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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Pictorial Press, by Mason Jackson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Pictorial Press
+       Its Origin and Progress
+
+Author: Mason Jackson
+
+Release Date: June 13, 2011 [EBook #36417]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PICTORIAL PRESS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marius Masi, Chris Curnow and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE PICTORIAL PRESS.
+
+
+[Illustration: HEADING OF 'THE JACOBITE'S JOURNAL,' 1747.
+
+(_Supposed to be Drawn by Hogarth._)
+
+(_See page 197._)]
+
+  THE
+  PICTORIAL PRESS
+  ITS ORIGIN AND PROGRESS.
+
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+
+  BY
+
+  MASON JACKSON.
+
+  With One Hundred and Fifty Illustrations.
+
+
+  LONDON:
+  HURST AND BLACKETT. PUBLISHERS.
+
+  13 GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET.
+  1885.
+
+
+  _All Rights reserved._
+
+
+
+
+NOTE.
+
+
+Some of the chapters of this book in a condensed form were published a
+few years ago in the _Illustrated London News_, and my acknowledgments
+are due to the proprietors of that journal for permission to reprint
+such of the woodcuts as accompanied the text in that form. I have also
+to thank them for their courtesy in allowing me to use several other
+engravings from the _Illustrated London News_, including some from the
+early numbers, which must now be reckoned among the curiosities of the
+Pictorial Press.
+
+  M. J.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+  CHAPTER I.                                                           1
+
+  The Pictorial Taste Universal--The Early 'News-books'--Development
+  of the Newspaper Press--General use of Newspapers--Establishment
+  of Illustrated Journals--Wandering Ballad-Singers the First
+  Newsvendors--The _English Mercurie_ of 1588--The Abolition of the
+  Star Chamber and its Effect on the Press.
+
+  CHAPTER II.                                                          8
+
+  Illustrated Broadsides--Sir Francis Drake's Operations against the
+  Spaniards--Papers of News in the Reign of James I.--The first
+  Periodical Newspaper published in England--Illustrated Tracts
+  relating to Storms and Floods--Remarkable Murders favourite
+  subjects with the early Newswriters--Murder of the Rev. Mr.
+  Storre--Murder in Cornwall--Apparition of Three Skeletons--Visions
+  in the Air--Attempt on the Life of the Duke of Buckingham--Fall of
+  Meteors at Bawlkin Green, Berkshire--The _Swedish
+  Intelligencer_--Passage of the River Leck by Gustavus
+  Adolphus--The Sallee Rovers--The _Weekly News_ of 1638, an
+  Illustrated Paper--The Irish Rebellion of 1641--The Plague in
+  London--Murder on board an English Ship--The Earl of
+  Strafford--His Execution on Tower Hill--Archbishop Laud--A
+  Burlesque Play about him--Attack by the Mob on Lambeth
+  Palace--Caricature of the Devil offering Laud a Cardinal's Hat.
+
+  CHAPTER III.                                                        63
+
+  Ben Jonson's Ridicule of the Early Newspapers--Fondness of the Old
+  News-Writers for the Marvellous--The Smithfield Ghost--The
+  Wonderful Whale--The Newbury Witch--Satirical Tracts and
+  Caricatures at the Commencement of the Civil War--Religion Tossed
+  in a Blanket--Caricatures of the Pope and the Bishops--Pluralists
+  and Patentees--Taylor, the Water Poet--_Mercurius
+  Aulicus_--Activity of the Pamphleteers--Welshmen
+  Satirised--Satires on Prince Rupert--On the King and Queen--The
+  Ladies' Parliament--Illustrated Tracts relating to Social and
+  Political Subjects--Sir Kenelm Digby's Duel--The King entertained
+  by the City of London, 1641--Executions in 1641--The Liquor
+  Traffic and Sunday Closing in 1641--Abuses of the Ecclesiastical
+  Courts--Ritualism and Nunneries in 1641--Truths enforced by
+  Lieing--Stage Players and the Plague in 1641--Bartholomew Fair in
+  1641--Destruction of Charing Cross and Cheapside Cross--Strange
+  Apparition--Method of enforcing their Views adopted by the Puritan
+  Pamphleteers--Parodies of Roundhead Sermons--Matthew Hopkins the
+  Witch-finder--The _Welsh Post_ of 1643--William Lilly the
+  Astrologer--Three Suns seen in London on the King's Birthday.
+
+  CHAPTER IV.                                                        108
+
+  The Civil War--Flying Sheets of News--Disturbance at
+  Kingston-on-Thames--Plot against London--Riotous Proceedings at
+  York, and Conspiracy in Edinburgh--The House of Commons--The Royal
+  Standard raised at Nottingham--Battle of Edgehill--Prince
+  Rupert--The Lord Mayor of London--_Mercurius Civicus_--The
+  _Scottish Dove_--The _Flying Post_--The _Kingdomes Weekly
+  Post_--Cruelties of the Cavaliers--The 'Levellers'--The King's
+  Escape from Oxford--Funeral of the Earl of Essex--The Great Seal
+  Broken--Fairfax--Cromwell--Sea Fight in the Channel--The Prince of
+  Wales's Squadron--Mutiny at Norwich--Siege of
+  Colchester--Execution of Sir Charles Lucas--The King at
+  Carisbrooke Castle--Execution of the King--Confession of Richard
+  Brandon.
+
+  CHAPTER V.                                                         153
+
+  Decrease of Newspapers after the Civil War--_Mercurius
+  Democritus_--The _Faithful Post_--The _Politique Post_--Broadsides
+  for the People--The Hollow Tree at Hampstead--Prodigious Monster
+  taken in Spain--The Restoration--Trial of the Regicides--Execution
+  of the Regicides--Licenser of the Press appointed--Popular Taste
+  for the Supernatural--Apparition in the Air in Holland--Revival of
+  _Mercurius Civicus_--Murder of Archbishop Sharpe--The _Loyal
+  Protestant_--Frost Fair on the Thames--Monmouth's Rebellion--The
+  Bloody Assizes--Funeral of Queen Mary, Consort of William
+  III.--Increase of Newspapers after the Revolution.
+
+  CHAPTER VI                                                         180
+
+  Constant Attempts at Illustrated News--Increase of
+  Caricatures--The _Postman_, 1704--Fiery Apparition in the Air,
+  seen in London--Caricature against the Jacobites--The South-Sea
+  Bubble--Eclipse of the Sun, 1724--The _Grub Street Journal_ an
+  Illustrated Paper--The _Daily Post_--Admiral Vernon's Attack on
+  Porto Bello--The _Penny London Post_--Henry Fielding and the
+  _Jacobite's Journal_--_Owen's Weekly Chronicle_--_Lloyd's Evening
+  Post_, and the Trial of Lord Byron for the Murder of Mr.
+  Chaworth--The _St. James's Chronicle_--Illustrated Account of a
+  Strange Wild Beast seen in France--The _Gentleman's Journal_ of
+  Anthony Motteux--The _Gentleman's Magazine_ of Edward Cave--The
+  _London Magazine_--The _Scot's Magazine_.
+
+  CHAPTER VII                                                        219
+
+  Revival of Wood-engraving by Thomas Bewick--The _Observer_
+  started, 1791--The _Times_ an Illustrated Paper--Illustrations of
+  News in the _Observer_--St. Helena and Napoleon Bonaparte--Abraham
+  Thornton and the 'Assize of Battle'--Mr. William Clement and
+  Illustrated Journalism--The Cato Street Conspiracy--Trial of Queen
+  Caroline--The House of Commons in 1821--Coronation of George
+  IV.--Royal Visits to Ireland and Scotland--Murder of Mr.
+  Weare--Illustrations of the Murder in the _Morning Chronicle_, the
+  _Observer_, and the _Englishman_--_Bell's Life in
+  London_--Prize-Fight at Warwick--Liston as 'Paul Pry'--'Gallery of
+  Comicalities,' &c.--_Pierce Egan's Life in London_--Death of the
+  Duke of York--Death of Mr. Canning--Opening of Hammersmith Bridge,
+  1827--Mr. Gurney's Steam Coach--The Thames Tunnel--The Murder in
+  the Red Barn--The Siamese Twins--Death of George IV.--Opening of
+  New London Bridge, 1831--Coronation of William IV. and Queen
+  Adelaide--Fieschi's Infernal Machine--Funeral of William
+  IV.--Queen Victoria's First Visit to the City--Coronation and
+  Marriage of the Queen--Christening of the Prince of Wales--The
+  _Weekly Chronicle_--The Greenacre Murder--Mr. Cocking and his
+  Parachute--The Courtney Riots at Canterbury--Burning of the Tower
+  of London, 1841--The _Sunday Times_--Burning of the Houses of
+  Parliament, 1834--The _Champion_--The _Weekly Herald_--The
+  _Magnet_--Removing the Body of Napoleon I.--The _Penny
+  Magazine_--Charles Knight--Humorous Journalism of the Victorian
+  Era.
+
+  CHAPTER VIII                                                       284
+
+  The _Illustrated London News_--The Early Numbers--The Burning of
+  Hamburg--Facetious Advertisements--Bal Masque at Buckingham
+  Palace--Attempted Assassination of the Queen--The Queen's First
+  Trip by Railway--First Royal Visit to Scotland--Political
+  Portraits--R. Cobden--Lord John Russell--Benjamin Disraeli--The
+  French Revolution, 1848--The Great Exhibition, 1851--The Crimean
+  War--Coloured Pictures--Christmas Numbers--Herbert Ingram--The
+  _Pictorial Times_--Other Illustrated Journals.
+
+  CHAPTER IX                                                         315
+
+  How an Illustrated Newspaper is
+  Produced--Wood-Engraving--Boxwood--Blocks for Illustrated
+  Newspapers--Rapid Sketching--Drawing on the Block--Method of
+  Dividing the Block for Engraving--Electrotyping--Development of
+  the Printing Machine--Printing Woodcuts--Machinery for Folding
+  Newspapers--Special Artists--Their Dangers and Difficulties--Their
+  Adventures in War and Peace.
+
+  CHAPTER X                                                          355
+
+  Artists who have assisted in founding the Pictorial Press--Sir
+  John Gilbert, R.A., G. H. Thomas, and others--Wood-Engraving and
+  its Connexion with the Pictorial Press--Other Methods of producing
+  Illustrations--Wood-Engraving in England before and after Bewick's
+  time--Its wide Diffusion owing to the kindred Art of Printing--The
+  resources of the Art developed by Pictorial
+  Newspapers--Conclusion. Newspapers a Necessity of Civilised
+  Life--The _Acta Diurna_ of the Romans--Early Newspapers in Venice,
+  Germany, and the Low Countries--List of Illustrated Newspapers
+  published Abroad.
+
+
+
+
+THE PICTORIAL PRESS: ITS ORIGIN AND PROGRESS.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+  The Pictorial Taste Universal--The Early 'News-books'--Development of
+  the Newspaper Press--General use of Newspapers--Establishment of
+  Illustrated Journals--Wandering Ballad Singers the First
+  Newsvendors--The _English Mercurie_ of 1588--The Abolition of the Star
+  Chamber and its Effect on the Press.
+
+
+The inherent love of pictorial representation in all races of men and in
+every age is manifest by the frequent attempts made to depict natural
+objects, under the most unfavourable circumstances and with the
+slenderest means. The rude drawing scratched on the smooth bone of an
+animal by the cave-dweller of pre-historic times, the painted rocks of
+the Mexican forests, and the cave-paintings of the Bushmen, are all
+evidences of this deeply-rooted passion. The child of civilised life
+looks with delight on his picture-book long before he can make out the
+letters of the alphabet, and the untutored Esquimaux treasures up the
+stray number of an illustrated newspaper left in his hut by the crew of
+some whaling ship, though he cannot understand one word of the printed
+page. But the pictures speak a universal language, which requires no
+teaching to comprehend.
+
+When the printing-press came into use this love of pictures had a wide
+field for development. Some of the first books printed in England were
+illustrated with woodcuts, and many of the tracts, or 'News-books,'
+which preceded regular newspapers, were adorned with rude engravings. It
+mattered not how graphic was the pen, its work was deemed incomplete
+without the aid of the pencil. It often happened that the pen was none
+the better for the fellowship, but the public taste was not fastidious,
+and the work sufficed for the occasion. In tracing the origin and
+progress of pictorial journalism we shall find in 'the abstracts and
+brief chronicles of the time' many curious illustrations of contemporary
+history. The subject is not without interest now that the illustrated
+newspaper has become a prominent feature in the journalism of every
+country.
+
+The development of the newspaper press and its unrestricted use as the
+exponent of public opinion is one of the most interesting signs of
+modern progress. When we consider the liberty of thought and action that
+prevails in our own day, it is difficult to believe that our forefathers
+were liable to the pillory and other degrading punishments when they
+ventured to publish their opinions without first obtaining the sanction
+of the ruling powers. We are accustomed to the daily exercise of the
+right which cost Prynne his ears and brought fines and imprisonment on
+Defoe. Newspapers have become almost as necessary to our daily life as
+bread itself. The mind demands its breakfast as well as the body; and to
+many a busy man the loss of his morning paper would be as great a
+deprivation as the want of his usual matutinal meal.
+
+In London, and in all our great centres of population, the newspaper has
+become the unfailing accompaniment of the City man's journey to
+business. At the railway stations journals of every kind tempt the
+loitering passenger, while the illustrated papers appeal to him in a
+language of their own. Whether in the railway carriage, the omnibus, or
+the steam-boat, the newspaper is eagerly conned, and its contents form
+the food of conversation. Most of these newspapers are cast aside at the
+end of the twenty minutes' or half hour's journey; and then, at second
+hand, they amuse the leisure moments of the railway porter, or, better
+still, they are collected together, and perhaps serve to solace the sick
+poor during many lingering hours in hospitals and refuges. Day by day
+the demand is made, and the supply is ready. The printing-machine never
+sleeps and is never tired. Its voice is one of the voices of the
+night--most unmusical, yet with a mysterious meaning. The daily
+newspaper, so potent in diffusing the light of knowledge, is itself the
+offspring of darkness. The busy brains and active fingers which create
+it turn night into day in the execution of their quickly recurring
+tasks, and with unflagging energy they labour on, that the slumbering
+world may be properly amused and instructed when it wakes.
+
+The intelligent foreigner who happens to reach our southern coast on a
+Monday morning in summer or autumn, and travels to London by one of the
+early trains, is astonished, when the train stops, to see most of the
+gentlemen rush from the carriages and surround a small boy, whom they
+appear to hustle and threaten with violent gesticulations. The boy
+appears to buy off the hostility of his assailants by dealing out to
+each a paper, which he takes from a large bundle under his arm, and with
+which the appeased passenger returns to his carriage. Cries of '_Times!_
+_Daily News!_ _Telegraph!_ _Standard!_--Here, give us one--anything!'
+reach the ears of the wondering stranger, who beholds the boy at length
+take refuge in an empty railway carriage on the opposite side of the
+platform, and from that place of vantage he continues to deal out the
+mysterious papers. After a time the intelligent foreigner learns that
+these are the London papers of that morning, which are sent out to meet
+the trains, and are eagerly bought by the gentlemen who have been
+spending from Saturday to Monday at the seaside, and, having fasted from
+all newspapers during that time, they are now of course famishing for
+news. Such is their eagerness that politics are thrown to the winds. The
+Conservative will put up with a Liberal newspaper rather than have none
+at all; and he whose ill luck or inertness has left him without the
+coveted sheet is glad to borrow of his neighbour, that he may not be
+walking in the darkness of ignorance when he arrives at his place of
+business. As the train moves off, the intelligent foreigner, if he
+thrusts his head out of the carriage window, may behold in the distance
+the newsboy pensively counting his gains and endeavouring to make his
+receipts tally with the number of papers that have vanished.
+
+One of the most remarkable phases of newspaper history has been the
+establishment of illustrated journals. Though this idea, in an immature
+form, is as old as the newspaper itself, yet it was never fully
+developed till the late Mr. Herbert Ingram brought out the _Illustrated
+London News_ in 1842. Since that time the removal of the newspaper stamp
+and the repeal of the paper duty have imparted a freedom and a vigour to
+newspaper enterprise previously unknown. Journals of all kinds have
+sprung into existence, and cheapness has become the rule. Penny and even
+halfpenny papers compete with the leading journals in activity and
+enterprise. No expense is spared in obtaining the earliest and most
+authentic intelligence. Correspondents are sent to every part of the
+world where any information is to be gleaned, and the presence of the
+newspaper 'Special' is now expected at every great event. Each class has
+its organ, and 'he who runs may read.'
+
+When we consider the immense amount of printed matter that is published
+every day by the newspapers, we cannot but wonder at the public
+appetite. And this appetite is fed from one year to another upon a diet
+that is only varied when there occurs a war, a revolution, an unusually
+disastrous shipwreck, or a murder of uncommon atrocity. Then the
+monotony of ordinary life gives place to the temporary excitement. There
+is a run upon the newspapers, which are as susceptible as barometers,
+and rise or fall according to the state of public feeling. The
+calamities of nations and the misfortunes of individuals are sources of
+profit and prosperity to the newspaper.
+
+It was a happy idea to gather together the principal events of the week,
+to illustrate them with authentic pictures, and place them before the
+public in the form of a pictorial newspaper. Considering the great cost
+of production, and the restrictions under which newspapers lay at that
+time, to say nothing of the difficulty of bringing out news with
+appropriate illustrations, so that both should be fresh, the
+_Illustrated London News_ was a bold undertaking. Like most things that
+are successful, it soon had many imitators, and there are now few large
+cities in the civilised world that have not their illustrated
+newspapers.
+
+But the full development of illustrated journalism was immediately
+preceded by many significant symptoms. Several of the then existing
+newspapers, on the occurrence of any unusual or interesting event,
+introduced into their pages rough woodcut illustrations. A great fire--a
+remarkable murder--a fatal balloon ascent--these were the subjects
+seized upon at the moment to satisfy the public craving for illustrated
+news. All this seems to have been the working of an impulse or instinct
+which existed even before the days of newspapers; for, as I shall
+presently show, attempts were made to illustrate the news of the hour in
+tracts or 'News-books' before the beginning of regular newspapers in
+England. The idea of illustrated journalism may be traced from the
+earliest years of the seventeenth century to 1842, the date of the first
+number of the _Illustrated London News_. The art of wood-engraving had
+fallen very low in the seventeenth century, and the illustrations to be
+found in early newspapers are mostly of a very rude description; but
+they show the existence of a germ which eventually grew into full and
+flourishing life.
+
+The English newspaper, like many other great inventions, was a thing of
+gradual growth. The news that was sung or recited by wandering
+ballad-singers at the village cross, or in the court-yard of the
+squire's mansion, and the written newsletter furnished to the wealthy
+aristocracy, were the precursors of the early news-books and the
+periodical sheets of news. As the art of printing extended, many of the
+productions of the press assumed the character of news to attract
+readers. Sermons, satires, and travels, were all put forward under the
+name of _news_, and sometimes a single grain of truth was deemed
+sufficient to leaven a whole bushel of fiction. Most of these
+publications were small tracts, and published at irregular intervals.
+Some of them were adorned with engravings on the title-pages, which show
+that even at this early period the authors or printers of these papers
+were imbued with the pictorial spirit. The idea of illustrating current
+events had already taken root, and we find examples of it long before
+the establishment of regular newspapers.
+
+The earliest form of the newspaper is known to have come into existence
+during times of war and tumult, and it was for a long time believed that
+the first English newspaper was brought forth under similar
+circumstances. But when the _English Mercurie_ of 1588 was proved to be
+a forgery, the enthusiast in newspaper history received a heavy blow and
+sad discouragement. It seemed so highly probable, when this country was
+threatened with the descent of the Spanish Armada, that something like a
+newspaper might have sprung into existence, that people were only too
+ready to adopt the imposture. When the whole nation was greatly excited
+and anxious to learn something about the reality of their danger,
+nothing was more natural than for the sagacious minister of Queen
+Elizabeth to appeal to the people through the printing-press, and by its
+means endeavour to calm the public mind by circulating printed sheets of
+intelligence, 'for the contradiction of false reports.' But we were
+compelled to admit that Lord Burleigh had missed his opportunity, and
+neglected to use the most powerful means for exciting the patriotism or
+allaying the fears of his countrymen. The author of this remarkable
+imposition showed great skill and acuteness in constructing his false
+newspaper, and fixing the date of its supposed publication. The forgery
+has been attributed to Lord Hardwick; but what were his motives it is
+difficult to understand. Unlike Chatterton and Ireland, he never
+brought his imposture before the world, and if he intended it merely for
+an antiquarian _jeu-d'esprit_ he had the enjoyment of the joke entirely
+to himself.
+
+The abolition of the Star Chamber, in 1641, was an important event for
+the press of this country. The so-called newspapers then began to print
+English news and discuss home affairs, no longer dreading the fines,
+imprisonments, and mutilations, that had been so liberally dispensed by
+that obnoxious tribunal. There was not, however, any considerable
+increase in the number of newspapers till the Civil War reached its
+height. During that remarkable contest many hundreds of tracts and
+newspapers were published, some of them numbered consecutively and
+published at regular intervals; but the great majority bore no
+continuous title, and treated of one subject only. During the reigns of
+Charles II. and James II. the press was more or less under a censorship,
+from which it was not emancipated till the seventh year of William III.
+Lord Macaulay dates the commencement of English newspapers from this
+period, when a great many new journals made their appearance. They
+included political news amongst their contents; and they more nearly
+resembled in character, but not in appearance, what we now understand by
+a newspaper than anything that had preceded them. This press revival was
+not accompanied by any corresponding activity in the direction of
+pictorial illustration. Art of every kind was in a low condition in
+England at this time. Even if the art of popular illustration had been
+better understood, the means of production were exceedingly limited.
+Newspapers multiplied greatly, but illustrated journalism had to
+struggle with difficulties, and its existence was only made known by the
+occasional appearance of a rough woodcut or an indifferent
+copper-plate.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+  Illustrated Broadsides--Sir Francis Drake's Operations against the
+  Spaniards--Papers of News in the Reign of James I.--The first
+  Periodical Newspaper published in England--Illustrated Tracts relating
+  to Storms and Floods--Remarkable Murders favourite subjects with the
+  early Newswriters--Murder of the Rev. Mr. Storre--Murder in
+  Cornwall--Apparition of Three Skeletons--Visions in the Air--Attempt
+  on the Life of the Duke of Buckingham--Fall of Meteors at Bawlkin
+  Green, Berkshire--The _Swedish Intelligencer_--Passage of the River
+  Leck by Gustavus Adolphus--The Sallee Rovers--The _Weekly News_ of
+  1638, an Illustrated Paper--The Irish Rebellion of 1641--The Plague in
+  London--Murder on board an English Ship--The Earl of Strafford--His
+  Execution on Tower Hill--Archbishop Laud--A Burlesque Play about
+  him--Attack by the Mob on Lambeth Palace--Caricature of the Devil
+  offering Laud a Cardinal's Hat.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE VALIANT EXPLOITS OF SIR FRANCIS DRAKE, 1587.]
+
+Before, and for a long time after, the general use of newspapers,
+illustrated broadsides were published relating to particular events, or
+satirising the vices and follies of the period. In a broadside adorned
+with a woodcut representing Death and Time, and entitled, _The Doleful
+Dance, and Song of Death_, allusion is made to the 'Fatal Assizes' of
+Oxford, when three hundred persons, including the High Sheriff, died of
+a distemper, which was supposed to have originated among the prisoners.
+A sheet of a later date refers to the Spanish Armada and the Gunpowder
+Plot; while a third, entitled, _Tittle-Tattle_, &c., satirises the
+gossiping habits of the fair sex, and contains many illustrations of
+manners, costume, and character. Such were the publications that did
+duty for newspapers in the days of Queen Elizabeth, whose subjects,
+however, were not left wholly without information as to passing events.
+In 1587 there was published an illustrated tract giving an account of
+the doings of Sir Francis Drake, who was employed by Queen Elizabeth to
+harass the Spaniards in their harbours, and hinder them in their
+preparations for invading England. These operations, which Drake himself
+described as 'singeing the King of Spain's beard,' delayed the sailing
+of the Armada, and gave Elizabeth time to prepare for defence. The tract
+referred to is entitled, '_The true and perfect Newes of the worthy and
+valiant exploytes performed and done by that valiant Knight Syr Frauncis
+Drake; Not only at Sancto Domingo, and Carthagena, but also nowe at
+Cales, and upon the Coast of Spayne, 1587_. _Printed at London, by J.
+Charlewood, for Thomas Hackett._' There is an account, in verse, written
+by one Thomas Greepe, of the doings of Sir Francis Drake and other sea
+captains. The author tells his reader, 'Here hast thou, gentle Reader,
+set forth unto thee the most worthy and valiant exploytes and
+enterpryses, lately atchieved and done by that valiant Knight Syr
+Frauncis Drake & others not pend in lofty verse, nor curiously handled,
+but playnly and truly, so that it may be well understood of the
+Reader.' There is no attempt made to illustrate the events related in
+the tract, but on the title-page there is a woodcut of a ship in full
+sail, which was perhaps intended to represent the admiral's own vessel.
+I have reproduced it on a reduced scale, as an early specimen of marine
+draughtsmanship.
+
+Thomas Greepe commences his poem with the following rhapsody:--
+
+  'Triumph, O England, and rejoice,
+    And prayse thy God incessantly
+  For this thy Queene, that pearle of choyce,
+    Which God doth blesse with victory!
+        In countryes strange, both farre and neere,
+        All raging foes her force doth feare.
+
+  Yee worthy wights that doo delighte
+    To heare of Novels strange and rare,
+  What valors, woone by a famous knight,
+    May please you marke I shall declare.
+        Such rare exploytes performde and done
+        As none the like hath ever woone.'
+
+He gives a list of the ships under Drake's command:--
+
+  'Twenty-five ships were then preparde,
+    Fifteene Pinnaces, brave and fine,
+  Well furnished for his safe garde,
+    Preventing foes that would him tyne.
+        With Masters good and Marriners rare
+        As ever tooke charge, I dare compare.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  The _Bonaventure_, a ship royall,
+    Cheefe Admirall then of the fleete,
+  Sir Frauncis Drake, cheefe Generall,
+    As by desertes he was most meete.
+        Most worthy Captaynes of hand and heart
+        In this boon voyage then tooke hys part.
+
+  The _Primrose_ next, Vice-Admirall,
+    Appoynted by thyre best device,
+  Captayne Frobisher, Vice-Generall--
+    A valiant Captayne, ware and wyse.
+        Captayne Carelell they did ordayne
+        Lieftenant-Generall on the mayne.'
+
+The poem thus winds up:--
+
+  'God save our Queene of merry England,
+    His sacred word long to maintaine;
+  Her Graces Navie and royall bande,
+    Through his good Grace, may long remaine.
+        Lord blesse her counsell, and keepe them aye
+        With all true subjects night and day.
+                  Finis, quoth Thomas Greepe.'
+
+This curious poem is supplemented by a letter, written by Sir Francis
+Drake, 'To the right reverende, godly, learned Father, my very good
+friend, M. John Fox, preacher of the word of God.' This was John Fox,
+the Martyrologist, who died in 1587. The letter proceeds: 'Mister Fox,
+whereas we have had of late such happy successe against the Spanyardes,
+I do assure myselfe that you have faithfully remembered us in your good
+prayers, and therefore I have not forgotten, breefly to make you
+partaker thereof. The 19. of Aprill we arrived within the road of
+Calles, where we found very many shipping, but amongst the rest 32 of
+exceeding burden, lade and to be laden with provision, and prepared to
+furnish the King's Navie, intended with all speede against England, the
+which when we had boorded, and also furnished our severall ships with
+provision as we thought sufficient, wee burnt; and although by the space
+of two dayes and two nights that we continued there, we were still
+endangered, both with thundering shott from the towne, and assailed with
+the roaring Cannons of twelve galleys; yet we suncke two of them, and
+one great Argosey, and still avoyded them with very small hurt, and so
+at our departure we brought away foure ships of provision, to the great
+terror of our enemies, and honour to ourselves, as it may appeare by a
+most curteous Letter written unto me with a Flagge of truce by Duke
+Petro, Generall of the Galleys. But whereas it is most certayne that the
+king doth not onely make speedy preparation in Spayne, but likewise
+expected a very great Fleete from the Straytes, and divers other places,
+that should joyne with his forces to invade England; we purpose to sette
+apart all feare of danger, and by Gods furtherance to proceed by all the
+good means we can devise to prevent their coming; wherefore I shall
+desire you to continue faithfull in remembrance of us in your prayers
+that our purpose may take that good effect, as God may be glorified, his
+Church, our Queene and country, preserved, and these enemies of the
+trueth utterly vanquished, that we may have continuall peace in Israel.
+Fro aboord her Majesties good ship the _Elizabeth Bonaventure_.
+
+'Your loving freende, and faythfull Sonne in Christ Jesus,
+
+  'FRAUNCIS DRAKE.'
+
+In the reign of James I. papers of news began to be published, but they
+only appeared occasionally, and were chiefly devoted to foreign
+intelligence. In 1619 we have 'Newes out of Holland,' followed by others
+in 1620, 1621, and 1622. These occasional tracts were afterwards
+converted into a regular weekly publication, entitled the '_Weekly
+News_,' printed by J. D. for Nichs. Bourne and T. Archer. This was the
+first periodical newspaper published in England. But long before this
+many illustrated tracts and pamphlets were published relating to events
+of recent occurrence. In one dated 1607 occurs the earliest instance I
+have met with of an attempt to illustrate the news of the day. It is
+entitled '_Wofull Newes from Wales, or the lamentable loss of divers
+Villages and Parishes (by a strange and wonderful Floud) within the
+Countye of Monmouth in Wales: which happened in January last past, 1607,
+whereby a great number of his Majesties subjects inhabiting in these
+parts are utterly undone_.' The writer of this news-book describes the
+flood, and then, taking it for his text, preaches a sermon upon it. It
+is printed in Old English, and is plentifully interspersed with pious
+exhortations and scriptural references. It has on the title a woodcut, a
+fac-simile of which is given on the next page.
+
+This interesting little tract has a preface, in which the author
+explains the difficulty he felt in producing it in the short time that
+was allowed him for the purpose:--'Reader, when these newes were
+brought, and an importunitie used to me that I would give the same
+forme, and bestow an exhortation on them, I was unwilling, both in
+regard of that short space (of lesse than one day which was limited to
+undertake the matter) and also in respect of the usual unfaithfulness of
+men ordinarily in reporting of such accidents as these bee; whereby it
+often falleth out that the relation of them reapeth much discredit. But
+when I could not have these just excuses taken, I began and finished
+this businesse, as the shorte space wold permit me.'
+
+The old story of the child washed away in a cradle, so often related as
+having occurred in great floods, and which Mr. Millais has immortalised
+in one of his pictures, is here told probably for the first
+time:--'Another little childe is affirmed to have bene cast upon land in
+a Cradle, in which was nothing but a Catte, the which was discerned, as
+it came floating to the shore, to leape still from one side of the
+Cradle unto the other, even as if she had been appointed steersman to
+preserve the small barke from the waves' furie.'
+
+[Illustration: GREAT FLOOD IN MONMOUTHSHIRE, 1607.]
+
+Another tract of the same date is illustrated with a woodcut similar to
+the one here copied, but it has in addition several more figures,
+including a cradle with a child in it floating on the water. This tract
+is entitled '_A true report of certaine wonderful overflowings of waters
+now lately in Summersetshire, Norfolk, and other places in England,
+destroying many thousands of men, women, and children, overthrowing and
+bearing downe whole townes and villages, and drowning infinite numbers
+of sheepe and other cattle_.' It is written in the same sermonising
+style, beginning by calling men to repent, and to take warning from
+these signs of God's anger. Then follows the narrative. The inundation
+was caused by an irruption of the sea, and many incidents are related of
+the flood. Here the cradle story is again told:--'An infant likewise was
+found swimming in a cradle, some mile or two fro' ye place where it was
+known to be kept, and so was preserved; for the cradle was not of
+wicker, as ours are here, but of strong, thicke bordes, closely joynted
+together, and that saved the infant's life.' This narrative of the
+Somersetshire flood was reprinted in another tract with '_An Addition of
+other and more strange Accidents happening by these Flouds, and brought
+to light since the first publishing of this Booke_.' This second edition
+is illustrated with the identical woodcut that is used in the tract
+relating the floods in Wales. The two tracts recounting the
+Somersetshire floods were 'printed at London by W. I. for Edward White,
+and are to be sold at the signe of the Gunne, at the North doore of
+Paules.' That describing the flood in Wales was 'printed for W. W., and
+are to be sold in Paules Church-yarde at the sign of the Grey-hound.' In
+those days printers frequently combined the functions of engraver and
+printer; and as regards the tracts under notice, we must conclude that
+the printer supplied each of his customers with the same woodcut, or
+that the booksellers of the time were in the habit of lending their
+woodcuts to each other.
+
+Storms, floods, and burnings were favourite themes with the early
+newswriters, and several illustrated tracts exist describing such
+calamities. They are more or less interspersed with pious exhortations,
+but the narrative is rarely allowed to flag, and every incident is
+minutely described. There is '_Woeful newes from the West parts of
+England of the burning of Tiverton_,' 1612; and a small quarto pamphlet
+of 1613, printed in old English, affords another good example of this
+kind of news. It is entitled--it will be observed how fond the old
+newswriters were of alliterative titles--'_The Wonders of this windie
+winter, by terrible stormes and tempests, to be losse of lives and
+goods of many thousands of men, women, and children. The like by Sea and
+Land hath not been seene nor heard of in this age of the world. London.
+Printed by G. Eld for John Wright, and are to be sold at his Shop neere
+Christ-Church dore._ 1613.' On the title-page is a woodcut, a copy of
+which is annexed.
+
+[Illustration: GREAT STORM, 1613.]
+
+The tract opens very much in the manner of a sermon, and declares the
+dreadful occurrences related are intended to 'move sinful mankind to
+repentance and newnesse of life.' It then goes on to describe 'that
+within these three fore-passed months of October, November, and
+December, the devouring gulfes of the Sea hath swallowed up above two
+hundred saile of ships, as well of our own Country as of neighbouring
+Nations, with great store of passengers, seafaring men, and owners of
+the same, adventuring their dear lives in the managing of the aforesaid
+ships, with all their goods, and merchandizes, making for our country
+all lost; yea, all, I say, in these three fore-passed months, hath been
+lost and drenched in the deep vaults of this watery world, a thing both
+lamentable and fearfull, that in so short a time, nay, in a small part
+of the yeare, even in an instant, so many heavy mischances should
+happen, and so many worthy vessels of adventure miscarrie, which had bin
+sufficient (if goodspeed had prevailed) to have inricht a whole Citie
+and bettered a kingdome; but such is the will of God, and such is His
+just indignation against us.
+
+'By certification from men of good accompt and calling, it is reported
+and knowne for truth, that in the month of October last, a fleete of
+fourteene sayle of ships making from Newcastle towards London, laden
+with sea-coale and other commodities of those parts, had their passage,
+by the tyranny of the windes, most untimely stopt, and violently caste
+into the ocean's wombe, in which ships were perished to the number of a
+hundred and forty seafaring men, besides other passengers, both of men
+and women, which at that time made their watery graves in the deepe sea.
+This first strooke feare into the hearts of people, which hath been
+since seconded with many calamities, which lieth heavy upon the heart of
+the reporter.' The writer then goes on to relate that between 'Dover and
+Calice there hath been found floating upon the waters in one weeke of
+fowle weather above seven hundred drowned persons of divers nations, as
+of English, Dutch, French, and Spanish, with parts and parcels of many
+splitted ships.' Further details are given at great length, and in
+rather a wordy manner. For instance, the writer describes the great
+number of women who are made widows by the disasters at sea, 'besides
+fatherlesse children and children fatherlesse.' Several examples are
+related of the force of the wind. 'A man and his wife riding over
+Maidenhead Bridge upon one horse, by the fierceness of the wind, were
+blowne beside, and there drowned both horse and all. God be merciful
+unto us and preserve us from all such like mischances. The like mishap
+befell in November last unto two Yorkshire men, as it is verified by
+some gentlemen of the Inns of Court and Chancery, which knew the
+parties, the one of them a tanner, named Francis Browne, the other a
+clothier, called Richard Smith, both dwelling in a towne neere Wakefield
+side called Thorby; which two countriemen falling out upon small
+occassions wilfully purposed to come up to London, and their put their
+causes of themselves to the Lawes tryall; yet notwithstanding came they
+up together, where in riding over a bridge about Bedfordshire, and
+conferring of their inward grudges, they were blowne both beside into
+the river, where, by the fierceness of the windes, they were most
+lamentably drowned, both horse and men; and thus by sodaine death ended
+their malice, to the fear and amazement of all such as well could
+witness their envious proceedings. These and such like accidents may be
+fearful examples for the world to behold, especially for rich men,
+shewing to them the certaintie of life and goods subject to the chances
+of death and fortune, according to the saying of a worthy philosopher,
+
+  "Full little thinks the man at morning sun
+   What hap to him befalls ere day be done."'
+
+A great many other instances are related of the fury of the tempests,
+all of which the writer feels certain 'have been laid upon us for our
+sinnes;' and winds up with a pious exhortation to take warning.
+
+[Illustration: FLOODS AND TEMPESTS, 1613.]
+
+Another tract of the same character and date, also printed in black
+letter, has a larger and more elaborate woodcut on the title-page,
+representing sinking ships, the shore strewed with dead bodies, and on
+the outside of a church tower the devil is seen throwing down the broken
+steeple. The following is the address to the reader:--'Reader, I do here
+present unto thee and to thy understanding (if thou hast any) some part
+of the lamentable losses and unrecoverable mischances that have
+happened by occassion of these late blustering stormes of winde, and an
+innumerable deal of rayne, the which a great many thousands have too
+true cause to beleeve, because they are sharers in the misfortunes that
+this outragious weather hath caused. Now, if thou hast sustained no loss
+thyselfe, perhaps thou wilt not beleeve these things to be true that I
+have written; but if thou wilt or doest beleeve, then pray to God that
+it will please Him to give them patience that are loosers, and humilitie
+that are winners, and give God thanks that he hath so blessed thee that
+thou hast no share in these mishaps. But if thou wilt not beleeve, goe
+and looke, or else remaine still in thy unbeliefe.' A copy of the
+woodcut is given on the preceding page.
+
+Another pamphlet, of 1613, has the annexed woodcut, and is entitled
+'_Lamentable Newes, shewing the Wonderful Deliverance of Maister Edmond
+Pet, Sayler, and Maister of a Ship, dwelling in Seething-lane, in
+London, neere Barking Church; with other strange things lately hapned
+concerning those great windes and tempestuous weather, both at Sea and
+Lande_. _Imprinted at London by T. C., for William Barley, dwelling over
+against Cree Church, neere Algate._ 1613.' It describes the wreck of a
+Newcastle ship on the east coast, and how 'Maister Pet,' after being
+exposed to the winds and waves for forty-eight hours, was rescued by a
+Dutch man-of-war, he being the only survivor from his ship. It will be
+seen the woodcut represents two seamen lowering what appears to be an
+arm-chair into the sea. This was probably the artist's notion of the
+safest and most comfortable way to rescue shipwrecked persons. The same
+tract relates other occurrences during the stormy weather, such as 'A
+man neere Bedford, being thaching a house, was blowne off and kild;
+trees blown up by the rootes, houses and chimnies quite blown downe,'
+&c. 'All which is for our sinnes.'
+
+[Illustration: RESCUE OF EDMUND PET, MARINER, 1613.]
+
+Remarkable murders were even more favourite subjects with the early
+news-writers than storms and floods, a partiality that has continued
+down to our own time. A tract of 1613 is devoted to the details of
+'Three Bloodie Murders,' but it is mainly taken up with an account of
+the murder of the Rev. William Storre, of Market Rasen, Lincolnshire.
+The full title runs thus:--'_Three Bloodie Murders. The first committed
+by Francis Cartwright upon William Storre, M. Arts Minister and Preacher
+at Market Rasen in the countie of Lincolne. The second committed by
+Elizabeth James on the body of her Mayde, in the Parish of Egham in
+Surrie: who was condemned for the same fact at Sainte Margaret hill in
+Southwark, the 2 of July 1613, and lieth in the White Lion till her
+deliverie; discovered by a dombe Mayde and her Dogge. The third
+committed upon a stranger very lately near Highgate foure mile from
+London, very strangely found out by a Dogge. Also the 2 of July 1613._'
+
+The circumstances relating to the murder of the Rev. William Storre are
+given at great length and with much minuteness:--'Not long since, there
+happened some controversey between the Lords and the rest of the
+inhabitants of Market Raisin in the Countie of Lincolne concerning the
+Commons and Libertie in the Towne Fields; and the matter being mooted by
+one of them in the Church immediately after evening prayer on a Sabaoth
+day, divers hot intemperate speeches passed among them; whereupon their
+Minister, whose name was Mr. Storre, much disliking so indiscreete a
+course, wished them to have respect both to the time and place where
+they were: And further advised, seeing the cause in hand concerned a
+multitude, (amongst whom, some of the least government would always be
+the readiest to speake) that they would therefore make choice of two or
+three of the fittest and most substantial men, to answere and undertake
+for all the rest. This motion seemed to please them well, and therefore
+they intreated him, that he would first, as a man indifferent speake
+what he thought concerning the cause. But he not wishing to intermeddle
+in that matter, twice or thrice denied their request; and the rather,
+for that there was present one Francis Cartwright, a young man of an
+unbridled humour, the only Sonne and Heire to one of the same Lordes of
+the Towne, betwixt whom and himselfe, there was growne no small
+unkindnesse. Yet in the end being pressed thereunto by their
+importunities with the consent of both the parties he delivered his
+opinion, useing therein such discretion and reasons to confirme the same
+that they could not directly except against him. Notwithstanding, seeing
+him incline more to the right of the Freeholders and the rest of the
+Commons than to favour their intended purpose, they seemed to dislike
+his speaches, and to cavill at the same.
+
+'Young Cartwright standing by, not able any longer to contain himselfe
+tooke occassion hereupon to breake forthe abruptly into these wordes:
+The Priest deserveth a good Fee, he speaketh so like a Lawyer. Maister
+Storre having often aforetime had experience of his hotte stomacke and
+hastinesse as well towards others as himselfe, thought it best to reply
+little against him for that present.' The Rev. Mr. Storre's forbearance
+was of no avail, for next day young Cartwright took occasion to renew
+the quarrel, and in the public market-place 'proclaymed that Storre was
+a scurvie, lowsie, paltrie Priest; that whoever sayd he was his friend
+or spake in his cause, was a Rogue and a Rascall, that he would (but for
+the Law) cut his Throat, tear out his Heart, and hang his Quarters on
+the May-pole.' These sanguinary threats caused Mr. Storre to seek the
+protection of the Magistrates; and he afterwards preached a sermon
+containing words which young Cartwright thought were purposely directed
+against him, so that he 'more and more thirsted for revenge.'
+
+'About a week after, he espied Mr. Storre walking about eight of the
+clocke in the morning alone, by the south side of the Towne in his
+cloake, went to a cutler's shop, and tooke out of the same a short
+sword, formerly provided and made very sharpe for that purpose, and
+presently overtooke him.' The young man attacked the clergyman, and the
+pamphlet gives a minute account of the dreadful wounds he inflicted
+upon him until 'A Mayde coming that way by occassion of businesse,
+cried out, whereupon he fledde.'
+
+The clergyman died of the frightful wounds he received, and the murderer
+was taken and carried before a justice, 'where, either for lacke of
+their due information of the truth, or by the corrupt and favourable
+affection of the magistrate, or both, there was a very slender bayle
+taken, and the malefactor by this flight sent away.' Cartwright's
+friends 'laboured by corrupt dealing and wrong information' to procure
+his pardon; but so barbarous a murder could not be hushed up, and the
+culprit eventually 'fled beyonde the seas.'
+
+[Illustration: MURDER OF THE REV MR. STORRE, 1613.]
+
+On the title-page of the pamphlet is a woodcut representing the murder
+of the Rev. Mr. Storre, which is copied above.
+
+The two other murders are not related at such great length, and are not
+illustrated.
+
+This is the earliest example I have met with of a kind of illustrated
+news that is very popular even in our own day. From the pains taken to
+describe all the circumstances of the crime and its consequences, the
+author evidently regarded it as a subject of the highest interest, and
+worthy of all the elaboration he was capable of bestowing upon it.
+
+[Illustration: NEWS FROM PENRHYN IN CORNWALL, 1618.]
+
+There is a very curious and rare tract of the date of 1618, which
+describes the circumstances of another remarkable murder. It is entitled
+'_News from Perin (Penrhyn), in Cornwall, of a most Bloody and
+unexampled Murther very lately committed by a Father on his owne sonne
+(who was lately returned from the Indyes), at the instigation of a
+mercilesse Step Mother, together with their severall most wretched
+endes, being all performed in the Month of September last, Anno 1618._'
+On the title-page is a woodcut representing the discovery of the murder,
+which is reprinted in the body of the pamphlet. Another woodcut
+illustrates a scene before the murder is committed, where the son hands
+his bag of treasure to his step-mother. The story is a very minute
+history of a scapegrace son, who, after various adventures, returns to
+his father's house a penitent and reformed man. Many years having
+elapsed, the son is not recognised by his father, who has married a
+second wife and is in straitened circumstances. The son begs a night's
+lodging and resolves not to make himself known till next morning. In the
+meantime, to show that he will be able to recompense his host and
+hostess for their hospitality, he gives the latter a bag of gold and
+jewels to take care of for him till the morrow. The woman, excited by
+the possession of the gold, thinks how easy it would be to relieve
+themselves from their embarrassments by murdering their guest and
+keeping possession of his treasure. She urges her husband to do the
+deed. After many refusals he consents, and the father murders his own
+son. In the morning it is made known to him who his victim is, and, in a
+fit of remorse and despair, he kills himself; upon which the guilty wife
+also commits suicide, and the tract thus winds up:--'And to the end it
+may be a warning to all covetous step mothers, and a content for all
+easie Fathers to avoyde the like hereafter. At the entreaty of divers
+Gentlemen in the Countrey, It is as neere the life as Pen and Incke
+could draw it out, thus put in Print.'
+
+William Lillo, the author of _George Barnwell_, is said to have founded
+his play of 'Fatal Curiosity' on this tract. Lillo was a prosperous
+London jeweller and a successful dramatic author. He depicted the
+harrowing details of this tragic story with great power; and the agonies
+of old Wilmot, the father, constitute one of the most appalling and
+affecting incidents of the drama.
+
+A curious black-letter tract of 1616, which is illustrated with a
+fearful apparition of three skeletons, is entitled, '_Miraculous Newes
+from the cittie of Holdt, in the Lordship of Munster (in Germany), the
+twentieth of September last past 1616, wherein there were plainly beheld
+three dead bodyes rise out of their Graves, admonishing the people of
+Judgements to come_.' The truth of this miraculous news is vouched for
+by 'divers worthy Persons and Burgimasters of the same citty,' whose
+names are given. This miraculous appearance was preceded by a fearful
+tempest of thunder and lightning. 'When this great tempest of thunder
+and lightning was ceased, there was heard throughout all the parts and
+places of the citty a most hideous and dolefull clamour or outcry,
+striking terror into all the people, yet no man could perceive whence it
+came, or where this clamour should bee. The people came over all the
+citty after the noise, but could not finde it; for when they were at one
+corner of the citty they then heard it at another; and when they were
+come to that other corner there it seemed to them to be in the middle of
+the citty; and to them that were in the middest it seemed farther off.
+So that all heard it, but none could find where it was, or from whence
+it came.
+
+'At length the people assembling in the churchyard behelde there so
+strange and incredible judgements sent by the Lord, that for the most
+part the beholders fell flatt on their faces to the ground, crying loude
+unto the Lord for mercy. For there they beheld coming out of their
+graves three most ghostly and fearfull dead bodyes.
+
+
+1.
+
+'Whereof the first that was seen to arise out of the earth, seemed very
+white, cleane, and cleere, who opening his mouth and beating his handes
+together spake thus: "Blessed be God in the highest Heaven, that our
+releasement is come, for we have wayted many a hundred yeare for this
+time." The people hearing this fell upon their knees and prayed unto the
+Lord with weeping and great lamentation, saying: O Lord beholde us with
+thy merciful eyes, and let us not be overwhelmed or smothered in our
+sinnes.
+
+
+2.
+
+'The second dead man that arose out of the earth caused farre greater
+feare and trembling then the former, for the beholders saw him
+altogether from the toppe to the toe, like unto a burning fire; he
+likewise opened his mouth, and wringing his handes, and tearing his
+haire, cryed with a loude voyce: Repent yee, Repent yee; Almighty God
+hath taken his chastising rodde in hand, to punish the people for their
+sinnes, for their great wealth, for their great talke or presumptious
+wordes, for their pompe, and for their pride: The which the Lord will no
+longer suffer nor endure, for the cry and complaint of these sinnes is
+asended up into his eares; Wherefore hee will destroy you with a
+suddaine sicknesse, and fiery Pestilence, so that you shall not have so
+much time as one houre, to utter one worde, to call upon God.
+
+[Illustration: MIRACULOUS NEWS FROM MUNSTER IN GERMANY, 1616.]
+
+
+3.
+
+'After this fiery apparition and threatening speech ended, there
+appeared likewise rising out of the grave a third dead man, grinding and
+gnashing his teeth together, striking his handes the one against the
+other, and crying with a most fearful and hideous voyce, insomuch that
+it seemed to all the multitude there present, that the earth would
+certainly have rent in sunder; and spake that all the people plainly
+heard and understood his wordes, which were these; Woe, woe, woe, to
+the wicked; this is the time that wee have long attended and looked for;
+wherefore (ye people) looke to it, and beware lest the great day of the
+Lord come upon you suddainly, and fall upon you unprovided; for the time
+of his comming is neerer than you thinke.
+
+'After the uttering of these wordes, the three dead Bodyes vanished and
+the Graves were shut againe, the heavens became cleere, the Tempest
+ceased, and all the people being released of their present horror and
+feare, rejoyced, and assembling themselves together, gave glory and
+laude, and praise unto the Lord for his Fatherly mercy and unspeakable
+goodnesse, in the mitigation of his furie, and withdrawing his heavy
+hand for the present. And thereupon appointed a sett day of
+supplications, prayers, and fasting, with true and unfained Repentance
+to be proclaimed, and observed.'
+
+This account is supplemented by an 'apology,' setting forth that men
+must not be incredulous because they hear of miraculous
+occurrences--that God is able to bring back the age of miracles, &c. The
+writer evidently thought his readers might require to be strengthened by
+argument before they could place implicit faith in his narrative, and so
+he takes some pains in his 'apology' to convince them that however
+unnatural and uncommon may be the appearances he relates, the wickedness
+of the world was a sufficient justification for this and other
+extraordinary events. A copy of the woodcut that illustrates this
+curious production is shown on the preceding page.
+
+[Illustration: 'GOOD NEWES TO CHRISTENDOME,' 1620.]
