Ambassador for +the King of Spain now resident in London. Its stature was +like that of a strong well set man, with 7 heads, the chief of +them looking forward, with one eye in its front; the other +heads have each two eyes in their natural situation, the ears +of an Ass; with its principal head it eates, drinks, and cryes +with an extraordinary and terrible voice; the other heads +are also moved to and fro; it hath seven Arms and Hands of +a Man, very strong in each of them; from the middle downward +it is like a Satyr, with Goats feet, and cloven,’ &c. +This broadside has a very well-executed copperplate engraving +of the monster; and another sheet of the same date +has a woodcut copy of the same engraving, together with a +long account in verse ‘to the tune of Summer Time,’ +and the following additional particulars: ‘The News of +this Satyrical Monster being noysed abroad throughout all +Spain, France, and Italy, made a desperate fear, and general +distemper amongst all the Popish Prelates, Cardinals, Jesuites, +Monks, and Fryers; yea, the very Pope himself trembled to +hear this strange Report. There is a Prophesie in the 13 of +the Revelation, of a great Red-Dragon and a Beast with +seven heads that should arise out of the Sea, that should continue +42 moneths, which was to come to pass before the great +and terrible day of judgement; which by the appearing of +these strange Monsters is neer at hand now.’</p> + +<p>At the Restoration several broadsides of news were published +containing engravings. There is one giving an account +of the coronation of Charles II., which is illustrated with a +copperplate engraving of the King seated on his throne, robed +and crowned, with the following complimentary lines:—</p> + +<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr"> +<p>‘The Second Charles, Heire of the Royal Martyr</p> +<p class="i05">Who for Religion and his Subjects Charter + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page161" id="page161"></a>161</span></p> +<p class="i05">Spent the best Blood, that unjust Sword ere dy’de</p> +<p class="i05">Since the rude Souldier pierced our Saviours side.</p> +<p class="i05">Who such a Father had’st, and such a Son;</p> +<p class="i05">Redeem thy people and assume thy own,</p> +<p class="i05">Ascend thy Ancestors Imperial seat</p> +<p class="i05">Of Charles the Good, thou second Charles the Great,</p> +<p class="i05">That adds the worth; this lustre to the Crown,</p> +<p class="i05">Whose solid Glorious weighed Usurpers down.</p> +<p class="i05">Such Majesty as never was profan’d</p> +<p class="i05">While Tyrants rul’d ‘twas only Charles that reigned.’</p> +</div> </td></tr></table> + +<p>Another broadside of the same date (1660) is entitled ‘<i>A +Looking-Glass for Traytors, being the manner of the Tryall of +those Barbarous Wretches at Justice-Hall in the Old-Baily, who +contrived and compassed the Death of his late Sacred Majesty +King Charles the First, of ever blessed memory; with an Account +of their Severall Araignments, Conviction, Condemnation, and +Execution</i>.’ This sheet is also illustrated with a copperplate +engraving, representing the Old Bailey Court at the trial of +the Regicides, which is interesting if it truly represents the +appearance of the court at that time. Numerous letters of +reference are given under the engraving to explain its different +parts, and a short summary is given of the trial: ‘His +Majesty (in pursuance of an Act of Parliament which had left +the persons following to be tried according to Law, for being +the principal Actors in the said Tragedy of his Father’s +death) issued out a special Commission of <i>Oyer</i> and <i>terminer</i> +to the Judges and other Commissioners for that purpose; +and accordingly <i>Wednesday</i> the 10th of <i>October</i> they met at +the Sessions house in the <i>Old-Baily</i>, and the same morning the +following persons were ordered to be brought from the <i>Tower</i> +to <i>Newgate</i>, and a way was made from the Press-yard backwards +to the Sessions house, privately to convey them to and +again, to keep them from the pressing of the people.’ Then follows +a list of twenty-eight persons, including Major-General +Harrison and Hugh Peters, ‘all which being brought to the +Bar, were indicted and arraigned to the following effect:—</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page162" id="page162"></a>162</span></p> + +<p>‘<i>That they not having the fear of God before their eyes, but +being led by the instigation of the Divel had maliciously, traiterously, +and advisedly imagined, consulted, contrived, and compassed +the death of his late Majesty Charles the first of ever +blessed memory, and that they had aided, procured, abetted, +assisted, and comforted a certain person with a vizard upon his +face, and a frock upon his body for that purpose.</i></p> + +<p>‘Major-General <i>Harrison</i> in his Pleadings carried himself +so confidently to the Court as if he thought himself Careless +and Unconcerned in the businesse, and seemed to justify not +only the Power under which he Acted but also the Act itself, +saying that Kings had formerly been privately Assassinated +and Murthered, but what they had done was in the face of +the Sun and in the fear of the Lord; whereat the Court was +much troubled to see that he should make God the Author of +that Horrid Murther.’</p> + +<p>Harrison was found guilty at once, and sentenced to be +hanged, drawn, and quartered. The like fate awaited Hugh +Peters. The sort of evidence that was brought against +the prisoners is exemplified in this broadside, where it is +stated that ‘Mr. <i>Hugh Peters</i> stood strangly amazed and +could say nothing for himselfe against that Jury of witnesses +that appeared against him; as that he said, <i>England</i> could +not be settled till 150 were taken away which he said were +<span class="sc">L L L</span> viz. the Lords, the Levites, and the Lawyers; that he +was often conspiring privately with Oliver Cromwell the +King’s death, that he could even reverence the High Court +of Justice, it lookt so like the judgement of the world which +should be at the last day by the Saints; with many other +blasphemies too large to enumerate.’</p> + +<p>Amongst the prisoners arraigned on this occasion was +the William Hewlett already referred to. In the other +cases the jury promptly found the prisoners guilty without +leaving the court; but it was a proof of the weakness +of the evidence in Hewlett’s case that ‘they did withdraw +themselves, and after a little consultation they found him +guilty, and accordingly sentence was pronounced against +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page163" id="page163"></a>163</span> +him.’ This sentence, however, as before stated, was never +carried into effect.</p> + +<p>The engraving of this historical trial at the Old Bailey is +too crowded to admit of reproduction here. Other broadsides +relating to the trial of the regicides were published at the +time, but they are more of the nature of caricatures than +illustrations of news.</p> + +<p>It is well known that General Harrison, Hugh Peters, +and others were executed with all the barbarous circumstances +indicated in the words of their sentence. Peters +was made to sit upon the scaffold, exposed to the jibes and +jeers of the mob, and compelled to witness the mutilation of +his fellow-victims. The executions were continued day after +day both at Charing-cross and at Tyburn, and were stopped +at last, not for lack of victims, or disinclination for more +slaughter on the part of the authorities, but from a dread of +the effect such bloodthirsty proceedings might have on the +minds of the people. The horrors of such a scene, of course, +attracted the sensational news-writer of the day; and a +broadside of the time gives us a picture and description of +the executions, coupled with a representation of the execution +of Charles I. This broadside was evidently intended to exhibit +at one view the commission of a great crime and its +just punishment. The engraving shows on one side the execution +of the King and on the other the punishment of the +regicides. The description of the latter is preceded by an +account of the trial and death of Charles. The title runs thus: +‘<i>A true and perfect Relation of the Grand Traytors Execution, +as at severall times they were Drawn, Hanged, and Quartered at +Charing-Crosse, and at Tiburne. Together with their severall +Speeches and Confessions which every one of them made at the +time of their Execution. London, printed for William Gilbertson, +1660</i>.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:750px; height:419px" src="images/img177.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">EXECUTION OF THE REGICIDES, 1660.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The following account is given of the execution of Major-General +Harrison: ‘The next day being <i>Saturday</i> Major-Gen. +<i>Harrison</i> was drawn upon a Hurdle from Newgate to +the Round, or railed Place near Charing-Crosse, where a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page164" id="page164"></a>164<br />165</span> +Gibbet was set upon which he was Hanged. Many of his +acquaintance did seem to triumph to see him die so Confidently; +whiles numbers of true Christians did grieve in +earnest to see him die so impenitently. We have been told +that when he took his leave of his wife, he comforted her, +and told her that he would come again in three days; but we +hear nothing as yet of his Resurrection.’ In describing the +execution of Hugh Peters, it is said, ‘He came to the Ladder +unwillingly, and by degrees was drawn up higher and higher. +Certainly he had many Executioners within him; he leaned +upon the Ladder being unwilling to part from it, but being +turned off, the spectators gave a great shout, as they did +when his Head was cut off, and held up aloft on the point of +a Spear. The very souldiers themselves whom heretofore he +did animate to slaughter, and a thorough execution of their +Enemies were now ashamed of him, and upon the point of +their Spears showed that guilty head which made them +guilty of so much blood.’</p> + +<p>Pepys, in his Diary, says, under date October 13, 1660:—‘I +went out to Charing Cross, to see Major-General Harrison +hanged, drawn, and quartered; which was done there, he +looking as cheerful as any man could do in that condition. +He was presently cut down, and his head and heart shown to +the people, at which there were great shouts of joy. It is +said, that he said that he was sure to come shortly at the +right hand of Christ to judge them that now had judged +him; and that his wife do expect his coming again. Thus +it was my chance to see the King beheaded at White Hall, +and to see the first blood shed in revenge for the King at +Charing Cross.’</p> + +<p>It will be seen by the copy made from this woodcut that +the design is of the rudest possible description, and must +have been the work of a common ballad illustrator, whose +fee was probably on a par with his ability. He evidently +thought that, in such a scene as the execution of Charles I., +the Church should be paramount, for he has made Bishop +Juxon a much more prominent figure than the King.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page166" id="page166"></a>166</span></p> + +<p>The reign of the ‘Merry Monarch,’ though not the most +creditable period in English History, would have supplied +abundant materials for the journalist if there had been any +newspapers. The Great Plague, the Fire of London, the +sea-fights with the Dutch, were splendid opportunities for +the pencil of the ‘special artist’ or the pen of ‘our own correspondent.’ +A law had been passed prohibiting the publication +of newspapers without being duly licensed. Sir John +Birkenhead was appointed Licenser of the Press, and he was +succeeded by Sir Roger L’Estrange. There was scarcely +anything that could be called a newspaper except the <i>London +Gazette</i>, and it only contained such news as the Government +thought proper to make public, and it was never illustrated. +The little that was done in the way of pictorial journalism +was of a satirical or humorous character, or had reference to +foreign affairs, and was either published in the form of +broadsides or was put before the public in such a questionable +shape that it was difficult to tell whether it was truth or +fiction. As soon as the people were released from the domination +of Puritanism a reaction set in, and the humours of +<i>Mercurius Democritus</i> were supplemented by the still broader +fancies of <i>Mercurius Fumigolus</i>. Occasional entertainment of +a more serious character was supplied, such as ‘<i>A True and +Perfect Relation of the Happy Successe and Victory obtained +against the Turks of Argiers at Bugia</i>.’ The popular taste for +the mysterious and supernatural was touched by ‘<i>A true and +perfect Relation, of a strange and wonderful Apparition in the +Air, the Fourteenth of August, near Goeree in Holland</i>.’ This +was an illustrated broadside containing the following account:—‘On +the fourteenth of August this year 1664, towards +the evening near Goeree in Holland, there was seen +by many Spectators an Apparition upon the Ocean of two +several Fleets of Ships engaged in a Fight, which lasted for +the space of about half an hour, and then vanished. Afterwards +there appeared two Lyons, who with great fury and +violence, assaulted each other three several times, neither of +them prevailing against the other, till at length both of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page167" id="page167"></a>167<br />168</span> +them wearied with their continual striving, did, as it were, +give over for breath, when on a sudden a third Lyon of a +very great and huge stature appeared and falling first upon +the one, and then on the other, destroyed them both. They +being vanished, there appeared a King, with a Crown upon +his head, and he so plainly and visibly discerned as that the +spectators did discover the very Buttons on his Coat. After +all was vanished, the said Spectators continueing there, and +walking too and fro upon the sands, the Ocean, so far as +they could see, seemed to be Blood. On the next morning, +the same Apparition, in all its Circumstances, was seen again, +and the truth thereof attested upon Oath, before the Magistrates +of Goeree, by the said Spectators; so that there is no +doubt made of the truth thereof. And this happening in +this juncture of time, begets some strange apprehensions; +for that about six Months before Van Trump was slain in +the former Wars with England, there was seen near the +same place, an Apparition of several Ships in the Air, as it +were fighting with each other.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:750px; height:458px" src="images/img180.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">APPARITION IN THE AIR AT GOEREE IN HOLLAND, 1664.</td></tr></table> + +<p>This broadside was printed at London, ‘by Thomas Leach +in Shooe Lane in the Year 1664. <i>With Allowance</i> October 13, +1664. Roger L’Estrange.’ The illustration is an etching, +very well and freely executed.</p> + +<p>Amongst other things which appear to have been revived +at the Restoration was the <i>Mercurius Civicus</i>. In Dr. Burney’s +collections in the British Museum there is preserved a copy +of Number 4 of <i>Mercurius Civicus</i>, dated May 1, 1660. On +the title-page it is stated to be ‘published by order of the +Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen;’ but it is not illustrated, +as was its predecessor of the time of the Civil War.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:750px; height:479px" src="images/img182.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE MURDER OF ARCHBISHOP SHARP, 1679.</td></tr></table> + +<p>One of the most atrocious deeds of the time, and one that +had a powerful effect upon public feeling, was the murder of +Archbishop Sharp in 1679. This prelate was held to have +betrayed the Presbyterians at the time of the Restoration, +and was hated accordingly. This hatred had been manifested +by an attempt on his life in the streets of Edinburgh in the +year 1668; but on that occasion the Archbishop escaped, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page169" id="page169"></a>169<br />170</span> +another person was wounded. On May 3, 1679, Archbishop +Sharp was returning in his coach to St. Andrews from Kennaway, +where he had passed the night, when, at a place +called Magus Moor, he was set upon by nine men, who +murdered him with pitiless barbarity in the presence of his +daughter, who accompanied him. This dreadful event was +commemorated in a broadside entitled ‘<i>The Manner of the +Barbarous Murther of James, late Lord Archbishop of St. +Andrews, Primate and Metropolitan of all Scotland and one +of his Majesties most Honourable Privy Council of that kingdom, +May 3, 1679</i>.’ A copperplate engraving represents the +murder, and some verses are printed underneath. I have +copied the engraving on this broadside, which forms part of +the Luttrell collection in the British Museum.</p> + +<p>In 1681 there existed a newspaper entitled <i>The Loyal +Protestant and True Domestic Intelligencer</i>. In the number +for April 2, 1681, there is printed the following curious +news from Rome:—</p> + +<p>‘Rome, March 6. There did appear here about the +middle of Dec. last, a strange and wonderful Comet near +the Ecliptick in the sign of Libra, and in the body of the +Virgin. At the same time a Prodigious Egge was laid by +a Young Pullet (which had never laid before) with a perfect +Comet in it, and as many stars, and in the same form as the +enclosed figure shows. All the great ones of Rome have +seen it, even the Queen and the Pope. What you see in the +enclosed Paper is within the Egge most clearly exprest, and +not upon the Shell. The Roman Wits are now very busy in +guessing at what this Comet and Egge may portend.’</p> + +<p>This account of the egg is printed on the front page of +<i>The Loyal Protestant</i>, in the midst of Court news from Oxford, +municipal news from Leicester, news from Edinburgh, +&c, and is illustrated with a woodcut, which I have copied. +A further description is appended to the representation of +the egg:—‘The true form of a Prodigious Egg brought +forth at Rome the 11th of Dec. last in the year 1680 in +which the Commet here printed does continue to appear.’</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page171" id="page171"></a>171</span></p> + +<p>‘The aforesaid 11th of Dec. about 8 of the Clock in the +morning, a Hen Chicken, with a great Noise, crying extraordinarily, +that never had laid an Egge before this day, +brought forth an Egge of an extraordinary greatness, with +all these several Forms as you see here exprest, to the +great amazement of all those that have seen it. This is an +exact draught of the Egge as it was printed in Italy. But +all persons are left to their own choice whether they will +believe either this or any of our own late home-bred Miracles +or visions.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:550px; height:380px" src="images/img184.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">EXTRAORDINARY EGG LAID AT ROME. FROM THE ‘LOYAL PROTESTANT +AND TRUE DOMESTIC INTELLIGENCER,’ 1681.</td></tr></table> + +<p>Supernatural occurrences and uncommon events, even +when traceable to natural causes, have always had great +attractions for both the ignorant and the educated. We +therefore find the talents of the old newsmen were most +frequently exercised on mysterious appearances in the air, +floods, fires, and frosts, earthquakes and upheavings of the +sea. Having already quoted examples dealing with some of +these subjects, I now come to two broadsides which describe +and illustrate the great frost of 1683-4, when the river +Thames was covered with ice eleven inches thick, the forest +trees, and even the oaks, in England were split by the frost, +most of the hollies were killed, and nearly all the birds +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page172" id="page172"></a>172</span> +perished. According to the testimony of an eye-witness, +‘The people kept trades on the Thames as in a fair, till +February 4, 1684. About forty coaches daily plied on the +Thames as on drye land.’ The broadsides under notice give +representations of the fair held on the Thames, and describe +it in doggerel verse. The one containing the engraving I +have copied is entitled ‘<i>Great Britain’s Wonder; London’s +Admiration. Being a True Representation of a Prodigious +Frost, which began about the beginning of December, 1683, and +continued till the Fourth Day of February following. And held +on with such violence, that Men and Beasts, Coaches and Carts, +went as frequently thereon as Boats were wont to pass before. +There was also a street of Booths built from the Temple to +Southwark, where were sold all sorts of Goods imaginable—namely +Cloaths, Plate, Earthen Ware; Meat, Drink, Brandy, +Tobacco, and a Hundred sorts of other Commodities not here +inserted. It being the wonder of this present Age, and a great +consternation to all the Spectators.</i>’ The description opens +thus:—</p> + +<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr"> +<p>‘Behold the Wonder of this present Age</p> +<p class="i05">A Famous River now become a stage.</p> +<p class="i05">Question not what I now declare to you,</p> +<p class="i05">The Thames is now both Fair and Market too.</p> +<p class="i05">And many Thousands dayley do resort,</p> +<p class="i05">There to behold the Pastime and the Sport</p> +<p class="i05">Early and late, used by young and old,</p> +<p class="i05">And valued not the fierceness of the Cold.’</p> +</div> </td></tr></table> + +<p>The illustration is a roughly executed woodcut, and represents +a street of booths opposite the Temple, looking towards +the Middlesex shore. On one side are men skating, sliding, +riding on sledges, and playing at football; whilst bull-baiting, +skittle-playing, &c, go on on the other side. +Coaches are driven across the ice, boats are dragged as +sledges, and an ox is roasted whole in one corner.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:820px; height:505px" src="images/img186.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">FROST FAIR ON THE THAMES, 1683.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The other broadside has a woodcut of the same scene, but +taken from a different point, and looking <i>down</i> the river, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page173" id="page173"></a>173<br />174</span> +with London Bridge, the Tower, Monument, &c, in the distance. +In addition to a description of Frost Fair, there is +an account of all the great frosts from the time of William +the Conqueror.</p> + +<p>Some curious particulars of this great frost are recorded +by contemporary writers. Evelyn describes the whole scene, +and says that he crossed the river on the ice on foot upon +the 9th, in order to dine with the Archbishop of Canterbury +at Lambeth; and again in his coach, from Lambeth to the +horse-ferry at Millbank, upon Feb. 5th, when ‘it began to +thaw, but froze again.’ Hackney-coaches plied between +Somerset House and the Temple to Southwark. There was +a printing-press set up in one of the booths, ‘where the +people and ladys tooke a fancy to having their names +printed, and the day and year set down, when printed on +the Thames. This humour took so universally that ‘twas +estimated the printer gained about £5 a day for printing a +line onely at sixpence a name, besides what he got by ballads, +&c.’ A specimen of this printing has been preserved. It +was executed for Charles II., who visited Frost Fair accompanied +by several members of his family. It contains, +besides the names of the King and Queen, those of the Duke +of York, Mary his Duchess, Princess Anne (afterwards +Queen Anne), and Prince George of Denmark, her husband. +The last name on the list is ‘Hans in Kelder,’ which literally +means ‘Jack in the Cellar,’ and is supposed to have been +suggested by the humour of the King in allusion to the +interesting situation of the Princess Anne; and we can +fancy the swarthy face of the ‘Merry Monarch’ smiling in +the frosty air as this congenial joke was perpetrated.</p> + +<p>In the Luttrell collection of broadsides there is one with +a large woodcut representing the battle of Sedgemoor and +other incidents of Monmouth’s rebellion. The letterpress is +in wretched verse, and is entitled, ‘<i>A Description of the late +Rebellion in the West. A Heroic Poem.</i>’ The unfortunate +issue of Monmouth’s rising excited the sympathy of the +common people, to whom he was endeared by his many +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page175" id="page175"></a>175</span> +amiable qualities and his handsome person. Though this +broadside was evidently written in the interest of the +Government it was likely to have a ready sale, and it was +sought to increase the interest by pictorial representation. +The engraving, which is on an unusually large scale, is very +rough, like all the woodcuts of the period.</p> + +<p>The slaughter at Sedgemoor and the execution of the +Duke of Monmouth were partly forgotten in the greater +horror excited by the unsparing severity of Judge Jefferies +in condemning to death hundreds of persons who were +charged with being concerned in the rebellion. I have met +with one illustrated tract relating to the ‘Bloody Assize.’ +It is inserted at the end of the volume of the <i>London Gazette</i> +for 1685, and has apparently been added by Dr. Burney, the +collector, as bearing upon the events of the time. It forms +no part of the <i>London Gazette</i>, though bound up with it. +There is a rough woodcut on the title-page containing eleven +portraits, and the title is as follows:—</p> + +<p>‘<i>The Protestant Martyrs; or the Bloody Assizes, giving an +account of the Lives, Tryals, and Dying Speeches, of all those +eminent Protestants that suffered in the West of England by the +sentence of that bloody and cruel Judge Jefferies; being in all</i> +251 <i>persons, besides what were hanged and destroyed in cold +blood. Containing also the Life and Death of James Duke of +Monmouth; His Birth and Education; His Actions both at +Home and Abroad; His Unfortunate Adventure in the West; +His Letter to King James; His Sentence, Execution and Dying-words +upon the Scaffold; with a true Copy of the Paper he left +behind him. And many other curious Remarks worth the Readers +Observation. London, Printed by F. Bradford; at the Bible in +Fetter Lane.</i>’</p> + +<p>At the end of the pamphlet is printed this curious +sentence:—‘This Bloody Tragedy in the West being over +our Protestant Judge returns for London; soon after which +Alderman Cornish felt the Anger of Somebody behind the +Curtain.’</p> + +<p>Alderman Cornish was afterwards executed at the corner +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page176" id="page176"></a>176</span> +of King Street, Cheapside, for alleged participation in the +Rye House Plot.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:648px" src="images/img189.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">MARTYRS OF THE BLOODY ASSIZES, 1685.</td></tr></table> + +<p>This fragment of contemporary history shows that if there +were no regular newspapers to supply the people with illustrated +news they obtained it in the shape of cheap fly-sheets +and broadsides—the form in which it was supplied to them +before newspapers began.</p> + +<p>Macaulay describes the unlicensed press at this period as +being worked in holes and corners, and producing large +quantities of pamphlets which were a direct infraction of the +law subjecting the press to a censorship. ‘There had long +lurked in the garrets of London a class of printers who +worked steadily at their calling with precautions resembling +those employed by coiners and forgers. Women were on +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page177" id="page177"></a>177</span> +the watch to give the alarm by their screams if an officer +appeared near the workshop. The press was immediately +pushed into a closet behind the bed; the types were flung +into the coal-hole, and covered with cinders; the compositor +disappeared through a trap-door in the roof, and made off +over the tiles of the neighbouring houses. In these dens +were manufactured treasonable works of all classes and sizes, +from halfpenny broadsides of doggerel verse up to massy +quartos filled with Hebrew quotations.’<a name="fa1c" id="fa1c" href="#ft1c"><span class="sp">1</span></a> The pamphlet I +have just quoted probably issued from a press of this kind; +but he must have been a bold printer who dared to put his +name and address to a work wherein Jefferies was openly +referred to as ‘that bloody and cruel Judge Jefferies.’</p> + +<p>Large broadsides continued to be the favourite form of +illustrated journalism for some time after this. One gives +a ‘true and perfect relation’ of a great earthquake which +happened at Port Royal, in Jamaica, on Tuesday, June 7th, +1692, and is illustrated with a large woodcut. On the death +of Queen Mary, the consort of William III., an illustrated +broadside was published, plentifully garnished with skulls +and cross-bones, entitled, ‘<i>Great Britain’s Lamentation; or +the Funeral Obsequies of that most incomparable Protestant +Princess, Mary, of ever Blessed Memory, Queen of England, +Scotland, France, and Ireland, who departed this life the 28th +of December, at Kensington, 1694, in the Thirty-second Year +of her Age. She Reigned Five Years, Eight Months, and +Seventeen Days. And was conducted from Whitehall to Westminster +Abbey, in an open Chariot of State, on black cloath, by +the Nobility, Judges, and Gentry of the Land, on Tuesday, the +5th of March, 1694-5.</i>’ The large woodcut shows the funeral +procession, and I have copied that part of it containing the +funeral car, with the body of the deceased queen resting +under a canopy.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:900px; height:212px" src="images/img191.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">FUNERAL OF QUEEN MARY, 1695.</td></tr></table> + +<p>In a few years after the Revolution newspapers began to +increase rapidly. The censorship of the press ceased in +1695, and was immediately followed by the appearance of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page178" id="page178"></a>178<br />179</span> +great numbers of periodical papers. At first they were +small in size, were wretchedly printed on the commonest +paper, and each number contained only a small quantity of +matter. The art of wood-engraving, the readiest and least +expensive method of illustration, was now in the lowest +possible condition; and the newspapers at the end of the +seventeenth century contain scarcely any illustrations, except, +perhaps, a heading of a rudely executed figure of a man +blowing a horn, flanked by a ship or a castle, and numerous +small woodcuts to advertisements.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:267px; height:500px" src="images/img192.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +</table> + +<hr class="foot" /> <div class="note"> + +<p><a name="ft1c" id="ft1c" href="#fa1c"><span class="fn">1</span></a> <i>History of England.</i></p> +</div> + +<div class="center art1"><img style="width:150px; height:35px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img001.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page180" id="page180"></a>180</span></p> + +<p class="chap2 center">CHAPTER VI.</p> + +<div class="condensed"> +<p class="mind">Constant Attempts at Illustrated News—Increase of Caricatures—The +<i>Postman</i>, 1704—Fiery Apparition in the Air, seen in London—Caricature +against the Jacobites—The South-Sea Bubble—Eclipse +of the Sun, 1724—The <i>Grub Street Journal</i> an Illustrated Paper—The +<i>Daily Post</i>—Admiral Vernon’s Attack on Porto Bello—The +<i>Penny London Post</i>—Henry Fielding and the <i>Jacobite’s Journal</i>—<i>Owen’s +Weekly Chronicle</i>—<i>Lloyd’s Evening Post</i>, and the Trial of +Lord Byron for the Murder of Mr. Chaworth—The <i>St. James’s +Chronicle</i>—Illustrated Account of a Strange Wild Beast seen in +France—The <i>Gentleman’s Journal</i> of Anthony Motteux—The <i>Gentleman’s +Magazine</i> of Edward Cave—The <i>London Magazine</i>—The <i>Scot’s +Magazine</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="sc chap1">In</span> glancing at the early newspapers it is apparent that the +idea, in some shape, of illustrating the news of the day was +never quite absent from the minds of newspaper conductors. +Sometimes it took the form of a rude map of the country +where some war was going on, or the plan of some city +which was being besieged. In the <i>London Post</i> for July +25, 1701, is a map of the seat of war in Italy, which is +reprinted in other numbers, and the <i>Daily Courant</i>, for Sept. +8, 1709, contains a large plan of Mons. In the absence of +other means, even printers’ lines were used to represent a +plan of some place, or an event of unusual interest. Such an +attempt at illustrated news was made in the <i>Dublin Journal</i> +for May 14, 1746, where there is a plan, set up in type and +printers’ lines, of the battle of Culloden; and in the number +for March 28, 1747, there is a similar plan of the trial of +Lord Lovat. This is doubly interesting as being <i>Irish</i>. +Engraving on copper, though it involved the expense of a +double printing, was sometimes resorted to for the purpose of +enlivening the pages of the early newspapers, and we have +seen that it was also employed in broadsides. There was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page181" id="page181"></a>181</span> +so much enterprise that even penny papers sometimes introduced +engravings into their pages.</p> + +<p>About the beginning of the eighteenth century caricatures +began to increase in England. Religious animosities +and political intrigues, always keen incentives to satire, had +opened a wide field to the caricaturist in the years which +followed the Revolution. But religious bigotry and party +spirit, strong as they were at this period, were exceeded by +the social follies which came afterwards. The trial of Dr. +Sacheverell occasioned the publication of numerous songs, +squibs, and caricatures; but the South-Sea Bubble surpassed +it as a fruitful source of lampoons and pictorial satire. The +spirit of ridicule was fed by the political intrigues, the follies +and the vices of the Georgian era, and reached its highest +development in the days of George III. Amongst other +early channels for circulation we find caricatures making +their appearance in newspapers, and as we proceed I shall +give one or two examples from the illustrated journalism of +this period.</p> + +<p>On March 14, 1704, <i>The Postman</i>, one of the papers that +was started on the expiration of the censorship (and which +Macaulay says was one of the best conducted and most prosperous), +published what was called a Postscript for the purpose +of making its readers acquainted with a prodigy seen in +Spain in the air so far back as the year 1536. It is illustrated +with a woodcut representing two men fighting in +the air; and the following account is given of it:—‘The +success of the expedition of K. Charles III. being now the +subject of all Publick Discourses, the Reader, we hope, will +excuse the following Postscript, which must be confest to be +of an extraordinary nature, as containing some things hardly +to be parallelled. All the states of Christendom being concerned +some way or other in this great quarrell, it is not to +be wondered at if the discovery of a Prodigy, which seems +to foretell the decision of it, has made so much noise at +Rome, and that we insert it in this place. The French +Faction grew intolerably insolent upon account of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page182" id="page182"></a>182</span> +storms which have so long retarded the Portuguese expedition, +and represented these cross accidents as a manifest +declaration that God did not approve the same; and this +way of arguing, though never so rash and impertinent in +itself, prevailed over the generality of the people, in a City +which is the Centre of superstition. The Partizans of the +House of Austria were very much dejected and had little to +say, when they happily discovered in the Library of the +Vatican a Book printed at Bazil in the year 1557 written by +Conradus Lycosthenes, wherein they found an argument to +confute all the reasons alledged by their adversaries, and a +sure Presage in their opinion of the success of K. Charles +III. This made a great noise at Rome, and his Grace the +Duke of Shrewsbury sent an account thereof. The Book +perhaps is not so scarce as they thought at Rome; and the +learned Doctor Hans Sloane having one in his Library, and +having been so obliging as to give me leave to transcribe +that passage, I present it here to the reader, leaving it to +everyone to make his own observations. The Book is thus +Intituled: “<i>Prodigiorum Ostentorum Chronicon, &c., per Conradum +Lycosthenem, Rubeaquensem. Printed in Folio at Bazil +per Henricum Petri 1557</i>,” and amongst the infinite number +of Prodigies he relates in his collection, which extends from +the beginning of the world to his time, he has the following, +page 558 (here follows the description on each side of the +woodcut in Latin and English). ‘In a certain place of +Spain on the 7th of Feby, 1536, 2 hours after the setting of +the sun as Fincelius relates it after others, were seen in the +Air, which was rainy and cloudy, two Young Men in +Armour, fighting with Swords, one of them having in his +left hand a Shield or round Buckler, adorned with an Eagle, +with this inscription, I SHALL REIGN, and the other +having on a long Target with these words, I HAVE +REIGNED. They fought a Duel, and he who had the +Eagle on his Buckler beat down his enemy and was conqueror.’ +The whole affair refers to the war of the Spanish +Succession between the partisans of Louis XIV. and the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page183" id="page183"></a>183</span> +House of Bourbon, and the House of Austria, and is made to +foretell the downfall of the former. As the Bourbons did +eventually obtain the Crown of Spain, this interpretation of +the supposed prodigy may be referred to the same class as +the prophecies of <i>Old Moore’s Almanack</i>. I have copied the +engraving, which is the only illustration I have found in +<i>The Postman</i>.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:515px; height:550px" src="images/img196.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">PRODIGY SEEN IN SPAIN. FROM THE ‘POSTMAN,’ 1704.</td></tr></table> + +<p>We have already noticed that no class of marvels were so +attractive to the early news-writers as apparitions in the air. +Another example of this is found in a pamphlet, published in +1710, entitled ‘<i>The Age of Wonders: or, A further and particular +Description of the remarkable, and Fiery Apparition that +was seen in the Air, on Thursday in the Morning, being May the +11th, 1710</i>.’ It is illustrated with a rough woodcut, and has +the following description:—</p> + +<p>.... ‘As for the strange Appearances which were seen +on the 11th of May in the Morning, I suppose there is by +this time few that do not give Credit to the same, since so +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page184" id="page184"></a>184</span> +many creditable People in several parts of the Town have +apparently testified the same, and are ready still to do it +upon enquirey, as in Clare Market, Cheapside, Tower-hill, +and other places; it was likewise seen by several Market +Folks then upon the Water, who have since agreed in Truth +thereof, most of which relate in the following manner:—</p> + +<p>‘On Wednesday Night, or rather Thursday Morning +last, much about the Hour of two a Clock, several People, +who were then abroad, especially the Watchman about +Tower Street, Clare Market, Cheapside, and Westminster, +plainly and visibly saw this strange Comet, it seem’d a very +great Star, at the end of which was a long tail, or streak of +Fire, very wonderful and surprizing to behold. It did not +continue fix’d, but pass’d along with the Scud, or two black +Clouds, being carried by a brisk wind that then blew.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:592px" src="images/img197.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">FIERY APPARITION IN THE AIR, SEEN IN LONDON, 1710.</td></tr></table> + +<p>‘After which follow’d the likeness of a Man in a Cloud +of Fire, with a Sword in his hand, which mov’d with the +Clouds as the other did, but they saw it for near a quarter of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page185" id="page185"></a>185</span> +an Hour together, to their very great surprize, and related +the same the next Morning, which they are ready now to +affirm if any are so curious to go and Enquire, particularly +John Smith, near Tower-street, Abraham Wilsley, on +Tower-hill, John Miller, near Clare Market, John Williams, +in Cheapside, George Mules and Rebeccah Sampson upon +the Water, and Mr. Lomax, Watchman of St. Anns, with +many others too tedious to insert.’</p> + +<p>Amongst the many newspapers that had sprung into +existence the following so far improved upon their small and +dingy predecessors as to be adorned with pictorial headings:—The +<i>Post Boy</i>, 1720; the <i>Weekly Journal</i>, 1720; +the <i>London Journal</i>, 1720; the <i>Weekly Journal, or Saturday’s +Post</i>, 1721; <i>Applebee’s Weekly Journal</i>, 1721; <i>Read’s Journal, +or British Gazetteer</i>, 1718-31. The last named appeared +for many years as the <i>Weekly Journal, or British Gazetteer</i>; +but the <i>Weekly Journal</i> was a favourite title, and was borne +by so many other papers that after a time the publisher +altered the title of his paper to <i>Read’s Journal; or British +Gazetteer</i>, and gave it an engraved heading. Read was a +man of enterprise, and surpassed his contemporaries in +endeavouring to make his journal attractive by means of +illustrations. In his paper for Nov. 1, 1718, there is a +caricature engraved on wood. It is levelled against the +Jacobites, and is called ‘An Hieroglyphick,’ and is introduced +to the reader with the following rhymes:—</p> + +<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr"> +<p>‘Will <i>Fools</i> and <i>Knaves</i> their own Misfortune see</p> +<p class="i05">And ponder on the <i>Tories</i> villany</p> +<p class="i05">Behold this <i>Hieroglyphick</i>, and admire</p> +<p class="i05">What <i>Loyalty</i> do’s in true Souls inspire!</p> +<p class="i05">Whate’er the <i>Figures</i> mean we shan’t declare,</p> +<p class="i05">Because the <i>Jacobites</i> will curse and swear;</p> +<p class="i05">But if our <i>Readers</i> will this piece explain,</p> +<p class="i05">Their Explanation we shall not disdain.’</p> +</div> </td></tr></table> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:750px; height:379px" src="images/img199.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">CARICATURE AGAINST THE JACOBITES. FROM ‘READ’S WEEKLY JOURNAL,’ 1718.</td></tr></table> + +<p>Nobody appears to have responded to the invitation conveyed +in the verses, for in the succeeding numbers of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page186" id="page186"></a>186<br />187</span> +paper there is no attempt to explain the ‘hieroglyphick.’ A +copy of this early newspaper caricature is given on the +opposite page.