+
+In 1620 Nathaniel Butter printed an illustrated tract entitled _'Good
+Newes to Christendome, sent to a Venetian in Ligorne, from a Merchant in
+Alexandria, Discovering a Wonderfull and Strange Apparition, visibly
+seene for many dayes together in Arabia over the place where the
+supposed Tombe of Mahomet (the Turkish Prophet) is inclosed; By which
+the learned Arabians prognosticate the Reducing and Calling of the great
+Turke to Christianitie. With many other Notable Accidents: But the most
+remarkable is the miraculous rayning of Bloud about Rome_.' This
+tract, which is very long and discursive, relates, among other things,
+the apparition of a woman in the air, with a book in her hand, being the
+same apparition that is described at great length in a tract of 1642,
+which I shall quote hereafter. In the tract under notice there is a
+woodcut representing an army in the clouds--the clouds raining blood
+over a city; a woman with sword and book; and a crowd of men below
+watching the aerial phenomenon. The writer, in winding up his narrative,
+thus addresses his reader:--'If you cannot beleeve it as truth, yet to
+make that use of it as if it were true; and then shall you know, there
+is but one way to happiness, and all the predictions, prophesies,
+visions, apparitions, comets, inundations, stormes, tempests, famine,
+warre, alteration, and subversion of kingdomes, with all the cabinet of
+mysteries, tend to this end that _premium_ and _poena_ be the mastering
+curbs of the world; that is, that God hath a _Magazine_ of judgements to
+inflict on the obstinate sinner with punishments: and a store-house of
+mercy to support the penitent soule with comfort.'
+
+In 1627 we come upon a very curious and literal example of illustrated
+news. In that year Charles I., having declared war against France,
+fitted out an expedition of a hundred sail and an army of 7000 men for
+the support of the Protestant cause in that country. The King's
+favourite, the self-confident and vainglorious Duke of Buckingham, took
+the command of the expedition, although he was totally unfit for that
+position. He was personally brave, but possessed no other quality of a
+commander. He had no knowledge or experience of the art of war, and was
+too proud and presumptuous to be guided by the advice of others. The
+expedition was destined for Rochelle, then in possession of the
+Huguenots; but Buckingham went to sea without any understanding with his
+allies; and, when he anchored off Rochelle, he was refused admission to
+the town. He then directed his course to the neighbouring Isle of Rhè,
+where he succeeded in landing his men under the fire of his ships, and
+defeated a small French force commanded by the governor of the island.
+Instead of immediately following up his success, Buckingham allowed the
+French commander to secure and strengthen the fortress of St. Martin;
+and when he did advance he foolishly left the enemy in possession of
+another fort in his rear. He besieged the Castle of St. Martin for many
+weeks, and then led his men to storm the place without having made a
+single breach in the walls. They were repulsed at all points with
+considerable loss, and attempted to retreat to their ships; but Marshal
+Schomberg with a French army had thrown himself between the Duke and the
+fleet, and had put a strong corps and artillery into the fort of La
+Prèe, which Buckingham had left in his rear. No precautions whatever had
+been taken, and they suffered great loss before they could re-embark.
+The expedition was a total failure, and Buckingham returned to England
+beaten and disgraced.
+
+While the Duke of Buckingham was besieging the citadel of St. Martin, an
+attempt was made, or was said to have been made, upon his life by a
+French Papist or Jesuit, with a thick four-edged knife. An account of
+the Duke's proceedings while in the Isle of Rhè appears to have been
+sent home, and was published probably with a view of influencing the
+people in his favour and showing to what dangers he was exposed in the
+national service. There is in the British Museum a tract entitled '_A
+Continued Journal of all the Proceedings of the Duke of Buckingham his
+Grace, in the Isle of Ree since the last day of July. With the names of
+the Noblemen as were drowned and taken in going to releeve the Fort. As
+also the Portraiture of the knife with which his Excellence should have
+been murdered, which very knife was brought over by Captaine Buckestone
+and delivered unto the Duchess of Buckingham her Grace on Monday night
+last. Published by Authoritie. London, Printed for Thomas Walkley, and
+are to be sold at his shop at the Eagle and Childe in Britaines Bursse,
+1627._' The following account is given of the intended assassination of
+the Duke:--
+
+  'Received the 27 of August.
+
+'Here I have sent you all the remarkable Newes that I have upon the
+last of _July_. There was taken by a _Perdue_ of ours, in the night (a
+Frenchman), that was sent by _Monsieur de Thorax_, the Governour of the
+Citadell, with a full intent to kill my Lord Duke; and for the speedy
+effecting of the same he had prepared a strange and dangerous _Poynado_,
+which, although it was taken about him, he confidently denied that he
+came not with any intent to kill the _Duke_ untill he came to the
+Tortures, which being presented before him he promised to discover all
+to my _Lord_ if he would promise him life, the which he did, and doth so
+performe with him, like a noble and mercifull Generall.' The tract
+contains a large woodcut of a knife, a reduced copy of which is given
+above, and underneath the engraving is the following description:--'This
+is the true Portraiture of the poysoned knife, both in length and
+breadth, having foure edges, with which a Jesuited Vilaine was sent out
+of the Fort by Monsieur de Thorax, the Governour of that Island, with an
+intent to have killed his Excellence, but by God's providence was
+delivered. His Grace hath used the French so nobly in all respects that
+he rather deserved their love than any wayes to have his life thus
+treacherously sought after, under the pretence that it was a meritorious
+act. Which knife was brought over into England by Captaine Buckestone,
+and by him delivered unto the Dutches of Buckingham her Grace on Monday
+night last.'
+
+[Illustration: KNIFE INTENDED FOR THE ASSASSINATION OF THE DUKE OF
+BUCKINGHAM, 1627.]
+
+Whether the attempt on Buckingham's life was a reality or was got up for
+the purpose of endearing the court favourite to all good Protestants, it
+foreshadowed his ultimate fate. In the following year, while he was at
+Portsmouth, and about to embark on a second expedition to Rochelle, he
+was stabbed by Felton, who had served under him in the expedition to
+the Isle of Rhè.
+
+Besides the subjects already noticed, the old news-writers delighted in
+signs and portents in the air, and failed not to improve the occasion
+whenever they met with a text so much to their liking. There was a fall
+of meteorites in 1628, which was chronicled at the time in an illustrated
+pamphlet, entitled, '_Looke up and See Wonders: a miraculous Apparition
+in the Ayre, lately seen in Barke-shire, at Bawlkin Greene, neere
+Hatford, April 9th, 1628._' The author, like his fellow-chroniclers,
+already quoted, regards the occurrence as a sign of Heaven's displeasure,
+and addresses his readers thus:--'So Benummed wee are in our Sences, that
+albeit God himselfe Holla in our Eares, wee by our wills are loath to
+heare him. His dreadfull Pursiuants of _Thunder and Lightning_ terrifie
+vs so long as they haue vs in their fingers, but beeing off, wee dance
+and sing in the midst of our Follies.' He then goes on to tell how 'the
+foure great quarter-masters of the World (_the foure Elements_) ... haue
+bin in ciuill Warres one against another.... As for _Fire_, it hath
+denied of late to warme vs, but at vnreasonable rates, and extreame hard
+conditions. But what talke I of this earthy nourishment of _fire_? How
+haue the _Fires_ of Heauen (some few yeares past) gone beyond their
+bounds, and appeared in the shapes of Comets and Blazing Starres?... The
+_Aire_ is the shop of Thunder and Lightning. In that, hath of late been
+held a Muster of terrible enemies and threatners of Vengeance, which the
+great Generall of the Field who Conducts and Commands all such Armies
+(_God Almighty, I meane_) auert from our Kingdome, and shoote the arrowes
+of his indignation some other way, vpon the bosomes of those that would
+confound his Gospell.... Many windowes hath he set open in heauen, to
+shewe what Artillery hee has lying there, and many of our Kings haue
+trembled, when they were shewne vnto them. What blazing Starres (euen at
+Noone-dayes) in those times hung houering in the Aire? How many
+frightfull Ecclipses both of Sun and Moone?... It is not for man to
+dispute with God, why he has done this so often ... but, with feare and
+trembling casting our eyes vp to Heauen, let vs now behold him, bending
+his Fist onely, as lately he did to the terrour and affrightment of all
+the Inhabitants dwelling within a Towne in the County of Barkshire....
+The name of the Towne is _Hatford_, some eight miles from _Oxford_. Ouer
+this Towne, vpon Wensday being the ninth of this instant Moneth of
+_April_, 1628, about fiue of the clocke in the afternoone this
+miraculous, prodigious and fearefull handy-worke of God was presented....
+The weather was warme, and without any great shewe of distemperature,
+only the skye waxed by degrees a little gloomy, yet not so darkened but
+that the Sunne still and anon, by the power of the brightnesse, brake
+through the thicke clouds....
+
+'A gentle gale of wind then blowing from betweene the _West_ and
+_North-west_, in an instant was heard, first a hideous rumbling in the
+_Ayre_, and presently after followed a strange and fearfull peale of
+Thunder, running vp and downe these parts of the _Countrey_, but it
+strake with the loudest violence, and more furious tearing of the
+_Ayre_, about a place called _The White Horse Hill_, than in any other.
+The whole order of this thunder, carried a kind of Maiesticall state
+with it, for it maintayned (_to the affrighted Beholders' seeming_) the
+fashion of a fought Battaile.
+
+'It beganne thus: First, for an onset, went off one great _Cannon_ as it
+were of _thunder_ alone, like a warning peece to the rest that were to
+follow. Then a little while after was heard a second; and so by degrees
+a third, vntil the number of 20 were discharged (or thereabouts) in very
+good order, though in very great terror.
+
+'In some little distance of time after this was audibly heard the sound
+of a Drum beating a Retreate. Amongst all these angry peales shot off
+from Heauen, this begat a wonderful admiration, that at the end of the
+report of every cracke, or _Cannon-thundering_, a hizzing noyse made way
+through the _Ayre_, not vnlike the flying of _Bullets_ from the mouthes
+of great Ordnance; and by the iudgement of all the terror-stricken
+witnesses they were _Thunder-bolts_. For one of them was seene by many
+people to fall at a place called _Bawlkin Greene_, being a mile and a
+half from _Hatford_: Which _Thunder-bolt_ was by one Mistris _Greene_
+caused to be digged out of the ground, she being an eye-witnesse amongst
+many others, of the manner of the falling.
+
+'The forme of the _Stone_ is three-square, and picked in the end: In
+colour outwardly blackish, some-what like Iron: Crusted ouer with that
+blacknesse about the thicknesse of a shilling. Within it is soft, of a
+grey colour, mixed with some kind of minerall, shining like small peeces
+of glasse.
+
+'This _Stone_ brake in the fal: The whole peece is in weight nineteene
+pound and a halfe: The greater peece that fell off weigheth fiue pound,
+which with other small peeces being put together, make foure and twenty
+pound and better....
+
+'It is in the Countrey credibly reported that some other Thunder-stones
+haue bin found in other places: but for certainty there was one taken vp
+at _Letcombe_, and is now in the custody of the _Shriefe_.'
+
+This curious account is illustrated with a quaint woodcut, in the
+foreground of which the thunder-bolt seen by Mistress Green is being
+'digged out of the ground.'
+
+[Illustration: FALL OF METEORS AT BAWLKIN GREEN, BERKSHIRE, APRIL 9,
+1628.]
+
+Amongst the many publications relating to the victorious career of
+Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, there was one entitled the _Swedish
+Intelligencer_, printed at London, in 1632, for Nathaniel Butter and
+Nicholas Bourne, both of them names associated with the first
+establishment of newspapers in England. The _Swedish Intelligencer_
+gives very full accounts of the exploits of Gustavus, and it is
+illustrated with his portrait, a bird's-eye view of the siege of
+Magdeburg, a plan showing how the King of Sweden and his army crossed
+the river Lech into Bavaria, and a plan or bird's-eye view of the battle
+of Lutzen, where Gustavus was killed. The portrait, the siege of
+Magdeburg, and the battle of Lutzen, are engraved on copper, but the
+passage of the Lech is a woodcut. I have copied the latter, the others
+being too elaborate for reproduction on a reduced scale. The three last
+named are very curious as illustrations of war news. Gustavus had
+crossed the Danube, and his troops overspread the country between that
+river and the river Lech. Field Marshal Tilly was in front of him,
+waiting for reinforcements from the army of Wallenstein, in Bohemia, and
+the junction of fresh levies raised in Bavaria, with which he hoped to
+drive the invaders back across the Danube. The account in the _Swedish
+Intelligencer_ of this celebrated passage of the River Lech is too long
+for quotation, but I give a condensed version of the circumstances from
+other sources.
+
+The Lech takes its rise among the mountains of the Tyrol, and, after
+washing the walls of Landsberg and Augsburg, falls into the Danube at a
+short distance from the town of Rain. The banks are broken and
+irregular, and the channel uncertain. Nor are there many rivers of the
+same size in Germany which can be compared with it in the strength and
+rapidity of its current. The united forces of Bavaria and the League,
+with this efficient means of defence in front, extended their right wing
+towards the Danube and their left towards Rain, while the banks of the
+river, as far as the city of Augsburg, were observed by their patrols,
+supported by detached bodies of infantry. Tilly had taken the precaution
+of breaking down the bridges over the Lech, and had thrown up field
+works at points where he judged the passage might be considered attended
+with fewest difficulties. That the Swedes would attack him in his main
+position was a pitch of daring to which, well as he was acquainted with
+the enterprising spirit of the king, he could scarcely suspect him of
+having yet attained. Such, however, was the full determination of
+Gustavus. After he had reconnoitred the course of the Lech for some
+miles, at the imminent peril of his life, he fixed upon a point between
+Rain and Thierhauppen, where the river makes a sweep to the eastward, as
+the spot for carrying his venturous design into effect. The king's
+first intention was to throw a floating bridge over the stream, but the
+attempt was no sooner made than it was found to be rendered hopeless by
+the rapidity of the current. It was then imagined that tressels might be
+sunk, and firmly secured by weights in the bed of the river, on which
+the flooring of the bridge might afterwards be securely laid. The king
+approved of this plan, and workmen were commanded to prepare the
+necessary materials at the small village of Oberendorf, situated about
+half a mile from the spot. During the night of the 4th of April the work
+was entirely finished, the supports fixed in the stream, and the planks
+for forming the bridge brought down to the water's edge. The king had,
+in the meantime, ordered a trench to be dug along the bank of the river
+for the reception of bodies of musketeers, and several new batteries to
+be constructed close to the shore, the fire from which, as they were
+disposed along a convex line, necessarily crossed upon the opposite
+side; those upon the left hand of the Swedes playing upon the left of
+the enemy, and those on the right upon the wood held by the Bavarians.
+Another battery, slightly retired from the rest, directed its fire
+against the entrenchments occupied by Tilly's centre. By daybreak on the
+5th, all necessary preparations having been made, the bridge was begun
+to be laid, and completed under the king's inspection. Three hundred
+Finland volunteers were the first who crossed, excited by the reward of
+ten crowns each to undertake the dangerous service of throwing up a
+slight work upon the other side for its protection. By four in the
+afternoon the Finlanders had finished their undertaking, having been
+protected from a close attack by the musketry of their own party and the
+batteries behind them, from which the king is said to have discharged
+more than sixty shots with his own hand, to encourage his gunners to
+charge their pieces more expeditiously. The work consisted merely of an
+embankment surrounded by a trench, but it was defended both by the
+direct and cross fire of the Swedes. As soon as it was completed,
+Gustavus, stationing himself with the King of Bohemia at the foot of
+the bridge, commanded Colonel Wrangle, with a chosen body of infantry
+and two or three field-pieces, to pass over, and after occupying the
+work, to station a number of musketeers in a bed of osiers upon the
+opposite side. The Swedes crossed the bridge with little loss, and after
+a short but desperate struggle the Imperialists were routed. The whole
+of the Swedish army was soon upon the eastern bank of the Lech, where
+the king, without troubling himself with the pursuit of the enemy,
+commanded his army to encamp, and ordered the customary thanksgivings to
+be offered for his victory.[1]
+
+The account in the _Swedish Intelligencer_ is wound up in these words:
+'And this is the story of the King's bridge over the _Lech_, description
+whereof we have thought worthy to be here in Figure imparted unto you.'
+Then follows an 'Explanation of the Letters in the Figure of the
+_Bridge_,' given below the illustration. The engraving does not appear
+to have been entirely satisfactory to the author, for on its margin the
+following words are printed: 'Our Cutter hath made the Ordnance too
+long, and to lye too farre into the River. The Hole also marked with R,
+should have been on the right hand of the Bridge.'
+
+[Illustration: PASSAGE OF THE RIVER LECH, BY GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS. FROM THE
+'SWEDISH INTELLIGENCER,' 1632.]
+
+  REFERENCES TO PASSAGE OF THE RIVER LECH.
+
+  'A The King of Sweeden, and the King of Bohemia by him.
+
+  B The Bridge.
+
+  C A Trench or Brestworke, in which the Kings Musketeers were lodged,
+  betwixt the severall Batteryes of the great Ordnance, which Musketeers
+  are represented by the small stroakes made right forwards.
+
+  D Divers little Field-pieces.
+
+  E Plat-formes or Batteryes for the Kings greater Cannon.
+
+  F The Halfe-moone, with its Pallisadoe or Stocket, beyond the Bridge,
+  and for the guard of it. It was scarcely bigge enough to lodge a
+  hundred men in.
+
+  G A little Underwood, or low Bushy place.
+
+  H A plaice voyd of wood; which was a Bache, sometimes overflowne.
+
+  I A Brestworke for Tillyes Musketeers.
+
+  K K Tilly and Altringer; or the place where they were shot.
+
+  L The high wood where the Duke of Bavaria stood.
+
+  M Tilleyes great Batteryes to shoot down the Bridge.
+
+  N A small riveret running thorow the wood.
+
+  O Tillyes great Brestworke; not yet finished. Begun at sixe in the
+  morning; and left off when he was shot.
+
+  P Some Horse-guards of Tillyes: layd scatteringly here and there all
+  along the river from Rain to Augsburg.
+
+  Q The kings Horse-guards, and Horse-sentryes.
+
+  R A hole in the earth, or casual advantageable place; wherein some of
+  the Kings Foot were lodged.
+
+  S The Hill behind Tillyes great worke.
+
+  T The fashion of the Tressels or Arches for the Kings Bridge.'
+
+In 1636 the Sallee Rovers had become very troublesome, and not only
+hindered British commerce, on the high seas, but even infested the
+English coasts. They had captured and carried into slavery many
+Englishmen, for whose release a 'Fleete of Shippes' was sent out in
+January, 1636. Assisted by the Emperor of Morocco, the nest of pirates
+was destroyed and the captives released. A full account of this
+expedition is given in a curious pamphlet, entitled, '_A true Journal of
+the Sally Fleet with the proceedings of the Voyage, published by John
+Dunton, London, Mariner, Master of the Admirall called the Leopard.
+Whereunto is annexed a List of Sally Captives names and the places where
+they dwell, and a Description of the three Townes in a Card. London,
+printed by John Dawson for Thomas Nicholes, and are to be sold at the
+Signe of the Bible in Popes Head Alley, 1637_.' This tract is
+illustrated by a large plan of Sallee, engraved on copper, with
+representations of six English vessels of war on the sea. After minutely
+describing the proceedings of the voyage, and giving a long list of the
+captives' names, the journalist winds up in these words: 'All these good
+Shippes with the Captives are in safety in England, we give God thanks.
+And bless King Charles and all those that love him.'
+
+At the end of the pamphlet is printed the authority for its publication:
+'Hampton Court, the 20. of October, 1637. This Journall and Mappe may be
+printed.'
+
+There is an illustrated pamphlet of this period which I have not been
+able to see. It is entitled, '_Newes, and Strange Newes from St.
+Christopher's of a Tempestuous Spirit, which is called by the Indians a
+Hurrycano or Whirlwind; whereunto is added the True and Last Relation
+(in verse) of the Dreadful Accident which happened at Witticombe in
+Devonshire, 21. October, 1638_.'
+
+The _Weekly News_, begun in 1622, had been in existence sixteen years
+when the idea of illustrating current events seems to have occurred to
+its conductors; for in the number for December 20, 1638, there is,
+besides the usual items of foreign news, an account of a 'prodigious
+eruption of fire, which exhaled in the middest of the ocean sea, over
+against the Isle of Saint Michael, one of the Terceras, and the new
+island which it hath made.' The text is illustrated by a full-page
+engraving showing 'the island, its length and breadth, and the places
+where the fire burst out.' I have not been able to find a copy of the
+_Weekly News_ for December 20, 1638, either in the British Museum or
+elsewhere. My authority for the above statement is a letter in the
+_Times_ of October 13, 1868. As far as I have been able to ascertain, no
+other illustrations were published in the _Weekly News_, so that we must
+conclude the engraving of the 'prodigious eruption of fire' was an
+experiment, which in its result was not encouraging to the proprietor or
+conductors of the journal.
+
+[Illustration: TAKING OF THE CASTLE OF ARTAINE, IRELAND, 1641.]
+
+When the Irish Rebellion of 1641 broke out, many news-books were
+published describing the transactions in that country, and several of
+them are illustrated. I may here remark that the illustrations of events
+in these pamphlets, as well as many of those contained in the numerous
+tracts published during the Civil War in England, appear to be works of
+pure imagination, and were, probably, invented by the artist just as a
+modern draughtsman would illustrate a work of fiction. Others, again,
+were evidently old woodcuts executed for some other purpose. A few
+instances occur, however, where drawings have been made from actual
+scenes, and sometimes maps and plans are given as illustrations of a
+battle or a siege. This rising of the Roman Catholics in Ireland began
+with a massacre of the Protestants, and, according to the tracts
+published at the time, the atrocities of recent wars in Bulgaria and
+elsewhere were equalled in every way by the Roman Catholics in Ireland
+in the seventeenth century. The illustrations in these tracts are very
+coarse woodcuts. One represents the arrest of a party of conspirators,
+and another is a view of a town besieged, while a third gives a group of
+prisoners supplicating for mercy. The best illustration that I have met
+with of this Irish news is contained in a pamphlet entitled, '_Approved,
+good and happy Newes from Ireland; Relating how the Castle of Artaine
+was taken from the Rebels, two of their Captaines kild, and one taken
+prisoner by the Protestants, with the arrival of 2000 foot, and 300
+horse from England. Also a great skirmish between the Protestants and
+the Rebels at a place near Feleston, wherein the English obtained great
+renowne and victory: Whereunto is added a true relation of the great
+overthrow which the English gave the Rebels before Drogheda, sent in a
+letter bearing date the 27 of February to Sir Robert King, Knight, at
+Cecill house in the Strand. Printed by order of Parliament. London,
+Printed for John Wright 1641._' The woodcut on the title-page of this
+tract represents the taking of the castle of Artaine, but there is only
+the following very short paragraph relating to it:--'The last news from
+Ireland 7 March 1641. The 10 of February our men went to _Artaine_
+against a castle so called, which had before done some mischiefe, to
+some of our men, the enemy being in it. But the enemy fled before our
+second coming, and left the Castle, and a garrison was left in it by
+us.' The other news is related more at length, and one of the paragraphs
+runs thus:--'On the 13 a man was brought to our City, being taken by
+some of our scattering men scouting about our City, who confest without
+constraint, that he had killed an _Englishwoman_ at a place called
+_Leslipson_, 6 Miles West of our City, and washed his hands in her
+bloud, being set on by the popish Priests so to doe; he was presently
+hanged, but dyed with much repentance and a protestant, which few do.'
+The concluding paragraph of this pamphlet shows the writer to have been
+a man of a commercial spirit:--'Tis to be feared that a famine is like
+to be in our City, in that still men come to us and provision is short,
+and none of yours that come to us bring any vittailes, great taxes are
+upon us, more than can be borne. He that had Butter, and Cheese, and
+Cloath, at between 6 and 14 shillings a yard here sent by any out of
+London might make a good trade of it. Cheshire Cheese is sould here for
+sixpence a pound already. Some of your Londoners are come hither
+(acquaintance of mine) that will send for such things, for great profit
+may be made by them and quicke returne.' Annexed is a facsimile of the
+woodcut representing the taking of the Castle of Artaine.
+
+Several other pamphlets relating to the Irish Rebellion are illustrated,
+but, with a few exceptions, the cuts bear very little relation to the
+subject, and were probably not executed for the purpose. One gives an
+account of a victory obtained by the English at Dundalk in 1642, and it
+has a woodcut of a man firing a cannon against a town, a copy of which
+is appended.
+
+[Illustration: VICTORY AT DUNDALK, 1642.]
+
+The description is in the following words:--'Newes from Ireland. On
+Monday morning came three Gentlemen to our City of Dublin from Sir Henry
+Tichbourne, who brought a message to the state of a great and happy
+victory obtained by the aforesaid Sir Henry Tichbourne with 2000 horse
+and foot marched to Ardee, and there put 400 of the Rebels to the sword,
+yet lost not one man of our side; from thence upon the Saturday
+following, he mustered up his forces against a place called Dundalke
+some 14 miles northward from Tredath, where the enemy was 5000 strong,
+and well fortified. At his first approach there issued out of the Towne
+3000 of the Rebels who all presented themselves in Battallia, our
+Forlorne hopes of horse and foot had no sooner fired upon them, but they
+routed the Rebels. Captaine Marroe's Troope of horse setting on killed
+great store of the Rebels who thereupon retreated to the Towne, made
+fast the gates, and ran out at the other end to their boats beforehand
+provided: Our Army coming in fired the gates, entred, and killed those
+within. Captain Marroe followed the flying foe, and slew abundance of
+them upon the strand, and it is reported by them that if he had known
+the Fords and the River, he had cut them all off, if he had gained the
+other side of the River, but being a stranger, could not doe it (wanting
+a guide) without endangering the Troope. There was slaine of the Rebels
+in this sudden skirmish not less than 1100 besides what they took
+prisoners. Sir Philomy O'Neale fled with the rest of the Commanders; but
+10 common soldiers were lost of our side. Sir Philomy O'Neale made speed
+away to a place called Newry, a chiefe garrison of the Rebels. Sir Henry
+Tichbourne hath sent 600 men more to Dublin, intending that place shall
+be the next he begins withall, which is granted, and tomorrow there
+goeth to him 500 men, if not 5000, for whose safety and prosperity in
+the meantime is the subject of our daily prayers that he may have as
+good success as in all his other designs from the first till this time;
+for no man was ever so beloved by his souldiers, that protest to follow
+him while they can stand. We are in great hope he will recover the Newry
+very shortly; it is credibly reported, that they got 20,000 pounds at
+least in pillage at Dundalke.'
+
+In another pamphlet, dated 1642, there is an account of a battle at
+Kilrush, which is also illustrated with a woodcut. The circumstances are
+related in detail, but they are sufficiently set forth in the title,
+without further quotation:--'Captaine Yarner's Relation of the Battaile
+fought at Kilrush upon the 15th day of Aprill, by my Lord of Ormond, who
+with 2500 Foot and 500 Horse, overthrew the Lord Mountgarret's Army,
+consisting of 8000 Foot and 400 Horse, all well armed, and the choyce of
+eight Counties. Together with a Relation of the proceedings of our Army,
+from the second to the later end of Aprill, 1642.'
+
+[Illustration: BATTLE OF KILRUSH, 1642.]
+
+Many other illustrated pamphlets relating to current events were
+published at this time. It would appear that in 1641 there was a
+visitation of the plague in London, and a tract of that date has
+reference to it. It is entitled:--'_London's Lamentation, or a fit
+admonishment for City and Country, wherein is described certain causes
+of this affliction and visitation of the Plague, yeare 1641, which the
+Lord hath been pleased to inflict upon us, and withall what means must
+be used to the Lord, to gain his mercy and favour, with an excellent
+spirituall medicine to be used for the preservative both of Body and
+Soule._' The 'spiritual medicine' recommended is an earnest prayer to
+heaven at morning and evening and a daily service to the Lord. The
+writer endeavours to improve the occasion very much like a preacher in
+the pulpit and continues his exhortation thus:--'Now seeing it is
+apparent that sin is the cause of sicknesse: It may appear as plainly
+that prayer must be the best means to procure health and safety, let not
+our security and slothfulnesse give death opportunity, what man or woman
+will not seem to start, at the signe of the red Crosse, as they passe
+by to and fro in the streets? And yet being gone they think no more on
+it. It may be, they will say, such a house is shut up, I saw the red
+crosse on the doore; but look on thine own guilty conscience, and thou
+shalt find thou hast a multitude of red crimson sinnes remaining in
+thee.' I have copied the illustration to this tract, and it will be seen
+that it is divided into two parts--one representing a funeral procession
+advancing to where men are digging two graves--the other showing dead
+bodies dragged away on hurdles. The first is labelled 'London's
+Charity.' The second 'The Countrie's Crueltie.' This was perhaps
+intended to impress the reader in favour of the orderly burial of the
+dead in the city churchyards, a subject on which public opinion has very
+much changed since that time.
+
+[Illustration: THE PLAGUE IN LONDON. 1641.]
+
+We have already noticed that the vicissitudes of the sea and the
+accidents of maritime life, which supply so much material to modern
+newspapers, were not less attractive to the early news-writers. There is
+a very circumstantial account of the voyage and wreck of a ship called
+the _Merchant Royall_ in a pamphlet published in 1641. The engraving it
+contains is the same block used by Thomas Greepe in 1587. It is
+entitled, '_Sad news from the seas, being a true relation of the losse
+of that good Ship called the Merchant Royall, which was cast away ten
+leagues from the Lands end, on Thursday night, being the 23 of September
+last 1641 having in her a world of Treasure, as this story following
+doth truly relate_.' Another illustrated pamphlet, dated 1642, contains
+a long and minute narrative of how a certain ship called the _Coster_
+was boarded by a native of Java, who, watching his opportunity, murdered
+the captain and several of the crew, but who was afterwards killed when
+assistance arrived from another ship. There is a woodcut representing
+the murders, and the title runs as follows:--'_A most Execrable and
+Barbarous murder done by an East Indian Devil, or a native of
+Java-Major, in the Road of Bantam, Aboard an English ship called the
+Coster, on the 22 of October last, 1641. Wherein is shewed how the
+wicked Villain came to the said ship and hid himself till it was very
+dark, and then he murdered all the men that were aboard, except the
+Cooke and three Boyes. And lastly, how the murderer himselfe was justly
+requited. Captain William Minor being an eye-witnesse of this bloudy
+Massacre. London: Printed for T. Banks, July the 18, 1642._' The very
+full particulars given in this pamphlet show how minute and
+circumstantial the old news-writers were in their narratives. It will be
+seen by the following extracts that the story has an air of truth given
+to it by careful attention to various small matters of detail:--
+
+'On Friday the 22 of October last 1641 towards night there came aboard
+an English ship called the _Coster_, in a small Prow (or flat Boat with
+one paddle) a proper young man, (a Java, which is as much as to say as a
+man born or native of the Territory of Java.) This man, (or devill in
+mans shape) with a pretence to sell some Hews, (hatching mischiefe in
+his damned minde,) did delay and trifle time, because he would have the
+night more dark for him to do his deeds of darknesse. At last he sold 6
+Hews for half a Royall of 8 which is not much above two shillings. There
+came also another Java aboard, (with the like small Prow or Boat) to
+whom he gave the half Royall, sent him away and bade him make haste; he
+being asked for what the other Java went for, the answer was that he had
+sent him for more Hews and Goates to sell.
+
+'Night being come, and very dark, (for it was the last night of the wane
+of the Moone) this inhumane dog staid lurking under the half deck having
+2 Crests (or dangerous waving daggers) and a Buckler, of which he would
+have sold one and the Buckler with it, and as he was discoursing he took
+off one of the Crests hefts and put cloth about the tongue of the Blade,
+and made it sure fast: on the other Crest he rolled the handle with a
+fine linnen cloth to make it also sure from slipping in his hand; these
+things he did whilst the Master, Robert Start, Stephen Roberts, his
+mate, Hugh Rawlinson, Chirurgeon, William Perks, Steward, James Biggs,
+Gunner, and 3 Boys or Youths attending. At supper they were very merry,
+and this Caitiffe took notice of their carelessnesse of him to suffer
+him to sit on the quarter deck upon a Cot close by them.
+
+'Supper being ended about 6 at night the Master went to his Cabin to
+rest, the Gunner asked leave to go ashore, (the ship riding but half a
+mile from landing.) Afterwards Robert Rawlinson and Perks walked upon
+the quarter deck; and the devilish Java perceiving the Master to be
+absent, he asked the Boyes where he was, who answered he was gone to
+sleepe. This question he demanded 3 or 4 times of the Boyes, and finding
+it to be so, he arose from the place where he sate, which was on the
+starboard side and went about the Table next the Mizzen Mast (where
+Roberts, Rawlings and Perks were walking) with his Target about his Neck
+for defence against Pikes, or the like; and his 2 Crests in his hand,
+and upon a sudden cries _a Muck_, which in that language is I hazard or
+run my death. Then first he stabd Roberts, secondly he stabd Rawlinson,
+thirdly Perks, all three at an instant. After that he let drive at the
+Boyes, but they leapd down, and ran forward into the forecastle, where
+they found the Cooke, to whom the Boyes related what had happened.'
+
+Further details are given at great length, showing how the savage
+continued his bloody work, and how he was finally overpowered. The
+narrative thus winds up:--
+
+[Illustration: MURDERS ON BOARD AN ENGLISH SHIP, 1642.]
+
+'It is observable that of all these men that were thus butchered, the
+Hel-hound did never stab any man twice, so sure did he strike, nor did
+he pursue any man that kept clear of his stand under the quarter-deck.
+So there dyed in all (in this bloody action) Robert Start, Master,
+Stephen Roberts, his Mate, Hugh Rawlinson, Chirurgeon, William Perks,
+Steward, Walter Rogers, Gunner's Mate, and Francis Drake, Trumpeter of
+the _Mary_. And after the Muck, Java, or Devill, had ended the first
+part of this bloody Tragedy, there was only left in the ship, the Cooke,
+3 Boyes, and one John Taylor, that was almost dead with a shott he
+foolishly made. So that 7 men were unfortunately lost (as you have
+heard) and the Gunner escaped very narrowly through God's merciful
+prevention, from the like of these related disasters and suddaine
+mischiefs, Good Lord deliver us.'
+
+The engraving, like all those belonging to this period, is very rough;
+but it was evidently prepared specially for the occasion, and some care
+appears to have been taken to represent the '_Java_' as he is described.
+It is a genuine attempt to illustrate the story, and on that account is
+more interesting than some of the woodcuts in the early newspapers.
+
+The Earl of Strafford, who was executed on Tower Hill, May 12, 1641,
+forms the subject of more than one illustrated tract of this period. In
+1642 was published a curious pamphlet, consisting of an engraved title
+and eight pages of illustrations, representing the principal events of
+1641-2. There are sixteen illustrations, exclusive of the title, two on
+each page. They are all etched on copper, and are done with some freedom
+and artistic ability. I shall have occasion to refer to this pamphlet
+hereafter; but at present I have copied the engraving entitled, 'The
+Earle of Strafford for treasonable practises beheaded on the
+Tower-hill.'
+
+In this example of illustrated news the artist has faithfully
+represented the locality in his background, but there the truth of his
+pencil stops. Strafford himself, although his head is not yet severed
+from his body, lies at full length on the scaffold, and instead of the
+usual block used for decapitations the victim's head rests on an
+ordinary plank or thick piece of wood. There is no one standing on the
+scaffold but the executioner, whereas history asserts that the Earl was
+attended in his last moments by his brother, Sir George Wentworth, the
+Earl of Cleveland, and Archbishop Usher. These omissions, if they were
+noticed at all, were no doubt looked upon as trivial faults in the
+infancy of illustrated journalism, and before a truth-loving public had
+learnt to be satisfied with nothing less than 'sketches done on the
+spot.' What appears to be a more correct view of the execution was,
+however, published at the time. In the British Museum are two etchings
+by Hollar (single sheets, 1641), representing the trial and execution
+of the Earl of Strafford. They both look as if they had been done from
+sketches on the spot, that of the execution giving a correct view of the
+Tower and the surrounding buildings, but they are too crowded to admit
+of reproduction on a reduced scale.
+
+[Illustration: EXECUTION OF STRAFFORD, 1641.]
+
+The taste of the time tolerated the publication of satires and petty
+lampoons even upon dead men. Soon after Strafford's death a tract was
+published entitled '_A Description of the Passage of Thomas, late Earle
+of Strafford, over the River of Styx, with the Conference betwixt him,
+Charon, and William Noy_.' There is a dialogue between Strafford and
+Charon, of which the following is a specimen:--
+
+'_Charon._--In the name of Rhodomont what ayles me? I have tugged and
+tugged above these two hours, yet can hardly steere one foot forward;
+either my dried nerves deceive my arme, or my vexed Barke carries an
+unwonted burden. From whence comest thou, Passenger?
+
+'_Strafford._--From England.
+
+'_Charon._--From England! Ha! I was counsailed to prepare myselfe, and
+trim up my boat. I should have work enough they sayd ere be long from
+England, but trust me thy burden alone outweighs many transported
+armies, were all the expected numbers of thy weight poor Charon well
+might sweat.
+
+[Illustration: STRAFFORD CROSSING THE STYX, 1641.]
+
+'_Strafford._--I bear them all in one.
+
+'_Charon._--How? Bear them all in one, and thou shalt pay for them all
+in one, by the just soul of Rhodomont; this was a fine plot indeed, sure
+this was some notable fellow being alive, that hath a trick to cosen the
+devil being dead. What is thy name?
+
+'(Strafford sighs.)
+
+'_Charon._--Sigh not so deep. Take some of this Lethæan water into thine
+hand, and soope it up; it will make thee forget thy sorrows.
+
+'_Strafford._--My name is Wentworth, Strafford's late Earle.
+
+'_Charon._--Wentworth! O ho! Thou art hee who hath been so long expected
+by William Noy. He hath been any time these two months on the other side
+of the banke, expecting thy coming daily.'
+
+Strafford gives Charon but one halfpenny for his fare, whereat the
+ferryman grumbles. Then ensues a conversation between Strafford and
+William Noy, part of which is in blank verse. The tract is illustrated
+with a woodcut, representing Strafford in the ferryman's boat with
+William Noy waiting his arrival on the opposite bank.
+
+[Illustration: A BURLESQUE PLAY ABOUT ARCHBISHOP LAUD. ACT I. 1641.]
+
+No man of his time appears to have excited the hostile notice of the
+press more than Archbishop Laud. The Archbishops of Canterbury had long
+been considered censors of the press by right of their dignity and
+office; and Laud exercised this power with unusual tyranny. The
+ferocious cruelty with which he carried out his prosecutions in the Star
+Chamber and Court of High Commission made his name odious, and his
+apparent preference for ceremonial religion contributed to render him
+still more unpopular. Men were put in the pillory, had their ears cut
+off, their noses slit, and were branded on the cheeks with S. S. (Sower
+of Sedition), and S. L. (Schismatical Libeller). They were heavily
+fined, were whipped through the streets, were thrown into prison; and
+all for printing and publishing opinions and sentiments unpleasing to
+Archbishop Laud, under whose rule this despotic cruelty became so
+prevalent that it was a common thing for men to speak of So-and-so as
+having been 'Star-Chambered.' No wonder, when the tide turned, that the
+long-pent-up indignation found a vent through the printing-press.
+Amongst the numerous tracts that were published after the suppression of
+the Star Chamber were many which held up Laud to public execration. He
+was reviled for his ambition, reproached for his cruelty, and
+caricatured for his Romish sympathies. During the four years between his
+fall and his execution, portraits of him and other illustrations
+relating to his career may be found in many pamphlets. I propose to
+introduce the reader to some of these, as examples of the kind of
+feeling that was excited by a man whose character and actions must have
+contributed not a little to bring about a convulsion which shook both
+the Church and the throne to their foundations. It must have been with a
+peculiar satisfaction that Prynne, one of the chief sufferers under
+Laud's rule, found himself armed with the authority of the House of
+Commons to despoil his old enemy. Probably a similar feeling caused many
+others to chuckle and rub their hands when they read, '_A New Play
+called Canterburie's Change of Diet_, printed in 1641.' This is a small
+tract illustrated with woodcuts, and is written in the form of a play.
+The persons represented are the Archbishop of Canterbury, a doctor of
+physic, a lawyer, a divine, a Jesuit, a carpenter and his wife. The
+doctor of physic is intended for either Dr. Alexander Leighton, or Dr.
+John Bastwick, both of whom had their ears cut off; the lawyer is
+Prynne; and the divine is meant for the Rev. Henry Burton, a London
+clergyman, who also suffered under Laud's administration. In the first
+act enter the Archbishop, the doctor, the lawyer, and the divine. Being
+seated, a variety of dishes are brought to the table, but Laud expresses
+himself dissatisfied with the fare placed before him and demands a more
+racy diet. He then calls in certain bishops, who enter armed with
+muskets, bandoleers, and swords. He cuts off the ears of the doctor, the
+lawyer, and the divine, and tells them he makes them an example that
+others may be more careful to please his palate. On the previous page is
+a copy of the cut which illustrates the first act.
+
+[Illustration: A BURLESQUE PLAY ABOUT ARCHBISHOP LAUD. ACT II.]
+
+[Illustration: A BURLESQUE PLAY ABOUT ARCHBISHOP LAUD. ACT III.]
+
+In the second act the Archbishop of Canterbury enters a carpenter's yard
+by the waterside, and seeing a grindstone he is about to sharpen his
+knife upon it, when he is interrupted by the carpenter who refuses to
+let him sharpen his knife upon his grindstone, lest he should treat him
+(the carpenter) as he had treated the others. The carpenter then holds
+the Archbishop's nose to the grindstone, and orders his apprentice to
+turn with a will. The bishop cries out, 'Hold! hold! such turning will
+soon deform my face. O, I bleed, I bleed, and am extremely sore.' The
+carpenter, however, rejoins, 'But who regarded "hold" before? Remember
+the cruelty you have used to others, whose bloud crieth out for
+vengeance. Were not their ears to them as pretious as your nostrils can
+be to you? If such dishes must be your fare, let me be your Cooke, I'll
+invent you rare sippets.' Then enters a Jesuit Confessor who washes the
+bishop's wounded face and binds it up with a cloth. There is also an
+illustration to this act which is here copied.
+
+[Illustration: ASSAULT ON LAMBETH PALACE, 1642.]
+
+In the third act the Archbishop and the Jesuit are represented in a
+great Cage (the Tower) while the carpenter and his wife, conversing
+together, agree that the two caged birds will sing very well together.
+The woodcut to this act represents a fool laughing at the prisoners.
+
+There is a fourth act in which the King and his Jester hold a
+conversation about the Bishop and the confessor in the cage. There is no
+printer's or publisher's name to this play, only the date, 1641.
+
+The pamphlet previously referred to as containing a picture of
+Strafford's execution, has also an engraving showing how the tide of
+public feeling had set against Archbishop Laud. The powerful Churchman
+had been impeached for high treason; he was deprived of all the profits
+of his high office and was imprisoned in the Tower. All his goods in
+Lambeth Palace, including his books, were seized, and even his Diary and
+private papers were taken from him by Prynne, who acted under a warrant
+from the House of Commons. The engraving under notice is entitled 'The
+rising of Prentices and Sea-men on Southwark side to assault the
+Archbishops of Canterburys House at Lambeth.'
+
+In a tract entitled '_A Prophecie of the Life, Reigne, and Death of
+William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury_,' there is a caricature of Laud
+seated on a throne or chair of state. A pair of horns grow out of his
+forehead, and in front the devil offers him a Cardinal's Hat. This
+business of the Cardinal's Hat is alluded to by Laud himself, who says,
+'At Greenwich there came one to me seriously, and that avowed ability to
+perform it, and offered me to be a Cardinal. I went presently to the
+king, and acquainted him both with the thing and the person.' This offer
+was afterwards renewed: 'But,' says he, 'my answer again was, that
+something dwelt within me which would not suffer that till Rome were
+other than it is.' It would thus appear that the Archbishop did not give
+a very decided refusal at first or the offer would not have been
+repeated; and that circumstance, if it were known at the time, must have
+strengthened the opinion that he was favourably inclined towards the
+Church of Rome. At all events, the offer must have been made public, as
+this caricature shows.
+
+Though Laud behaved with dignity and courage when he came to bid
+farewell to the world, if we are to believe the publications of the
+time, he was not above petitioning for mercy, while any hope of life
+remained. In 1643 a pamphlet was published with the following title,
+'_The Copy of the Petition presented to the Honourable Houses of
+Parliament by the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, wherein the said
+Archbishop desires that he may not be transported beyond the Seas into
+New England with Master Peters in regard to his extraordinary age and
+weaknesse_.' The petition is dated 'From the Tower of London this 6th of
+May 1643,' and in it the petitioner sets forth that out of a 'fervent
+zeal to Christianity' he endeavoured to reconcile the principles of the
+Protestant and Roman Catholic religions, hoping that if he could effect
+this he might more easily draw the Queen into an adherence to the
+Protestant faith. He deplores that his endeavours were not successful,
+and he begs the honourable Parliament to pardon his errors, and to
+'looke upon him in mercy, and not permit or suffer your Petitioner to be
+transported, to endure the hazard of the Seas, and the long tediousnesse
+of Voyage into those trans-marine parts, and cold Countries, which would
+soon bring your Petitioners life to a period; but rather that your
+Petitioner may abide in his native country, untill your Petitioner shall
+pay the debt which is due from him to Nature, and so your Petitioner
+doth submit himselfe to your Honourable and grave Wisdoms for your
+Petitioners request and desire therein. And your Petitioner shall humbly
+pray &c.'
+
+[Illustration: CARICATURE OF THE DEVIL OFFERING LAUD A CARDINAL'S HAT,
+1644.]
+
+If Archbishop Laud was really the author of this petition he appears to
+have expected that his long imprisonment would end in banishment rather
+than death. He was beheaded on Tower Hill, January 10, 1645. There is a
+woodcut portrait of the Archbishop printed on the title-page of the
+petition.
+
+[Illustration: ARCHBISHOP LAUD.]
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+  [1] _Life of Gustavus Adolphus_. Family Library.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+  Ben Jonson's Ridicule of the Early Newspapers--Fondness of the Old
+  News-Writers for the Marvellous--The Smithfield Ghost--The Wonderful
+  Whale--The Newbury Witch--Satirical Tracts and Caricatures at the
+  Commencement of the Civil War--Religion Tossed in a
+  Blanket--Caricatures of the Pope and the Bishops--Pluralists and
+  Patentees--Taylor, the Water Poet--_Mercurius Aulicus_--Activity of
+  the Pamphleteers--Welshmen Satirised--Satires on Prince Rupert--On the
+  King and Queen--The Ladies' Parliament--Illustrated Tracts relating to
+  Social and Political Subjects--Sir Kenelm Digby's Duel--The King
+  entertained by the City of London, 1641--Executions in 1641--The
+  Liquor Traffic and Sunday Closing in 1641--Abuses of the
+  Ecclesiastical Courts--Ritualism and Nunneries in 1641--Truths
+  enforced by Lieing--Stage Players and the Plague in 1641--Bartholomew
+  Fair in 1641--Destruction of Charing Cross and Cheapside
+  Cross--Strange Apparition--Method of Enforcing their Views adopted by
+  the Puritan Pamphleteers--Parodies of Roundhead Sermons--Matthew
+  Hopkins the Witch-finder--_The Welsh Post_ of 1643--William Lilly the
+  Astrologer--Three Suns seen in London on the King's Birthday.
+
+
+When Ben Jonson called the newspaper 'a weekly cheat to draw money,' and
+ridiculed the growing taste for news, he had some reason for satirising
+the journalism of the period. To satisfy the craving for news all kinds
+of impositions were freely circulated. Nothing was too wonderful for the
+credulity of the age, and people eagerly accepted what was placed before
+them, fully believing that whatever was in print must be true. It was
+not, however, till many years after Ben Jonson's death that the
+so-called newspapers put forward their full powers as purveyors of the
+marvellous. _Mercurius Democritus_ was the _Punch_ of that day. While he
+satirised men and things he laboured to satisfy the popular taste for
+the wonderful, as in the following account of a ghost that was said to
+haunt the neighbourhood of Smithfield:--'There is a great report of a
+ghoast that walks every Night amongst the Butchers at _Smithfield
+Barrs_, the _Shambles_, White-_Chappell_, and _Eastcheape_, in the habit
+of _Mallet_, the Lawyer, pulling the meat off the Butchers Tainters;
+many have adventured to strike at him with Cleavers and Chopping-knives,
+but cannot feel anything but Aire, every Saturday at night between 9 and
+12, he walks his stations, in this very habit as you see, doing more
+mischiefe to the _Butchers_ than ever _Robin Goodfellow_ did to the
+Country Hindes.'
+
+[Illustration: THE SMITHFIELD GHOST. FROM 'MERCURIUS DEMOCRITUS,' 1654.]
+
+Another example of the marvellous occurs in a tract entitled, '_The Sea
+Wonder: a true and wonderful relation of a Whale pursued in the Sea, and
+incountered by multitudes of other Fishes as it was certified by divers
+Mariners of Weymouth, who, comming from France in the good ship called
+the_ Bonaventure, _did shoote the said Whale, which making to Land did
+strike upon the Shore, within three miles of Weymouth, where being
+opened there was found in the belly of it a Romish Priest, with Pardon
+for divers Papists in England and Ireland, whose names are here
+inserted_.' Great pains appear to have been taken to give an air of
+truth to the narrative, which begins thus:--'On the 19th of October
+being the Lord's Day the good Ship called the _Bonaventure_ of
+_Weymouth_ being bound for _England_ was bringing home her Merchandise
+from _France_ which was wines, linning cloth, and abundance of
+Wall-nuts, the day was very fair and no wind stirring, so that the ship
+for above three hours space lay hulling upon the Seas, being not able to
+move either one way nor other for want of wind, although she was full
+sayled and prepared to take the advantage of every gale.' The author
+gravely explains that the excitement of the fishes and their attacks on
+the whale were caused by their instinctively feeling the presence of the
+Popish Priest. Annexed is a copy of the woodcut on the title-page of
+this curious tract.
+
+[Illustration: THE WONDERFUL WHALE, 1645.]
+
+'_Newes, True Newes, Laudable Newes, Citie Newes, Country Newes; The
+World is Mad, or it is a Mad World my Masters especially now when in the
+Antipodes these things are come to pass._' Such is the lengthy title of
+a pamphlet containing an imaginary account of things at the Antipodes,
+and illustrated with a fanciful woodcut on the title-page. Then we have
+news from Boston in New England of a strange and prodigious birth of a
+child with two heads, also illustrated. _Mercurius Democritus_, besides
+such waggeries as giving an account of 'a sight seen in the air by a
+blind philosopher,' communicates '_Many strange wonders out of the
+World, in the Moon, the Antipodes, Maggy Land, Tenebris, Fary-Land,
+Greenland, and other adjacent countries_. _Published for the right
+understanding of all the Mad-merry-people of Great Bedlam._' Another
+example of the wonderful stories put forth to entertain the multitude
+relates to the discovery and punishment of a witch during the civil war.
+It occurs in a pamphlet entitled '_A most Certain, Strange and true
+Discovery of a Witch, being taken by some of the Parliament Forces, as
+she was standing on a small planck-board and sayling on it over the
+River of Newbury_.' The illustration is of the rudest description, and
+the story is told in a breathless sort of way, without a full stop in
+the whole narrative:--
+
+'A part of the Army marching through Newbury, some of the Souldiers
+being scattered by the reason of their loytering by the way, in
+gathering Nuts, Apples, Plummes, Blackberries, and the like, one of them
+by chance in clambring up a tree, being pursued by his fellow or comrade
+in waggish merriment, jesting one with another, espied on the river
+being there adjacent, a tall, lean, slender woman, as he supposed, to
+his amazement, and great terrour, treading of the water with her feet,
+with as much ease and firmnesse as if one should walk or trample on the
+earth, wherewith he softly calls, and beckoned to his fellows to behold
+it, and with all possible speed that could be to obscure them from her
+sight, who as conveniently as they could they did observe, this could be
+no little amazement unto them you may think to see a woman dance upon
+the water, nor could all their sights be deluded, though perhaps one
+might, but coming nearer to the shore, they could perceive there was a
+planke or deale overshadowed with a little shallow water that she stood
+upon, the which did beare her up, anon rode by some of the commanders
+who were eye witnesses, as well as they, and were as much astonished as
+they could be, still too and fro she fleeted on the water, the boord
+standing firm boult upright, indeed I have both heard and read of many
+that in tempests and on rivers by casualty have become shipwracked, or
+cast overboard, where catching empty barrells, rudders, boards, or
+planks have made good shift by the assisting Providence of God to get on
+shore, but not in this womans kind to stand upon the board, turning and
+winding it which way she pleased, making it pastime to her, as little
+thinking who perceived her tricks, or that she did imagine that they
+were the last she ever should show, as we have heard the swan sing
+before her death, so did this devilish woman, as after plainly it
+appeared make sport before her death, at last having sufficiently been
+upon the water, he that deceived her alway did so then, blinding her
+that she could not, at her landing see the ambush that was laid for her,
+coming upon the shore, she gave the board a push, which they plainly
+perceived, and crossed the river, they searched after her but could not
+find her she being landed the Commanders beholding her, gave orders to
+lay hold on her, and bring her to them straight, the which some were
+fearful, but one being more venturous than other some, boldly went to
+her and seized on her by the arms, demanding what she was? but the woman
+no whit replying any words unto them, they brought her to the
+Commanders, to whom though mightily she was urged she did reply as
+little; so consulting with themselves what should be done with her,
+being it so apparently appeared she was a _witch_, being loth to let her
+goe & as loth to carry her with them, so they resolved with themselves,
+to make a shot at her, and gave order to a couple of their souldiers
+that were approved good marksmen, to charge and shoot her straight,
+which they prepared to doe; so setting her boult upright against a mud
+bank or wall; two of the souldiers according to their command made
+themselves ready, where having taken aime gave fire and shot at her,
+but with a deriding and loud laughter at them she caught their bullets
+in her hands and chew'd them, which was a stronger testimony than the
+water, that she was the same that their imaginations thought her for to
+be, so resolving with themselves if either fire or sword or halter were
+sufficient for to make an end of her, one set his Carbine close unto her
+brest; where discharging, the bullet back rebounded like a ball, and
+narrowly he mist it in his face that was the shooter; this so enraged
+the Gentleman, that one drew out his sword and manfully run at her with
+all the force his strength had power to make, but it prevailed no more
+than did the shot, the woman still though speechless, yet in a most
+contemptible way of scorn, still laughing at them, which did the more
+exhaust their furie against her life, yet one amongst the rest had heard
+that piercing or drawing bloud from forth the veins that crosse the
+temples of the head, it would prevail against the strongest sorcery, and
+quell the force of Witchcraft, which was allowed for triall; the woman
+hearing this knew then the Devill had left her and her power was gone,
+wherefore she began alowd to cry, and roare, tearing her haire, and
+making pitious moan, which in these words expressed were: And is it
+come to passe that I must die indeed? Why then his Excellency the Earle
+of Essex shall be fortunate and win the field, after which no more words
+could be got from her; wherewith they immediately discharged a Pistoll
+underneath her ear, at which she straight sunk down and died, leaving
+her legacy of a detested carcasse to the wormes, her soul we ought not
+to judge of, though the evils of her wicked life and death can scape no
+censure.'
+
+[Illustration: THE NEWBURY WITCH, 1643.]
+
+On the outbreak of the great Civil War an immense number of tracts and
+pamphlets were published relating to social and political questions,
+many of which were illustrated. Satire was a weapon freely used, and
+many hard hits were made, the point and bitterness of which cannot now
+be understood. Caricatures, which are generally supposed to have made
+their appearance in England at a much later date, are of frequent
+occurrence. The wonderful and supernatural were freely dealt in, and
+many tracts were published which were not strictly news, yet had some
+reference to public men and passing events. The woodcuts in the tracts
+and pamphlets of this period were frequently repeated, being sometimes
+used where they had no relation to the subject treated.
+
+[Illustration: RELIGION TOSSED IN A BLANKET, 1641.]
+
+The minds of men being much exercised on questions of religion at this
+time, it was to be expected that the subject would not escape the notice
+of the satirist. Accordingly, many tracts were published relating to
+religious matters, some of which are illustrated with woodcut
+caricatures. There is one of the date of 1641 containing a woodcut of
+four men tossing Religion (represented by a Bible) in a blanket. The
+writer condemns the numberless sects which were perplexing men's minds
+and tearing the Church asunder:--
+
+'Religion is made a Hotch potch, and as it were tossed in a Blanquet,
+and too many places of England too much _Amsterdamnified_ by several
+opinions. Religion is now become the common discourse and Table-talke in
+every Taverne and Ale-house, where a man shall hardly find five
+together in one minde, and yet every one presumes hee is in the right.
+The Booke of Common prayer which was established by Act of Parliament by
+that good and Godly King Edward the sixth, and after reestablished by
+another Parliament by that unparaled and peerlesse princesse Queen
+Elizabeth, and continued since in the happy Raignes of two gracious
+kings in the church of England for the service of God these ninetie
+yeares; yet one would have it to be cast out now, holding it to be a
+false worship; another is angrie at the vestments and habits of the
+Ministry; one will not kneel, another will not stand, one will sit
+downe, one will not bowe, another will not be uncovered, one holds all
+good manners to be popery, another that all decencie is superstitious,
+another that railes are Romish (which is false for the papists have no
+railes in their churches, nor anything so convenient). One foolishly
+assumes and presumes to save himselfe and some of his Neighbours too, by
+his good workes; another will be saved by a bare and lazie Faith that
+will do no work at all, and thus religion is puft and blowne to and fro
+with every wind of doctrine, and as it were tost in a Blanquet; but of
+this more largely hereafter in another part which will suddenly be
+printed, till when and ever it shall be my hearty prayers that as there
+is but one Shepheard, that is God in his gracious goodnesse and mercie
+would make us all one sheepfold.'
+
+[Illustration: CARICATURE OF THE POPE, 1643.]
+
+The shafts of satire were frequently aimed at the Pope and the Bishops.
+One caricature represents the Pope seated, while a unicorn tumbles the
+triple crown from his head. The same woodcut illustrates a '_Letter from
+the Devil to the Pope of Rome_.' Another tract has a representation of
+the Pope riding upon a seven-headed monster and holding in his hand a
+scroll on which are the words 'Estote proditores'--'Betraye your
+Country.' This advice he is giving to a cavalier, a bishop, and a monk,
+and at the same time three devils are represented as leaving him and
+entering into them. This cut, which is repeated in other pamphlets, is
+curious as an early specimen of caricature, but its meaning is now lost.
+
+[Illustration: CARICATURE OF THE BISHOPS, 1642.]
+
+The Bishops were treated with as little ceremony as the Pope. In one
+caricature four of them are represented as falling to the earth, with
+the following lines underneath the woodcut:--
+
+  'The tottering prelates, with their trumpery all,
+   Shall moulder downe, like elder from the wall.'
+
+In a pamphlet called _The Decoy Duck_, printed in 1642, there is a
+quaint woodcut caricature and a satirical account of how the Bishops of
+Durham, Lichfield, Norwich, Asaph, Bath, Hereford, Oxford, Ely,
+Gloucester, Peterborough, and Llandaff were decoyed and deceived by the
+Bishop of Lincoln (Bishop Williams). I have copied the woodcut, but no
+quotation from the pamphlet would be understood unless given at great
+length. It doubtless refers to the charge of high treason against the
+twelve Bishops.
+
+The abuses of the Established Church in an age when the spirit of
+dissent was strong were pretty sure to attract the notice of the
+satirical writer and the caricaturist. Accordingly, we find
+representations of the pluralist holding a church in each hand and one
+on each shoulder; while the non-resident clergyman was compared to the
+locust:--'The Locust is given to spoile and devoure greene things; it
+was one of the plagues of Egypt. Non-residents devoure the tithes of
+many parishes in this kingdome; and they are not to be numbered amongst
+the least of those plagues that God inflicts upon us for our sins. The
+Locusts caused Pharaoh and his servants to cry unto Moses that he would
+entreat the Lord to take them away; and our Non-Residents cause all good
+people to cry mightily unto God, to the King's Majesty, and to the
+Honourable House of Parliament, to reform them or remove them; that
+there may not be any carelesse Non-Resident in all the coasts of
+England.... Some of our carelesse Non-Residents have a cure of soules in
+one place and live in another, like fugitive Captaines forsake their
+Ensigne and Company at Barwick, and flee to Dover; who being with Jonah
+commanded for Nineveh, flee to Tarshish; being placed in the Country
+they run to the Cathedrals, they leave their charge as the Ostrich doth
+her eggs in the earth and sands, forgetting that either the foot may
+crush them or that the wild beast may break them, or at the best they
+leave their Congregations, as the Cuckoo doth her eggs to be hatched of
+a sparrow or some other bird.'
+
+The following woodcut is copied from a pamphlet entitled '_A Purge for
+Pluralities, showing the unlawfulnesse of men to have two Livings, or
+the Downefall of Double Benifices_.'
+
+[Illustration: THE PLURALIST, 1642.]
+
+The abuse of the Crown's prerogative in the granting of patents and
+monopolies was very frequent in the reigns of Elizabeth and James, and
+was not diminished under Charles the First. The practice did not fail to
+attract the notice of the satirical writers of the day, and caricature
+laid hold on the 'Projectors and Patentees,' and held them up to
+ridicule. '_A Dialogue or accidental discourse betwixt Mr. Alderman
+Abell, and Richard Kilvert, the two maine Projectors for Wine_, 1641,
+contains a woodcut showing 'The manner and forme how Projectors and
+Patentees have rode a Tylting in a Parliament time.' The wit of the
+illustration is a little obscure to the modern reader, but at the time
+of its publication it was no doubt understood, and relished accordingly.
+The pamphlet describes how Messrs. Abell and Kilvert laid their heads
+together to obtain the patent for wine; how they put the patent in
+force, and how, after the tide turned against them, they reviled one
+another.
+
+As the excitement of the Civil War increased, political animosity rose
+to a red heat. Cavaliers and Roundheads belaboured each other in many a
+merciless pamphlet, to which they often endeavoured to give additional
+bitterness by woodcut caricatures. Prominent individuals, such as Prince
+Rupert, became marks for the satirist's wit. Even the throne itself did
+not escape, and it was broadly hinted that the Protestant king was
+unduly influenced by the Roman Catholic queen. The curious subject of
+the growth of caricature might be illustrated by numerous examples from
+the publications of this period, but it will be sufficient to refer to
+two or three more woodcut satires of this date.
+
+The distractions of the times were epitomised by John Taylor, the Water
+Poet, in an illustrated rhyming pamphlet, published in 1642. It is
+entitled, '_Mad Fashions, Od Fashions, all out of Fashion, or the
+Emblems of these distracted Times_.'
+
+[Illustration: EMBLEMS OF THE DISTRACTED TIMES, 1642.]
+
+The author compares England to the engraving on his title-page, where
+everything is represented upside down:--
+
+  'The Picture that is printed on the front
+   Is like this Kingdome if you look upon 't;
+   For if you well doe note it as it is,
+   It is a Transform'd Metamorphasis.
+   This Monstrous Picture plainly doth declare
+   This land (quite out of order) out of square.
+   His Breeches on his shoulders doe appeare,
+   His doublet on his lower parts doth weare.
+   His Boots and Spurs upon his Armes and Hands,
+   His Gloves upon his feet (whereon he stands)
+   The church o'erturned (a lamentable show)
+   The Candlestick above, the light below,
+   The Coney hunts the Dogge, the Rat the Cat,
+   The Horse doth whip the Cart (I pray marke that)
+   The Wheelbarrow doth drive the man (Oh Base)
+   And Eeles and Gudgeons flie a mighty pace.
+   And sure this is a Monster of strange fashion
+   That doth surpasse all Ovids transformation.
+   And this is England's case this very day,
+   All things are turned the clean contrary way;
+   For now, as when a Royall Parliament,
+   (With King, and Peers, and Commons whole consent)
+   Have almost sate two years, with paines and Cares,
+   And charge, to free us from our Griefes and fears,
+   For when many a worthy Lord and Knight,
+   And good Esquire (for King and Countrey's Right)
+   Have spent so much time with great Toyle and Heede
+   All England's vicious garden how to weed,
+   So like a wildernesse 'twas over run,
+   That though much better hath been done; All is not done.'
+
+The Water Poet sided with the Cavalier party, and verse and prose flowed
+plentifully from his pen in favour of the Royal cause. His effusions
+provoked many replies, one of which is entitled, '_No Mercurius
+Aquaticus, but a Cable-Rope, double twisted for John Tayler, the Water
+Poet; who escaping drowning in a Paper-Wherry-Voyage, is reserved for
+another day, as followeth, viz._'
+
+Then follows the subjoined woodcut, with verses underneath. The hint
+that the poet was born to be hanged because he had escaped from drowning
+refers to his having undertaken to sail from London to Queenborough in a
+boat made of brown paper. In this foolhardy exploit Taylor and a friend
+who was with him nearly lost their lives. The tract under notice affords
+a good specimen of the sort of language used by the partisans of each
+faction against their opponents: 'I should be loathe to foule my fingers
+with any base Pamphlets that comes from Oxford, if the venom of their
+malicious spleens were darted against my particular self: But when
+through my sides they wound the honour of the Parliament and our Armies
+abroad, I cannot but set Pen to paper, and pay them back again in their
+own kinde. And who d'ye think I should meet abroad for a
+_Rogue-in-Print_ but one of our City Water-rats, the doughty John
+Taylor, who according to the knavish custom, changes his name upon every
+new paper-designe? Sometimes he calls himself _Thorney Ailo, Mercurius
+Aquaticus_, and now he entitles himself NO MERCURIUS AULICUS. I thought
+I had lately sent _rope_ enough for all the Parrots in Oxford; But I
+perceive they will be prattling still; and therefore I must unmaske the
+Mysterious Masters of the science of railing. There are three grand
+paper conspirators well known by the name of _Mercurius Aulicus, George
+Naworth_, and reverend Master _John Tayler_ the water-tankard, by whose
+sprinklings in this great dearth of Wit and Honesty the University is
+cherished and kept in credit. These three are they which pumpe and Pimpe
+about with their Prostitute Noddles in the behalf of Popery, Murder, and
+Rebellion against the state; they are Liars in all elements, _Aulicus_
+for Land-lies, _Tayler_ for Water, and hungry _George Naworth_ for all
+between Heaven and Earth, where I doubt not but to see them all meet
+together to take their farewell of the world, where the _Parrots_ will
+find _Ropes_ made of stronger Lines than mine, and such as will
+_non-plus_ the very primest Wits in the University.'
+
+[Illustration: PREDICTED FATE OF JOHN TAYLOR THE WATER POET, 1644.]
+
+The pamphleteer goes on to give the Water-Poet what he doubtless
+considered a thorough drubbing, and at the end he leaves him 'to the
+Gallows, the proper cure for such Rebels.' The words 'London' and
+'Oxford' on the woodcut have reference to another voyage which the
+Water-Poet performed in a sculler's boat between those places.
+
+[Illustration: MERCURIUS AULICUS IN THE PILLORY, 1645.]
+
+_Mercurius Aulicus_ was the organ of the Court party, and was published
+at Oxford. A curious satire upon this Court paper was printed in 1645,
+entitled, _Newes from Smith the Oxford Jaylor_. It consists of a
+dialogue between the author and the 'Oxford Jaylor,' and sets forth that
+'Mercurius Aulicus' was sentenced, by a jury of women,' to stand in the
+pillory three market-days in Oxford, for his lies, libels, and
+deceitful glozings;' to have a written paper over his head announcing
+his shame; to beg forgiveness of 'Mercurius Brittanicus;' to be
+prevented from writing any more libels for one year. 'That before two
+months' expiration he be cut of the simples, and his braines be taken
+out, washt in white wine, and put in againe.' 'That for every morning
+during the said time he have one mess of stewd broth made of the
+interlinings of fower Court Parazites, and the braines of 26 Oxford
+Widgins boyld in the water of forgetfulnesse.' 'That he may never
+hereafter have so much as one graine of wit left him in his empty
+Hogshead (his brains being taken out and washed as before is ordered) to
+scandalize those whom if he had any grace he is bound to honour.' There
+is a woodcut of _Mercurius Aulicus_ in the pillory, which is supposed to
+represent Sir John Birkenhead, who acquired the title of the Loyal
+Poet, and suffered several imprisonments. This cut was used on several
+other occasions.
+
+The troubles of the times are constantly indicated in the pamphlets of
+the period. In one the State is represented as a two-headed serpent,
+with these lines underneath the engraving:
+
+  'This double-headed serpent is a wonder,
+   It draws two ways and tears the womb in sunder;
+   The wofull emblem of a troubled State
+   Where civill warres doe threat to ruinate.'
+
+[Illustration: SQUARE CAPS TURNED INTO ROUND HEADS, 1642.]
+
+The partisans of the Parliament faction appear to have been much more
+active pamphleteers than the Cavaliers. '_Square Caps turned into Round
+Heads, or the Bishop's Vindication and the Brownist's conviction, being
+a Dialogue between Time and Opinion; showing the folly of the one and
+the worthinesse of the other_,' is a tract with an illustration
+representing Opinion turning a wheel, on which are five square caps and
+five round heads, while Time, with his scythe and hourglass, holds
+converse with Opinion. Under the woodcut are the following lines:--
+
+  'Time doth Opinion call unto accompt,
+   Who turns the Bishop's downe and Roundheads mount;
+   Upon her lofty wheels their Noddles are,
+   But her Camelion feedeth on his aire.'
+
+'_Cornucopia, or Room for a Ram head, wherein is described the dignity
+of the Ram head above the Roundhead or Rattlehead_,' is another tract,
+with a woodcut caricature representing a woman attempting to saw the
+horns from a man's head. The letterpress consists of a dialogue between
+a man and his wife, wherein the man humorously praises horns. It was a
+favourite joke to represent the Puritan as a 'cuckoldy Roundhead.'
+
+[Illustration: CARICATURE, 1642.]
+
+Another satirical pamphlet has a woodcut representing Cavaliers and
+Roundheads exciting their dogs to fight. It is entitled, '_A Dialogue or
+rather a Parly between Prince Rupert's Dogge whose name is Puddle, and
+Tobies Dog whose name is Pepper, &c._ _Whereunto is added the challenge
+which Prince Griffin's Dog, called Towzer, hath sent to Prince Rupert's
+Dog Puddle, in the behalfe of honest Pepper, Tobie's Dog. Moreover, the
+said Prince Griffin is newly gone to Oxford to lay the wager, and to
+make up the Match._' In this satire, which is very highly flavoured,
+both Cavaliers and Roundheads are pelted with very vigorous epithets,
+but in the end the Roundhead dog is converted by his opponent, and
+seals his recantation in a very striking manner.
+
+There is a tirade against the Jesuits entitled, '_A Peece of ordnance
+invented by a Jesuite, for Cowards that fight by Whisperings, and raise
+jealousies to overthrow both Church and State, which with the help of a
+private Ensign in the Cabbinet Councell, or Westminster Hall is able to
+doe more mischiefe at twentie miles distance, than a whole Regiment of
+stout Souldiers, at Musket-shot_. _Which grievance is by way of
+Remonstrance humbly presented to the consideration of the Parliament._'
+This tract has a woodcut of a man firing a cannon formed of the figure
+of a man.
+
+[Illustration: CARICATURE, 1643.]
+
+'_Hell's Hurlie-Burlie, or a Fierce contention between the Pope and the
+Devill_,' is illustrated; and there is a pamphlet, with a woodcut,
+entitled, '_The Devill's White Boyes: A Mixture of Malicious Malignants,
+with their much evill and manifold practises against the Kingdome and
+Parliament, with a bottomlesse Sack-full of Knavery, Popery, Prelacy,
+Policy, Treachery, Malignant Trumpery, Conspiricies, and Cruelties,
+filled to the top by the Malignants, laid on the shoulders of Time, and
+now by Time emptied forth, and poured out, to show the Truth, and shame
+the Devill_. Beneath, the woodcut are the following verses:--
+
+  'Malignants are the Divell's Agents still,
+   The Sack is _England_, which they strive to fill
+   With misery and mischief, and this Sack
+   Full stufft is laid upon Times aged back;
+   _Time_ pours it out now in an angry mood
+   That all their knaveries may be understood.'
+
+On the cut itself are printed the lines:--
+
+  '_Time_ now at the last pours out much knavery,
+   The Devill holds down fast to hinder the discovery.'
+
+[Illustration: CARICATURE, 1644.]
+
+The Welshman came in for a share of the satirist's wit at the
+commencement of the Civil War. He generally figures under the name of
+'Ap Shinkin,' and is made to speak English much the same as the Scottish
+Highlander does in Scott's novels. '_The Welsh mans Postures, or the
+true manner how her doe exercise her company of Souldiers in her own
+Country in a warlike manners_,' is a satire of a very broad character,
+and is illustrated with a woodcut representing men exercising with the
+pike. Shinkin is also ridiculed for the share he took in the battle of
+Edgehill, the first important engagement in the Civil War. There is an
+illustrated tract with the following title: '_The Welsh mans
+Complements: or the true manner how Shinkin wood his Sweetheart Maudlin
+after his return from Kenton Battaile_. _Also Fair Maudlin's reply and
+answer to all Shinkin's Welch complements, full of merry wit and
+pleasant mirth._' The 'merry wit' is certainly not refined, and the
+'pleasant mirth' is founded on Shinkin's supposed hasty departure from
+the neighbourhood of the fight. The woodcut represents Shinkin and
+Maudlin in conversation.
+
+Prince Rupert is often the mark for the satirist's wit. In '_Rupert's
+Sumpter, and private Cabinet rifled, and a Discovery of a Pack of his
+Jewels, by way of Dialogue between Mercurius Brittanicus and Mercurius
+Aulicus_,' there is a discussion as to the Prince's merits and demerits,
+and he is charged with aiming at the crown. Both the King and Queen were
+brought under the caricaturist's lash. In 1644 there was an illustrated
+pamphlet published, representing the King, Queen, and a bishop, with the
+following title: '_The Sussex Picture, or an Answer to the Sea-gull_.'
+The address to the reader is headed: 'The Sceptre's Submission, the
+Distaffs Triumph, and the Crosiers Combination. Reader, If thou hast
+view'd that stately Picture, which was lately sent up to the Parliament
+by Collonel Morley, and was taken in a Flemish Ship upon the Sussex
+Shore; Thou hast beheld therein the weaker sexe triumphing over the
+stronger, and by the help of a Miter, thou hast seen a Scepter doing
+homage to the Distaffe. If thou hast never seen the Originall, yet here
+is to be seen a poore, rude, counterfeit of the chief part in it; use
+thy judgement freely, and impartially: let both the Peece itself, and
+that which is said by both sides, in judgement thereupon, be put into
+one equal ballance. If the Dutch Author be not to undergo censure, as if
+he intended an English Storie, yet neither art thou to be censured for
+doubting his intention, or for standing amazed at his phancie. Shadows
+which are not fashioned by some certain, neer, interposing body present
+nothing to the eye, and therefore work nothing upon the understanding.
+The language of a picture is to be borrowed from the veritie of the
+matter, if that be wanting, neither the Art of the Limner nor the
+imagination of the spectator can supply its vocall organs.' This
+caricature may have referred to the influence which the Roman Catholic
+Queen was supposed to exercise over the Protestant king under clerical
+guidance.
+
+[Illustration: THE PARLIAMENT OF LADIES, 1644.]
+
+Charles I. summoned a Parliament at Oxford in 1644, consisting of such
+members of both Houses as were devoted to his interests. There exists a
+satirical tract ridiculing this Parliament, and, in fact, representing
+it as a Parliament of old women. The tract is entitled '_An exact
+Diurnall of the Parliament of Laydes_,' and is illustrated with a
+woodcut. It sets forth that 'Countesses and other Ladies (on Monday
+morning early in a Prosopopia) being met in Mary Maudlins Hall in
+Oxford, they first made choyce of their speaker; and it was agreed by
+all that the Lady Oboney should have the chaire, the Lady Rivers was
+made Chancellor, Nurse Windham High Constable, the Countess of Derby
+High Treasurer, and the Countess of Essex High Chamberlain. These Ladies
+having all taken their places, Mrs. Powell was appointed cheefe Clerk
+to the House, and Mrs. Peele Chaire Lady to the Close Committee, and
+Moll Cut-Purse was made Sergeant at Arms.' Prince Rupert and others are
+tried and sentenced for various crimes, but the ladies afterwards
+relent, and pardon all the prisoners brought before them. I give on the
+preceding page a reduced copy of the rough woodcut which illustrates
+this curious burlesque.
+
+[Illustration: CARICATURE, 1644.]
+
+A writer of much verbosity satirised the Assembly of Divines at
+Westminster in another illustrated pamphlet, printed 'by Martin
+Claw-Clergy for Bartholomew Bang-Priest, and sold in Toleration-street,
+at the sign of the Subject's Liberty, opposite to Persecuting Court.'
+The author states on the title-page that his production displays 'many
+witty Synodian Conceits both pleasant and commodious,' and adorns his
+work with the above curious engraving, which probably had some reference
+to a Papal Bull, but at this distance of time we look in vain for the
+point and meaning of many of these old caricatures.
+
+Having glanced at the satirical side of illustrated journalism at the
+epoch of the Civil War, I will quote two or three examples relating to
+the social and political condition of the country before entering upon
+the stirring events of that time.
+
+A great variety of subjects are embraced in this section. There are
+accounts of apparitions, signs and portents in the heavens, monstrous
+births, duels and murders, criminal trials and executions, besides many
+tracts relating to the vices and follies of the age. One of the first
+illustrated pamphlets we come to in this division of our subject
+describes a duel fought in vindication of the good name of King Charles
+I. The pamphlet is entitled, '_Sir Kenelme Digby's Honour maintained by
+a most couragious Combat which he fought with the Lord Mount le Ros, who
+by base and slanderous words reviled our King_. _Also the true relation
+how he went to the King of France, who kindly intreated and sent two
+hundred men to guard him so far as Flanders. And now he is returned from
+Banishment, and to his eternal honour lives in England._' This is a
+tract written by an undoubted Royalist. It begins in praise of valour,
+which is divided into three kinds--that which is allied to rashness,
+that which is born of the fear of death, and temperate or true valour.
+It describes how Sir Kenelme Digby was dining with a French lord, who,
+having toasted most of the kings of Christendom, then proposed the
+health of the most arrant coward in the world; and on Sir Kenelme
+inquiring who that was, he was told, after he had drunk the toast, that
+it was meant for the King of England: 'At which the good knight seemed
+very much discontent, knowing in what nature his Soveraigne was wronged;
+yet very wisely did he seeme to pass it by untill dinner being ended,
+then did he desire the same lord the next day to come and dine with him,
+who promised him upon his honour that he would.'
+
+[Illustration: SIR KENELM DIGBY's DUEL, 1641.]
+
+The next day the French Lord repaired to Sir Kenelme's lodgings, where
+an entertainment befitting his rank was provided: 'Neither did Sir
+Kenelme seeme to remember the former daies discontent, but was very
+frolic and merry, and in the midst of dinner time desired them all to
+be bare, for he would beginne a health to the bravest king in the world.
+The French Lord asked whom that was, Sir Kenelme made answer that when
+it had gone about he should know; well, about it went and then Sir
+Kenelme said that it was the health of the bravest king in the world,
+which is the King of England, my royal Master, for although my body be
+banished from him, yet is my heart loyally linkt; the French Lord at
+those words seemed to laugh repeating the same words before mentioned,
+then was Sir Kenelme throughly moved in the behalf of our Soveraigne
+King Charles whereupon he whispered the Lord in the eare, telling of him
+how that twice he had reviled the best King in the world in the hearing
+of me which am his faithful subject, wherefore for satisfaction I
+require a single combate of you, where either you shall pay your life
+for your sawcinesse, or I will sacrifice mine in the behalfe of my
+King. The French Lord being of a resolute spirit condescended to fight,
+the place was appointed, dinner being ended, they both arise from table
+and privately went together, being in field off they pluckt their
+doublets, and out they draw their weapons.
+
+'Mars would have bashful beene to have seene himselfe by Noble Digby
+there excelled, long work with the contemptible French Lord, he would
+not make, for fear lest any should lye in ambush and so he might hazard
+his own life, wherefore in four bouts he run his rapier into the French
+Lords brest till it came out of his throat againe, which so soon as he
+had done, away he fled to the Court of France, and made all knowne to
+the King thereof, who said the proudest Lord in France should not dare
+to revile his brother King.
+
+'A guard was presently chosen to conduct Sir Kenelme into Flanders,
+which they did, where he tooke shipping for England, where he now is,
+where in peace and quietnesse may he still remaine.
+
+'As for the French Lord he was paid according to his desert, and may all
+be so rewarded which shall dare to revile the Lords anointed, who
+suffers by other Nations, for the clemency he hath shown to his own
+Nation, _sed beati sunt pacifici_, but blessed is the peace maker; good
+king for thy patience in this world there are Crownes of immortal glory
+laid in store for thee in the world to come, there shall not traitors
+dare to show their faces, nor shall perplexity proceed from the great
+care of ruling of a kingdome, in the meanwhile may more such Noble
+Digbies increase to rebuke all cursing _Achitophels_ and reviling
+_Rabshakey's_.
+
+'Let God arise and then shall the enemies of our gracious King be sure
+to be scattered.
+
+  'Now I conclude commanding fame to show
+   Brave Digby's worthy deed, that all may know
+   He lov'd his king, may all so loyal prove
+   And like this Digby to their king show love.'
+
+Many portraits of Charles I. were published in tracts about this time.
+One of the best is contained in a poetical welcome to the King on his
+return from Scotland. '_King Charles his Entertainment and Londons
+Loyaltie_,' 1641, contains a precept issued by the Lord Mayor, directing
+how the aldermen and citizens shall meet the King, on his return from
+Scotland, at Shoreditch Church, and conduct him to the Guildhall to a
+banquet, and afterwards to Westminster. There is also a a very spirited
+woodcut of a City trumpeter in this pamphlet, which is copied above.
+City entertainments to sovereigns and princes have always been fruitful
+occasions for illustrated newspapers.
+
+[Illustration: CITY TRUMPETER, 1641.]
+
+The wholesale executions that used to take place at this period would
+astonish the modern newspaper reader. Sometimes as many as twenty-four
+persons were executed in one day at Tyburn. '_A Coppy of the Prisoners
+judgement condemned to dy, from Nugate on Monday the 13 of December,
+1641_,' gives an account of eight Jesuits and several other prisoners
+who were executed. A descriptive list is given of the condemned, and
+amongst them are the following:--
+
+'Charles James, an handsome gentile young man, was convicted for Robery
+and Burglary.
+
+'John Hodskins, a fine Scholler, a pretty fellow, yet wanted grace.
+
+'John Davis, a lusty stout personable man.
+
+'Francis Middlefield, a pretty youth, and a good Scholler, convicted of
+felonie.'
+
+Several highwaymen, horse-stealers, and coiners, are also included in
+this gloomy list, which is adorned with a woodcut of an execution.
+
+The regulation of the licensed victuallers' trade and the Sunday closing
+movement appear to have been as troublesome questions in the seventeenth
+century as they are now. As early as 1641 the publican was uttering the
+complaints which he still continues to utter. In a pamphlet of that date
+there is a dialogue between a tapster and a cook, which sets forth the
+grievances of both these worthies. The pamphlet is entitled, '_The
+Lamentable Complaints of Nick Froth the Tapster and Rulerost the Cook,
+concerning the restraint lately set forth against drinking, potting, and
+piping on the Sabbath day, and against selling meate_.' The publican
+expresses himself thus:--'I much wonder Master Rulerost why my trade
+should be put downe, it being so necessary in a commonwealth; why the
+noble art of drinking, it is the soul of all good fellowship, the marrow
+of a Poet's Minervs, it makes a man as valiant as Hercules though he
+were as cowardly as a Frenchman; besides I could prove it necessary for
+any man sometimes to be drunk, for suppose you should kill a man when
+you are drunk, you shall never be hanged for it untill you are sober;
+therefore I think it good for a man to be always drunk; and besides it
+is the kindliest companion, and friendliest sin of all the seven, for
+most sins leave a man by some accident or other, before his death, but
+this will never forsake him till the breath be out of his body; and
+lastly a full bowle of strong beere will drown all sorrows.'
+
+To which master Cook rejoins:--'Master Nick, you are mistaken, your
+trade is not put downe as you seem to say; what is done is done to a
+good intent; to the end that poor men that worke hard all the weeke for
+a little money, should not spend it all on the Sunday while they should
+be at some church, and so consequently there will not be so many
+Beggars.'
+
+[Illustration: THE COMPLAINT OF THE LICENSED VICTUALLERS, 1641.]
+
+Froth--'Alack you know all my profit doth arise onely on Sundays, let
+them but allow me that privilege, and abridge me all the weeke besides;
+S'foot, I could have so scowered my young sparks up for a penny a demy
+can, or a halfe pint, heapt with froth. I got more by uttering half a
+Barrell in time of Divine service, than I could by a whole Barrell at
+any other time, for my customers were glad to take anything for money,
+and think themselves much ingaged to me; but now the case is altered.'
+
+Cook--'Truly Master Froth you are a man of a light constitution, and not
+so much to be blamed as I that am more solid: O what will become of me!
+I now think of the lusty Sirloines of roast Beefe which I with much
+policy divided into an innumerable company of demy slices, by which,
+with my provident wife, I used to make eighteene pence of that which
+cost me but a groat (provided that I sold it in service time,) I could
+tell you too, how I used my halfe cans and my Bloomsbury Pots, when
+occasion served; and my Smoak which I sold dearer than any Apothecary
+doth his Physick; but those happy days are now past, and therefore no
+more of that.'
+
+This pamphlet is illustrated with a woodcut showing the Cook and Tapster
+in confabulation, while in the background joints are roasting, and
+guests are seated in boxes, refreshing themselves with 'half-cans and
+Bloomsbury pots.'
+
+The abuses of the Ecclesiastical Courts did not escape the notice of the
+seventeenth-century pamphleteers. Doctors' Commons and the Proctors were
+quizzed in an illustrated pamphlet, wherein 'Sponge, the Proctor,' and
+'Hunter, the Parator,' hold a long conversation, and express their
+opinion that the only way to make men live in quietness is to beggar
+them with long suits and large fees. Other evil-doers were shown up in a
+similar manner. A certain Edward Finch, Vicar of Christ-church, London,
+gave so much offence to the parishioners by his manner of life that a
+petition was presented to Parliament on the subject. The petitioners
+said they were offended by their Vicar's 'frequent and unreasonable
+bowings' before the altar, and by his 'scandalous life and
+conversation.' They set forth in the petition that they are 'troubled in
+their church with singing, organs, and other Instruments of Musicke, not
+understood by them, whereby they are greatly distracted in the service
+of God, the same being altogether unprofitable, and no way tending to
+their spirituall edification.' The Vicar is charged with drunkenness and
+incontinence--with exacting unreasonable fees--with being a
+non-resident; and the evidence in support of the petition shows that on
+one occasion he went to Hammersmith in a coach with certain loose
+companions and spent the day in a manner unfit for a clergyman. He is
+proved to have attempted to administer the Sacrament to a dying woman
+while he was in a state of drunkenness, and to have been guilty of many
+other disgraceful acts. The House of Commons passed a vote of censure on
+this graceless Ritualist; and the petition setting forth his misdeeds
+was printed and published, illustrated with a woodcut showing the
+journey to Hammersmith in a coach. Notwithstanding the condemnation of
+Parliament, the Rev. Edward Finch continued in his evil courses, and
+conducted his 'life and conversation' much the same as before.
+
+[Illustration: EVIL DOINGS OF THE REV. EDWARD FINCH, 1641.]
+
+From the 'perambulations' of a Ritualistic clergyman we come to a
+nunnery, in a pamphlet published in 1641, entitled, '_The Arminian
+Nunnery, or a briefe description and relation of the late erected
+Monasticall Place, called the Arminian Nunnery at Little Gidding, in
+Huntingdonshire_.' The writer of this pamphlet gives a minute and by no
+means 'brief' description of the institution, which he evidently
+believes to be Roman Catholic, or a stepping-stone to it, though the
+'Deacon' who attended him on his visit assured him to the contrary. He,
+however, sets down all the tapers and crosses, the bowings and
+prostrations, as so many proofs of idolatry, and marvels that, in a
+settled Church government, the Bishops should suffer any such
+institutions to exist; particularly that Archbishop Laud, professing to
+be such an 'Anti-Papist and enemy to superstition and idolatry, should
+permit this innovation and connive at such canting betwixt the barke and
+the tree in matter of Religion.' While censuring the prelates for their
+criminal slothfulness, the writer gave his countrymen the benefit of his
+own acuteness and energy, and published his description, illustrated
+with an engraving representing one of the nuns, with a portion of the
+nunnery in the background.
+
+[Illustration: NUNNERY AT LITTLE GIDDING, HUNTINGDONSHIRE, 1641.]
+
+The next illustrated pamphlet we come to is a curious attempt on the
+part of its author to satirise his literary contemporaries for the
+falsehoods contained in their writings, and he burlesques their
+productions by relating many things as lies which, however, he means to
+be understood as truths. It is called '_The Liar, or a contradiction to
+those who in the titles of their Books affirmed them to be true, when
+they were false; although mine are all true yet I term them lyes.
+Veritas Veritatis_.'
+
+'There was an Englishman which travelled to the Swedish Army, and began
+to relate very strange passages which he had seen here in England,
+thinking that travellers might lye by authority; for said he in the
+County of Berke, at a place called Abingdon, when the Earle of Strafford
+lost his head, was such thundering and lightning, and earthquakes, that
+it is almost incredible. Surely I think it is incredible indeed, for I
+know 'tis no such matter.
+
+'He told too that the very same day that my Lord Archbishop of
+Canterbury was committed to the Tower, there was a child born in the
+County of Somerset with a Mitre on its head, a marke on his breast like
+a Crucifix, and many other strange things which were there seene.'
+Having invented the travelling Englishman for a mouth-piece and selected
+the Swedish army for an audience, the writer goes on to relate many
+other strange things, which, though told as lies, are evidently intended
+to be taken as truths.
+
+[Illustration: THE LIAR ON THE RACK, 1641.]
+
+'They heard him with patience till he had made an end of his lying, and
+then they asked him whether yea or nay he saw these things he spake of,
+he presently swore all the oaths of God that he saw these things with
+his own natural eyes, which he had reported, and he would maintaine it,
+though he spent his dearest blood in the doeing of it; well, they heard
+his protestations, and made a full account that they would prove his
+constancie whether he would be a Martyr yea or nay, in the meane time
+they horsed him, and this was the manner of it.
+
+'There was a great high thing raised to the height of twelve or fourteen
+yards, made of Iron, whereon he was seated, with two great weights on
+his toes, and the like on his hands where he sate in great paine, if he
+should chance to ease himselfe upwards, there were sharp nailes over his
+head which would prick him, thus he sate and thus he suffered, till they
+had sufficiently made a laughing stock of him; well, when he had
+suffered enough they let him downe.'
+
+There is a woodcut representing the lying traveller on his 'horse,' and
+the tract winds up thus:--
+
+'Gentle Reader, I have heere related under the name of lies nothing but
+true tales, for if a man doth now speake truth he shall be sure to smart
+for it now-a-daies, either here or in other places: read gentlie and buy
+willingly.'
+
+When the Plague visited London in 1641 the theatres were closed and the
+players were thrown out of employment. This state of things is discussed
+in a dialogue between 'Cane of the Fortune and Reed of the Friars,' in a
+tract illustrated with a woodcut which was frequently used afterwards in
+broadsides. Bartholomew Fair, which was proclaimed for the last time in
+1855, was in all its glory in the days of Charles I. A contemporary
+tract gives a graphic description of the fair, and is illustrated with a
+woodcut representing a man swallowing a serpent. This probably
+represented a picture hung outside one of the shows. The title of the
+tract is, '_Bartholomew Faire, or Variety of Fancies, where you may find
+a faire of wares and all to please your mind; with the several
+enormities and misdemeanours which are there seen and acted_.' The fair
+is described as beginning 'on the twenty-fourth day of August, and is
+then of so vast an extent that it is contained in no lesse than four
+several parishes, namely, Christ Church, Great and Little Saint
+Bartholomew's, and Saint Sepulchre's. Hither resort people of all sorts,
+High and Low, Rich and Poore, from cities, townes, and countreys; of all
+sects, Papists, Atheists, Anabaptists, and Brownists, and of all
+conditions, good and bad, virtuous and vitious.' It is said to be 'full
+of gold and silver-drawers; just as Lent is to the Fishmonger so is
+Bartholomew Faire to the Pickpocket; it is his high harvest, which is
+never bad but when his cart goes up Holborn.
+
+[Illustration: A BARTHOLOMEW FAIR WONDER, 1641.]
+
+'It is remarkable and worth your observation to behold and hear the
+strange sights and confused noise in the Faire. Here a knave in a fool's
+coat, with a trumpet sounding, or on a drum beating, invites you and
+would fain perswade you to see his puppets; there a rogue like a wild
+woodman, or in an Antick shape like an incubus, desires your company, to
+view his motion; on the other side Hocus Pocus, with three yards of tape
+or ribbin in's hand, shewing his art of Legerdemain, to the admiration
+and astonishment of a company of cockoloaches. Amongst these you shall
+see a gray goose cap (as wise as the rest), with a what do ye lacke in
+his mouth, stand in his boothe, shaking a rattle, or scraping on a
+fiddle, with which children are so taken, that they presently cry out
+for these fopperies; and all these together make such a distracted noise
+that you would think Babell were not comparable to it. Here there are
+also your gamesters in action, some turning of a whimsey, others
+throwing for pewter, who can quickly dissolve a round shilling into a
+three-halfpenny saucer. Long Lane at this time looks very faire, and
+puts out her best cloaths, with the wrong side outward, so turned for
+their better turning off. And Cloth Faire is now in great request; well
+fare the ale-houses therein; yet better may a man fare (but at a dearer
+rate) in the pig market, alias Pasty-nooke, or Pye Corner, where pigges
+are all hours of the day on the stalls piping hot, and would cry (if
+they could speak) come eate me.'
+
+[Illustration: PULLING DOWN CHEAPSIDE CROSS, 1643.]
+
+In 1641 an order of Parliament directed the removal of idolatrous
+pictures from churches and the demolition of crosses in the streets. It
+must have been on the passing of this order that '_The Doleful
+lamentation of Cheapside Cross_,' with a woodcut of the Cross, was
+published, 1641. Also, '_A Dialogue between the Crosse in Cheap and
+Charing Crosse_,' 1641, which has also a woodcut representing the two
+crosses, while a Brownist and an Anabaptist converse about their
+demolition. It was not, however, till 1643 that Charing Cross and
+Cheapside Cross were demolished. '_The Downfall of Dagon, or the taking
+down of Cheapside Crosse this second of May, 1643_,' is a mock
+lamentation for the destruction of the Cross on account of its being a
+symbol of idolatry. The Cross itself is made to describe its history and
+to lament its errors. Divers reasons are given for its demolition, and
+the tract concludes in these words: 'And so this Tuesday it is a taking
+down with a great deal of judgement and discretion, and foure Companies
+of the Traine Bands of the City to guard and defend those that are about
+the worke, and to keep others from domineering, and so I leave it to be
+made levell with the ground this second day of May 1643.' The tract is
+illustrated with a woodcut representing the demolition of the Cross;
+and, as the day of publication is the day after the event, the persons
+concerned in its production must have been unusually prompt and
+energetic. The destruction of Cheapside and Charing Crosses is also
+recorded, under the date of 1643, in '_A Sight of the Transactions of
+these latter yeares Emblemized with Ingraven Plates, which men may read
+without Spectacles_.' This pamphlet contains a reprint of the etched
+plates previously mentioned, together with six others, one of which
+represents the pulling down of Cheapside Cross, and a summary of the
+transactions of the reign of Charles I., in which occurs the following
+passage:--'Cheapside Crosse, Charing Crosse, and all other crosses, in
+and about London utterly demolished and pulled down, and that abominable
+and blasphemous book of tolerating sports and pastimes on the Lord's
+daies, voted to be burnt, and shortly after accordingly burnt, together
+with many crucifixes and popish trinckets and trumperies in the very
+same place where Cheapside Crosse stood.' I have copied the plate
+representing the demolition of Cheapside Cross.
+
+The affairs of Turkey would seem to have had an interest for the English
+public in the seventeenth century, if we may judge from a pamphlet
+printed in 1642, with the following lengthy title:--'_Strange and
+Miraculous Newes from Turkie, sent to our English Ambassadour resident
+at Constantinople, of a woman which was seen in the Firmament with a
+Book in her hand at_ Medina Talnabi, _where Mahomet's Tomb is_. _Also
+several visions of armed men appearing in the Ayre for one and twenty
+dayes together. With a prophetical interpretation made by a Mahomedan
+Priest, who lost his life in the maintenance thereof. London, printed
+for Hugh Perry neere Ivy Bridge in the Strand June 13, 1642._' There is
+a woodcut of the apparition, and a lengthy description, passages from
+which I have extracted:--
+
+'There came newes to Constantinople of a strange Apparition or Vision,
+which was seene at _Medina Talnabi_ in Arabia, whereat Mahomet their
+great Prophet was buried. To visit whose Tombe the Turkes used to goe in
+Pilgrimage, but they must first goe to _Mecha_, which is some few dayes
+journey off, and there they take a ticket from the Grand Seigniors
+Beglerbeg, else they are not allowed to go to Medina.
+
+'This Vision continued three weeks together, which terrified the whole
+country, for that no man could discover the truth thereof.
+
+[Illustration: STRANGE VISION IN THE AIR, 1642.]
+
+'About the 20 of _September_ there fell so great a Tempest and so
+fearful a Thunder about midnight, as the Heavens were darkened, and
+those that were awake were almost distracted, but the Vapours being
+disperst, and the Element cleere, the people might read in Arabian
+characters these words in the Firmament, _O Why will you believe in
+Lies_. Betweene two and three in the morning there was seen a woman in
+white compassed about with the Sun, having a cheerfull countenance,
+holding in her hand a Booke, coming from the Northeast, opposite
+against her were Armies of _Turkes_, _Persians_, _Arabians_, and other
+Mahometans, ranged in order of Battaile, and ready to charge her, but
+she kept her standing, and onely opened the Booke, at the sight whereof
+the Armies fled, and presently all the lamps about Mahomet's Tombe went
+out, for as soon as ever the Vision vanished (which was commonly an hour
+before sunne rising) a murmuring Wind was heard, whereunto they imputed
+the extinguishing of the lamps. The antient pilgrims of Mahomet's Race,
+who after they have visited this place, never use to cut their haire,
+were much amazed, for that they could not conceive the meaning of this
+vision, only one of the _Dervices_, which is a strict religious order
+among the _Turkes_ like unto the Cappuchins amongst the Papists, and
+live in contemplation, stepped up very boldly and made a speech unto the
+Company which incensed them much against him, so as the poore Priest
+for his plain dealing lost his life, as you shall hereafter heare.'
+
+Then follows the speech of the Dervish to the Turks, who became so
+incensed that they put him to death, 'the poore man crying to the last
+gaspe, O thou woman with the Booke save me, and so he died. At which
+time there was a feareful tempest.'
+
+It seems to have been a favourite method amongst the Puritan
+pamphleteers of inducing belief in a particular creed or doctrine by
+setting forth the awful consequences arising from adherence to an
+opposite faith. Thus, in 1645, in the parish of Kirkham, a Popish
+gentlewoman was said to have become the mother of a child without a
+head, because she wished she might bear a child without a head rather
+than her offspring should become a Roundhead. Again, it was related that
+in Scotland a woman wished she might become the mother of a monster
+rather than her child should receive the rites of the Church of England.
+Accordingly, the child was born with two heads, long donkey-like ears,
+&c. In all these cases the pamphlets recording these extraordinary
+occurrences are illustrated. The apparitions of deceased persons were
+also used as a means of enforcing certain views. For example, in 1642,
+the ghosts of King James, the Marquis of Hamilton, George Eglisham, and
+the Duke of Buckingham, were made to hold a conversation, wherein
+Buckingham was charged with having caused the deaths of the others by
+poison. Buckingham confesses his guilt and promises to weep repentant
+tears. This pamphlet is also illustrated. The sermons of the Roundhead
+preachers were sometimes parodied, as in the case of a humorous pamphlet
+entitled, '_A Seasonable Lecture, or a most learned Oration;
+disburthened from Henry Walker, a most judicious quondam ironmonger,
+&c._' There is a woodcut to this pamphlet representing a person holding
+forth from a tub to several others who are listening to him. In '_A
+Glasse for the Times, 1648_,' there is a woodcut representing the
+'Orthodox true Minister' preaching in a church, while the 'Seducer, or
+False Prophet,' is holding forth to people in the open air; and the
+reader is instructed as to the difference between true ministers and
+false teachers.
+
+Amongst the numerous executions that took place about the beginning of
+the Civil War, some of the sufferers belonged to the Roman Catholic
+Religion, and went to the gallows for conscience sake. In 1643 a certain
+Father Bell, a Romish priest, was hanged; and a few days after the
+execution a pamphlet was published, entitled '_The Confession,
+Obstinacy, and Ignorance of Father Bell, a Romish Priest, wherein is
+declared the manner of his Tryall, Condemnation, and Execution on Munday
+December 11, 1643_.' There is a woodcut of the execution of Father Bell,
+and an account of his behaviour on the occasion, his speech at the
+gallows, and his disputatious conversation with the Sheriff.
+
+Though many persons were put to death for witchcraft during the Long
+Parliament, I have met with no illustrated record of any such event.
+Matthew Hopkins was 'witch-finder general' at this time, and he had a
+flourishing trade. He had a regular system for finding out witches; but
+it appears that it must have been called in question, for the objections
+to his system and his answers thereto were delivered to the Judges of
+Assize for the County of Norfolk in 1647. A pamphlet of that date
+contains a full account of Hopkins's rules for finding witches, and it
+is illustrated with a woodcut representing the interior of a house, with
+the witch-finder, two witches seated, and surrounded by their imps in
+the shapes of animals.
+
+_The Welsh Post_ of 1643 is a curious illustrated pamphlet which relates
+the news of the Civil War in language such as was supposed to be used by
+a Welshman speaking English. It begins thus:--'Whereas there hath beene
+many Tiurnals and Passages, the truth whereof hath beene much suspected,
+so tat her doth not be certaine to heare the true report of her
+pretherns proceeding; her hath terefore chosen to herselfe a fery true
+Printer (tat do scorne to print lie) to print a weekly Tiurnall for her
+dear Countryman of Whales to understand te fery truth marke you me tat
+now, for ferily her will not lye truly, but tell her te pare naked
+truth.' The news from Oxford is that 'te kings forces are fery weake
+there, and that the Countrey are fery glad of it, because of teir
+intolerable trouble and charge.' There is also news from
+Northamptonshire, Cheshire, Gloucester, Plymouth, Yorkshire, &c, all
+related in the same language.
+
+[Illustration: HOPKINS, THE WITCHFINDER, 1647.]
+
+_The Welsh Plunderer_ is another pamphlet, with a woodcut of a Cavalier,
+which is probably intended for Prince Rupert. It contains a rambling
+protestation from 'Shinkin' of his loyalty, and states what he will do
+in case Prince Rupert should visit Wales.