</p> + +<p>In the same journal for May 20, 1721, there is a large +woodcut entitled ‘Lucifers Row-Barge,’ which I have also +copied. It is a caricature on the South-Sea Bubble, and +appears, from what follows, to have been first published in +the previous week: ‘The Call for this Journal (last week) +being very extraordinary, upon account of the delineation of +Lucifer’s Row-Barge in it, we are desired by several of our +Correspondents both in City and Country, to present them +with it in this week’s paper, with an Explanation of every +Representation in the aforesaid Cut, adapted to Figures; +with which Request we have comply’d, as supposing it will +be acceptable not only to them with such a Design, but likewise +pleasing to all our Readers in General.’ The different +parts of the engraving are described under the illustration +on the following page.</p> + +<p>Each of these divisions of the subject is further described +in verse. In concocting this satire the author has allowed +some symptoms of journalistic jealousy to appear by dragging +in the correspondent of the <i>London Journal</i> (which was +a rival paper), and describing him as the common hangman. +The feeling about the South-Sea Bubble must have been +very strong to have made this caricature acceptable. It +was intended to satirise Mr. Knight, the cashier of the South-Sea +Company, who fled the country when it became too hot for +him. The verses which accompany the engraving, though by +no means models of poetic elegance, might be commended to +the attention of some directors of our own day:—</p> + +<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr"> +<p>‘Then what must such vile Plunderers expect</p> +<p class="i05">When they upon their Actions do reflect;</p> +<p class="i05">Who barely have three Kingdoms quite undone</p> +<p class="i05">From aged Father to the Infant Son?</p> +<p class="i05">From many Eyes they’ve drawn a briny Flood,</p> +<p class="i05">But Tears to ruined People do no Good.’</p> +</div> </td></tr></table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page188" id="page188"></a>188</span></p> + +<table class="picj" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter" colspan="2"><img style="width:611px; height:770px" src="images/img201.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption" colspan="2">SOUTH SEA BUBBLE CARICATURE. FROM THE ‘WEEKLY JOURNAL AND BRITISH GAZETTEER,’ 1721.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="f90" style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;"> +<p>‘1. The Cashire of the South Sea Company</p> + +<p>2. The Horse of an Accomptant to the South Sea +Company</p> + +<p>3. The Correspondent of the Author of the <i>London +Journal</i></p> + +<p>4. A Stock Jobber, or Exchange Broker, whipt by +the Common Hangman</p> + +<p>5. Belzebub prompting a Director of the South Sea</p> + +<p>6. Satan prompting the same Director in t’other Ear</p> + +<p>7. The Worm of Conscience fastens on the above +said Director</p> + +<p>8. The Cup of Indignation</p> + +<p>9. A Director’s Sacrifice, which is a Villanous Heart</p> + +<p>10. A Director in the Pillory</p> + +<p>11. The Superscription over the pillory’d Director +paraphras’d from the prophet Ezekiel. Chap. +XXII. Ver. 12, 13, and Chap. XXIII. Ver. 25, 26, 27</p></td> + +<td class="f90" style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;"> +<p>12. A Director decyphered by the Knave of Diamonds +Hanged</p> + +<p>13. A Director wafting to Hell with the tide</p> + +<p>14. Lucifers Row-Barge for first rate passengers</p> + +<p>15. Moloch sounds his trumpet for Joy of meeting +with a good Fare</p> + +<p>16. Belial playing on the Violin to the Director</p> + +<p>17. Mammon takes a trip at Helm for him</p> + +<p>18. The South Sea</p> + +<p>19. Lucifer rowing his own Barge</p> + +<p>20. The Entrance into Hell, represented by the +Mouth of the Leviathan, or great Whale, +belching flames of sulphurous fire.’</p></td></tr></table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page189" id="page189"></a>189</span></p> + +<p class="pt2">There was a total eclipse of the sun in 1724, which +appears to have excited much attention, and several notices +of it occur in the newspapers. Parker’s <i>London News</i> gives +a long account, with a woodcut, which I have copied. This +paper was published three times a-week—on Mondays, +Wednesdays, and Fridays. In the number for Monday, +May 4th, 1724, is the woodcut referred to, together with +the following explanation:—</p> + +<p>‘Of the Eclipse of the Sun which will happen in the +Afternoon on Monday, the 11th of this inst. May 1724.</p> + +<p>‘The Sun, the glorious Lamp of the Universe, being a +large round Body of Light, is fixt in the Centre of the +<i>Creation</i>; so that all parts thereof might be partakers of his +vivifying Rays, which otherwise would be shut up in perpetual +Darkness.</p> + +<p>‘The Earth is a dark round Ball, which turneth round +on its own Axis, from West to East, once in twenty-four +Hours Time, causing thereby Day and Night, also at the +same Time, the Earth with the Moon, going round in its +Orbit in 365 Days and some Hours, constituting thereby the +true Length of our Year.</p> + +<p>‘The Moon is likewise a round dark Ball, void of Light, +and circumvolveth the Earth once a Month; so that whenever +she passeth in her Orbit, in a direct line between the +Sun and Earth, she Eclipses the Earth not the Sun, by +depriving us of a Sight thereof; And whenever the Earth +happens to be between the Sun and Moon, at such times the +Earth obstructs the Light of the Sun from the Moon, +and then the Moon is Eclipsed by the dark Body of the +Earth.</p> + +<p>‘Now to prevent any Consternation, which People, through +Ignorance may fall under, by means of that great Eclipse +which is now approaching; at which time it will be so dark, +that the stars, (if the Air be clear) will be seen; and the +Planets Mars, Venus, and the seldom to be seen Mercury, +will appear a little above the Sun, towards the South; also +Venus a little higher to the Left of Mercury, and Mars in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page190" id="page190"></a>190</span> +the S.S.W. Parts of the Heavens; The several Appearances +of this Eclipse will be according to the Types before +inserted.</p> + +<p>‘The beginning of this Eclipse, according to the nicest +Computation of the most Judicious, will happen at 39 +Minutes past 5 in the Afternoon when the Limb of the +Moon will just touch the Sun’s Limb, as it is represented +by the Uppermost Figure to the Right Hand. At 44 +Minutes after 5 it will be enter’d the disk, and so much +darkened as the 2d Scheme on the Right Hand shews. At +48 Minutes past 5 as the 3d denotes. At 53 Minutes past 5 +as the 4th shews. At 58 Minutes after 5, as the 5th represents. +At 3 Minutes past 6, as in the 6th Scheme. At +7 Minutes after 6, as in the 7th. At 12 Minutes past 6, as +is shewn by the 8th Figure. At 17 Minutes past 6, as the +10th Figure shews. At 26 Minutes past 6, as the next +succeeding Scheme denotes, beginning always to number +from the Right Hand. At 31 Minutes after 6, so much of +the Sun’s Body will be darkened, as the 12th represents: +and at 36 past 6, will be the greatest darkness, when only a +small thread of Light will be seen at <i>London</i>, on the upper +part of the <i>Sun</i> as the 13th Scheme informs; but to all the +Southern parts of the Kingdom, it will be totally darkened.</p> + +<p>‘After this the <i>Sun</i> will begin to shew its Light, which +will appear first on the lower part of that Glorious Body, +towards the Right Hand; and the darkness will gradually +lessen, as the several Figures represent, till the Sun’s Body +be perfectly clear of the Shadow, which will be at 27 +Minutes past 7 a-clock that Afternoon.’</p> + +<p>This description is reprinted, together with the woodcut, +in the same paper for May 8th, and to it is added the following:—‘Directions +for the better viewing the Eclipse that +will happen on Monday next’—‘Take a Piece of Common +window Glass and hold it over a Candle, so that the Flame +of the Candle may make it black, through which look upon +the Sun, and you will behold the <i>Eclipse</i> without Danger to +the Eyes.’</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page191" id="page191"></a>191</span></p> + +<p>Or thus</p> + +<p>Take a Piece of thick writing Paper, and prick a hole in +it with a fine Needle, through which the <i>Eclipse</i> may be +seen.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:600px; height:600px" src="images/img204.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">ECLIPSE OF THE SUN. FROM ‘PARKER’S LONDON NEWS,’ 1724.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The same paper (May 8th, 1724) contains some advertisements +about the eclipse, which seems to have been for the +moment the absorbing topic, and was apparently made the +vehicle for advertising the shops of different tradesmen. +The notices were published ostensibly ‘to lessen the consternation +of ignorant people,’ but it is evident the advertisers +had an eye to business. ‘An exact curious Draft’ was to be +‘given <i>gratis</i> at Mr. Garway’s original shop, the Sign of the +Practical Scheme at the Royal Exchange Gate, on Cornhill +Side. Up one pair of Stairs at the Sign of the celebrated +Anodyne Necklace for Childrens’ Teeth, next the Rose Tavern +without Temple Bar. At Mr. Gregg’s Bookseller, next to +Northumberland House, at Charing Cross; and at R. Bradshaw’s +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page192" id="page192"></a>192</span> +the author’s Servant, at his House, next to the King’s +Head, in Crown Street, right against Sutton Street End, just +by Soho Square. Note, it will not be given to any Boy or +Girl.’</p> + +<p>The cut and description are again reprinted in the +number for May 11th, where, amongst other items of news, +is the following:—‘His Royal Highness went last Monday +to Richmond, as did also the Right Hon. the Lord <i>Chancellor</i>, +Judge Fortescue, and other persons of note; some of the +Judges went to Hampton Court, and other gentlemen of +Learning and Curiosity to more distant places, to make their +Observations, as ’tis said, upon the great Eclipse of the Sun +that happen’d in the Evening, and exactly answered the +<i>Calculations</i> made of it by our Astronomers.’ In the number +for May 18th are accounts of how the eclipse was observed in +the country. It is stated:—‘We are advised from the Isle +of Wight that the Eclipse on the 11th instant, which was +Total, and caused very great Consternation there lasted about +a Minute and a half; but that the chief sufferers thereby +were the gentry of that Island, who by the great concourse of +Strangers to their Houses, had but very little French Claret +left upon their hands; But the comfort is, they have frequent +opportunities of running some more.’</p> + +<p><i>Parker’s London News</i> blended amusement with instruction. +The following items of news occur in the same number +that contains the account of the eclipse, and show how our +forefathers were entertained by the newspapers 160 years +ago:—‘The Papers of the week, from the highest to the +lowest rank have killed one Sir Nicholas Raymond in the +Isle of Wight; but as no such knight ever inhabited therein, +we can impute it to nothing but want of home news.’</p> + +<p>‘Last Saturday Night, two Servant Maids at a Snuff +Warehouse, at Mile End took <i>so much Snuff</i>, that they +quarrell’d, and one of them stabbed the other in so many +places with an Iron Scuer, that ‘twas thought she could not +live. The other therefore, was instantly apprehended and +committed.’</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page193" id="page193"></a>193</span></p> + +<p>‘Last week an Apothecary was attacked by two Highwaymen, +between Winchester and Southampton, who robbed +him of his money, and finding two Vials of Purging Potions +in his Pocket, that he was carrying to a <i>Patient</i>, they were +so inhuman as to force him to swallow ‘em himself.’</p> + +<p>‘Last Sunday Night, Sir Basil Firebrass, noted for his +humanity to young Vintners, whom he first set up, and +afterwards upon Default of payment took execution against +‘em, departed this life.’</p> + +<p><i>The Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer</i> for May 9th, 1724, +contains an account and illustration of the same eclipse that +is described in <i>Parker’s London News</i>. The illustration is a +diagram, and is called, ‘A Representation of a Solar Eclipse. +The Time of the Beginning, Middle, and End of the Eclipse +and the continuance of Darkness, together with its Appearance +at London and Bristol.’</p> + +<p>The celebrated <i>Grub Street Journal</i> now comes upon the +scene; and we find it not only surpassing its contemporaries +in wit and satire, but it also comes out as an illustrated +paper. In No. 43, for Oct. 29th, 1730, a whole page is +occupied with woodcuts of the arms of the City Companies, +which are reprinted about the time of Lord Mayor’s Day in +succeeding years. In No. 48 there is a very well-executed +copperplate portrait, presumably of the Lord Mayor of +London. As it is printed on the same page with type +(involving two printings), and the journal was sold for +twopence, it shows some enterprise for the year 1730. On +the front page of No. 95, for Oct. 28th, 1731, there are +very rude woodcuts of the Lord Mayor’s procession, surrounded +by the arms of the City Companies before referred +to. No. 147 has a curious copperplate at the head of an +article entitled, ‘<i>The Art and Mystery of Printing Emblematically +Displayed</i>.’ The engraving represents human +figures with animals’ heads at work in a printing-office. +An ass is setting up the types, a pig is using the inking-balls, +a horse is acting as pressman, a sheep is arranging the +printed sheets, while a two-faced man and a many-horned +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page194" id="page194"></a>194</span> +devil are watching them all. This, like the portrait of the +Lord Mayor, is printed on the same page with the type, with +no printing at the back of the engraving. The article is a +satirical conversation between certain printers’ devils, and is +continued in the next number, where the engraving is also +reproduced. The <i>Grub Street Journal</i> is the first example I +have met with of a newspaper employing the expensive process +of copperplate engraving for illustrations, and printing +the plate in the body of its pages. It was probably thought +to be too costly, for we find the conductors recurring to the +almost extinct art of wood-engraving. In the number for +Oct. 25th, 1733, there is a coarsely executed woodcut heading +a satirical allegory, entitled, <i>The Art of Trimming Emblematically +Displayed</i>.</p> + +<p>The <i>Daily Post</i> of March 29th, 1740, is interesting as +being an early example of a daily paper attempting to illustrate +current events. The <i>Daily Post</i> consisted of a single +leaf, with the page divided into three columns. In the +number referred to there is a long account of Admiral +Vernon’s attack on Porto Bello, illustrated with a woodcut, +which the writer says will give the reader a clearer idea of +the position of the town, castle, and ships engaged. The +narrative is introduced by the editor in these words:—‘The +following is a letter from a gentleman on board +the Burford at Porto Bello to his friend at Newcastle, +which, as it contains a more particular account of Admiral +Vernon’s glorious achievement at that place than any yet +published here, we thought we could not in justice to the +Bravery of our English Officers and Sailors, refuse it a Place +in our Paper.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:500px; height:367px" src="images/img208.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcc f90">ADMIRAL VERNON’S ATTACK ON PORTO BELLO. FROM THE ‘DAILY POST,’ 1740.</td></tr></table> + +<div class="condensed list"> +<p>A. The Iron Castle on the North side of the Mouth of the Harbour with 100 Guns.</p> + +<p>B. The Castle Gloria, with 120 Guns, on the South side of the Harbour, and a Mile from +the Iron Castle.</p> + +<p>C. The Fort of Hieronymo, with 20 Guns.</p> + +<p>D. The Town of Porto Bello lying along the Extremity of the Harbour.</p> + +<p>E. The station of the Spanish Ships.</p> + +<p>F. The Hampton-Courts place of Action, Commodore Brown.</p> + +<p>G. The Norwich’s ditto, Cap. Herbert.</p> + +<p>H. The Worcester’s ditto, Cap. Main.</p> + +<p>I. The Admiral’s Ship, the Burford.</p> +</div> + +<p>‘On the afternoon of the 21st about two o’clock we came +up with Porto Bello Harbour, where the Spaniards had +hoisted upon the Iron Castle the Flag of Defiance; and, as +we were told by themselves afterwards, they wished earnestly +for our attempting to come in, as believing they could sink +us all immediately, but said they feared we were only making +a second Bastimento Expedition, and would not give them +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page195" id="page195"></a>195</span> +the pleasure of engaging us.’ Then follows a long and +circumstantial account of the conflict. ‘Notwithstanding +they had discharged very few Guns for some Minutes before +we came up; yet as if they had resolved to summon up all +their Courage against the Flag, they welcomed us with a +terrible Volley, which being at so short a Distance, took +Place with almost every Shot. One struck away the Stern +of our Barge; another broke a large Gun upon our upper +Deck; a third went thro’ our Foretop-Mast; and a fourth, +passing thro’ the Arning within two Inches of our Main-Mast, +broke down the barricado of our Quarter-Deck, very +near the Admiral, and killed three Men in a Moment, +wounding five others which stood by them. This look’d as +if we should have bloody work, but was far from discouraging +our brave Fellows.’ The Spaniards being driven +from their guns, the English landed:—‘One man set himself +close under an Embossier, whilst another climbed upon his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page196" id="page196"></a>196</span> +Shoulders and enter’d under the Mouth of a great Gun. +This so dismay’d the Spaniards that they threw down their +Arms and fled to the Top of the Castle; from whence scaling +backwards we could see them run into the woods by hundreds +and fly for their lives.’ The place being taken, the +writer gives a minute account of the damage done and the +booty taken. He says:—‘We have also had the good luck +to find about 10,000 Dollars belonging to the King of Spain, +which I had the Pleasure of being present at the searching +for, when we found it in the Customhouse,’ &c.</p> + +<p>The writer of the above account signs himself Wm. +Richardson, and gives the explanations to the letters on the +woodcut, a facsimile of which is engraved.</p> + +<p>To account for the enthusiasm with which Admiral +Vernon’s victory at Porto Bello was received we must +remember that the nation had previously been wrought up +to a high state of fever about Spain, and the declaration of +war had been received in the most jubilant manner. We +can therefore understand that the conductors of the <i>Daily +Post</i>, infected by the popular fervour, would gladly seize +the opportunity of producing in their pages the drawing +and description by an eye-witness of this naval victory. +This early example of illustrated news, though it has nothing +pictorial about it, is extremely interesting, showing as it does +the tendency of newspapers, in times of excitement, to call +on the artist’s pencil to aid the writer’s pen. It was in +reference to this war that Walpole said, when the bells were +ringing joyfully, ‘They may ring the bells now, but they +will soon be wringing their hands.’</p> + +<p>To the preceding example of a <i>daily</i> paper attempting to +illustrate current events I will add an instance of a <i>penny</i> +paper doing a similar thing at about the same period. <i>The +Penny London Post, or, The Morning Advertiser</i>, was a paper +published three times a-week, and in the number for Jan. 9th, +1748-9, there is given ‘A view of the Public Fireworks to be +exhibited on occasion of the General Peace concluded at Aix +La Chapelle the 7th Day of October 1748.’ The engraving +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page197" id="page197"></a>197</span> +is little more than a diagram, and accompanies a description +of the arrangements made for the occasion, amongst which +there was to be a band of a hundred musicians to play before +the fireworks began, ‘the Musick for which,’ says the <i>Penny +London Post</i>, ‘is to be composed by Mr. Handel.’</p> + +<p>We are accustomed to think of the immortal author of +<i>Tom Jones</i> as a novelist only. Henry Fielding was, however, +also a journalist, a pamphleteer, and a justice of the +peace for Middlesex and Westminster. Amidst his other +labours he found time to edit the <i>Jacobite’s Journal</i>, a paper +started to support the House of Hanover after the Rebellion +of 1745. It was a sheet of four pages, published every +Saturday, and the first twelve numbers were adorned with a +woodcut heading which has been attributed to Hogarth. +This heading was discontinued after the twelfth number, and +in number 13 there is an elaborate article, replete with +sarcastic humour, explaining the reasons for its discontinuance. +The <i>Jacobite’s Journal</i> purported to be edited by +‘John Trott-Plaid, Esq.,’ and was essentially satirical in its +tone. In the second number there is the following reference +to the engraved heading:—</p> + +<p>‘As my Wife appears in her Plaid on <i>Ass-back</i> behind +me at the Head of this Paper, it will not I hope be imagined +that I have brought her abroad only to take the Air, without +assigning to her any share in this undertaking.</p> + +<p>‘The <i>Mystery of Jacobitism</i> doth not, like that of <i>Free +Masonry</i>, exclude the Female World; for tho’ all Jacobites are +not, as some wicked Whigs have represented us, <i>old women</i>, +yet women we have in great Numbers among us, who are as +learned in the knowledge of our Mysteries, and as active in +the celebration of our Rites, as any of the Male Species; and +many of these are so far from deserving the name of <i>old</i>, +that their age scarce yet entitles them to the name of +<i>women</i>.’</p> + +<p>As I before stated, the heading is left out after the +twelfth number. Whether it had sufficiently served its +purpose as a caricature of the Jacobite party, and was no +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page198" id="page198"></a>198</span> +longer needed, or whether it really took up too much room, +as stated by the editor, its discontinuance was made the +occasion of publishing a leading article, part of which I am +tempted to transcribe as an excellent specimen of Fielding’s +satire.</p> + +<p>‘There is scarcely anything more provoking than to be +totally misunderstood, and by that means to have our compliments +received as Affronts, and our Panegyrick converted +into Satire.</p> + +<p>‘It cannot therefore be wondered at, if I am not well +pleased with that gross misunderstanding of the Emblematical +Frontispiece so long prefixed to my Paper, which hath +generally prevailed, and which, among other good Reasons, +hath at length induced me to displace it for the future. By +this Error of the Public, a Contrivance of mine (the expense +of much laborious thinking) to do Honour to the Jacobite +Party, hath been represented as the Means of vilifying and +degrading it.</p> + +<p>‘But, seriously, could the Art of Man have carried the +Glory of Jacobitism higher than it was carried in this print, +where a Jacobite of either Sex was seen cloathed in Mystery, +and riding on one of the most honourable Beasts in the +Universe, while Popery servilely attends, leading it by the +Halter, and <i>France</i> and the Republican Party are dragged +after Heels. Is not here depictured that notable and mysterious +Union of <i>French</i> Interest, Popery, Jacobitism, and +Republicanism; by a Coalition of all which Parties this +Nation is to be redeemed from the deplorable State of +Slavery, under which it at present labours?</p> + +<p>‘It would be endless to enumerate all the Mistakes and +ridiculous Conceits entertained on this occasion. Some have +imagined we intended to insinuate that the Protestant +Jacobites were led by the Nose by Popery, and spurr’d on by +<i>France</i> and the Republicans; whereas nothing can be more +certain in Fact, than that Popery and <i>France</i>, and the +Republicans, have ever been the mere Dupes and Fools of +the said Jacobites.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page199" id="page199"></a>199</span></p> + +<p>‘Many have endeavoured to discover Resemblances to +real Persons in the figures there exhibited. By the Popish +Priest, it hath been said we design to represent the old +Chevalier; and by the Figures on the Ass, the young +Chevalier his Son and the famous <i>Jenny Cameron</i>.</p> + +<p>‘Others have found out Likenesses of less Importance, +and several Squires and Country Gentlewomen of <i>Staffordshire</i> +and other Counties, who never travel beyond the limits +of a Fox chace, have been supposed to ride, once a week, +Post all over the Kingdom in this Paper.</p> + +<p>‘But the most egregious Errors have been committed in +Misconstructions concerning the Ass. Several ingenious and +witty Printers of News Papers have very facetiously taken +occasion to call the Author himself an Ass; supposing +probably, that as Scripture informs us an Ass once spoke, +so certain Descendants of the same Family might write, +which Faith, perhaps something within their own Experience, +might sufficiently encourage them to receive.</p> + +<p>‘To mention no more of these absurd Conjectures, I +must here inform my Reader, that by the Body of the +Ass we intend to figure the whole Body of Jacobitical +doctrine.</p> + +<p>‘Now as there was no Symbol among the Antients, of +which the Emblematical Meaning was so plain and easy to +be discovered, our Party could never have so universally +mistaken it, had it not been for that want of Learning +among us, which I lamented in my last Paper. Hence +being misled by those erroneous opinions, which the Moderns +have propagated to the great disadvantage of Asses, the +Jacobites have been unwilling to discover any Resemblance +between themselves and an Animal which the wise Antients +saw in so respectable a Light, and which the ignorance of +latter Ages hath highly dishonoured by odious Comparisons +with certain Individuals of the Human Species.</p> + +<p>‘Thus <i>Homer</i> is well known to have liken’d one of his +principal Heroes to this noble Animal; which was in such +Esteem among the antient <i>Jews</i>, that he was not only an +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page200" id="page200"></a>200</span> +object of their Devotion, but they are said to have preserved +his Figure in massy Gold in the Temple of <i>Jerusalem</i>.</p> + +<p>‘If the Transfiguration of <i>Midas</i> in the <i>Metamorphosis</i> +doth but little Honour to the Ears of our Symbol, the Story +of <i>Lotis</i> which the same Poet tells in his Fastorum, is greatly +in praise of his Braying, by which the Chastity of that +Nymph was rescued from the wicked Designs of her insidious +Lover.</p> + +<p>‘In such esteem hath this noble Beast been held among +the Learned, that I have seen a Book composed in his Favour +and entitled <i>Laus Asini</i>: not to mention the celebrated performance +of <i>Apuleius</i> to which he hath given the Name of +the <i>Golden Ass</i>.</p> + +<p>‘Instead therefore of being displeased with the Emblem, +our Party have great Reason to be vain on this Occasion, +nor do I think there can be a greater Comparison than of a +Protestant Jacobite to an Ass, or one more to the Honour of +the former.</p> + +<p>‘First, what can so well answer to that noble and invincible +obstinacy, which I have more than once celebrated +in our Party, as the intractable and unalterable Nature of +this Animal, which gave rise to an antient Proverb alluded +to by <i>Horace</i> in his Satires:—</p> + +<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr"> + <p class="i6">‘“—— Your Art</p> +<p>As well may teach an Ass to scour the Plain</p> +<p>And bend obedient to the forming Rein.”</p> +</div> </td></tr></table> + +<p>‘And again in his Epistles:—</p> + +<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr"> +<p class="i1">‘“Democritus would think the writers told</p> +<p>To a deaf Ass their story ——”</p> +</div> </td></tr></table> + +<p>‘Which may most strictly be applied to all those writers, +who have endeavoured to convince the Jacobites by argument.</p> + +<p>‘Again what can give us a more adequate Idea of that +Firmness, with which we have supported all the ill-usage +of the worst of Sovereigns without Resentment, than the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page201" id="page201"></a>201</span> +laudable Indifference which an Ass hath for the same; +whom you may beat, whip, kick, and spur as long as you +are pleased, he still trudges on without altering his Pace.</p> + +<p>‘To omit many other obvious Resemblances, such as +Braying, &c, the famous story of the Countryman and the +Ass, briefly touched upon by <i>Horace</i> in the Epistle addressed +to his own Book, is so perfect a Picture of Jacobitism, that I +have been inclined to think as the Antients are known to +have inveloped all their Mysteries in Fable and Allegory, +that no less than Jacobitism itself was intended to be +couched under this story: “A certain Countryman observing +an Ass making towards a Precipice, ran to him, +and catching hold of his Tail, endeavoured with all his +Might to withhold him from Destruction; but the more the +Countryman attempted to preserve him, the more obstinately +the Ass contended against his kind Preserver, and the more +eagerly was bent upon accomplishing his fatal Purpose. +The Countryman at last, wearied out with his Endeavours to +save an obstinate Beast against his own will, and having +probably received some Thanks from his Heels for his +intended kindness, instead of pulling any longer, gave the +Ass a Push, and tumbled him headlong down the Precipice +which he had been so industriously pursuing.”</p> + +<p>‘I make no doubt but many of our good Enemies the +Whigs, who have well imitated this Countryman in the +former part of his Behaviour, would imitate him likewise in +the latter, was it not that they cannot precipitate us without +tumbling down themselves at the same time.</p> + +<p>‘These are the Mysteries, then, which have been couched +under my Frontispiece, and which, tho’ their meaning must +now appear to have been so plain, have nevertheless stood +exposed so long at the Head of this Journal, without having +been, as I can find, understood by any.</p> + +<p>‘Perhaps I shall be asked, why I have now displaced +them, since, after so large and full an Explanation, they +cannot fail of being highly agreeable to that Party for +whose use chiefly this Paper is calculated; and who would, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page202" id="page202"></a>202</span> +for the future, worship my Ass with the same Veneration +with which the <i>Jews</i> of old did theirs.</p> + +<p>‘Now, tho’ the Indignation which I have exprest in the +Beginning of this Essay at the many gross and absurd +Misconceptions which have been vented by the Public, +would alone very well justify the Discontinuance of my +Emblem so much abused, there are, to say the Truth, two +other Reasons which have had a stronger Weight with me +in producing this Determination. The former of these is, +that the Ass and his Retinue do indeed take up too much +room, and must oblige us either to suppress Part of our +Lucubrations, or some of those material articles of News +which we weekly transcribe from others; or lastly those +pieces of Intelligence called Advertisements, which tho’ not +always most entertaining to our Reader, do afford very +agreeable Entertainment to ourselves.</p> + +<p>‘A second and a very strong Motive with us, is to lend +all the Assistance in our Power to a very worthy and willing, +tho’ weak Brother, the learned and facetious Novelist, Mr. +<i>Carte</i>; whose great Romance, tho’ in our Court of Criticism, +where we shall always act impartially, we have been obliged +like other Judges, to condemn, contrary to our own Inclinations, +to be grubb’d, we shall always privately esteem as a +work calculated solely for the use of our Party. As we have +therefore, to our great Concern, received very credible Information +that the said work begins already to be considered +only as a Heap of Waste Paper, we have thought proper to +lend our Frontispiece to our good Brother, in order that it +may be prefixed to the future Volumes of that great Work +advising him to omit the words <i>London Evening Post</i>, and to +insert <i>English History</i> in their stead. This will not fail of +greatly recommending his Performance to our Party, who +never willingly read anything but what an Ass may at least +be supposed to have bray’d.</p> + +<p>‘I could wish, moreover, that the learned Novelist would +take our Advice in another Instance, and for the future deal +forth his excellent work in weekly Portions or Numbers; I +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page203" id="page203"></a>203</span> +do not mean in such a Form as the real History of <i>England</i> +is now publishing by Mr. Waller; but in the same manner +with those true and delectable Histories of <i>Argalus</i> and <i>Parthenia</i>, +<i>Guy</i>, Earl of <i>Warwick</i>, the <i>Seven Champions</i>, &c., in +which Form, at the price of 1d. each, when embellished by +our Frontispiece, I make no doubt of assuring him as universal +a Sale as the inimitable Adventures of <i>Robinson Crusoe</i> +formerly had throughout this Kingdom.’</p> + +<p>The ‘Mr. Carte’ to whom Fielding proposed to lend his +‘Frontispiece’ was Thomas Carte, the historian, who had +just brought out the first volume of his <i>History of England</i>, +in which he showed such decided Jacobite predilections that +his work was ruined in consequence. He professed to be +acquainted with the case of a person who had been cured of +the King’s Evil by the Pretender, then an exile in France, +and this so disgusted many of the subscribers to his book +that they withdrew their names and abandoned the author +and his work together. He, however, brought out two more +volumes, and a fourth was published after his death. It was +probably in allusion to this story of the Pretender curing the +King’s Evil that Fielding speaks of Carte as ‘the learned +and facetious novelist;’ and doubtless the ‘great Romance’ +referred to was intended for his history of England. Fielding +and Carte both died in the same year, 1754.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:393px" src="images/img217.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF FORT FOURAS, AS IT APPEARED IN THE SHIPS FROM THE +CHARENTE, FROM ‘OWEN’S WEEKLY CHRONICLE,’ 1758.</td></tr></table> + +<p>During the next ten years I have found no illustrations +in the newspapers of that period. In 1758 there was a +newspaper published entitled <i>Owen’s Weekly Chronicle, or +Universal Journal</i>, a sheet of eight pages, size of the +<i>Athenæum</i>, price two-pence halfpenny. About this time +the English Government, in carrying on the war against +France, despatched several expeditions to the French coast, +none of which redounded much to the credit of the British +arms. One of these expeditions was against Rochfort, and +it turned out a failure, which caused much dissatisfaction. +<i>Owen’s Weekly Chronicle</i> for June 3, 1758, published a long +article on the subject, illustrated with a woodcut view of +Fort Fouras. The writer concludes, with true newspaper +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page204" id="page204"></a>204</span> +vehemence, in the following words:—‘Where is the glory of +the British name? Where are the terrors that used to +accompany our fleets and armies? Let it not be said the +treasures of the country are poured forth in vain by an +united and willing people; that our enemies are become +invulnerable; and every blow our Ministers meditate impracticable. +The Duke of Marlborough and Lord George +Sackville are gone with Lord Anson and Sir Edward Hawke +upon the present grand expedition; and we hope their +courage and experience will revive the sinking honour of +their country; and show that France is both vulnerable and +impotent when the power of Britain is properly exerted.’ +Unfortunately, the sinking honour of the country was not +much revived by the ‘grand expedition’ here referred to; +for, after an ineffectual attempt on St. Maloes, the Duke of +Marlborough embarked in such haste that he left his tea-spoons +behind him: and these were afterwards sent home in +a cartel-ship by the Duke d’Aiguillon in polite contempt. I +have copied the woodcut above referred to, which is entitled, +‘A Perspective view of Fort Fouras as it appeared in the +ships from the Charente,’ and the following description is +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page205" id="page205"></a>205</span> +given of it:—‘Fouras was the tower of an old parish church, +which, soon after the foundation of Rochefort, in 1688, +Louis XIV. purchased of the proprietors to make a Tour de +Garde, for repeating signals from the Isles of Oleron and +Aix up to Rochefort, which is one of its present uses. A +fort and garrison being established in the isle of Aix, Fouras +was found to be the nearest and most secure communication +in all weathers with that island; so that in process of time +barracks and lodgments were built therein, and it was fortified +to the sea by a strait curtain.’</p> + +<p>For the view of Fort Fouras <i>Owen’s Weekly Chronicle</i> +must have been indebted to some one on board one of the +British ships. Naval and military officers in all parts of the +world are among the most valued correspondents of the +modern illustrated newspaper; and it is interesting to notice +that so long ago as the taking of Porto Bello and the attack +on Rochefort there were men engaged in those expeditions +whose spirit and intelligence prompted them to supply the +newspapers of the day with sketches and information. The +view of Fort Fouras is the earliest attempt I have seen in a +newspaper to give a pictorial representation of a place in +connexion with news.</p> + +<p>Wood-engraving was the only cheap method of illustration +within the reach of newspapers, but the art barely +existed at this time. The few woodcuts published in newspapers +were not only coarsely and rudely executed, but +sometimes the efforts of the illustrator did not get beyond a +rough plan or map, and even this, as I have before remarked, +was not always engraved. In further confirmation of this +statement I may refer to <i>Lloyd’s Evening Post</i> of April 17, +1765, where one of the pages is taken up with a plan representing +the trial of a Peer in Westminster Hall. This is +done entirely with lines, type, and printer’s ornaments. +Although there is no account given of this trial in <i>Lloyd’s +Evening Post</i>, the plan must have referred to the case of Lord +Byron, who was tried in Westminster Hall for the murder +of Mr. Chaworth, April 16 and 17, 1765.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page206" id="page206"></a>206</span></p> + +<p>In the winter of 1764-5 a strange wild beast was said to +have appeared in France, devouring women and children, +and spreading dismay and terror through the whole of Languedoc. +What this ferocious creature was, or whence it +came, no one knew; but the fear inspired by its presence +was universal. The district which it specially haunted procured +for it the name of the Wild Beast of the Gévaudan, +by which designation it became famous not only in the South +of France but throughout the country, and even in foreign +lands. The earliest account of this ferocious monster appeared +in the official journal of Paris in the following +words:—</p> + +<p>‘A very strange wild beast has lately appeared in the +neighbourhood of Langagne and the forest of Mercoire which +has occasioned great commotion. It has already devoured +twenty persons, chiefly children, and particularly young +girls, and scarcely a day passes without some accident. The +terror he occasions prevents the woodcutters from working +in the forests; so that wood has become dear. Those who +have seen him say he is much higher than a wolf, low before, +and his feet are armed with talons. His hair is reddish, his +head large, and the muzzle of it is shaped like that of a +greyhound; his ears are small and straight; his breast is +wide, and of a grey colour; his back streaked with black; +and his mouth, which is large, is provided with a set of teeth +so very sharp that they have taken off several heads as clean +as a razor could have done. He is of amazing swiftness; +but, when he aims at his prey, he crouches so close to the +ground, that he hardly appears to be bigger than a large +fox; and at the distance of some one or two toises, he rises +upon his hind legs and springs upon his prey, seizing it by +the neck or throat. He is afraid of oxen, which he runs +away from. The consternation is dreadful throughout the +district where he commits his ravages, and public prayers +are offered up on the occasion. The Marquis de Marangis +has sent out four hundred peasants to destroy this fierce +beast; but they have not been able to do it.’</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page207" id="page207"></a>207</span></p> + +<p>In spite of the efforts made to capture or destroy it the +wild beast of the Gévaudan continued its ravages. In a +letter from Meude, dated December 21, 1764, it is stated, +‘The wild beast, which hath ravaged several provinces, has +been for some time in ours. He was seen a few days ago +near St. Flour, ten leagues from hence, and he is now in our +neighbourhood. The day before yesterday he devoured a +little girl who looked after cattle. A detachment of dragoons +has been out six weeks after him. The province has +offered a thousand crowns to any person who will kill him.’ +On the 8th of February, 1765, the following statement was +sent from Montpellier:—‘On the 12th ultimo the wild beast +attacked seven children, five boys and two girls, none of +whom exceeded eleven years of age. The beast flew at one +of the boys; but the three eldest of them by beating him +with stakes, the ends of which were iron, obliged him to +retire, after having bitten off a part of the boy’s cheek, +which he ate before them. He then seized another of the +children; but they pursued him into a marsh which was +close by, where he sunk in up to his belly. By continually +beating him, they rescued their companion; who, though he +was under his paw for some time, received only a wound in +his arm, and a scratch in the face. A man at last coming +up, the creature was put to flight. He afterwards devoured +a boy at Mazel, and, on the 21st, flew on a girl, who, however, +escaped with some dangerous wounds. The next day +he attacked a woman, and bit off her head. Captain Duhamel, +of the dragoons, is in pursuit of him, and has caused several +of his men to dress themselves in women’s apparel, and to +accompany the children that keep cattle.’</p> + +<p>The eyes of all France being fixed upon the doings of +this wild beast, the attention of Louis the Fifteenth himself +was called to the bravery of the boys in the preceding account. +‘The King having been informed of the bravery +with which the young Portefaix attacked the beast on the +12th of January last, at the head of his companions, and +being willing to reward such gallant behaviour, has given +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page208" id="page208"></a>208</span> +him a recompense of four hundred livres, and has ordered +three hundred to be distributed among his companions.’</p> + +<p>The Government also offered a reward for the destruction +of the wild beast. The following placard was fixed up +in all the cities and towns of Languedoc:—‘By the King +and the Intendant of the province of Languedoc. Notice is +given to all persons, that His Majesty, being justly affected +by the situation of his subjects now exposed to the ravages +of the wild beast which for four months past has infested +Vivarais and Gévaudan, and being desirous to stop the +progress of such a calamity, has determined to promise a +reward of six thousand livres to any person or persons who +shall kill this animal. Such as are willing to undertake the +pursuit of him may previously apply to the Sieur de la Fout, +sub-deputy to the Intendant of Meudes, who will give them +the necessary instructions agreeably to what has been presented +by the ministry on the part of his Majesty.’</p> + +<p>A letter from Paris dated the 18th of February, 1765, +gives the following circumstantial description of the wild +beast:—</p> + +<p>‘You know how I acquainted you, some months ago, that +Monsieur Bardelle, his son and I, designed going by the +Diligence, and opening the New Year at our old friend +Monsieur Dura’s chateau, near Babres, in Languedoc. We +spent the time very agreeably, our host and his family +having done all in their power to make us welcome. The +party broke up and took leave the first of this month, +amongst whom was Monsieur Lefevre, a counsellor, and two +young ladies, who were engaged to pass a week at Monsieur +de Sante’s, the curé of Vaistour, about three days’ journey +distant from the chateau of Monsieur Dura. The company +went away in a berlingo and four, and the footman Michel, +on a saddle-horse; the carriage, after the manner here, +being drawn by four post-horses, with two postilions, the +berlingo having no coach box. The first night the party lay +at Guimpe, and set out next morning at nine, to bait half +way between that and Roteux, being four posts, and a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page209" id="page209"></a>209</span> +mountainous barren country, as all the Gévaudan is. The +parish of Guimpe had been greatly alarmed by the frequent +appearance of, and the horrid destruction made by, the fiery +animal that has so long been the terror of the Gévaudan, +and is now so formidable that the inhabitants and travellers +are in very great apprehension. The bailiff of Guimpe +acquainted the party that this animal had been often lurking +about the chaussée that week, and that it would be proper to +take an escort of armed men, which would protect the carriage; +but the gentlemen declined it, and took the ladies +under their protection, and set out, on the 2nd of February, +very cheerfully. When they had made about two leagues, +they observed at a distance a post-chaise, and a man on +horseback, coming down the hill of Credi, and whipping the +horses very much; and at the descent unfortunately the +wheel-horse fell down, and the postilion was thrown off; +whereupon the horseman who followed the chaise, advanced +to take up the boy, in which moment, when he had got +down, we perceived the wild beast so often described make a +jump towards the horses, and on the footman’s raising his +right hand to draw a cutlass and strike the creature, it +pricked up its ears, stood on its hind feet, and, showing its +teeth full of froth, turned round and gave the fellow a most +violent blow with the swing of its tail. The man’s face was +all over blood; and then the monster, seeing the gentleman +in the chaise present a blunderbuss at its neck, crept on its +forehead to the chaise-step, keeping its head almost under its +forelegs, and getting close to the door, reared upright, +vaulted into the inside, broke through the other side-glass, +and ran at a great rate to the adjoining wood. The blunderbuss +missed fire, or it is possible this had been the last +day this brute-disturber had moved. The stench left in the +carriage was past description, and no cure of burning frankincense, +nor any other method removed, but rather increased +the stink, so that it was sold for two louis; and though +burned to ashes, the cinders were obliged, by order of a +commissary, to be buried without the town walls. We came +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page210" id="page210"></a>210</span> +up very well in time; for the beast would doubtless have +destroyed some one, had it not espied three of us advancing +with guns. It certainly jumped through the chaise to get +away from us.’</p> + +<p>These accounts appear to have been received with some +incredulity abroad. In the same number of <i>Lloyd’s Evening +Post</i> that contains the plan of Lord Byron’s trial there occurs +the following passage about this curious wild beast: ‘One +of the Dutch Gazetteers by Monday’s mail says:—“The accounts +of the wild beast seen in the Gévaudan are of such a +nature that it is hardly possible to give any credit thereto, +and yet most of them have appeared in the <i>Paris Gazette</i>, a +paper whose authors, known to be men of letters, are too +judicious to be suspected of credulity, too prudent, too well +informed of what passes at the Court of the King their +master, one should think, to attribute to his Most Christian +Majesty a reward for an action which never had any existence—an +action which was only a fable.”’ This is, no +doubt, an allusion to the reward of 400 livres bestowed upon +the boys who beat off the ferocious monster.</p> + +<p>While the interest and excitement about this terrible +wild beast was at the highest, the <i>St. James’s Chronicle</i> published +an engraving and description of it. The <i>St. James’s +Chronicle; or the British Evening Post</i>, was a folio of four +pages, published three times a-week, price twopence-halfpenny. +In the number for June 6, 1765, there is printed +the following description and woodcut:—</p> + +<p class="ptb1 center">‘For the <i>St. James’s Chronicle</i>.</p> + +<p>‘Of this beast, which has already devoured upwards of +seventy Persons and spread Terrour and Desolation throughout +the whole Gévaudan, the Sieur de la Chaumette, who +lately wounded it, has given us the following Description. +It is larger than a Calf of a year old, strongly made before, +and turned like a Grayhound behind. His Nose is long and +pointed, his Ears upright and smaller than a wolf’s, his +Mouth of a most enormous size, and always wide open; a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page211" id="page211"></a>211<br />212</span> +Streak of Black runs from his Shoulders to the Beginning +of his Tail. His Paws are very large and strong; the Hair +on his Back and Mane thick, bristly, and erect; his Tail +long and terminating in a Bush, like that of a Lion; his +Eyes small, fierce, and fiery. From this description it +appears that he is neither a Wolf, Tiger, nor Hyena, but +probably a Mongrel, generated between the two last, and +forming, as it were, a new Species. All the accounts lately +received agree in assuring that there are several of them.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:387px" src="images/img224.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">STRANGE WILD BEAST SEEN IN FRANCE. FROM THE ‘ST. JAMES’S CHRONICLE,’ 1765.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The <i>St. James’s Chronicle</i> does not state from whence +the portrait was obtained. A representation of the wild +beast of the Gévaudan was sent in April, 1765, to the +Intendant of Alençon, and a description of that picture +corresponds with the woodcut in the <i>St. James’s Chronicle</i>, +so that the latter was probably a copy of the former.</p> + +<p>About three months after the publication of the woodcut +and description in the <i>St. James’s Chronicle</i>, the career of this +much dreaded animal was brought to a close. On Sept. 20th, +1765, it was encountered in the wood of Pommières by a certain +Monsieur Beauterme, a gentleman of a distant province +and noted as a successful hunter. He had come into the +district on purpose to seek out this notorious wild beast, and +having found it, shot it in the eye at the distance of about +fifty paces. The animal, however, though wounded, showed +fight, and was rushing on Monsieur Beauterme with great +fury, when he was finally dispatched by a gamekeeper +named Reinhard.</p> + +<p>Several inhabitants of the Gévaudan who had been +attacked by the beast declared it to be the same which had +caused such consternation in the country, and Monsieur +Beauterme set out with the body to Versailles in order to +present it to the King. The animal was found to be thirty-two +inches high, and five feet seven and a half inches long +including the tail. The surgeon who dissected the body +said it was more of a hyena than a wolf, its teeth being +forty in number, whereas wolves have but twenty-six. The +muscles of the neck were very strong; its sides so formed +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page213" id="page213"></a>213</span> +that it could bend its head to its tail; its eyes sparkled so +with fire that it was hardly possible to bear its look. Its tail +was very large, broad, and thick, and bristled with black hair, +and its feet armed with claws extremely strong and singular.</p> + +<p>In Paris it was thought that this mysterious animal was +a cross between a tiger and a lioness, and had been brought +into France to be shown as a curiosity. It is not unlikely +that it had escaped from some travelling show, and was probably +a hyena. The imagination of the country people would +easily transform it into any shape suggested by their terrors. +That such fancies easily begin and rapidly grow was proved +in the case of Captain Sir Allan Young’s pet Esquimaux +dog, which was either stolen or wandered from the Arctic +ship <i>Pandora</i> as she lay in Southampton harbour after +returning from the Polar regions. Quite a panic arose in +that part of Hampshire where this most valuable and harmless +animal was wandering about, and every sort of story +was circulated of the ravages and dangers the country was +exposed to. The people began to think that besides their +sheep and pigs their children were in danger. Some said it +was a gigantic black fox, others that it was a Canadian wolf. +Expeditions were organized to attack it, and after being +chased for some miles by people on horseback, it was ultimately +shot and exhibited at sixpence a head in Winchester +market-place. There could be no doubt about the dog’s +identity, for Sir Allan Young afterwards got back his skin.</p> + +<p>Before concluding my sketch of illustrated journalism in +the eighteenth century I must refer to a class of publication +that possessed many of the characteristics of the newspaper, +without exactly belonging to that category. This kind of +journal is represented by the <i>Gentleman’s Magazine</i>; but, +although Edward Cave considered himself the inventor of +the magazine form of publication, the <i>Gentleman’s Magazine</i> +was not the first journal of the kind. Nearly forty years +before it came into existence a monthly publication was +started in London with the following title:—‘<i>The Gentleman’s +Journal; or, the Monthly Miscellany</i>. <i>By way of Letter to a</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page214" id="page214"></a>214</span> +<i>Gentleman in the country, consisting of News, History, Philosophy, +Poetry, Music, Translations, &c. January</i>, 169½.’ Its projector +and editor was a refugee Frenchman, one Peter Anthony +Motteux, and the design appears to have met with considerable +success, but it did not last more than four years.</p> + +<p>In the second number of the <i>Gentleman’s Journal</i> appeared +the following:—‘The author desires to be excused +for not answering the many ingenious letters that have been +sent to him that he may have the more time to apply himself +to this journal; he judges that he answers them enough +when he follows the advice they give him, or inserts what is +sent to him, which he will always be very careful to do. +But such things as any way reflect upon particular persons, +or are either against religion or good manners, he cannot +insert. He will take care to settle correspondence both +abroad and at home, to inform his readers of all that may +be most worthy their knowledge; and if anything offers +itself that deserves to be engraved, he will get it done. But +it being impossible he should know by himself a thousand +things which the publick would gladly know, such persons +as have anything to communicate may be pleased to send it +to him, at the Black Boy Coffee House in Ave Maria Lane, +not forgetting to discharge the postage.’</p> + +<p>It would appear by the above that Peter Anthony Motteux +had a vague perception that engravings might increase +the attractions of his journal; but it does not seem that +much came in his way that ‘deserved to be engraved.’ I +have found only two small woodcuts in the <i>Gentleman’s +Journal</i>. They both occur in the volume for 1694. One +is a representation of snow crystals, and the other is a +diagram of a mock sun.</p> + +<p>Motteux tells us that his journal was patronised by the +Queen, and was much favoured by the ladies generally. He +had amongst his contributors Dryden, Matthew Prior, Sedley, +and Tom Durfey. Charles Wesley, brother of the famous +John, sent serious verses, as did also Tate, of ‘Tate and +Brady’ celebrity. All these contributions were introduced +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page215" id="page215"></a>215</span> +into a long letter, which, as the title indicates, was the shape +in which the <i>Gentleman’s Journal</i> was written, and in this +respect it was modelled upon the early manuscript newsletters.</p> + +<p>Peter Anthony Motteux, the editor of the first English +magazine, was also the author of several songs, plays, and +prologues, and he also published a translation of <i>Don Quixote</i>. +He kept a large East India warehouse in Leadenhall Street, +and afterwards obtained a situation in the Post Office. He +was found dead on the morning of his fifty-eighth birthday, +in a low drinking-house in Butchers’ Row, near Temple Bar, +and had either been murdered or had lost his life in a +drunken frolic. The <i>London Gazette</i> of the succeeding week +contained the offer of a reward of fifty pounds for the discovery +of the murderer, and the King’s pardon to any but +the actual criminal; but the mystery was never cleared up, +and the bones of the clever exiled Frenchman lie unavenged +and forgotten in the vaults of St. Andrew Undershaft, +Leadenhall Street, celebrated amongst City churches as the +burial-place of John Stowe.<a name="fa1d" id="fa1d" href="#ft1d"><span class="sp">1</span></a></p> + +<p>Edward Cave, the early patron and friend of Dr. Johnson, +projected and brought out the <i>Gentleman’s Magazine</i> in 1731. +It was printed at St. John’s Gate, Clerkenwell, a view of +which place embellished its title-page.</p> + +<p>The full title was, ‘<i>The Gentleman’s Magazine, or Monthly +Intelligencer</i>, containing Essays, Controversial, Humorous, and +Satirical; Religious, Moral, and Political; collected chiefly +from the Publick Papers. Select Pieces of Poetry. A +Succinct Account of the most remarkable Transactions and +Events, Foreign and Domestick. Births, Marriages, Deaths, +Promotions, and Bankrupts. The Prices of Goods and Stocks, +and Bill of Mortality. A Register of Books. Observations +on Gardening.’ It will thus be seen that the Magazine +possessed many of the characteristics of a newspaper. On +the front page of the earlier numbers were printed the names +of the various newspapers from which it derived its information. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page216" id="page216"></a>216</span> +It was some time before illustrations began to +appear. The most important subjects were engraved on +copper, and rough woodcuts were sprinkled here and there +among the type. Sometimes the most incongruous subjects +were engraved on the same plate, such as the section of a +man-of-war and the figure of a locust. There was occasionally +an illustration of news, as in the volume for 1746, +where there is a map of the country round Carlisle, showing +the route of the Scottish rebels; and in the same volume +there is a portrait of Lord Lovat. The frontispiece to this +volume is a portrait of the Duke of Cumberland, with the +motto <i>Ecce Homo</i>. Portraits, plans, and bird’s-eye views are +of frequent occurrence. In the volume for 1747 is a very +elaborate bird’s-eye view of the city of Genoa, illustrating +an account of an insurrection there. The same volume +contains a view of Mount Vesuvius, with a description of the +last great eruption. In the volume for 1748 are views of +Amsterdam, the Mansion House, London, Greenwich Hospital, +the Foundling Hospital, &c. The volume for 1749 +contains an engraving of the fireworks on the occasion of the +Peace, and views of Blenheim House and Covent Garden. +In the volume for 1750 there is a woodcut with ‘J. Cave sc.’ +in the corner. This was probably a son or some other +relative of the proprietor, who was either in training as an +engraver, or was trying his hand merely as an amateur. +His name does not appear again, and I have never met with +it elsewhere in connexion with the art of wood-engraving.</p> + +<p>In the number for November, 1750, there occurs the +following amongst the list of deaths:—‘Mr. Edward Bright, +at Malden in Essex, aged 30; he was supposed to be the +largest man living, or perhaps that ever lived in this island. +He weighed 42 stone and a half, horseman’s weight; and +not being very tall, his body was of an astonishing bulk, +and his legs were as big as a middling man’s body. He was +an active man till a year or two before his death, when his +corpulency so overpowered his strength that his life was a +burthen, and his death a deliverance. His coffin was three +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page217" id="page217"></a>217</span> +feet six inches over the shoulders, six feet seven inches long, +and three feet deep; a way was cut thro’ the wall and staircase, +to let the corpse down into the shop; it was drawn +upon a carriage to the church, and let down into the vault +by the help of a slider and pulleys.’ In the number for the +following February there is a woodcut of Mr. Bright, and +the reader is referred back to the November number for the +above description. This seems to show that the <i>Gentleman’s +Magazine</i> did not consider it of vital importance, in illustrating +news, to follow very close upon the heels of events. +I have copied this engraving as a specimen of the woodcut +illustrations of the <i>Magazine</i>.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:403px; height:550px" src="images/img230.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">EDWARD BRIGHT. WEIGHT 42½ STONE. FROM THE ‘GENTLEMAN’S MAGAZINE’ +FOR FEBRUARY, 1751.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The <i>Gentleman’s Magazine</i> attracted the notice and admiration +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page218" id="page218"></a>218</span> +of Dr. Johnson before he came to London as a literary +adventurer. He afterwards became a regular contributor to +its pages, and for many years it was his principal source of +income. His first contribution was a complimentary Latin +poem addressed to Sylvanus Urban, and when Cave died +Johnson wrote an account of him in the magazine. Dr. +Johnson told Boswell ‘that when he first saw St. John’s +Gate, the place where that deservedly popular miscellany +was originally printed, he “beheld it with reverence.”’</p> + +<p>Edward Cave was born at Newton, in Warwickshire, +Feb. 29th, 1691; he died Jan. 10th, 1754. ‘He was +peculiarly fortunate,’ says Boswell, ‘in being recorded by +Johnson; who of the narrow life of a printer and publisher, +without any digressions or adventitious circumstances, has +made an interesting and agreeable narrative.’</p> + +<p>The <i>Gentleman’s Magazine</i> still exists, but retains nothing +of its original character beyond the name.</p> + +<p>Within a year the success of the <i>Gentleman’s Magazine</i> +brought into being the <i>London Magazine</i>, and, in 1739, the +<i>Scots Magazine</i>, published in Edinburgh. In the second +volume of the latter, under date March, 1740, there is a +larger version of the woodcut of the taking of Porto Bello, +already described. The account also is given, quoted, however, +from the <i>London Evening Post</i>, and not from the <i>Daily +Post</i>, where the woodcut appeared. Maps, plans, and views +of places occasionally occur in other volumes of the <i>Scots +Magazine</i>. In vol. iii. there is a plan of the harbour, city, +and forts of Cartagena, and the number for July, 1743, contains +a plan of the battle of Dettingen.</p> + +<hr class="foot" /> <div class="note"> + +<p><a name="ft1d" id="ft1d" href="#fa1d"><span class="fn">1</span></a> <i>New Quarterly Magazine</i>, January, 1878.</p> +</div> + +<div class="center art1"><img style="width:150px; height:35px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img001.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page219" id="page219"></a>219</span></p> + +<p class="chap2 center">CHAPTER VII.</p> + +<div class="condensed"> +<p class="mind">Revival of Wood-engraving by Thomas Bewick—The <i>Observer</i> started, +1791—The <i>Times</i> an Illustrated Paper—Illustrations of News in the +<i>Observer</i>—St. Helena and Napoleon Bonaparte—Abraham Thornton +and the ‘Assize of Battle’—Mr. William Clement and Illustrated +Journalism—The Cato Street Conspiracy—Trial of Queen Caroline—The +House of Commons in 1821—Coronation of George IV.—Royal +Visits to Ireland and Scotland—Murder of Mr. Weare—Illustrations +of the Murder in the <i>Morning Chronicle</i>, the <i>Observer</i>, +and the <i>Englishman</i>—<i>Bell’s Life in London</i>—Prize-Fight at Warwick—Liston +as ‘Paul Pry’—‘Gallery of Comicalities,’ &c.—<i>Pierce +Egan’s Life in London</i>—Death of the Duke of York—Death of Mr. +Canning—Opening of Hammersmith Bridge, 1827—Mr. Gurney’s +Steam Coach—The Thames Tunnel—The Murder in the Red Barn—The +Siamese Twins—Death of George IV.—Opening of New +London Bridge, 1831—Coronation of William IV. and Queen Adelaide—Fieschi’s +Infernal Machine—Funeral of William IV.—Queen +Victoria’s First Visit to the City—Coronation and Marriage of the +Queen—Christening of the Prince of Wales—<i>The Weekly Chronicle</i>—The +Greenacre Murder—Mr. Cocking and his Parachute—The +Courtney Riots at Canterbury—Burning of the Tower of London, +1841—<i>The Sunday Times</i>—Burning of the Houses of Parliament, +1834—<i>The Champion</i>—<i>The Weekly Herald</i>—<i>The Magnet</i>—Removing +the Body of Napoleon I.—<i>The Penny Magazine</i>—Charles +Knight—Humorous Journalism of the Victorian Era.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="sc chap1">There</span> appears to have been little or nothing done in the +way of illustrated journalism during the remaining years of +the eighteenth century. It was during this period that +Thomas Bewick revived the almost extinct art of wood-engraving, +and about the time he brought out the first of +his illustrated natural history books a weekly newspaper +was started in London which afterwards became the pioneer +of modern illustrated journalism. This was the <i>Observer</i>, +the first number of which came out on Sunday, Dec. 4th, +1791. It is the oldest of our existing weekly newspapers, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page220" id="page220"></a>220</span> +and is one of the rare instances of a Sunday paper becoming +established.<a name="fa1e" id="fa1e" href="#ft1e"><span class="sp">1</span></a> Many years had to elapse before wood-engraving +began to be used as a means of popular illustration; +but when some of Bewick’s numerous pupils began +to diffuse the fruits of their master’s teaching the <i>Observer</i> +was the first newspaper that availed itself of the restored +art. Before this, however, there were symptoms of the +reawakening of a dormant idea. In looking back to +the early years of the present century it is curious and +interesting to notice that the <i>Times</i> was occasionally an +illustrated paper. The battle of Trafalgar and the death +of Nelson stirred the national heart to such a degree that +the <i>Times</i> of that day was induced to introduce into its +pages engravings of Nelson’s coffin and funeral car, when +the hero’s remains were carried to St. Paul’s. In the +number for Jan. 10th, 1806, there is an account of the +State funeral, which is illustrated with the above-named +woodcuts. They are very rudely executed, and plainly show +that the influence of Bewick’s labours had not yet penetrated +into the region of journalism. Annexed is a copy of +what the <i>Times</i> of 1806 presented to the public in response +to the intense interest felt by the whole of the British +nation about Nelson’s death and funeral. It is a noteworthy +example of renewed effort in the direction of +illustrated news at a time when insufficient means of +production clogged the spirit of enterprise. Like the +<i>Swedish Intelligencer</i> of 1632, the <i>Times</i> did not hesitate +to point out its shortcomings in the following notice at +the foot of the engraving:—‘The only difference in the +appearance of the Funeral Car from the engraving is, that, +contrary to what was at first intended, neither the pall nor +coronet appeared on the coffin. The first was thrown in the +stern of the Car, in order to give the public a complete view +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page221" id="page221"></a>221<br />222</span> +of the coffin; and the coronet was carried in a mourning-coach. +We had not time to make the alteration.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:501px" src="images/img234.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">NELSON’S FUNERAL CAR. FROM THE ‘TIMES,’ JAN. 10, 1806.</td></tr></table> + +<p>To the above engraving the following description was +appended:—‘The Car, modelled at the ends in imitation of +the hull of the Victory. Its head towards the horses, was +ornamented with a figure of Fame. The stern carved and +painted in the naval style, with the word “Victory” in +yellow raised letters on the lanthorn over the poop. The +coffin placed on the quarterdeck with its head towards the +stern, with the English Jack pendent over the poop lowered +half-staff. There was an awning over the whole, consisting +of an elegant canopy supported by four pillars, in the form +of palm-trees, as we have already mentioned, and partly +covered with black velvet. The corners and sides were +decorated with black ostrich feathers, and festooned with +black velvet, richly fringed, immediately above which, in +the front, was inscribed in gold the word “Nile” at one +end; on one side the following motto, “Hoste devicto, +requievit;” behind was the word “Trafalgar;” and on the +other side the motto “Palmam qui meruit ferat,” as in the +engraving. The carriage was drawn by six led horses, in +elegant furniture.’</p> + +<p>In 1817 the <i>Times</i> also illustrated the projects of Robert +Owen, who laboured long and ardently to promote the +doctrines of Socialism. In the number for Aug. 9th, 1817, +there is a large woodcut called Robert Owen’s agricultural +and manufacturing villages of Unity and Mutual Cooperation. +In those days a page of the <i>Times</i> was not so +valuable as it is now, or probably the enthusiastic Socialist +would not have found it so easy to enlist that journal +in helping to propagate his doctrines. In 1834 Owen +made in London another attempt to put in practice the +principles he had so long advocated. He died in 1858, +aged ninety.</p> + +<p>I have mentioned that the <i>Observer</i> was the first newspaper +that availed itself of the revived art of wood-engraving; +but it had previously essayed the then difficult task of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page223" id="page223"></a>223</span> +illustrating the news of the day by the more costly means +of engraving on copper. The island of St. Helena having +been selected as the place of residence of Napoleon Bonaparte, +the <i>Observer</i> of Oct. 29th, 1815, published a large copperplate +view of the island, with a descriptive account. The +plate is printed on the same page with the letterpress, so +that there must have been two printings to produce this +specimen of illustrated news. Three years later the <i>Observer</i> +produced another copperplate example of news illustration, +also printed on the letterpress page. This was a portrait of +Abraham Thornton, whose remarkable case attracted much +public attention. He was tried for the murder of a young +woman, Mary Ashford, with whom he was known to be +acquainted, and in whose company he was seen shortly +before her death. He was, however, acquitted, the jury +probably believing it to be a case of suicide. The brother +of the girl then appealed, and Thornton claimed his right +to defend himself by wager of battle. This claim was +allowed, after long arguments before the judges. It was +found, much to the surprise of the general public, that by +the law of England a man in an appeal of murder might +demand the combat, thereby to make proof of his guilt or +innocence. In the present case the girl’s brother refused +the challenge, and Thornton escaped. This was the last +appeal to the ‘Assize of Battle’ in this country; and the +attention of the Legislature being drawn to the obsolete +statute, it was repealed by 59 Geo. III., 1819. It was +during the progress of the arguments in this case, and +while the public interest was very great, that the <i>Observer</i> +published the portrait of the accused.</p> + +<p>After this the <i>Observer</i> became remarkable for its illustrations +of news. Mr. William Clement, the proprietor, +was a man who early saw the attractiveness of illustrated +journalism. I am not aware when he first became associated +with the <i>Observer</i>; but under his management frequent +illustrations of news were given in that paper. In 1820 +<i>Bell’s Life in London</i> was started, and very soon Mr. Clement +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page224" id="page224"></a>224</span> +became the proprietor of that paper also. In 1821 he +purchased the <i>Morning Chronicle</i>, which, however, turned +out a bad speculation. Having invested a very large sum +of money in the latter paper, Mr. Clement spared no effort +to make it profitable, and the <i>Observer</i> was neglected. It +suffered in consequence, and fell in circulation. Frequently +the illustrations of news that were printed in the <i>Observer</i> +were published the day previously in the <i>Chronicle</i>. They +were also occasionally printed in <i>Bell’s Life</i> and the <i>Englishman</i>, +a fourth paper belonging to Mr. Clement. All four +papers were carried on together; but it is the <i>Observer</i> that +stands out as the prominent representative of illustrated +journalism at this period. Other journals came into existence +which took up the idea of illustrating the news of +the day; among them the <i>Sunday Times</i>, started by Daniel +Whittle Harvey in 1822, when he was member for Colchester. +Another paper which for a time rivalled, if it +did not excel, the <i>Observer</i> in the frequency of its news +illustrations was the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i>. It flourished a few +years before the birth of the <i>Illustrated London News</i>, but +has long been extinct. Mr. Clement sold the <i>Morning +Chronicle</i> in 1834, and soon restored the <i>Observer</i> to its old +position. The <i>Morning Chronicle</i> started in 1769 and expired +in 1864. The <i>Englishman</i> has long been defunct, but I am +not acquainted with the date of its disappearance. There +was a paper called the <i>Englishman</i> in 1714, and the name was +again revived by the late Dr. Kenealy.</p> + +<p>The <i>Observer</i> and <i>Bell’s Life</i> were both published at the +same office for many years, but their companionship was +terminated in 1877, when they left the office in the Strand +where they had so long lived amicably together, the great +sporting journal migrating to Catherine Street, and the +<i>Observer</i> seeking a new home in the Strand further +west.</p> + +<p>One or two other newspapers occasionally published +engravings during the few years immediately preceding the +<i>Illustrated London News</i>, and of them I will speak in the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page225" id="page225"></a>225</span> +proper place. The most prominent, however, were the +<i>Observer</i>, <i>Bell’s Life in London</i>, and the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i>, +and to these three I propose first to direct attention as +being the main supporters of the pictorial spirit until it +culminated in the <i>Illustrated London News</i>. It was during +the ten years preceding 1842 that the founder of that +journal noticed the growing inclination of the people for +illustrated news, and it was chiefly in the pages of the +<i>Observer</i> and the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i> that he thought he saw +the growth of a hitherto uncultivated germ.</p> + +<p>In 1820 all England was startled by the discovery of a +mysterious plot of some political desperadoes who planned +the assassination of the Ministers of the Crown and the +overthrow of the Government. This came to be known as +the Cato Street Conspiracy, the place of meeting of the +conspirators being in Cato Street, Marylebone. The extravagance +of the Prince Regent, the high price of bread, +and the heavy taxation, had brought about a feeling of +discontent among the lower orders which, unhappily, was +greatly increased by the Spa Fields riots, and the collision +between the soldiers and the people in Lancashire, at what +was called the massacre of Peterloo. Thistlewood, the leader +of the conspirators, had already been tried for treasonable +practices, but acquitted. He had also been in trouble for +his connexion with the Spa Fields riots. The sanguinary +plan of the conspirators was to murder the Cabinet Ministers +while they were all assembled at dinner at Lord Harrowby’s +house in Grosvenor Square. They were to seize certain +pieces of cannon, take the Bank of England, destroy the +telegraph to Woolwich, set fire to different parts of London, +and then establish a provisional government at the Mansion +House, sending emissaries to the outports to prevent the +escape of obnoxious persons. They reckoned on large +numbers of the discontented joining them as soon as they +had destroyed the tyrants and oppressors of the people, as +they termed the Ministers. They had provided pikes, +pistols, sabres, knives, blunderbusses, and hand-grenades; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page226" id="page226"></a>226</span> +and one of the gang, a butcher, had furnished himself with +a heavy butcher’s knife, to cut off the heads of ‘Castlereagh +and the rest as he came at them.’ Adams, one of their +number, turned informer, and the conspirators were surprised +by the police at their meeting-place in Cato Street. +After a conflict in which one of the police-officers was killed, +several of the gang were secured, and others were taken +soon afterwards. Thistlewood, the leader, escaped in the +first rush, but was captured next day.</p> + +<p>The place where the seizure was made is described as a +hayloft over a deserted stable with a step-ladder leading +from the stable to the loft above, with two apertures in the +floor of the loft, opening on the racks in the stable below; +opening from the loft were two small inner rooms. On the +evening of the 23rd of February, 1820, the conspirators +were assembled in this stable, where they were arming +themselves for the bloody work they had planned, when +the police, aided by a party of the Coldstream Guards under +Lieut. Fitzclarence, broke in upon them. Police-officers +Ruthven, Ellice, and Smithers, were the first to mount the +ladder, and enter the loft.</p> + +<p>‘There were about five-and-twenty men in the room, +eating bread and cheese, and drinking porter, or selecting +arms from a long carpenter’s bench which stood close by +the wall. Just at that juncture, Thistlewood, hearing a +noise, and some one calling, “Hallo! Show a light!” took +a candle, and looked down the stairs to see who was coming, +and, on seeing that there was a surprise, he put the candle +back on the bench, seized a sword, and with three or four +others retreated stealthily to the further of the inner rooms—the +one that had a window looking out into Cato Street. +At that moment one of the men seized below called out to +warn his comrades, “Look out there above!”</p> + +<p>‘At the same time, two of the constables, at first almost +unnoticed, appeared at the top of the ladder, and presenting +their pistols, said, “Hallo, is anybody in the room? Here’s +a pretty nest of you!”</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page227" id="page227"></a>227</span></p> + +<p>‘Then another of the patrol cried, “We are officers; +seize their arms.”</p> + +<p>‘And a third, “Gentlemen, we have got a warrant to +apprehend you all, and as such we hope you will go +peaceably.”</p> + +<p>‘Just then Smithers, distrusting further parley, and believing, +in his staunch way, in promptitude, before the conspirators +could discover the scantiness of the assailing +numbers, or could muster courage to use their arms, cried, +“Let me come forward,” and pushed towards the door of the +inner room, where Thistlewood stood thrusting with a very +long sword. The leader of the conspirators instantly rushed +forward, and struck Smithers through his right side. The +constable threw up his hands, his head fell back, he staggered +against Ruthven, cried, “O my God, I am done!” and fell +dead near the opening of the stairs. Ellice held up his staff +at Thistlewood, and threatened to fire with the pistol in his +right hand, unless he instantly surrendered. The lights +were immediately dashed out, and a voice cried in the darkness, +“Kill the —— at once! Throw them down-stairs! +Kill them!”</p> + +<p>‘Then there were twenty or thirty pistol-shots fired, +and a tremendous headlong rush was made at the stairs, +driving the Bow Street men backwards; the conspirators +leaping down into the manger through the holes in the +floor, or by the window, others firing at the officers on the +stairs, or up through the manger, all making for the archway +in John Street.’<a name="fa2e" id="fa2e" href="#ft2e"><span class="sp">2</span></a></p> + +<p>It would appear the conspirators were closely watched +for some time before they were arrested. Indeed, it was +suspected that Government emissaries were employed to +foment the conspiracy in order that a terrible example +might be made for the benefit of the disaffected. However +this may have been, the plot excited the most intense +interest among all classes. Thistlewood and the other +prisoners were tried at the Old Bailey, April 17th, 1820, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page228" id="page228"></a>228<br />229</span> +and found guilty of high treason. Six were transported +for life, the other five, including Thistlewood, were hung +on May 1st, and their heads severed from their bodies—the +quartering, the usual doom of traitors, having been graciously +forgiven.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:442px" src="images/img241.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">A.   Door to the cart-house.   B. Door by which the officers entered.   C. Stable window.   D. Loft-door.<br /> +STABLE WHERE THE CATO STREET CONSPIRATORS MET. FROM THE ‘OBSERVER,’ MARCH 5TH, 1820.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The <i>Observer</i> for March 5th, 1820, published some illustrations +of the Cato Street Conspiracy. One is an exterior +view of the stable in Cato Street where the conspirators +met, which is copied on the opposite page.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:357px; height:500px" src="images/img242.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">SECTION OF GRENADE PREPARED BY THE CATO STREET CONSPIRATORS.<br /> +FROM THE ‘OBSERVER,’ MARCH 5TH, 1820.</td></tr></table> + +<table class="reg f90" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr"> +<p>A. Cylindrical tin Box containing gunpowder.</p> +<p>B. Pitched tow.</p> +<p>C. Bullets, old nails, Spikes, &c.</p> +<p>D. Tin Tube a Fuze filled with damp powder.</p> +</div> </td></tr></table> + +<p>There was also an interior view of the hayloft, together +with sections of some of the grenades, daggers, &c., large +quantities of which were found in the loft.</p> + +<p>These cuts, which are roughly done, were reprinted in +the <i>Observer</i> for March 12th, and two new ones were added, +‘Interior view of the Hayloft at the moment when Smithers +received his Death Wound,’ and a view of the interior of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page230" id="page230"></a>230</span> +stable. They are all interesting as examples of illustrated +news at a time when the means of producing such things +were extremely limited.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:318px; height:500px" src="images/img243.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">DAGGER PREPARED BY THE CATO STREET CONSPIRATORS. FROM THE +‘OBSERVER,’ MARCH 5TH, 1820.</td></tr></table> + +<table class="reg f90" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr"> +<p>A. Dagger made out of a bayonet to use singly or on top of a pike handle.</p> +<p>B. Dagger with hole in the middle to receive dagger A. when screwed on, to be used + right and left.</p> +<p>C. Section of the transverse dagger B.</p> +</div> </td></tr></table> + +<p>Mr. Clement, the proprietor of the <i>Observer</i>, gave a +remarkable proof of his enterprising spirit when the Cato +Street conspirators were tried. At that time newspapers +were prohibited under a penalty of 500<i>l.</i> from publishing +reports of cases in the courts of law before they were concluded. +Mr. Clement, seeing the universal interest excited +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page231" id="page231"></a>231</span> +by the trial, determined to publish a report without waiting +for the verdict. He accordingly sent reporters to the court, +and published the whole in the <i>Observer</i> before the verdict +was given. This was a contempt of court for which he +expected to have to pay, and, though the penalty was duly +inflicted, it was never exacted. The <i>éclat</i> attending this +proceeding was of immense value to the <i>Observer</i>, and the +sale of that number was so great that the proprietor could +easily have paid the penalty of 500<i>l.</i>, and he would still +have been a gainer.