+
+William Lilly, the Astrologer, found a rich field for the exercise of
+his gifts during the progress of the Civil War. He was employed by both
+Royalists and Roundheads; and it is said he was even consulted by the
+King about signing the propositions of the Parliament. His advice was
+also sought respecting the King's projected escape from Carisbrook
+Castle. He kept his name before the public by publishing various
+almanacs and tracts, in one of which, _The Starry Messenger_, 1645, he
+gives an account of a strange apparition of three suns seen in London on
+the King's birthday. This is preceded by a long list of similar
+appearances, from the time of Christ to his own time, and the remarkable
+events which followed. In high-flown language, mixed with the jargon of
+astrology he vaguely hints at great events impending:--'I am clearly of
+opinion, These Sights, as well as many others, were caused by those
+tutelary Angels, who, by Gods permission, and under him, have the
+Government of the English Commonwealth. They are sensible of those many
+impending Miseries now too plentifully amongst us. Their conference with
+man now, as in the days of old, very few attain unto, it being a
+blessing sought after by many, attained unto by few: And yet there are
+some of opinion there lives in the world some, and of those some, a
+small Party in England, that know more than they utter, and either by
+Vision, or verball Colloquie, have the knowledge of future events, yea,
+even from the blessed Angels:'--which is as much as to say, I, William
+Lilly, am one of the favoured few! Come to me and I will teach you
+wisdom--I will unfold to you the mysterious future! The tract is
+illustrated with a woodcut; and a later tract published by Lilly
+contains an engraving of the three suns, together with a further
+exposition of his views on the subject:--'God many waves in these last
+times (though not by prophecy) yet discovers and signifies his
+intentions unto us, and especially in and at those times when his heavy
+judgments are imminent upon us; witnesse the many and frequent
+Appearances of severall Prodigies seen in this Kingdom of England within
+these four or five years, the like whereof for number are not recorded
+in any, either ancient or modern History, so that I might weary the
+reader, should I but mention the severall Letters which from sundry
+parts of this Kingdom have come to my hands, some mentioning strange
+sights in the ayre; others men fighting therein; others Guns shooting;
+others relating of three moons; others the apparition of two suns; some
+sending me letters, and including therein some part of that Corn which
+was rained down from heaven, &c. I forbear all further discourse hereof,
+assuring the kingdom, these Prodigies are the Premonitions, and assumed
+infallible Messengers of Gods wrath against the whole Kingdom, for our
+wicked transgressions, &c. God give us peace and grace to repent.'
+
+[Illustration: THREE SUNS SEEN IN LONDON ON THE KING'S BIRTHDAY, 1648.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+  The Civil War--Flying Sheets of News--Disturbance at
+  Kingston-on-Thames--Plot against London--Riotous Proceedings at York,
+  and Conspiracy in Edinburgh--The House of Commons--The Royal Standard
+  raised at Nottingham--Battle of Edgehill--Prince Rupert--The Lord
+  Mayor of London--_Mercurius Civicus_--_The Scottish Dove_--_The Flying
+  Post_--_The Kingdomes Weekly Post_--Cruelties of the Cavaliers--The
+  'Levellers'--The King's Escape from Oxford--Funeral of the Earl of
+  Essex--The Great Seal Broken--Fairfax--Cromwell--Sea Fight in the
+  Channel--The Prince of Wales's Squadron--Mutiny at Norwich--Siege of
+  Colchester--Execution of Sir Charles Lucas--The King at Carisbrooke
+  Castle--Execution of the King--Confession of Richard Brandon.
+
+
+The discontent which had been growing for so many years, and which had
+been strengthened and inflamed by the acts of Charles I. and his
+advisers in violating the principles of the Constitution, had now
+arrived at the point of rebellion. At the commencement of the Civil War
+the excitement was increased and sustained by the publication of flying
+sheets of news. Although the practice of publishing regular periodical
+papers had commenced, numerous fugitive tracts and pamphlets continued
+to be printed relating to particular events. Some of these papers were
+illustrated with woodcuts evidently executed on the spur of the moment,
+while others appear to have been taken from other sources and adapted to
+the occasion. An example of this latter kind occurs in a tract of 1642,
+which strikingly illustrates the state of the times:--
+
+'_A true Relation of the late Hurleyburly at Kingston upon Thames on
+Wednesday the 12th of January caused by Collonell Lundsford and the rest
+of his company, and the Towne fearing they would rise up in Rebellion,
+one cam speedily to declare it at_ London, _upon which the Traine Band
+were raised and caused to watch all night for the safety of the City._'
+On the title-page is a woodcut of an officer and a soldier, which,
+however, was evidently not executed for this special occasion, the
+officer being in the costume of the preceding reign. A facsimile of it
+is subjoined. The tract describes the commotion made in Kingston by the
+appearance of Colonel Lundsford and three hundred troopers, who, 'about
+the middle of the Towne, went in to drink, and continued there part of
+that day, swaggering, and swearing blasphemous Oathes (which filled the
+Towne with feares) and some amongst the rest, to frighten the Towne,
+swore bitter Oathes that they should see bloody times ere long.'
+
+[Illustration: HURLEYBURLEY AT KINGSTON-ON-THAMES, 1642.]
+
+[Illustration: CAPTAIN VAUL, THAT CRUEL TYRANT, 1642.]
+
+A tract of the same date refers to a reported conspiracy of the same
+Colonel Lundsford:--'_A terrible plot against London and Westminster
+discovered, showing how Colonell Lunsford the Papist, that should have
+bin Lieutenant in the Tower, should in a Conspiracy among the Jesuits
+and other Papists have blowne up the City of London, placing the pieces
+of Ordinance against it. Also how the papists with their forces should
+have risen against Westminster, and burnt downe the parliament house.
+Likewise how by this Conspiracy the Arch-bishop of_ Canterbury _should
+have been transported into France, and how Bishop Wren with many other
+Bishops and popish Doctors should have bin conducted with him thither,
+where Canterbury should have bin Sainted, and Wren made Cardinall. With
+an exact Relation of the chiefe Cause of the Apprentices rising in Armes
+to defend the City of London from their treachery, Describing most
+succinctly the singular mercy of God towards us in defending this
+Kingdome from the manifold Plots of the Papists and their Treacherous
+Conspiracies._' On the last page is a woodcut of a Cavalier in a hat and
+feathers, entitled 'Captaine Vaul that cruell Tyrant.' As there is no
+mention of this person in the pamphlet it was perhaps a well-known
+nickname of Colonel Lundsford. I annex a copy of this cut. The same cut
+appears in a tract entitled '_Terrible Newes from York_,' detailing
+certain riotous proceedings in that city, where it is given as 'Mr.
+Holk, chief Agent in the uproar.' Its first appearance, however, is in
+an account of a '_Bloody Conspiracy at Edinburgh_;' and, from its
+frequent use, this rough woodcut must have been regarded as a good, bold
+representation of a truculent soldier, suitable for the times.
+
+While the King and the House of Commons were contending for the upper
+hand there was published '_A Perfect Diurnall of the Passages in
+Parliament_,' illustrated with a woodcut of the House of Commons, with
+Mr. Speaker in the chair. This is used as a heading to several numbers
+of the same _Diurnall_, and sundry varieties of it are printed as
+headings to other reports of Parliament. This old woodcut has been often
+copied, but my examples of illustrated journalism would not be complete
+unless I introduced it here.
+
+The printing-presses that are said to have been carried by both armies
+during the Civil War must have been used solely for the printing of
+Proclamations, General Orders, and suchlike documents. It seems to be an
+ascertained fact that Cromwell's soldiers set up a printing-press in
+Scotland, and printed a newspaper; but it is not so certain that the
+armies of Charles I. and of the Parliament issued printed 'news' from
+whatever town they chanced to occupy at the time. It does not follow
+that because a tract is entitled _News from Hull_ it was actually
+printed at that place. On the contrary, I have found nearly all the
+tracts I have examined bear the imprints of London printers. _The News
+from the North, The Last printed News from Chichester_, &c., were all
+sent up to London, and there printed and published.
+
+[Illustration: THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, 1642.]
+
+In the words of Hume, 'The open signal of discord and civil war
+throughout the kingdom' was made at Nottingham on August 22, 1642,
+when the King erected his Royal standard and appealed to the loyalty of
+his subjects to support his authority by arms. Historians differ as to
+the precise day when this formal declaration of hostilities took place.
+Clarendon and Hume both fix it on the _25th_ of August, while Rushworth
+gives the _22nd_ as the date. The latter view is confirmed by a
+contemporary pamphlet, which gives an account of the raising of the
+Standard, and is illustrated with a woodcut representing the event. This
+pamphlet was written in the interest of the Parliament and against the
+King's party; but his Majesty is referred to in the most respectful
+language, as is generally the case in the pamphlets of the time. At the
+beginning of the struggle frequent hopes were expressed that the King
+would consent to be guided by the Parliament, while his Cavalier
+adherents were represented as his real enemies. The pamphlet referred to
+has the following title:--
+
+'_A true and exact Relation of the manner of his Majesties setting up of
+His Standard at_ Nottingham _on Munday the 22 of August, 1642_.
+
+'_First, the forme of the Standard, as it is here figured, and who were
+present at the advancing of it._
+
+'_Secondly, the danger of setting up of former standards, and the damage
+which ensued thereon._
+
+'_Thirdly, a relation of all the Standards that ever were set up by any
+King._
+
+'_Fourthly, the names of those knights who are appointed to be the
+King's Standard-bearers, with the forces that are appointed to guard
+it._
+
+'_Fifthly, the manner of the Kings comming first to Coventry._
+
+'_Sixthly, the Cavalieres resolution and dangerous threats which they
+have uttered, if the King concludes a peace without them, or hearkens
+unto his great Councill the Parliament; moreover how they have shared
+and divided London amongst themselves already. London, printed for T.
+Coles, 1642._'
+
+[Illustration: RAISING THE ROYAL STANDARD AT NOTTINGHAM, 1642.]
+
+The account of this interesting historical event is given in these
+words: 'Munday being the 22 of August in the morning, his Majesty left
+his forces before Coventry, and with some Lords and others in company
+rode to Leicester, where he dined that day at the Abbey House, the
+Countesse of Devonshire's house; however, so many printed intelligences
+doe falsely, though with much confidence aver (much like their other
+relations) that the king was with his Army in the field, at the time of
+the battell between them and the Lord Brookes forces, which was not
+untill the day following. Presently after dinner the King againe tooke
+horse, and with his company rode to Nottingham, where was great
+preparation for the setting up of the Standard that day as was formerly
+appointed. Not long after the Kings coming to towne, the Standard was
+taken out of the Castle, and carried into the field a little on the back
+side of the Castle wall. The likenesse of the Standard it is much of the
+fashion of the City Streamers used at the Lord Mayor's Show, having
+about 20 supporters, and is to be carried after the same way; on the top
+of it hangs a bloody flag, the Kings Armes quartered, with a hand
+pointing to the Crowne which stands above with this Motto: _Give Cæsar
+his due_. The names of those Knights Baronets who were appointed to
+beare the Standard, viz. The chiefe was Sir _Thomas Brookes_, Sir
+_Arthur Hopton_, Sir _Francis Wortley_, and Sir _Robert Darlington_.
+
+'Likewise there was three troop of Horse appointed to waite upon the
+Standard, and to beare the same backwards and forwards with about sixe
+hundred foot Souldiers. It was conducted to the field in great state,
+his Majesty, the Prince, Prince _Robert_ (whom his Majesty hath lately
+made a Knight of the Garter), going along with divers other Lords and
+Gentlemen of his Majesties traine, beside great company of Horse and
+Foot, in all to the number of about two thousand, who came more to see
+the manner of the thing than any waie to offer assistance to his
+Majesty, as did afterwards evidently appear, for that upon the taking
+downe of the Standard, there were not above thirty of the trained bands
+that offered to come in to his Majesty, which, because their numbers
+were so inconsiderable his Majesty refused to accept of.
+
+'So soon as the Standard was set up, and his Majesty and the other Lords
+placed about it, a Herauld at Armes made ready to proclaim a
+Proclamation declaring the Ground and Cause of his Majesties setting up
+his Standard namely to suppress the pretended Rebellion of the Earle of
+Essex in raysing forces against him, to which he required the aid and
+assistance of all his loving subjects. But before the Trumpeters could
+sound to make Proclamation his Majesty called to view the said
+Proclamation; which being given him he privately read the same over to
+himselfe, and seeming to dislike some passages therein called for Penne
+and Inke, and with his owne hand crossed out and altered the same in
+diverse places, (a thing well worthy the noting) and then gave it the
+Herauld, who proclaymed the same to the people, though with some
+difficulty after his Majesties corrections; after the reading whereof,
+the whole multitude threw up their hats, with other suchlike
+expressions, _God Save the King_. Not long after the reading of the said
+Proclamation, it being towards night, the Standard was taken downe, and
+again carried into the castle, with the like state as it was brought
+into the field. And the next day it was again set up, and his Majesty
+came along with it, and made proclamation as the day before, and the
+like also was done on Wednesday, his Majesty being also present. But
+since that it hath been set up with lesse ceremony, there being not a
+hundred persons as are yet heard of that have offered themselves to his
+Majesty since the first setting up of his Standard.
+
+'Since which time his gracious Majesty hath pleased to send some
+propositions to both Houses of Parliament; and hath employed the Earle
+of Dorset, the Earle of Southampton, and Sir John Culpeper, and Sir
+William Uvedall to deliver his Majesties minde to the honourable Houses
+of Parliament for a fair Treaty and accommodation of Peace, and that all
+differences and mistakes might be ended, and all hostile manner of warre
+to cease in our Land and that it might be sent over to Ireland upon
+which report the Cavaliers which are about the Country are very
+desperate to heare that his Majesty will hearken to an accommodation of
+peace, or to apply or comply with his Parliament; telling his Majesty
+that it is dishonourable to stoop to his Subjects, and if his Majesty
+doth, they will either hang themselves, or kill and murther themselves,
+and doth vow private revenge to this Kingdome, if they do now misse of
+their hopes and enterprises, for they say they are sure to overcome us
+whom they called Roundheads, and call our Souldiers nothing else but a
+company of Shrove-Tuesday boyes, and idle headed prentices, who run away
+from their Masters under pretence of having this opportunity to get
+liberty from their hard service and cruelty. It is truly reported that
+the Cavaliers are all desperately bent against the City of London, and
+the inhabitants; they have already within themselves shared and divided
+it; some have allotted to themselves Gracious Street, others Lumbard
+Street, then others have shared Cheapside, and Pauls Church-yard, others
+do determine to seize upon the rich Aldermens houses and Persons, others
+to whom they owe or are indebted to by bond, or bill, or book, doe
+resolve when they come into the City to seize upon those persons first,
+to whom they are indebted, and to cut their throats, and then to seize
+upon Usurer or others, and to cut his throat for that money, so say
+they, we shall be both at once out of debt and have money to boot; these
+are the resolutions of the Cavaliers who doth but looke for such an
+advantage, so full of cruelty and malice they are, which God in his
+infinite and blessed mercy protect both our King and Kingdome from; and
+that their own swords may returne into their own bosoms that wish and
+long for such a day.'
+
+Then follows a notification from both Houses of Parliament that none
+shall proclaim the setting up of the King's Standard; and whoever shall
+suffer loss or damage through the Cavaliers shall receive reparation.
+
+According to Clarendon, the Royal Standard was set up under the most
+ill-omened and depressing circumstances: 'There was not one regiment of
+foot yet brought hither, so that the train-bands which the sheriff had
+drawn together were all the strength the King had for his person and
+the guard of the Standard. There appeared no conflux of men in obedience
+to the proclamation; the arms and ammunition were not yet come from
+York, and a general sadness covered the whole town. The Standard was
+blown down the same night it had been set up, by a very strong and
+unruly wind, and could not be fixed again in a day or two, till the
+tempest was allayed. This was the melancholy state of the King's affairs
+when the Standard was set up.'
+
+[Illustration: PRINCE RUPERT, GENERAL OF THE KING'S HORSE, 1643.]
+
+Soon after the King had unfurled his Standard at Nottingham the battle
+of Edgehill was fought, and an illustrated tract relates how the
+inhabitants of Kenton, a village near the battle-field, were disturbed
+at night by strange noises and the appearance of apparitions after the
+battle. The name of Prince Rupert begins to appear in the narratives of
+events, and his portrait frequently occurs in the illustrated sheets of
+this period. This dashing and impetuous Cavalier, whose rash courage
+excited the admiration of the Royalists, was regarded by the Roundheads
+as a cruel and bloodthirsty enemy, and he was often denounced by the
+Puritan preachers. In 1643 there was a pamphlet published called '_The
+Bloody Prince; or, a Declaration of the Most Cruell Practises of Prince
+Rupert and the rest of the Cavaliers in fighting against God and the
+true Ministers of his Church_.' Facing the title is a woodcut
+representing Prince Rupert on his charger, with the towns of Birmingham
+and Daventry in the background, both of which places were the scenes of
+conflict during the war, the former having been taken, partially burnt,
+and a heavy fine inflicted on the inhabitants by Prince Rupert.
+
+The City of London having taken the side of the Parliament, was
+naturally inclined to honour its chief magistrate when he was found to
+be an active and energetic promoter of its views. Isaac Pennington was
+Lord Mayor in 1643, and his portrait was published in a laudatory
+pamphlet, entitled '_A True Declaration, and just Commendation of the
+great and incomparable care of the Right Honourable Isaac Pennington_.'
+His Lordship is styled the Atlas of the city, bearing the weight and
+management of all civil affairs on his shoulders, and he is much
+commended for his great care in superintending the building of the
+fortifications round London under the direction of the Parliament. 'And
+herein,' says the writer, 'your honour hath shewed yourselfe an
+excellent Magistrate complying with the Parliament in all matters that
+concerne the publicke administration of the Commonweale; so that you
+have lookt upon the present state of this Citie and Religion with the
+cleare eye of justice; you have heard of the great pressures which the
+country hath endured by the cruelty of the Cavaliers; you have to the
+discouragement of malignants on the shoulders of fortitude, bore and
+suffered their false aspersions.... Your Honour hath in your present
+Magistracie walked uprightly, having clean and pure hands; nay, strong
+hands; for your Honour hath been the chiefest raiser and promoter of
+the workes and fortifications round about the Citie of London: you saw
+the times were dangerous, and that the King's Cavaliers gaped after
+nothing more than to get London, and make it a prey to the supplying of
+their necessities.' I have copied the portrait of the man who was thus
+distinguished by his fellow-citizens, not merely as an example of
+illustrated news, but as showing what a Lord Mayor of London looked like
+in Charles I.'s time.
+
+[Illustration: ISAAC PENNINGTON, LORD MAYOR OF LONDON, 1643.]
+
+It was in the City of London, and during the second year of the Civil
+War, that the first illustrated newspaper came into existence. _The
+Weekly News_ had attempted on only one occasion to illustrate the news
+of the day, but the _Mercurius Civicus_ frequently gave illustrations,
+and it is therefore entitled to be ranked as the first illustrated
+newspaper. It is true that most of the engravings it contains are
+portraits, and sometimes the same woodcut is used to represent more than
+one person. Besides portraits of the King and Queen, there are portraits
+of the chief generals and commanders engaged in the war. There are
+Prince Rupert, the Lord General, Sir Thomas Fairfax, the Marquis of
+Huntley, Sir Edward Deering, General Lesley, Lord Inchiquin, Lord Digby,
+Sir W. Waller, the Earl of Warwick, and others. '_The Mercurius Civicus,
+London's Intelligencer, or Truth impartially related from thence to the
+whole kingdom, to prevent misinformation, from Thursday July 13 to
+Thursday July 20, 1643_,' is the full title of No. 8; and it is curious
+to notice how nearly a portion of the title--_London's
+Intelligencer_--corresponds to the _London News_. It was a peculiar
+feature of the early newspapers that they were announced as being
+published 'to prevent misinformation,' or for the 'correction of false
+reports'--not so much for the diffusion of truth as for the correction
+of falsehood.
+
+[Illustration: CHARLES I. AND HIS QUEEN, FROM 'MERCURIUS CIVICUS,'
+1643.]
+
+On the front page of Number 8 of the _Mercurius Civicus_ are small
+portraits of Charles I. and his Queen, engraved on wood. Over the
+woodcut is a sort of table of contents, thus:--'The King and Queen
+conjoyned, the Kentish news related, our Forces are united, A publique
+Fast appointed.' On the preceding page is given a facsimile of the cut
+of the King and Queen.
+
+[Illustration: WEAPON CALLED A ROUNDHEAD, FROM 'MERCURIUS CIVICUS,'
+1643.]
+
+Similar portraits occur in other numbers, as well as several ornamental
+letters; but there is in Number 11 a very interesting illustration of
+the news of the hour. It is a woodcut of a weapon said to be intended
+for use against the Roundheads, and the following account is given of
+it:--'In the Danish Ship lately taken by the Earle of Warwicke, near
+Newcastle, were found Armes compleat for 5000 foot and for 500 horse,
+500 barrels of Gunpowder, Great store of Match and Lead, beside a
+thousand of those weapons which the Papists call Round-heads, for that
+with them they intended to bring the Round-heads into subjection. Many
+such weapons were long since found in divers Papists' houses in
+Lancashire; it is a weapon with an ovall or round top, stuck full of
+iron spikes. The forme whereof for better satisfaction is here set
+downe.' Then follows a representation of the weapon, of which a
+facsimile is given on the opposite page. The same cut is reprinted in
+other numbers.
+
+[Illustration: PORTRAIT OF PRINCE RUPERT, FROM 'MERCURIUS CIVICUS,'
+1644.]
+
+In another number it is related that 'the Manchestrians have lately
+taken from severall Papists in that County many desperate weapons which
+they call Round-heads.' No. 22 has a portrait of a Cavalier in hat and
+feather, intended probably for Prince Maurice, as there is in the body
+of the number an allusion to a report of his death. In No. 42 there is a
+portrait of Prince Rupert and the following summary on the
+title-page:--'Prince Rupert's forces routed near Stratford-on-Avon.
+Generall King's Army dispersed by the Scots. Himselfe wounded and fled
+to Yorke. Banbury Castle besieged by Colonell Cromwell.' I give a copy
+of Prince Rupert's portrait, which is made to do duty for the Marquis of
+Newcastle in another number. This practice of making the same woodcut
+pass for the portraits of different individuals savours somewhat of
+impudence on the part of the editor, and shows a cool reliance on the
+good nature or the obtuseness of his readers.
+
+[Illustration: THE OXFORD JUNTA IN COUNCIL, FROM 'MERCURIUS CIVICUS,'
+1644.]
+
+In the number of the _Mercurius Civicus_ for April 11, 1644, there is a
+curious woodcut representing the 'Oxford Junta in Council,' with the
+following paragraph referring to it:--'The news from his Excellencies
+generall Roundezvous at Ailsbury on Good-Fryday next, will no doubt
+cause the Oxonian Papists to whip themselves before the time, and to
+make the Oxford Junto to recall their late votes.' The lady and
+gentleman in the balcony were probably intended for the King and Queen.
+There is more variety in this number of _Mercurius Civicus_ than in any
+I have seen. In the war news there is the taking of Waltam House, in
+Hampshire; the taking of numerous men and horses at Christ-church, in
+Dorsetshire; then comes a paragraph stating that 'On Munday last, April
+8, there were ten men and two women executed at Tyburne for the severall
+offences for which they were condemned the last weeke at the Sessions in
+the Old Bayley.' Mention is made of a fight between the Scots Army and
+the Marquis of Newcastle's forces near Hilton; the gathering of the
+King's forces in the neighbourhood of Marlborough, and an announcement
+that the Parliament intend to draw all their forces together, and, if
+possible, by fighting a decisive action 'to put a speedy end to these
+miserable distractions.' The trial of Archbishop Laud was at this time
+going on, and reference is made to his appearance before the House of
+Peers. Two Welshmen were taken into custody for talking in Welsh, while
+they were crossing the river from Westminster to Southwark, about firing
+the city in several places, they not knowing that the waterman
+understood their language. It is stated that a solemn day of
+thanksgiving had been observed in London for the victory obtained over
+Sir Ralph Hopton's forces, and an ordinance was read in the churches
+exhorting the citizens to contribute all their strength to bring the
+contest to a final issue. There is also some account of recent fires in
+the city, which are attributed to the treachery of Cavaliers and
+Malignants. 'But,' says the writer, 'which way soever these sad
+accidents are brought to passe, they may afford the whole City this
+caution: that if the firing of some few houses be so dreadful and
+fearfull, as I am sure this appeared to those that beheld them,
+notwithstanding they had all means convenient to quench them, and the
+multitude being industrious to set their hands to the worke: O how
+terrible would it be to see your houses set on fire by the enemy, and
+the cruell souldiers, instead of bringing buckets of water, should stand
+with their drawne swords threatening the death of those that should
+offer to quench the flame? Poore Ireland can give ample testimony of
+this.' From Yorkshire there is news that Fairfax had taken Cawood
+Castle; from Banbury that the Royalist garrison was withdrawn from that
+place, and 'that the Carriers of Banbury and Southam were robbed the
+last weeke neere Tossiter in Northamptonshire by divers of the Cavaliers
+Forces.' In the number for April 25, 1644, there is a figure of the King
+armed with a sword, and with this inscription:--'Fire and sword again
+menaced by his Majesty.' During the first years of the Civil War the
+newspapers contained many portraits of the King, some of which were
+carefully engraved on copper.
+
+It is noticeable that the _Mercurius Civicus_ and other papers
+published during the Civil War were in the habit of including on their
+title-pages a summary of the contents of the number. Sometimes it was
+put in the form of rhyme, as--
+
+  'Tewkesbury is taken
+   Yorke walls are well shaken.'
+
+[Illustration: HEADING TO THE 'SCOTTISH DOVE,' 1644.]
+
+The _Scottish Dove_ frequently indulged in these rhyming summaries. On
+the title-page of Number 39 for July 13, 1644, the following lines are
+printed:--
+
+  'Rupert and Newcastle wholly Routed
+   Rupert and Newcastle's jarres undoubted;
+   Newcastle fled to Sea, Rupert to the King,
+   Give God the Glory heavenly praises sing.
+   A day of thankes the parliament hath set,
+   Lord Gray with some of Hasting's troops hath met.
+   From Oswestree Middleton the siege did raise
+   And Barnstaples defence, doth Essex praise;
+   The Queen Pendennis Castle liketh best.
+   The King uncertain where to take his rest.'
+
+The _Scottish Dove_ was a small quarto numbered and paged consecutively
+like the _Mercurius Civicus_. On the front page of every number was
+printed a woodcut of a dove bearing an olive-branch in its mouth, and at
+the side of the woodcut was usually printed the rhyming summary. I annex
+a facsimile of this heading.
+
+Many of the journals of this period showed their hankering after
+illustrations by occasionally indulging in an initial letter, if they
+could do nothing more. The animosities of party often caused them to
+forget their original purpose of spreading true intelligence, and they
+were quite as ready to apply the lash to each other as to chastise
+public wrongdoers or 'correct false reports.' At this time first
+appeared the familiar newspaper heading of the man on horseback blowing
+a horn. It was on the front page of the _Flying Post_, the first number
+of which was published on May 10, 1644. The full title was '_The Flying
+Post, conveying Weekly Packets to all Forraigne Nations, of the
+Proceedings of both Houses of Parliament and the Armies in Great
+Brittain_,' and it was 'published for the cleere satisfaction of all
+Forraigners and others who desire Certain, and Weekly Information.' The
+introduction is as follows:--
+
+'Gentlemen,--The too many errours committed of late time, by the
+irregularitie of the Presse (which since by the wisdome of the
+Parliament, is in a great measure suppressed), which did run Weekly in
+severall channels to the greatest part of Europe in great dishonour to
+our English Nation; Have enforced this my Flying Post never to make
+stay, till it had intimated the same unto you, and fully vindicated this
+my Native Kingdome, by publishing a certain Weekly Intelligence of all
+Proceedings of our honourable Parliament and unhappy wars of this
+Kingdome; wherein (though a well wisher to his Excellencie the Earle of
+Essex, and the Proceedings of Parliament) I shall write with the
+greatest indifference, truth, and modestie, as shall satisfie the
+impartiallest that reades me; attributing to the Enemy no otherwise than
+Truth will warrant it, be it to their honour or shame according to
+their demerit. Therefore give me leave to beg your credence beyond Sea
+and elsewhere, as you find me.'
+
+The _Flying Post_ gives intelligence from York, then besieged by the
+Scots; from Hull, Newark, and Mansfield; some notes of the proceedings
+in Parliament, respecting which the journalist says cautiously:--'As for
+our proceedings in Parliament, I shall be very cautious and tender in
+divulging them.' It was 'Published according to order,' and printed at
+London for Bernard Alsop, 1644.
+
+[Illustration: HEADING TO THE 'KINGDOMES WEEKLY POST,' 1644.]
+
+The _Klngdomes Weekly Post_ had the same heading, which is here copied.
+
+In a tract entitled '_Strange true and lamentable news from Exeter and
+other parts of the Western Countreys_' there is a woodcut of a woman on
+her knees praying for mercy. The pamphlet relates the cruelties
+inflicted by the Cavaliers on the inhabitants of Exeter, Bristol, and
+other towns. Prince Maurice is charged with breaking the articles of
+agreement made with the city of Exeter, and both he and Prince Rupert
+are likened to 'Tigers or Savage Beares.' It is stated that in the city
+of Exeter 'the rude Souldiers would not forbeare upon the least
+discontent given to them to draw their Rapiers upon the Citizens, and
+wound them, but especially when they are in their cups, they swagger,
+roare, sweare, and domineere, plundering, pillaging, or doing any other
+kind of wrong; to break shops and houses they count as nothing, taking
+away Boots, Shoes, Stockings, Hats, or any other commodities they can
+lay their hands on, and no Justice dares to resist them, and by this
+means the City is in such a miserable condition that they are even
+terrified to the death.' At Cirencester, having entered the town by
+force, they slew all the men who opposed them, took the unresisting
+inhabitants prisoners, and pillaged the town. At Bristol 'They went into
+some Cellars, where was plenty of wine and beere, drank what their
+gormandising guts would hold, and let the rest run about the house, with
+many other antique tricks that they used, which I cannot omit to speak
+of; moreover, they breake the Covenant which was made in every respect
+the very first hour that they entered the city, and fell to plundering,
+pillaging, robbing, stealing, cutting and slashing, as if they had never
+been brought up to any other practice.'
+
+[Illustration: STRANGE NEWS FROM EXETER, 1643.]
+
+In an account of the defence of Plymouth against the Royalists there is
+a very elaborate map showing the fortifications of the town, 'with the
+workes and approaches of the enemy at the last siege.' The account of
+the siege is very long, but the following passage may be quoted:--'One
+remarkable passage of God's providence to us we must with all
+thankfulnesse remember and acknowledge, that after the Towne had been a
+long time strictly beseiged and no fresh victuall either flesh or fish
+could be had, whereby the poore people were grievously punished, there
+came in an infinite multitude of Pilchards into the Harbour, within the
+Barbican, which the people took up with great ease in baskets, which did
+not only refresh them for the present, but a great deal more were taken,
+preserved, and salted; whereby the poore got much money; such a passage
+hath not happened before.
+
+'We cannot forget the humanity of the good women of Plymouth, and their
+courage in bringing out strong waters, and all sorts of provisions in
+the midst of all our skirmishes for refreshing of our souldiers, though
+many shot through the cloathes.'
+
+I have already made the remark that the military atrocities of recent
+times were equalled, if not exceeded, during the Civil War in England
+and Ireland. In a tract of 1644, containing various items of news, the
+following woodcut is given as an illustration of recent events. The same
+woodcut is found in another tract entitled '_Terrible and bloody Newes
+from the disloyall Army in the North_:'--'The proceedings of the Scots
+and Irish appears more visible and inhumane than formerly; their actions
+are tyrannical, their ways most insufferable, and executeth nothing but
+blood thirstinesse and cruelty tending only to utter ruin and
+desolation; they have burned down divers stately buildings in these
+parts, executed some of my Lord Wharton's tenants, and threatens others,
+which causeth the Country to rise and joyn with Lieu. Gen. Cromwell,
+insomuch that there will be a sudden engagement.'
+
+The sect called the 'Levellers' is thus alluded to in the same
+tract:--'Colonel Martin's approach with his Levellers in these parts
+hath alarmed the Country and put themselves into a posture to receive
+them, and for preservation of their ancient rights and liberties against
+their new design of levelling, who by their strange, politick, and
+subtill delusions have wrought into the hearts of divers people to
+ingage with them, especially among those who are of a desperate fortune,
+and mean condition, the basest and vilest of men resorting to them. They
+rob and plunder exceedingly wheresoever they come, saying they will
+levell all sorts of people, even from the highest to the lowest, and
+that he that hath the most shall be equall with him that hath the
+least.'
+
+[Illustration: CRUELTIES OF THE CAVALIERS, 1644.]
+
+In a pamphlet relating to the events of Charles I.'s reign there are
+some of the etchings previously noticed, together with nine others
+illustrating the history of the same period. They are:--1. The Court of
+High Commission and Star Chamber. 2. The Execution on Tower Hill of Sir
+Alexander Carew, Sir John Hotham, Captain Hotham, and the Archbishop of
+Canterbury. 3. The King's Escape from Oxford. 4. The Execution of the
+Duke of Hamilton, Earl of Cambridge, Earl of Holland, and Arthur Lord
+Capel. 5. The Coronation of Charles II. in Scotland, 1650. 6. A Meeting
+of Cavaliers. 7. A Seapiece illustrating Charles II.'s Escape from
+England after the Battle of Worcester. 8. Reading the Act of General
+Pardon and Oblivion, 1651. 9. The House of Commons in Session. The full
+title of the pamphlet is as follows:--'_A Brief Review of the most
+material Parliamentary Proceedings of this present Parliament, and their
+Armies, in their civil and Martial Affairs, which Parliament began the
+third of November, 1640, and the remarkable Transactions are continued
+untill the Act of Oblivion February 24, 1652. Published as a Breviary,
+leading all along successively, as they fell out in their several years.
+So that if any man will be informed of any remarkable passage, he may
+turne to the year and so see in some measure in what Moneth thereof it
+was accomplished. And for information of such as are altogether ignorant
+of the rise and progress of these times, which things are brought to
+pass that former ages have not heard of and after ages will admire. A
+work worthy to be kept in Record, and communicated to Posterity. London:
+Printed for Tho. Jenner at the South Entrance of the Royal Exchange._'
+From the above I have copied the etching of the escape of Charles I.
+from Oxford.
+
+[Illustration: ESCAPE OF CHARLES I. FROM OXFORD, 1646.]
+
+It is stated by Hume that when the King escaped from Oxford he was
+accompanied by two persons only--Dr. Hudson and Mr. Ashburnham--and that
+he rode before a portmanteau and called himself Ashburnham's servant.
+The engraving scarcely corresponds with this account; but the scene
+represented is evidently outside the city of Oxford, and other persons
+may then have joined the King's party.
+
+The city of Oxford surrendered to the Parliament on June 24, 1646, the
+King having signed a warrant for the surrender fourteen days previously.
+This event is recorded in a pamphlet entitled '_Good Newes from Oxford
+of the Treaty for the Surrender thereof, and how they are packing up to
+march away on Thursday next, June 18, 1646_.' The 'march away,' however,
+was not accomplished till the 24th. Amongst those who left the place
+were Prince Rupert and Prince Maurice, and the King's second son, James,
+the young Duke of York. The illustration to this pamphlet has no
+relation to the event, and was used on other occasions.
+
+The funeral of the Earl of Essex, the Parliamentary General, who died in
+1646, was made the occasion of a great display of pomp and ceremonial
+magnificence, which was duly chronicled and illustrated by the
+journalists of the time. '_The true manner and forme of the proceeding
+to the Funerall of Devereux, Earl of Essex_,' contains, besides a
+copperplate portrait of the Earl, numerous woodcuts of banners, and the
+funeral canopy. Several illustrated broadsides relating to this event
+were also published. In looking over the old newspapers we are
+frequently reminded of the truth of the saying that 'history repeats
+itself.' The Duke of Wellington's funeral in 1852 was a repetition, on a
+much more splendid scale, of the funeral of the Earl of Essex in 1646,
+with such differences as arose from the taste and circumstances of the
+time. Portraits of the Earl of Essex are of frequent occurrence in the
+pamphlets of this period.
+
+In the pamphlet containing the escape of the King from Oxford there is
+an etching of the burning of the Book of Sports on the site of Cheapside
+Cross, which is thus described:--'10 of May the Booke of Sportes upon
+the Lords Day was burned by the Hangman in the place where the Crosse
+stoode and at Exchange.' There is also in the same pamphlet a
+representation of breaking the Great Seal:--'The Great Seale broken
+before the Lords and Commons, on Tuesday, the 11 of August, 1646.' Some
+authorities say the Great Seal was not broken till January, 1649, new
+style.
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT SEAL BROKEN, 1646.]
+
+Sir Thomas Fairfax succeeded the Earl of Essex as commander of the
+Parliamentary army, and had Oliver Cromwell for his Lieutenant-General.
+Though a Presbyterian, he suffered himself to become the tool of the
+Independent party, and followed the councils of Cromwell until the Army
+had become master both of the Parliament and of the kingdom. All that
+related to a person of so much importance must have had uncommon
+interest for the popular mind, and accordingly we find Sir Thomas
+Fairfax and his military council form the subject of an engraving in a
+pamphlet of 1647. It is entitled '_The manner of His Excellency Sir
+Thomas Fairfax and the officers of his Army sitting in Council_.' In
+this engraving it will be seen that Fairfax, though farthest removed
+from the spectator, is made the largest figure in the picture,
+apparently for the purpose of giving him proper importance. Note also
+the huge pens, and the mysterious way in which the foreground figures
+appear to grow _out_ of the benches instead of sitting _on_ them.
+
+[Illustration: SIR THOMAS FAIRFAX AND HIS MILITARY COUNCIL, 1647.]
+
+Though Cromwell was at this time the real director of the army, and ere
+long became its acknowledged head, I have met with no representation of
+him in the illustrated news of the period. The art of 'interviewing' had
+not then been developed, and the 'Special Artist' did not exist. The
+most enterprising correspondent would probably have hesitated to intrude
+upon that stern and resolute leader of a revolutionary army, if he had
+no better excuse than to describe how he looked and what he said. Fancy
+the Special Artist of the _Mercurius Civicus_, for instance, sending in
+his card to Oliver Cromwell with a polite request that the General would
+give him five minutes of his valuable time for the purpose of making a
+sketch for the next number of his journal! And fancy how the uncomely
+countenance of the _ci-devant_ brewer would redden at the request, and
+how, probably, the unlucky artist would be consigned to the custody of
+the sentinel at the door!
+
+There is not much said about naval matters in the newspaper chronicles
+of the Civil War. The earliest account of a sea-fight that I have met
+with occurs in a pamphlet published in 1647. It is illustrated with a
+woodcut representing ships of war in action--which woodcut, by-the-by,
+afterwards appears in other pamphlets. The narrative is in the form of a
+letter, dated at sea, off Dover, May 4th, 1647; and, as the pamphlet is
+dated May 10th, we have another example of the extreme eagerness of the
+news-writers to supply the public with early intelligence. The
+combatants were not at war, and the fight appears to have arisen out of
+a mere question of naval etiquette. The following account is given of
+the transaction:--
+
+'A full Relation of a late Sea-Fight, betwixt the Parliament Ships and
+the Queene of Sweathlands, upon the Coast of England, neere Portsmouth,
+May 1.
+
+'Sir,
+
+'On the 2 of this instant moneth, being the Lords day, our Commander in
+chiefe of the Sea Forces, received a packet from a small Frigat, that
+came from the Rear-Admirall who had been in Fight the day before with
+five of the Queen of Swethlands ships, which they conveyed, being all
+laden with salt from Tubey in Portingale.
+
+'The reason of the fight was, the Swedish ships wore flags, viz.,
+Admirall, Vice-Admirall, and Rear-Admirall, which they refused to take
+in, or to low their top-sales (although commanded by Cap. Owen, Capt. of
+the Parliaments Reare-Admiral so to do) whereupon the said Capt. Owen
+gave them a broadside, insomuch that divers shots past betweene them,
+and great execution done upon the Switzers, scouring their upper decks
+with small shot severall times. Captain Owen lost not above 8 men,
+besides some few wounded, the fight continued sixe hours, til night
+began to aproach, where the Swedish Fleet tooke their opportunity, and
+got away. But so soon as Vice-Admirall Batten[1] heard of it, he set
+saile with the St. Andrew, Garland, Convertine, and Mary-Rose, and stood
+over for the coast of France in the night; and in the morning about 8 of
+the clock, being the 3 of May near Bulloign, he came up with the Admiral
+of the Swedes ship whose names was Martin Tysin, the ship was called the
+Leopard and had 32 guns; the Vice-Admiral Daniel Johnson, a lusty stout
+ship, called the Angel Raphael, and had 24 guns; the Rear-Admiral the
+Neptune, Moris Cook Captain, with 18 guns; the other two ships of 22
+guns apiece, one being called the Anne-Free, the other the Neptune.
+
+'The Captaines of all these ships, hee commanded aboard, and asked them
+what they had done with his Rear-Admiral; they at first denied that they
+saw him, but he pressing it so hard upon them, at length confessed, that
+they had been in fight with him, and that the reason was, because they
+would not take in their flags, being so commanded by their Queen, and
+had instructions to that purpose, which he caused them to send for, and
+took copies of them, which appeared to be true in a high manner.
+
+'And they further told our Commander Vice-Admiral Batten, that they
+would rather die in honour, than to go home and be hanged, for
+disobeying their commissions; a brave resolution, and I could wish it
+were imprinted in the hearts of all our commanders; they further told
+him, that if these flaggs were then abroad, they would die before they
+made one shot at him, though he shot never so many at them, yet would
+not take them in, and indeed were very respective to him. But they did
+much blame the Rear-Admiral, for that all the shot he made was at their
+Vice-Admiral and Rear-Admiral, and not at their Admiral, whom he ought
+first to have commanded, the others being subordinate to his commands;
+and although he was 4 or 5 hours by the Admirals side never shot gun at
+him, but sent his Boat 3 times aboard. Our Vice-Admiral demanded of
+them, where the Rear-Admiral left them, they told him off Beachey which
+to him did seem strange, that he should begin a quarrell and not follow
+them, till he came neer where the Vice-Admiral was, having sent a Frigot
+to him, to give him intelligence, and might undoubtedly expect his
+relief.
+
+'All Munday was spent in taking of Examinations, and Copies of
+Commissions; the Swedish Commanders being detained aboard by our
+Vice-Admiral as prisoners, but used with great civilitie.
+
+'At length a Councell of Warre was called by our Commander in chiefe
+with his Captaines, the result whereof was, that the Swedes
+Vice-Admiral, who had been the man which was most active was with his
+ship to be carried into the Downes, till the pleasure of the Parliament
+be further known which was done accordingly, and the next day we arrived
+in the Downes, being the 4. instant; the rest of the Swedes in regard of
+their shortness of Victuall, and having charge of the Convoy, were left
+to their own dispose, and this was performed without shooting so much as
+a Musket; but truly, if the Queene of Swethland leave not out that
+peremptory command in her instructions, not to strike to any of our
+Commanders, enjoyned to keep the Sovereignty of the Seas, and to expect
+homage from all, even to sinking, or burning, this must in time breed
+ill-bloud between the two Kingdomes, which might be wisht might be
+prevented, by a letter from our Parliament to the Queen of Swethland.
+Thus have I given you a perfect Relation of the whole proceedings.
+Sir, I have not else at present, but to let you know, I am your most
+humble servant and kinsman, 'R. B.
+
+[Illustration: NAVAL BATTLE, 1647.]
+
+'Dated at Sea off Dover the 4. of May 1647.'
+
+Another piece of illustrated news bearing upon naval affairs is
+entitled, '_News from the Royall Navie, Colchester, and Portsmouth,
+declaring the proceedings and intentions of the Prince of Wales, &c._'
+
+[Illustration: THE PRINCE OF WALES'S SQUADRON, 1648.]
+
+'We have received intelligence from the _Brill_ in Holland, that his
+Highness the Prince of Wales since his arrival there hath embarked
+himself in a great Vessell for England, the Earl of Newcastle, the Lord
+Gerhard, the Lord Culpepper, and divers others Lords and Gentlemen,
+being now floating upon the Neptune Seas towards the North of England,
+accompanying of his Royall person; we hear that they intend to land
+about Berwick, or else on the South side of the Holy-Island, and to
+march in the Van of the English Army. It is likewise said that divers
+Scottish Lords hath been with his Highnesse, and have treated with his
+Councell declaring the grounds and reasons of their engagement with
+England, and their resolution to redeem their dread Sovereign from
+imprisonment, to re-invest His Royall Person, and to make both him and
+His Posterity happy, and so Peace and Unity may flourish throughout all
+His Majesties Realms and Dominions. Severall urgent invitations were
+also presented to his Highness for his speedy and personal appearance in
+the North of England. The like to the Duke of York for his hastening
+with the Royal Navie towards the Downs, which unexpectedly is now come
+to pass; for we hear that the Prince with a great number of Royalists
+are sayled from the Brill in Holland towards the North of England, and
+that the Duke is come upon the Downs with a great and numerous Fleet,
+consisting of about 10 of the Kings great ships, and 30 Flemings, but
+they have not meddled on either side as yet; six of the Dukes ships, on
+Saturday last strook sayle before the town and Castle of Deal, and by
+their churlish tokens they sent us made it appear what they were, for
+they shot very neer 100 great Pieces at us, which killed 8 or nine of
+our men.'
+
+This account is illustrated with the woodcut on the opposite page.
+
+Some of the rough woodcuts to be found in many of the Civil War tracts
+would be unworthy of notice, did they not show the constant efforts that
+were made to illustrate the news of the hour. Such is the illustration
+to a tract entitled, '_A true Relation of the late Great Mutiny which
+was in the City of Norwich April 24, 1648_.' This gives an account of
+the explosion of ninety-eight barrels of gunpowder, whereby 200
+mutineers were slain, and the woodcut is intended to show the effects of
+the explosion.
+
+_Bloody Newes from the Scottish Army_ contains a woodcut representing
+two men on horseback charging each other. The description gives an
+account of the advance of the Scottish army on the English near Penrith,
+intending to surprise the latter; 'but by the vigilance of our scouts
+they were discovered.' After a 'furious conflict gallantly maintained on
+both sides, we gained ground, and beat them out of the field. This
+action happened upon Sunday morning last about 2 of the clock in the
+morning.'
+
+[Illustration: EXPLOSION AT NORWICH, 1648.]
+
+During the last struggles between the Parliamentarians and the
+Royalists, the latter, under Lord Goring, were driven into Colchester by
+Fairfax, and there besieged for more than two months. There are several
+pamphlets detailing incidents of this siege, one or two of which are
+illustrated. One of them is in the form of a letter to the writer's
+brother, and it has a quaint woodcut of 'Colchester Leaguer.'
+
+Another tract, dated July 27, 1648, is entitled '_A great Fight at
+Colchester upon Tuesday night last, being the 25 of this instant July,
+and the advancing of General Lucas and his forces to the very Guards of
+the Parliamenteers, with the particulars of the Fight, and the number
+that were killed and taken prisoners on both sides, and the springing of
+a Mine to blow up part of the Leaguer. Likewise a letter from Colchester
+concerning the marching of an Army to London. And Message from Prince
+Charles to Gen. Lucas. And a bloudy Fight at Deal Castle in Kent.
+London. Printed for R. Woodus, and are to be sold at the Royall Exchange
+in Cornhill, 1648._ The letter describing this fight contains so much
+curious matter that it is worth transcribing entire:--
+
+[Illustration: COLCHESTER LEAGUER, 1648.]
+
+'Sir, we have received information from Yarmouth, Harwich, and other
+places, that there is great fear of the Prince of Wales landing in those
+parts with a very considerable Army, and that he is resolved to advance
+towards Colchester, to raise the siege, and to let those Birds at
+liberty, which he esteems to be the only instruments to advance his
+Father's Cause. We hear that the L. Gerrard is designed Lieutenant
+Generall of the new Eastern Army, and the Lord Culpepper Major Generall,
+and that his Highnesse will repose no trust in either of the Princes
+Rupert or Maurice, or any other Foreign Personage whatsoever. This
+morning a Corporall of a troop of horse deserted the Colchestrian
+service, and humbly submitted himself to the Lord Generall, who upon
+examination touching their numbers and victualling said that the last
+Muster Rolls made mention of above 6000 Horse and Foot, and for
+victualling, they had plenty of Rye and bread-corn, but for flesh-meat
+they had none at all left, being constrained to kill Horses to satisfie
+their hungry appetites, which causeth many of the young Soldiers to
+desert their hard commons.
+
+'He further said, that at the last Muster upon Munday last the E. of
+Norwich and Sir Charles Lucas rode to the head of each Regiment, and
+read a paper to the Soldiery (which they said was a Message from the
+Prince of Wales) intimating that his Highnesse were resolved immediately
+to land his Forces about Yarmouth, and from thence to march downe to
+Colchester to raise the siege, and set them at liberty, and that if they
+could but hold out till Satterday, he doubted not of the day, and should
+take it as an acceptable service from them.
+
+'But I conceive the truth of this to be as palpable falsehood as the
+late report of the Royalists in these parts, who would not stick to say,
+_that Colchester was relieved by the ship called the Swallow, and that
+they shot in above 500 Holland cheeses out of Mortar pieces &c._
+
+'Some who are come out of the Town reports that the enemy within are
+springing a Mine, and doth intend to blow up the Lord Lucas his house
+(in our possession) which doth very much annoy them; their great
+Ordnance plaid very hard this morning, and did some execution, ours
+answered them again from the Great Mount, and plaid upon them for the
+space of one hour.
+
+'They are in very great streights for provision, and have eaten
+horse-flesh these six or seven dayes, but as resolute as formerly.
+
+'A party came out to cut Barley which was repulsed without losse, two
+only wounded of the party; some horse grazing under the City walls were
+snapt by some of Col. Whalleyes Forces, some shot, 38 taken, no way
+serviceable at present, unlesse good keeping recover them.
+
+'On Satterday last the Lord Generall gave Order that several Papers
+should be shot into the town out of Arrows, offering the private
+Souldiers quarter, and passes to go home, if they will deliver up
+Goring, Capel, Lucas, Loughborough, Farre, &c.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL LUCAS AT THE SIEGE OF COLCHESTER, 1648.]
+
+'This morning betwixt three and four of the clock, we received some
+tokens from the besieged, a party of them sallied out, and advanced up a
+narrow Lane neer to one of our Guards, thinking to surprise them
+unawares; but an Eagle ey'd Centinel discovering them, presented her
+bill, and fired; whereupon the rest of the Guardians received an allarm
+and immediately man'd the Line, the Colchestrians advanced and charged
+with great fury, this action was disputed by both parties with great
+courage and resolution, the enemy fell on without mercy, and fought it
+with much violence, but our Forces bodying, they retreat, our men
+pursues with great execution, killed about 20. and took as many
+prisoners, with the losse of 12. men; the like dispute hapned the last
+night; we expect every hour when we shall have Orders to fall on, the
+work will be difficult, and the storming dangerous, the town being
+disadvantageous for such a Military action.
+
+'_Colchester Leaguer July 26. at 8. in the morning._'
+
+This tract is illustrated with a portrait of General Lucas on horseback,
+which is copied on the previous page.