<a name="fa3e" id="fa3e" href="#ft3e"><span class="sp">3</span></a></p> + +<p>The Prince of Wales (afterwards George IV.), whose +unhappy marriage with Caroline of Brunswick produced so +much scandal and excitement in this country, had long been +separated from his wife, who was residing abroad at the +time her husband became King. Her Majesty announced +her intention of returning to England; and though the +King’s Ministers endeavoured to dissuade her from her +purpose, she persisted in her resolution, and on June 6th, +1820, she landed at Dover. Her journey through London +was one long triumph, thousands of people escorting her +to her temporary residence, and giving her the warmest +possible welcome, for they looked upon her as an ill-used +and persecuted woman. The question of omitting her name +from the Liturgy had been debated in Parliament, and +afterwards a ‘Bill of Pains and Penalties’ was brought in, +which was in effect placing the Queen upon her trial. Contemporary +newspapers show what intense excitement filled +the public mind upon this subject, and how the nation +ranged itself on the side of the King or Queen—by far the +greater number being for the latter. Nothing was talked +of but the ‘Queen’s trial,’ and the wrongs and indignities +that had been heaped upon the head of an innocent woman.</p> + +<p>On Aug. 16th, the married ladies of the metropolis +presented Her Majesty with an address, and three days +after the trial commenced, the defence being conducted +by Mr. Brougham and Mr. Denman. When the Queen +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page232" id="page232"></a>232</span> +attended the House of Lords large crowds accompanied her +through the streets, and manifested by their cries their +sympathy for her cause. The Bill of Pains and Penalties +was carried on a second reading by a majority of twenty-eight, +but it sank on the third reading to a majority of nine, +and was finally abandoned owing to the threatening attitude +of the populace. Great rejoicings ensued, London was illuminated +for three nights, and on Nov. 29th the Queen went +in state to St. Paul’s. On this occasion William Hone, who +had distinguished himself as one of the Queen’s champions, +displayed a transparency at his house on Ludgate Hill, +which was painted by George Cruikshank, and is engraved +in Hone’s collected pamphlets.</p> + +<p>The <i>Observer</i>, having to some extent laid itself out for +‘illustrated news,’ the occasion of so much interest and +excitement as the Queen’s trial was not likely to pass unnoticed. +Accordingly, we find in the number for Sept. 17th, +1820, a large woodcut, entitled, ‘A Faithful Representation +of the Interior of the House of Lords as prepared for the +Trial of Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Caroline.’ This +was published at the time the excitement was at the highest, +and no doubt the eager public properly appreciated the +enterprise of the conductors of the paper.</p> + +<p>In 1821 the House of Commons contained many notable +politicians and eminent men who afterwards became leaders +and champions among the ranks of Whig and Tory. +Amongst the most prominent were Canning, Brougham, +Peel, and Palmerston. The question of Reform was becoming +more and more pressing, and the House of Commons +as then constituted was tottering to its fall. The conductors +of the <i>Observer</i>, ever on the look-out for what would interest +their readers, published on Jan. 21st, 1821, two views of the +interior of the House of Commons, one looking towards the +Speaker’s Chair, the other looking from it. In one the +House is empty, but in the other most of the leading +politicians of the day are introduced. The figures, however, +are on too small a scale to be likenesses of the persons +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page233" id="page233"></a>233</span> +intended, but the reader is assisted by references showing +the places occupied by the most prominent members of the +House.</p> + +<p>The national excitement about Queen Caroline’s trial was +dying out when the first gentleman in Europe prepared for +his coronation. On this occasion the <i>Observer</i> gave the lieges +appropriate pictures of the august ceremony. The best +draughtsmen and engravers on wood, then very few in +number, were employed to prepare views of Westminster +Abbey and Westminster Hall during the coronation ceremony +and the banquet which followed. The <i>Observer</i> of +July 22nd, 1821, contains four engravings, which, considering +the limited artistic means at command, are by no means +discreditable to the management of the paper. On this +occasion a double number was published, the price of which +was fourteen pence, and the publisher evidently thought +it was very cheap. He announced that he would keep the +number on sale for ten days after publication, so that no +one might be disappointed in getting a copy. All these +engravings of the coronation of George IV. were done on +what was then considered a large scale, though none of +them exceed a half-page of the present illustrated newspapers, +and were finished as regards light and shade, +according to the best ability of the artist.</p> + +<p>The coronation number of the <i>Observer</i> produced a great +sensation, and it had a very large sale. Nothing like it had +ever been done before, and the public eagerly paid the +double price for the sake of the engravings. Fourpence +was paid for stamp duty on each sheet, amounting on the +whole to 2000<i>l.</i> paid to Government for stamp duty, exclusive +of paper duty. The number consisted of two sheets, +each of which had a sale of 60,000 copies. This was a very +good stroke of business, and Mr. Clement had fair reason +to congratulate himself on his successful enterprise. It +prompted him to further efforts; but, unfortunately, he had +not the wisdom to confine his energies to one channel, and +what he gained by one speculation he lost by another. It was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page234" id="page234"></a>234</span> +at this time he purchased the <i>Morning Chronicle</i> for 42,000<i>l.</i>; +but, as I have before stated, this turned out a disastrous +investment, and also injured for a time the otherwise successful +<i>Observer</i>.</p> + +<p>Soon after his coronation George IV. visited Ireland, and +while on his way received the melancholy intelligence of the +death of his consort, the unfortunate Queen Caroline, which, +however, did not prevent His Majesty from continuing his +journey. The <i>Observer</i> of Sept. 2nd, 1821, published ‘A +correct View of his Majesty King George the Fourth landing +from the <i>Lightening</i> Steam Packet, Capt. Skinner, on the +Pier of the Harbour of Howth, on Sunday, the Twelvth of +August, 1821.’ In describing this event the <i>Observer</i> spoke +of it as the opening of a new era for Ireland, and of the +highest importance both in an historical and political point +of view.</p> + +<p>In the following year the King went to Scotland; but, +though the <i>Observer</i> published long and elaborate descriptions +of His Majesty’s visit, the occasion was not deemed +worthy of illustration. The opportunity, however, must +have been far richer than the visit to Ireland in affording +subjects for sketches. It would have been curious to see +what a contemporary ‘special artist’ would have made of +Sir Walter Scott; and posterity would have been glad to +have had handed down to it the ‘varra effigies’ of George IV. +and Alderman Curtis in the kilt!</p> + +<p>In 1823 the city of Cadiz, in Spain, was invested by the +French, who took possession of the place on Oct. 3rd in that +year. The <i>Observer</i>, in its issue of Oct. 5th, printed a plan +and view of Cadiz, the plan first appearing in the <i>Morning +Chronicle</i> of the day before. The view of Cadiz is well +engraved, in the manner of that day, by W. Hughes. The +plan is also well done, and very complete.</p> + +<p>Towards the end of 1823 a murder, unparalleled in the +history of crime, excited immense public interest, and the +<i>Observer</i> at once took up the case, and described and illustrated +it with a particularity and minuteness of detail that +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page235" id="page235"></a>235</span> +must have satisfied the most ardent sensationalist. The +incidents of this remarkable crime have been long forgotten; +but I will give an outline of the story in connexion with the +engravings published on the occasion by the <i>Observer</i>.</p> + +<p>Mr. William Weare was an attorney in Lyon’s Inn, who +added to his legal practice the business of a bill-discounter, +and enlivened the dulness of both pursuits by indulging +occasionally in the excitement of gambling. He counted +amongst his friends one Mr. John Thurtell, a notorious +betting-man; and it was to keep an appointment with this +friend that he left his chambers in Lyon’s Inn on Friday, +Oct. 24th, 1823. The two friends had agreed to go on a +short shooting excursion to a lonely cottage on the St. Albans +road, about fourteen miles from London. Thurtell was respectably +connected, but had an evil reputation, he and his +brother being then in hiding to avoid a charge of arson. +Two other men were concerned in the murder, Hunt, a +public singer, of doubtful character, and Probert, a spirit +merchant, a fraudulent bankrupt, who lived at the cottage +to which Thurtell and his friend were going. In the +gambling transactions between Thurtell and Weare the +former conceived himself to have been cheated of 300<i>l.</i>, and +in revenge he determined to murder Weare, and by robbing +him recoup himself as far as possible for his losses. The +crime was coolly premeditated, and Hunt appears to have +been an accessory before the fact, having arranged to meet +Thurtell on the road, and to assist in despatching the victim. +For this purpose the shooting excursion to Probert’s cottage +was planned, but, owing to a mistake of Hunt’s, he did not +join Thurtell as agreed, and the latter committed the murder +alone.</p> + +<p>Thurtell and Weare were seen driving in a gig towards +Edgeware about five o’clock in the evening on Oct. 24th, +and they afterwards called at the ‘White Hart,’ Edgeware, +for refreshment. After they were gone Probert and Hunt, +also driving in a gig, called at the same inn, where they had +some brandy and water, and afterwards drove away.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page236" id="page236"></a>236</span></p> + +<p>Gill’s Hill Cottage, the place where Probert lived, was +about two miles from Elstree, and was approached by a +narrow road called Gill’s Hill Lane. Some country people +passing in the neighbourhood of this lane about eight o’clock +in the evening heard a shot fired and deep groans as if some +one was injured. They also heard voices and the wheels of a +cart or gig moving. Near nine o’clock Thurtell arrived at +the cottage <i>alone</i>, and giving the horse and gig to the servant, +went out to meet Probert and Hunt, with whom he +soon afterwards returned.</p> + +<p>Hunt being a stranger, was formally introduced to Mrs. +Probert and a Miss Noyes who was staying at the house. +The whole party supped together, and spent the evening in +jollity. Hunt sang several songs, and Thurtell produced a +gold hunting-watch which afterwards proved to be Weare’s, +and, taking off the chain, offered it to Probert for his wife, +but he declining it, Thurtell put it round the lady’s neck +himself. It was after midnight before the ladies retired, and +the sleeping accommodation being limited it was arranged +that Thurtell should sleep on some chairs and Hunt was to +occupy the sofa. A drawing of the sofa forms one of the +illustrations in the <i>Observer</i>, and proves how thoroughly +every circumstance of the horrid tale was followed up and +exhibited to the public. All this time the body of the +murdered Weare was lying behind a hedge in the lane.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Probert’s suspicions had been aroused by several +strange circumstances. A vague and horrid alarm took +possession of her, and when she retired to bed she stole +to the head of the stairs and listened to the talk that was +going on below in the parlour. She heard her husband and +his two visitors apparently dividing money, burning papers, +and making mysterious plans to conceal something dreadful +that had been done. Then the parlour door was opened, and +the frightened woman stole back to her room. She heard +two of the men go to the stable and bring out the horse. +Afterwards, hearing a noise in the garden, she looked out of +the window, and it being a moonlight night, she saw a man +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page237" id="page237"></a>237</span> +dragging something large and heavy along the garden walk +towards the fishpond. Then followed a hollow sound as if +something had been thrown into the pond.</p> + +<p>That night, when Probert went to bed, he found his wife +sitting up and crying. She questioned him about the +mysterious sounds she had heard, but he told her that he +and his companions had only been out trying to net some +game. In the morning she renewed her inquiries, but he +only replied, ‘Don’t torment me; you make my life miserable.’ +He seemed in low spirits, and went moping round the +garden and about the pond. Going into the kitchen Mrs. +Probert observed the gig cushion drying at the kitchen fire, +although there had been no rain the night before, and the +cook was surprised to see in the stable a wet, ripped-up sack +hanging on a nail.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:500px; height:425px" src="images/img250.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE COUCH ON WHICH HUNT SLEPT AT GILL’S HILL COTTAGE. FROM THE +‘OBSERVER,’ NOV. 10, 1823.</td></tr></table> + +<p>Early on Saturday morning two labouring men were +busy in Gill’s Hill Lane repairing the road, when two +gentlemen passed them on foot. At the bend of the lane +they stooped down and appeared to be looking for something +among the dead leaves and brambles. Coming back +they had some conversation with the road-menders, and +afterwards passed on up the lane towards the cottage. A +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page238" id="page238"></a>238</span> +short time afterwards one of the labourers found at the spot +where the gentlemen had been looking an open penknife +covered with blood, and a little further on a pistol with hair +sticking to it, and also bloody. These articles the man gave +to his master the same morning when he came round to +inspect their work. About noon they saw the two gentlemen +from Probert’s drive away in a gig. They both looked +hard at the spot where the knife and pistol had been found, +but said nothing.</p> + +<p>Mr. Nicholls, the road surveyor, to whom the knife and +pistol had been handed by the man who found them, went to +the magistrates at Watford and told how and where the +articles had been found. The magistrates at once sent +information to Bow Street, and two of their number immediately +went to Gill’s Hill Lane, where they discovered +spots and gouts of blood on the bank and under the leaves, +and there was a gap in the hedge where a body seemed to +have been dragged through. The field was also much +trampled. They at once came to the conclusion that a +murder had been committed, and took instant measures to +trace the guilty parties. The police seized Probert and +Thomas Thurtell at Gill’s Hill, and searched the house and +premises. John Thurtell was apprehended at the ‘Coach +and Horses,’ in Conduit Street. Marks of blood were found +on different articles of clothing belonging to him. At +Hunt’s lodgings various articles belonging to Weare had +been found. Weare being missing it was suspected he had +met with foul play at the hands of these men. A billiard-table +keeper in Spring Gardens proved that Mr. Weare had +called upon him about three o’clock on Friday, October 24th, +and told him he was then on his way to join Thurtell in the +Edgeware Road, as they were going down to Hertfordshire +for a few days’ shooting. Thurtell, on being questioned, +admitted he knew Mr. Weare, but said he had not seen him +for eight days.</p> + +<p>It appeared by the disclosures afterwards made by +Thurtell’s two confederates that Thurtell had shot Weare +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page239" id="page239"></a>239</span> +while they were riding in the gig down Gill’s Hill Lane, +leading to the cottage where Probert lived. Weare jumped +out of the gig, crying he would pay Thurtell all he owed +him if he would only spare his life. Thurtell jumped out of +the gig and ran after him. He got Weare down and cut +his throat with a penknife, and then struck him on the head +with a pistol. He then dragged the body through the hedge +and left it there. The same night Thurtell and Hunt went +out from Probert’s cottage to bring the body away, but they +found it too heavy. Probert and Thurtell then went and +brought the body on the horse, and put it in the fishpond +with stones in the sack to keep it down. They afterwards +removed the body from the fishpond and sunk it in a deep +pond by the side of the Elstree road.</p> + +<p>The cold-blooded indifference of the perpetrators of this +atrocious crime was most extraordinary. The murder was +committed on Friday night, and on Saturday Thurtell and +Hunt returned to London and dined with Thomas Thurtell +and Mr. Noyes, Probert’s brother-in-law, at the ‘Coach and +Horses,’ in Conduit Street. They were very jovial, and next +day (Sunday) the whole party met again at Proberts’ house +in Gill’s Hill Lane, when the afternoon was spent in playing +at cards. On Sunday night Thurtell and Hunt went to dig +a grave to bury the body, but the dogs were barking, and +they were afraid some one was about. On Monday, while +Hunt engaged Mrs. Probert in conversation, Thurtell and +Probert got the body out of the fishpond, and cut off the +clothes. Then they all three carried it to the garden-gate and +put it into the gig. A grave half dug was found in Probert’s +garden, but the soil was hard, and it is supposed that Thurtell +and Hunt were afraid of the noise pickaxes would make.</p> + +<p>Hunt, to save his own neck from the halter, confessed +that he knew where the body was, and went with four men +in a hackney coach to a bridge on the Elstree Road, near +which was a deep pond by the side of the road. In this +pond the body of Weare was found tied in a sack, with +stones to keep it down.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page240" id="page240"></a>240</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:622px; height:700px" src="images/img253.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">POND IN WHICH THE BODY OF MR. WEARE WAS FOUND. FROM THE ‘OBSERVER,’ +NOV. 10, 1823.</td></tr></table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page241" id="page241"></a>241</span></p> + +<p>Thurtell, Probert, and Hunt were tried at Hertford on +January 6, 1824. Probert was admitted King’s evidence, +and so escaped for that time, but he was afterwards hung at +the Old Bailey for horse-stealing. Thurtell and Hunt were +condemned to death, but only Thurtell was hung, Hunt +being reprieved on the morning of execution, and transported +for life. In those days prize-fighting was in much +favour, and a great fight was coming off between Spring +and Langham, two noted pugilists. To show the ruffianly +and impenitent character of Thurtell, it is related that he +said, a few hours before his execution, ‘It is perhaps wrong +in my situation; but I own I should like to read Pierce +Egan’s account of the great fight yesterday.’</p> + +<p>Some of the incidents of the trial were appalling, others +ludicrous. The production of the weapon with which the +murder was committed, stained and rusted with blood, made +every one shudder except the prisoners. The oft-quoted +reason for a man being respectable ‘because he kept a horse +and shay’ occurred during this trial; and when Probert’s +cook was asked whether the supper at Gill’s Hill Cottage +was postponed, she answered, ‘No; it was pork.’<a name="fa4e" id="fa4e" href="#ft4e"><span class="sp">4</span></a></p> + +<p>The murder of Mr. Weare was committed on October 24, +and discovered a few days afterwards. On November 10 the +<i>Observer</i> published five illustrations of the murder:—1. Probert’s +cottage and garden. 2. The scene of the murder in +Gill’s Hill Lane. 3. The pond in which the body of Weare +was found. 4. Front view (from the road) of Probert’s +cottage. 5. The parlour and the couch on which Hunt +slept. On December 7 the <i>Observer</i> published a view of the +interior of the Crown Court at Hertford at the moment the +prisoners were brought up to plead; and, having found that +the public had eagerly purchased the illustrations already +issued, the editor announced the publication of two sheets +with additional engravings on the occasion of the trial:—‘The +Trials of the prisoners at Hertford having been put off +till Tuesday, Jan. 6, the publication of the intended Supplement +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page242" id="page242"></a>242</span> +of this Journal, containing the plates illustrative of the +facts to be disclosed in the evidence, has been deferred till +Sunday, January 11, on which day Two Sheets instead of +one will be published. Booksellers, Postmasters, &c., are +requested to give their orders through their respective +Agents in London, as no papers whatever are on any +occasion forwarded through the Publisher.’ Accordingly, +at the appointed time two sheets came out, containing the +cuts already enumerated together with three fresh ones, the +latter being the stable-yard of Probert’s cottage with the +murderers conveying the body by the light of a lantern to +the stable; a front view of the cottage, showing the murderers +dragging the body to the pond; and a ground-plan of +the country round the scene of the murder. The conductors +of the Journal appear to have had some misgivings as to the +good taste of their proceedings, but were unable to resist the +temptation of a large and profitable sale. The engravings +are thus introduced to the reader:—‘The unparalleled interest +which has been created in the public mind by the +mysterious circumstances attending the death of Mr. Weare +has induced us, with a view to the gratification of our +readers, to use every exertion in our power, not only to give +a faithful and copious Report of the Trial of the persons +charged with this most foul and atrocious deed, but, with +the assistance of competent Artists, to obtain such Plates as +appear to us best calculated to illustrate the detail of circumstances +disclosed in the evidence before the jury. We are +aware that by some these illustrations will be condemned as +inconsistent with good taste; and we are ready to acknowledge +that on all occasions their adoption would be extremely +injudicious. In a case, however, where the feelings and the +curiosity of the public have been so much excited, and where +so singular and ardent an avidity has been displayed to +obtain every possible light upon a subject so interesting, we +trust that those who may entertain, perhaps, a well-founded +objection to our plan, will, for a moment, grant us their +indulgence, and permit us to meet the wishes of persons who +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page243" id="page243"></a>243</span> +may not be so fastidious as themselves. The strongest argument +which we can adduce in favour of the continued pursuit +of this plan—is the fact, that of three of the plates which +we now feel it necessary to republish, many thousand impressions +have been already sold, and yet the number, though +high, has been insufficient to supply the continued demand. +The necessity imposed on us, however, for breaking up our +formes, forced us to refer the recent applicants to the present +publication, which will be found to contain the most minute +and correct particulars of everything connected with this +extraordinary affair.’</p> + +<p>Then follows a long and minute description of all the +plates, when it is stated, ‘For the sake of effect the artist +has given all the views as they would appear in daylight; +but, with the exception of Plate II. (finding the body of +Weare in the pond), the scenes ought to have been represented +as at night.’ Some of the engravings illustrating the +murder of Mr. Weare appeared in the <i>Morning Chronicle</i> the +day before their publication in the <i>Observer</i>, and they were +also published simultaneously in the <i>Englishman</i>, which appears +to have been in substance another edition of the +<i>Observer</i> without the advertisements. The name of W. +Hughes is attached to them as the engraver.</p> + +<p>The <i>Observer</i> was loudly condemned for publishing the +Weare and Thurtell illustrations, and it did not for some +time bring out any more engravings; but this was probably +owing more to the commercial depression prevailing at the +time than to the strictures that had been passed upon newspaper +morality.</p> + +<p>About this time <i>Bell’s Life</i> came into Mr. Clement’s +hands, and henceforth it shared, with the <i>Morning Chronicle</i> +and the <i>Englishman</i>, in the illustrations prepared for the +<i>Observer</i>. It had, however, a distinct series of illustrations +of its own, which was continued for several years. But +before describing them I must refer to one or two characteristic +engravings which appeared in <i>Bell’s Life</i> in its early +days. On November 28, 1824, the first large woodcut was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page244" id="page244"></a>244</span> +published, representing a prize-fight on a raised stage, and +entitled the ‘Tip Top Milling at Warwick.’ According to +the account accompanying the engraving, this prize-fight +was a most brutal exhibition, without any display of what +boxers call ‘science’—a mere exchange of hard blows, +ending in one of the combatants being carried insensible +from the stage. The coming fight was made known far +and wide, so that when the day arrived vehicles from all +parts of the country brought hundreds of spectators to the +scene. The fight took place, openly and without fear of +interruption, on the race-course at Warwick, the grand +stand being crammed with spectators, and a ring of waggons, +on which clustered crowds of eager gazers, surrounded the +stage. This is all shown in the engraving in <i>Bell’s Life</i>; +and the different objects in the background, such as the +church, the keep of Warwick Castle, the cemetery, &c., are +pointed out by figures of reference with the most conscientious +care. There is a very long account of the battle, +couched in language only understood by members of the +‘fancy.’</p> + +<p>In 1825 the town was being amused by Liston, as ‘Paul +Pry,’ then a recent creation of the stage. On November 8 +in that year <i>Bell’s Life</i> published a woodcut representing the +comedian in that character, which I have copied as an early +example of the illustrations of the great sporting journal.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:329px; height:500px" src="images/img258.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">LISTON AS PAUL PRY. FROM ‘BELL’S LIFE,’ 1825.</td></tr></table> + +<p>In 1827 <i>Bell’s Life</i> commenced a series of caricature +sketches by Cruikshank, Seymour, and Kenny Meadows, +entitled a ‘Gallery of Comicalities.’ This continued at +intervals, along with other sketches entitled ‘Phizogs of +the Tradesmen of London’ (half-lengths of Butchers, Cobblers, +&c., commencing in 1832); ‘Kitchen Stuff, or Cads +of the Aristocracy’ (heads of gentlemen’s servants); ‘Portraits +down the Road’ (heads of characters seen on a stage-coach +journey, such as the Landlady, the Commercial Traveller, +the Chambermaid, &c.); ‘The Sporting Album’ +(sketches from life, commencing 1834). These caricature +subjects were continued to the end of the year 1840. The +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page245" id="page245"></a>245</span> +greater number are much too coarse, cynical, and vulgar for +the taste of the present day. Sometimes a series of sketches +extended through several consecutive weeks, such as ‘The +Pugilist’s Progress’ and ‘The Drunkard’s Progress,’ both +by Seymour. ‘The Drunkard’s Progress,’ which appeared +in 1829, consisted of twelve scenes, and embodied the same +idea that was many years afterwards more fully developed +by George Cruikshank in his series of large plates entitled +‘The Bottle.’ Now and then appeared a sporting subject +by Harvey, such as Coursing, Hunting, Bull-Baiting, &c. +In the number for February 8, 1829, appeared a curious +woodcut representing a view in the Isle of Anglesea, which +was said to have excited the attention and surprise of passing +travellers from its presenting an excellent profile of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page246" id="page246"></a>246<br />247</span> +Marquis of Anglesea, who was then very popular. In 1831 +portraits of Young Dutch Sam and Ned Neal, the famous +pugilists, were published; and in 1838 the initials of John +Leech began to appear to some of the cuts. Portraits of +prize-fighters, race-horses, representations of racing-cups, +&c., were given at intervals until 1851, when the last illustration, +a monument to Tom Cribb, appeared.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter" colspan="2"><img style="width:630px; height:336px" src="images/img259.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcc f90">THE MAN WOT LOST THE FIGHT.</td> + <td class="tcc f90">THE MAN WOT WON THE FIGHT.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption" colspan="2">FROM ‘BELL’S LIFE,’ 1831.</td></tr></table> + +<p>As further examples of the illustrations in <i>Bell’s Life</i>, I +copy two, which were published in 1831.</p> + +<p>About 1825 there was another sporting paper in existence, +conducted by the celebrated author of ‘Tom and Jerry.’ +It was called <i>Pierce Egan’s Life in London</i>, and, like <i>Bell’s +Life</i>, had its sporting and other columns decorated with little +woodcut headings, and sometimes published an engraving of +a racing-cup.</p> + +<p>At the beginning of 1827 the <i>Observer</i> resumed its illustrations +of news, and on the death of the Duke of York published +a long memoir of his Royal Highness, accompanied +by an equestrian portrait of the Duke, ‘taken during his +last visit to Newmarket.’ In the number for January 21 +are engravings of the remains of his Royal Highness lying +in state in St. James’s Palace, and a view of the interior of +the Royal Mausoleum at Windsor. The above were engraved +by Slader, and were published simultaneously in the <i>Englishman</i> +and <i>Bell’s Life</i>.</p> + +<p>The number published on Aug. 13, 1827, contains a large +portrait of Mr. Canning, then just deceased. This portrait +has the names of Jackson and Smith attached to it as the +engravers. In the number for Sept. 30 there is a ‘correct +view of the Suspension Bridge, Hammersmith, to be opened +to the public on Saturday, Oct. 6, 1827.’ This is engraved +by Slader, and appears also in <i>Bell’s Life</i> the same week. +The following week the <i>Observer</i> published a large plan +showing the alterations proposed in St. James’s Park in +connexion with the building of Buckingham Palace; and on +Nov. 18 appeared a plan of the port of Navarino, accompanying +an account of the naval battle at that place. In +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page248" id="page248"></a>248<br />249</span> +December was published a view of ‘Mr. Gurney’s new +Steam-Carriage, as it appeared in the Regent’s Park on +Thursday, Dec. 6, 1827,’ and later in the same month a +representation of Mr. D. Gordon’s new steam-coach. Both +these engravings are curious and interesting, as showing the +attempts that were made fifty years ago to apply steam to +the propulsion of carriages on common roads.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:476px; height:550px" src="images/img261.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF YORK, TAKEN DURING HIS LAST VISIT TO NEWMARKET. +FROM THE ‘OBSERVER,’ JAN. 8, 1827.</td></tr></table> + +<p>Mr. Gurney was a medical man, but gave up his practice +and devoted himself to scientific studies, and particularly +to the construction of locomotive engines for turnpike +travelling. He had seen Trevithick’s engine, and when a +youth had frequently met Trevithick himself. He had thus +become imbued with a conviction of the practicability of +making a steam-carriage that would travel on common roads. +Other inventors succeeded in doing the same thing, but Mr. +Gurney attained the greatest amount of success. With his +steam-carriage he made a journey from London to Bath on +July 28, 1829, performing the return journey at fourteen +miles an hour, or the eighty-four miles in nine hours and +twenty minutes, stoppages for fuel and water included. In +1831 he established a regular steam conveyance between +Gloucester and Cheltenham, a distance of about nine miles. +The steam-carriages commenced plying on Feb. 21, 1831, and +continued running four times a-day for four months, with +tolerable regularity and without accident. The project, +however, received such determined opposition from coach +proprietors and turnpike trusts that it was abandoned. The +tolls exacted were so heavy that at one gate they amounted +to eight guineas. Mr. Gurney is said to have expended +36,000<i>l.</i> on his enterprise, but without any permanent +beneficial result. His inventive genius, however, contributed +to develope the high speed of the locomotive and +the subsequent success of railways. He died Feb. 28, 1875, +aged eighty-two years.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:660px; height:348px" src="images/img263.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">MR. GURNEY’S NEW STEAM-CARRIAGE AS IT APPEARED IN THE REGENT’S PARK ON +THURSDAY, DEC. 6, 1827. FROM THE ‘OBSERVER,’ DEC. 9, 1827.</td></tr></table> + +<p>Mr. Gordon took out a patent for a steam-coach in 1822, +and constructed two different machines. One had its wheels +surrounded by cogs, or projecting teeth. This engine was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page250" id="page250"></a>250<br />251</span> +to be placed within a large rolling drum, about nine feet in +diameter and five feet wide, the inside of which should be +fitted with circular rack-rails fitting the wheels of the steam-engine. +Thus the motion of the engine would cause the +drum to roll forward, on the same principle that a squirrel +causes a cylindrical cage to revolve; and the rolling of the +drum was to move a carriage connected with it. The other +machine had two long propellers or legs, intended to obviate +the supposed tendency of wheels to slip when ascending a +slope.</p> + +<p>The Thames Tunnel, which was begun in 1825 by Mr. +Brunel, was on more than one occasion threatened with +destruction by irruptions of water. On Jan. 12, 1828, six +workmen perished by a sudden rush of water into the +workings, and on the 20th the <i>Observer</i> published an engraving +representing the catastrophe. On the 9th of June +appeared ‘A correct view of Ascot Heath Race Course, taken +by an eminent artist on Thursday last.’ This ‘eminent +artist’ was William Harvey, and the cut bears the names of +Jackson and Smith as the engravers. A sheet containing a +selection of comic sketches from <i>Bell’s Life</i> was issued with +the <i>Observer</i> of July 20, 1828, accompanied by a statement +that the sketches (twenty-seven in number) cost one hundred +and forty-two pounds, drawing and engraving. This sounds +very trivial when contrasted with the large sums now paid +by illustrated newspapers.</p> + +<p>In 1827 another exciting murder was committed, and the +<i>Observer</i>, undeterred by former censures, published a portrait +of the criminal and a view of the scene of his crime, but did +not on this occasion deal with the case in the elaborate way +in which the murder of Mr. Weare was treated. The story +of the Red Barn is well known to provincial playgoers in +the Eastern Counties, where it still sometimes figures in +theatrical programmes on Saturday nights. William Corder +was a farmer’s son residing not far from Ipswich. He had +for some time carried on an intrigue with a country girl +named Maria Marten, whom he at last enticed into a barn +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page252" id="page252"></a>252</span> +not far from her father’s cottage, and there murdered her, +and buried her body under the floor of the barn. After this +he continued to visit her father’s cottage, and by various +falsehoods accounted for the girl’s continued absence. +Months went by, and Corder wrote several letters to the +girl’s parents, in which he told plausible stories about her +being at the seaside with relatives of his own. The girl’s +mother, however, had had her suspicions aroused by +several circumstances, and at length she dreamed three +times that her daughter had been murdered and her body +hid under the floor in the Red Barn. The woman’s mind +was so worked upon by the recurrence of this dream that she +induced her husband to search under the floor of the barn, +and there, sure enough, the murdered body of the girl was +found. In the meantime Corder had advertised for a wife +in the <i>Morning Herald</i> in the following terms:—‘A private +gentleman, aged twenty-four, entirely independent, whose +disposition is not to be exceeded, has lately lost chief of his +family by the hand of Providence, which has occasioned +discord among the remainder, under circumstances the most +disagreeable to relate. To any female of respectability, who +would study for domestic comfort, and is willing to confide +her future happiness to one in every way qualified to render +the marriage state desirable, as the advertiser is in affluence. +Many happy marriages have taken place through means +similar to this now resorted to. It is hoped no one will +answer this through impertinent curiosity; but should this +meet the eye of any agreeable lady, who feels desirous of +meeting with a sociable, tender, kind, and sympathising +companion, they will find this advertisement worthy of +notice. Honour and secrecy may be relied on. As some +little security against idle application, it is requisite that +letters may be addressed, post-paid, A. Z., care of Mr. +Foster, stationer, 68 Leadenhall Street, with real name and +address, which will meet with most respectful attention.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:389px; height:690px" src="images/img266.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">WILLIAM CORDER. FROM THE ‘OBSERVER,’ AUG. 10, 1823.</td></tr></table> + +<p>Through this advertisement Corder became acquainted +with a lady who kept the Grove House Academy at Ealing, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page253" id="page253"></a>253<br />254</span> +near London. They were married, and he went to reside +with his wife at Grove House, where he was arrested one +morning in the spring of 1828. Various circumstances +pointed to him as the murderer of Maria Marten, and he +was tried for the crime at Bury St. Edmunds on Aug. 6, +1828. The crowd was so great that the counsel and officers +of the court had to fight their way to their places. Corder +appeared at the bar dressed in a new suit of black, and with +his hair combed over his forehead. He wore a pair of blue +French spectacles, through which he eyed the witnesses +smilingly. Being called on for his defence, he read a statement +which amounted to charging Maria Marten with +having committed suicide. He said that in consequence of +a quarrel they had in the Red Barn she shot herself with +one of two pistols which he had with him:—‘The instant +the mischief happened, I thought to have made it public; +but this would have added to the suspicion, and I then +resolved to conceal her death. I then buried her in the best +way I could. I tried to conceal the fact as well as I could, +giving sometimes one reason for her absence, and sometimes +another.’ He was found guilty and sentenced to death, and +the night before his execution he made the following confession:—‘I +acknowledge being guilty of the death of poor +Maria Marten, by shooting her with a pistol. The particulars +are as follows: When we left her father’s house, we +began quarrelling about the burial of the child, she apprehending +that the place wherein it was deposited would be +found out. The quarrel continued for about three quarters +of an hour upon this and about other subjects. A scuffle +ensued, and during the scuffle, and at the time I think that +she had hold of me, I took the pistol from the side pocket +of my shooting-coat.... I have been guilty of great idleness, +and at times led a dissolute life, but I hope through the +mercy of God to be forgiven.—<span class="sc">W. Corder.</span>’</p> + +<p>This murder excited great and marked interest, not only +in Suffolk, but through the whole country. On Aug. 10, +1828, the day before the execution, the <i>Observer</i> published a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page255" id="page255"></a>255</span> +portrait of Corder and a view of the Red Barn, which are +here copied. The excitement showed itself in the streets, +where puppet shows represented the scene of the crime, and +Methodist preachers held forth in the fields near the barn +to thousands of attentive listeners. The Red Barn itself was +nearly pulled to pieces by curiosity seekers.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:500px; height:404px" src="images/img268.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE RED BARN. FROM THE ‘OBSERVER,’ AUG. 10, 1828.</td></tr></table> + +<p>On the Monday of the execution all the workmen in Bury +struck work in order to see the murderer hanged, and persons +came from long distances for the same purpose. One man +was pestered by every one he met on his return by inquiries +whether Corder had really been hung that morning. This +was repeated so often that he became quite weary of the +constantly recurring question, ‘Is Corder executed?’ In the +evening, in order to get rid of the gloomy feelings created +by what he had witnessed, he went to the theatre, where he +arrived somewhat late. The play (‘Macbeth’) had advanced +to the fourth scene of the first act as he seated himself in the +pit. The newcomer, who was better acquainted with the +details of the murder in the Red Barn than with the plays of +Shakespeare, was not a little astonished when King Duncan +entered, and, fixing his eye upon him, repeated what he +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page256" id="page256"></a>256</span> +thought was the same question that had been so often +addressed to him that day, ‘Is execution done on Cawdor?’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:358px; height:550px" src="images/img269.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE SIAMESE TWINS. FROM THE ‘OBSERVER,’ NOVEMBER 22, 1829.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The <i>Observer</i> continued its illustration of events as they +occurred, sharing the engravings with <i>Bell’s Life</i> and the +<i>Englishman</i>. St. Katharine’s Docks were opened on Oct. 25th, +1828, and on the following day the <i>Observer</i> published a +bird’s eye view of the docks, showing the ceremonies attending +the opening. In January, 1829, appeared two views +of Buckingham Palace, then building for George IV.; and +in August a cut of the ‘Post-Office Accelerator,’ a carriage +for conveying London postmen to their several districts. A +portrait of Rowton, the winner of the Great St. Leger for +1829, was given in September. This year the lovers of +wonderful shows were attracted to an exhibition in London +of two Siamese youths who were united together by a short +cartilaginous band at the pit of the stomach, but with no +other connexion existing between them. They were perfectly +straight and well made, and walked with a gait like other +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page257" id="page257"></a>257</span> +people; being perfect in all their parts, and having all their +functions distinct. Their names were Chang and Eng; and +they were first discovered on the banks of the Siam river, +fishing, by Mr. Hunter, an American, by whom they were +taken to New York, where they were exhibited, and were +afterwards brought to England. They were supposed to be +about eighteen years old when they were exhibited in +London in 1829. The <i>Observer</i> of November 22, 1829, published +a long account of the Siamese Twins, with a woodcut +representing them as they were exhibited to the public.</p> + +<p>After having been exhibited for several years in London +and the provinces, the Siamese twins went to America, where +they settled on a farm, and married sisters. In the year 1869 +they returned to London, and were as elderly men again exhibited; +but they soon went back to America, where in a few +years they died, both together. A similar exhibition was made +in London about 1868 of twin girls, named Millie-Christine, +or the ‘Two-headed Nightingale,’ and it was probably the +appearance of these two ‘black birds’ that suggested the +idea of the Siamese twins appearing again in public.</p> + +<p>In June, 1830, George the Fourth died, and the <i>Observer</i> +published several engravings connected with the event. On +June 24th appeared a portrait of ‘His Majesty George the +Fourth as he last appeared in his Pony Phaeton in Windsor +Park;’ and on July 18 three illustrations of the lying-in-state +and the funeral were published.</p> + +<p>‘The King is dead! Long live the King!’ So said the +citizens of London when they invited William IV. and +Queen Adelaide to a banquet at Guildhall on the following +November 9; and on the 1st, eight days before the entertainment +came off, the <i>Observer</i> duly supplied the public +with ‘A correct view of the grand civic entertainment,’ as +it was to be. On Aug. 1, 1831, new London Bridge was +opened by the King and Queen, and two engravings illustrative +of the event were published in the <i>Observer</i>, the +<i>Morning Chronicle</i>, <i>Bell’s Life</i>, and the <i>Englishman</i>. One of +them is interesting, as it shows the relative positions of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page258" id="page258"></a>258<br />259</span> +old and the new bridge. The view was taken from the +tower of St. Saviour’s Church, Southwark, looking towards +Fish Street Hill.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:820px; height:466px" src="images/img271.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">HIS MAJESTY GEORGE IV., AS HE LAST APPEARED IN HIS PONY PHAETON IN WINDSOR PARK. +FROM THE ‘OBSERVER,’ JUNE 29, 1830.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The <i>Observer</i> of Sept. 11, 1831, contained four illustrations +of the coronation of King William IV. and Queen Adelaide, +together with long and elaborate descriptions. There was +another paper in existence at this time called the <i>United +Kingdom</i>, which also illustrated the coronation. This was +the period of the great Reform agitation, when the newspapers +were absorbed in political excitement; and after this +the <i>Observer</i> for a time ceased to give any illustrations.</p> + +<p>On July 28, 1835, a diabolical attempt was made in Paris +to shoot Louis-Philippe, king of the French. The assassin, +whose name was Fieschi, constructed an infernal machine, +consisting of twenty-five barrels, charged with various kinds +of missiles, and lighted simultaneously by a train of gunpowder. +The machine was fired from a window as the King +rode along the lines of the National Guard, on the Boulevard +du Temple, accompanied by his three sons and suite. The +King and his sons escaped, but Marshal Mortier was shot +dead and many officers were dangerously wounded. Amongst +the spectators upwards of forty persons were killed or injured. +In its number for August 9, 1835, the <i>Observer</i> gave a sketch +of the attempted assassination, a portrait of the criminal, +and a representation of the infernal machine.</p> + +<p>The actual infernal machine, with a waxen effigy of +Fieschi, formed for many years a prominent attraction at +Madame Tussaud’s Exhibition.</p> + +<p>The reign of William IV. was a short one, and soon the +<i>Observer</i> had to illustrate his funeral, as it had done that of +his predecessor. The number for July 3, 1837, contained +three engravings of the royal obsequies, and ere long the +brief rule of the Sailor King was forgotten in the dawning +glories of the Victorian era. The epoch of railways was +opening. The Greenwich Railway was the first railway +out of London, and the next was the North-Western, or +the London and Birmingham as it was then called. On +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page260" id="page260"></a>260<br />261</span> +July 24, 1837, the <i>Observer</i> published a large woodcut +of the ‘Grand entrance to the London and Birmingham +Railway at Euston Square.’ Mr. Hardwick’s massive +structure was then in progress, and formed the entrance +to the first of the great London railway stations—vast +buildings, some of which have swallowed up whole streets, +and contributed greatly to alter the appearance of London +in their vicinity.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:800px; height:368px" src="images/img273.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">GERARD, <i>ALIAS</i> FIESCHI, AND THE INFERNAL MACHINE. FROM THE ‘OBSERVER,’ AUGUST 9, 1835.</td></tr></table> + +<p>On July 24, 1837, a balloon ascended from Vauxhall +with a parachute attached, in which was Mr. Cocking, who +in descending was killed. The <i>Observer</i> published illustrations +of this event, which excited great interest at the time. +Other papers illustrated Mr. Cocking’s death, which I will +recount more at length when I come to treat of the <i>Weekly +Chronicle</i>, which contained more illustrations of the event +than any other paper. A large engraving appeared in the +<i>Observer</i> for August 20, 1837, representing the Waterloo +shield, given by Lord George Bentinck, and run for at +Goodwood Races, 1837.</p> + +<p>When Her Majesty Queen Victoria paid her first visit +to the City of London after her accession, the <i>Observer</i> came +out with larger engravings than it had ever before produced. +Two large views of the interior of Guildhall were given, +together with a panoramic sketch of the royal and civic +procession, and a portrait of the youthful Queen, ‘surrounded +by a beautiful Emblematic Design, in which +innocence and strength are happily portrayed by the +playfulness of the Doves and the fearless defiance of the +Lion.’ Such was the flowery language of the <i>Observer</i> in +those days.</p> + +<p>The <i>Observer</i> of July 2, 1838, was a double number, +price tenpence, and contained several illustrations of the +coronation of Queen Victoria, which were also printed in +<i>Bell’s Life</i>. I have copied one of them, not because it +is particularly good, but simply to mark an important +historical event, which ought to have some record in an +account of illustrated journalism.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page262" id="page262"></a>262</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:491px; height:700px" src="images/img275.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE CORONATION OF QUEEN VICTORIA. FROM THE ‘OBSERVER,’ JULY 2, 1838.</td></tr></table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page263" id="page263"></a>263</span></p> + +<p>On the occasion of Her Majesty’s marriage, the <i>Observer</i> +published a wedding number, containing several engravings, +which were introduced to the reader thus:—‘Little in the +way of explanation is necessary to render the sketches in +the opposite page, with which we have illustrated our +account of the splendid ceremonials of Her Majesty’s Nuptials +on Monday last, intelligible. Our readers will no doubt +make due allowance for any imperfections which may be discovered, +when they reflect on the fact that the whole of the +labours of the artists and the engravers have been accomplished +in less than a week, and this under circumstances of +difficulty, in obtaining admission to the scenes to be sketched, +almost insurmountable. We should not be doing justice to +our engraver were we not to state that it is to Mr. Orrin +Smith we owe the consummation of our desire to gratify our +patrons.’</p> + +<p>On October 30, 1841, a fire occurred in the Tower of +London, when the Armoury and 280,000 stand of arms were +destroyed. On November 7 the <i>Observer</i> published three +illustrations of this great fire. On November 14 it presented +its subscribers with a large emblematic engraving +on the occasion of the birth of the Prince of Wales. In +the following January, when the Prince of Wales was +christened, it published a large page engraving designed +by W. B. Scott, and engraved by Smith and Linton, containing +the ceremony of christening in St. George’s Chapel, +the banquet in St. George’s Hall, illustrations of the history +of the Princes of Wales from the presentation of the first +Prince of Wales to the Welsh, to the religious instruction +of Edward VI. by Archbishop Cranmer, including the battle +of Cressy with the feats of the Black Prince, and the subsequent +pageantry attending the introduction of the King of +France as a prisoner into London over London Bridge; +following this is the dismissal of Falstaff and his profligate +companions by Henry V., with views of Windsor, &c. From +this time until 1847 the <i>Observer</i> published no more engravings. +In the interval the <i>Illustrated London News</i> commenced +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page264" id="page264"></a>264</span> +its career. On July 12, 1847, the <i>Observer</i> published +the last of its illustrations. This was on the installation of +Prince Albert as Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. +The engravings have the name of W. J. Linton attached to +them, and are on a larger scale, and are better done than +anything hitherto appearing in the same paper.</p> + +<p>The <i>Weekly Chronicle</i>, the first number of which was +published September 18, 1836, started with the idea of +illustrating the news of the day as one of its principal +features. The price was threepence, and with it was incorporated +the <i>Weekly Times</i>. In the first number the +public were ‘requested to be on their guard against the +substitution of any other paper.’ This probably had reference +to some threatened rivalship, for exactly a year later +appeared <i>Holt’s Weekly Chronicle</i>, a paper which also gave +illustrations of current events. It published engravings +connected with the rebellion in Canada, and also illustrated +the burning of the Royal Exchange in 1838. It appears to +have had only a brief existence. The first number of the +<i>Weekly Chronicle</i> contained an engraving of ‘the new grand +Balloon which ascended from Vauxhall Gardens with nine +persons on Friday, September 9th, engraved by W. C. +Walker, from a drawing made by a gentleman who ascended +expressly for this paper.’ Number 2 contained a page of +comic sketches, apparently by Seymour, and with the number +for October 30, 1836, was presented gratis an almanack +containing a view of the new Houses of Parliament, not +quite as the design was eventually carried out. Very early +in its career the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i> selected the criminal +records as favourite subjects for illustration. Perhaps some +memory of the profits realised by the <i>Observer</i> on the occasion +of the Weare murder induced the conductors to cultivate +this class of news. Certainly nothing more repulsive +ever figured in the pages of an illustrated newspaper than +some of the woodcuts published by the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i>.</p> + +<p>Towards the end of 1836 another attempt was made on +the life of the King of the French, and on January 8, 1837, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page265" id="page265"></a>265</span> +the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i> published a portrait of the criminal. +A month or two later the public were enlightened as to the +personal appearance of another murderer, one Pegsworth, +who had his portrait taken in Newgate on the morning of +his execution. The annals of crime were varied by the +exploits of war, and a view of the heights of Amelzagame +illustrated the career of the Spanish Legion under the command +of General Evans. In the spring of 1837 occurred the +Greenacre murder, and the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i> at once went +into the case with an evident determination to do full justice +to its sensational merits. From the first examination of the +murderer before the magistrates to his final exit in the Old +Bailey the artists of the paper were on the alert, pencil in +hand. It is a painful fact that the numbers of the <i>Weekly +Chronicle</i> containing the illustrations of the Greenacre murder +had a very large sale. The details of the crime are too +shocking to recapitulate, but I will give a list of the woodcuts +published in connexion with it.</p> + +<p>April 2, 1837.—A sketch of Greenacre taken while under +examination at the police-office. Head of the murdered woman +as preserved in spirits at Paddington Workhouse.</p> + +<p>April 9.—Greenacre taking notes at his examination before +the magistrates at Marylebone Police Office. Exterior +of Greenacre’s house in Carpenter’s Buildings, Windmill +Lane, Camberwell. View of Pineapple Gate, Edgware Road, +where the body was found. Matthew Hale, lock-keeper, who +found the head. Rear of Greenacre’s house. A back room +looking into the garden. Portraits of Mrs. Gale and child +taken while under examination at Marylebone Police Office. +Room where the horrible mutilation was committed. Osierbed +in Cold Harbour Lane, where the legs were found.</p> + +<p>April 16.—Trial of Greenacre.</p> + +<p>April 23.—Chapel in Newgate, sketched during the +preaching of the condemned sermon to Greenacre.</p> + +<p>April 30.—Greenacre in condemned cell.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:800px; height:531px" src="images/img279.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">CHAPEL IN NEWGATE: THE CONDEMNED SERMON. FROM THE ‘WEEKLY CHRONICLE,’ APRIL 23, 1837.<br /> +1. Sheriffs’ Pew.    2. Governor’s Pew.    3. Condemned Pew.</td></tr></table> + +<p>On May 7 the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i> wound up this series of +illustrations by publishing a large cut, which it entitled, ‘A +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page266" id="page266"></a>266<br />267</span> +scene in the Old Bailey, immediately before the execution, +engraved expressly for the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i> by a distinguished +artist.’ According to an announcement in the +paper itself, the sale of the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i> during the +publication of these engravings was 130,000.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:427px; height:500px" src="images/img280.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE CONDEMNED CELL, NEWGATE. FROM THE ‘WEEKLY CHRONICLE,’ +APRIL 30, 1837.</td></tr></table> + +<p>On May 14, 1837, the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i> published portraits +of Sir Francis Burdett and Mr. Leader, the former of +a superhuman length, with a shocking bad hat. In the +following number, as if the public had not been sufficiently +supplied with horrors, there was printed ‘a sketch of Eliza +Davis as she lay on the mattress after the murder.’ This +was known as the Frederick Street murder, and was remarkable +from the circumstances, and from the fact that the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page268" id="page268"></a>268</span> +murderer was never discovered. This paper now commenced +‘The Pictorial Gallery, illustrating every object of interest +and curiosity in Art, Science, Literature, and Amusement. +(To be continued weekly.)’ In this series were published a +view of the Euston Railway Station, a portrait of Madame +Taglioni, a sketch of a novel mode of propelling balloons, +representations of the Bedouin Arabs, the City of London +School, the Adelaide Gallery, the Hippodrome at Bayswater, +proclamation of Queen Victoria at Temple Bar, portraits of +the Queen, the late King, the Earl of Durham, and the +Duchess of Kent. Then followed a view of the Royal +Mausoleum at Windsor, and several illustrations of Mr. +Cocking’s fatal descent in a parachute.</p> + +<p>Mr. Cocking was an enthusiast in aerostation—he was, +in fact, balloon mad, and had spent years in inventing a +parachute which he believed to be perfectly safe, and in +which he ascended from Vauxhall Gardens on July 24, 1837, +attached to Mr. Green’s Royal Nassau balloon. The experiment +was widely advertised, and when the day and hour +arrived the poor enthusiast faithfully appeared, and ascended +in his fatal machine for more than a mile. He then himself +liberated the parachute from the balloon. For a few seconds +he descended steadily; the parachute then collapsed, broke, +turned over, and shot straight down to the earth a hopeless +ruin. Poor Cocking was still in the basket of the parachute +when he reached the earth, but was quite insensible, and in +ten minutes he was dead. The parachute fell at Lee; and +it is recorded that not only was the machine itself carried +away piecemeal, but the dead man’s purse was stolen from +his pocket, his watch, his snuff-box, his eye-glass were taken, +even the cap was stolen from his head, the shoes were pulled +from his feet, the buttons from his dress. Such statements +seem incredible, and for the credit of human nature one +could wish they were false; but they have been seriously +made, and never contradicted.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:325px; height:650px" src="images/img282.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">MR. COCKING IN HIS PARACHUTE AT THE MOMENT OF ASCENSION. FROM THE +‘WEEKLY CHRONICLE,’ JULY 30, 1837.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The <i>Weekly Chronicle</i> published several illustrations of +this event. They represent Mr. Cocking in the car of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page269" id="page269"></a>269<br />270</span> +parachute at the moment of ascension; the Nassau balloon +as it appeared from the Royal Gardens, Vauxhall; the parachute +in its various stages in its descent; and Mr. Cocking +as he lay for the inspection of the jury in the room at the +Tiger’s Head, at Lee. The first of these I have copied.</p> + +<p>This rash adventure was wound up by the opening of a +subscription list for the benefit of Cocking’s widow, which +was headed by the Queen with 50<i>l.</i> The Gas Company that +had supplied the gas for the disaster gave 30<i>l.</i>, and the proprietors +of Vauxhall gave the gardens for a benefit. Thus +the friends who ought to have restrained the vanity of the +enthusiast and the speculators who led him on to his fate did +their best in the way of atonement; but it was clearly a case +where the civil power ought to have interposed to prevent +the fatal catastrophe.</p> + +<p>The <i>Chronicle</i> varied its illustrations of events by an +occasional portrait of a public man, such as Mr. T. Wakley, +Mr. Roebuck, Lord John Russell, and Daniel Whittle Harvey. +The Queen’s first visit to the City, and her Majesty +delivering her speech to her first Parliament, furnished subjects +for large woodcuts. Early in the year 1838 the Royal +Exchange was burnt, and this historical event was made +the subject of an engraving in the number for January 14, +1838.</p> + +<p>This year the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i> also published several +engravings illustrative of the rebellion in Canada, including +a portrait of Papineau, the insurgent leader, and views of +Quebec and Montreal. The murder of Eliza Grimwood in +the Waterloo Road furnished another opportunity for sensational +sketches, and in the same number that contained them +(June 10, 1838) appeared three illustrations of the Courtney +Riots at Canterbury.</p> + +<p>In 1833 an eccentric person, calling himself Sir William +Courtney, appeared at Canterbury and attracted much attention +by his half-crazed appearance and his frequent harangues +on the grievances of the poor. He presented himself as a +candidate to represent the city of Canterbury in Parliament, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page271" id="page271"></a>271</span> +but this ambition was frustrated by his being tried and found +guilty of perjury, an offence he had committed on behalf of +some smugglers on the Kentish coast. He was sentenced to +imprisonment and transportation; but, being proved insane, +the sentence was commuted, and he was confined in a lunatic +asylum. Here he remained four years, and was then liberated +under the belief that he was restored to a rational state. He +was, however, madder than ever, having while in confinement +brooded over his supposed wrongs and the sufferings of the +oppressed poor until he fancied himself a prophet and a +deliverer sent from heaven. With the cunning of madness +he counterfeited sanity, and thus was able to resume what +he considered his prophetic mission. He harangued about +the new poor law, promised cheap bread to all who would +follow him, and on May 29, 1838, he gathered together a +band of about twenty men, with whom he marched from one +place to another, proclaiming that he would make May 29 +more memorable than it had ever been in connexion with the +restoration of Charles II. This went on for a day or two, +when a farmer, named Curtis, having his field-work stopped +by the leading away of his men, went to a magistrate and +obtained a warrant to apprehend them. In an attempt to +execute this warrant a constable was killed by Courtney, +who now broke into a rhapsody of exultation, declared that +a second Gideon was come to slay the ungodly, and that all +should perish who opposed the prophet. With outstretched +sword he cried, ‘I am the only Saviour of you all. You +need not fear, for I will bring you through all.’ The excitement +had now become so general, and the menaces of Courtney +and his armed party so alarming, that the magistrates +resolved on the instant capture of this dangerous maniac and +his ignorant followers. They came up with the rioters at a +place called the Osier Bed, where Courtney’s men threatened +the magistrates and constables with bludgeons and fire-arms. +After firing his pistol at one of the party who attempted to +arrest him, Courtney and his men broke away to Bossenden +Wood, and the magistrates, seeing no other resource, sent at +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page272" id="page272"></a>272</span> +once for a detachment of the 45th Regiment from Canterbury +Barracks. Courtney had now proclaimed to his followers +that he was no other than Jesus Christ returned to +earth, and that they were safer with him than if they were +in their beds; therefore they must resist the soldiers, and +they were sure of victory. In the meantime a hundred men +of the 45th Regiment, headed by Lieutenant Bennett, surrounded +Bossenden Wood. Accompanied by the civil magistrates, +they advanced to close round the rioters, when Courtney +fired at the young Lieutenant commanding the party, +and shot him dead. The next minute the prophet himself +was slain by a soldier, who covered him with his musket as +he fired at Lieutenant Bennett. Then ensued a hand-to-hand +fight, which resulted in the death of seven of the +rioters and one constable, besides several persons seriously +wounded.</p> + +<p>The illustrations of these riots in the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i> +of June 10, 1838, consist of the following:—</p> + +<p>1. ‘Courtney with his troops leaving Bossenden Farm.’</p> + +<p>2. ‘The death of Lieutenant Bennett. Courtney in the +act of exhorting his men to advance.’</p> + +<p>3. ‘Interior of the Red Lion stables, with the bodies as +they were laid out after the conflict.’</p> + +<p>Courtney, whose real name was John Thom, was undoubtedly +mad. He never could have found followers, +except amongst the most degraded and ignorant; and it +is hoped he did better service to his countrymen than he +ever dreamt of by drawing attention to the dreadful evils +arising from the want of education among the rural population. +Most of his followers could neither read nor write, +and were so totally unacquainted with the simplest truths of +Christianity that they believed him when he asserted that he +was Gideon, Samson, and Jesus Christ all in one, and that +he had descended from heaven to redress the wrongs of the +poor, but more especially to reduce the price of bread!</p> + +<table class="picj" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter" colspan="2"><img style="width:830px; height:448px" src="images/img286.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption" colspan="2">THE DREADFUL RIOT AND LOSS OF LIFE AT BOSSENDEN WOOD, EAST KENT. FROM THE ‘WEEKLY CHRONICLE,’ JUNE 10, 1838.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="f90" style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;"> +<p>1. Courtney.</p> + +<p>2. Lieutenant Bennett.</p> + +<p>3. Sergeant Langley making a thrust at Courtney +with a<br />bayonet, and was knocked down +with a bludgeon.</p> + +<p>4. Six Magistrates.</p> + +<p>5. Soldier who stepped forward and shot +Courtney.</p></td> + +<td class="f90" style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;"> +<p>6. Major Armstrong.</p> + +<p>7. Detachment of the 45th Regiment loading.</p> + +<p>8. Lieutenant Bennett’s detachment.</p> + +<p>9. The man Wills, who knocked down Sergeant +Langley.</p> + +<p>10. Courtney’s flag.</p> + +<p>11. J. N. Knatchbull firing at Courtney.</p></td></tr></table> + +<p class="pt2">The <i>Weekly Chronicle</i> illustrated the coronation of Queen +Victoria by a view of ‘The interior of the Abbey at the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page273" id="page273"></a>273<br />274</span> +moment of Her Majesty assuming the Crown,’ and a full-page +engraving of the Coronation Procession. Two pages +of engravings were given on the occasion of the Queen’s +marriage; and on November 1, 1841, a large ‘view of the +Tower of London as it appeared on fire on the morning of +Sunday, the 31st ult., from a drawing by a distinguished +artist.’ On January 29, 1842, the same paper illustrated +the christening of the Prince of Wales, with its attendant +ceremonies and festivities; and later in the same year were +published the last of its illustrations, relating to the employment +of women and children in coal-mines.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:474px; height:600px" src="images/img287.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">INTERIOR OF THE HOUSE OF LORDS, LOOKING FROM THE ENTRANCE TO THE SPOT +LATELY OCCUPIED BY THE THRONE. FROM THE ‘SUNDAY TIMES,’ NOV. 2, 1834.</td></tr></table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page275" id="page275"></a>275</span></p> + +<p>The <i>Observer</i>, <i>Bell’s Life</i>, and the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i>, which +during more than twenty years had been the chief representatives +of pictorial journalism, gradually abandoned the +practice of giving illustrations after the <i>Illustrated London +News</i> was established. Two or three other newspapers occasionally +published engravings, but they were very few, +and appeared at long intervals. The <i>Sunday Times</i> illustrated +the trial of Thurtell for the murder of Mr. Weare, +and on Nov. 2, 1834, it published several engravings of the +destruction of the Houses of Parliament, two of which, representing +the ruins, are of sufficient interest to introduce here.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:448px; height:600px" src="images/img288.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">RUINS OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. FROM THE ‘SUNDAY TIMES,’ NOV. 2, 1834.</td></tr></table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page276" id="page276"></a>276</span></p> + +<p>The <i>Champion</i> of Nov. 13, 1836, has an engraving of the +interior of a cotton-factory; and the <i>Weekly Herald</i> in the +same year issued two engravings illustrating the story of +Wat Tyler:—‘1. Workshop scene; Wat Tyler knocking +the Tyrant Tax-gatherer’s brains out;’ the principal characters +equipped in boots, buckles, and belts, in true theatrical +style 2. ‘Smithfield scene; the assassin Walworth treacherously +murdering the brave but too-confiding Wat Tyler.’ +The same paper also issued this year a view of St. Peter’s, +Rome. The <i>Magnet</i>, a paper started in 1837, illustrated the +proclamation of Queen Victoria, William IV. lying in state, +the Canadian rebellion, burning of the Royal Exchange, +coronation of Queen Victoria, and on Jan. 4, 1841, the removal +of the remains of Napoleon I. from St. Helena. +There are two engravings of this interesting historical event. +The first is entitled, ‘A correct view, taken on the spot, of +the interior of the tent at St. Helena, after the disinterment +of the body of Napoleon, at the instant of the removal of the +lid from the coffin; the remains of the Emperor appearing +(as one of the spectators remarked) as if he were asleep.’ I +have copied the second cut, which represents the embarkation +of the body, and is one of the last examples of pictorial +journalism before the birth of the <i>Illustrated London News</i>.</p> + +<p>Before concluding this part of my subject it is fitting +that I should include the <i>Penny Magazine</i> amongst the pictorial +journals which immediately preceded the establishment +of a regular illustrated newspaper. The <i>Penny Magazine</i>, +though not a newspaper, was intended to supplant the cheap +and pernicious contraband newspapers that then existed in +large numbers. It was the most successful experiment that +England had then seen of the art of illustration in combination +with the steam press, and was the best attempt that had +been made in a cheap form to elevate the public taste.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:830px; height:521px" src="images/img290.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE REMOVAL AND DELIVERY OF THE REMAINS OF THE EMPEROR NAPOLEON BY THE GOVERNOR OF ST. HELENA TO THE PRINCE DE +JOINVILLE, ON THE 16TH DAY OF OCTOBER, 1840. FROM THE ‘MAGNET,’ JAN. 11, 1841.</td></tr></table> + +<p>Mr. Charles Knight, who thus, in the <i>Penny Magazine</i>, +led the way in combining literature with art in a popular +form, was a staunch advocate of education, and he never +ceased in his endeavours to improve the condition of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page277" id="page277"></a>277<br />278</span> +masses. He said, ‘the poor man must be made a thinking +man—a man capable of intellectual pleasures; he must be +purified in his tastes, and elevated in his understanding; he +must be taught to comprehend the real dignity of all useful +employments; he must learn to look upon the distinctions of +society without envy or servility; he must respect them, for +they are open to him as well as to others; but he must +respect himself more. The best enjoyments of our nature +might be common to him and the most favoured by fortune. +Let him be taught how to appreciate them. Diminish the +attractions of his sensual enjoyments by extending the range +of his mental pleasures.’<a name="fa5e" id="fa5e" href="#ft5e"><span class="sp">5</span></a> With such convictions, Mr. +Knight, in 1827, joined the Society for the Diffusion of +Useful Knowledge, a new educational movement then just +started by the Reform Party. He brought out, under its +auspices, a great number of useful works, most of which +were profusely illustrated. In 1832 Mr. Knight resided in +the Vale of Health on Hampstead Heath. One of his +neighbours was Mr. M. D. Hill, an active member of the +Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. It was a +time of great political excitement, and the town was flooded +with unstamped weekly publications, which in some degree +came under the character of contraband newspapers, and +were nearly all dangerous in principle and coarse in language. +Mr. Knight and Mr. Hill often walked to town +together, and their conversation naturally turned to a +subject in which they both felt a special interest—the +means of improving the condition of the people by the +diffusion of cheap literature, and so counteracting the +dangerous and offensive publications which then abounded. +One morning in early spring their talk was of this kind, +when Mr. Hill exclaimed, ‘Let us see what something cheap +and good can accomplish! Let us have a Penny Magazine!’ +Mr. Knight immediately adopted the suggestion, which was +cordially approved by the Lord Chancellor Brougham; and +on March 31, 1832, appeared the first number of ‘the <i>Penny</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page279" id="page279"></a>279</span> +<i>Magazine</i> of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.’ +It was necessary to avoid making the new periodical +anything like a newspaper lest it should become liable to +stamp duty, and at first very little expense was incurred for +illustrations, most of the engravings in the early numbers +being reprinted from other works of the Society. It was +not till six months had elapsed that Mr. Knight ventured +into the wide field of illustration, and made the public +familiar with great works of art, such as the ‘Laocoon,’ the +‘Apollo Belvedere,’ the ‘Dying Gladiator,’ the ‘Cartoons,’ +&c. The best pictures of the old masters were intermingled +with scenes at home and abroad, with places of renown and +illustrious men of all nations and of every age.</p> + +<p>The success of the <i>Penny Magazine</i> was a surprise to the +publisher and an astonishment to most persons. At the end +of 1832 it had reached a sale of 200,000 in weekly numbers +and monthly parts, and it soon produced a revolution in +popular art throughout the world. Stereotype casts of its +best cuts were supplied for the illustration of publications of +a similar character which appeared in Germany, France, +Holland, Livonia, Bohemia, Italy, Ionian Islands, Sweden, +Norway, Spanish America, and the Brazils. The entire work +was also reprinted in the United States from plates sent from +this country.<a name="fa6e" id="fa6e" href="#ft6e"><span class="sp">6</span></a></p> + +<p>It continued its prosperous career for nine years, when a +new series was commenced, with considerable improvements +in engraving and printing. Five volumes of the new series +were published, but the sale declined, owing to the commencement +of illustrated newspapers, and the <i>Penny +Magazine</i> in its old form came to an end in 1845, three years +after the commencement of the <i>Illustrated London News</i>.<a name="fa7e" id="fa7e" href="#ft7e"><span class="sp">7</span></a> +<i>Knight’s Penny Magazine</i>, a smaller miscellany, commencing +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page280" id="page280"></a>280</span> +in January, 1846, kept up the old name for six months +longer, and then it ceased to exist. In announcing its +discontinuance, Mr. Knight thus closes this interesting +chapter of literary history:—‘The present series of the +<i>Penny Magazine</i> is closed, after an experience of only six +months. The editor has no reason to complain of the want +of public encouragement, for the sale of this series has +exceeded that of its predecessor in 1845. But the sale, such +as it is, is scarcely remunerative; and there are indications +that it may decline rather than increase. This is a hint +which cannot be mistaken. It shall not be said of his +humble efforts to continue, upon an equality with the best +of his contemporaries, a publication which once had a +decided pre-eminence, that</p> + +<p class="f90 center">“Superfluous lags the veteran on the stage.”</p> + +<p class="noind">He leaves this portion of popular literature to be cultivated +by those whose new energy may be worth more than his old +experience. The <i>Penny Magazine</i> shall begin and end with +him. It shall not pass into other hands.’</p> + +<p>Mr. Knight attributed the falling off in the sale of the +<i>Penny Magazine</i> to the extended sale of newspapers and the +application of wood-engravings to their illustration; and in +his <i>Passages of a Working Life</i> he relates how he first heard +of the journal that was destined to succeed the <i>Penny +Magazine</i> in the field of popular art:—‘In 1842, having +occasion to be in attendance at the Central Criminal Court, +my curiosity was excited by an unusual spectacle—that of an +artist, seated amongst the civic dignitaries on the bench, +diligently employed in sketching two Lascars, on their trial +for a capital offence. What was there so remarkable in the +case, in the persons, or even in the costume of the accused, +that they should be made the subject of a picture? The +mystery was soon explained to me. The <i>Illustrated London +News</i> had been announced for publication on the Saturday of +the week in which I saw the wretched foreigners standing at +the bar. I knew something about hurrying on wood-engravers +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page281" id="page281"></a>281</span> +for the <i>Penny Magazine</i>, but a newspaper was an +essentially different affair. How, I thought, could artists +and journalists so work concurrently that the news and the +appropriate illustrations should both be fresh? How could +such things be managed with any approach to fidelity of representation +unless all the essential characteristics of a newspaper +were sacrificed in the attempt to render it pictorial? I +fancied that this rash experiment would be a failure. It proved +to be such a success as could only be ensured by resolute and +persevering struggles against natural difficulties.’</p> + +<p>Charles Knight was born at Windsor in 1791. The son +of a bookseller, he very early became connected with the +press. At the age of twenty-one he conducted the <i>Windsor +and Eton Express</i>, and a few years later he became the editor +of the <i>Guardian</i>, a London weekly paper. He afterwards +started a monthly magazine called the <i>Etonian</i>, and amongst +his contributors were Macaulay, Praed, and other clever +young men who had been educated at Eton, some of whom +supported him in a later venture, <i>Knight’s Quarterly +Magazine</i>. In the midst of his varied duties as author and +publisher he never lost sight of the great question of popular +education, and heartily joined in the movement for repealing +the taxes on knowledge. He gave expression to his views in +<i>The Struggles of a Book against Excessive Taxation</i> and <i>The +Case of the Authors as regards the Paper Duty</i>. He paid the +enormous sum of 16,500<i>l.</i> for paper duty on the <i>Penny +Cyclopedia</i> alone, and on the same work he expended 40,000<i>l.</i> +for literature and engravings. When this great and useful +work was completed Mr. Knight was entertained at a public +dinner presided over by Lord Brougham, when the leading +men in literature and art united to do him honour. The +<i>Penny Cyclopedia</i> was not a commercial success, solely because +of the paper duty.</p> + +<p>Of the numerous illustrated works published by Mr. +Knight, the <i>Pictorial Bible</i> was the most successful in a +pecuniary sense, and he considered the <i>Arabian Nights</i> the +most beautiful as regards illustrations. He was so ardent a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page282" id="page282"></a>282</span> +promoter of illustrative art, that he invented a press for +printing in colours, from which issued many coloured +engravings for his various works, such as <i>Old England</i>, +the <i>Farmer’s Library</i>, &c.</p> + +<p>Mr. Knight died at Addlestone, Surrey, March 9, 1873, +and was buried in his native town of Windsor. A marble +bust of him was placed by public subscription in the Council +Chamber of that town, and two scholarships, bearing his +name, were founded in the school of the Stationers’ +Company. It was well said of Charles Knight on the +occasion of unveiling his bust at Windsor, that he set out +in life with the desire to make knowledge a common +possession instead of an exclusive privilege. He laboured +for the good of his fellow-men rather than for the rewards +of fame or fortune, and no man was more worthy of honour +for his public services and his private virtues. The last +time I saw him was at the grave of an old friend of his and +mine; and as I recall the remembrance of his grey hair +tossed in the wintry wind, I adopt in all seriousness what +Douglas Jerrold said in jest, that two words would suffice +for his epitaph—‘good Knight.’</p> + +<p>It is curious that the printing-press, which has worked +such mighty changes, should have reproduced in another +form the ancient jester who stood in cap and bells behind +his master’s chair, and the merry-andrew who made the +rustics laugh upon the village green. The numerous +satirical and humorous publications of the Victorian era +represent a distinct kind of illustrated journalism, through +which runs an amusing commentary on passing events, +combined with a vein of satire always good-humoured and +often instructive. At the head of this array of wit and +wisdom stands <i>Punch</i>, who, however, was preceded by <i>Figaro +in London</i>, conducted by Mr. Gilbert A’Beckett, afterwards +one of <i>Punch’s</i> strongest supporters. Mr. A’Beckett faithfully +acted up to his motto:—</p> + +<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr"> +<p>‘Satire should, like a polished razor keen,</p> +<p class="i05">Wound with a touch that’s hardly felt or seen;’</p> +</div> </td></tr></table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page283" id="page283"></a>283</span></p> + +<p class="noind">but the constitution of <i>Figaro</i> was not strong, and he died +young.</p> + +<p>While the <i>Penny Magazine</i> was yet in vigorous life, and +the <i>Illustrated London News</i> was as yet unborn, there used to +be a weekly gathering of authors, actors, and artists, at a +tavern in Wych Street, Strand, where the late Mr. Mark +Lemon presided as the genial host. This company of merry +men were mostly on the sunny side of life, and disposed to +look upon the world and the world’s cares with a laughing +eye. They were ever ready to go out of their way for the +sake of a joke, and a pun, good or bad, was pleasant to +them. In this congenial atmosphere <i>Punch</i> germinated, and +in July, 1841, that shrewd observer and good-humoured +satirist appeared. Mr. <i>Punch</i>, like some other great men, +had a hard struggle in his early days; but prosperous times +came, and he now combines in his own person the dignity +of age with the vivacity of youth. <i>Puck</i>, <i>Diogenes</i>, and +numerous other imitators of <i>Punch</i>, attempted to obtain a +share of public favour, but most of them died after a brief +existence. The best of these that survive are <i>Fun</i> and <i>Judy</i>, +which, with the <i>Hornet</i>, <i>Vanity Fair</i>, <i>Figaro</i> (a revival of +the name), <i>Moonshine</i>, <i>Funny Folks</i>, and others, continue +their weekly budgets with a smartness and vigour not +unworthy of their great prototype.