+
+Colchester surrendered to the Parliament on Aug. 27, 1648, when Fairfax
+determined to make an example of Sir Charles Lucas. This unexpected
+severity was attributed to Ireton, who had been set by Cromwell to watch
+Fairfax. There was a strong protest made against the intended execution,
+but it nevertheless took place. Lucas was shot, together with Sir George
+Lisle. The former suffered first, and he himself gave the order to the
+soldiers to fire, with as much coolness as if he had been a mere
+spectator. It is said that Lisle ran and kissed the dead body of his
+friend, and then presented himself to a like fate. Thinking that the
+firing party was too far off, he called to them to come nearer; one of
+the soldiers replied, 'I'll warrant you, Sir, we'll hit you.' 'Friends,'
+said the gallant Royalist, smiling, 'I have been nearer you when you
+have missed me.'
+
+Other tracts describe the proceedings of the Prince of Wales in his
+attempts to retrieve his father's fortunes. One of them has a portrait
+of the Prince, and contains a message sent by him to the Mayor of
+Yarmouth concerning the landing of his forces there for the relief of
+Colchester. Another is adorned with a very elaborate title-page, and
+describes 'The Resolution of the Prince of Wales, concerning the landing
+of his Army in the Isle of Loving-Land, within the County of Suffolk,
+and his Propositions to all Englishmen concerning his Engagement for
+King, City, and Kingdom, against the Army, and to fight for their
+Liberties, Freedom, and Privileges. Likewise, the further proceedings of
+the Royal Navie, under his Highness the D. of York, and the Declaration
+of the Seamen in the Isle of Wight and Portsmouth, concerning the Kings
+Majesty and the Fleet Royall, 1648.'
+
+The contest between the Royalists and the Parliament was now drawing to
+a close. The King was a prisoner in Carisbrooke Castle, and while he lay
+there he continued to occupy the pens of the pamphleteers and
+journalists. One writer addressed an exhortation to the nobility,
+clergy, and civil magistrates, in favour of the imprisoned Monarch; and
+he adorned his work with the above representation of the King in prison,
+which afterwards appeared in other pamphlets.
+
+[Illustration: CHARLES I. IN CARISBROOKE CASTLE, 1648.]
+
+It is remarkable that such important events as the trial and execution
+of Charles I. should not have tempted the newspapers of the day to
+illustrate subjects of so much interest. It may have been that such a
+terrible termination of the Civil War in some degree paralysed men's
+energies, and drove all thoughts of trading on such an event from their
+minds. I have met with two very rough woodcuts professing to represent
+the execution. One is contained in the Confession of Richard Brandon,
+the Hangman, and the other forms half of a woodcut frontispiece to a
+broadside describing the execution of the Regicides, which I shall refer
+to in its proper place. The Confession of Richard Brandon was published
+in 1649, the same year in which the King was executed, and purports to
+be a death-bed statement concerning that event. There were two Brandons,
+Gregory and Richard, father and son. The former beheaded Lord Strafford,
+and was believed by Charles II. to have been the executioner of his
+father. According to Sir Nathaniel Wraxall, George Selwyn, 'that
+insatiable amateur of executions,' told the story of King Charles's
+execution from information which he professed to have obtained from the
+Duchess of Portsmouth, who, he said, always asserted, on the authority
+of Charles II., that the King, his father, was not beheaded by either
+Colonel Joyce or Colonel Pride, as was then commonly believed, but that
+the real name of the executioner was _Gregory_ Brandon; that this man
+had worn a black crape stretched over his face, and had no sooner taken
+off the King's head than he was put into a boat at Whitehall Stairs,
+together with the block, the black cloth that covered it, the axe, and
+every other article that had been stained with the Royal blood. Being
+conveyed to the Tower, all the implements used in the decapitation had
+been immediately reduced to ashes. A purse containing one hundred broad
+pieces of gold was then delivered to Brandon, and he was dismissed. He
+survived the transaction many years, but divulged it a short time before
+he died. 'This account,' Wraxall adds, 'as coming from the Duchess of
+Portsmouth, challenges great respect.'[2] Popular belief, however, at
+the time pointed to Richard Brandon, son of the above-named Gregory
+Brandon, whose confession, published immediately after his death, I here
+quote:--
+
+'The Confession of Richard Brandon the Hangman (upon his Death bed).
+
+'The Confession of the Hangman concerning his beheading his late Majesty
+the King of Great Brittaine (upon his Death bed) who was buried on
+Thursday night last, in White Chappell Church-yard, with the manner
+thereof.
+
+'Upon Wednesday last (being the 20 of this instant June, 1649) Richard
+Brandon, the late Executioner and Hangman, who beheaded his late
+Majesty, King of Great Brittaine, departed this life. But during the
+time of his sicknesse his conscience was much troubled, and exceedingly
+perplexed in mind, yet little shew of repentance, for remission of his
+sins, and by past transgressions, which had so much power and influence
+upon him, that he seemed to live in them and they in him. And upon
+Sunday last, a young man of his acquaintance going in to visit him, fell
+into discourse, asked him how he did, and whether he was not troubled in
+conscience, for cutting off of the King's head?
+
+'He replied by reason that (upon the time of his tryal, and at the
+denouncing of Sentence against him) he had taken a vow and protestation,
+_wishing God to perish him body and soul, if ever he appeared on the
+scaffold to do the act or lift up his hand against him_.
+
+'Further acknowledging, _That he was no sooner entered upon the
+scaffold, but immediately he fell a trembling, and hath ever since
+continued in the like agony_.
+
+'He likewise confessed that he had 30 pounds for his pains, all paid him
+in half-crowns, within an hour after the blow was given, and that he had
+an orange stuck full of cloves, and a handkircher out of the King's
+pocket, so soon as he was carried off from the scaffold; for which
+orange he was proffered 20 shillings by a gentleman in Whitehall, but
+refused the same, and afterwards sold it for ten S. in Rosemary-lane.
+
+'About 6 of the clock at night he returned home to his wife living in
+Rosemary Lane, and gave her the money, saying, _That it was the deerest
+money that ever he earned in his life, for it would cost him his life_.
+Which prophetical words were soon made manifest; for it appeared that
+ever since he hath been in a most sad condition, and upon the
+Almightie's first scourging of him with the Rod of meeknesse, and the
+friendly admonition of divers friends, for the calling of him to
+repentance, yet he persisted on in his vicious Vices, and would not
+hearken thereunto, but lay raging and swearing, and still pointing at
+one thing or another, which he conceived to appear visible before him.
+
+'About three dayes before he died he lay speechlesse, uttering many a
+sigh and heavy groan and so in a most desperate manner departed from his
+bed of sorrow. For the buriall whereof great store of wines were sent in
+by the sheriff of the City of London, and a great multitude of people
+stood wayting to see the Corps carried to the Church-yard, some crying
+out _Hang him Rogue, bury him in the Dung-hill_; others pressing upon
+him saying, _They would quarter him, for executing of the King_;
+insomuch, that the Church Wardens and Masters of the Parish were fain to
+come for the suppressing of them, and (with great difficulty) he was at
+last carried to White-Chappell Church-yard, having (as it is said) a
+bunch of Rosemary at each end of the coffin, on the top thereof, with a
+Rope tyed crosse from one end to the other.
+
+'And a merry conceited Cook, living at the sign of the Crown, having a
+black Fan (worth the value of 30 shillings) took a resolution to rent
+the same in pieces, and to every feather tied a piece of packthread dy'd
+in black ink, and gave them to divers persons, who (in derision) for a
+while, wore them in their hats.
+
+'Thus have I given thee an exact account and perfect relation of the
+life and death of Richard Brandon, to the end, that the World may be
+convinced of those calumnious speeches and erroneous suggestions which
+are dayly spit from the mouth of envy, against divers persons of great
+worth and eminency, by casting an _odium_ upon them for the executing of
+the King; it being now made manifest that the aforesaid Executioner was
+the only man that gave the fatal blows, and his man that wayted upon
+him was a Ragman, living in Rosemary Lane.'
+
+Subjoined is a copy of the cut on the title-page of this tract.
+
+[Illustration: EXECUTION OF CHARLES I., 1649.]
+
+The death of Richard Brandon is entered in the register of St. Mary's,
+Whitechapel, under date June 21, 1649. To the entry is appended a note,
+evidently of about the same date, to the effect that 'this R. Brandon is
+supposed to have cut off the head of Charles the First.' The 'calumnious
+speeches and erroneous suggestions' had indicated several persons as
+having struck the fatal blow on that dismal morning in January. Amongst
+them, besides those already named, were 'Squire Dun,' William Walker,
+Hugh Peters, Lord Stair, and William Hewlett. The last-named person was
+actually tried for the crime at the Restoration. The evidence against
+him went to show that 'his voice was heard upon the scaffold, and his
+Breeches were seen under his Frock, that he confest he was to have £100
+and preferment in Ireland to doe it; that being asked whether he cut off
+the King's head or no, he said what he had done he would not be ashamed
+of; and if it were to doe again he would doe it; more to the same
+purpose was witnessed by several witnesses, and by one, who being sworn,
+said that the Common-Hangman profest he did not doe it.' This sort of
+evidence was not fit to hang a dog; and, though Hewlett was found guilty
+and sentenced to death, the sentence was never carried into effect--a
+proof that public opinion must have been too strong even for the
+hardihood of those who had foredoomed Hewlett to the gallows. The
+Government had evidently determined to fix the treason on this man with
+the sanguinary idea that some person ought to be made to expiate the
+deed, even though that person might be innocent. The prevalent belief,
+however, was that it was the common executioner who had been employed;
+and it is highly improbable that a mere amateur would have been
+permitted to officiate on such an important occasion.
+
+Although I have met with no native contemporary production representing
+the execution, other than the rude woodcuts before mentioned, there is
+in the British Museum a collection of broadsides relating to the period
+of the Civil War, one of which has a large and well-executed copperplate
+engraving representing the execution of Charles I. It was published at
+Frankfort, and the descriptive text is in German. The view of Whitehall
+is correctly given, and the engraving looks like a genuine
+representation of the event.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [1] There is an Admiral Batten often mentioned by Pepys. If this is
+    the same man who was an active commander under the Parliament he must
+    have trimmed his sails well to hold a place in the Navy office under
+    Charles II.
+
+  [2] _Old and New London._ By Edward Walford.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+  Decrease of Newspapers after the Civil War--_Mercurius
+  Democritus_--_The Faithful Post_--_The Politique Post_--Broadsides for
+  the People--The Hollow Tree at Hampstead--Prodigious Monster taken in
+  Spain--The Restoration--Trial of the Regicides--Execution of the
+  Regicides--Licenser of the Press appointed--Popular Taste for the
+  Supernatural--Apparition in the Air in Holland--Revival of _Mercurius
+  Civicus_--Murder of Archbishop Sharpe--_The Loyal Protestant_--Frost
+  Fair on the Thames--Monmouth's Rebellion--The Bloody Assizes--Funeral
+  of Queen Mary, Consort of William III.--Increase of Newspapers after
+  the Revolution.
+
+
+When the Civil War was over the newspapers it had called into existence
+disappeared. The printing-press was, of course, not idle during the rule
+of Cromwell, but its productions were narrowly watched, and there is
+reason to suppose the newspapers were to a great extent under the
+influence of the party in power. Examples of illustrated journalism
+during this period are rare. We have '_A terrible and bloudy Fight at
+Sea_' between Blake and Van Tromp, and '_A great and wonderful Victory_'
+obtained by the English in the West Indies, each illustrated with a
+woodcut that had done duty in the pamphlets of the Civil War. A rough
+representation of an owl seated at a table writing in a book heads a
+tract ridiculing Lilly, the astrologer; while '_Black Monday, or a full
+and exact description of the great and terrible Eclipse of the Sun_,' is
+adorned with a representation of 'the true Figure of the Eclipse.' The
+grim and unsocial character of the times is set forth in '_The
+Vindication of Christmas_,' a pamphlet illustrated with a woodcut
+representing Old Christmas welcomed on one hand and forbidden on the
+other. After a pitiful lament for the misery of the times, Christmas
+sets out on a pilgrimage to London, where he enters a fair house that
+had once been an Alderman's, but is now inhabited by a sour-tempered
+miser. Here he meets with such a cold reception that he is fain to take
+himself off, 'and wandering into the country up and down from house to
+house, found small comfort in any.'
+
+[Illustration: THE VINDICATION OF CHRISTMAS, 1653.]
+
+I have spoken of _Mercurius Democritus_ as being the _Punch_ of the
+seventeenth century. It is singular that such a publication as this
+should have existed under a Puritanical Government. The humour is so
+exceedingly broad that it is difficult to understand how it could be
+circulated at a time when the rulers of the land professed a stern and
+rigid morality. Unlike the modern _Punch_, who is refined and courteous
+even when he is most severe, _Mercurius Democritus_ could seldom be
+facetious without being coarse and even indecent. In the same number
+that contains the cut of the Smithfield ghost, referred to in Chapter
+III., occur the following jests, which are comparatively mild specimens
+of the humour of _Mercurius Democritus_:--'The last Monday a Herd of
+Swine being driven through Long Lane 600 Jews were suddenly converted by
+them; some think it was for fear those Rumford Cattell should serve them
+as they served the Devill in the country of the _Gergesens_ when they
+carried him headlong into the sea.'
+
+'A Mad Country Parson coming riding up to London between Islington and
+the Red Bull met with a small-coale man, very black, with his sack of
+small coale at his back. The pitiful Parson minding to put a jeer on the
+small-coale man, made a sudden stop with his Horse, saying with a loud
+voyce, that those that rid after him might partake of the jest, Fellow,
+fellow (quoth he) I prithee tell 's some news from Hell, I see thou hast
+a whole sack full at thy back. Truly quoth the small-coale man, I can
+tell you but very little news from Hell, only the Devill wants a
+Chaplaine, and you ride but a little faster you may perchance have the
+place.'
+
+Much of the news printed continued to be circulated by means of
+pamphlets and broadsides, but some regular newspapers were also
+published. An illustrated example of the latter occurs in the _Faithful
+Post_ of 1653. The full title of the number for April 8, 1653, is '_The
+Faithful Post Impartially communicating the Proceedings of the
+Parliaments forces in England, Scotland, and Ireland, comprising the sum
+of Intelligence from the English and Dutch Fleets; with the Affairs and
+Designs now on foot in France, Denmark, Sweden, Holland, and all other
+parts of Europe_.' It has a woodcut portrait of Admiral Van Gallen, and
+contains the following news from Amsterdam relating thereto:--
+
+  'Wednesday, April 6.
+
+'From Amsterdam thus; Van Gallen Admiral of the Dutch Fleet in the
+Streights, has a golden chair sent him for his little great gallantry in
+the last service. And the Commons forsooth adore him extremely; insomuch
+that many of the Bores have erected his Statue and Portraiture, and hung
+it up as a memorial in the most eminent places of their Low country
+Fabrics, according to the figure following; with two silver keys in his
+hands; which, say they, are to unlock the Treasury of their enemy. _Pure
+Youths_.' (Here follows the portrait.)
+
+'And as we are informed, hath a golden Leg delicately set forth by Mr.
+Painter, in lieu of that shot off in the fight.'
+
+[Illustration: PORTRAIT OF ADMIRAL VAN GALLEN. FROM THE 'FAITHFUL POST,'
+1653.]
+
+[Illustration: FLAG OF COL. CHARLES JAMES. FROM THE 'POLITIQUE POST,'
+1653.]
+
+In the foregoing _Faithful Post_ there is a good deal of news about the
+English and Dutch fleets; and in the news from Lubeck it is reported
+that the English have printed a 'picture of Admiral Van Tromp
+represented with a man opening his breast to find his heart; but,
+searching, it was found in the Calf of his Leg, whereas, saith the Dutch
+Print, they know very well that Tromp behaved himself most gallantly,
+and like a man of courage.' In another number of the _Faithful Post_ is
+an illustration of a comet or 'Blazing Star' seen in Germany. The
+foregoing portrait of Admiral Van Gallen, and the blazing star, together
+with a map showing the effects of a great storm and flood in Holland,
+are printed in the _Politique Post_ for January 4, 1653; but there is no
+reference made to the engraving of Van Gallen; and the blazing star is
+described as having been seen at Pembroke, in Wales. In the same number
+of the _Politique Post_ is a woodcut of the flag of Colonel Charles
+James, which is thus alluded to:--'By the last Post and intelligence
+from the Navie, we have received very certain and credible intelligence,
+that Colonel Charles James having received a commission from the King of
+Scots, is launched forth into the deep with the Brest men of war who has
+now struck sail upon the Coast of Brittain, and there set up his Flag
+on the Poop of the Patrick, called the Vice-Ambral as here represented
+in the ensueing Figure.'
+
+[Illustration: THE HOLLOW TREE AT HAMPSTEAD, 1654.]
+
+In 1654 there was a remarkable tree at Hampstead, which was visited as a
+curiosity. It was called 'The Hollow Tree,' and was probably the central
+attraction of a place of entertainment. In a broadside of 1654 there is
+an etching of it by Hollar, with descriptive and other verses. There was
+a door in the trunk of the tree, and a turret on the top, the ascent to
+which was in the hollow of the tree. The turret was large enough to seat
+six, 'and round about roome for fourteene more.' The following is a
+specimen of the verses accompanying Hollar's etching:--
+
+'THE SALUTATION.
+
+  'Welcome, before! welcome all you that follow!
+   Our heart is sound although our Tree be hollow,
+   Yet know nor age, nor weaknesse did distresse
+   Its willing bulk into this hollownesse:
+   But a desire markt out for noble ends,
+   To finde more room to entertain fast friends,
+   And in the compasse of itself to try
+   Laws of true Mirth and Hospitality.
+   In such a Hollow, Musick dwells; thus love
+   Laies forth itself, yet ne'er doth bankrupt prove.
+   And having read the riddle doth impart
+   Things sometimes hollow have the soundest heart.'
+
+[Illustration: PRODIGIOUS MONSTER TAKEN IN THE MOUNTAINS OF ZARDANA IN
+SPAIN, 1655.]
+
+This broadside was an agreeable change from the prodigies and
+monstrosities with which the public were so liberally supplied. A
+specimen of the latter was published in 1655, which must have tried the
+faith of even the most credulous. It is described as '_The True
+Portraiture of a prodigious Monster, taken in the Mountains of Zardana_;
+the following Description whereof was sent to Madrid October 20, 1654,
+and from thence to Don Olonza de Cardines, Ambassador for the King of
+Spain now resident in London. Its stature was like that of a strong well
+set man, with 7 heads, the chief of them looking forward, with one eye
+in its front; the other heads have each two eyes in their natural
+situation, the ears of an Ass; with its principal head it eates, drinks,
+and cryes with an extraordinary and terrible voice; the other heads are
+also moved to and fro; it hath seven Arms and Hands of a Man, very
+strong in each of them; from the middle downward it is like a Satyr,
+with Goats feet, and cloven,' &c. This broadside has a very
+well-executed copperplate engraving of the monster; and another sheet of
+the same date has a woodcut copy of the same engraving, together with a
+long account in verse 'to the tune of Summer Time,' and the following
+additional particulars: 'The News of this Satyrical Monster being noysed
+abroad throughout all Spain, France, and Italy, made a desperate fear,
+and general distemper amongst all the Popish Prelates, Cardinals,
+Jesuites, Monks, and Fryers; yea, the very Pope himself trembled to hear
+this strange Report. There is a Prophesie in the 13 of the Revelation,
+of a great Red-Dragon and a Beast with seven heads that should arise out
+of the Sea, that should continue 42 moneths, which was to come to pass
+before the great and terrible day of judgement; which by the appearing
+of these strange Monsters is neer at hand now.'
+
+At the Restoration several broadsides of news were published containing
+engravings. There is one giving an account of the coronation of Charles
+II., which is illustrated with a copperplate engraving of the King
+seated on his throne, robed and crowned, with the following
+complimentary lines:--
+
+  'The Second Charles, Heire of the Royal Martyr
+   Who for Religion and his Subjects Charter
+   Spent the best Blood, that unjust Sword ere dy'de
+   Since the rude Souldier pierced our Saviours side.
+   Who such a Father had'st, and such a Son;
+   Redeem thy people and assume thy own,
+   Ascend thy Ancestors Imperial seat
+   Of Charles the Good, thou second Charles the Great,
+   That adds the worth; this lustre to the Crown,
+   Whose solid Glorious weighed Usurpers down.
+   Such Majesty as never was profan'd
+   While Tyrants rul'd 'twas only Charles that reigned.'
+
+Another broadside of the same date (1660) is entitled '_A Looking-Glass
+for Traytors, being the manner of the Tryall of those Barbarous Wretches
+at Justice-Hall in the Old-Baily, who contrived and compassed the Death
+of his late Sacred Majesty King Charles the First, of ever blessed
+memory; with an Account of their Severall Araignments, Conviction,
+Condemnation, and Execution_.' This sheet is also illustrated with a
+copperplate engraving, representing the Old Bailey Court at the trial of
+the Regicides, which is interesting if it truly represents the
+appearance of the court at that time. Numerous letters of reference are
+given under the engraving to explain its different parts, and a short
+summary is given of the trial: 'His Majesty (in pursuance of an Act of
+Parliament which had left the persons following to be tried according to
+Law, for being the principal Actors in the said Tragedy of his Father's
+death) issued out a special Commission of _Oyer_ and _terminer_ to the
+Judges and other Commissioners for that purpose; and accordingly
+_Wednesday_ the 10th of _October_ they met at the Sessions house in the
+_Old-Baily_, and the same morning the following persons were ordered to
+be brought from the _Tower_ to _Newgate_, and a way was made from the
+Press-yard backwards to the Sessions house, privately to convey them to
+and again, to keep them from the pressing of the people.' Then follows a
+list of twenty-eight persons, including Major-General Harrison and Hugh
+Peters, 'all which being brought to the Bar, were indicted and arraigned
+to the following effect:--
+
+'_That they not having the fear of God before their eyes, but being led
+by the instigation of the Divel had maliciously, traiterously, and
+advisedly imagined, consulted, contrived, and compassed the death of his
+late Majesty Charles the first of ever blessed memory, and that they had
+aided, procured, abetted, assisted, and comforted a certain person with
+a vizard upon his face, and a frock upon his body for that purpose._
+
+'Major-General _Harrison_ in his Pleadings carried himself so
+confidently to the Court as if he thought himself Careless and
+Unconcerned in the businesse, and seemed to justify not only the Power
+under which he Acted but also the Act itself, saying that Kings had
+formerly been privately Assassinated and Murthered, but what they had
+done was in the face of the Sun and in the fear of the Lord; whereat the
+Court was much troubled to see that he should make God the Author of
+that Horrid Murther.'
+
+Harrison was found guilty at once, and sentenced to be hanged, drawn,
+and quartered. The like fate awaited Hugh Peters. The sort of evidence
+that was brought against the prisoners is exemplified in this broadside,
+where it is stated that 'Mr. _Hugh Peters_ stood strangly amazed and
+could say nothing for himselfe against that Jury of witnesses that
+appeared against him; as that he said, _England_ could not be settled
+till 150 were taken away which he said were L L L viz. the Lords, the
+Levites, and the Lawyers; that he was often conspiring privately with
+Oliver Cromwell the King's death, that he could even reverence the High
+Court of Justice, it lookt so like the judgement of the world which
+should be at the last day by the Saints; with many other blasphemies too
+large to enumerate.'
+
+Amongst the prisoners arraigned on this occasion was the William Hewlett
+already referred to. In the other cases the jury promptly found the
+prisoners guilty without leaving the court; but it was a proof of the
+weakness of the evidence in Hewlett's case that 'they did withdraw
+themselves, and after a little consultation they found him guilty, and
+accordingly sentence was pronounced against him.' This sentence,
+however, as before stated, was never carried into effect.
+
+The engraving of this historical trial at the Old Bailey is too crowded
+to admit of reproduction here. Other broadsides relating to the trial of
+the regicides were published at the time, but they are more of the
+nature of caricatures than illustrations of news.
+
+It is well known that General Harrison, Hugh Peters, and others were
+executed with all the barbarous circumstances indicated in the words of
+their sentence. Peters was made to sit upon the scaffold, exposed to the
+jibes and jeers of the mob, and compelled to witness the mutilation of
+his fellow-victims. The executions were continued day after day both at
+Charing-cross and at Tyburn, and were stopped at last, not for lack of
+victims, or disinclination for more slaughter on the part of the
+authorities, but from a dread of the effect such bloodthirsty
+proceedings might have on the minds of the people. The horrors of such a
+scene, of course, attracted the sensational news-writer of the day; and
+a broadside of the time gives us a picture and description of the
+executions, coupled with a representation of the execution of Charles I.
+This broadside was evidently intended to exhibit at one view the
+commission of a great crime and its just punishment. The engraving shows
+on one side the execution of the King and on the other the punishment of
+the regicides. The description of the latter is preceded by an account
+of the trial and death of Charles. The title runs thus: '_A true and
+perfect Relation of the Grand Traytors Execution, as at severall times
+they were Drawn, Hanged, and Quartered at Charing-Crosse, and at
+Tiburne. Together with their severall Speeches and Confessions which
+every one of them made at the time of their Execution. London, printed
+for William Gilbertson, 1660_.'
+
+[Illustration: EXECUTION OF THE REGICIDES, 1660.]
+
+The following account is given of the execution of Major-General
+Harrison: 'The next day being _Saturday_ Major-Gen. _Harrison_ was drawn
+upon a Hurdle from Newgate to the Round, or railed Place near
+Charing-Crosse, where a Gibbet was set upon which he was Hanged. Many
+of his acquaintance did seem to triumph to see him die so Confidently;
+whiles numbers of true Christians did grieve in earnest to see him die
+so impenitently. We have been told that when he took his leave of his
+wife, he comforted her, and told her that he would come again in three
+days; but we hear nothing as yet of his Resurrection.' In describing the
+execution of Hugh Peters, it is said, 'He came to the Ladder
+unwillingly, and by degrees was drawn up higher and higher. Certainly he
+had many Executioners within him; he leaned upon the Ladder being
+unwilling to part from it, but being turned off, the spectators gave a
+great shout, as they did when his Head was cut off, and held up aloft on
+the point of a Spear. The very souldiers themselves whom heretofore he
+did animate to slaughter, and a thorough execution of their Enemies were
+now ashamed of him, and upon the point of their Spears showed that
+guilty head which made them guilty of so much blood.'
+
+Pepys, in his Diary, says, under date October 13, 1660:--'I went out to
+Charing Cross, to see Major-General Harrison hanged, drawn, and
+quartered; which was done there, he looking as cheerful as any man could
+do in that condition. He was presently cut down, and his head and heart
+shown to the people, at which there were great shouts of joy. It is
+said, that he said that he was sure to come shortly at the right hand of
+Christ to judge them that now had judged him; and that his wife do
+expect his coming again. Thus it was my chance to see the King beheaded
+at White Hall, and to see the first blood shed in revenge for the King
+at Charing Cross.'
+
+It will be seen by the copy made from this woodcut that the design is of
+the rudest possible description, and must have been the work of a common
+ballad illustrator, whose fee was probably on a par with his ability. He
+evidently thought that, in such a scene as the execution of Charles I.,
+the Church should be paramount, for he has made Bishop Juxon a much more
+prominent figure than the King.
+
+The reign of the 'Merry Monarch,' though not the most creditable period
+in English History, would have supplied abundant materials for the
+journalist if there had been any newspapers. The Great Plague, the Fire
+of London, the sea-fights with the Dutch, were splendid opportunities
+for the pencil of the 'special artist' or the pen of 'our own
+correspondent.' A law had been passed prohibiting the publication of
+newspapers without being duly licensed. Sir John Birkenhead was
+appointed Licenser of the Press, and he was succeeded by Sir Roger
+L'Estrange. There was scarcely anything that could be called a newspaper
+except the _London Gazette_, and it only contained such news as the
+Government thought proper to make public, and it was never illustrated.
+The little that was done in the way of pictorial journalism was of a
+satirical or humorous character, or had reference to foreign affairs,
+and was either published in the form of broadsides or was put before the
+public in such a questionable shape that it was difficult to tell
+whether it was truth or fiction. As soon as the people were released
+from the domination of Puritanism a reaction set in, and the humours of
+_Mercurius Democritus_ were supplemented by the still broader fancies of
+_Mercurius Fumigolus_. Occasional entertainment of a more serious
+character was supplied, such as '_A True and Perfect Relation of the
+Happy Successe and Victory obtained against the Turks of Argiers at
+Bugia_.' The popular taste for the mysterious and supernatural was
+touched by '_A true and perfect Relation, of a strange and wonderful
+Apparition in the Air, the Fourteenth of August, near Goeree in
+Holland_.' This was an illustrated broadside containing the following
+account:--'On the fourteenth of August this year 1664, towards the
+evening near Goeree in Holland, there was seen by many Spectators an
+Apparition upon the Ocean of two several Fleets of Ships engaged in a
+Fight, which lasted for the space of about half an hour, and then
+vanished. Afterwards there appeared two Lyons, who with great fury and
+violence, assaulted each other three several times, neither of them
+prevailing against the other, till at length both of them wearied with
+their continual striving, did, as it were, give over for breath, when on
+a sudden a third Lyon of a very great and huge stature appeared and
+falling first upon the one, and then on the other, destroyed them both.
+They being vanished, there appeared a King, with a Crown upon his head,
+and he so plainly and visibly discerned as that the spectators did
+discover the very Buttons on his Coat. After all was vanished, the said
+Spectators continueing there, and walking too and fro upon the sands,
+the Ocean, so far as they could see, seemed to be Blood. On the next
+morning, the same Apparition, in all its Circumstances, was seen again,
+and the truth thereof attested upon Oath, before the Magistrates of
+Goeree, by the said Spectators; so that there is no doubt made of the
+truth thereof. And this happening in this juncture of time, begets some
+strange apprehensions; for that about six Months before Van Trump was
+slain in the former Wars with England, there was seen near the same
+place, an Apparition of several Ships in the Air, as it were fighting
+with each other.'
+
+[Illustration: APPARITION IN THE AIR AT GOEREE IN HOLLAND, 1664.]
+
+This broadside was printed at London, 'by Thomas Leach in Shooe Lane in
+the Year 1664. _With Allowance_ October 13, 1664. Roger L'Estrange.' The
+illustration is an etching, very well and freely executed.
+
+Amongst other things which appear to have been revived at the
+Restoration was the _Mercurius Civicus_. In Dr. Burney's collections in
+the British Museum there is preserved a copy of Number 4 of _Mercurius
+Civicus_, dated May 1, 1660. On the title-page it is stated to be
+'published by order of the Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen;' but it is
+not illustrated, as was its predecessor of the time of the Civil War.
+
+[Illustration: THE MURDER OF ARCHBISHOP SHARP, 1679.]
+
+One of the most atrocious deeds of the time, and one that had a powerful
+effect upon public feeling, was the murder of Archbishop Sharp in 1679.
+This prelate was held to have betrayed the Presbyterians at the time of
+the Restoration, and was hated accordingly. This hatred had been
+manifested by an attempt on his life in the streets of Edinburgh in the
+year 1668; but on that occasion the Archbishop escaped, and another
+person was wounded. On May 3, 1679, Archbishop Sharp was returning in
+his coach to St. Andrews from Kennaway, where he had passed the night,
+when, at a place called Magus Moor, he was set upon by nine men, who
+murdered him with pitiless barbarity in the presence of his daughter,
+who accompanied him. This dreadful event was commemorated in a broadside
+entitled '_The Manner of the Barbarous Murther of James, late Lord
+Archbishop of St. Andrews, Primate and Metropolitan of all Scotland and
+one of his Majesties most Honourable Privy Council of that kingdom, May
+3, 1679_.' A copperplate engraving represents the murder, and some
+verses are printed underneath. I have copied the engraving on this
+broadside, which forms part of the Luttrell collection in the British
+Museum.
+
+In 1681 there existed a newspaper entitled _The Loyal Protestant and
+True Domestic Intelligencer_. In the number for April 2, 1681, there is
+printed the following curious news from Rome:--
+
+'Rome, March 6. There did appear here about the middle of Dec. last, a
+strange and wonderful Comet near the Ecliptick in the sign of Libra, and
+in the body of the Virgin. At the same time a Prodigious Egge was laid
+by a Young Pullet (which had never laid before) with a perfect Comet in
+it, and as many stars, and in the same form as the enclosed figure
+shows. All the great ones of Rome have seen it, even the Queen and the
+Pope. What you see in the enclosed Paper is within the Egge most clearly
+exprest, and not upon the Shell. The Roman Wits are now very busy in
+guessing at what this Comet and Egge may portend.'
+
+This account of the egg is printed on the front page of _The Loyal
+Protestant_, in the midst of Court news from Oxford, municipal news from
+Leicester, news from Edinburgh, &c, and is illustrated with a woodcut,
+which I have copied. A further description is appended to the
+representation of the egg:--'The true form of a Prodigious Egg brought
+forth at Rome the 11th of Dec. last in the year 1680 in which the Commet
+here printed does continue to appear.'
+
+'The aforesaid 11th of Dec. about 8 of the Clock in the morning, a Hen
+Chicken, with a great Noise, crying extraordinarily, that never had laid
+an Egge before this day, brought forth an Egge of an extraordinary
+greatness, with all these several Forms as you see here exprest, to the
+great amazement of all those that have seen it. This is an exact draught
+of the Egge as it was printed in Italy. But all persons are left to
+their own choice whether they will believe either this or any of our own
+late home-bred Miracles or visions.'
+
+[Illustration: EXTRAORDINARY EGG LAID AT ROME. FROM THE 'LOYAL
+PROTESTANT AND TRUE DOMESTIC INTELLIGENCER,' 1681.]
+
+Supernatural occurrences and uncommon events, even when traceable to
+natural causes, have always had great attractions for both the ignorant
+and the educated. We therefore find the talents of the old newsmen were
+most frequently exercised on mysterious appearances in the air, floods,
+fires, and frosts, earthquakes and upheavings of the sea. Having already
+quoted examples dealing with some of these subjects, I now come to two
+broadsides which describe and illustrate the great frost of 1683-4, when
+the river Thames was covered with ice eleven inches thick, the forest
+trees, and even the oaks, in England were split by the frost, most of
+the hollies were killed, and nearly all the birds perished. According
+to the testimony of an eye-witness, 'The people kept trades on the
+Thames as in a fair, till February 4, 1684. About forty coaches daily
+plied on the Thames as on drye land.' The broadsides under notice give
+representations of the fair held on the Thames, and describe it in
+doggerel verse. The one containing the engraving I have copied is
+entitled '_Great Britain's Wonder; London's Admiration. Being a True
+Representation of a Prodigious Frost, which began about the beginning of
+December, 1683, and continued till the Fourth Day of February following.
+And held on with such violence, that Men and Beasts, Coaches and Carts,
+went as frequently thereon as Boats were wont to pass before. There was
+also a street of Booths built from the Temple to Southwark, where were
+sold all sorts of Goods imaginable--namely Cloaths, Plate, Earthen Ware;
+Meat, Drink, Brandy, Tobacco, and a Hundred sorts of other Commodities
+not here inserted. It being the wonder of this present Age, and a great
+consternation to all the Spectators._' The description opens thus:--
+
+  'Behold the Wonder of this present Age
+   A Famous River now become a stage.
+   Question not what I now declare to you,
+   The Thames is now both Fair and Market too.
+   And many Thousands dayley do resort,
+   There to behold the Pastime and the Sport
+   Early and late, used by young and old,
+   And valued not the fierceness of the Cold.'
+
+The illustration is a roughly executed woodcut, and represents a street
+of booths opposite the Temple, looking towards the Middlesex shore. On
+one side are men skating, sliding, riding on sledges, and playing at
+football; whilst bull-baiting, skittle-playing, &c, go on on the other
+side. Coaches are driven across the ice, boats are dragged as sledges,
+and an ox is roasted whole in one corner.
+
+[Illustration: FROST FAIR ON THE THAMES, 1683.]
+
+The other broadside has a woodcut of the same scene, but taken from a
+different point, and looking _down_ the river, with London Bridge, the
+Tower, Monument, &c, in the distance. In addition to a description of
+Frost Fair, there is an account of all the great frosts from the time of
+William the Conqueror.
+
+Some curious particulars of this great frost are recorded by
+contemporary writers. Evelyn describes the whole scene, and says that he
+crossed the river on the ice on foot upon the 9th, in order to dine with
+the Archbishop of Canterbury at Lambeth; and again in his coach, from
+Lambeth to the horse-ferry at Millbank, upon Feb. 5th, when 'it began to
+thaw, but froze again.' Hackney-coaches plied between Somerset House and
+the Temple to Southwark. There was a printing-press set up in one of the
+booths, 'where the people and ladys tooke a fancy to having their names
+printed, and the day and year set down, when printed on the Thames. This
+humour took so universally that 'twas estimated the printer gained about
+£5 a day for printing a line onely at sixpence a name, besides what he
+got by ballads, &c.' A specimen of this printing has been preserved. It
+was executed for Charles II., who visited Frost Fair accompanied by
+several members of his family. It contains, besides the names of the
+King and Queen, those of the Duke of York, Mary his Duchess, Princess
+Anne (afterwards Queen Anne), and Prince George of Denmark, her husband.
+The last name on the list is 'Hans in Kelder,' which literally means
+'Jack in the Cellar,' and is supposed to have been suggested by the
+humour of the King in allusion to the interesting situation of the
+Princess Anne; and we can fancy the swarthy face of the 'Merry Monarch'
+smiling in the frosty air as this congenial joke was perpetrated.
+
+In the Luttrell collection of broadsides there is one with a large
+woodcut representing the battle of Sedgemoor and other incidents of
+Monmouth's rebellion. The letterpress is in wretched verse, and is
+entitled, '_A Description of the late Rebellion in the West. A Heroic
+Poem._' The unfortunate issue of Monmouth's rising excited the sympathy
+of the common people, to whom he was endeared by his many amiable
+qualities and his handsome person. Though this broadside was evidently
+written in the interest of the Government it was likely to have a ready
+sale, and it was sought to increase the interest by pictorial
+representation. The engraving, which is on an unusually large scale, is
+very rough, like all the woodcuts of the period.
+
+The slaughter at Sedgemoor and the execution of the Duke of Monmouth
+were partly forgotten in the greater horror excited by the unsparing
+severity of Judge Jefferies in condemning to death hundreds of persons
+who were charged with being concerned in the rebellion. I have met with
+one illustrated tract relating to the 'Bloody Assize.' It is inserted at
+the end of the volume of the _London Gazette_ for 1685, and has
+apparently been added by Dr. Burney, the collector, as bearing upon the
+events of the time. It forms no part of the _London Gazette_, though
+bound up with it. There is a rough woodcut on the title-page containing
+eleven portraits, and the title is as follows:--
+
+'_The Protestant Martyrs; or the Bloody Assizes, giving an account of
+the Lives, Tryals, and Dying Speeches, of all those eminent Protestants
+that suffered in the West of England by the sentence of that bloody and
+cruel Judge Jefferies; being in all_ 251 _persons, besides what were
+hanged and destroyed in cold blood. Containing also the Life and Death
+of James Duke of Monmouth; His Birth and Education; His Actions both at
+Home and Abroad; His Unfortunate Adventure in the West; His Letter to
+King James; His Sentence, Execution and Dying-words upon the Scaffold;
+with a true Copy of the Paper he left behind him. And many other curious
+Remarks worth the Readers Observation. London, Printed by F. Bradford;
+at the Bible in Fetter Lane._'
+
+At the end of the pamphlet is printed this curious sentence:--'This
+Bloody Tragedy in the West being over our Protestant Judge returns for
+London; soon after which Alderman Cornish felt the Anger of Somebody
+behind the Curtain.'
+
+Alderman Cornish was afterwards executed at the corner of King Street,
+Cheapside, for alleged participation in the Rye House Plot.
+
+[Illustration: MARTYRS OF THE BLOODY ASSIZES, 1685.]
+
+This fragment of contemporary history shows that if there were no
+regular newspapers to supply the people with illustrated news they
+obtained it in the shape of cheap fly-sheets and broadsides--the form in
+which it was supplied to them before newspapers began.
+
+Macaulay describes the unlicensed press at this period as being worked
+in holes and corners, and producing large quantities of pamphlets which
+were a direct infraction of the law subjecting the press to a
+censorship. 'There had long lurked in the garrets of London a class of
+printers who worked steadily at their calling with precautions
+resembling those employed by coiners and forgers. Women were on the
+watch to give the alarm by their screams if an officer appeared near the
+workshop. The press was immediately pushed into a closet behind the bed;
+the types were flung into the coal-hole, and covered with cinders; the
+compositor disappeared through a trap-door in the roof, and made off
+over the tiles of the neighbouring houses. In these dens were
+manufactured treasonable works of all classes and sizes, from halfpenny
+broadsides of doggerel verse up to massy quartos filled with Hebrew
+quotations.'[1] The pamphlet I have just quoted probably issued from a
+press of this kind; but he must have been a bold printer who dared to
+put his name and address to a work wherein Jefferies was openly referred
+to as 'that bloody and cruel Judge Jefferies.'
+
+Large broadsides continued to be the favourite form of illustrated
+journalism for some time after this. One gives a 'true and perfect
+relation' of a great earthquake which happened at Port Royal, in
+Jamaica, on Tuesday, June 7th, 1692, and is illustrated with a large
+woodcut. On the death of Queen Mary, the consort of William III., an
+illustrated broadside was published, plentifully garnished with skulls
+and cross-bones, entitled, '_Great Britain's Lamentation; or the Funeral
+Obsequies of that most incomparable Protestant Princess, Mary, of ever
+Blessed Memory, Queen of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, who
+departed this life the 28th of December, at Kensington, 1694, in the
+Thirty-second Year of her Age. She Reigned Five Years, Eight Months, and
+Seventeen Days. And was conducted from Whitehall to Westminster Abbey,
+in an open Chariot of State, on black cloath, by the Nobility, Judges,
+and Gentry of the Land, on Tuesday, the 5th of March, 1694-5._' The
+large woodcut shows the funeral procession, and I have copied that part
+of it containing the funeral car, with the body of the deceased queen
+resting under a canopy.
+
+[Illustration: FUNERAL OF QUEEN MARY, 1695.]
+
+In a few years after the Revolution newspapers began to increase
+rapidly. The censorship of the press ceased in 1695, and was immediately
+followed by the appearance of great numbers of periodical papers. At
+first they were small in size, were wretchedly printed on the commonest
+paper, and each number contained only a small quantity of matter. The
+art of wood-engraving, the readiest and least expensive method of
+illustration, was now in the lowest possible condition; and the
+newspapers at the end of the seventeenth century contain scarcely any
+illustrations, except, perhaps, a heading of a rudely executed figure of
+a man blowing a horn, flanked by a ship or a castle, and numerous small
+woodcuts to advertisements.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+  [1] _History of England._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+  Constant Attempts at Illustrated News--Increase of Caricatures--The
+  _Postman_, 1704--Fiery Apparition in the Air, seen in
+  London--Caricature against the Jacobites--The South-Sea
+  Bubble--Eclipse of the Sun, 1724--The _Grub Street Journal_ an
+  Illustrated Paper--The _Daily Post_--Admiral Vernon's Attack on Porto
+  Bello--The _Penny London Post_--Henry Fielding and the _Jacobite's
+  Journal_--_Owen's Weekly Chronicle_--_Lloyd's Evening Post_, and the
+  Trial of Lord Byron for the Murder of Mr. Chaworth--The _St. James's
+  Chronicle_--Illustrated Account of a Strange Wild Beast seen in
+  France--The _Gentleman's Journal_ of Anthony Motteux--The _Gentleman's
+  Magazine_ of Edward Cave--The _London Magazine_--The _Scot's
+  Magazine_.
+
+
+In glancing at the early newspapers it is apparent that the idea, in
+some shape, of illustrating the news of the day was never quite absent
+from the minds of newspaper conductors. Sometimes it took the form of a
+rude map of the country where some war was going on, or the plan of some
+city which was being besieged. In the _London Post_ for July 25, 1701,
+is a map of the seat of war in Italy, which is reprinted in other
+numbers, and the _Daily Courant_, for Sept. 8, 1709, contains a large
+plan of Mons. In the absence of other means, even printers' lines were
+used to represent a plan of some place, or an event of unusual interest.
+Such an attempt at illustrated news was made in the _Dublin Journal_ for
+May 14, 1746, where there is a plan, set up in type and printers' lines,
+of the battle of Culloden; and in the number for March 28, 1747, there
+is a similar plan of the trial of Lord Lovat. This is doubly interesting
+as being _Irish_. Engraving on copper, though it involved the expense of
+a double printing, was sometimes resorted to for the purpose of
+enlivening the pages of the early newspapers, and we have seen that it
+was also employed in broadsides. There was so much enterprise that even
+penny papers sometimes introduced engravings into their pages.
+
+About the beginning of the eighteenth century caricatures began to
+increase in England. Religious animosities and political intrigues,
+always keen incentives to satire, had opened a wide field to the
+caricaturist in the years which followed the Revolution. But religious
+bigotry and party spirit, strong as they were at this period, were
+exceeded by the social follies which came afterwards. The trial of Dr.
+Sacheverell occasioned the publication of numerous songs, squibs, and
+caricatures; but the South-Sea Bubble surpassed it as a fruitful source
+of lampoons and pictorial satire. The spirit of ridicule was fed by the
+political intrigues, the follies and the vices of the Georgian era, and
+reached its highest development in the days of George III. Amongst other
+early channels for circulation we find caricatures making their
+appearance in newspapers, and as we proceed I shall give one or two
+examples from the illustrated journalism of this period.
+
+On March 14, 1704, _The Postman_, one of the papers that was started on
+the expiration of the censorship (and which Macaulay says was one of the
+best conducted and most prosperous), published what was called a
+Postscript for the purpose of making its readers acquainted with a
+prodigy seen in Spain in the air so far back as the year 1536. It is
+illustrated with a woodcut representing two men fighting in the air; and
+the following account is given of it:--'The success of the expedition of
+K. Charles III. being now the subject of all Publick Discourses, the
+Reader, we hope, will excuse the following Postscript, which must be
+confest to be of an extraordinary nature, as containing some things
+hardly to be parallelled. All the states of Christendom being concerned
+some way or other in this great quarrell, it is not to be wondered at if
+the discovery of a Prodigy, which seems to foretell the decision of it,
+has made so much noise at Rome, and that we insert it in this place. The
+French Faction grew intolerably insolent upon account of the storms
+which have so long retarded the Portuguese expedition, and represented
+these cross accidents as a manifest declaration that God did not approve
+the same; and this way of arguing, though never so rash and impertinent
+in itself, prevailed over the generality of the people, in a City which
+is the Centre of superstition. The Partizans of the House of Austria
+were very much dejected and had little to say, when they happily
+discovered in the Library of the Vatican a Book printed at Bazil in the
+year 1557 written by Conradus Lycosthenes, wherein they found an
+argument to confute all the reasons alledged by their adversaries, and a
+sure Presage in their opinion of the success of K. Charles III. This
+made a great noise at Rome, and his Grace the Duke of Shrewsbury sent an
+account thereof. The Book perhaps is not so scarce as they thought at
+Rome; and the learned Doctor Hans Sloane having one in his Library, and
+having been so obliging as to give me leave to transcribe that passage,
+I present it here to the reader, leaving it to everyone to make his own
+observations. The Book is thus Intituled: "_Prodigiorum Ostentorum
+Chronicon, &c., per Conradum Lycosthenem, Rubeaquensem. Printed in Folio
+at Bazil per Henricum Petri 1557_," and amongst the infinite number of
+Prodigies he relates in his collection, which extends from the beginning
+of the world to his time, he has the following, page 558 (here follows
+the description on each side of the woodcut in Latin and English). 'In a
+certain place of Spain on the 7th of Feby, 1536, 2 hours after the
+setting of the sun as Fincelius relates it after others, were seen in
+the Air, which was rainy and cloudy, two Young Men in Armour, fighting
+with Swords, one of them having in his left hand a Shield or round
+Buckler, adorned with an Eagle, with this inscription, I SHALL REIGN,
+and the other having on a long Target with these words, I HAVE REIGNED.
+They fought a Duel, and he who had the Eagle on his Buckler beat down
+his enemy and was conqueror.' The whole affair refers to the war of the
+Spanish Succession between the partisans of Louis XIV. and the House of
+Bourbon, and the House of Austria, and is made to foretell the downfall
+of the former. As the Bourbons did eventually obtain the Crown of Spain,
+this interpretation of the supposed prodigy may be referred to the same
+class as the prophecies of _Old Moore's Almanack_. I have copied the
+engraving, which is the only illustration I have found in _The Postman_.
+
+[Illustration: PRODIGY SEEN IN SPAIN. FROM THE 'POSTMAN,' 1704.]
+
+We have already noticed that no class of marvels were so attractive to
+the early news-writers as apparitions in the air. Another example of
+this is found in a pamphlet, published in 1710, entitled '_The Age of
+Wonders: or, A further and particular Description of the remarkable, and
+Fiery Apparition that was seen in the Air, on Thursday in the Morning,
+being May the 11th, 1710_.' It is illustrated with a rough woodcut, and
+has the following description:--
+
+.... 'As for the strange Appearances which were seen on the 11th of May
+in the Morning, I suppose there is by this time few that do not give
+Credit to the same, since so many creditable People in several parts of
+the Town have apparently testified the same, and are ready still to do
+it upon enquirey, as in Clare Market, Cheapside, Tower-hill, and other
+places; it was likewise seen by several Market Folks then upon the
+Water, who have since agreed in Truth thereof, most of which relate in
+the following manner:--
+
+'On Wednesday Night, or rather Thursday Morning last, much about the
+Hour of two a Clock, several People, who were then abroad, especially
+the Watchman about Tower Street, Clare Market, Cheapside, and
+Westminster, plainly and visibly saw this strange Comet, it seem'd a
+very great Star, at the end of which was a long tail, or streak of Fire,
+very wonderful and surprizing to behold. It did not continue fix'd, but
+pass'd along with the Scud, or two black Clouds, being carried by a
+brisk wind that then blew.
+
+[Illustration: FIERY APPARITION IN THE AIR, SEEN IN LONDON, 1710.]
+
+'After which follow'd the likeness of a Man in a Cloud of Fire, with a
+Sword in his hand, which mov'd with the Clouds as the other did, but
+they saw it for near a quarter of an Hour together, to their very great
+surprize, and related the same the next Morning, which they are ready
+now to affirm if any are so curious to go and Enquire, particularly John
+Smith, near Tower-street, Abraham Wilsley, on Tower-hill, John Miller,
+near Clare Market, John Williams, in Cheapside, George Mules and
+Rebeccah Sampson upon the Water, and Mr. Lomax, Watchman of St. Anns,
+with many others too tedious to insert.'
+
+Amongst the many newspapers that had sprung into existence the following
+so far improved upon their small and dingy predecessors as to be adorned
+with pictorial headings:--The _Post Boy_, 1720; the _Weekly Journal_,
+1720; the _London Journal_, 1720; the _Weekly Journal, or Saturday's
+Post_, 1721; _Applebee's Weekly Journal_, 1721; _Read's Journal, or
+British Gazetteer_, 1718-31. The last named appeared for many years as
+the _Weekly Journal, or British Gazetteer_; but the _Weekly Journal_ was
+a favourite title, and was borne by so many other papers that after a
+time the publisher altered the title of his paper to _Read's Journal; or
+British Gazetteer_, and gave it an engraved heading. Read was a man of
+enterprise, and surpassed his contemporaries in endeavouring to make his
+journal attractive by means of illustrations. In his paper for Nov. 1,
+1718, there is a caricature engraved on wood. It is levelled against the
+Jacobites, and is called 'An Hieroglyphick,' and is introduced to the
+reader with the following rhymes:--
+
+  'Will _Fools_ and _Knaves_ their own Misfortune see
+   And ponder on the _Tories_ villany
+   Behold this _Hieroglyphick_, and admire
+   What _Loyalty_ do's in true Souls inspire!