</p> + +<hr class="foot" /> <div class="note"> + +<p><a name="ft1e" id="ft1e" href="#fa1e"><span class="fn">1</span></a> There was another Sunday paper in existence about this time, the +<i>Sunday Reformer and Universal Register</i>. In the number for Dec. 29th, +1793, there is a copperplate portrait of Robert Lowth, D.D., Lord Bishop +of London, then recently deceased.</p> + +<p><a name="ft2e" id="ft2e" href="#fa2e"><span class="fn">2</span></a> ‘Old Stories Retold,’ in <i>All the Year Round</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="ft3e" id="ft3e" href="#fa3e"><span class="fn">3</span></a> Grant’s <i>Newspaper Press</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="ft4e" id="ft4e" href="#fa4e"><span class="fn">4</span></a> ‘Old Stories Retold,’ in <i>All the Year Round</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="ft5e" id="ft5e" href="#fa5e"><span class="fn">5</span></a> <i>Passages of a Working Life.</i></p> + +<p><a name="ft6e" id="ft6e" href="#fa6e"><span class="fn">6</span></a> At this time there was another illustrated weekly magazine in +existence—the <i>Mirror</i>, which began about 1822. The engravings it +contained were chiefly of a topographical character.</p> + +<p><a name="ft7e" id="ft7e" href="#fa7e"><span class="fn">7</span></a> The <i>Saturday Magazine</i> was started in imitation of the <i>Penny +Magazine</i>, and, like its prototype, had a considerable popularity for some +years.</p> +</div> + +<div class="center art1"><img style="width:150px; height:35px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img001.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page284" id="page284"></a>284</span></p> + +<p class="chap2 center">CHAPTER VIII.</p> + +<div class="condensed"> +<p class="mind">The <i>Illustrated London News</i>—The Early Numbers—The Burning of +Hamburgh—Facetious Advertisements—Bal Masque at Buckingham +Palace—Attempted Assassination of the Queen—The Queen’s First +Trip by Railway—First Royal Visit to Scotland—Political Portraits—R. +Cobden—Lord John Russell—Benjamin Disraeli—The French +Revolution, 1848—The Great Exhibition, 1851—The Crimean War—Coloured +Pictures—Christmas Numbers—Herbert Ingram—The +<i>Pictorial Times</i>—Other Illustrated Journals.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="sc chap1">Having</span> traced the idea of illustrating the news of the day +from the early ‘news-book’ through its various stages of +growth and development, we come to the first regular illustrated +newspaper that was established. The projector had +long held the opinion, founded on his experience as a newsvendor +at Nottingham, that such a publication would succeed. +He had noticed that when the <i>Observer</i> and the <i>Weekly +Chronicle</i> contained engravings, there was a much larger +demand for those papers than when they were without +illustrations, and he conceived the idea of starting a paper +whose chief attraction should be its <i>pictures</i>. He thought if +he could combine <i>art</i> and <i>news</i> together, he would be adding +greatly to the ordinary attractions of a newspaper, and +would probably secure a widely extended circle of readers. +His customers at Nottingham often asked for the ‘London +news’ when anything of interest was astir in the Metropolis, +and his observant shrewdness led him to conclude that this +would be a good name for his paper. He accordingly called +it the <i>Illustrated London News</i>, and under that title the first +number appeared on May 14th, 1842. It contained sixteen +printed pages and thirty-two woodcuts, including all the +little headings to the columns, price sixpence, and it equalled +in size the <i>Atlas</i> which was then sold for a shilling, without +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page285" id="page285"></a>285<br />286</span> +engravings. It was printed by R. Palmer (at the office of +Palmer and Clayton), 10 Crane Court, Fleet Street, and +published by J. Clayton, 320 Strand. The introductory address +is written in a florid and inflated style; but it shows a +correct perception of the wide and varied range that would +have to be taken by an illustrated newspaper.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:830px; height:537px" src="images/img298.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE BURNING OF HAMBURGH. FROM THE FIRST NUMBER OF THE ‘ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,’ MAY 14, 1842.</td></tr></table> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:500px; height:246px" src="images/img299.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">HEADING TO ‘COURT AND HAUT TON,’ COLUMN, ‘ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,’ +MAY 14, 1842.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The well-known engraved heading represents a view of +London from the Thames, as it was then,—St. Paul’s towering +in the centre, and the Lord Mayor’s procession in State +barges passing up the river. The first engraving is a ‘View +of the Conflagration of the City of Hamburgh,’ which began +on May 5th, and continued for several days. A great part +of the city was destroyed, and more than one hundred lives +were lost. As marking an epoch in the history of the +Pictorial Press, I reprint this engraving and some others +from the early numbers. The next cut is apparently a view +of some town in Italy or France; but there is no name to +the engraving or any reference to it in the surrounding text, +which is all about the dreadful railway accident between +Paris and Versailles which had then just occurred, whereby +fifty persons were killed, and one hundred and fifty were +more or less injured. On the next page are views of the city +of Cabul and the fortress of Ghuznee, just then the seat of +stirring events. The columns of ‘Foreign Intelligence,’ +‘The Court and Haut Ton,’ ‘Births, Marriages, and Deaths,’ +were each headed by a small woodcut, an example of which is +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page287" id="page287"></a>287</span> +given here. There is also an illustration of ladies’ fashions, +accompanied by a gushing, descriptive letter from Paris, +beginning: ‘Dear Mr. Editor, I feel an inexpressible delight +in inditing my first communication to your lady +readers, upon the fashions of the <i>haut ton</i> of this <i>ville de +gaitè</i>. So suddenly and with such power has the sun lately +shot forth, that there is no end to invention in our spring +fashions.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:486px; height:600px" src="images/img300.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">FASHIONS FOR MAY, 1842. FROM THE ‘ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,’ +MAY 14, 1842.</td></tr></table> + +<p>It would appear that illustrated police reports were to +have formed part of the attractions of the paper, and several +small cuts dealing with humorous subjects are scattered +through the early numbers. The cases were evidently +selected with a view to provoke merriment rather than to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page288" id="page288"></a>288</span> +indulge a morbid taste for criminal records, and seem to +show that the paper in its early days possessed something of +the frolicsomeness of youth, and did not consider a joke beneath +its dignity. It had its wild oats to sow, and was not +indisposed to emulate its contemporary <i>Punch</i>, then also a +young joker. The first illustrations of the kind relate to a +case at the Mansion House before Sir Peter Laurie, where +the manager of a matrimonial institution sought to defend +his establishment from the strictures of that celebrated +‘putter-down.’ A few pages further on we come upon two +facetious advertisements, one of them professing to have +been called forth by the report of the above case at the +Mansion House:—</p> + +<p>‘<span class="sc">Matrimony.</span>—A <i>professional</i> gentleman, who has for +some time past enrolled the category of his multitudinous +graces, accomplishments, and <i>prospects</i>, in the portfolio of +the “Matrimonial Alliance Establishment,” fearing that, +under the influence of Sir Peter Laurie’s recent animadversion +they will waste their sweetness unseen—unknown in +the rose-tinted volume of the modern Hymen, avails himself +of the glorious opportunity afforded to advertisers by the +proprietors of the <i>Illustrated London News</i>, “and boldly and +unhesitatingly submits his picture in little,” to the approving +smiles of the fair daughters (and <i>widows</i>) of Albion’s +Isle, conscious of his perfect sincerity in stating that he has +no <i>insurmountable</i> objection to fortune being combined with +beauty, taste, lively disposition, and cheerful temper; he +feels assured that the lovely creature whose eyes shall be +fortunate enough, first to meet this advertisement (and then +the advertiser), will secure to herself a perfect amenity, if +truth be truth, and manners—not money—make the man. +Address, with portrait (miniature set in gold, pearls, or other +precious stones, not refused), A. Donis Slim, Esq., 320 +Strand.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:381px; height:650px" src="images/img302.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">A. DONIS SLIM, ESQ. FROM THE ‘ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,’ +MAY 14, 1842.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The other advertisement referred to is of an entirely different +character, being addressed to the commercial world:—</p> + +<p>‘<span class="sc">Capital Spec!</span> Safe as the Bank!—Wanted a partner +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page289" id="page289"></a>289<br />290</span> +in a snug, genteel little concern, with an airy and pleasant +corner situation in one of the most densely crowded thoroughfares +of the Metropolis, and doing a good, ready-money +business, without much risk; which an increase of capital +would considerably extend. The returns exceed the outlay, +and the Sunday custom alone covers the rent. The taxes +are redeemed, and there is a long unexpired term of the +lease, which is held at a lolly-pop. The coming into a half-share, +including plant and stock, very moderate—say a trifle +above 0000<i>l.</i> Any person who can command the above sum +will not only find this a decided bargain, but a very desirable +opportunity of commencing business, and well worthy the +attention of an industrious person of small means and less +family. References exchanged. Address, prepaid, to B. B. +(Brandy Ball), Pieman’s Alley.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:376px; height:500px" src="images/img303.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">PARTNERSHIP WANTED. FROM THE ‘ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,’ +MAY 14, 1842.</td></tr></table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page291" id="page291"></a>291</span></p> + +<p>The principal engravings in this first number illustrate +the first Bal Masque given by Queen Victoria at Buckingham +Palace. They were drawn by Sir John Gilbert, then at the +beginning of his career, and it was most fortunate for the +new enterprise that an artist of such great and varied abilities +was found at the very outset to give his powerful aid to the +undertaking. His wonderful facility and bold picturesqueness +were exactly suited to the requirements of an illustrated +newspaper. The first enabled him to do his work with marvellous +quickness, and the second was an excellent counterpoise +to the damaging effects of hurried engraving and rapid +printing. The illustrations of the Queen’s Bal Masque are +eight in number, including character portraits of Her Majesty +and the Prince Consort. There are two cuts from a book +under review, and the last illustration in the number represents +a long line of men carrying advertising boards ‘to proclaim +the advent of this important publication.’</p> + +<p>The first number sold well, probably because the public +was curious to see what the new paper was like. Twenty-six +thousand copies were disposed of, but there was a great +falling-off in the sale of the second number, which opened +with a leading article explaining the principles that were to +guide the paper in its future career. The cut on the front +page represents the ceremony of taking the veil, and was +evidently drawn by Gilbert. The next engravings illustrate +Waghorn’s Overland Route to India, then recently organized, +followed by an illustrated account of the sale at Strawberry +Hill, and a portrait of a then notorious criminal, Daniel +Good, which is accompanied by an editorial apology disclaiming +all intention of joining the ‘raw-head and bloody-bones’ +school, but in the interests of science commending the +portrait to the disciples of Lavater. This is the only instance +of such an engraving being inserted in the paper (with the +exception of the portrait of MacNaghten, who shot Mr. +Drummond), and it is evident the editor’s better feeling +revolted against it, although he was only following the example +of the <i>Observer</i> and the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page292" id="page292"></a>292</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:587px; height:670px" src="images/img305.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">HER MAJESTY AS QUEEN PHILIPPA. FROM THE ‘ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,’ +MAY 14, 1842.</td></tr></table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page293" id="page293"></a>293</span></p> + +<p>The first engraving in No. 3 is a portrait of Mehemet +Ali, which is given in connexion with further illustrations +of the Overland Route to India. But the most important +picture in this number is a portrait of the Queen with the +baby Prince of Wales in her lap, drawn by Gilbert. There +is also the first example of a sporting illustration—a portrait +of Attila, the winner of the Derby, which accompanies an +account of Epsom Races, with several other engravings.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:550px; height:468px" src="images/img306.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE QUEEN’S FIRST RAILWAY JOURNEY. FROM THE ‘ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,’ +JUNE 19, 1842.</td></tr></table> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:830px; height:470px" src="images/img307.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF THE QUEEN. FROM THE ‘ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,’ JUNE 5, 1842.</td></tr></table> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:358px; height:500px" src="images/img308.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">MR. R. COBDEN, M.P. FROM THE ‘ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,’ JULY 2, 1842.</td></tr></table> + +<p>An event now occurred which afforded the first important +opportunity of illustrating the news of the hour. This was +the attempt on the life of the Queen, who was fired at as she +was driving up Constitution Hill by a young man named +Francis. The public excitement on this occasion was very +great, and it is a little surprising that the <i>Illustrated London +News</i> did not make more of it. In No. 4 there are +two illustrations in connexion with this event, one representing +the attempted assassination, the other the examination +of the prisoner before the Privy Council. The engravings +are not very imposing, but large blocks had not then +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page294" id="page294"></a>294<br />295</span> +come into use; and as the event occurred on a Monday there +was not too much time, with the limited means then at +command, to produce them on a large scale. In No. 6 +there is a small cut entitled ‘The Queen’s first trip by Railway,’ +which illustrates an account of her Majesty’s first +journey by railway from Windsor to London. With the +exception of the drawings by Gilbert most of the illustrations +in these first six numbers are of an inferior character, +and show that the conductors of the paper had not yet +obtained the best artistic help. Indeed it was a long time +before the higher class of artists and engravers would believe +that an illustrated newspaper was worthy of their professional +attention. Illustrations of the Police Reports continued to +be scattered through the early numbers, mingled with such +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page296" id="page296"></a>296</span> +subjects as a ballet at Her Majesty’s Theatre, a public dinner, +a launch, a horserace, and sketches of the Chartist riots +at Preston. The Queen’s first visit to Scotland was very +copiously illustrated, and a series of ‘Popular Portraits’ was +begun which included most of the prominent politicians of +the day. In No. 11 the fatal accident to the Duke of +Orleans is illustrated; and further on the hand of Gilbert +is visible in the drawings representing the funeral of the +Duke of Sussex, the Lord Mayor’s Show, and the grand +Polish Ball at Guildhall. With No. 19 the office was +removed to 198 Strand, where it has remained ever since. +The first Cattle Show illustrations occur in No. 31, and it is +evident that the artists by whom they were executed had not +made that kind of art their special study. The approach of +Christmas is heralded by the introduction of various laughable +sketches; the Pantomimes are illustrated by Alfred +Crowquill, and Christmas himself is welcomed in a ‘Song +of the Wassail Bowl.’ Kenny Meadows finishes the volume +with a party of Cupids carrying the <i>Illustrated London News</i> +through the air, while a literary and artistic Cupid, cap in +hand, makes his bow to the reader.</p> + +<p>The first volume ends with the year 1842, and it has for +a frontispiece a large view of London, a title-page drawn +by Gilbert, and headings to preface and index by Kenny +Meadows. The preface is written in the florid style of the +introductory address in the first number; but the following +passage refers, not inappropriately, to the value and interest +of the work to the future historian:—</p> + +<p>‘What would Sir Walter Scott or any of the great +writers of modern times have given—whether for the purposes +of fiction or history, or political example or disquisition—for +any museum-preserved volume such as we have here +enshrined. The life of the times—the signs of its taste and +intelligence—its public monuments and public men—its +festivals—institutions—amusements—discoveries—and the +very reflection of its living manners and costumes—the +variegated dresses of its mind and body—what are—what +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page297" id="page297"></a>297</span> +<i>must</i> be all these but treasures of truth that would have +lain hid in Time’s tomb, or perished amid the sand of his +hour-glass but for the enduring and resuscitating powers of +art—the eternal register of the pencil giving life and vigour +and palpability to the confirming details of the pen. Could +the days of Elizabeth or others as bright and earlier still be +unfolded to us through such a mirror, what a mint of wisdom +might we gather in from such dazzling periods of the past! +Of just as much captivating value then is such a book to the +future. It will pour the lore of the Antiquarian into the +scholar’s yearning soul, and teach him truth about those +who have gone before him, as it were, with the Pictorial +Alphabet of Art! It is in this sense that we regard the +greatness of our design, and are proud of its envied and +unexampled success; and it is for this end that we shall +strain every nerve to perfect it into order and completeness +that may accord with the beauty and brilliancy which many +episodes of its execution have already been fortunate to +display. Scott might carry Elizabeth to Kenilworth through +the regions of his fine imagination, backed and supported by +books, and we may take <i>cum grano salis</i> the Antiquarian’s +and the Poet’s word, but the year two thousand will be ten +times better assured of all the splendid realities of our own +Victoria’s visit to the native land of the Northern Magician +who enshrined in fiction the glories of Queen Bess. This +volume is a work that history <i>must</i> keep.’</p> + +<p>At the end of the preface is printed the following +‘Dedicatory Sonnet:’—</p> + +<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr"> +<p>‘To the great public,—that gigantic soul</p> + <p class="i1">Which lends the nation’s body life and light,</p> + <p class="i1">And makes the blood within its veins grow bright</p> +<p>With gushing glory,—we this muster-roll</p> +<p>Of all the deeds that pass ‘neath its controul</p> + <p class="i1">Do dedicate,—the page of simple news</p> +<p>Is here adorned and filled with pictured life,</p> +<p>Coloured with thousand tints—the rainbow strife + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page298" id="page298"></a>298</span></p> + <p class="i1">Of all the world’s emotions—all the hues</p> +<p>Of war—peace—commerce;—agriculture rife</p> +<p>With budding plenty that doth life infuse</p> + <p class="i1">And fair domestic joy—all—all are here</p> + <p class="i1">To gild the <i>new</i>, and from the bygone year</p> +<p>Present a gift to take—to cherish and to use.’</p> +</div> </td></tr></table> + +<p>The second volume began with several improvements. +A ‘Romance of Real Life,’ by Henry Cockton, illustrated +by Kenny Meadows, was the first attempt to infuse a new +interest into newspaper literature by the introduction of +fiction. Stories by Thomas Miller and others followed. +This feature of the paper was continued for some time +until <i>fiction</i> was crowded out by <i>fact</i>. The popular portraits +were done on a larger scale and were of a more ambitious +character. In No. 40 there is one of Lord John Russell, +which is reprinted here as an example of the improved +portraiture of the period.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:371px; height:550px" src="images/img312.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">PORTRAIT OF LORD JOHN RUSSELL. FROM THE ‘ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,’ 1843.</td></tr></table> + +<p>In the following year was commenced a series of +‘Parliamentary Portraits,’ one of which I have selected to +accompany the portrait of Lord John Russell. It is that of +Mr. Disraeli, and it will perhaps interest the reader to compare +the present estimate of Lord Beaconsfield with what +was said of Mr. Disraeli in 1844. The following is a portion +of the article which accompanies the portrait:—‘The most +remarkable speeches in the recent debates have been those +of Mr. Disraeli, the Member for Shrewsbury. He has lately +made himself more prominent in the sphere of literature and +politics as the expounder of the views and opinions of that +section of the Conservative party which has received the +name of “Young England.” His opinions however are too +peculiar, have too much individuality ever to become those +of a party. We scarcely think “Young England” capable of +holding as points of belief the startling paradoxes to which +Mr. Disraeli occasionally gives utterance. His speeches +abound with happily turned sentences, in which a clever +sarcasm is thrown into the antithetical form; they also +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page299" id="page299"></a>299<br />300</span> +contain a large amount of historical information, on which +he draws almost as often as Macaulay himself. He rarely +announces a positively new principle, but he often places +old ones in a strange and startling light, and states the +most extraordinary inconsistencies with an air of such +perfect earnestness and conviction that his auditors are +sometimes puzzled whether to admire or laugh at him. +But he is not one of those men who can be laughed at; we +have seen him turn the laugh most sorely against those +who thought themselves securely trenched behind form and +precedent. He can hit hard, and none have suffered more +from his sarcasm than the present Premier and the Home +Secretary. He seems to mangle them with peculiar gusto, +and deals with them as if he was annihilating the Tadpole +or Taper of his own “Coningsby.” His speeches have not +much metaphor, nor does he indulge in rhetorical glitter +and ornament; we cannot call him impassioned, nor say he +is eloquent; but he interests, informs, and amuses. A +speech from Disraeli is sure to command attention. His +manner is not calculated to set off his matter to the best +advantage. His delivery is heavy, and of action he has +none whatever. He thrusts his hands deep into his side-pockets, +leans forward a little, or turns from side to side +according to whom he may be addressing. But that is all. +Though he sets the House cheering or laughing for minutes +together, his countenance remains impassive; he says a good +thing as if perfectly unconscious of it.’</p> + +<p>The paper rapidly advanced in public favour and soon +reached a circulation of 66,000. It celebrated the completion +of the first year of its existence by the publication +of a double number, profusely illustrated by Gilbert, Harvey, +and Kenny Meadows.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:418px; height:550px" src="images/img314.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">BENJAMIN DISRAELI, M.P. FROM THE ‘ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,’ +JUNE 22, 1844.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The <i>Illustrated London News</i> was not established without +many misgivings as to its ultimate success. Its founder probably +did not at first realise all the difficulties that lay in his way, +but as fast as they appeared he met them with characteristic +courage and energy, and overcame them by perseverance. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page301" id="page301"></a>301<br />302</span> +He seized on every opportunity to consolidate the strength +of the paper, and paid a great amount of personal attention +to its management, often denying himself sleep one or two +nights a-week. As the profits increased he kept on increasing +the scope and number of its attractive features. +He made it a rule to spare no expense in every department +of the journal; whatever money could command for its +success he resolved to have. After a time he was able to +act on this wise resolve to the fullest extent, and in the end +he achieved a great success.</p> + +<p>In describing the <i>Illustrated London News</i> during the +first year of its existence, I have directed attention chiefly +to the pictorial portion of its contents, that being the +characteristic feature of the paper by which it was distinguished +from its purely literary contemporaries. The +engravings I have reprinted from it are given as curiosities +and not as specimens of excellence. The succeeding volumes +contain abundant evidence that the highest talent was afterwards +employed in producing the best examples of art as well +as in the illustration of news. In its sixth year the course +of public events opened up new and stirring scenes for its +pages. So great was the interest felt in the exciting events +of the year 1848, that the sale of the <i>Illustrated London +News</i> was more than doubled in three months. The vigorous +sketches of the French Revolution published week after +week were so eagerly bought that the publisher was not +always able to meet the demand. On one occasion he was +freely pelted with flour and other harmless missiles because +the London ‘trade’ could not get their supply soon enough +to satisfy their impatience. The noisy newsboys, in mocking +imitation of the Paris mob which was then making the +streets of that city ring with cries of ‘à bas Guizot!’ vented +their indignation against the publisher of the <i>Illustrated +London News</i> by shouting ‘à bas Little! à bas Little!’</p> + +<p>But though the year of revolutions was so rich in +materials for pictorial journalism, the year of the Great +Exhibition was yet more fruitful. The Great Exhibition of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page303" id="page303"></a>303</span> +1851 was a perfect novelty, and was hailed as the harbinger +of peace on earth and good-will among men. Coming so +soon after the convulsions of 1848, the peaceful display +was more enchanting from the contrast. Such a golden +opportunity was not lost upon the pictorial press, and every +stage of the construction of the first Crystal Palace was +represented. The very plan of the building was first made +public in the pages of the <i>Illustrated London News</i>, the first +design adopted by the Commissioners having been superseded +by Sir Joseph Paxton’s Palace of Glass. The building +was shown in progress from the raising of the first column, +and its removal was illustrated to the clearing away of the +foundations. In this ‘Festival of Labour’ the <i>Illustrated +London News</i> took a prominent place. An edition was +printed in the Exhibition building by one of Applegarth’s +vertical printing-machines, then the quickest method of +printing in use. At this time the paper was distinguished +by the number and excellence of its illustrations, and the +‘<i>London News</i>’ printing-machine was one of the attractions +of the ‘World’s Fair.’</p> + +<p>In three years more the dreams of universal peace +created by the Great Exhibition were rudely swept away by +the declaration of war with Russia and subsequent invasion +of the Crimea. The long and disastrous siege of Sebastopol, +the assaults on the Redan and the Malakoff, the battles of +Balaclava and Inkermann, supplied the most exciting subjects +for illustration. It was the first great war since Waterloo, +and the national excitement being intensified by the maladministration +of the Government, the British public +eagerly bought the war sketches. The sale of the paper at +this time was very great, yet it is a curious fact that it never +reached so high a figure as during the peaceful exhibition of +1851,—a proof that, after all, the arts of peace are more +attractive than the excitement of war.</p> + +<p>At Christmas, 1855, a novel feature was introduced into +the <i>Illustrated London News</i>. For some years a Christmas +number had been published, and it was now for the first +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page304" id="page304"></a>304</span> +time printed in <i>colours</i>. It is true the coloured pictures +were little more than ordinary woodcuts with tints printed +over them, but their imperfections were principally owing to +the breakdown of machinery and the great hurry in which +they were produced. In after years much better things +were done, and the coloured Christmas pictures which have +been for many years produced at the chromatic press of +Leighton Bros. take rank among the best work of the kind. +They have proved exceedingly popular, and always sold well. +That of ‘Little Red Riding Hood,’ after J. Sant, R.A., +published in 1863, was reprinted again and again, until the +blocks were utterly worn out. They were then re-engraved, +and again reprinted. The Christmas picture issued in 1882 +(‘Cinderella’) was specially painted by Mr. Millais, R.A., at +the price of 3000 guineas. When it is noted that the large +coloured reproduction of this picture, together with seventeen +highly finished full-page engravings by some of the +best artists of the day, were sold for a shilling, it will be +seen that the pictorial press is no unimportant factor in +diffusing the purifying and softening influence of art.</p> + +<p>During the forty-two years that have elapsed since the +first illustrated newspaper was founded, there has never +been any long interval of peace. War of some kind, big or +little, has broken out, like a volcano, on some part of the +earth’s surface, and kept the Argus-eyed newspaper editor +on the alert. From Alma to Tel-el-Kebir and the desert +warfare of the Soudan, there has been a succession of conflicts, +with only a short interval of a few years between; so +that the food on which picture newspapers thrive best has +been abundantly supplied, and this remarkable offspring of +the printing-press has consequently increased and multiplied, +and is now found in every corner of the earth, ‘from +China to Peru.’ The reader may form some idea of the +magnitude of the operations in connexion with illustrated +journalism when I state that at the marriage of the Prince +of Wales the <i>Illustrated London News</i> of that week consisted +of three sheets, and 930,000 sheets were printed of that issue +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page305" id="page305"></a>305</span> +in one week. These sheets, if placed side by side, would +cover 660 miles, so that, as they were printed on both sides, +they represent a printed surface of, after deductions for +margin, more than 1115 miles in length. Nearly eighty +tons of paper and twenty-three hundredweight of printing-ink +were used in the production of that number. Larger +quantities have been printed of some issues, but the production +was spread over a longer period of time. 930,000 sheets +is the largest quantity ever printed <i>in one week</i>. It will thus +be seen what an amount of business this represents to the +paper-maker, the ink-maker, the wood-draughtsman, the +engravers, the electrotypers, the compositors, printers, machine-men, +roller-makers, warehousemen, and the numerous +other workers in a newspaper printing-office.</p> + +<p>The first editor of the <i>Illustrated London News</i> was Mr. +Bailey, who was nicknamed ‘Alphabet Bailey’ on account +of the great number of his Christian names, and the consequent +multiplicity of his initials. He was also called +‘Omnibus Bailey’ from his having edited a periodical +called the <i>Omnibus</i>. These names were given to him to +distinguish him from Mr. Thomas Haynes Bayley, the +sentimental song-writer, author of ‘I’d be a Butterfly,’ +‘The Soldier’s Tear,’ &c. Dr. Charles Mackay became the +literary and political editor of the paper in 1848, and in +1852 he took its entire management and control, in which +position he continued till 1859, when he resigned. The late +John Timbs was for many years on the editorial staff, and his +familiar figure is well remembered in the old room at 198 +Strand, where he sat with paste and scissors, undisturbed by +the noises which surrounded him both inside and outside the +house, for in this one room the whole business of the paper +was at one time conducted. Here the young literary or +artistic aspirant, who thought he saw in the new journal an +opening for his hitherto unappreciated talents, had to explain +his proposals before the eyes and in the hearing of +rivals who were waiting for their turn. The place was open +to all comers, and was at once the centre of managerial, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page306" id="page306"></a>306</span> +financial, and editorial affairs. But the founder of the paper +received all who came with good-humour and generous +feeling, and never disregarded a useful hint or refused the +proffered assistance of a good man.</p> + +<p>Herbert Ingram, the founder of the <i>Illustrated London +News</i>, was born at Boston, Lincolnshire, on the 27th of May, +1811. He lost his father very early, and being sent to the +Boston Free School, he there obtained all the school education +he ever received. The course of instruction through +which he passed was of the most circumscribed character, +making his success in after-life all the more remarkable. +At the age of fourteen he was apprenticed to Mr. Jos. +Clarke, then a printer living in the Market Place, Boston. +His master soon found that he possessed industry, patience, +and perseverance in a high degree, qualities which unquestionably +lay at the root of his subsequent success in +life. He was always ready to work all night when orders +were plentiful, and was unwilling to abandon anything he +began until it was entirely complete. He established a +character for punctuality and trustworthiness, while he +carefully looked after the interests of his employer. At the +expiration of his apprenticeship he came to London and +worked for about two years as a journeyman printer. He +then settled in Nottingham, and commenced business as a +printer, bookseller, and newsagent.</p> + +<p>It was at this time Mr. Ingram was struck with the +evident partiality of the public for <i>illustrated news</i>. He +found such an extraordinary demand for the numbers of the +<i>Weekly Chronicle</i> containing the engravings of the Greenacre +murder that he set seriously to work on the scheme of an +illustrated newspaper, and put himself in communication +with Mr. Marriott, who was then the manager of the <i>Weekly +Chronicle</i>. But at the outset it appeared impossible to overcome +the difficulty of producing pictures quick enough and +in such numbers as would furnish forth a paper while the +news was fresh. In the gradual development of the first +illustrated newspaper it was, however, found that the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page307" id="page307"></a>307</span> +draughtsmen and engravers of the day were fully equal +to the demands made upon them, and a system of quick +production was soon established which kept the paper on +a level with current events.</p> + +<p>Mr. Ingram, who had settled in London before he started +the <i>Illustrated London News</i>, entered heart and soul into his +new enterprise. He had much to learn, and many things to +do that were neither easy nor pleasant, but he had the rare +faculty of picking out the right men to help him. It was +his wise policy to employ the best talent, and in order to +have it to pay its possessor munificently. He was brought +closely into connexion with the artistic and literary world, +by whom he was sincerely respected, and with whom his +dealings were uniformly marked by kindness and liberality. +Though he had not himself received the advantages of +literary or artistic culture, he was able to do much in +diffusing a knowledge and love of art amongst the people. +His enterprise helped to change the character of public taste, +and allured it into channels which were previously open only +to the wealthy and the refined. His practical knowledge as +a printer and newsagent were of infinite value in organizing +and conducting the varied details of newspaper business. +He was ever on the watch, and made opportunities where +other men would have been indifferent and inactive. When +a new Archbishop of Canterbury was installed the number +of the paper containing an engraving of the ceremony was +sent to every clergyman in England, and this was followed +by a large and permanent increase in the number of subscribers—the +first large rise in the sale since the paper +began. At a much later date—long after the paper had +become firmly established—the French authorities stopped +the sale of the <i>Illustrated London News</i> in Paris on account +of some article reflecting on the Emperor Napoleon. Mr. +Ingram happened to be in Paris at the time, and he immediately +showed that the old energy and perseverance of the +Nottingham newsvendor had not forsaken him. He used +great exertions to get the paper released, in which he at +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page308" id="page308"></a>308</span> +length succeeded, and he himself afterwards went round in +a cab and delivered the numbers to the various subscribers. +When he was at Nottingham he walked five miles (and of +course five miles back) to supply a gentleman with a single +paper; and on one occasion he got up at two in the morning, +and travelled to London to get some papers, the ordinary +post not arriving soon enough to satisfy the curiosity of his +customers. His exertions were rewarded by the sale of more +than 1000 copies of that paper in Nottingham alone. This +was probably one of the occasions which struck him so forcibly +when the Nottingham public manifested such an eager +interest in <i>illustrated news</i>.</p> + +<p>Throughout his life Mr. Ingram was devoted to the +interests of his native town, and in return the people +of Boston, in 1856, elected him as their representative +in Parliament. At the general election which occurred +after the dissolution in 1857 he was returned again. +Amongst other social and political questions in which he +took an active interest he was prominent in the agitation for +the repeal of the stamp duty on newspapers. He also exerted +himself zealously for the repeal of the paper duty, but he +died before that important movement was brought to a successful +issue. In 1848 Mr. Ingram started a cheap daily +paper—the <i>Morning Telegraph</i>—upon which he spent a +large amount of money. He was, however, before the time +in this instance. The era of cheap daily papers had not +begun, and after a time the new speculation was abandoned. +He was one of the original shareholders of the <i>Great Eastern</i> +steamship, and was on board the giant vessel when the accident +occurred on her trial trip from the Nore to Portland +Harbour. It is a remarkable circumstance that the dreadful +catastrophe in which he lost his life happened on the anniversary +of this accident on board the <i>Great Eastern</i>.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:620px; height:623px" src="images/img322.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">HERBERT INGRAM, FOUNDER OF THE ‘ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS.’</td></tr></table> + +<p>In 1860 Mr. Ingram visited America accompanied by his +eldest son. They left Liverpool in the <i>North American</i> on +the 9th of August, and landed at Quebec in time to witness, +after traversing the Lower St. Lawrence, the knocking in of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page309" id="page309"></a>309<br />310</span> +the ‘last wedge’ of the Victoria Bridge at Montreal by the +Prince of Wales. They then went on to Niagara, where +they stayed some days. From Niagara Mr. Ingram proceeded +to Chicago, intending to cross the prairies, and to +follow the Mississippi to New Orleans, and thence to New +York, but more especially to Boston, which old associations +of history had determined him to make the conclusion of his +sojourn in the United States. He altered his plans, however, +and decided to visit Lake Superior, and to prolong his stay +in America, proposing to return to England about the end of +October.</p> + +<p>Mr. Ingram left Chicago at midnight on the 7th of September, +accompanied by his son, in the <i>Lady Elgin</i> steamer, +bound on an excursion up Lakes Michigan and Superior. +Nearly four hundred persons were on board. The wind blew +hard from the north-east, and a heavy sea was running, but +no one thought of danger, and there was music and dancing +in the saloon. Thirty miles from Chicago and ten miles from +land, about two o’clock on the morning of the 8th, there +came a sudden crash. The schooner <i>Augusta</i>, sailing at the +rate of eleven knots an hour, had struck the <i>Lady Elgin</i> on +the midships gangway, and then, having her sails set, and +the wind blowing freshly, drifted off in the darkness. At +first it was not thought that any serious damage had been +done to the steamer, but those on board soon found that she +was settling fast. The captain ordered parts of the woodwork +of the vessel to be cut adrift to serve as rafts, and +made such other provisions as the hurry would allow. In +less than half-an-hour the hurricane deck floated off, and the +hulk with the machinery went to the bottom with a tremendous +noise. When the vessel parted all lights were extinguished, +and the unfortunate passengers were left struggling +amid the waves in total darkness. The steamer sank in three +hundred feet of water, the sea was running high, and the +land was ten miles away. Some of those who survived to +see the dawn were drifted towards the shore on pieces of the +wreck, and were drowned in the surf in the sight of hundreds +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page311" id="page311"></a>311</span> +of spectators. Out of 393 persons on board only 114 were +saved. Among the drowned were Mr. Ingram and his son. +The body of Mr. Ingram was washed ashore about sixteen +miles from Chicago, and every effort was used to restore +animation, but in vain. The body of his son was never +found.