+   Whate'er the _Figures_ mean we shan't declare,
+   Because the _Jacobites_ will curse and swear;
+   But if our _Readers_ will this piece explain,
+   Their Explanation we shall not disdain.'
+
+[Illustration: CARICATURE AGAINST THE JACOBITES. FROM 'READ'S WEEKLY
+JOURNAL,' 1718.]
+
+Nobody appears to have responded to the invitation conveyed in the
+verses, for in the succeeding numbers of the paper there is no attempt
+to explain the 'hieroglyphick.' A copy of this early newspaper
+caricature is given on the opposite page.
+
+In the same journal for May 20, 1721, there is a large woodcut entitled
+'Lucifers Row-Barge,' which I have also copied. It is a caricature on
+the South-Sea Bubble, and appears, from what follows, to have been first
+published in the previous week: 'The Call for this Journal (last week)
+being very extraordinary, upon account of the delineation of Lucifer's
+Row-Barge in it, we are desired by several of our Correspondents both in
+City and Country, to present them with it in this week's paper, with an
+Explanation of every Representation in the aforesaid Cut, adapted to
+Figures; with which Request we have comply'd, as supposing it will be
+acceptable not only to them with such a Design, but likewise pleasing to
+all our Readers in General.' The different parts of the engraving are
+described under the illustration on the following page.
+
+Each of these divisions of the subject is further described in verse. In
+concocting this satire the author has allowed some symptoms of
+journalistic jealousy to appear by dragging in the correspondent of the
+_London Journal_ (which was a rival paper), and describing him as the
+common hangman. The feeling about the South-Sea Bubble must have been
+very strong to have made this caricature acceptable. It was intended to
+satirise Mr. Knight, the cashier of the South-Sea Company, who fled the
+country when it became too hot for him. The verses which accompany the
+engraving, though by no means models of poetic elegance, might be
+commended to the attention of some directors of our own day:--
+
+  'Then what must such vile Plunderers expect
+   When they upon their Actions do reflect;
+   Who barely have three Kingdoms quite undone
+   From aged Father to the Infant Son?
+   From many Eyes they've drawn a briny Flood,
+   But Tears to ruined People do no Good.'
+
+[Illustration: SOUTH SEA BUBBLE CARICATURE. FROM THE 'WEEKLY JOURNAL AND
+BRITISH GAZETTEER,' 1721.
+
+  '1. The Cashire of the South Sea Company
+
+  2. The Horse of an Accomptant to the South Sea
+  Company
+
+  3. The Correspondent of the Author of the _London
+  Journal_
+
+  4. A Stock Jobber, or Exchange Broker, whipt by
+  the Common Hangman
+
+  5. Belzebub prompting a Director of the South Sea
+
+  6. Satan prompting the same Director in t'other Ear
+
+  7. The Worm of Conscience fastens on the above
+  said Director
+
+  8. The Cup of Indignation
+
+  9. A Director's Sacrifice, which is a Villanous Heart
+
+  10. A Director in the Pillory
+
+  11. The Superscription over the pillory'd Director
+  paraphras'd from the prophet Ezekiel. Chap.
+  XXII. Ver. 12, 13, and Chap. XXIII. Ver. 25, 26, 27
+
+  12. A Director decyphered by the Knave of Diamonds
+  Hanged
+
+  13. A Director wafting to Hell with the tide
+
+  14. Lucifers Row-Barge for first rate passengers
+
+  15. Moloch sounds his trumpet for Joy of meeting
+  with a good Fare
+
+  16. Belial playing on the Violin to the Director
+
+  17. Mammon takes a trip at Helm for him
+
+  18. The South Sea
+
+  19. Lucifer rowing his own Barge
+
+  20. The Entrance into Hell, represented by the
+  Mouth of the Leviathan, or great Whale,
+  belching flames of sulphurous fire.']
+
+There was a total eclipse of the sun in 1724, which appears to have
+excited much attention, and several notices of it occur in the
+newspapers. Parker's _London News_ gives a long account, with a woodcut,
+which I have copied. This paper was published three times a-week--on
+Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. In the number for Monday, May 4th,
+1724, is the woodcut referred to, together with the following
+explanation:--
+
+'Of the Eclipse of the Sun which will happen in the Afternoon on Monday,
+the 11th of this inst. May 1724.
+
+'The Sun, the glorious Lamp of the Universe, being a large round Body of
+Light, is fixt in the Centre of the _Creation_; so that all parts
+thereof might be partakers of his vivifying Rays, which otherwise would
+be shut up in perpetual Darkness.
+
+'The Earth is a dark round Ball, which turneth round on its own Axis,
+from West to East, once in twenty-four Hours Time, causing thereby Day
+and Night, also at the same Time, the Earth with the Moon, going round
+in its Orbit in 365 Days and some Hours, constituting thereby the true
+Length of our Year.
+
+'The Moon is likewise a round dark Ball, void of Light, and
+circumvolveth the Earth once a Month; so that whenever she passeth in
+her Orbit, in a direct line between the Sun and Earth, she Eclipses the
+Earth not the Sun, by depriving us of a Sight thereof; And whenever the
+Earth happens to be between the Sun and Moon, at such times the Earth
+obstructs the Light of the Sun from the Moon, and then the Moon is
+Eclipsed by the dark Body of the Earth.
+
+'Now to prevent any Consternation, which People, through Ignorance may
+fall under, by means of that great Eclipse which is now approaching; at
+which time it will be so dark, that the stars, (if the Air be clear)
+will be seen; and the Planets Mars, Venus, and the seldom to be seen
+Mercury, will appear a little above the Sun, towards the South; also
+Venus a little higher to the Left of Mercury, and Mars in the S.S.W.
+Parts of the Heavens; The several Appearances of this Eclipse will be
+according to the Types before inserted.
+
+'The beginning of this Eclipse, according to the nicest Computation of
+the most Judicious, will happen at 39 Minutes past 5 in the Afternoon
+when the Limb of the Moon will just touch the Sun's Limb, as it is
+represented by the Uppermost Figure to the Right Hand. At 44 Minutes
+after 5 it will be enter'd the disk, and so much darkened as the 2d
+Scheme on the Right Hand shews. At 48 Minutes past 5 as the 3d denotes.
+At 53 Minutes past 5 as the 4th shews. At 58 Minutes after 5, as the 5th
+represents. At 3 Minutes past 6, as in the 6th Scheme. At 7 Minutes
+after 6, as in the 7th. At 12 Minutes past 6, as is shewn by the 8th
+Figure. At 17 Minutes past 6, as the 10th Figure shews. At 26 Minutes
+past 6, as the next succeeding Scheme denotes, beginning always to
+number from the Right Hand. At 31 Minutes after 6, so much of the Sun's
+Body will be darkened, as the 12th represents: and at 36 past 6, will be
+the greatest darkness, when only a small thread of Light will be seen at
+_London_, on the upper part of the _Sun_ as the 13th Scheme informs; but
+to all the Southern parts of the Kingdom, it will be totally darkened.
+
+'After this the _Sun_ will begin to shew its Light, which will appear
+first on the lower part of that Glorious Body, towards the Right Hand;
+and the darkness will gradually lessen, as the several Figures
+represent, till the Sun's Body be perfectly clear of the Shadow, which
+will be at 27 Minutes past 7 a-clock that Afternoon.'
+
+This description is reprinted, together with the woodcut, in the same
+paper for May 8th, and to it is added the following:--'Directions for
+the better viewing the Eclipse that will happen on Monday next'--'Take a
+Piece of Common window Glass and hold it over a Candle, so that the
+Flame of the Candle may make it black, through which look upon the Sun,
+and you will behold the _Eclipse_ without Danger to the Eyes.'
+
+Or thus
+
+Take a Piece of thick writing Paper, and prick a hole in it with a fine
+Needle, through which the _Eclipse_ may be seen.'
+
+[Illustration: ECLIPSE OF THE SUN. FROM 'PARKER'S LONDON NEWS,' 1724.]
+
+The same paper (May 8th, 1724) contains some advertisements about the
+eclipse, which seems to have been for the moment the absorbing topic,
+and was apparently made the vehicle for advertising the shops of
+different tradesmen. The notices were published ostensibly 'to lessen
+the consternation of ignorant people,' but it is evident the advertisers
+had an eye to business. 'An exact curious Draft' was to be 'given
+_gratis_ at Mr. Garway's original shop, the Sign of the Practical Scheme
+at the Royal Exchange Gate, on Cornhill Side. Up one pair of Stairs at
+the Sign of the celebrated Anodyne Necklace for Childrens' Teeth, next
+the Rose Tavern without Temple Bar. At Mr. Gregg's Bookseller, next to
+Northumberland House, at Charing Cross; and at R. Bradshaw's the
+author's Servant, at his House, next to the King's Head, in Crown
+Street, right against Sutton Street End, just by Soho Square. Note, it
+will not be given to any Boy or Girl.'
+
+The cut and description are again reprinted in the number for May 11th,
+where, amongst other items of news, is the following:--'His Royal
+Highness went last Monday to Richmond, as did also the Right Hon. the
+Lord _Chancellor_, Judge Fortescue, and other persons of note; some of
+the Judges went to Hampton Court, and other gentlemen of Learning and
+Curiosity to more distant places, to make their Observations, as 'tis
+said, upon the great Eclipse of the Sun that happen'd in the Evening,
+and exactly answered the _Calculations_ made of it by our Astronomers.'
+In the number for May 18th are accounts of how the eclipse was observed
+in the country. It is stated:--'We are advised from the Isle of Wight
+that the Eclipse on the 11th instant, which was Total, and caused very
+great Consternation there lasted about a Minute and a half; but that the
+chief sufferers thereby were the gentry of that Island, who by the great
+concourse of Strangers to their Houses, had but very little French
+Claret left upon their hands; But the comfort is, they have frequent
+opportunities of running some more.'
+
+_Parker's London News_ blended amusement with instruction. The following
+items of news occur in the same number that contains the account of the
+eclipse, and show how our forefathers were entertained by the newspapers
+160 years ago:--'The Papers of the week, from the highest to the lowest
+rank have killed one Sir Nicholas Raymond in the Isle of Wight; but as
+no such knight ever inhabited therein, we can impute it to nothing but
+want of home news.'
+
+'Last Saturday Night, two Servant Maids at a Snuff Warehouse, at Mile
+End took _so much Snuff_, that they quarrell'd, and one of them stabbed
+the other in so many places with an Iron Scuer, that 'twas thought she
+could not live. The other therefore, was instantly apprehended and
+committed.'
+
+'Last week an Apothecary was attacked by two Highwaymen, between
+Winchester and Southampton, who robbed him of his money, and finding two
+Vials of Purging Potions in his Pocket, that he was carrying to a
+_Patient_, they were so inhuman as to force him to swallow 'em himself.'
+
+'Last Sunday Night, Sir Basil Firebrass, noted for his humanity to young
+Vintners, whom he first set up, and afterwards upon Default of payment
+took execution against 'em, departed this life.'
+
+_The Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer_ for May 9th, 1724, contains an
+account and illustration of the same eclipse that is described in
+_Parker's London News_. The illustration is a diagram, and is called, 'A
+Representation of a Solar Eclipse. The Time of the Beginning, Middle,
+and End of the Eclipse and the continuance of Darkness, together with
+its Appearance at London and Bristol.'
+
+The celebrated _Grub Street Journal_ now comes upon the scene; and we
+find it not only surpassing its contemporaries in wit and satire, but it
+also comes out as an illustrated paper. In No. 43, for Oct. 29th, 1730,
+a whole page is occupied with woodcuts of the arms of the City
+Companies, which are reprinted about the time of Lord Mayor's Day in
+succeeding years. In No. 48 there is a very well-executed copperplate
+portrait, presumably of the Lord Mayor of London. As it is printed on
+the same page with type (involving two printings), and the journal was
+sold for twopence, it shows some enterprise for the year 1730. On the
+front page of No. 95, for Oct. 28th, 1731, there are very rude woodcuts
+of the Lord Mayor's procession, surrounded by the arms of the City
+Companies before referred to. No. 147 has a curious copperplate at the
+head of an article entitled, '_The Art and Mystery of Printing
+Emblematically Displayed_.' The engraving represents human figures with
+animals' heads at work in a printing-office. An ass is setting up the
+types, a pig is using the inking-balls, a horse is acting as pressman, a
+sheep is arranging the printed sheets, while a two-faced man and a
+many-horned devil are watching them all. This, like the portrait of the
+Lord Mayor, is printed on the same page with the type, with no printing
+at the back of the engraving. The article is a satirical conversation
+between certain printers' devils, and is continued in the next number,
+where the engraving is also reproduced. The _Grub Street Journal_ is the
+first example I have met with of a newspaper employing the expensive
+process of copperplate engraving for illustrations, and printing the
+plate in the body of its pages. It was probably thought to be too
+costly, for we find the conductors recurring to the almost extinct art
+of wood-engraving. In the number for Oct. 25th, 1733, there is a
+coarsely executed woodcut heading a satirical allegory, entitled, _The
+Art of Trimming Emblematically Displayed_.
+
+The _Daily Post_ of March 29th, 1740, is interesting as being an early
+example of a daily paper attempting to illustrate current events. The
+_Daily Post_ consisted of a single leaf, with the page divided into
+three columns. In the number referred to there is a long account of
+Admiral Vernon's attack on Porto Bello, illustrated with a woodcut,
+which the writer says will give the reader a clearer idea of the
+position of the town, castle, and ships engaged. The narrative is
+introduced by the editor in these words:--'The following is a letter
+from a gentleman on board the Burford at Porto Bello to his friend at
+Newcastle, which, as it contains a more particular account of Admiral
+Vernon's glorious achievement at that place than any yet published here,
+we thought we could not in justice to the Bravery of our English
+Officers and Sailors, refuse it a Place in our Paper.'
+
+[Illustration: ADMIRAL VERNON'S ATTACK ON PORTO BELLO. FROM THE 'DAILY
+POST,' 1740.
+
+  A. The Iron Castle on the North side of the Mouth of the Harbour with
+  100 Guns.
+
+  B. The Castle Gloria, with 120 Guns, on the South side of the Harbour,
+  and a Mile from the Iron Castle.
+
+  C. The Fort of Hieronymo, with 20 Guns.
+
+  D. The Town of Porto Bello lying along the Extremity of the Harbour.
+
+  E. The station of the Spanish Ships.
+
+  F. The Hampton-Courts place of Action, Commodore Brown.
+
+  G. The Norwich's ditto, Cap. Herbert.
+
+  H. The Worcester's ditto, Cap. Main.
+
+  I. The Admiral's Ship, the Burford.]
+
+'On the afternoon of the 21st about two o'clock we came up with Porto
+Bello Harbour, where the Spaniards had hoisted upon the Iron Castle the
+Flag of Defiance; and, as we were told by themselves afterwards, they
+wished earnestly for our attempting to come in, as believing they could
+sink us all immediately, but said they feared we were only making a
+second Bastimento Expedition, and would not give them the pleasure of
+engaging us.' Then follows a long and circumstantial account of the
+conflict. 'Notwithstanding they had discharged very few Guns for some
+Minutes before we came up; yet as if they had resolved to summon up all
+their Courage against the Flag, they welcomed us with a terrible Volley,
+which being at so short a Distance, took Place with almost every Shot.
+One struck away the Stern of our Barge; another broke a large Gun upon
+our upper Deck; a third went thro' our Foretop-Mast; and a fourth,
+passing thro' the Arning within two Inches of our Main-Mast, broke down
+the barricado of our Quarter-Deck, very near the Admiral, and killed
+three Men in a Moment, wounding five others which stood by them. This
+look'd as if we should have bloody work, but was far from discouraging
+our brave Fellows.' The Spaniards being driven from their guns, the
+English landed:--'One man set himself close under an Embossier, whilst
+another climbed upon his Shoulders and enter'd under the Mouth of a
+great Gun. This so dismay'd the Spaniards that they threw down their
+Arms and fled to the Top of the Castle; from whence scaling backwards we
+could see them run into the woods by hundreds and fly for their lives.'
+The place being taken, the writer gives a minute account of the damage
+done and the booty taken. He says:--'We have also had the good luck to
+find about 10,000 Dollars belonging to the King of Spain, which I had
+the Pleasure of being present at the searching for, when we found it in
+the Customhouse,' &c.
+
+The writer of the above account signs himself Wm. Richardson, and gives
+the explanations to the letters on the woodcut, a facsimile of which is
+engraved.
+
+To account for the enthusiasm with which Admiral Vernon's victory at
+Porto Bello was received we must remember that the nation had previously
+been wrought up to a high state of fever about Spain, and the
+declaration of war had been received in the most jubilant manner. We can
+therefore understand that the conductors of the _Daily Post_, infected
+by the popular fervour, would gladly seize the opportunity of producing
+in their pages the drawing and description by an eye-witness of this
+naval victory. This early example of illustrated news, though it has
+nothing pictorial about it, is extremely interesting, showing as it does
+the tendency of newspapers, in times of excitement, to call on the
+artist's pencil to aid the writer's pen. It was in reference to this war
+that Walpole said, when the bells were ringing joyfully, 'They may ring
+the bells now, but they will soon be wringing their hands.'
+
+To the preceding example of a _daily_ paper attempting to illustrate
+current events I will add an instance of a _penny_ paper doing a similar
+thing at about the same period. _The Penny London Post, or, The Morning
+Advertiser_, was a paper published three times a-week, and in the number
+for Jan. 9th, 1748-9, there is given 'A view of the Public Fireworks to
+be exhibited on occasion of the General Peace concluded at Aix La
+Chapelle the 7th Day of October 1748.' The engraving is little more
+than a diagram, and accompanies a description of the arrangements made
+for the occasion, amongst which there was to be a band of a hundred
+musicians to play before the fireworks began, 'the Musick for which,'
+says the _Penny London Post_, 'is to be composed by Mr. Handel.'
+
+We are accustomed to think of the immortal author of _Tom Jones_ as a
+novelist only. Henry Fielding was, however, also a journalist, a
+pamphleteer, and a justice of the peace for Middlesex and Westminster.
+Amidst his other labours he found time to edit the _Jacobite's Journal_,
+a paper started to support the House of Hanover after the Rebellion of
+1745. It was a sheet of four pages, published every Saturday, and the
+first twelve numbers were adorned with a woodcut heading which has been
+attributed to Hogarth. This heading was discontinued after the twelfth
+number, and in number 13 there is an elaborate article, replete with
+sarcastic humour, explaining the reasons for its discontinuance. The
+_Jacobite's Journal_ purported to be edited by 'John Trott-Plaid, Esq.,'
+and was essentially satirical in its tone. In the second number there is
+the following reference to the engraved heading:--
+
+'As my Wife appears in her Plaid on _Ass-back_ behind me at the Head of
+this Paper, it will not I hope be imagined that I have brought her
+abroad only to take the Air, without assigning to her any share in this
+undertaking.
+
+'The _Mystery of Jacobitism_ doth not, like that of _Free Masonry_,
+exclude the Female World; for tho' all Jacobites are not, as some wicked
+Whigs have represented us, _old women_, yet women we have in great
+Numbers among us, who are as learned in the knowledge of our Mysteries,
+and as active in the celebration of our Rites, as any of the Male
+Species; and many of these are so far from deserving the name of _old_,
+that their age scarce yet entitles them to the name of _women_.'
+
+As I before stated, the heading is left out after the twelfth number.
+Whether it had sufficiently served its purpose as a caricature of the
+Jacobite party, and was no longer needed, or whether it really took up
+too much room, as stated by the editor, its discontinuance was made the
+occasion of publishing a leading article, part of which I am tempted to
+transcribe as an excellent specimen of Fielding's satire.
+
+'There is scarcely anything more provoking than to be totally
+misunderstood, and by that means to have our compliments received as
+Affronts, and our Panegyrick converted into Satire.
+
+'It cannot therefore be wondered at, if I am not well pleased with that
+gross misunderstanding of the Emblematical Frontispiece so long prefixed
+to my Paper, which hath generally prevailed, and which, among other good
+Reasons, hath at length induced me to displace it for the future. By
+this Error of the Public, a Contrivance of mine (the expense of much
+laborious thinking) to do Honour to the Jacobite Party, hath been
+represented as the Means of vilifying and degrading it.
+
+'But, seriously, could the Art of Man have carried the Glory of
+Jacobitism higher than it was carried in this print, where a Jacobite of
+either Sex was seen cloathed in Mystery, and riding on one of the most
+honourable Beasts in the Universe, while Popery servilely attends,
+leading it by the Halter, and _France_ and the Republican Party are
+dragged after Heels. Is not here depictured that notable and mysterious
+Union of _French_ Interest, Popery, Jacobitism, and Republicanism; by a
+Coalition of all which Parties this Nation is to be redeemed from the
+deplorable State of Slavery, under which it at present labours?
+
+'It would be endless to enumerate all the Mistakes and ridiculous
+Conceits entertained on this occasion. Some have imagined we intended to
+insinuate that the Protestant Jacobites were led by the Nose by Popery,
+and spurr'd on by _France_ and the Republicans; whereas nothing can be
+more certain in Fact, than that Popery and _France_, and the
+Republicans, have ever been the mere Dupes and Fools of the said
+Jacobites.
+
+'Many have endeavoured to discover Resemblances to real Persons in the
+figures there exhibited. By the Popish Priest, it hath been said we
+design to represent the old Chevalier; and by the Figures on the Ass,
+the young Chevalier his Son and the famous _Jenny Cameron_.
+
+'Others have found out Likenesses of less Importance, and several
+Squires and Country Gentlewomen of _Staffordshire_ and other Counties,
+who never travel beyond the limits of a Fox chace, have been supposed to
+ride, once a week, Post all over the Kingdom in this Paper.
+
+'But the most egregious Errors have been committed in Misconstructions
+concerning the Ass. Several ingenious and witty Printers of News Papers
+have very facetiously taken occasion to call the Author himself an Ass;
+supposing probably, that as Scripture informs us an Ass once spoke, so
+certain Descendants of the same Family might write, which Faith, perhaps
+something within their own Experience, might sufficiently encourage them
+to receive.
+
+'To mention no more of these absurd Conjectures, I must here inform my
+Reader, that by the Body of the Ass we intend to figure the whole Body
+of Jacobitical doctrine.
+
+'Now as there was no Symbol among the Antients, of which the
+Emblematical Meaning was so plain and easy to be discovered, our Party
+could never have so universally mistaken it, had it not been for that
+want of Learning among us, which I lamented in my last Paper. Hence
+being misled by those erroneous opinions, which the Moderns have
+propagated to the great disadvantage of Asses, the Jacobites have been
+unwilling to discover any Resemblance between themselves and an Animal
+which the wise Antients saw in so respectable a Light, and which the
+ignorance of latter Ages hath highly dishonoured by odious Comparisons
+with certain Individuals of the Human Species.
+
+'Thus _Homer_ is well known to have liken'd one of his principal Heroes
+to this noble Animal; which was in such Esteem among the antient _Jews_,
+that he was not only an object of their Devotion, but they are said to
+have preserved his Figure in massy Gold in the Temple of _Jerusalem_.
+
+'If the Transfiguration of _Midas_ in the _Metamorphosis_ doth but
+little Honour to the Ears of our Symbol, the Story of _Lotis_ which the
+same Poet tells in his Fastorum, is greatly in praise of his Braying, by
+which the Chastity of that Nymph was rescued from the wicked Designs of
+her insidious Lover.
+
+'In such esteem hath this noble Beast been held among the Learned, that
+I have seen a Book composed in his Favour and entitled _Laus Asini_: not
+to mention the celebrated performance of _Apuleius_ to which he hath
+given the Name of the _Golden Ass_.
+
+'Instead therefore of being displeased with the Emblem, our Party have
+great Reason to be vain on this Occasion, nor do I think there can be a
+greater Comparison than of a Protestant Jacobite to an Ass, or one more
+to the Honour of the former.
+
+'First, what can so well answer to that noble and invincible obstinacy,
+which I have more than once celebrated in our Party, as the intractable
+and unalterable Nature of this Animal, which gave rise to an antient
+Proverb alluded to by _Horace_ in his Satires:--
+
+                    '"---- Your Art
+  As well may teach an Ass to scour the Plain
+  And bend obedient to the forming Rein."
+
+'And again in his Epistles:--
+
+     '"Democritus would think the writers told
+  To a deaf Ass their story ----"
+
+'Which may most strictly be applied to all those writers, who have
+endeavoured to convince the Jacobites by argument.
+
+'Again what can give us a more adequate Idea of that Firmness, with
+which we have supported all the ill-usage of the worst of Sovereigns
+without Resentment, than the laudable Indifference which an Ass hath
+for the same; whom you may beat, whip, kick, and spur as long as you are
+pleased, he still trudges on without altering his Pace.
+
+'To omit many other obvious Resemblances, such as Braying, &c, the
+famous story of the Countryman and the Ass, briefly touched upon by
+_Horace_ in the Epistle addressed to his own Book, is so perfect a
+Picture of Jacobitism, that I have been inclined to think as the
+Antients are known to have inveloped all their Mysteries in Fable and
+Allegory, that no less than Jacobitism itself was intended to be couched
+under this story: "A certain Countryman observing an Ass making towards
+a Precipice, ran to him, and catching hold of his Tail, endeavoured with
+all his Might to withhold him from Destruction; but the more the
+Countryman attempted to preserve him, the more obstinately the Ass
+contended against his kind Preserver, and the more eagerly was bent upon
+accomplishing his fatal Purpose. The Countryman at last, wearied out
+with his Endeavours to save an obstinate Beast against his own will, and
+having probably received some Thanks from his Heels for his intended
+kindness, instead of pulling any longer, gave the Ass a Push, and
+tumbled him headlong down the Precipice which he had been so
+industriously pursuing."
+
+'I make no doubt but many of our good Enemies the Whigs, who have well
+imitated this Countryman in the former part of his Behaviour, would
+imitate him likewise in the latter, was it not that they cannot
+precipitate us without tumbling down themselves at the same time.
+
+'These are the Mysteries, then, which have been couched under my
+Frontispiece, and which, tho' their meaning must now appear to have been
+so plain, have nevertheless stood exposed so long at the Head of this
+Journal, without having been, as I can find, understood by any.
+
+'Perhaps I shall be asked, why I have now displaced them, since, after
+so large and full an Explanation, they cannot fail of being highly
+agreeable to that Party for whose use chiefly this Paper is calculated;
+and who would, for the future, worship my Ass with the same Veneration
+with which the _Jews_ of old did theirs.
+
+'Now, tho' the Indignation which I have exprest in the Beginning of this
+Essay at the many gross and absurd Misconceptions which have been vented
+by the Public, would alone very well justify the Discontinuance of my
+Emblem so much abused, there are, to say the Truth, two other Reasons
+which have had a stronger Weight with me in producing this
+Determination. The former of these is, that the Ass and his Retinue do
+indeed take up too much room, and must oblige us either to suppress Part
+of our Lucubrations, or some of those material articles of News which we
+weekly transcribe from others; or lastly those pieces of Intelligence
+called Advertisements, which tho' not always most entertaining to our
+Reader, do afford very agreeable Entertainment to ourselves.
+
+'A second and a very strong Motive with us, is to lend all the
+Assistance in our Power to a very worthy and willing, tho' weak Brother,
+the learned and facetious Novelist, Mr. _Carte_; whose great Romance,
+tho' in our Court of Criticism, where we shall always act impartially,
+we have been obliged like other Judges, to condemn, contrary to our own
+Inclinations, to be grubb'd, we shall always privately esteem as a work
+calculated solely for the use of our Party. As we have therefore, to our
+great Concern, received very credible Information that the said work
+begins already to be considered only as a Heap of Waste Paper, we have
+thought proper to lend our Frontispiece to our good Brother, in order
+that it may be prefixed to the future Volumes of that great Work
+advising him to omit the words _London Evening Post_, and to insert
+_English History_ in their stead. This will not fail of greatly
+recommending his Performance to our Party, who never willingly read
+anything but what an Ass may at least be supposed to have bray'd.
+
+'I could wish, moreover, that the learned Novelist would take our Advice
+in another Instance, and for the future deal forth his excellent work in
+weekly Portions or Numbers; I do not mean in such a Form as the real
+History of _England_ is now publishing by Mr. Waller; but in the same
+manner with those true and delectable Histories of _Argalus_ and
+_Parthenia_, _Guy_, Earl of _Warwick_, the _Seven Champions_, &c., in
+which Form, at the price of 1d. each, when embellished by our
+Frontispiece, I make no doubt of assuring him as universal a Sale as the
+inimitable Adventures of _Robinson Crusoe_ formerly had throughout this
+Kingdom.'
+
+The 'Mr. Carte' to whom Fielding proposed to lend his 'Frontispiece' was
+Thomas Carte, the historian, who had just brought out the first volume
+of his _History of England_, in which he showed such decided Jacobite
+predilections that his work was ruined in consequence. He professed to
+be acquainted with the case of a person who had been cured of the King's
+Evil by the Pretender, then an exile in France, and this so disgusted
+many of the subscribers to his book that they withdrew their names and
+abandoned the author and his work together. He, however, brought out two
+more volumes, and a fourth was published after his death. It was
+probably in allusion to this story of the Pretender curing the King's
+Evil that Fielding speaks of Carte as 'the learned and facetious
+novelist;' and doubtless the 'great Romance' referred to was intended
+for his history of England. Fielding and Carte both died in the same
+year, 1754.
+
+[Illustration: PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF FORT FOURAS, AS IT APPEARED IN THE
+SHIPS FROM THE CHARENTE, FROM 'OWEN'S WEEKLY CHRONICLE,' 1758.]
+
+During the next ten years I have found no illustrations in the
+newspapers of that period. In 1758 there was a newspaper published
+entitled _Owen's Weekly Chronicle, or Universal Journal_, a sheet of
+eight pages, size of the _Athenæum_, price two-pence halfpenny. About
+this time the English Government, in carrying on the war against France,
+despatched several expeditions to the French coast, none of which
+redounded much to the credit of the British arms. One of these
+expeditions was against Rochfort, and it turned out a failure, which
+caused much dissatisfaction. _Owen's Weekly Chronicle_ for June 3, 1758,
+published a long article on the subject, illustrated with a woodcut view
+of Fort Fouras. The writer concludes, with true newspaper vehemence, in
+the following words:--'Where is the glory of the British name? Where are
+the terrors that used to accompany our fleets and armies? Let it not be
+said the treasures of the country are poured forth in vain by an united
+and willing people; that our enemies are become invulnerable; and every
+blow our Ministers meditate impracticable. The Duke of Marlborough and
+Lord George Sackville are gone with Lord Anson and Sir Edward Hawke upon
+the present grand expedition; and we hope their courage and experience
+will revive the sinking honour of their country; and show that France is
+both vulnerable and impotent when the power of Britain is properly
+exerted.' Unfortunately, the sinking honour of the country was not much
+revived by the 'grand expedition' here referred to; for, after an
+ineffectual attempt on St. Maloes, the Duke of Marlborough embarked in
+such haste that he left his tea-spoons behind him: and these were
+afterwards sent home in a cartel-ship by the Duke d'Aiguillon in polite
+contempt. I have copied the woodcut above referred to, which is
+entitled, 'A Perspective view of Fort Fouras as it appeared in the ships
+from the Charente,' and the following description is given of
+it:--'Fouras was the tower of an old parish church, which, soon after
+the foundation of Rochefort, in 1688, Louis XIV. purchased of the
+proprietors to make a Tour de Garde, for repeating signals from the
+Isles of Oleron and Aix up to Rochefort, which is one of its present
+uses. A fort and garrison being established in the isle of Aix, Fouras
+was found to be the nearest and most secure communication in all
+weathers with that island; so that in process of time barracks and
+lodgments were built therein, and it was fortified to the sea by a
+strait curtain.'
+
+For the view of Fort Fouras _Owen's Weekly Chronicle_ must have been
+indebted to some one on board one of the British ships. Naval and
+military officers in all parts of the world are among the most valued
+correspondents of the modern illustrated newspaper; and it is
+interesting to notice that so long ago as the taking of Porto Bello and
+the attack on Rochefort there were men engaged in those expeditions
+whose spirit and intelligence prompted them to supply the newspapers of
+the day with sketches and information. The view of Fort Fouras is the
+earliest attempt I have seen in a newspaper to give a pictorial
+representation of a place in connexion with news.
+
+Wood-engraving was the only cheap method of illustration within the
+reach of newspapers, but the art barely existed at this time. The few
+woodcuts published in newspapers were not only coarsely and rudely
+executed, but sometimes the efforts of the illustrator did not get
+beyond a rough plan or map, and even this, as I have before remarked,
+was not always engraved. In further confirmation of this statement I may
+refer to _Lloyd's Evening Post_ of April 17, 1765, where one of the
+pages is taken up with a plan representing the trial of a Peer in
+Westminster Hall. This is done entirely with lines, type, and printer's
+ornaments. Although there is no account given of this trial in _Lloyd's
+Evening Post_, the plan must have referred to the case of Lord Byron,
+who was tried in Westminster Hall for the murder of Mr. Chaworth, April
+16 and 17, 1765.
+
+In the winter of 1764-5 a strange wild beast was said to have appeared
+in France, devouring women and children, and spreading dismay and terror
+through the whole of Languedoc. What this ferocious creature was, or
+whence it came, no one knew; but the fear inspired by its presence was
+universal. The district which it specially haunted procured for it the
+name of the Wild Beast of the Gévaudan, by which designation it became
+famous not only in the South of France but throughout the country, and
+even in foreign lands. The earliest account of this ferocious monster
+appeared in the official journal of Paris in the following words:--
+
+'A very strange wild beast has lately appeared in the neighbourhood of
+Langagne and the forest of Mercoire which has occasioned great
+commotion. It has already devoured twenty persons, chiefly children, and
+particularly young girls, and scarcely a day passes without some
+accident. The terror he occasions prevents the woodcutters from working
+in the forests; so that wood has become dear. Those who have seen him
+say he is much higher than a wolf, low before, and his feet are armed
+with talons. His hair is reddish, his head large, and the muzzle of it
+is shaped like that of a greyhound; his ears are small and straight; his
+breast is wide, and of a grey colour; his back streaked with black; and
+his mouth, which is large, is provided with a set of teeth so very sharp
+that they have taken off several heads as clean as a razor could have
+done. He is of amazing swiftness; but, when he aims at his prey, he
+crouches so close to the ground, that he hardly appears to be bigger
+than a large fox; and at the distance of some one or two toises, he
+rises upon his hind legs and springs upon his prey, seizing it by the
+neck or throat. He is afraid of oxen, which he runs away from. The
+consternation is dreadful throughout the district where he commits his
+ravages, and public prayers are offered up on the occasion. The Marquis
+de Marangis has sent out four hundred peasants to destroy this fierce
+beast; but they have not been able to do it.'
+
+In spite of the efforts made to capture or destroy it the wild beast of
+the Gévaudan continued its ravages. In a letter from Meude, dated
+December 21, 1764, it is stated, 'The wild beast, which hath ravaged
+several provinces, has been for some time in ours. He was seen a few
+days ago near St. Flour, ten leagues from hence, and he is now in our
+neighbourhood. The day before yesterday he devoured a little girl who
+looked after cattle. A detachment of dragoons has been out six weeks
+after him. The province has offered a thousand crowns to any person who
+will kill him.' On the 8th of February, 1765, the following statement
+was sent from Montpellier:--'On the 12th ultimo the wild beast attacked
+seven children, five boys and two girls, none of whom exceeded eleven
+years of age. The beast flew at one of the boys; but the three eldest of
+them by beating him with stakes, the ends of which were iron, obliged
+him to retire, after having bitten off a part of the boy's cheek, which
+he ate before them. He then seized another of the children; but they
+pursued him into a marsh which was close by, where he sunk in up to his
+belly. By continually beating him, they rescued their companion; who,
+though he was under his paw for some time, received only a wound in his
+arm, and a scratch in the face. A man at last coming up, the creature
+was put to flight. He afterwards devoured a boy at Mazel, and, on the
+21st, flew on a girl, who, however, escaped with some dangerous wounds.
+The next day he attacked a woman, and bit off her head. Captain Duhamel,
+of the dragoons, is in pursuit of him, and has caused several of his men
+to dress themselves in women's apparel, and to accompany the children
+that keep cattle.'
+
+The eyes of all France being fixed upon the doings of this wild beast,
+the attention of Louis the Fifteenth himself was called to the bravery
+of the boys in the preceding account. 'The King having been informed of
+the bravery with which the young Portefaix attacked the beast on the
+12th of January last, at the head of his companions, and being willing
+to reward such gallant behaviour, has given him a recompense of four
+hundred livres, and has ordered three hundred to be distributed among
+his companions.'
+
+The Government also offered a reward for the destruction of the wild
+beast. The following placard was fixed up in all the cities and towns of
+Languedoc:--'By the King and the Intendant of the province of Languedoc.
+Notice is given to all persons, that His Majesty, being justly affected
+by the situation of his subjects now exposed to the ravages of the wild
+beast which for four months past has infested Vivarais and Gévaudan, and
+being desirous to stop the progress of such a calamity, has determined
+to promise a reward of six thousand livres to any person or persons who
+shall kill this animal. Such as are willing to undertake the pursuit of
+him may previously apply to the Sieur de la Fout, sub-deputy to the
+Intendant of Meudes, who will give them the necessary instructions
+agreeably to what has been presented by the ministry on the part of his
+Majesty.'
+
+A letter from Paris dated the 18th of February, 1765, gives the
+following circumstantial description of the wild beast:--
+
+'You know how I acquainted you, some months ago, that Monsieur Bardelle,
+his son and I, designed going by the Diligence, and opening the New Year
+at our old friend Monsieur Dura's chateau, near Babres, in Languedoc. We
+spent the time very agreeably, our host and his family having done all
+in their power to make us welcome. The party broke up and took leave the
+first of this month, amongst whom was Monsieur Lefevre, a counsellor,
+and two young ladies, who were engaged to pass a week at Monsieur de
+Sante's, the curé of Vaistour, about three days' journey distant from
+the chateau of Monsieur Dura. The company went away in a berlingo and
+four, and the footman Michel, on a saddle-horse; the carriage, after the
+manner here, being drawn by four post-horses, with two postilions, the
+berlingo having no coach box. The first night the party lay at Guimpe,
+and set out next morning at nine, to bait half way between that and
+Roteux, being four posts, and a mountainous barren country, as all the
+Gévaudan is. The parish of Guimpe had been greatly alarmed by the
+frequent appearance of, and the horrid destruction made by, the fiery
+animal that has so long been the terror of the Gévaudan, and is now so
+formidable that the inhabitants and travellers are in very great
+apprehension. The bailiff of Guimpe acquainted the party that this
+animal had been often lurking about the chaussée that week, and that it
+would be proper to take an escort of armed men, which would protect the
+carriage; but the gentlemen declined it, and took the ladies under their
+protection, and set out, on the 2nd of February, very cheerfully. When
+they had made about two leagues, they observed at a distance a
+post-chaise, and a man on horseback, coming down the hill of Credi, and
+whipping the horses very much; and at the descent unfortunately the
+wheel-horse fell down, and the postilion was thrown off; whereupon the
+horseman who followed the chaise, advanced to take up the boy, in which
+moment, when he had got down, we perceived the wild beast so often
+described make a jump towards the horses, and on the footman's raising
+his right hand to draw a cutlass and strike the creature, it pricked up
+its ears, stood on its hind feet, and, showing its teeth full of froth,
+turned round and gave the fellow a most violent blow with the swing of
+its tail. The man's face was all over blood; and then the monster,
+seeing the gentleman in the chaise present a blunderbuss at its neck,
+crept on its forehead to the chaise-step, keeping its head almost under
+its forelegs, and getting close to the door, reared upright, vaulted
+into the inside, broke through the other side-glass, and ran at a great
+rate to the adjoining wood. The blunderbuss missed fire, or it is
+possible this had been the last day this brute-disturber had moved. The
+stench left in the carriage was past description, and no cure of burning
+frankincense, nor any other method removed, but rather increased the
+stink, so that it was sold for two louis; and though burned to ashes,
+the cinders were obliged, by order of a commissary, to be buried without
+the town walls. We came up very well in time; for the beast would
+doubtless have destroyed some one, had it not espied three of us
+advancing with guns. It certainly jumped through the chaise to get away
+from us.'
+
+These accounts appear to have been received with some incredulity
+abroad. In the same number of _Lloyd's Evening Post_ that contains the
+plan of Lord Byron's trial there occurs the following passage about this
+curious wild beast: 'One of the Dutch Gazetteers by Monday's mail
+says:--"The accounts of the wild beast seen in the Gévaudan are of such
+a nature that it is hardly possible to give any credit thereto, and yet
+most of them have appeared in the _Paris Gazette_, a paper whose
+authors, known to be men of letters, are too judicious to be suspected
+of credulity, too prudent, too well informed of what passes at the Court
+of the King their master, one should think, to attribute to his Most
+Christian Majesty a reward for an action which never had any
+existence--an action which was only a fable."' This is, no doubt, an
+allusion to the reward of 400 livres bestowed upon the boys who beat off
+the ferocious monster.
+
+While the interest and excitement about this terrible wild beast was at
+the highest, the _St. James's Chronicle_ published an engraving and
+description of it. The _St. James's Chronicle; or the British Evening
+Post_, was a folio of four pages, published three times a-week, price
+twopence-halfpenny. In the number for June 6, 1765, there is printed the
+following description and woodcut:--
+
+'For the _St. James's Chronicle_.
+
+'Of this beast, which has already devoured upwards of seventy Persons
+and spread Terrour and Desolation throughout the whole Gévaudan, the
+Sieur de la Chaumette, who lately wounded it, has given us the following
+Description. It is larger than a Calf of a year old, strongly made
+before, and turned like a Grayhound behind. His Nose is long and
+pointed, his Ears upright and smaller than a wolf's, his Mouth of a most
+enormous size, and always wide open; a Streak of Black runs from his
+Shoulders to the Beginning of his Tail. His Paws are very large and
+strong; the Hair on his Back and Mane thick, bristly, and erect; his
+Tail long and terminating in a Bush, like that of a Lion; his Eyes
+small, fierce, and fiery. From this description it appears that he is
+neither a Wolf, Tiger, nor Hyena, but probably a Mongrel, generated
+between the two last, and forming, as it were, a new Species. All the
+accounts lately received agree in assuring that there are several of
+them.'
+
+[Illustration: STRANGE WILD BEAST SEEN IN FRANCE. FROM THE 'ST. JAMES'S
+CHRONICLE,' 1765.]
+
+The _St. James's Chronicle_ does not state from whence the portrait was
+obtained. A representation of the wild beast of the Gévaudan was sent in
+April, 1765, to the Intendant of Alençon, and a description of that
+picture corresponds with the woodcut in the _St. James's Chronicle_, so
+that the latter was probably a copy of the former.
+
+About three months after the publication of the woodcut and description
+in the _St. James's Chronicle_, the career of this much dreaded animal
+was brought to a close. On Sept. 20th, 1765, it was encountered in the
+wood of Pommières by a certain Monsieur Beauterme, a gentleman of a
+distant province and noted as a successful hunter. He had come into the
+district on purpose to seek out this notorious wild beast, and having
+found it, shot it in the eye at the distance of about fifty paces. The
+animal, however, though wounded, showed fight, and was rushing on
+Monsieur Beauterme with great fury, when he was finally dispatched by a
+gamekeeper named Reinhard.
+
+Several inhabitants of the Gévaudan who had been attacked by the beast
+declared it to be the same which had caused such consternation in the
+country, and Monsieur Beauterme set out with the body to Versailles in
+order to present it to the King. The animal was found to be thirty-two
+inches high, and five feet seven and a half inches long including the
+tail. The surgeon who dissected the body said it was more of a hyena
+than a wolf, its teeth being forty in number, whereas wolves have but
+twenty-six. The muscles of the neck were very strong; its sides so
+formed that it could bend its head to its tail; its eyes sparkled so
+with fire that it was hardly possible to bear its look. Its tail was
+very large, broad, and thick, and bristled with black hair, and its feet
+armed with claws extremely strong and singular.
+
+In Paris it was thought that this mysterious animal was a cross between
+a tiger and a lioness, and had been brought into France to be shown as a
+curiosity. It is not unlikely that it had escaped from some travelling
+show, and was probably a hyena. The imagination of the country people
+would easily transform it into any shape suggested by their terrors.
+That such fancies easily begin and rapidly grow was proved in the case
+of Captain Sir Allan Young's pet Esquimaux dog, which was either stolen
+or wandered from the Arctic ship _Pandora_ as she lay in Southampton
+harbour after returning from the Polar regions. Quite a panic arose in
+that part of Hampshire where this most valuable and harmless animal was
+wandering about, and every sort of story was circulated of the ravages
+and dangers the country was exposed to. The people began to think that
+besides their sheep and pigs their children were in danger. Some said it
+was a gigantic black fox, others that it was a Canadian wolf.
+Expeditions were organized to attack it, and after being chased for some
+miles by people on horseback, it was ultimately shot and exhibited at
+sixpence a head in Winchester market-place. There could be no doubt
+about the dog's identity, for Sir Allan Young afterwards got back his
+skin.
+
+Before concluding my sketch of illustrated journalism in the eighteenth
+century I must refer to a class of publication that possessed many of
+the characteristics of the newspaper, without exactly belonging to that
+category. This kind of journal is represented by the _Gentleman's
+Magazine_; but, although Edward Cave considered himself the inventor of
+the magazine form of publication, the _Gentleman's Magazine_ was not the
+first journal of the kind. Nearly forty years before it came into
+existence a monthly publication was started in London with the following
+title:--'_The Gentleman's Journal; or, the Monthly Miscellany_. _By way
+of Letter to a Gentleman in the country, consisting of News, History,
+Philosophy, Poetry, Music, Translations, &c. January_, 169½.' Its
+projector and editor was a refugee Frenchman, one Peter Anthony Motteux,
+and the design appears to have met with considerable success, but it did
+not last more than four years.
+
+In the second number of the _Gentleman's Journal_ appeared the
+following:--'The author desires to be excused for not answering the many
+ingenious letters that have been sent to him that he may have the more
+time to apply himself to this journal; he judges that he answers them
+enough when he follows the advice they give him, or inserts what is sent
+to him, which he will always be very careful to do. But such things as
+any way reflect upon particular persons, or are either against religion
+or good manners, he cannot insert. He will take care to settle
+correspondence both abroad and at home, to inform his readers of all
+that may be most worthy their knowledge; and if anything offers itself
+that deserves to be engraved, he will get it done. But it being
+impossible he should know by himself a thousand things which the publick
+would gladly know, such persons as have anything to communicate may be
+pleased to send it to him, at the Black Boy Coffee House in Ave Maria
+Lane, not forgetting to discharge the postage.'
+
+It would appear by the above that Peter Anthony Motteux had a vague
+perception that engravings might increase the attractions of his
+journal; but it does not seem that much came in his way that 'deserved
+to be engraved.' I have found only two small woodcuts in the
+_Gentleman's Journal_. They both occur in the volume for 1694. One is a
+representation of snow crystals, and the other is a diagram of a mock
+sun.
+
+Motteux tells us that his journal was patronised by the Queen, and was
+much favoured by the ladies generally. He had amongst his contributors
+Dryden, Matthew Prior, Sedley, and Tom Durfey. Charles Wesley, brother
+of the famous John, sent serious verses, as did also Tate, of 'Tate and
+Brady' celebrity. All these contributions were introduced into a long
+letter, which, as the title indicates, was the shape in which the
+_Gentleman's Journal_ was written, and in this respect it was modelled
+upon the early manuscript newsletters.
+
+Peter Anthony Motteux, the editor of the first English magazine, was
+also the author of several songs, plays, and prologues, and he also
+published a translation of _Don Quixote_. He kept a large East India
+warehouse in Leadenhall Street, and afterwards obtained a situation in
+the Post Office. He was found dead on the morning of his fifty-eighth
+birthday, in a low drinking-house in Butchers' Row, near Temple Bar, and
+had either been murdered or had lost his life in a drunken frolic. The
+_London Gazette_ of the succeeding week contained the offer of a reward
+of fifty pounds for the discovery of the murderer, and the King's pardon
+to any but the actual criminal; but the mystery was never cleared up,
+and the bones of the clever exiled Frenchman lie unavenged and forgotten
+in the vaults of St. Andrew Undershaft, Leadenhall Street, celebrated
+amongst City churches as the burial-place of John Stowe.[1]
+
+Edward Cave, the early patron and friend of Dr. Johnson, projected and
+brought out the _Gentleman's Magazine_ in 1731. It was printed at St.
+John's Gate, Clerkenwell, a view of which place embellished its
+title-page.
+
+The full title was, '_The Gentleman's Magazine, or Monthly
+Intelligencer_, containing Essays, Controversial, Humorous, and
+Satirical; Religious, Moral, and Political; collected chiefly from the
+Publick Papers. Select Pieces of Poetry. A Succinct Account of the most
+remarkable Transactions and Events, Foreign and Domestick. Births,
+Marriages, Deaths, Promotions, and Bankrupts. The Prices of Goods and
+Stocks, and Bill of Mortality. A Register of Books. Observations on
+Gardening.' It will thus be seen that the Magazine possessed many of the
+characteristics of a newspaper. On the front page of the earlier numbers
+were printed the names of the various newspapers from which it derived
+its information. It was some time before illustrations began to appear.
+The most important subjects were engraved on copper, and rough woodcuts
+were sprinkled here and there among the type. Sometimes the most
+incongruous subjects were engraved on the same plate, such as the
+section of a man-of-war and the figure of a locust. There was
+occasionally an illustration of news, as in the volume for 1746, where
+there is a map of the country round Carlisle, showing the route of the
+Scottish rebels; and in the same volume there is a portrait of Lord
+Lovat. The frontispiece to this volume is a portrait of the Duke of
+Cumberland, with the motto _Ecce Homo_. Portraits, plans, and bird's-eye
+views are of frequent occurrence. In the volume for 1747 is a very
+elaborate bird's-eye view of the city of Genoa, illustrating an account
+of an insurrection there. The same volume contains a view of Mount
+Vesuvius, with a description of the last great eruption. In the volume
+for 1748 are views of Amsterdam, the Mansion House, London, Greenwich
+Hospital, the Foundling Hospital, &c. The volume for 1749 contains an
+engraving of the fireworks on the occasion of the Peace, and views of
+Blenheim House and Covent Garden. In the volume for 1750 there is a
+woodcut with 'J. Cave sc.' in the corner. This was probably a son or
+some other relative of the proprietor, who was either in training as an
+engraver, or was trying his hand merely as an amateur. His name does not
+appear again, and I have never met with it elsewhere in connexion with
+the art of wood-engraving.