</p> + +<p>The citizens of Chicago were profoundly impressed by +the melancholy fate of father and son, so far away from +home and friends. Mr. Ingram’s remains were escorted +from the Brigg’s House Hotel to the railway station by a +procession of more than eight hundred of the British residents +in the neighbourhood. The body was taken to +Quebec and conveyed on board the <i>Bohemian</i> steamer, which +arrived at Liverpool on the 2nd of October. From thence +the remains were removed to Boston, and interred in the +new cemetery at Skirbeck, about a mile from the centre of +the town. On the day of the funeral all the shops and +places of business in Boston were closed, the inhabitants +filled the streets and followed the procession up to the gates +of the cemetery. It was in every sense a public funeral, and +afforded the strongest testimony of the respect in which the +memory of the deceased was held by his fellow-townsmen. +Two years afterwards, on October 6th, 1862, a statue of Mr. +Ingram, raised by public subscription, was unveiled in the +market-place at Boston. The life that began in the quaint +old Lincolnshire town and ended amid the stormy waters of +Lake Michigan, has now an enduring memorial standing not +far from the spot where Herbert Ingram was born.</p> + +<p>The <i>Illustrated London News</i> no sooner became an assured +success than it was imitated. The <i>Pictorial Times</i> was the +first competitor that entered the field, and a very strong +literary staff was collected to contend for the new path that +had been opened. Douglas Jerrold wrote the leading articles; +Thackeray was critic and reviewer, in which capacity he reviewed +Macaulay’s <i>Essays</i> and Disraeli’s <i>Coningsby</i>; Mark +Lemon was dramatic critic, Peter Cunningham art critic, while +Gilbert A’Beckett was the humorous contributor; the managing +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page312" id="page312"></a>312</span> +editor was Henry Vizetelly, and Knight Hunt, author of the +<i>Fourth Estate</i>, afterwards editor of the <i>Daily News</i>, was the +sub-editor. One man who has since become famous as a journalist +was amongst the artists employed on the new paper. +Those who only know Mr. George Augustus Sala as a brilliant +writer will be surprised to learn that he is also a facile draughtsman, +and was on the artistic staff of the <i>Pictorial Times</i> in +1847. The <i>Pictorial Times</i> was continued for several years, +but it never achieved such a measure of success as to become +permanently established. A story used to be told in connexion +with it which gave some countenance to the popular +belief that some of the sketches in illustrated newspapers +were evolved from the inner consciousness of the artists. I +cannot answer for the truth of the anecdote, but I know it +served to amuse the world of Bohemia at the time. When +the Queen and Prince Albert went first to Scotland, the +newspapers in recording the movements of the royal party +related, among other things (quoting a Scottish contemporary), +that Her Majesty and the Prince had gone one day +to ‘see the shearing.’ The conductors of the <i>Pictorial Times</i> +seeing this, and being anxious to present their readers with +a perfect record of the royal doings, forthwith set an artist +to work to produce a pleasant pastoral scene, with a group of +shepherds <i>shearing their sheep</i>—not knowing that ‘shearing’ +in Scotland means <i>cutting the corn</i>, and forgetting for the +moment that sheep-shearing is not usually done in the +autumn.</p> + +<p>Much energy and capital have been expended on several +other attempts to found pictorial journals in London, but +most of them failed to secure a profitable footing. <i>Pen and +Pencil</i> contained some capital cuts by Linton; and the <i>Illustrated +Times</i>, a threepenny paper, was well done. The +<i>Illustrated News of the World</i>, in addition to numerous woodcuts, +issued portraits engraved on steel. <i>The Ladies’ Newspaper</i> +was started to fill a supposed void in journalism, but +was ultimately absorbed by the <i>Queen</i>, in which connexion it +still flourishes. The <i>Illustrated Midland News</i> was brought +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page313" id="page313"></a>313</span> +out in Manchester, but it could not find in that city and its +neighbourhood sufficient sustenance to subsist beyond a brief +period. The <i>Illustrated London and Provincial News</i> in its +title endeavoured to attract both town and country, but it +only had a short career. While these different ventures +were in progress, the <i>Penny Illustrated Paper</i> appealed to a +lower stratum of the public with great success, and it has +now a very large sale, having combined the <i>Illustrated Times</i> +with its original title. In some of these enterprises the promoters +appear to have been unable to shake off, in choosing +their titles, the fascinating influence of the word ‘illustrated.’ +A joint-stock company broke the spell, and started a paper +with the very original title of the <i>Graphic</i> on the eve of the +great war between France and Germany. It was a most +favourable time for establishing a new paper, and the conductors +handled the opportunity with great ability and +success. The printing and general <i>get-up</i> of the <i>Graphic</i> +are excellent, and it has earned for itself a wide popularity. +The <i>Pictorial World</i> was started as a threepenny paper, +and after existing several years at that price it became +the property of a company and was raised to sixpence. +During the Egyptian War it made strenuous efforts to +obtain a footing on the same platform with the <i>Illustrated +London News</i> and the <i>Graphic</i>. The large lithographic +portraits published by the <i>Pictorial World</i> were very good. +As the public taste improved under the influence of the +pictorial press new fields were opened up for cultivation +by the enterprising journalist. The <i>Illustrated Sporting and +Dramatic News</i> addressed itself not only to the sportsman +and actor, but also to that section of the public which finds +amusement in the incidents and humours of the sporting +world and the stage. It has deservedly obtained a good +position. The last new comer on the journalistic stage is +the <i>Ladies’ Pictorial</i>, which has recently been enlarged and +greatly improved. Its light and elegant contents are well +suited to the tastes of its numerous patrons. All the existing +illustrated papers in London have their publishing offices in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page314" id="page314"></a>314</span> +the ‘Line of Literature,’ as Fleet Street and the Strand have +been called. In the streets and courts in the neighbourhood +are housed numbers of engravers and draughtsmen, who find +it mutually convenient to work in the vicinity of the head-quarters +of pictorial journalism. Many of the same fraternity +consume the midnight oil in distant suburbs, their work +gravitating to the great centre in the morning.</p> + +<p>All the countries of Europe, the United States, some of +the cities of South America, the Colonies of Canada and +Australia, have now their illustrated newspapers. Some of +them supplement their own productions by reproducing the +engravings from the English papers, and many have attained +a high degree of artistic merit. The American journals are +especially noteworthy for their excellent engravings.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:450px; height:390px" src="images/img327.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr></table> + +<div class="center art1"><img style="width:150px; height:35px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img001.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page315" id="page315"></a>315</span></p> + +<p class="chap2 center">CHAPTER IX.</p> + +<div class="condensed"> +<p class="mind">How an Illustrated Newspaper is Produced—Wood-engraving—Boxwood—Blocks +for Illustrated Newspapers—Rapid Sketching—Drawing +on the Block—Method of Dividing the Block for Engraving—Electrotyping—Development +of the Printing Machine—Printing +Woodcuts—Machinery for Folding Newspapers—Special Artists—Their +Dangers and Difficulties—Their Adventures in War and Peace.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="sc chap1">In</span> describing the production of a modern pictorial newspaper, +I take the <i>Illustrated London News</i> as the type of its +class, because it was the first paper of the kind that was +ever established. The art of wood-engraving, to which the +illustrated newspaper owes its existence, has been fully +described by competent authors. The best work on the +subject is that produced by the late John Jackson in 1839; +but since that date the resources of the art have been greatly +developed, chiefly through the influence of illustrated newspapers.</p> + +<p>The material used for wood-engraving is box-wood, +which is preferred to all other kinds of wood on account +of its close grain, hardness, and light colour. It admits of +finer and sharper lines being cut upon it than any other +wood, and great quantities are consumed in producing the +engravings of an illustrated newspaper. According to Mr. +J. R. Jackson, Curator of the Kew Museum, the box-tree is +at the present time widely distributed through Europe and +Asia, being found abundantly in Italy, Spain, Southern +France, and on the coast of the Black Sea, as well as China, +Japan, Northern India, and Persia. The box of English +growth is so small as to be almost useless for commercial +purposes. What is called Turkey box-wood is the best, +and this is all obtained from the forests that grow on the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page316" id="page316"></a>316</span> +Caucasus, and is chiefly shipped at Poti and Rostoff. The +forests extend from thirty to a hundred and eighty miles +inland, but many of them are in the hands of the Russian +Government and are closed to commerce. Within the last +few years a supply of box-wood has been obtained from +the forests in the neighbourhood of the Caspian Sea; but +Turkey box is becoming dearer every year and inferior in +quality. After the wood is cut in the forest, it is brought +down on horseback to the nearest river, put on board flat-bottom +boats, and floated down to the port of shipment. It +arrives in this country either at Liverpool or London, chiefly +the former, and is usually in logs about four feet long and +eight or ten inches across.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:550px; height:422px" src="images/img329.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">BACK OF A BLOCK, SHOWING THE WAY IN WHICH THE PARTS ARE FASTENED +TOGETHER.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The wood intended for engraving purposes is first carefully +selected and then cut up into transverse slices about an +inch thick. After being cut, the pieces are placed in racks +something like plate-racks, and thoroughly seasoned by slow +degrees in gradually heated rooms. This seasoning process +ought to last, on an average, four or five years; but the +exigencies of trade seldom allow of so long a time. They +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page317" id="page317"></a>317</span> +are then cut into parallelograms of various sizes, the outer +portion of the circular section near the bark being cut away, +and all defective wood rejected. These parallelograms are +then assorted as to size, and fitted together at the back by +brass bolts and nuts. By this means blocks of any size can +be made, and they possess the great advantage of being +capable of being taken to pieces after a drawing is made, +and distributed among as many engravers as there are pieces +in the block. This invention of making bolted blocks was +brought forward just about the time the <i>Illustrated London +News</i> was started, when large blocks and quick engraving +came to be in demand. In the days of the <i>Penny Magazine</i>, +blocks were made by simply glueing the pieces of wood +together, or they were fastened by means of a long bolt +passing through the entire block.</p> + +<p>The cut given on the opposite page represents the back of +a half-page block of the <i>Illustrated London News</i>, and shows +the way in which the bolts and nuts are used for fastening the +different parts of the block together.</p> + +<p>For the production of a pictorial newspaper a large staff +of draughtsmen and engravers is required, who must be +ready at a moment’s notice to take up any subject, and, if +necessary, work day and night until it is done. The artist +who supplies the sketch has acquired by long practice a +rapid method of working, and can, by a few strokes of his +pencil, indicate a passing scene by a kind of pictorial shorthand, +which is afterwards translated and extended in the +finished drawing. The sketch being completed on paper, +the services of the draughtsman on wood come into requisition, +for it is not often that the drawing on the block +is made by the same person who supplies the sketch. +Sometimes the sketch to be dealt with is the production +of an amateur, or is so hastily or indifferently done that +it has to be remodelled or rearranged in drawing it on +the wood. Faulty or objectionable portions have to be left +out or subdued, and perhaps a point in the sketch that is +quite subordinate, is brought forward and made to form +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page318" id="page318"></a>318<br />319<br />320</span> +a prominent part of the picture. All this has to be done +without doing violence to the general truth of the representation, +and with due consideration for the particular +conditions of the moment, such as the amount of finish and +distribution of light and shade suitable for rapid engraving +and printing.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:389px" src="images/img331.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">FACSIMILE OF SKETCH: SURRENDER OF SEDAN.</td></tr></table> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:639px; height:700px" src="images/img332.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE SURRENDER OF SEDAN. FROM THE ‘ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,’ SEPT. 17, 1870.</td></tr></table> + +<p>An example of the adaptation of a rapid sketch occurs +in the engraving of the surrender of Sedan, published in +the <i>Illustrated London News</i>, September 17, 1870. This +sketch, which carries with it the strongest evidence of being +taken ‘under fire,’ came to hand a few hours before the +engravings for the current week were to be ready for the +printer. The cream or heart of the sketch, representing an +officer waving a white flag over the gate of Sedan attended +by a trumpeter, was taken for the subject, while the comparatively +unimportant part of the sketch was left out. The +drawing was rapidly executed and as rapidly engraved, and +was ready for press at the usual time. I give a reduced +copy of the engraving, together with a facsimile reduction +of the original sketch, which will show the reader the way +in which hurried sketches are sometimes adapted to the +purposes of a newspaper without at all impairing their +original truth.</p> + +<p>Sometimes more than one draughtsman is employed on a +drawing where the subject consists of figures and landscape, +or figures and architecture. In such a case, if time presses, +the two parts of the drawing are proceeded with simultaneously. +The whole design is first traced on the block; the +bolts at the back of the block are then loosened, the parts are +separated, and the figure-draughtsman sets to work on his +division of the block, while another draughtsman is busied +with the landscape or architecture, as the case may be. +Occasionally, when there is very great hurry, the block is +separated piece by piece as fast as the parts of the drawing +are finished—the engraver and draughtsman thus working +on the same subject at the same time. Instances have occurred +where the draughtsman has done his work in this +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page321" id="page321"></a>321</span> +way, and has never seen the whole of his drawing together. +The double-page engraving of the marriage of the Prince of +Wales in the <i>Illustrated London News</i>, March 21, 1863, was +drawn on the wood by Sir John Gilbert at 198 Strand, and +as fast as each part of the drawing was done it was separated +from the rest and given to the engraver. Considering that +the artist never saw his drawing entire, it is wonderful to +find the engraving so harmonious and effective. Photographing +on the wood is now in general use for portraits, +sculpture, architecture, and other subjects where there is a +picture or finished drawing on paper to work from.</p> + +<p>The drawing on wood being completed, it passes into the +hands of the engraver, and the first thing he does is to cut +or set the lines across all the joins of the block before the +different parts are distributed among the various engravers. +This is done partly to ensure as far as possible some degree +of harmony of colour and texture throughout the subject. +When all the parts are separated and placed in the hands of +different engravers each man has thus a sort of <i>key-note</i> to +guide him in the execution of his portion, and it should be +his business to imitate and follow with care the colour and +texture of the small pieces of engraving which he finds +already done at the edge of his part of the block where it +joins the rest of the design. The accompanying cuts represent +a block entire and the same subject divided.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:720px; height:511px" src="images/img335.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">A BLOCK BEFORE IT IS TAKEN TO PIECES.</td></tr></table> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:720px; height:506px" src="images/img336.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE SAME SUBJECT DIVIDED.</td></tr></table> + +<p>Though this system of subdividing the engraving effects +a great saving of time, it must be admitted that it does not +always result in the production of a first-rate work of art as +a whole. For, supposing the subject to be a landscape with +a good stretch of trees, the two or three engravers who have +the trees to engrave have, perhaps, each a different method +of rendering foliage; and when the whole is completed, and +the different pieces are put together, the trees perhaps appear +like a piece of patchwork, with a distinct edge to each man’s +work. To harmonise and dovetail (so to speak) these different +pieces of work is the task of the superintending artist, +who retouches the first proof of the engraving and endeavours +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page322" id="page322"></a>322<br />323<br />324</span> +to blend together the differences of colour and texture. +This is often no easy task, for the press is generally waiting, +and the time that is left for such work is often reduced to +minutes where hours would scarcely suffice to accomplish all +that might be done. Or the block to be engraved may be +a marine subject, with a stormy sea. In this case, like the +landscape, two or three engravers may be employed upon the +water, each of them having a different way of representing +that element. Here it is even more difficult than in the +landscape to blend the conflicting pieces of work, and requires +an amount of ‘knocking about’ that sometimes astonishes +the original artist. All this is the necessary result of +the hurry in which the greater part of newspaper engravings +have to be produced. When the conditions are more +favourable better things are successfully attempted, and of +this the illustrated newspapers of the day have given abundant +proofs.</p> + +<p>It is obvious that when a block is divided and the parts +are distributed in various hands, if any accident should occur +to one part the whole block is jeopardised. It is much to +the credit of the fraternity of engravers that this rarely or +ever happens. I only remember one instance of a failure of +this kind within my own experience. An engraver of decidedly +Bohemian character, after a hard night’s work on the +tenth part of a page block, thought fit to recruit himself +with a cheering cup. In the exhilaration that followed he +lost the piece of work upon which he had been engaged, and +thereby rendered useless the efforts of himself and his nine +compatriots.</p> + +<p>When the block is finished the parts are screwed together +by means of the brass bolts and nuts at the back of the +block. It is then delivered to the electrotyper, who first +takes a mould of the block in wax, which mould is then +covered with a thin coating of blacklead, that being a good +conductor of electricity. The mould is then suspended by a +brass rod in a large bath filled with a solution of sulphate of +copper and sulphuric acid. A strong current of electricity, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page325" id="page325"></a>325</span> +obtained from a dynamo-electric machine close at hand, is +conducted to the wax mould in the bath and also to a sheet +of copper which is placed near the mould. The electricity +decomposes the copper and deposits it in small particles on +the mould, on which a thin coating of copper is gradually +formed, producing an exact facsimile of the original engraved +block. This copper reproduction of the woodcut is filled in +at the back with metal, mounted on wood, and is then ready +for the printer, who has his ‘overlays’ all ready, and the +business of printing begins.</p> + +<p>There is nothing more wonderful in the history of printing +than the rapid development of the printing machine and +the extraordinary increase of its productive power. The +ordinary press, though greatly improved, was found quite +inadequate to the demands made upon it; and, the attention +of practical men being directed to some more rapid means of +production, the steam printing machine was invented. As +early as 1790 Mr. W. Nicholson obtained letters patent for a +machine very similar to those since in use; but it was not +till 1814 that any practical use was made of the steam +printing machine. In that year a German named König +constructed a machine for the <i>Times</i> newspaper, which +worked successfully; but, though highly ingenious, the +machine was very complicated, and it was soon superseded +by the invention of Messrs. Applegarth and Cowper, possessing +several novel features. This machine, again, was replaced +by another where the type was arranged vertically. +Then came Hoe’s American machines, and finally the Walter +Press, the principle of which last invention has, in the +Ingram Rotary Machine, been successfully applied to the +printing of cheap illustrated newspapers. By the old ‘two-feeder’ +machines the engravings were printed on one side of +the sheet, and, by a second printing, the type on the other +side. They turned out 1500 impressions of the engravings +in an hour, while the type side was printed (by a six-feeder +American machine) at the rate of 12,000 impressions an +hour. The <i>Penny Illustrated Paper</i> is printed by the Ingram +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page326" id="page326"></a>326</span> +Rotary Machine at the rate of 6500 an hour. It prints both +sides of the sheet at once, cuts each number to its proper +size, folds it, and turns it out complete. It occupies no more +space than an ordinary perfecting machine, and only requires +four men to attend to it, while thirty men and five ‘two-feeders’ +would be required to do the same amount of work +by the old system.</p> + +<p>If a block be well engraved and carefully used in printing +there is practically no limit to the number of impressions +that may be taken from it. The blocks in the Christmas +number of the <i>Illustrated London News</i> of 1882 had 425,000 +impressions taken from them, and they are still good for a +new edition of the like number.</p> + +<p>After the paper is printed each sheet is neatly folded by +folding machines, which fold the entire edition in a few +hours. One double-action folding machine will fold fifty +sheets in a minute. As it is found that machinery for +folding newspapers works much better at a moderate speed, +in the case of the Ingram Rotary Machine it has been +arranged in duplicate, so that each folder only works at +half the speed of the printing machine. The folding +machine completes its work by inserting the paper in its +cover; but as the <i>Illustrated London News</i> has not sufficient +space for machines to carry out the whole of this part of +the business, a number of women and girls are employed, +whose nimble fingers supplement the work of the folding +machines.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:820px; height:488px" src="images/img340.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE EVE OF A BATTLE: NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENTS SLEEPING ON THE FIELD.</td></tr></table> + +<p>In these days of electric telegraphy Puck’s notion of +putting ‘a girdle round about the earth in forty minutes’ +is not so very far from being realised. The London citizen +as he sips his coffee at his villa in the suburbs runs his eye +over the pages of his morning paper, and reads of events +that took place yesterday many thousand miles away. +Before he starts for business he is informed of what is +passing on every side of the inhabited earth. This rapid +transmission of intelligence is somewhat damaging to the +illustrated newspaper, for by the time it can publish sketches +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page327" id="page327"></a>327<br />328</span> +of interesting events in far distant countries the freshness +of the news is gone, and the public mind is occupied with +later occurrences. Until some method is invented of sending +sketches by electricity the pictorial press must endure this +disadvantage, but in the meantime it spares no pains to +overtake the march of events. Wherever there is any +‘moving accident by flood or field’ the ‘special artist’ of +the illustrated newspaper is found ‘takin’ notes.’ No event +of interest escapes his ever ready pencil. He undergoes +fatigues, overcomes formidable difficulties, and often incurs +personal danger in fulfilling his mission. On the eve of a +battle he will sleep on the bare ground wrapped in a blanket +or waterproof sheet, and he will ride all night through a +hostile country to catch the homeward mail. He is equally +at home in the palace and the hovel, and is as ready to +attend a battle as a banquet. He thought nothing of +stepping over to China to attend the nuptials of the celestial +Emperor; and on that occasion extended his travels until +he had completed the circuit of the globe, winding up with +a run on the war-path among the American Indians. He +assisted at the laying of the telegraph cable between Europe +and America, and diversified his labours, and showed the +versatility of his powers by taking part in an impromptu +dramatic entertainment which he and his comrades got +up for the occasion, and which they appropriately called +‘A Cable-istic Extravaganza.’ He was at the opening of +the Suez Canal, and he passed with the first railway train +through the Mont Cenis tunnel. In pursuing his vocation +the special artist has to encounter the perils of earth, air, +fire, and water. Now he is up in a balloon, now down in a +coal-mine; now shooting tigers in India, now deer-stalking +in the Highlands. Dr. Schliemann no sooner announced that +he had discovered the site of Troy than the special artist was +down upon the spot at once. He is found risking his life +in the passes of Afghanistan, and in Zululand assisting at +the defeat and capture of Cetywayo. Now he is at the bombardment +of Alexandria, and now facing the savage warriors +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page329" id="page329"></a>329<br />330</span> +of the Soudan at El-Teb and Tamasi. At the present time +(November, 1884), he is on his way up the Nile with the +expedition for the relief of General Gordon at Khartoum, +and he is in India with the Boundary Commissioners exploring +the dangerous passes of the Afghan frontier. In +peace or war the special artist pursues his purpose with +stoical self-possession in spite of cold, hunger, and fatigue.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:670px; height:409px" src="images/img342.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">A CABLE-ISTIC EXTRAVAGANZA, PERFORMED BY NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENTS ON BOARD THE <i>GREAT EASTERN</i>, AT SEA, JULY, 1866.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The special artist may be said to have commenced his +career with the Crimean War. While the signs of the +coming storm were yet distant the <i>Illustrated London News</i> +sent the late Mr. S. Read to the expected scene of action, +and during the whole course of the war special artists were +on the shores of the Black Sea and in the Baltic to chronicle +the great events of the time. The world had scarcely forgotten +Balaklava and Inkerman when the war between +Italy, France, and Austria broke out. Solferino and +Magenta were fought, Garibaldi conquered Sicily, and +wherever the interest was greatest there the special artist +was found. Special artists went with the contending armies +when Denmark opposed herself single-handed to the united +forces of Prussia and Austria, and delineated every important +incident of the campaign. When the present Emperor +of Germany was crowned King of Prussia at Königsberg +special artists travelled to that ancient city to furnish +sketches of the ceremony. The gigantic civil war in +America, and the brief struggle between Prussia and +Austria in 1866, gave active employment to the special +artist; and when a British force advanced into Abyssinia +a special artist was with that most romantic expedition, +and sent home numerous sketches of the remarkable scenery +of the country, as well as of all the principal events of the +campaign. The assault on Magdala, the dispersion of King +Theodore’s broken army, the customs and dwellings of the +people, were all noted and illustrated. When the great war +of 1870, between France and Prussia, broke out, the illustrated +newspapers had special artists on both sides, who +encountered all sorts of hardships, and passed through all +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page331" id="page331"></a>331<br />332</span> +kinds of adventures in fulfilling their duties. Besides being +frequently arrested as spies, and undergoing the privations +of beleagured places, they had also to run the risk of shot +and shell, and sometimes they were obliged to destroy their +sketching materials under fear of arrest. One of them was +in custody as a spy no less than eleven times during the +war. The danger of being seen sketching or found with +sketches in their possession was so great that on one occasion +a special artist actually swallowed his sketch to avoid being +taken up as a spy. Another purchased the largest book of +cigarette papers he could obtain, and on them he made little +sketches, prepared in case of danger to smoke them in the +faces of his enemies.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:426px" src="images/img344.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">HEADQUARTERS OF SPECIAL ARTIST IN ASIA MINOR, 1877.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The following extract from a letter I received from a +special artist during the war, will give some idea of the +trouble and danger of sketching:—</p> + +<p>‘Of the trouble I have taken to get these sketches you +can have no conception. The plan I have been obliged to +adopt is this. I walk about quietly, apparently noticing +only the goods in the shop-windows. When I see anything, +I make memoranda on small bits of tissue paper, perhaps in +a café, or while appearing to look at the water from the top +of a bridge, or on the side of an apple, with a big knife in +my hand pretending to peel it. These little mems I roll up +into pills, place them handy in my waistcoat pocket to be +chewed up or swallowed if “in extremis.” When I get +home at night, first making sure that I am not overlooked +by way of the window, I unroll these little pills, and from +those mems make a complete outline on a thin piece of white +paper. Then I paste these sketches face to face, trim the +edges, and it looks like a plain piece of paper, but hold it up +to the light and the sketch shows. So I make memoranda +all over it,—the times of trains starting, prices of articles, or +extracts from newspapers. When I get to a place of safety, +I soak these pieces of paper in water, pull the sketches apart, +and from them have made the sketches I have forwarded to +you. If I could not get into a place of safety to make the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page333" id="page333"></a>333</span> +sketches, I don’t know what I should do, in fact I don’t +think I could do anything, for I would not, for any consideration +<i>be found making a sketch, nor with a sketch in my +possession</i>; nor should I dare post a sketch at the “Bureaux +de poste,” but I might get it into a street box.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:800px; height:474px" src="images/img347.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">ARREST OF NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENTS AT METZ, DURING THE FRANCO-GERMAN WAR.</td></tr></table> + +<p>Another special artist being at Metz, found himself in +the midst of a population infected with what he called the +‘spy-fever.’ About a dozen English newspaper correspondents +were there, and they became a united body through +persecution. There was always about a fourth of their +number in prison, and what most persons would have considered +to be clear evidence that they were not spies, was in +the minds of the French clear evidence that they were. If +they were told that the correspondent of an English newspaper +could not possibly be a spy, the reply was that that +was just the character that a <i>cochon</i> of a Prussian spy would +assume. The townspeople of Metz became quite wild when +they heard of the French defeats at Wörth and Forbach, +and when they saw an artist sketching the Emperor’s carriage, +they pounced upon him as a Prussian spy, and he and +his companions were marched off in custody, amid the hootings +of the mob. The following account of this affair is +extracted from the <i>Illustrated London News</i> of August 20, +1870: ‘Three of the representatives of London papers, Mr. +Simpson, Mr. Henry Mayhew and his son, went to the railway +station, having heard a rumour that the Emperor was +about to start for the front, and also that a train full of the +wounded was expected to arrive. At the station they met +Mr. Stuart, another newspaper correspondent, who had just +come from Italy, having travelled all night. They found +the Emperor’s carriage and horses waiting to be forwarded +by a train on the railway towards St. Avold. Our artist +thought it would be doing no harm to employ the few +minutes of his waiting at the station in making a slight +sketch of the carriage and horses, which might be useful as +materials for an illustration of some future scene where the +same equipage might figure. He took a small sketch-book +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page334" id="page334"></a>334<br />335</span> +and pencil out of his pocket and quickly finished this little +drawing. There was no attempt at concealment; he even +showed his sketch to one of the bystanders who was close to +him, and who seemed to watch his movements with some +curiosity. Mr. Simpson then rejoined his three English +companions, but had scarcely done so before they were surrounded +by a large party of artillery soldiers, who wore +undress jackets and had not their arms with them. They +were taken into custody, each one placed between two +soldiers, and thus were marched through the streets of Metz +to the Place de la Cathedral. A mob of people followed, +increasing as they went on, and reviling the foreigners as +“Sacrés Prusses,” or “Cochons de Prusses,” threatening +vengeance upon them, which might probably have been +taken if their violence had not been restrained by the presence +of the soldiers. The whole party were then brought +into the guard-room, where several persons came forward as +their accusers to denounce them as spies of the enemy, +lurking about Metz with a hostile and insidious purpose. +The chief evidence against one of them was that he had +bought three copies of a Metz local newspaper; another was +suspected because he had been seen four days successively in +the same café, “and always sitting in the same seat;” a +third could be no true man, because, while he said he +belonged to a London paper, he confessed that he had just +come from Florence. The main charge against Mr. Simpson +was that he did not lodge at an hotel, but in a private house. +These particulars were repeated to the crowd outside, which +filled the whole Place, and was in a state of raging fury; +till at last the officers in charge made their appearance and +commenced a more regular examination. Our artist produced +his passport, which was approved as in due order; but +his little sketch-book, with its scraps of notes and bits of +outline, seemed to contain matter for serious investigation. +In spite of his awkward and rather alarming position, he +was struck with the absurdity of viewing such innocent +scrawls as proof of heinous guilt. He endeavoured, however, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page336" id="page336"></a>336</span> +with the assistance of Mr. Mayhew, to explain what they +were, and to persuade the officers that they could do no +harm. After a tedious detention, they were permitted to +write a note to a friend, who instantly went to the Provost-Marshal, +and at once got an order for their immediate +release. Their private letters and papers were examined. +Several other persons, Frenchmen as well as foreigners, +including one who was the artist employed by a Paris illustrated +paper, were arrested at Metz on the same day; and +more than one of them suffered rough usage at the hands of +the mob. On the next day they were all ordered to leave +the town.’ The following is a facsimile of the sketch that +produced all this commotion.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:500px; height:304px" src="images/img349.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE EMPEROR’S CARRIAGE AT METZ.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The same artist who made his sketches into pills, being +at Bremerhafen, found himself so watched and dogged by +the police and others who had observed he was a stranger, +that he could not make the sketch he wanted. After much +walking about he at length returned to the place where he +desired to sketch, and sitting down at the edge of the harbour +he began to draw lines with his umbrella on the mud, +as if in a fit of abstraction, and soon had sketched in this +way the principal points of the scene before him. This he +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page337" id="page337"></a>337</span> +repeated several times, until the view was fixed in his +memory, when he retired to the railway-station, and there, +unobserved, committed the scene to his sketch-book. On +another occasion, in the neighbourhood of Mezières, he was +driven at nightfall to seek a lodging in a very lonely and +villainous looking inn. The occupants of the place looked +upon him with evil eyes, and dreading lest one more should +be added to the numerous graves already near the cabaret, he +betook himself to a neighbouring wood, where he spent the +whole night surrounded by the carcases of dead horses. At +Lyons he penetrated into the theatre where the people were +storing corn and flour in anticipation of a siege. He had +made some hasty notes in his sketch-book, when he was +observed and obliged to retreat, followed, however, by +several men. He had noticed an umbrella shop round the +corner in the next street, and into this shop he rushed, +seized an umbrella, opened it, and kept it expanded between +himself and the door, as if examining the quality of the +silk, while his pursuers ran past, when he demanded the +price of the umbrella, paid the money, and walked off, glad +to escape at so small a cost. Sometimes his adventures had +a more amusing termination. When the spy-fever prevailed +very strongly both in France and Germany, he was +one day looking into a shop-window when he became conscious +that he was watched by two officers. ‘Now,’ thought +he, ‘I am in for it again, and shall certainly be arrested.’ +This feeling was confirmed as one of the officers advanced +towards him, and raising his hand as if to seize him by +the collar, addressed him thus: ‘Permit me, monsieur, to +adjust the string of your shirt collar, which has escaped +from behind your cravat.’<a name="fa1f" id="fa1f" href="#ft1f"><span class="sp">1</span></a> This gentleman was somewhat +old-fashioned in his costume, and during his wanderings +was sometimes mistaken for a sea-captain. He had even +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page338" id="page338"></a>338</span> +received confidential proposals to discuss the question of +freight.</p> + +<p>The <i>Illustrated London News</i> had five artists in the +field during the Franco-German war: W. Simpson, R. T. +Landells, G. H. Andrews, C. J. Staniland, and Jules +Pelcoq. From the fact of Landells being already known +to the Crown Prince of Prussia and several of his staff, it +was settled that his destination should be Germany, and I +remember that before his departure he expressed to me +just the slightest shade of discontent that he should be +selected to go on what he thought would be the losing side. +He was destined, however, to be present at the proclamation +of the German Emperor in the palace of Versailles, and he +was one of the first to enter Paris after it capitulated to the +German army. Soon afterwards he very nearly experienced +the unpleasant consequences of being taken for a German +spy. Landells himself was of a dark complexion, and might +very well have passed for a Frenchman, but on the occasion +referred to he was in the company of a brother artist (Mr. +Sidney Hall, of the <i>Graphic</i>), who, being fair, might easily +be mistaken for German. The excited mob of Paris had +just vented their rage on a suspected spy by drowning him +in the Seine, and the two special artists were loitering on the +outskirts of the crowd, when Mr. Hall imprudently took out +his sketch-book, which was no sooner perceived than a cry +was raised of ‘Prussian spy!’ and they too would probably +have been pitched into the river had they not managed, with +great difficulty, to escape from the crowd.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:830px; height:527px" src="images/img352.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENTS ON THEIR WAY TO THE FRONT. SISTOVA, 1877.</td></tr></table> + +<p>When the German armies were closing round Paris +M. Jules Pelcoq consented to be shut up in the devoted city +for the purpose of supplying the <i>Illustrated London News</i> +with sketches. During the hardships of the siege he was +quite unable to obtain fuel to warm his apartment, and was +compelled to retire to bed, where, wrapped in a blanket, he +finished up the rough sketches he had made out of doors, +which were then photographed and sent off by balloons to +London. These balloons were regularly despatched during +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page339" id="page339"></a>339<br />340</span> +the prevalence of winds that would carry them to the provinces +unoccupied by the Germans. They were followed by +Prussian light cavalry as long as they were in sight, and +some were captured. Afterwards, as the city became more +closely invested, and the danger increased, the precaution +was taken of despatching the balloons at night, and the time +fixed on was kept concealed from all save those immediately +concerned, in order to avoid, as far as possible, the chances +of its being communicated to the enemy, and thereby exposing +the aëronauts to the fiery rockets and other projectiles +with which the Germans were prepared to favour +them. The railway-stations were generally chosen as the +starting-places, for they not only offered large open spaces +in which to fill the balloons, but, being situated away from +the centre of Paris, there was less risk, in ascending, of +coming in contact with buildings.</p> + +<p>To provide against the loss of sketches so sent, photographic +copies were despatched by other balloons. In some +cases two, and even three, copies of the same sketch reached +my hands by balloon-post during the German investment of +Paris. Considering the danger and difficulty of this mode +of communication, the intercourse between the <i>Illustrated +London News</i> and its artist in Paris was kept up pretty +regularly during the whole siege.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:392px; height:500px" src="images/img354.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">SKETCHING UNDER DIFFICULTIES. HERZEGOVINA, 1876.</td></tr></table> + +<p>The requirements of special artists when on the ‘war +path’ vary according to circumstances. Mr. Simpson, in +France during the Franco-German war, found no scarcity of +food, but could seldom get a bed to sleep in. On the other +hand, Mr. Melton Prior, in South Africa and other hot +countries, found that he was never sure of obtaining either +food or drink. During the war in Herzegovina in 1876 +the newspaper correspondents had to rough it pretty considerably. +Sometimes, when the special artist got to a +resting-place for the night, he would have to work up his +sketches by the light of a single candle, which he kept in +an upright position by holding it between his feet as he +sat on the ground, while the correspondent of a London +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page341" id="page341"></a>341</span> +‘daily’ scribbled his notes beside him. The difficulty of +obtaining sleeping accommodation was experienced by +another artist in Servia, who was obliged one night to go +to rest in a sort of diligence or covered waggon which +stood in the inn yard. It was the only ‘spare bed,’ and +the tired ‘special’ was very glad to coil himself up within +its recesses. These hardships, however, belong to the past. +Just as the combatants in modern warfare fight their +battles with the most scientific weapons, so the newspaper +correspondent now goes to the field armed with the latest +appliances against cold, fatigue, hunger, and thirst. He +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page342" id="page342"></a>342</span> +provides himself with an abundant supply of tinned meats +and champagne, plenty of clothing, the latest improvements +in saddlery; and when he arrives at the scene of action he +buys as many horses as he wants for himself and servants. +Acting on the experience of former campaigns, Mr. Prior +was able in the Zulu War to travel much more comfortably +than any member of the staff, not even excepting Lord +Chelmsford himself. ‘I had then no fewer than five horses: +two in the shafts of my American waggon, one for myself, +one for my servant, and one spare horse. I followed the +army through all its marches in my travelling carriage, and +on the eve of the Battle of Ulundi I was the only man who +had a tent; all the others lay down in the open.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:371px" src="images/img355.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE SPARE BED.</td></tr></table> + +<p>While recording the progress of events—the deeds of +war mingling with the works of peace—the pictorial press is +not unmindful of what is done in the cause of humanity. +One of the recent experiences of the special artist was in +making a journey across Siberia in search of the survivors of +the crew of the American exploring ship <i>Jeanette</i>. Mr. J. +Gordon Bennett, the proprietor of the <i>New York Herald</i>, having +sent out a commissioner to search for the missing expedition, +he was joined by the special artist of the <i>Illustrated London</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page343" id="page343"></a>343<br />344</span> +<i>News</i>. They had before them a journey of two or three +thousand miles, and they travelled in one of the covered +sledges used in Siberia in the winter time. It was their +travelling carriage by day and their sleeping apartment at +night. Sometimes they had to turn out and defend themselves +from the wolves which followed them over the snowy +waste. The artist on this occasion was Mr. Larsen, of +Copenhagen, who proved himself a first-rate special.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:488px" src="images/img356.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">SPECIAL ARTIST’S TENT.</td></tr></table> + +<p>When the effects of a deadly climate are added to the +usual chances of war, the courage and endurance of the +newspaper correspondent are doubly tried. The ‘specials’ of +the principal London journals joined the Ashantee expedition +with as much alacrity as if they had been going to a +review in Hyde Park. Among them was Mr. Melton Prior, +the artist of the <i>Illustrated London News</i>, who landed at Cape +Coast Castle before the arrival of the British troops, marched +with them to Coomassie, and remained in that place till it +was destroyed by the victors. But the long march in such a +climate had exhausted the strength of many, and the special +artist was among the number. On nearing Coomassie he +could no longer trust to his own unaided powers of locomotion, +so he laid hold on the tail of a mule which he saw +ambling before him, and so was helped forward. The gentleman +who was riding the mule turned round, when it +proved to be Sir Garnet Wolseley himself, who, in answer to +the exhausted artist’s apologies, good-humouredly told him +to ‘hold on!’</p> + +<p>While coolness and courage are indispensable qualifications +for the special artist, if he can sometimes accomplish a +little harmless dissimulation he finds it very useful. In 1877, +during the war between Russia and Turkey, a special artist +overcame the difficulties he encountered in getting to the +front by assuming the character of a camp-follower, and +professing to sell composite candles, German sausages, +Russian hams, dried fish, Dutch cheese, &c., and when +passing Cossacks became importunate they were propitiated +with a candle or two, a slice of cheese, or a packet of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page345" id="page345"></a>345<br />346</span> +Roumanian tobacco. In like manner the artist who went +to the port of Ferrol to accompany Cleopatra’s Needle to +London shipped on board the tug <i>Anglia</i> as a coal-trimmer, +and signed the usual articles as one of the crew, there +being no room for passengers. After the successful voyage +of the tug the artist left her at Gravesend, being anxious +to bring his sketches to head-quarters; but until he was +legally discharged from service he ran the unpleasant risk +of being taken up for absconding from his ship.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:650px; height:345px" src="images/img358.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENTS STARTING FOR SIBERIA.</td></tr></table> + +<p>Not the least of a special artist’s troubles is to get his +sketches sent home without loss of time. Mr. Simpson, who +has had a large and varied experience as a special artist, +having been all round the world in that capacity, gives it +as his opinion that the first duty of a special correspondent +when he arrives at the scene of action is to find out the post-office, +if he happens to be in a part of the world where such +a civilised institution exists. He should take care to post all +his packets himself, and never trust to any one else. He +says, ‘In all my various travels I never lost a packet but +once, and that was during the week’s fighting at the time of +the Commune in Paris. There were three sketches in the +packet. I was very dubious about letting them out of my +hands, but I had been all the week with the correspondent +of the <i>Times</i>, who had spent a considerable sum of money +upon messengers to get his letters taken through the lines +outside Paris and off to London. I ventured to let my +packet go with his, thinking it was safe, but neither of them +ever reached their destination.’ In connexion with this subject +I may quote the following story related by Mr. Prior +to the editor of the <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i>:—‘I remember one +time when I was attached to Mehemet Ali’s head-quarters in +Bulgaria during the Russo-Turkish war. The Turkish censor +stopped no fewer than six weeks of my sketches. Things +were getting desperate. Our people were telegraphing out +to know whether I was alive or dead; and, finding that +something must be done, I determined to see the thing +through or leave the camp. It so happened that I had +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page347" id="page347"></a>347<br />348</span> +been the witness of some peculiarly atrocious deeds perpetrated +by Turks upon Bulgarians, so I set to work and drew +half-a-dozen faithful representations of the sufferings which +I had witnessed. Armed with these I went up to the censor’s +office and asked that they might be stamped for transmission +home. The censor looked at the first and said it was ridiculous. +Couldn’t pass that; no such atrocities had ever +been committed; and so forth. The second was condemned +in the same way, and so on until the last was reached. +When he had rejected that also I said to him very deliberately, +“You are going to pass every one of these sketches!” +“On the contrary,” said he, “I am going to tear them up.” +“If you do,” said I, “I shall draw not only six but twelve +pictures worse than these, and send them home by my own +messenger.” “I will have him arrested then,” said the +censor. “Very well, then, in that case I shall leave the +camp at once, and in London I will draw twenty pictures all +worse than these, and they will all be published, so that +people may see the real truth about how you are behaving +here.” The censor, like a sensible man, saw that it was no +use carrying things with too high a hand, and came to terms. +He admitted he had stopped all my sketches, promised to do +so no more, and I left him with my atrocity pictures in my +pocket, assuring him that the first sketch of mine that he +stopped again the whole series should go to London by the +next steamer. I never had any more trouble with him in +that respect, though he paid me out by having me arrested +some months later.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:730px; height:408px" src="images/img360.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">CAMP OF THE ‘TIMES’ AND ‘ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS’' CORRESPONDENTS ATTACKED BY WOLVES. BULGARIA, 1877.</td></tr></table> + +<p>During the Franco-German War Mr. Simpson often +proved the advantage of his plan of always posting his +sketches himself. At the fall of Strasburg he was in the +advanced trench when the white flag was displayed from the +tower of the cathedral. It was late in the evening when he +got home to bed, but he was up with the first streak of dawn +finishing his sketch of the historical event he had witnessed +the day before. He then walked five miles to General +Werder’s head-quarters to post the sketch. He wasted no +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page349" id="page349"></a>349</span> +time in trying to get a horse or carriage, in which he might +have failed, nor would he trust the packet to a messenger. +He knew that the slightest delay would postpone the publication +of the sketch for a whole week. The sketch arrived +in time, as he had calculated, for the next publication, and +he had the satisfaction of knowing that on this occasion, as +on many others, his promptitude and energy had well served +the interests of the journal he represented.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:600px; height:504px" src="images/img363.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENTS’ HUTS ON THE BATTLE-FIELD OF KACELJEVO, 1877.</td></tr></table> + +<p>A special artist has to encounter many troubles and vexations +apart from the dangers and difficulties of war time. +When Mr. Simpson was at Brindisi, on his way to the opening +of the Suez Canal, wishing to sketch the town and fortifications, +he ensconced himself in a snug corner, well sheltered +from the ‘Bora,’ or cold wind that was blowing, and had +settled down comfortably to work, when he was interrupted +by a man who addressed him in Italian, a language Simpson +did not understand. He, however, made out that the man’s +‘padre’ or master would not like Simpson to be there; but +the latter replied in plain English that he cared nothing for +his ‘padre,’ that he had the permission of the Commandant +to go where he pleased, and so he went on with his sketching. +After much unintelligible talk the man attempted to stop the +sketcher’s view by standing between him and the town, but +finding the sketching went on just the same, he suddenly +went away and then returned with a gun, pointing it in a +threatening manner towards Simpson, who thought the gun +was perhaps not loaded, or at all events that the man would +never be such a fool as to shoot him, so he merely gave a +majestic wave of his hand and went on with his work. The +man’s rage then increased to such a degree that he seized +the butt end of his gun, uttering a volley of curses, and +from the word ‘testa’ Simpson supposed the man wanted to +smash his head. However he never flinched, and the man, +lowering his gun, muttered something about the ‘Cani,’ and +went off again. Presently he returned dragging with him a +huge dog. Simpson felt more afraid of the dog than the +man, but it turned out that the dog had more sense than his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page350" id="page350"></a>350</span> +master and refused on any terms to attack the artist. He +bolted, the man after him, and Simpson then armed himself +with two stones in case the attack should be renewed, resolving, +like Tell when he devoted one of his arrows to Gessler, +that one stone should be for the dog and the other for his +oppressor. The man however could not get the dog to +return to the attack. He had exhausted the whole of his +resources, and was evidently astonished and annoyed to find +he had failed to frighten the artist, so he finished off with a +torrent of curses and then gradually calmed down. He +remained watching the completion of the sketch, and then +obligingly favoured the artist with some criticisms on his +work. He pointed out that a ship in the harbour had been +forgotten, and could not understand that it had been purposely +left out because it interfered with one of the principal +buildings. In this instance it was perhaps best for both +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page351" id="page351"></a>351</span> +parties that they did not understand each other’s language; +but the special artist is occasionally placed at a disadvantage +by not understanding the language of the country where he +happens to be. However it rarely leads to more than a temporary +embarrassment, and is often the cause of more amusement +than vexation. Mr. G. H. Andrews on one occasion +desired to have a couple of eggs for breakfast, but could not +make the maid of the inn comprehend his meaning. He +tried all he knew of French, Flemish, and German, but the +girl shook her head. At length a bright idea struck the +artist. He drew from his pocket a pencil and note-book, +and sketched a couple of oval forms, meaning them for eggs, +and explained by gestures that <i>that</i> was what he wanted. +The girl’s face brightened at once when she saw the sketch, +and with a nod of intelligence she tripped away. In a few +minutes she returned and presented the hungry artist with—<i>a +pair of spectacles!</i></p> + +<p>The late Mr. S. Read, who was one of the first special +artists employed on the pictorial press, travelled much +abroad, yet he knew little or nothing of any language save +his mother tongue. Germany, Italy, Austria, Spain, France, +Belgium, Switzerland, were all visited by him, and he got +on very well without speaking the language of any of those +countries. He was a man of genial humour, accustomed to +make the best of everything, and not easily put out by trifles. +He was once travelling in the south of France when a fellow-passenger +in the train accosted him in French, and was much +surprised to find he was not understood.</p> + +<p>‘Vat!’ said the Frenchman; ‘you travel and speak no +French! Speak you German?’</p> + +<p>‘No.’</p> + +<p>‘Nor Italian?’</p> + +<p>‘No.’</p> + +<p>‘Spanish?’</p> + +<p>‘No.’</p> + +<p>‘Ah, mon Dieu! you travel and speak noting!’ and with +a pitying grimace and shrug of the shoulders he looked round +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page352" id="page352"></a>352</span> +at the other passengers. Presently our artist took his revenge. +As they were passing a town with a ruined castle +on a hill he said, with much fervour, addressing the Frenchman,—</p> + +<p>‘How beautifully that old tower is relieved by the dark +foliage! What a splendid contrast is the cold grey of the +hill behind! How harmoniously the distance is blended +with the middle distance, and the middle distance with the +foreground, by means of the bridge across the river!’ The +Frenchman stared, stammered, and confessed he did not +comprehend.</p> + +<p>‘What!’ said our artist; ‘you travel and do not understand +English!’</p> + +<p>‘Ver leetle.’</p> + +<p>‘Do you speak Scotch?’</p> + +<p>‘Non, m’sieur.’</p> + +<p>‘Nor Irish!’</p> + +<p>‘Non.’</p> + +<p>‘Welsh?’</p> + +<p>‘Non.’</p> + +<p>‘Suffolk?’</p> + +<p>‘Non, non, m’sieur.’</p> + +<p>With an exact imitation of the Frenchman’s contemptuous +shrug our friend turned to their fellow-travellers amid +the loud laughter of those who understood the joke.</p> + +<p>When the special artist exercises his vocation at home, +though he lacks the excitement of danger, he meets with +many amusing incidents. An artist who attended the +meeting of the British Association at Lincoln many years +ago desired to sketch the house which was reputed to have +been the residence of John o’ Gaunt, and asked the waiter at +the hotel if he could direct him to it. ‘Johnny Gaunt, Sir?’ +said the waiter, evidently puzzled; ‘I don’t know him, Sir, +but I’ll inquire.’ In a few minutes he returned and said he +had inquired at the bar, but that no such person as Johnny +Gaunt resided thereabouts. Another, who was something of +a wag, was once making a sketch in the heart of St. Giles’s; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page353" id="page353"></a>353</span> +there were no School Boards in those days, and numbers of +idle street boys surrounded our sketcher, performing all +manner of bewildering gymnastics. Not at all disturbed, +however, he amused himself by asking his young friends +numerous questions, all of which were answered with rapid +pertness. At last he inquired of one active imp if he could +read. ‘No, I can’t read,’ said the young gentleman, ‘but I +can stand on my head and drink a quartern o’ gin.’</p> + +<p>The methods pursued by special artists in obtaining their +sketches are as various as the methods of painters in producing +their pictures, or of authors in writing their books. +One man uses a very small sketch-book, another prefers a +large one, but they all require to supplement their hurried +sketches with marginal notes. When there is not time to +sketch a complete cow, it is good to write underneath the +sketch, ‘This is a cow.’ Many events have to be sketched +that last only a few minutes, and in such cases some little +mistakes will occur even with old practitioners. Literary +correspondents are liable to the same misfortune. At a +certain royal marriage in St. George’s Chapel, Windsor, the +Lord Chamberlain obligingly sent a gentleman to attend the +members of the press, and inform them as to the name and +rank of the distinguished guests as they entered the chapel. +The correspondents courteously allowed the artists of the +pictorial press to take front places, so that some of their +number were unable to see what was going on, and had to +trust to their comrades for information. When the Duke of +A——, in full Highland costume, entered the chapel, there +was a general inquiry, ‘Who is that?’ ‘That,’ said the +gentleman from the Lord Chamberlain’s department, ‘is the +Duke of A——, the great Mac Callum More.’ ‘Who is it?’ +cried some of the gentlemen in the background, and the +name was passed on, but by the time it reached the outer +fringe of correspondents it was changed into ‘The Duke of +A—— with the Great Claymore,’ and under that style and +title his grace’s name figured in at least one newspaper next +day.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page354" id="page354"></a>354</span></p> + +<p>What may be called the shorthand notes for a sketch are +sometimes difficult to make out without explanation. On +one occasion a sketch was under consideration, when the +editor made certain suggestions to the artist, who was very +good natured, and of a most pliant disposition. ‘I think, +you know,’ said the editor, ‘if you were to add two or three +more figures in the foreground it would improve the composition +and help to detach the principal group from this +windmill.’ ‘Well, the fact is,’ replied the artist, ‘what +you call a windmill I intended for a man on horseback, but +if you think it will come better as a windmill I’ll alter it +with pleasure.’</p> + +<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> +<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:500px; height:404px" src="images/img367.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption">THE SPECIAL ARTIST ON THE ROAD.</td></tr></table> + +<hr class="foot" /> <div class="note"> + +<p><a name="ft1f" id="ft1f" href="#fa1f"><span class="fn">1</span></a> This incident was illustrated in <i>Punch</i>, and lest I should be accused +of using up old material, I must explain that the hero of the adventure, +on his return to England, told the story to one of the <i>Punch</i> artists, who +made a sketch of the incident, which was afterwards published.</p> +</div> + +<div class="center art1"><img style="width:150px; height:35px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img001.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page355" id="page355"></a>355</span></p> + +<p class="chap2 center">CHAPTER X.</p> + +<div class="condensed"> +<p class="mind">Artists who have assisted in founding the Pictorial Press—Sir John Gilbert, +R.A., G. H. Thomas, and others—Wood-Engraving and its Connexion +with the Pictorial Press—Other Methods of producing Illustrations—Wood-Engraving +in England before and after Bewick’s time—Its +wide Diffusion owing to the kindred Art of Printing—The resources +of the Art developed by Pictorial Newspapers—Conclusion. Newspapers +a Necessity of Civilised Life—The <i>Acta Diurna</i> of the Romans—Early +Newspapers in Venice, Germany, and the Low Countries—List +of Illustrated Newspapers published Abroad.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="sc chap1">The</span> establishment of the pictorial press as an English +institution was greatly aided by the active co-operation of +many distinguished artists, the very foremost in this connexion +being Sir John Gilbert. Other Royal Academicians +and eminent painters have drawn on wood for the illustrated +newspapers, but Gilbert stands out pre-eminently the great +popular illustrator of the Victorian era. He it was who first +gave a distinctive character to the illustration of news. He +seemed to possess an inborn knowledge of the essentials of +newspaper art, and could express by a few freely drawn lines +and touches the hurried movement of street crowds or the +state and dignity of Court ceremonies. Whether he had to +draw a knight in armour or a gentleman in a paletôt he did +it in a way exactly suited to rapid engraving and printing. +The feeling which, in his pictures, makes him delight in +battle-fields, blazoned banners, velvet and gold, made his +drawings on wood brilliant in handling and always picturesque. +It was most fortunate that the commencement of +his career was coincident with the foundation of the pictorial +press. William Harvey and other artists were already in +the field, but Gilbert’s style was better adapted to newspaper +work. His quickness and versatility made him just the man +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page356" id="page356"></a>356</span> +that was wanted. Harvey had drawn some of the subjects +published in the <i>Observer</i>, but his style was not suited to the +illustration of current events. Nothing came amiss to +Gilbert, who supplied the pictorial press for twenty years +with a constant succession of effective drawings, embracing +all kinds of subjects, and he never failed in that most essential +quality of a newspaper artist—<i>punctuality</i>. It is as the +popular illustrator that the name of Gilbert stands at the +head of that numerous band of artists who contributed to +the foundation of illustrated journalism in this country.</p> + +<p>The late George H. Thomas was not less successful than +Gilbert in the spirit and vigour of his drawings. His bold +and eminently artistic pencil alternated with Gilbert’s in +portraying the exciting events following the revolutionary +period of 1848-49. His contributions to the <i>Illustrated +London News</i> during the Crimean war were marked by great +force and truthfulness, and procured him the notice and +patronage of her Majesty Queen Victoria. Mr. Thomas’s +premature death in 1868 was a great loss to the world of art +in general, and to the pictorial press in particular.</p> + +<p>It is remarkable that many of our distinguished artists +should have begun their careers as engravers or draughtsmen +on wood. The production of works in black and white, +whether as engravings or drawings, is no doubt good artistic +practice in the study of light and shade, and the young artist +who draws on wood as a means of helping him to live while +he is waiting for fame, is at the same time pursuing a useful +branch of his art education. Luke Fildes, A.R.A., Birket +Foster, W. Small, R. C. Woodville, C. Gregory, A.R.A., +and many others began in this way, and among deceased +artists occur the names of S. Read, E. Duncan, and F. W. +Topham. The two last were both engravers. All these men +have done good work on the pictorial press, and some of them +first won distinction through its medium. Both the <i>Illustrated +London News</i> and the <i>Graphic</i> may claim to have done +good service to art and artists in this respect. Their pages +have always been open to young artists of ability, and while +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page357" id="page357"></a>357</span> +they have helped forward struggling genius they have +opened up new sources of enjoyment to the general public.</p> + +<p>The pictorial press has hitherto been mainly dependent +on the art of wood-engraving for its illustrations, but latterly +several inventions have been used, not unsuccessfully, in the +production of blocks in relief, to be printed in the same +manner as woodcuts. The great improvements that have +been made in surface printing render it probable that in the +future these <i>process</i> blocks may be extensively used in illustrated +newspapers. They are recommended by their cheapness +and rapid production; and as the intermediate process +of engraving is dispensed with, they retain the exact touch +of the artist, and are not liable to be mutilated by careless or +hasty engraving. It may be said of all these inventions, +however, that they are best suited for slight sketches, and +should not be applied to the production of highly-finished +subjects. For the latter there is nothing better than a +woodcut, which, when well executed and carefully printed, +has a richness superior to any other method of engraving. +But in the present day competition is so great and the march +of events is so rapid that cheapness and rapidity of production +will override artistic excellence, and <i>process</i>-engraving, +as it is called, will probably be the method adopted for the +<i>daily</i> pictorial press, the era of which is approaching.</p> + +<p>Wood-engraving, as an art, scarcely existed in this +country before the time of Thomas Bewick. To him we owe +its revival, and he was thus indirectly concerned in the creation +of the pictorial newspaper. Though we have seen that +the <i>Grub Street Journal</i> and the <i>Observer</i> on a few occasions +used copperplate illustrations, it is perfectly certain that an +illustrated newspaper, properly so-called, never could have existed +but for the art of wood-engraving. It was an essential +agent in bringing into life this novel offspring of the printing +press, just as it assisted in the birth of the old ‘block books.’ +When Caxton brought the art of printing into this country +the woodcuts printed at his press were probably executed by +the printers whom he brought with him. His successors +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page358" id="page358"></a>358</span> +illustrated their books in the same way, and even after wood-engraving +was practised in England as a distinct profession +many of the illustrations in books and pamphlets were the +work of printers. When something of superior design and +finish was wanted, ready-made woodcuts were procured from +Nuremberg or Lyons, then the chief marts for such productions. +The blocks so obtained were sometimes used without +much regard to the book in which they were printed. +Cuts originally designed for an edition of <i>Ovid</i> appeared in +the Bible, and no notice was taken of this mixture of sacred +and profane things. Albert Dürer’s influence on the art of +wood-engraving was very great, but it never extended to +this country. Hans Holbein, who came to England two +years before Dürer’s death, made a few designs for the wood-engravers +during his long residence here. His transient use +of the art, however, did not raise it to a better condition, +and printers continued to be the chief producers of woodcuts. +In the time of Queen Elizabeth there flourished a printer +and engraver of the name of John Day, who took for his +mark an emblematic device of the day-spring of the reformed +religion, with the motto, ‘Arise, for it is Day.’ The best +illustrated books of that period were produced by him. +About this time the art was rapidly declining in other +countries, but in England it was in a better condition than +at any previous period. It soon, however, declined in this +country also, but was kept alive by Edward Kirkall, John +Baptiste Jackson, and others, until it was revived by Thomas +Bewick.</p> + +<p>The low condition of the art of wood-engraving in this +country was chiefly owing to the want of good designers, +and it was not until a man arose who possessed the power to +<i>draw</i> as well as to <i>engrave</i> that an English school of wood-engraving +was created. Bewick possessed the artistic faculty +as a direct gift from nature; and though it was from accidental +circumstances that he was led to exercise this innate +power in drawing and engraving on wood, he soon discovered +of what the art was capable, and devoted his chief attention +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page359" id="page359"></a>359</span> +to it. He drew such things as he understood and had studied +from nature, and thoroughly comprehending the scope and +power of wood-engraving, he was able, with little labour, to +produce the best results.</p> + +<p>At the time of Bewick’s death, in 1828, England had +scarcely recovered from the exhausting wars of Napoleon, +trade was stagnant, and taxation was heavy. The mass of +the people had no money to spend on such luxuries as +illustrated books, and the enterprise of publishers was confined +to the production of the well-known ‘Annuals’ of that +day; but they were illustrated with steel engravings, and +were only purchased by the wealthier classes. Such works +as <i>Robinson Crusoe</i> and the <i>Pilgrim’s Progress</i>, for which +there is always a demand, were illustrated by Cruikshank +and Harvey. There was <i>Northcote’s Fables</i>, on which all the +best engravers of the day were employed; but it was not +until the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge +began its operations, and Charles Knight took the lead in +illustrated literature, that wood-engraving began to be extensively +used. The art was so little known that when the +woodcuts of the <i>Penny Magazine</i> began to attract attention a +nobleman of that day spoke of them as the productions of +a new art. Illustrations were so seldom used that the preparation +of even a small woodcut was of much moment to all +concerned. I have heard the late William Harvey relate +that when Whittingham, the well-known printer, wanted a +new cut for his ‘Chiswick Press’ series, he would write to +Harvey and John Thompson, the engraver, appointing a +meeting at Chiswick, when printer, designer, and engraver +talked over the matter with as much deliberation as if they +were about to produce a costly national monument, and after +they had settled all points over a snug supper, the result of +their labours was the production, months afterwards, of a +small woodcut measuring perhaps two inches by three. At +this time only about a dozen persons, besides Bewick’s pupils, +were practising the art of wood-engraving in England, and +in France the art was so low that a few years later the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page360" id="page360"></a>360</span> +blocks for the <i>Magazin Pittoresque</i> were sent from Paris to +London to be engraved. In Germany, the cradle of the art, +it languished as in other countries, while in America, a +country which is now taking a leading part in the cultivation +of wood-engraving, the art was almost unknown as a native +production. It is now in use all over the civilised world, +and there is scarcely a capital city without its newspaper +illustrated with woodcuts. It has even penetrated to the +sunless regions of ice and snow. In the Library of the +South Kensington Museum there is a book with illustrations +drawn and engraved on wood by Esquimaux!</p> + +<p>The cause of this wide diffusion and extended employment +of the art of wood-engraving is undoubtedly its close +alliance with the kindred art of printing. No other method +of engraving lends itself so easily to the rapid productions of +the printing-press. From the earliest days of printing the +two arts have advanced hand in hand, aiding in the growth +of knowledge and the spread of civilisation. The application +of steam to the art of printing revolutionised the world of +typography, and wood-engraving was not slow in adapting +itself to the new conditions. The advancing spirit of education +created a demand for cheap knowledge. Penny magazines +and pictorial newspapers came into existence. The +steam printing-press spread them far and wide, and wood-engraving +since the time of Bewick has shown that it possesses +capabilities which that genuine old artist would have +rejoiced to behold.</p> + +<p>In tracing the origin and progress of the pictorial press I +have confined my researches to British journalism, but the +subject might be widely extended. From the days of the +<i>Acta Diurna</i> of the Romans something in the shape of a +newspaper appears to have been a necessity of civilised life. +Soon after the invention of printing small news-sheets appeared +in various towns of Germany and in Venice. In the +Low Countries an illustrated war gazette was published as +early as 1605. It was called the <i>Niewetijdinghe</i>, and it was +the precursor of the <i>Gazette van Antwerpen</i>, which survived +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page361" id="page361"></a>361</span> +till 1805. During the Spanish and Austrian rule in Belgium +each town had its privileged newspaper. As the printers of +those days were well acquainted with the art of wood-engraving, +it is not unlikely that some of these early newspapers +contained illustrations. The earlier newspapers of Holland +were chiefly devoted to commercial intelligence, and afforded +little scope for illustration, but illustrated broadsides were +not uncommon. In Germany the first regular newspaper +appeared in 1615, when the art of wood-engraving had +greatly declined; and when the physician Renaudot started +the first newspaper in France, in 1631, if the idea of illustrating +it had occurred to him he would have had to rely on +his printer for the production of the woodcuts. As, however, +the low condition of illustrative art in the seventeenth century +did not deter English printers of ‘News-books’ from +seeking such pictorial aid as they could obtain, it is highly +probable their Continental brethren did the same, however +insufficient might be the means at their command.</p> + +<p>When the history of our own age comes to be written +the pictorial newspapers will form an inexhaustible store-house +for the historian. The following list of cities in +Europe, America, and the English colonies, with the names +of the illustrated newspapers published by them, will convey +some idea of the extent to which pictorial journalism has +spread during the last forty years:—</p> + +<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr"> +<p class="s"><span class="sc">Paris</span>:</p> + +<p class="i1"><i>L’Illustration.</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Le Monde Illustré.</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>L’Univers Illustré.</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>La République Illustrée.</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>La France Illustrée.</i></p> + +<p class="s"><span class="sc">Berlin</span>:</p> + +<p class="i1"><i>Deutsche Illustrirte Zeitung.</i></p> + +<p class="s"><span class="sc">Stuttgart</span>:</p> + +<p class="i1"><i>Uber Land und Meer.</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Das Buch für Alle.</i> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page362" id="page362"></a>362</span></p> + +<p class="s"><span class="sc">Leipzig</span>:</p> + +<p class="i1"><i>Illustrirte Zeitung.</i></p> + +<p class="s"><span class="sc">Vienna</span>:</p> + +<p class="i1"><i>Neue Illustrirte Zeitung.</i></p> + +<p class="s"><span class="sc">Milan</span>:</p> + +<p class="i1"><i>L’Illustrazione Universale.</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>L’Illustrazione Italiana.</i></p> + +<p class="s"><span class="sc">Madrid</span>:</p> + +<p class="i1"><i>La Illustracion Espanòla.</i></p> + +<p class="s"><span class="sc">Barcelona</span>:</p> + +<p class="i1"><i>La Illustracion Catòlica.</i></p> + +<p class="s"><span class="sc">Warsaw</span>:</p> + +<p class="i1"><i>Klosy.</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Tycodnik Powszechny.</i></p> + +<p class="s"><span class="sc">Amsterdam</span>:</p> + +<p class="i1"><i>De Hollandsche Illustratie.</i></p> + +<p class="s"><span class="sc">St. Petersburg</span>:</p> + +<p class="i1"><i>Universal Illustration.</i></p> + +<p class="s"><span class="sc">Copenhagen</span>:</p> + +<p class="i1"><i>Illustreret Tidende.</i></p> + +<p class="s"><span class="sc">Christiania</span>:</p> + +<p class="i1"><i>Nu Illustreret Tidende.</i></p> + +<p class="s"><span class="sc">New York</span>:</p> + +<p class="i1"><i>Harper’s Weekly.</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Harper’s Bazaar.</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper.</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Spirit of the Times.</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>The Daily Graphic.</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Illustrirte Zeitung</i> (printed in German).</p> + +<p class="s"><span class="sc">Washington</span>:</p> + +<p class="i1"><i>Illustrated Washington Chronicle.</i></p> + +<p class="s"><span class="sc">Montreal</span>:</p> + +<p class="i1"><i>Canadian Illustrated News.</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Le Monde Illustré</i> (French). + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page363" id="page363"></a>363</span></p> + +<p class="s"><span class="sc">Sydney</span>:</p> + +<p class="i1"><i>Illustrated Sydney News.</i></p> + +<p class="s"><span class="sc">Melbourne</span>:</p> + +<p class="i1"><i>Illustrated Australian News.</i></p> +<p class="i1"><i>Australian Sketcher.</i></p> + +<p class="s"><span class="sc">Mexico</span>:</p> + +<p class="i1"><i>Revista Universal.</i></p> + +<p class="s"><span class="sc">Montevideo</span>:</p> + +<p class="i1"><i>La Illustracion Uruguaya.</i></p> + +<p class="s"><span class="sc">Rio De Janeiro</span>:</p> + +<p class="i1"><i>A Illustraçăo.</i></p> + +<p class="s"><span class="sc">Cape Town</span>:</p> + +<p class="i1"><i>South African Illustrated News.</i></p> +</div> </td></tr></table> + +<hr class="art" /> +<p class="pt2 f80 center">THE END.</p> + +<div class="center pt2"><img style="width:630px; height:301px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img376.jpg" alt="" /></div> + +<hr class="art" /> + +<p class="center f80">London Printed by <span class="sc">Strangeways and Sons</span> Tower Street Upper St Martin’s Lane</p> + +<hr class="art" /> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Pictorial Press, by Mason Jackson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PICTORIAL PRESS *** + +***** This file should be named 36417-h.htm or 36417-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/6/4/1/36417/ + +Produced by Marius Masi, Chris Curnow and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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