+
+In the number for November, 1750, there occurs the following amongst the
+list of deaths:--'Mr. Edward Bright, at Malden in Essex, aged 30; he was
+supposed to be the largest man living, or perhaps that ever lived in
+this island. He weighed 42 stone and a half, horseman's weight; and not
+being very tall, his body was of an astonishing bulk, and his legs were
+as big as a middling man's body. He was an active man till a year or two
+before his death, when his corpulency so overpowered his strength that
+his life was a burthen, and his death a deliverance. His coffin was
+three feet six inches over the shoulders, six feet seven inches long,
+and three feet deep; a way was cut thro' the wall and staircase, to let
+the corpse down into the shop; it was drawn upon a carriage to the
+church, and let down into the vault by the help of a slider and
+pulleys.' In the number for the following February there is a woodcut of
+Mr. Bright, and the reader is referred back to the November number for
+the above description. This seems to show that the _Gentleman's
+Magazine_ did not consider it of vital importance, in illustrating news,
+to follow very close upon the heels of events. I have copied this
+engraving as a specimen of the woodcut illustrations of the _Magazine_.
+
+[Illustration: EDWARD BRIGHT. WEIGHT 42½ STONE. FROM THE 'GENTLEMAN'S
+MAGAZINE' FOR FEBRUARY, 1751.]
+
+The _Gentleman's Magazine_ attracted the notice and admiration of Dr.
+Johnson before he came to London as a literary adventurer. He afterwards
+became a regular contributor to its pages, and for many years it was his
+principal source of income. His first contribution was a complimentary
+Latin poem addressed to Sylvanus Urban, and when Cave died Johnson wrote
+an account of him in the magazine. Dr. Johnson told Boswell 'that when
+he first saw St. John's Gate, the place where that deservedly popular
+miscellany was originally printed, he "beheld it with reverence."'
+
+Edward Cave was born at Newton, in Warwickshire, Feb. 29th, 1691; he
+died Jan. 10th, 1754. 'He was peculiarly fortunate,' says Boswell, 'in
+being recorded by Johnson; who of the narrow life of a printer and
+publisher, without any digressions or adventitious circumstances, has
+made an interesting and agreeable narrative.'
+
+The _Gentleman's Magazine_ still exists, but retains nothing of its
+original character beyond the name.
+
+Within a year the success of the _Gentleman's Magazine_ brought into
+being the _London Magazine_, and, in 1739, the _Scots Magazine_,
+published in Edinburgh. In the second volume of the latter, under date
+March, 1740, there is a larger version of the woodcut of the taking of
+Porto Bello, already described. The account also is given, quoted,
+however, from the _London Evening Post_, and not from the _Daily Post_,
+where the woodcut appeared. Maps, plans, and views of places
+occasionally occur in other volumes of the _Scots Magazine_. In vol.
+iii. there is a plan of the harbour, city, and forts of Cartagena, and
+the number for July, 1743, contains a plan of the battle of Dettingen.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+  [1] _New Quarterly Magazine_, January, 1878.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+  Revival of Wood-engraving by Thomas Bewick--The _Observer_ started,
+  1791--The _Times_ an Illustrated Paper--Illustrations of News in the
+  _Observer_--St. Helena and Napoleon Bonaparte--Abraham Thornton and
+  the 'Assize of Battle'--Mr. William Clement and Illustrated
+  Journalism--The Cato Street Conspiracy--Trial of Queen Caroline--The
+  House of Commons in 1821--Coronation of George IV.--Royal Visits to
+  Ireland and Scotland--Murder of Mr. Weare--Illustrations of the Murder
+  in the _Morning Chronicle_, the _Observer_, and the
+  _Englishman_--_Bell's Life in London_--Prize-Fight at Warwick--Liston
+  as 'Paul Pry'--'Gallery of Comicalities,' &c.--_Pierce Egan's Life in
+  London_--Death of the Duke of York--Death of Mr. Canning--Opening of
+  Hammersmith Bridge, 1827--Mr. Gurney's Steam Coach--The Thames
+  Tunnel--The Murder in the Red Barn--The Siamese Twins--Death of George
+  IV.--Opening of New London Bridge, 1831--Coronation of William IV. and
+  Queen Adelaide--Fieschi's Infernal Machine--Funeral of William
+  IV.--Queen Victoria's First Visit to the City--Coronation and Marriage
+  of the Queen--Christening of the Prince of Wales--_The Weekly
+  Chronicle_--The Greenacre Murder--Mr. Cocking and his Parachute--The
+  Courtney Riots at Canterbury--Burning of the Tower of London,
+  1841--_The Sunday Times_--Burning of the Houses of Parliament,
+  1834--_The Champion_--_The Weekly Herald_--_The Magnet_--Removing the
+  Body of Napoleon I.--_The Penny Magazine_--Charles Knight--Humorous
+  Journalism of the Victorian Era.
+
+
+There appears to have been little or nothing done in the way of
+illustrated journalism during the remaining years of the eighteenth
+century. It was during this period that Thomas Bewick revived the almost
+extinct art of wood-engraving, and about the time he brought out the
+first of his illustrated natural history books a weekly newspaper was
+started in London which afterwards became the pioneer of modern
+illustrated journalism. This was the _Observer_, the first number of
+which came out on Sunday, Dec. 4th, 1791. It is the oldest of our
+existing weekly newspapers, and is one of the rare instances of a
+Sunday paper becoming established.[1] Many years had to elapse before
+wood-engraving began to be used as a means of popular illustration; but
+when some of Bewick's numerous pupils began to diffuse the fruits of
+their master's teaching the _Observer_ was the first newspaper that
+availed itself of the restored art. Before this, however, there were
+symptoms of the reawakening of a dormant idea. In looking back to the
+early years of the present century it is curious and interesting to
+notice that the _Times_ was occasionally an illustrated paper. The
+battle of Trafalgar and the death of Nelson stirred the national heart
+to such a degree that the _Times_ of that day was induced to introduce
+into its pages engravings of Nelson's coffin and funeral car, when the
+hero's remains were carried to St. Paul's. In the number for Jan. 10th,
+1806, there is an account of the State funeral, which is illustrated
+with the above-named woodcuts. They are very rudely executed, and
+plainly show that the influence of Bewick's labours had not yet
+penetrated into the region of journalism. Annexed is a copy of what the
+_Times_ of 1806 presented to the public in response to the intense
+interest felt by the whole of the British nation about Nelson's death
+and funeral. It is a noteworthy example of renewed effort in the
+direction of illustrated news at a time when insufficient means of
+production clogged the spirit of enterprise. Like the _Swedish
+Intelligencer_ of 1632, the _Times_ did not hesitate to point out its
+shortcomings in the following notice at the foot of the engraving:--'The
+only difference in the appearance of the Funeral Car from the engraving
+is, that, contrary to what was at first intended, neither the pall nor
+coronet appeared on the coffin. The first was thrown in the stern of the
+Car, in order to give the public a complete view of the coffin; and
+the coronet was carried in a mourning-coach. We had not time to make the
+alteration.'
+
+[Illustration: NELSON'S FUNERAL CAR. FROM THE 'TIMES,' JAN. 10, 1806.]
+
+To the above engraving the following description was appended:--'The
+Car, modelled at the ends in imitation of the hull of the Victory. Its
+head towards the horses, was ornamented with a figure of Fame. The stern
+carved and painted in the naval style, with the word "Victory" in yellow
+raised letters on the lanthorn over the poop. The coffin placed on the
+quarterdeck with its head towards the stern, with the English Jack
+pendent over the poop lowered half-staff. There was an awning over the
+whole, consisting of an elegant canopy supported by four pillars, in the
+form of palm-trees, as we have already mentioned, and partly covered
+with black velvet. The corners and sides were decorated with black
+ostrich feathers, and festooned with black velvet, richly fringed,
+immediately above which, in the front, was inscribed in gold the word
+"Nile" at one end; on one side the following motto, "Hoste devicto,
+requievit;" behind was the word "Trafalgar;" and on the other side the
+motto "Palmam qui meruit ferat," as in the engraving. The carriage was
+drawn by six led horses, in elegant furniture.'
+
+In 1817 the _Times_ also illustrated the projects of Robert Owen, who
+laboured long and ardently to promote the doctrines of Socialism. In the
+number for Aug. 9th, 1817, there is a large woodcut called Robert Owen's
+agricultural and manufacturing villages of Unity and Mutual Cooperation.
+In those days a page of the _Times_ was not so valuable as it is now, or
+probably the enthusiastic Socialist would not have found it so easy to
+enlist that journal in helping to propagate his doctrines. In 1834 Owen
+made in London another attempt to put in practice the principles he had
+so long advocated. He died in 1858, aged ninety.
+
+I have mentioned that the _Observer_ was the first newspaper that
+availed itself of the revived art of wood-engraving; but it had
+previously essayed the then difficult task of illustrating the news of
+the day by the more costly means of engraving on copper. The island of
+St. Helena having been selected as the place of residence of Napoleon
+Bonaparte, the _Observer_ of Oct. 29th, 1815, published a large
+copperplate view of the island, with a descriptive account. The plate is
+printed on the same page with the letterpress, so that there must have
+been two printings to produce this specimen of illustrated news. Three
+years later the _Observer_ produced another copperplate example of news
+illustration, also printed on the letterpress page. This was a portrait
+of Abraham Thornton, whose remarkable case attracted much public
+attention. He was tried for the murder of a young woman, Mary Ashford,
+with whom he was known to be acquainted, and in whose company he was
+seen shortly before her death. He was, however, acquitted, the jury
+probably believing it to be a case of suicide. The brother of the girl
+then appealed, and Thornton claimed his right to defend himself by wager
+of battle. This claim was allowed, after long arguments before the
+judges. It was found, much to the surprise of the general public, that
+by the law of England a man in an appeal of murder might demand the
+combat, thereby to make proof of his guilt or innocence. In the present
+case the girl's brother refused the challenge, and Thornton escaped.
+This was the last appeal to the 'Assize of Battle' in this country; and
+the attention of the Legislature being drawn to the obsolete statute, it
+was repealed by 59 Geo. III., 1819. It was during the progress of the
+arguments in this case, and while the public interest was very great,
+that the _Observer_ published the portrait of the accused.
+
+After this the _Observer_ became remarkable for its illustrations of
+news. Mr. William Clement, the proprietor, was a man who early saw the
+attractiveness of illustrated journalism. I am not aware when he first
+became associated with the _Observer_; but under his management frequent
+illustrations of news were given in that paper. In 1820 _Bell's Life in
+London_ was started, and very soon Mr. Clement became the proprietor of
+that paper also. In 1821 he purchased the _Morning Chronicle_, which,
+however, turned out a bad speculation. Having invested a very large sum
+of money in the latter paper, Mr. Clement spared no effort to make it
+profitable, and the _Observer_ was neglected. It suffered in
+consequence, and fell in circulation. Frequently the illustrations of
+news that were printed in the _Observer_ were published the day
+previously in the _Chronicle_. They were also occasionally printed in
+_Bell's Life_ and the _Englishman_, a fourth paper belonging to Mr.
+Clement. All four papers were carried on together; but it is the
+_Observer_ that stands out as the prominent representative of
+illustrated journalism at this period. Other journals came into
+existence which took up the idea of illustrating the news of the day;
+among them the _Sunday Times_, started by Daniel Whittle Harvey in 1822,
+when he was member for Colchester. Another paper which for a time
+rivalled, if it did not excel, the _Observer_ in the frequency of its
+news illustrations was the _Weekly Chronicle_. It flourished a few years
+before the birth of the _Illustrated London News_, but has long been
+extinct. Mr. Clement sold the _Morning Chronicle_ in 1834, and soon
+restored the _Observer_ to its old position. The _Morning Chronicle_
+started in 1769 and expired in 1864. The _Englishman_ has long been
+defunct, but I am not acquainted with the date of its disappearance.
+There was a paper called the _Englishman_ in 1714, and the name was
+again revived by the late Dr. Kenealy.
+
+The _Observer_ and _Bell's Life_ were both published at the same office
+for many years, but their companionship was terminated in 1877, when
+they left the office in the Strand where they had so long lived amicably
+together, the great sporting journal migrating to Catherine Street, and
+the _Observer_ seeking a new home in the Strand further west.
+
+One or two other newspapers occasionally published engravings during the
+few years immediately preceding the _Illustrated London News_, and of
+them I will speak in the proper place. The most prominent, however,
+were the _Observer_, _Bell's Life in London_, and the _Weekly
+Chronicle_, and to these three I propose first to direct attention as
+being the main supporters of the pictorial spirit until it culminated in
+the _Illustrated London News_. It was during the ten years preceding
+1842 that the founder of that journal noticed the growing inclination of
+the people for illustrated news, and it was chiefly in the pages of the
+_Observer_ and the _Weekly Chronicle_ that he thought he saw the growth
+of a hitherto uncultivated germ.
+
+In 1820 all England was startled by the discovery of a mysterious plot
+of some political desperadoes who planned the assassination of the
+Ministers of the Crown and the overthrow of the Government. This came to
+be known as the Cato Street Conspiracy, the place of meeting of the
+conspirators being in Cato Street, Marylebone. The extravagance of the
+Prince Regent, the high price of bread, and the heavy taxation, had
+brought about a feeling of discontent among the lower orders which,
+unhappily, was greatly increased by the Spa Fields riots, and the
+collision between the soldiers and the people in Lancashire, at what was
+called the massacre of Peterloo. Thistlewood, the leader of the
+conspirators, had already been tried for treasonable practices, but
+acquitted. He had also been in trouble for his connexion with the Spa
+Fields riots. The sanguinary plan of the conspirators was to murder the
+Cabinet Ministers while they were all assembled at dinner at Lord
+Harrowby's house in Grosvenor Square. They were to seize certain pieces
+of cannon, take the Bank of England, destroy the telegraph to Woolwich,
+set fire to different parts of London, and then establish a provisional
+government at the Mansion House, sending emissaries to the outports to
+prevent the escape of obnoxious persons. They reckoned on large numbers
+of the discontented joining them as soon as they had destroyed the
+tyrants and oppressors of the people, as they termed the Ministers. They
+had provided pikes, pistols, sabres, knives, blunderbusses, and
+hand-grenades; and one of the gang, a butcher, had furnished himself
+with a heavy butcher's knife, to cut off the heads of 'Castlereagh and
+the rest as he came at them.' Adams, one of their number, turned
+informer, and the conspirators were surprised by the police at their
+meeting-place in Cato Street. After a conflict in which one of the
+police-officers was killed, several of the gang were secured, and others
+were taken soon afterwards. Thistlewood, the leader, escaped in the
+first rush, but was captured next day.
+
+The place where the seizure was made is described as a hayloft over a
+deserted stable with a step-ladder leading from the stable to the loft
+above, with two apertures in the floor of the loft, opening on the racks
+in the stable below; opening from the loft were two small inner rooms.
+On the evening of the 23rd of February, 1820, the conspirators were
+assembled in this stable, where they were arming themselves for the
+bloody work they had planned, when the police, aided by a party of the
+Coldstream Guards under Lieut. Fitzclarence, broke in upon them.
+Police-officers Ruthven, Ellice, and Smithers, were the first to mount
+the ladder, and enter the loft.
+
+'There were about five-and-twenty men in the room, eating bread and
+cheese, and drinking porter, or selecting arms from a long carpenter's
+bench which stood close by the wall. Just at that juncture, Thistlewood,
+hearing a noise, and some one calling, "Hallo! Show a light!" took a
+candle, and looked down the stairs to see who was coming, and, on seeing
+that there was a surprise, he put the candle back on the bench, seized a
+sword, and with three or four others retreated stealthily to the further
+of the inner rooms--the one that had a window looking out into Cato
+Street. At that moment one of the men seized below called out to warn
+his comrades, "Look out there above!"
+
+'At the same time, two of the constables, at first almost unnoticed,
+appeared at the top of the ladder, and presenting their pistols, said,
+"Hallo, is anybody in the room? Here's a pretty nest of you!"
+
+'Then another of the patrol cried, "We are officers; seize their arms."
+
+'And a third, "Gentlemen, we have got a warrant to apprehend you all,
+and as such we hope you will go peaceably."
+
+'Just then Smithers, distrusting further parley, and believing, in his
+staunch way, in promptitude, before the conspirators could discover the
+scantiness of the assailing numbers, or could muster courage to use
+their arms, cried, "Let me come forward," and pushed towards the door of
+the inner room, where Thistlewood stood thrusting with a very long
+sword. The leader of the conspirators instantly rushed forward, and
+struck Smithers through his right side. The constable threw up his
+hands, his head fell back, he staggered against Ruthven, cried, "O my
+God, I am done!" and fell dead near the opening of the stairs. Ellice
+held up his staff at Thistlewood, and threatened to fire with the pistol
+in his right hand, unless he instantly surrendered. The lights were
+immediately dashed out, and a voice cried in the darkness, "Kill the
+---- at once! Throw them down-stairs! Kill them!"
+
+'Then there were twenty or thirty pistol-shots fired, and a tremendous
+headlong rush was made at the stairs, driving the Bow Street men
+backwards; the conspirators leaping down into the manger through the
+holes in the floor, or by the window, others firing at the officers on
+the stairs, or up through the manger, all making for the archway in John
+Street.'[2]
+
+It would appear the conspirators were closely watched for some time
+before they were arrested. Indeed, it was suspected that Government
+emissaries were employed to foment the conspiracy in order that a
+terrible example might be made for the benefit of the disaffected.
+However this may have been, the plot excited the most intense interest
+among all classes. Thistlewood and the other prisoners were tried at the
+Old Bailey, April 17th, 1820, and found guilty of high treason. Six
+were transported for life, the other five, including Thistlewood, were
+hung on May 1st, and their heads severed from their bodies--the
+quartering, the usual doom of traitors, having been graciously forgiven.
+
+[Illustration: A. Door to the cart-house. B. Door by which the officers
+entered. C. Stable window. D. Loft-door.
+
+STABLE WHERE THE CATO STREET CONSPIRATORS MET. FROM THE 'OBSERVER,'
+MARCH 5TH, 1820.]
+
+The _Observer_ for March 5th, 1820, published some illustrations of the
+Cato Street Conspiracy. One is an exterior view of the stable in Cato
+Street where the conspirators met, which is copied on the opposite page.
+
+[Illustration: SECTION OF GRENADE PREPARED BY THE CATO STREET
+CONSPIRATORS.
+
+FROM THE 'OBSERVER,' MARCH 5TH, 1820.
+
+  A. Cylindrical tin Box containing gunpowder.
+
+  B. Pitched tow.
+
+  C. Bullets, old nails, Spikes, &c.
+
+  D. Tin Tube a Fuze filled with damp powder.]
+
+There was also an interior view of the hayloft, together with sections
+of some of the grenades, daggers, &c., large quantities of which were
+found in the loft.
+
+These cuts, which are roughly done, were reprinted in the _Observer_ for
+March 12th, and two new ones were added, 'Interior view of the Hayloft
+at the moment when Smithers received his Death Wound,' and a view of the
+interior of the stable. They are all interesting as examples of
+illustrated news at a time when the means of producing such things were
+extremely limited.
+
+[Illustration: DAGGER PREPARED BY THE CATO STREET CONSPIRATORS. FROM THE
+'OBSERVER,' MARCH 5TH, 1820.
+
+A. Dagger made out of a bayonet to use singly or on top of a pike
+handle.
+
+B. Dagger with hole in the middle to receive dagger A. when screwed on,
+to be used right and left.
+
+C. Section of the transverse dagger B.]
+
+Mr. Clement, the proprietor of the _Observer_, gave a remarkable proof
+of his enterprising spirit when the Cato Street conspirators were tried.
+At that time newspapers were prohibited under a penalty of 500_l._ from
+publishing reports of cases in the courts of law before they were
+concluded. Mr. Clement, seeing the universal interest excited by the
+trial, determined to publish a report without waiting for the verdict.
+He accordingly sent reporters to the court, and published the whole in
+the _Observer_ before the verdict was given. This was a contempt of
+court for which he expected to have to pay, and, though the penalty was
+duly inflicted, it was never exacted. The _éclat_ attending this
+proceeding was of immense value to the _Observer_, and the sale of that
+number was so great that the proprietor could easily have paid the
+penalty of 500_l._, and he would still have been a gainer.[3]
+
+The Prince of Wales (afterwards George IV.), whose unhappy marriage with
+Caroline of Brunswick produced so much scandal and excitement in this
+country, had long been separated from his wife, who was residing abroad
+at the time her husband became King. Her Majesty announced her intention
+of returning to England; and though the King's Ministers endeavoured to
+dissuade her from her purpose, she persisted in her resolution, and on
+June 6th, 1820, she landed at Dover. Her journey through London was one
+long triumph, thousands of people escorting her to her temporary
+residence, and giving her the warmest possible welcome, for they looked
+upon her as an ill-used and persecuted woman. The question of omitting
+her name from the Liturgy had been debated in Parliament, and afterwards
+a 'Bill of Pains and Penalties' was brought in, which was in effect
+placing the Queen upon her trial. Contemporary newspapers show what
+intense excitement filled the public mind upon this subject, and how the
+nation ranged itself on the side of the King or Queen--by far the
+greater number being for the latter. Nothing was talked of but the
+'Queen's trial,' and the wrongs and indignities that had been heaped
+upon the head of an innocent woman.
+
+On Aug. 16th, the married ladies of the metropolis presented Her Majesty
+with an address, and three days after the trial commenced, the defence
+being conducted by Mr. Brougham and Mr. Denman. When the Queen attended
+the House of Lords large crowds accompanied her through the streets, and
+manifested by their cries their sympathy for her cause. The Bill of
+Pains and Penalties was carried on a second reading by a majority of
+twenty-eight, but it sank on the third reading to a majority of nine,
+and was finally abandoned owing to the threatening attitude of the
+populace. Great rejoicings ensued, London was illuminated for three
+nights, and on Nov. 29th the Queen went in state to St. Paul's. On this
+occasion William Hone, who had distinguished himself as one of the
+Queen's champions, displayed a transparency at his house on Ludgate
+Hill, which was painted by George Cruikshank, and is engraved in Hone's
+collected pamphlets.
+
+The _Observer_, having to some extent laid itself out for 'illustrated
+news,' the occasion of so much interest and excitement as the Queen's
+trial was not likely to pass unnoticed. Accordingly, we find in the
+number for Sept. 17th, 1820, a large woodcut, entitled, 'A Faithful
+Representation of the Interior of the House of Lords as prepared for the
+Trial of Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Caroline.' This was published
+at the time the excitement was at the highest, and no doubt the eager
+public properly appreciated the enterprise of the conductors of the
+paper.
+
+In 1821 the House of Commons contained many notable politicians and
+eminent men who afterwards became leaders and champions among the ranks
+of Whig and Tory. Amongst the most prominent were Canning, Brougham,
+Peel, and Palmerston. The question of Reform was becoming more and more
+pressing, and the House of Commons as then constituted was tottering to
+its fall. The conductors of the _Observer_, ever on the look-out for
+what would interest their readers, published on Jan. 21st, 1821, two
+views of the interior of the House of Commons, one looking towards the
+Speaker's Chair, the other looking from it. In one the House is empty,
+but in the other most of the leading politicians of the day are
+introduced. The figures, however, are on too small a scale to be
+likenesses of the persons intended, but the reader is assisted by
+references showing the places occupied by the most prominent members of
+the House.
+
+The national excitement about Queen Caroline's trial was dying out when
+the first gentleman in Europe prepared for his coronation. On this
+occasion the _Observer_ gave the lieges appropriate pictures of the
+august ceremony. The best draughtsmen and engravers on wood, then very
+few in number, were employed to prepare views of Westminster Abbey and
+Westminster Hall during the coronation ceremony and the banquet which
+followed. The _Observer_ of July 22nd, 1821, contains four engravings,
+which, considering the limited artistic means at command, are by no
+means discreditable to the management of the paper. On this occasion a
+double number was published, the price of which was fourteen pence, and
+the publisher evidently thought it was very cheap. He announced that he
+would keep the number on sale for ten days after publication, so that no
+one might be disappointed in getting a copy. All these engravings of the
+coronation of George IV. were done on what was then considered a large
+scale, though none of them exceed a half-page of the present illustrated
+newspapers, and were finished as regards light and shade, according to
+the best ability of the artist.
+
+The coronation number of the _Observer_ produced a great sensation, and
+it had a very large sale. Nothing like it had ever been done before, and
+the public eagerly paid the double price for the sake of the engravings.
+Fourpence was paid for stamp duty on each sheet, amounting on the whole
+to 2000_l._ paid to Government for stamp duty, exclusive of paper duty.
+The number consisted of two sheets, each of which had a sale of 60,000
+copies. This was a very good stroke of business, and Mr. Clement had
+fair reason to congratulate himself on his successful enterprise. It
+prompted him to further efforts; but, unfortunately, he had not the
+wisdom to confine his energies to one channel, and what he gained by one
+speculation he lost by another. It was at this time he purchased the
+_Morning Chronicle_ for 42,000_l._; but, as I have before stated, this
+turned out a disastrous investment, and also injured for a time the
+otherwise successful _Observer_.
+
+Soon after his coronation George IV. visited Ireland, and while on his
+way received the melancholy intelligence of the death of his consort,
+the unfortunate Queen Caroline, which, however, did not prevent His
+Majesty from continuing his journey. The _Observer_ of Sept. 2nd, 1821,
+published 'A correct View of his Majesty King George the Fourth landing
+from the _Lightening_ Steam Packet, Capt. Skinner, on the Pier of the
+Harbour of Howth, on Sunday, the Twelvth of August, 1821.' In describing
+this event the _Observer_ spoke of it as the opening of a new era for
+Ireland, and of the highest importance both in an historical and
+political point of view.
+
+In the following year the King went to Scotland; but, though the
+_Observer_ published long and elaborate descriptions of His Majesty's
+visit, the occasion was not deemed worthy of illustration. The
+opportunity, however, must have been far richer than the visit to
+Ireland in affording subjects for sketches. It would have been curious
+to see what a contemporary 'special artist' would have made of Sir
+Walter Scott; and posterity would have been glad to have had handed down
+to it the 'varra effigies' of George IV. and Alderman Curtis in the
+kilt!
+
+In 1823 the city of Cadiz, in Spain, was invested by the French, who
+took possession of the place on Oct. 3rd in that year. The _Observer_,
+in its issue of Oct. 5th, printed a plan and view of Cadiz, the plan
+first appearing in the _Morning Chronicle_ of the day before. The view
+of Cadiz is well engraved, in the manner of that day, by W. Hughes. The
+plan is also well done, and very complete.
+
+Towards the end of 1823 a murder, unparalleled in the history of crime,
+excited immense public interest, and the _Observer_ at once took up the
+case, and described and illustrated it with a particularity and
+minuteness of detail that must have satisfied the most ardent
+sensationalist. The incidents of this remarkable crime have been long
+forgotten; but I will give an outline of the story in connexion with the
+engravings published on the occasion by the _Observer_.
+
+Mr. William Weare was an attorney in Lyon's Inn, who added to his legal
+practice the business of a bill-discounter, and enlivened the dulness of
+both pursuits by indulging occasionally in the excitement of gambling.
+He counted amongst his friends one Mr. John Thurtell, a notorious
+betting-man; and it was to keep an appointment with this friend that he
+left his chambers in Lyon's Inn on Friday, Oct. 24th, 1823. The two
+friends had agreed to go on a short shooting excursion to a lonely
+cottage on the St. Albans road, about fourteen miles from London.
+Thurtell was respectably connected, but had an evil reputation, he and
+his brother being then in hiding to avoid a charge of arson. Two other
+men were concerned in the murder, Hunt, a public singer, of doubtful
+character, and Probert, a spirit merchant, a fraudulent bankrupt, who
+lived at the cottage to which Thurtell and his friend were going. In the
+gambling transactions between Thurtell and Weare the former conceived
+himself to have been cheated of 300_l._, and in revenge he determined to
+murder Weare, and by robbing him recoup himself as far as possible for
+his losses. The crime was coolly premeditated, and Hunt appears to have
+been an accessory before the fact, having arranged to meet Thurtell on
+the road, and to assist in despatching the victim. For this purpose the
+shooting excursion to Probert's cottage was planned, but, owing to a
+mistake of Hunt's, he did not join Thurtell as agreed, and the latter
+committed the murder alone.
+
+Thurtell and Weare were seen driving in a gig towards Edgeware about
+five o'clock in the evening on Oct. 24th, and they afterwards called at
+the 'White Hart,' Edgeware, for refreshment. After they were gone
+Probert and Hunt, also driving in a gig, called at the same inn, where
+they had some brandy and water, and afterwards drove away.
+
+Gill's Hill Cottage, the place where Probert lived, was about two miles
+from Elstree, and was approached by a narrow road called Gill's Hill
+Lane. Some country people passing in the neighbourhood of this lane
+about eight o'clock in the evening heard a shot fired and deep groans as
+if some one was injured. They also heard voices and the wheels of a cart
+or gig moving. Near nine o'clock Thurtell arrived at the cottage
+_alone_, and giving the horse and gig to the servant, went out to meet
+Probert and Hunt, with whom he soon afterwards returned.
+
+Hunt being a stranger, was formally introduced to Mrs. Probert and a
+Miss Noyes who was staying at the house. The whole party supped
+together, and spent the evening in jollity. Hunt sang several songs, and
+Thurtell produced a gold hunting-watch which afterwards proved to be
+Weare's, and, taking off the chain, offered it to Probert for his wife,
+but he declining it, Thurtell put it round the lady's neck himself. It
+was after midnight before the ladies retired, and the sleeping
+accommodation being limited it was arranged that Thurtell should sleep
+on some chairs and Hunt was to occupy the sofa. A drawing of the sofa
+forms one of the illustrations in the _Observer_, and proves how
+thoroughly every circumstance of the horrid tale was followed up and
+exhibited to the public. All this time the body of the murdered Weare
+was lying behind a hedge in the lane.
+
+Mrs. Probert's suspicions had been aroused by several strange
+circumstances. A vague and horrid alarm took possession of her, and when
+she retired to bed she stole to the head of the stairs and listened to
+the talk that was going on below in the parlour. She heard her husband
+and his two visitors apparently dividing money, burning papers, and
+making mysterious plans to conceal something dreadful that had been
+done. Then the parlour door was opened, and the frightened woman stole
+back to her room. She heard two of the men go to the stable and bring
+out the horse. Afterwards, hearing a noise in the garden, she looked out
+of the window, and it being a moonlight night, she saw a man dragging
+something large and heavy along the garden walk towards the fishpond.
+Then followed a hollow sound as if something had been thrown into the
+pond.
+
+That night, when Probert went to bed, he found his wife sitting up and
+crying. She questioned him about the mysterious sounds she had heard,
+but he told her that he and his companions had only been out trying to
+net some game. In the morning she renewed her inquiries, but he only
+replied, 'Don't torment me; you make my life miserable.' He seemed in
+low spirits, and went moping round the garden and about the pond. Going
+into the kitchen Mrs. Probert observed the gig cushion drying at the
+kitchen fire, although there had been no rain the night before, and the
+cook was surprised to see in the stable a wet, ripped-up sack hanging on
+a nail.
+
+[Illustration: THE COUCH ON WHICH HUNT SLEPT AT GILL'S HILL COTTAGE.
+FROM THE 'OBSERVER,' NOV. 10, 1823.]
+
+Early on Saturday morning two labouring men were busy in Gill's Hill
+Lane repairing the road, when two gentlemen passed them on foot. At the
+bend of the lane they stooped down and appeared to be looking for
+something among the dead leaves and brambles. Coming back they had some
+conversation with the road-menders, and afterwards passed on up the lane
+towards the cottage. A short time afterwards one of the labourers found
+at the spot where the gentlemen had been looking an open penknife
+covered with blood, and a little further on a pistol with hair sticking
+to it, and also bloody. These articles the man gave to his master the
+same morning when he came round to inspect their work. About noon they
+saw the two gentlemen from Probert's drive away in a gig. They both
+looked hard at the spot where the knife and pistol had been found, but
+said nothing.
+
+Mr. Nicholls, the road surveyor, to whom the knife and pistol had been
+handed by the man who found them, went to the magistrates at Watford and
+told how and where the articles had been found. The magistrates at once
+sent information to Bow Street, and two of their number immediately went
+to Gill's Hill Lane, where they discovered spots and gouts of blood on
+the bank and under the leaves, and there was a gap in the hedge where a
+body seemed to have been dragged through. The field was also much
+trampled. They at once came to the conclusion that a murder had been
+committed, and took instant measures to trace the guilty parties. The
+police seized Probert and Thomas Thurtell at Gill's Hill, and searched
+the house and premises. John Thurtell was apprehended at the 'Coach and
+Horses,' in Conduit Street. Marks of blood were found on different
+articles of clothing belonging to him. At Hunt's lodgings various
+articles belonging to Weare had been found. Weare being missing it was
+suspected he had met with foul play at the hands of these men. A
+billiard-table keeper in Spring Gardens proved that Mr. Weare had called
+upon him about three o'clock on Friday, October 24th, and told him he
+was then on his way to join Thurtell in the Edgeware Road, as they were
+going down to Hertfordshire for a few days' shooting. Thurtell, on being
+questioned, admitted he knew Mr. Weare, but said he had not seen him for
+eight days.
+
+It appeared by the disclosures afterwards made by Thurtell's two
+confederates that Thurtell had shot Weare while they were riding in the
+gig down Gill's Hill Lane, leading to the cottage where Probert lived.
+Weare jumped out of the gig, crying he would pay Thurtell all he owed
+him if he would only spare his life. Thurtell jumped out of the gig and
+ran after him. He got Weare down and cut his throat with a penknife, and
+then struck him on the head with a pistol. He then dragged the body
+through the hedge and left it there. The same night Thurtell and Hunt
+went out from Probert's cottage to bring the body away, but they found
+it too heavy. Probert and Thurtell then went and brought the body on the
+horse, and put it in the fishpond with stones in the sack to keep it
+down. They afterwards removed the body from the fishpond and sunk it in
+a deep pond by the side of the Elstree road.
+
+The cold-blooded indifference of the perpetrators of this atrocious
+crime was most extraordinary. The murder was committed on Friday night,
+and on Saturday Thurtell and Hunt returned to London and dined with
+Thomas Thurtell and Mr. Noyes, Probert's brother-in-law, at the 'Coach
+and Horses,' in Conduit Street. They were very jovial, and next day
+(Sunday) the whole party met again at Proberts' house in Gill's Hill
+Lane, when the afternoon was spent in playing at cards. On Sunday night
+Thurtell and Hunt went to dig a grave to bury the body, but the dogs
+were barking, and they were afraid some one was about. On Monday, while
+Hunt engaged Mrs. Probert in conversation, Thurtell and Probert got the
+body out of the fishpond, and cut off the clothes. Then they all three
+carried it to the garden-gate and put it into the gig. A grave half dug
+was found in Probert's garden, but the soil was hard, and it is supposed
+that Thurtell and Hunt were afraid of the noise pickaxes would make.
+
+Hunt, to save his own neck from the halter, confessed that he knew where
+the body was, and went with four men in a hackney coach to a bridge on
+the Elstree Road, near which was a deep pond by the side of the road. In
+this pond the body of Weare was found tied in a sack, with stones to
+keep it down.
+
+[Illustration: POND IN WHICH THE BODY OF MR. WEARE WAS FOUND. FROM THE
+'OBSERVER,' NOV. 10, 1823.]
+
+Thurtell, Probert, and Hunt were tried at Hertford on January 6, 1824.
+Probert was admitted King's evidence, and so escaped for that time, but
+he was afterwards hung at the Old Bailey for horse-stealing. Thurtell
+and Hunt were condemned to death, but only Thurtell was hung, Hunt being
+reprieved on the morning of execution, and transported for life. In
+those days prize-fighting was in much favour, and a great fight was
+coming off between Spring and Langham, two noted pugilists. To show the
+ruffianly and impenitent character of Thurtell, it is related that he
+said, a few hours before his execution, 'It is perhaps wrong in my
+situation; but I own I should like to read Pierce Egan's account of the
+great fight yesterday.'
+
+Some of the incidents of the trial were appalling, others ludicrous. The
+production of the weapon with which the murder was committed, stained
+and rusted with blood, made every one shudder except the prisoners. The
+oft-quoted reason for a man being respectable 'because he kept a horse
+and shay' occurred during this trial; and when Probert's cook was asked
+whether the supper at Gill's Hill Cottage was postponed, she answered,
+'No; it was pork.'[4]
+
+The murder of Mr. Weare was committed on October 24, and discovered a
+few days afterwards. On November 10 the _Observer_ published five
+illustrations of the murder:--1. Probert's cottage and garden. 2. The
+scene of the murder in Gill's Hill Lane. 3. The pond in which the body
+of Weare was found. 4. Front view (from the road) of Probert's cottage.
+5. The parlour and the couch on which Hunt slept. On December 7 the
+_Observer_ published a view of the interior of the Crown Court at
+Hertford at the moment the prisoners were brought up to plead; and,
+having found that the public had eagerly purchased the illustrations
+already issued, the editor announced the publication of two sheets with
+additional engravings on the occasion of the trial:--'The Trials of the
+prisoners at Hertford having been put off till Tuesday, Jan. 6, the
+publication of the intended Supplement of this Journal, containing the
+plates illustrative of the facts to be disclosed in the evidence, has
+been deferred till Sunday, January 11, on which day Two Sheets instead
+of one will be published. Booksellers, Postmasters, &c., are requested
+to give their orders through their respective Agents in London, as no
+papers whatever are on any occasion forwarded through the Publisher.'
+Accordingly, at the appointed time two sheets came out, containing the
+cuts already enumerated together with three fresh ones, the latter being
+the stable-yard of Probert's cottage with the murderers conveying the
+body by the light of a lantern to the stable; a front view of the
+cottage, showing the murderers dragging the body to the pond; and a
+ground-plan of the country round the scene of the murder. The conductors
+of the Journal appear to have had some misgivings as to the good taste
+of their proceedings, but were unable to resist the temptation of a
+large and profitable sale. The engravings are thus introduced to the
+reader:--'The unparalleled interest which has been created in the public
+mind by the mysterious circumstances attending the death of Mr. Weare
+has induced us, with a view to the gratification of our readers, to use
+every exertion in our power, not only to give a faithful and copious
+Report of the Trial of the persons charged with this most foul and
+atrocious deed, but, with the assistance of competent Artists, to obtain
+such Plates as appear to us best calculated to illustrate the detail of
+circumstances disclosed in the evidence before the jury. We are aware
+that by some these illustrations will be condemned as inconsistent with
+good taste; and we are ready to acknowledge that on all occasions their
+adoption would be extremely injudicious. In a case, however, where the
+feelings and the curiosity of the public have been so much excited, and
+where so singular and ardent an avidity has been displayed to obtain
+every possible light upon a subject so interesting, we trust that those
+who may entertain, perhaps, a well-founded objection to our plan, will,
+for a moment, grant us their indulgence, and permit us to meet the
+wishes of persons who may not be so fastidious as themselves. The
+strongest argument which we can adduce in favour of the continued
+pursuit of this plan--is the fact, that of three of the plates which we
+now feel it necessary to republish, many thousand impressions have been
+already sold, and yet the number, though high, has been insufficient to
+supply the continued demand. The necessity imposed on us, however, for
+breaking up our formes, forced us to refer the recent applicants to the
+present publication, which will be found to contain the most minute and
+correct particulars of everything connected with this extraordinary
+affair.'
+
+Then follows a long and minute description of all the plates, when it is
+stated, 'For the sake of effect the artist has given all the views as
+they would appear in daylight; but, with the exception of Plate II.
+(finding the body of Weare in the pond), the scenes ought to have been
+represented as at night.' Some of the engravings illustrating the murder
+of Mr. Weare appeared in the _Morning Chronicle_ the day before their
+publication in the _Observer_, and they were also published
+simultaneously in the _Englishman_, which appears to have been in
+substance another edition of the _Observer_ without the advertisements.
+The name of W. Hughes is attached to them as the engraver.
+
+The _Observer_ was loudly condemned for publishing the Weare and
+Thurtell illustrations, and it did not for some time bring out any more
+engravings; but this was probably owing more to the commercial
+depression prevailing at the time than to the strictures that had been
+passed upon newspaper morality.
+
+About this time _Bell's Life_ came into Mr. Clement's hands, and
+henceforth it shared, with the _Morning Chronicle_ and the _Englishman_,
+in the illustrations prepared for the _Observer_. It had, however, a
+distinct series of illustrations of its own, which was continued for
+several years. But before describing them I must refer to one or two
+characteristic engravings which appeared in _Bell's Life_ in its early
+days. On November 28, 1824, the first large woodcut was published,
+representing a prize-fight on a raised stage, and entitled the 'Tip Top
+Milling at Warwick.' According to the account accompanying the
+engraving, this prize-fight was a most brutal exhibition, without any
+display of what boxers call 'science'--a mere exchange of hard blows,
+ending in one of the combatants being carried insensible from the stage.
+The coming fight was made known far and wide, so that when the day
+arrived vehicles from all parts of the country brought hundreds of
+spectators to the scene. The fight took place, openly and without fear
+of interruption, on the race-course at Warwick, the grand stand being
+crammed with spectators, and a ring of waggons, on which clustered
+crowds of eager gazers, surrounded the stage. This is all shown in the
+engraving in _Bell's Life_; and the different objects in the background,
+such as the church, the keep of Warwick Castle, the cemetery, &c., are
+pointed out by figures of reference with the most conscientious care.
+There is a very long account of the battle, couched in language only
+understood by members of the 'fancy.'
+
+In 1825 the town was being amused by Liston, as 'Paul Pry,' then a
+recent creation of the stage. On November 8 in that year _Bell's Life_
+published a woodcut representing the comedian in that character, which I
+have copied as an early example of the illustrations of the great
+sporting journal.
+
+[Illustration: LISTON AS PAUL PRY. FROM 'BELL'S LIFE,' 1825.]
+
+In 1827 _Bell's Life_ commenced a series of caricature sketches by
+Cruikshank, Seymour, and Kenny Meadows, entitled a 'Gallery of
+Comicalities.' This continued at intervals, along with other sketches
+entitled 'Phizogs of the Tradesmen of London' (half-lengths of Butchers,
+Cobblers, &c., commencing in 1832); 'Kitchen Stuff, or Cads of the
+Aristocracy' (heads of gentlemen's servants); 'Portraits down the Road'
+(heads of characters seen on a stage-coach journey, such as the
+Landlady, the Commercial Traveller, the Chambermaid, &c.); 'The Sporting
+Album' (sketches from life, commencing 1834). These caricature subjects
+were continued to the end of the year 1840. The greater number are much
+too coarse, cynical, and vulgar for the taste of the present day.
+Sometimes a series of sketches extended through several consecutive
+weeks, such as 'The Pugilist's Progress' and 'The Drunkard's Progress,'
+both by Seymour. 'The Drunkard's Progress,' which appeared in 1829,
+consisted of twelve scenes, and embodied the same idea that was many
+years afterwards more fully developed by George Cruikshank in his series
+of large plates entitled 'The Bottle.' Now and then appeared a sporting
+subject by Harvey, such as Coursing, Hunting, Bull-Baiting, &c. In the
+number for February 8, 1829, appeared a curious woodcut representing a
+view in the Isle of Anglesea, which was said to have excited the
+attention and surprise of passing travellers from its presenting an
+excellent profile of the Marquis of Anglesea, who was then very
+popular. In 1831 portraits of Young Dutch Sam and Ned Neal, the famous
+pugilists, were published; and in 1838 the initials of John Leech began
+to appear to some of the cuts. Portraits of prize-fighters, race-horses,
+representations of racing-cups, &c., were given at intervals until 1851,
+when the last illustration, a monument to Tom Cribb, appeared.
+
+[Illustration: THE MAN WOT LOST THE FIGHT.
+
+THE MAN WOT WON THE FIGHT.
+
+FROM 'BELL'S LIFE,' 1831.]
+
+As further examples of the illustrations in _Bell's Life_, I copy two,
+which were published in 1831.
+
+About 1825 there was another sporting paper in existence, conducted by
+the celebrated author of 'Tom and Jerry.' It was called _Pierce Egan's
+Life in London_, and, like _Bell's Life_, had its sporting and other
+columns decorated with little woodcut headings, and sometimes published
+an engraving of a racing-cup.
+
+At the beginning of 1827 the _Observer_ resumed its illustrations of
+news, and on the death of the Duke of York published a long memoir of
+his Royal Highness, accompanied by an equestrian portrait of the Duke,
+'taken during his last visit to Newmarket.' In the number for January 21
+are engravings of the remains of his Royal Highness lying in state in
+St. James's Palace, and a view of the interior of the Royal Mausoleum at
+Windsor. The above were engraved by Slader, and were published
+simultaneously in the _Englishman_ and _Bell's Life_.
+
+The number published on Aug. 13, 1827, contains a large portrait of Mr.
+Canning, then just deceased. This portrait has the names of Jackson and
+Smith attached to it as the engravers. In the number for Sept. 30 there
+is a 'correct view of the Suspension Bridge, Hammersmith, to be opened
+to the public on Saturday, Oct. 6, 1827.' This is engraved by Slader,
+and appears also in _Bell's Life_ the same week. The following week the
+_Observer_ published a large plan showing the alterations proposed in
+St. James's Park in connexion with the building of Buckingham Palace;
+and on Nov. 18 appeared a plan of the port of Navarino, accompanying an
+account of the naval battle at that place. In December was published a
+view of 'Mr. Gurney's new Steam-Carriage, as it appeared in the Regent's
+Park on Thursday, Dec. 6, 1827,' and later in the same month a
+representation of Mr. D. Gordon's new steam-coach. Both these engravings
+are curious and interesting, as showing the attempts that were made
+fifty years ago to apply steam to the propulsion of carriages on common
+roads.
+
+[Illustration: HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF YORK, TAKEN DURING HIS
+LAST VISIT TO NEWMARKET. FROM THE 'OBSERVER,' JAN. 8, 1827.]
+
+Mr. Gurney was a medical man, but gave up his practice and devoted
+himself to scientific studies, and particularly to the construction of
+locomotive engines for turnpike travelling. He had seen Trevithick's
+engine, and when a youth had frequently met Trevithick himself. He had
+thus become imbued with a conviction of the practicability of making a
+steam-carriage that would travel on common roads. Other inventors
+succeeded in doing the same thing, but Mr. Gurney attained the greatest
+amount of success. With his steam-carriage he made a journey from London
+to Bath on July 28, 1829, performing the return journey at fourteen
+miles an hour, or the eighty-four miles in nine hours and twenty
+minutes, stoppages for fuel and water included. In 1831 he established a
+regular steam conveyance between Gloucester and Cheltenham, a distance
+of about nine miles. The steam-carriages commenced plying on Feb. 21,
+1831, and continued running four times a-day for four months, with
+tolerable regularity and without accident. The project, however,
+received such determined opposition from coach proprietors and turnpike
+trusts that it was abandoned. The tolls exacted were so heavy that at
+one gate they amounted to eight guineas. Mr. Gurney is said to have
+expended 36,000_l._ on his enterprise, but without any permanent
+beneficial result. His inventive genius, however, contributed to
+develope the high speed of the locomotive and the subsequent success of
+railways. He died Feb. 28, 1875, aged eighty-two years.
+
+[Illustration: MR. GURNEY'S NEW STEAM-CARRIAGE AS IT APPEARED IN THE
+REGENT'S PARK ON THURSDAY, DEC. 6, 1827. FROM THE 'OBSERVER,' DEC. 9,
+1827.]
+
+Mr. Gordon took out a patent for a steam-coach in 1822, and constructed
+two different machines. One had its wheels surrounded by cogs, or
+projecting teeth. This engine was to be placed within a large rolling
+drum, about nine feet in diameter and five feet wide, the inside of
+which should be fitted with circular rack-rails fitting the wheels of
+the steam-engine. Thus the motion of the engine would cause the drum to
+roll forward, on the same principle that a squirrel causes a cylindrical
+cage to revolve; and the rolling of the drum was to move a carriage
+connected with it. The other machine had two long propellers or legs,
+intended to obviate the supposed tendency of wheels to slip when
+ascending a slope.
+
+The Thames Tunnel, which was begun in 1825 by Mr. Brunel, was on more
+than one occasion threatened with destruction by irruptions of water. On
+Jan. 12, 1828, six workmen perished by a sudden rush of water into the
+workings, and on the 20th the _Observer_ published an engraving
+representing the catastrophe. On the 9th of June appeared 'A correct
+view of Ascot Heath Race Course, taken by an eminent artist on Thursday
+last.' This 'eminent artist' was William Harvey, and the cut bears the
+names of Jackson and Smith as the engravers. A sheet containing a
+selection of comic sketches from _Bell's Life_ was issued with the
+_Observer_ of July 20, 1828, accompanied by a statement that the
+sketches (twenty-seven in number) cost one hundred and forty-two pounds,
+drawing and engraving. This sounds very trivial when contrasted with the
+large sums now paid by illustrated newspapers.
+
+In 1827 another exciting murder was committed, and the _Observer_,
+undeterred by former censures, published a portrait of the criminal and
+a view of the scene of his crime, but did not on this occasion deal with
+the case in the elaborate way in which the murder of Mr. Weare was
+treated. The story of the Red Barn is well known to provincial playgoers
+in the Eastern Counties, where it still sometimes figures in theatrical
+programmes on Saturday nights. William Corder was a farmer's son
+residing not far from Ipswich. He had for some time carried on an
+intrigue with a country girl named Maria Marten, whom he at last enticed
+into a barn not far from her father's cottage, and there murdered her,
+and buried her body under the floor of the barn. After this he continued
+to visit her father's cottage, and by various falsehoods accounted for
+the girl's continued absence. Months went by, and Corder wrote several
+letters to the girl's parents, in which he told plausible stories about
+her being at the seaside with relatives of his own. The girl's mother,
+however, had had her suspicions aroused by several circumstances, and at
+length she dreamed three times that her daughter had been murdered and
+her body hid under the floor in the Red Barn. The woman's mind was so
+worked upon by the recurrence of this dream that she induced her husband
+to search under the floor of the barn, and there, sure enough, the
+murdered body of the girl was found. In the meantime Corder had
+advertised for a wife in the _Morning Herald_ in the following
+terms:--'A private gentleman, aged twenty-four, entirely independent,
+whose disposition is not to be exceeded, has lately lost chief of his
+family by the hand of Providence, which has occasioned discord among the
+remainder, under circumstances the most disagreeable to relate. To any
+female of respectability, who would study for domestic comfort, and is
+willing to confide her future happiness to one in every way qualified to
+render the marriage state desirable, as the advertiser is in affluence.
+Many happy marriages have taken place through means similar to this now
+resorted to. It is hoped no one will answer this through impertinent
+curiosity; but should this meet the eye of any agreeable lady, who feels
+desirous of meeting with a sociable, tender, kind, and sympathising
+companion, they will find this advertisement worthy of notice. Honour
+and secrecy may be relied on. As some little security against idle
+application, it is requisite that letters may be addressed, post-paid,
+A. Z., care of Mr. Foster, stationer, 68 Leadenhall Street, with real
+name and address, which will meet with most respectful attention.'
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM CORDER. FROM THE 'OBSERVER,' AUG. 10, 1823.]
+
+Through this advertisement Corder became acquainted with a lady who kept
+the Grove House Academy at Ealing, near London. They were married, and
+he went to reside with his wife at Grove House, where he was arrested
+one morning in the spring of 1828. Various circumstances pointed to him
+as the murderer of Maria Marten, and he was tried for the crime at Bury
+St. Edmunds on Aug. 6, 1828. The crowd was so great that the counsel and
+officers of the court had to fight their way to their places. Corder
+appeared at the bar dressed in a new suit of black, and with his hair
+combed over his forehead. He wore a pair of blue French spectacles,
+through which he eyed the witnesses smilingly. Being called on for his
+defence, he read a statement which amounted to charging Maria Marten
+with having committed suicide. He said that in consequence of a quarrel
+they had in the Red Barn she shot herself with one of two pistols which
+he had with him:--'The instant the mischief happened, I thought to have
+made it public; but this would have added to the suspicion, and I then
+resolved to conceal her death. I then buried her in the best way I
+could. I tried to conceal the fact as well as I could, giving sometimes
+one reason for her absence, and sometimes another.' He was found guilty
+and sentenced to death, and the night before his execution he made the
+following confession:--'I acknowledge being guilty of the death of poor
+Maria Marten, by shooting her with a pistol. The particulars are as
+follows: When we left her father's house, we began quarrelling about the
+burial of the child, she apprehending that the place wherein it was
+deposited would be found out. The quarrel continued for about three
+quarters of an hour upon this and about other subjects. A scuffle
+ensued, and during the scuffle, and at the time I think that she had
+hold of me, I took the pistol from the side pocket of my
+shooting-coat.... I have been guilty of great idleness, and at times led
+a dissolute life, but I hope through the mercy of God to be
+forgiven.--W. CORDER.'
+
+This murder excited great and marked interest, not only in Suffolk, but
+through the whole country. On Aug. 10, 1828, the day before the
+execution, the _Observer_ published a portrait of Corder and a view of
+the Red Barn, which are here copied. The excitement showed itself in the
+streets, where puppet shows represented the scene of the crime, and
+Methodist preachers held forth in the fields near the barn to thousands
+of attentive listeners. The Red Barn itself was nearly pulled to pieces
+by curiosity seekers.
+
+[Illustration: THE RED BARN. FROM THE 'OBSERVER,' AUG. 10, 1828.]
+
+On the Monday of the execution all the workmen in Bury struck work in
+order to see the murderer hanged, and persons came from long distances
+for the same purpose. One man was pestered by every one he met on his
+return by inquiries whether Corder had really been hung that morning.
+This was repeated so often that he became quite weary of the constantly
+recurring question, 'Is Corder executed?' In the evening, in order to
+get rid of the gloomy feelings created by what he had witnessed, he went
+to the theatre, where he arrived somewhat late. The play ('Macbeth') had
+advanced to the fourth scene of the first act as he seated himself in
+the pit. The newcomer, who was better acquainted with the details of the
+murder in the Red Barn than with the plays of Shakespeare, was not a
+little astonished when King Duncan entered, and, fixing his eye upon
+him, repeated what he thought was the same question that had been so
+often addressed to him that day, 'Is execution done on Cawdor?'
+
+[Illustration: THE SIAMESE TWINS. FROM THE 'OBSERVER,' NOVEMBER 22,
+1829.]
+
+The _Observer_ continued its illustration of events as they occurred,
+sharing the engravings with _Bell's Life_ and the _Englishman_. St.
+Katharine's Docks were opened on Oct. 25th, 1828, and on the following
+day the _Observer_ published a bird's eye view of the docks, showing the
+ceremonies attending the opening. In January, 1829, appeared two views
+of Buckingham Palace, then building for George IV.; and in August a cut
+of the 'Post-Office Accelerator,' a carriage for conveying London
+postmen to their several districts. A portrait of Rowton, the winner of
+the Great St. Leger for 1829, was given in September. This year the
+lovers of wonderful shows were attracted to an exhibition in London of
+two Siamese youths who were united together by a short cartilaginous
+band at the pit of the stomach, but with no other connexion existing
+between them. They were perfectly straight and well made, and walked
+with a gait like other people; being perfect in all their parts, and
+having all their functions distinct. Their names were Chang and Eng; and
+they were first discovered on the banks of the Siam river, fishing, by
+Mr. Hunter, an American, by whom they were taken to New York, where they
+were exhibited, and were afterwards brought to England. They were
+supposed to be about eighteen years old when they were exhibited in
+London in 1829. The _Observer_ of November 22, 1829, published a long
+account of the Siamese Twins, with a woodcut representing them as they
+were exhibited to the public.
+
+After having been exhibited for several years in London and the
+provinces, the Siamese twins went to America, where they settled on a
+farm, and married sisters. In the year 1869 they returned to London, and
+were as elderly men again exhibited; but they soon went back to America,
+where in a few years they died, both together. A similar exhibition was
+made in London about 1868 of twin girls, named Millie-Christine, or the
+'Two-headed Nightingale,' and it was probably the appearance of these
+two 'black birds' that suggested the idea of the Siamese twins appearing
+again in public.
+
+In June, 1830, George the Fourth died, and the _Observer_ published
+several engravings connected with the event. On June 24th appeared a
+portrait of 'His Majesty George the Fourth as he last appeared in his
+Pony Phaeton in Windsor Park;' and on July 18 three illustrations of the
+lying-in-state and the funeral were published.
+
+'The King is dead! Long live the King!' So said the citizens of London
+when they invited William IV. and Queen Adelaide to a banquet at
+Guildhall on the following November 9; and on the 1st, eight days before
+the entertainment came off, the _Observer_ duly supplied the public with
+'A correct view of the grand civic entertainment,' as it was to be. On
+Aug. 1, 1831, new London Bridge was opened by the King and Queen, and
+two engravings illustrative of the event were published in the
+_Observer_, the _Morning Chronicle_, _Bell's Life_, and the
+_Englishman_. One of them is interesting, as it shows the relative
+positions of the old and the new bridge. The view was taken from the
+tower of St. Saviour's Church, Southwark, looking towards Fish Street
+Hill.
+
+[Illustration: HIS MAJESTY GEORGE IV., AS HE LAST APPEARED IN HIS PONY
+PHAETON IN WINDSOR PARK. FROM THE 'OBSERVER,' JUNE 29, 1830.]
+
+The _Observer_ of Sept. 11, 1831, contained four illustrations of the
+coronation of King William IV. and Queen Adelaide, together with long
+and elaborate descriptions. There was another paper in existence at this
+time called the _United Kingdom_, which also illustrated the coronation.
+This was the period of the great Reform agitation, when the newspapers
+were absorbed in political excitement; and after this the _Observer_ for
+a time ceased to give any illustrations.
+
+On July 28, 1835, a diabolical attempt was made in Paris to shoot
+Louis-Philippe, king of the French. The assassin, whose name was
+Fieschi, constructed an infernal machine, consisting of twenty-five
+barrels, charged with various kinds of missiles, and lighted
+simultaneously by a train of gunpowder. The machine was fired from a
+window as the King rode along the lines of the National Guard, on the
+Boulevard du Temple, accompanied by his three sons and suite. The King
+and his sons escaped, but Marshal Mortier was shot dead and many
+officers were dangerously wounded. Amongst the spectators upwards of
+forty persons were killed or injured. In its number for August 9, 1835,
+the _Observer_ gave a sketch of the attempted assassination, a portrait
+of the criminal, and a representation of the infernal machine.
+
+The actual infernal machine, with a waxen effigy of Fieschi, formed for
+many years a prominent attraction at Madame Tussaud's Exhibition.
+
+The reign of William IV. was a short one, and soon the _Observer_ had to
+illustrate his funeral, as it had done that of his predecessor. The
+number for July 3, 1837, contained three engravings of the royal
+obsequies, and ere long the brief rule of the Sailor King was forgotten
+in the dawning glories of the Victorian era. The epoch of railways was
+opening. The Greenwich Railway was the first railway out of London, and
+the next was the North-Western, or the London and Birmingham as it was
+then called. On July 24, 1837, the _Observer_ published a large
+woodcut of the 'Grand entrance to the London and Birmingham Railway at
+Euston Square.' Mr. Hardwick's massive structure was then in progress,
+and formed the entrance to the first of the great London railway
+stations--vast buildings, some of which have swallowed up whole streets,
+and contributed greatly to alter the appearance of London in their
+vicinity.
+
+[Illustration: GERARD, _ALIAS_ FIESCHI, AND THE INFERNAL MACHINE. FROM
+THE 'OBSERVER,' AUGUST 9, 1835.]
+
+On July 24, 1837, a balloon ascended from Vauxhall with a parachute
+attached, in which was Mr. Cocking, who in descending was killed. The
+_Observer_ published illustrations of this event, which excited great
+interest at the time. Other papers illustrated Mr. Cocking's death,
+which I will recount more at length when I come to treat of the _Weekly
+Chronicle_, which contained more illustrations of the event than any
+other paper. A large engraving appeared in the _Observer_ for August 20,
+1837, representing the Waterloo shield, given by Lord George Bentinck,
+and run for at Goodwood Races, 1837.
+
+When Her Majesty Queen Victoria paid her first visit to the City of
+London after her accession, the _Observer_ came out with larger
+engravings than it had ever before produced. Two large views of the
+interior of Guildhall were given, together with a panoramic sketch of
+the royal and civic procession, and a portrait of the youthful Queen,
+'surrounded by a beautiful Emblematic Design, in which innocence and
+strength are happily portrayed by the playfulness of the Doves and the
+fearless defiance of the Lion.' Such was the flowery language of the
+_Observer_ in those days.
+
+The _Observer_ of July 2, 1838, was a double number, price tenpence, and
+contained several illustrations of the coronation of Queen Victoria,
+which were also printed in _Bell's Life_. I have copied one of them, not
+because it is particularly good, but simply to mark an important
+historical event, which ought to have some record in an account of
+illustrated journalism.
+
+[Illustration: THE CORONATION OF QUEEN VICTORIA. FROM THE 'OBSERVER,'
+JULY 2, 1838.]
+
+On the occasion of Her Majesty's marriage, the _Observer_ published a
+wedding number, containing several engravings, which were introduced to
+the reader thus:--'Little in the way of explanation is necessary to
+render the sketches in the opposite page, with which we have illustrated
+our account of the splendid ceremonials of Her Majesty's Nuptials on
+Monday last, intelligible. Our readers will no doubt make due allowance
+for any imperfections which may be discovered, when they reflect on the
+fact that the whole of the labours of the artists and the engravers have
+been accomplished in less than a week, and this under circumstances of
+difficulty, in obtaining admission to the scenes to be sketched, almost
+insurmountable. We should not be doing justice to our engraver were we
+not to state that it is to Mr. Orrin Smith we owe the consummation of
+our desire to gratify our patrons.'
+
+On October 30, 1841, a fire occurred in the Tower of London, when the
+Armoury and 280,000 stand of arms were destroyed. On November 7 the
+_Observer_ published three illustrations of this great fire. On November
+14 it presented its subscribers with a large emblematic engraving on the
+occasion of the birth of the Prince of Wales. In the following January,
+when the Prince of Wales was christened, it published a large page
+engraving designed by W. B. Scott, and engraved by Smith and Linton,
+containing the ceremony of christening in St. George's Chapel, the
+banquet in St. George's Hall, illustrations of the history of the
+Princes of Wales from the presentation of the first Prince of Wales to
+the Welsh, to the religious instruction of Edward VI. by Archbishop
+Cranmer, including the battle of Cressy with the feats of the Black
+Prince, and the subsequent pageantry attending the introduction of the
+King of France as a prisoner into London over London Bridge; following
+this is the dismissal of Falstaff and his profligate companions by Henry
+V., with views of Windsor, &c. From this time until 1847 the _Observer_
+published no more engravings. In the interval the _Illustrated London
+News_ commenced its career. On July 12, 1847, the _Observer_ published
+the last of its illustrations. This was on the installation of Prince
+Albert as Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. The engravings have
+the name of W. J. Linton attached to them, and are on a larger scale,
+and are better done than anything hitherto appearing in the same paper.
+
+The _Weekly Chronicle_, the first number of which was published
+September 18, 1836, started with the idea of illustrating the news of
+the day as one of its principal features. The price was threepence, and
+with it was incorporated the _Weekly Times_. In the first number the
+public were 'requested to be on their guard against the substitution of
+any other paper.' This probably had reference to some threatened
+rivalship, for exactly a year later appeared _Holt's Weekly Chronicle_,
+a paper which also gave illustrations of current events. It published
+engravings connected with the rebellion in Canada, and also illustrated
+the burning of the Royal Exchange in 1838. It appears to have had only a
+brief existence. The first number of the _Weekly Chronicle_ contained an
+engraving of 'the new grand Balloon which ascended from Vauxhall Gardens
+with nine persons on Friday, September 9th, engraved by W. C. Walker,
+from a drawing made by a gentleman who ascended expressly for this
+paper.' Number 2 contained a page of comic sketches, apparently by
+Seymour, and with the number for October 30, 1836, was presented gratis
+an almanack containing a view of the new Houses of Parliament, not quite
+as the design was eventually carried out. Very early in its career the
+_Weekly Chronicle_ selected the criminal records as favourite subjects
+for illustration. Perhaps some memory of the profits realised by the
+_Observer_ on the occasion of the Weare murder induced the conductors to
+cultivate this class of news. Certainly nothing more repulsive ever
+figured in the pages of an illustrated newspaper than some of the
+woodcuts published by the _Weekly Chronicle_.
+
+Towards the end of 1836 another attempt was made on the life of the King
+of the French, and on January 8, 1837, the _Weekly Chronicle_ published
+a portrait of the criminal. A month or two later the public were
+enlightened as to the personal appearance of another murderer, one
+Pegsworth, who had his portrait taken in Newgate on the morning of his
+execution. The annals of crime were varied by the exploits of war, and a
+view of the heights of Amelzagame illustrated the career of the Spanish
+Legion under the command of General Evans. In the spring of 1837
+occurred the Greenacre murder, and the _Weekly Chronicle_ at once went
+into the case with an evident determination to do full justice to its
+sensational merits. From the first examination of the murderer before
+the magistrates to his final exit in the Old Bailey the artists of the
+paper were on the alert, pencil in hand. It is a painful fact that the
+numbers of the _Weekly Chronicle_ containing the illustrations of the
+Greenacre murder had a very large sale. The details of the crime are too
+shocking to recapitulate, but I will give a list of the woodcuts
+published in connexion with it.
+
+April 2, 1837.--A sketch of Greenacre taken while under examination at
+the police-office. Head of the murdered woman as preserved in spirits at
+Paddington Workhouse.
+
+April 9.--Greenacre taking notes at his examination before the
+magistrates at Marylebone Police Office. Exterior of Greenacre's house
+in Carpenter's Buildings, Windmill Lane, Camberwell. View of Pineapple
+Gate, Edgware Road, where the body was found. Matthew Hale, lock-keeper,
+who found the head. Rear of Greenacre's house. A back room looking into
+the garden. Portraits of Mrs. Gale and child taken while under
+examination at Marylebone Police Office. Room where the horrible
+mutilation was committed. Osierbed in Cold Harbour Lane, where the legs
+were found.
+
+April 16.--Trial of Greenacre.
+
+April 23.--Chapel in Newgate, sketched during the preaching of the
+condemned sermon to Greenacre.
+
+April 30.--Greenacre in condemned cell.
+
+[Illustration: CHAPEL IN NEWGATE: THE CONDEMNED SERMON. FROM THE 'WEEKLY
+CHRONICLE,' APRIL 23, 1837.
+
+  1. Sheriffs' Pew.
+  2. Governor's Pew.
+  3. Condemned Pew.]
+
+On May 7 the _Weekly Chronicle_ wound up this series of illustrations by
+publishing a large cut, which it entitled, 'A scene in the Old Bailey,
+immediately before the execution, engraved expressly for the _Weekly
+Chronicle_ by a distinguished artist.' According to an announcement in
+the paper itself, the sale of the _Weekly Chronicle_ during the
+publication of these engravings was 130,000.
+
+[Illustration: THE CONDEMNED CELL, NEWGATE. FROM THE 'WEEKLY CHRONICLE,'
+APRIL 30, 1837.]
+
+On May 14, 1837, the _Weekly Chronicle_ published portraits of Sir
+Francis Burdett and Mr. Leader, the former of a superhuman length, with
+a shocking bad hat. In the following number, as if the public had not
+been sufficiently supplied with horrors, there was printed 'a sketch of
+Eliza Davis as she lay on the mattress after the murder.' This was known
+as the Frederick Street murder, and was remarkable from the
+circumstances, and from the fact that the murderer was never
+discovered. This paper now commenced 'The Pictorial Gallery,
+illustrating every object of interest and curiosity in Art, Science,
+Literature, and Amusement. (To be continued weekly.)' In this series
+were published a view of the Euston Railway Station, a portrait of
+Madame Taglioni, a sketch of a novel mode of propelling balloons,
+representations of the Bedouin Arabs, the City of London School, the
+Adelaide Gallery, the Hippodrome at Bayswater, proclamation of Queen
+Victoria at Temple Bar, portraits of the Queen, the late King, the Earl
+of Durham, and the Duchess of Kent. Then followed a view of the Royal
+Mausoleum at Windsor, and several illustrations of Mr. Cocking's fatal
+descent in a parachute.
+
+Mr. Cocking was an enthusiast in aerostation--he was, in fact, balloon
+mad, and had spent years in inventing a parachute which he believed to
+be perfectly safe, and in which he ascended from Vauxhall Gardens on
+July 24, 1837, attached to Mr. Green's Royal Nassau balloon. The
+experiment was widely advertised, and when the day and hour arrived the
+poor enthusiast faithfully appeared, and ascended in his fatal machine
+for more than a mile. He then himself liberated the parachute from the
+balloon. For a few seconds he descended steadily; the parachute then
+collapsed, broke, turned over, and shot straight down to the earth a
+hopeless ruin. Poor Cocking was still in the basket of the parachute
+when he reached the earth, but was quite insensible, and in ten minutes
+he was dead. The parachute fell at Lee; and it is recorded that not only
+was the machine itself carried away piecemeal, but the dead man's purse
+was stolen from his pocket, his watch, his snuff-box, his eye-glass were
+taken, even the cap was stolen from his head, the shoes were pulled from
+his feet, the buttons from his dress. Such statements seem incredible,
+and for the credit of human nature one could wish they were false; but
+they have been seriously made, and never contradicted.
+
+[Illustration: MR. COCKING IN HIS PARACHUTE AT THE MOMENT OF ASCENSION.
+FROM THE 'WEEKLY CHRONICLE,' JULY 30, 1837.]
+
+The _Weekly Chronicle_ published several illustrations of this event.
+They represent Mr. Cocking in the car of the parachute at the moment
+of ascension; the Nassau balloon as it appeared from the Royal Gardens,
+Vauxhall; the parachute in its various stages in its descent; and Mr.
+Cocking as he lay for the inspection of the jury in the room at the
+Tiger's Head, at Lee. The first of these I have copied.
+
+This rash adventure was wound up by the opening of a subscription list
+for the benefit of Cocking's widow, which was headed by the Queen with
+50_l._ The Gas Company that had supplied the gas for the disaster gave
+30_l._, and the proprietors of Vauxhall gave the gardens for a benefit.
+Thus the friends who ought to have restrained the vanity of the
+enthusiast and the speculators who led him on to his fate did their best
+in the way of atonement; but it was clearly a case where the civil power
+ought to have interposed to prevent the fatal catastrophe.
+
+The _Chronicle_ varied its illustrations of events by an occasional
+portrait of a public man, such as Mr. T. Wakley, Mr. Roebuck, Lord John
+Russell, and Daniel Whittle Harvey. The Queen's first visit to the City,
+and her Majesty delivering her speech to her first Parliament, furnished
+subjects for large woodcuts. Early in the year 1838 the Royal Exchange
+was burnt, and this historical event was made the subject of an
+engraving in the number for January 14, 1838.
+
+This year the _Weekly Chronicle_ also published several engravings
+illustrative of the rebellion in Canada, including a portrait of
+Papineau, the insurgent leader, and views of Quebec and Montreal. The
+murder of Eliza Grimwood in the Waterloo Road furnished another
+opportunity for sensational sketches, and in the same number that
+contained them (June 10, 1838) appeared three illustrations of the
+Courtney Riots at Canterbury.
+
+In 1833 an eccentric person, calling himself Sir William Courtney,
+appeared at Canterbury and attracted much attention by his half-crazed
+appearance and his frequent harangues on the grievances of the poor. He
+presented himself as a candidate to represent the city of Canterbury in
+Parliament, but this ambition was frustrated by his being tried and
+found guilty of perjury, an offence he had committed on behalf of some
+smugglers on the Kentish coast. He was sentenced to imprisonment and
+transportation; but, being proved insane, the sentence was commuted, and
+he was confined in a lunatic asylum. Here he remained four years, and
+was then liberated under the belief that he was restored to a rational
+state. He was, however, madder than ever, having while in confinement
+brooded over his supposed wrongs and the sufferings of the oppressed
+poor until he fancied himself a prophet and a deliverer sent from
+heaven. With the cunning of madness he counterfeited sanity, and thus
+was able to resume what he considered his prophetic mission. He
+harangued about the new poor law, promised cheap bread to all who would
+follow him, and on May 29, 1838, he gathered together a band of about
+twenty men, with whom he marched from one place to another, proclaiming
+that he would make May 29 more memorable than it had ever been in
+connexion with the restoration of Charles II. This went on for a day or
+two, when a farmer, named Curtis, having his field-work stopped by the
+leading away of his men, went to a magistrate and obtained a warrant to
+apprehend them. In an attempt to execute this warrant a constable was
+killed by Courtney, who now broke into a rhapsody of exultation,
+declared that a second Gideon was come to slay the ungodly, and that all
+should perish who opposed the prophet. With outstretched sword he cried,
+'I am the only Saviour of you all. You need not fear, for I will bring
+you through all.' The excitement had now become so general, and the
+menaces of Courtney and his armed party so alarming, that the
+magistrates resolved on the instant capture of this dangerous maniac and
+his ignorant followers. They came up with the rioters at a place called
+the Osier Bed, where Courtney's men threatened the magistrates and
+constables with bludgeons and fire-arms. After firing his pistol at one
+of the party who attempted to arrest him, Courtney and his men broke
+away to Bossenden Wood, and the magistrates, seeing no other resource,
+sent at once for a detachment of the 45th Regiment from Canterbury
+Barracks. Courtney had now proclaimed to his followers that he was no
+other than Jesus Christ returned to earth, and that they were safer with
+him than if they were in their beds; therefore they must resist the
+soldiers, and they were sure of victory. In the meantime a hundred men
+of the 45th Regiment, headed by Lieutenant Bennett, surrounded Bossenden
+Wood. Accompanied by the civil magistrates, they advanced to close round
+the rioters, when Courtney fired at the young Lieutenant commanding the
+party, and shot him dead. The next minute the prophet himself was slain
+by a soldier, who covered him with his musket as he fired at Lieutenant
+Bennett. Then ensued a hand-to-hand fight, which resulted in the death
+of seven of the rioters and one constable, besides several persons
+seriously wounded.
+
+The illustrations of these riots in the _Weekly Chronicle_ of June 10,
+1838, consist of the following:--
+
+1. 'Courtney with his troops leaving Bossenden Farm.'
+
+2. 'The death of Lieutenant Bennett. Courtney in the act of exhorting
+his men to advance.'
+
+3. 'Interior of the Red Lion stables, with the bodies as they were laid
+out after the conflict.'
+
+Courtney, whose real name was John Thom, was undoubtedly mad. He never
+could have found followers, except amongst the most degraded and
+ignorant; and it is hoped he did better service to his countrymen than
+he ever dreamt of by drawing attention to the dreadful evils arising
+from the want of education among the rural population. Most of his
+followers could neither read nor write, and were so totally unacquainted
+with the simplest truths of Christianity that they believed him when he
+asserted that he was Gideon, Samson, and Jesus Christ all in one, and
+that he had descended from heaven to redress the wrongs of the poor, but
+more especially to reduce the price of bread!
+
+[Illustration: THE DREADFUL RIOT AND LOSS OF LIFE AT BOSSENDEN WOOD,
+EAST KENT. FROM THE 'WEEKLY CHRONICLE,' JUNE 10, 1838.
+
+  1. Courtney.
+
+  2. Lieutenant Bennett.
+
+  3. Sergeant Langley making a thrust at Courtney with a bayonet, and
+  was knocked down with a bludgeon.
+
+  4. Six Magistrates.
+
+  5. Soldier who stepped forward and shot Courtney.
+
+  6. Major Armstrong.
+
+  7. Detachment of the 45th Regiment loading.
+
+  8. Lieutenant Bennett's detachment.
+
+  9. The man Wills, who knocked down Sergeant Langley.
+
+  10. Courtney's flag.
+
+  11. J. N. Knatchbull firing at Courtney.]
+
+The _Weekly Chronicle_ illustrated the coronation of Queen Victoria by a
+view of 'The interior of the Abbey at the moment of Her Majesty
+assuming the Crown,' and a full-page engraving of the Coronation
+Procession. Two pages of engravings were given on the occasion of the
+Queen's marriage; and on November 1, 1841, a large 'view of the Tower of
+London as it appeared on fire on the morning of Sunday, the 31st ult.,
+from a drawing by a distinguished artist.' On January 29, 1842, the same
+paper illustrated the christening of the Prince of Wales, with its
+attendant ceremonies and festivities; and later in the same year were
+published the last of its illustrations, relating to the employment of
+women and children in coal-mines.
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF THE HOUSE OF LORDS, LOOKING FROM THE ENTRANCE
+TO THE SPOT LATELY OCCUPIED BY THE THRONE. FROM THE 'SUNDAY TIMES,' NOV.
+2, 1834.]
+
+The _Observer_, _Bell's Life_, and the _Weekly Chronicle_, which during
+more than twenty years had been the chief representatives of pictorial
+journalism, gradually abandoned the practice of giving illustrations
+after the _Illustrated London News_ was established. Two or three other
+newspapers occasionally published engravings, but they were very few,
+and appeared at long intervals. The _Sunday Times_ illustrated the trial
+of Thurtell for the murder of Mr. Weare, and on Nov. 2, 1834, it
+published several engravings of the destruction of the Houses of
+Parliament, two of which, representing the ruins, are of sufficient
+interest to introduce here.
+
+[Illustration: RUINS OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. FROM THE 'SUNDAY TIMES,'
+NOV. 2, 1834.]
+
+The _Champion_ of Nov. 13, 1836, has an engraving of the interior of a
+cotton-factory; and the _Weekly Herald_ in the same year issued two
+engravings illustrating the story of Wat Tyler:--'1. Workshop scene; Wat
+Tyler knocking the Tyrant Tax-gatherer's brains out;' the principal
+characters equipped in boots, buckles, and belts, in true theatrical
+style 2. 'Smithfield scene; the assassin Walworth treacherously
+murdering the brave but too-confiding Wat Tyler.' The same paper also
+issued this year a view of St. Peter's, Rome. The _Magnet_, a paper
+started in 1837, illustrated the proclamation of Queen Victoria, William
+IV. lying in state, the Canadian rebellion, burning of the Royal
+Exchange, coronation of Queen Victoria, and on Jan. 4, 1841, the removal
+of the remains of Napoleon I. from St. Helena. There are two engravings
+of this interesting historical event. The first is entitled, 'A correct
+view, taken on the spot, of the interior of the tent at St. Helena,
+after the disinterment of the body of Napoleon, at the instant of the
+removal of the lid from the coffin; the remains of the Emperor appearing
+(as one of the spectators remarked) as if he were asleep.' I have copied
+the second cut, which represents the embarkation of the body, and is one
+of the last examples of pictorial journalism before the birth of the
+_Illustrated London News_.
+
+Before concluding this part of my subject it is fitting that I should
+include the _Penny Magazine_ amongst the pictorial journals which
+immediately preceded the establishment of a regular illustrated
+newspaper. The _Penny Magazine_, though not a newspaper, was intended to
+supplant the cheap and pernicious contraband newspapers that then
+existed in large numbers. It was the most successful experiment that
+England had then seen of the art of illustration in combination with the
+steam press, and was the best attempt that had been made in a cheap form
+to elevate the public taste.
+
+[Illustration: THE REMOVAL AND DELIVERY OF THE REMAINS OF THE EMPEROR
+NAPOLEON BY THE GOVERNOR OF ST. HELENA TO THE PRINCE DE JOINVILLE, ON
+THE 16TH DAY OF OCTOBER, 1840. FROM THE 'MAGNET,' JAN. 11, 1841.]
+
+Mr. Charles Knight, who thus, in the _Penny Magazine_, led the way in
+combining literature with art in a popular form, was a staunch advocate
+of education, and he never ceased in his endeavours to improve the
+condition of the masses. He said, 'the poor man must be made a
+thinking man--a man capable of intellectual pleasures; he must be
+purified in his tastes, and elevated in his understanding; he must be
+taught to comprehend the real dignity of all useful employments; he must
+learn to look upon the distinctions of society without envy or
+servility; he must respect them, for they are open to him as well as to
+others; but he must respect himself more. The best enjoyments of our
+nature might be common to him and the most favoured by fortune. Let him
+be taught how to appreciate them. Diminish the attractions of his
+sensual enjoyments by extending the range of his mental pleasures.'[5]
+With such convictions, Mr. Knight, in 1827, joined the Society for the
+Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, a new educational movement then just
+started by the Reform Party. He brought out, under its auspices, a great
+number of useful works, most of which were profusely illustrated. In
+1832 Mr. Knight resided in the Vale of Health on Hampstead Heath. One of
+his neighbours was Mr. M. D. Hill, an active member of the Society for
+the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. It was a time of great political
+excitement, and the town was flooded with unstamped weekly publications,
+which in some degree came under the character of contraband newspapers,
+and were nearly all dangerous in principle and coarse in language. Mr.
+Knight and Mr. Hill often walked to town together, and their
+conversation naturally turned to a subject in which they both felt a
+special interest--the means of improving the condition of the people by
+the diffusion of cheap literature, and so counteracting the dangerous
+and offensive publications which then abounded. One morning in early
+spring their talk was of this kind, when Mr. Hill exclaimed, 'Let us see
+what something cheap and good can accomplish! Let us have a Penny
+Magazine!' Mr. Knight immediately adopted the suggestion, which was
+cordially approved by the Lord Chancellor Brougham; and on March 31,
+1832, appeared the first number of 'the _Penny Magazine_ of the Society
+for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.' It was necessary to avoid making
+the new periodical anything like a newspaper lest it should become
+liable to stamp duty, and at first very little expense was incurred for
+illustrations, most of the engravings in the early numbers being
+reprinted from other works of the Society. It was not till six months
+had elapsed that Mr. Knight ventured into the wide field of
+illustration, and made the public familiar with great works of art, such
+as the 'Laocoon,' the 'Apollo Belvedere,' the 'Dying Gladiator,' the
+'Cartoons,' &c. The best pictures of the old masters were intermingled
+with scenes at home and abroad, with places of renown and illustrious
+men of all nations and of every age.
+
+The success of the _Penny Magazine_ was a surprise to the publisher and
+an astonishment to most persons. At the end of 1832 it had reached a
+sale of 200,000 in weekly numbers and monthly parts, and it soon
+produced a revolution in popular art throughout the world. Stereotype
+casts of its best cuts were supplied for the illustration of
+publications of a similar character which appeared in Germany, France,
+Holland, Livonia, Bohemia, Italy, Ionian Islands, Sweden, Norway,
+Spanish America, and the Brazils. The entire work was also reprinted in
+the United States from plates sent from this country.[6]
+
+It continued its prosperous career for nine years, when a new series was
+commenced, with considerable improvements in engraving and printing.
+Five volumes of the new series were published, but the sale declined,
+owing to the commencement of illustrated newspapers, and the _Penny
+Magazine_ in its old form came to an end in 1845, three years after the
+commencement of the _Illustrated London News_.[7] _Knight's Penny
+Magazine_, a smaller miscellany, commencing in January, 1846, kept up
+the old name for six months longer, and then it ceased to exist. In
+announcing its discontinuance, Mr. Knight thus closes this interesting
+chapter of literary history:--'The present series of the _Penny
+Magazine_ is closed, after an experience of only six months. The editor
+has no reason to complain of the want of public encouragement, for the
+sale of this series has exceeded that of its predecessor in 1845. But
+the sale, such as it is, is scarcely remunerative; and there are
+indications that it may decline rather than increase. This is a hint
+which cannot be mistaken. It shall not be said of his humble efforts to
+continue, upon an equality with the best of his contemporaries, a
+publication which once had a decided pre-eminence, that
+
+  "Superfluous lags the veteran on the stage."
+
+He leaves this portion of popular literature to be cultivated by those
+whose new energy may be worth more than his old experience. The _Penny
+Magazine_ shall begin and end with him. It shall not pass into other
+hands.'
+
+Mr. Knight attributed the falling off in the sale of the _Penny
+Magazine_ to the extended sale of newspapers and the application of
+wood-engravings to their illustration; and in his _Passages of a Working
+Life_ he relates how he first heard of the journal that was destined to
+succeed the _Penny Magazine_ in the field of popular art:--'In 1842,
+having occasion to be in attendance at the Central Criminal Court, my
+curiosity was excited by an unusual spectacle--that of an artist, seated
+amongst the civic dignitaries on the bench, diligently employed in
+sketching two Lascars, on their trial for a capital offence. What was
+there so remarkable in the case, in the persons, or even in the costume
+of the accused, that they should be made the subject of a picture? The
+mystery was soon explained to me. The _Illustrated London News_ had been
+announced for publication on the Saturday of the week in which I saw the
+wretched foreigners standing at the bar. I knew something about hurrying
+on wood-engravers for the _Penny Magazine_, but a newspaper was an
+essentially different affair. How, I thought, could artists and
+journalists so work concurrently that the news and the appropriate
+illustrations should both be fresh? How could such things be managed
+with any approach to fidelity of representation unless all the essential
+characteristics of a newspaper were sacrificed in the attempt to render
+it pictorial? I fancied that this rash experiment would be a failure. It
+proved to be such a success as could only be ensured by resolute and
+persevering struggles against natural difficulties.'
+
+Charles Knight was born at Windsor in 1791. The son of a bookseller, he
+very early became connected with the press. At the age of twenty-one he
+conducted the _Windsor and Eton Express_, and a few years later he
+became the editor of the _Guardian_, a London weekly paper. He
+afterwards started a monthly magazine called the _Etonian_, and amongst
+his contributors were Macaulay, Praed, and other clever young men who
+had been educated at Eton, some of whom supported him in a later
+venture, _Knight's Quarterly Magazine_. In the midst of his varied
+duties as author and publisher he never lost sight of the great question
+of popular education, and heartily joined in the movement for repealing
+the taxes on knowledge. He gave expression to his views in _The
+Struggles of a Book against Excessive Taxation_ and _The Case of the
+Authors as regards the Paper Duty_. He paid the enormous sum of
+16,500_l._ for paper duty on the _Penny Cyclopedia_ alone, and on the
+same work he expended 40,000_l._ for literature and engravings. When
+this great and useful work was completed Mr. Knight was entertained at a
+public dinner presided over by Lord Brougham, when the leading men in
+literature and art united to do him honour. The _Penny Cyclopedia_ was
+not a commercial success, solely because of the paper duty.
+
+Of the numerous illustrated works published by Mr. Knight, the
+_Pictorial Bible_ was the most successful in a pecuniary sense, and he
+considered the _Arabian Nights_ the most beautiful as regards
+illustrations. He was so ardent a promoter of illustrative art, that he
+invented a press for printing in colours, from which issued many
+coloured engravings for his various works, such as _Old England_, the
+_Farmer's Library_, &c.
+
+Mr. Knight died at Addlestone, Surrey, March 9, 1873, and was buried in
+his native town of Windsor. A marble bust of him was placed by public
+subscription in the Council Chamber of that town, and two scholarships,
+bearing his name, were founded in the school of the Stationers' Company.
+It was well said of Charles Knight on the occasion of unveiling his bust
+at Windsor, that he set out in life with the desire to make knowledge a
+common possession instead of an exclusive privilege. He laboured for the
+good of his fellow-men rather than for the rewards of fame or fortune,
+and no man was more worthy of honour for his public services and his
+private virtues. The last time I saw him was at the grave of an old
+friend of his and mine; and as I recall the remembrance of his grey hair
+tossed in the wintry wind, I adopt in all seriousness what Douglas
+Jerrold said in jest, that two words would suffice for his
+epitaph--'good Knight.'
+
+It is curious that the printing-press, which has worked such mighty
+changes, should have reproduced in another form the ancient jester who
+stood in cap and bells behind his master's chair, and the merry-andrew
+who made the rustics laugh upon the village green. The numerous
+satirical and humorous publications of the Victorian era represent a
+distinct kind of illustrated journalism, through which runs an amusing
+commentary on passing events, combined with a vein of satire always
+good-humoured and often instructive. At the head of this array of wit
+and wisdom stands _Punch_, who, however, was preceded by _Figaro in
+London_, conducted by Mr. Gilbert A'Beckett, afterwards one of _Punch's_
+strongest supporters. Mr. A'Beckett faithfully acted up to his motto:--
+
+  'Satire should, like a polished razor keen,
+   Wound with a touch that's hardly felt or seen;'
+
+but the constitution of _Figaro_ was not strong, and he died young.
+
+While the _Penny Magazine_ was yet in vigorous life, and the
+_Illustrated London News_ was as yet unborn, there used to be a weekly
+gathering of authors, actors, and artists, at a tavern in Wych Street,
+Strand, where the late Mr. Mark Lemon presided as the genial host. This
+company of merry men were mostly on the sunny side of life, and disposed
+to look upon the world and the world's cares with a laughing eye. They
+were ever ready to go out of their way for the sake of a joke, and a
+pun, good or bad, was pleasant to them. In this congenial atmosphere
+_Punch_ germinated, and in July, 1841, that shrewd observer and
+good-humoured satirist appeared. Mr. _Punch_, like some other great men,
+had a hard struggle in his early days; but prosperous times came, and he
+now combines in his own person the dignity of age with the vivacity of
+youth. _Puck_, _Diogenes_, and numerous other imitators of _Punch_,
+attempted to obtain a share of public favour, but most of them died
+after a brief existence. The best of these that survive are _Fun_ and
+_Judy_, which, with the _Hornet_, _Vanity Fair_, _Figaro_ (a revival of
+the name), _Moonshine_, _Funny Folks_, and others, continue their weekly
+budgets with a smartness and vigour not unworthy of their great
+prototype.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [1] There was another Sunday paper in existence about this time, the
+    _Sunday Reformer and Universal Register_. In the number for Dec.
+    29th, 1793, there is a copperplate portrait of Robert Lowth, D.D.,
+    Lord Bishop of London, then recently deceased.
+
+  [2] 'Old Stories Retold,' in _All the Year Round_.
+
+  [3] Grant's _Newspaper Press_.
+
+  [4] 'Old Stories Retold,' in _All the Year Round_.
+
+  [5] _Passages of a Working Life._
+
+  [6] At this time there was another illustrated weekly magazine in
+    existence--the _Mirror_, which began about 1822. The engravings it
+    contained were chiefly of a topographical character.
+
+  [7] The _Saturday Magazine_ was started in imitation of the _Penny
+    Magazine_, and, like its prototype, had a considerable popularity for
+    some years.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+  The _Illustrated London News_--The Early Numbers--The Burning of
+  Hamburgh--Facetious Advertisements--Bal Masque at Buckingham
+  Palace--Attempted Assassination of the Queen--The Queen's First Trip
+  by Railway--First Royal Visit to Scotland--Political Portraits--R.
+  Cobden--Lord John Russell--Benjamin Disraeli--The French Revolution,
+  1848--The Great Exhibition, 1851--The Crimean War--Coloured
+  Pictures--Christmas Numbers--Herbert Ingram--The _Pictorial
+  Times_--Other Illustrated Journals.
+
+
+Having traced the idea of illustrating the news of the day from the
+early 'news-book' through its various stages of growth and development,
+we come to the first regular illustrated newspaper that was established.
+The projector had long held the opinion, founded on his experience as a
+newsvendor at Nottingham, that such a publication would succeed. He had
+noticed that when the _Observer_ and the _Weekly Chronicle_ contained
+engravings, there was a much larger demand for those papers than when
+they were without illustrations, and he conceived the idea of starting a
+paper whose chief attraction should be its _pictures_. He thought if he
+could combine _art_ and _news_ together, he would be adding greatly to
+the ordinary attractions of a newspaper, and would probably secure a
+widely extended circle of readers. His customers at Nottingham often
+asked for the 'London news' when anything of interest was astir in the
+Metropolis, and his observant shrewdness led him to conclude that this
+would be a good name for his paper. He accordingly called it the
+_Illustrated London News_, and under that title the first number
+appeared on May 14th, 1842. It contained sixteen printed pages and
+thirty-two woodcuts, including all the little headings to the columns,
+price sixpence, and it equalled in size the _Atlas_ which was then sold
+for a shilling, without engravings. It was printed by R. Palmer (at
+the office of Palmer and Clayton), 10 Crane Court, Fleet Street, and
+published by J. Clayton, 320 Strand. The introductory address is written
+in a florid and inflated style; but it shows a correct perception of the
+wide and varied range that would have to be taken by an illustrated
+newspaper.
+
+[Illustration: THE BURNING OF HAMBURGH. FROM THE FIRST NUMBER OF THE
+'ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,' MAY 14, 1842.]
+
+[Illustration: HEADING TO 'COURT AND HAUT TON,' COLUMN, 'ILLUSTRATED
+LONDON NEWS,' MAY 14, 1842.]
+
+The well-known engraved heading represents a view of London from the
+Thames, as it was then,--St. Paul's towering in the centre, and the Lord
+Mayor's procession in State barges passing up the river. The first
+engraving is a 'View of the Conflagration of the City of Hamburgh,'
+which began on May 5th, and continued for several days. A great part of
+the city was destroyed, and more than one hundred lives were lost. As
+marking an epoch in the history of the Pictorial Press, I reprint this
+engraving and some others from the early numbers. The next cut is
+apparently a view of some town in Italy or France; but there is no name
+to the engraving or any reference to it in the surrounding text, which
+is all about the dreadful railway accident between Paris and Versailles
+which had then just occurred, whereby fifty persons were killed, and one
+hundred and fifty were more or less injured. On the next page are views
+of the city of Cabul and the fortress of Ghuznee, just then the seat of
+stirring events. The columns of 'Foreign Intelligence,' 'The Court and
+Haut Ton,' 'Births, Marriages, and Deaths,' were each headed by a small
+woodcut, an example of which is given here. There is also an
+illustration of ladies' fashions, accompanied by a gushing, descriptive
+letter from Paris, beginning: 'Dear Mr. Editor, I feel an inexpressible
+delight in inditing my first communication to your lady readers, upon
+the fashions of the _haut ton_ of this _ville de gaitè_. So suddenly and
+with such power has the sun lately shot forth, that there is no end to
+invention in our spring fashions.'
+
+[Illustration: FASHIONS FOR MAY, 1842. FROM THE 'ILLUSTRATED LONDON
+NEWS,' MAY 14, 1842.]
+
+It would appear that illustrated police reports were to have formed part
+of the attractions of the paper, and several small cuts dealing with
+humorous subjects are scattered through the early numbers. The cases
+were evidently selected with a view to provoke merriment rather than to
+indulge a morbid taste for criminal records, and seem to show that the
+paper in its early days possessed something of the frolicsomeness of
+youth, and did not consider a joke beneath its dignity. It had its wild
+oats to sow, and was not indisposed to emulate its contemporary _Punch_,
+then also a young joker. The first illustrations of the kind relate to a
+case at the Mansion House before Sir Peter Laurie, where the manager of
+a matrimonial institution sought to defend his establishment from the
+strictures of that celebrated 'putter-down.' A few pages further on we
+come upon two facetious advertisements, one of them professing to have
+been called forth by the report of the above case at the Mansion
+House:--
+
+'MATRIMONY.--A _professional_ gentleman, who has for some time past
+enrolled the category of his multitudinous graces, accomplishments, and
+_prospects_, in the portfolio of the "Matrimonial Alliance
+Establishment," fearing that, under the influence of Sir Peter Laurie's
+recent animadversion they will waste their sweetness unseen--unknown in
+the rose-tinted volume of the modern Hymen, avails himself of the
+glorious opportunity afforded to advertisers by the proprietors of the
+_Illustrated London News_, "and boldly and unhesitatingly submits his
+picture in little," to the approving smiles of the fair daughters (and
+_widows_) of Albion's Isle, conscious of his perfect sincerity in
+stating that he has no _insurmountable_ objection to fortune being
+combined with beauty, taste, lively disposition, and cheerful temper; he
+feels assured that the lovely creature whose eyes shall be fortunate
+enough, first to meet this advertisement (and then the advertiser), will
+secure to herself a perfect amenity, if truth be truth, and manners--not
+money--make the man. Address, with portrait (miniature set in gold,
+pearls, or other precious stones, not refused), A. Donis Slim, Esq., 320
+Strand.'
+
+[Illustration: A. DONIS SLIM, ESQ. FROM THE 'ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,'
+MAY 14, 1842.]
+
+The other advertisement referred to is of an entirely different
+character, being addressed to the commercial world:--
+
+'CAPITAL SPEC! Safe as the Bank!--Wanted a partner in a snug, genteel
+little concern, with an airy and pleasant corner situation in one of the
+most densely crowded thoroughfares of the Metropolis, and doing a good,
+ready-money business, without much risk; which an increase of capital
+would considerably extend. The returns exceed the outlay, and the Sunday
+custom alone covers the rent. The taxes are redeemed, and there is a
+long unexpired term of the lease, which is held at a lolly-pop. The
+coming into a half-share, including plant and stock, very moderate--say
+a trifle above 0000_l._ Any person who can command the above sum will
+not only find this a decided bargain, but a very desirable opportunity
+of commencing business, and well worthy the attention of an industrious
+person of small means and less family. References exchanged. Address,
+prepaid, to B. B. (Brandy Ball), Pieman's Alley.'
+
+[Illustration: PARTNERSHIP WANTED. FROM THE 'ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,'
+MAY 14, 1842.]
+
+The principal engravings in this first number illustrate the first Bal
+Masque given by Queen Victoria at Buckingham Palace. They were drawn by
+Sir John Gilbert, then at the beginning of his career, and it was most
+fortunate for the new enterprise that an artist of such great and varied
+abilities was found at the very outset to give his powerful aid to the
+undertaking. His wonderful facility and bold picturesqueness were
+exactly suited to the requirements of an illustrated newspaper. The
+first enabled him to do his work with marvellous quickness, and the
+second was an excellent counterpoise to the damaging effects of hurried
+engraving and rapid printing. The illustrations of the Queen's Bal
+Masque are eight in number, including character portraits of Her Majesty
+and the Prince Consort. There are two cuts from a book under review, and
+the last illustration in the number represents a long line of men
+carrying advertising boards 'to proclaim the advent of this important
+publication.'
+
+The first number sold well, probably because the public was curious to
+see what the new paper was like. Twenty-six thousand copies were
+disposed of, but there was a great falling-off in the sale of the second
+number, which opened with a leading article explaining the principles
+that were to guide the paper in its future career. The cut on the front
+page represents the ceremony of taking the veil, and was evidently drawn
+by Gilbert. The next engravings illustrate Waghorn's Overland Route to
+India, then recently organized, followed by an illustrated account of
+the sale at Strawberry Hill, and a portrait of a then notorious
+criminal, Daniel Good, which is accompanied by an editorial apology
+disclaiming all intention of joining the 'raw-head and bloody-bones'
+school, but in the interests of science commending the portrait to the
+disciples of Lavater. This is the only instance of such an engraving
+being inserted in the paper (with the exception of the portrait of
+MacNaghten, who shot Mr. Drummond), and it is evident the editor's
+better feeling revolted against it, although he was only following the
+example of the _Observer_ and the _Weekly Chronicle_.
+
+[Illustration: HER MAJESTY AS QUEEN PHILIPPA. FROM THE 'ILLUSTRATED
+LONDON NEWS,' MAY 14, 1842.]
+
+The first engraving in No. 3 is a portrait of Mehemet Ali, which is
+given in connexion with further illustrations of the Overland Route to
+India. But the most important picture in this number is a portrait of
+the Queen with the baby Prince of Wales in her lap, drawn by Gilbert.
+There is also the first example of a sporting illustration--a portrait
+of Attila, the winner of the Derby, which accompanies an account of
+Epsom Races, with several other engravings.
+
+[Illustration: THE QUEEN'S FIRST RAILWAY JOURNEY. FROM THE 'ILLUSTRATED
+LONDON NEWS,' JUNE 19, 1842.]
+
+[Illustration: ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF THE QUEEN. FROM THE
+'ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,' JUNE 5, 1842.]
+
+[Illustration: MR. R. COBDEN, M.P. FROM THE 'ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,'
+JULY 2, 1842.]
+
+An event now occurred which afforded the first important opportunity of
+illustrating the news of the hour. This was the attempt on the life of
+the Queen, who was fired at as she was driving up Constitution Hill by a
+young man named Francis. The public excitement on this occasion was very
+great, and it is a little surprising that the _Illustrated London News_
+did not make more of it. In No. 4 there are two illustrations in
+connexion with this event, one representing the attempted assassination,
+the other the examination of the prisoner before the Privy Council. The
+engravings are not very imposing, but large blocks had not then come
+into use; and as the event occurred on a Monday there was not too much
+time, with the limited means then at command, to produce them on a large
+scale. In No. 6 there is a small cut entitled 'The Queen's first trip by
+Railway,' which illustrates an account of her Majesty's first journey by
+railway from Windsor to London. With the exception of the drawings by
+Gilbert most of the illustrations in these first six numbers are of an
+inferior character, and show that the conductors of the paper had not
+yet obtained the best artistic help. Indeed it was a long time before
+the higher class of artists and engravers would believe that an
+illustrated newspaper was worthy of their professional attention.
+Illustrations of the Police Reports continued to be scattered through
+the early numbers, mingled with such subjects as a ballet at Her
+Majesty's Theatre, a public dinner, a launch, a horserace, and sketches
+of the Chartist riots at Preston. The Queen's first visit to Scotland
+was very copiously illustrated, and a series of 'Popular Portraits' was
+begun which included most of the prominent politicians of the day. In
+No. 11 the fatal accident to the Duke of Orleans is illustrated; and
+further on the hand of Gilbert is visible in the drawings representing
+the funeral of the Duke of Sussex, the Lord Mayor's Show, and the grand
+Polish Ball at Guildhall. With No. 19 the office was removed to 198
+Strand, where it has remained ever since. The first Cattle Show
+illustrations occur in No. 31, and it is evident that the artists by
+whom they were executed had not made that kind of art their special
+study. The approach of Christmas is heralded by the introduction of
+various laughable sketches; the Pantomimes are illustrated by Alfred
+Crowquill, and Christmas himself is welcomed in a 'Song of the Wassail
+Bowl.' Kenny Meadows finishes the volume with a party of Cupids carrying
+the _Illustrated London News_ through the air, while a literary and
+artistic Cupid, cap in hand, makes his bow to the reader.
+
+The first volume ends with the year 1842, and it has for a frontispiece
+a large view of London, a title-page drawn by Gilbert, and headings to
+preface and index by Kenny Meadows. The preface is written in the florid
+style of the introductory address in the first number; but the following
+passage refers, not inappropriately, to the value and interest of the
+work to the future historian:--
+
+'What would Sir Walter Scott or any of the great writers of modern times
+have given--whether for the purposes of fiction or history, or political
+example or disquisition--for any museum-preserved volume such as we have
+here enshrined. The life of the times--the signs of its taste and
+intelligence--its public monuments and public men--its
+festivals--institutions--amusements--discoveries--and the very
+reflection of its living manners and costumes--the variegated dresses of
+its mind and body--what are--what _must_ be all these but treasures of
+truth that would have lain hid in Time's tomb, or perished amid the sand
+of his hour-glass but for the enduring and resuscitating powers of
+art--the eternal register of the pencil giving life and vigour and
+palpability to the confirming details of the pen. Could the days of
+Elizabeth or others as bright and earlier still be unfolded to us
+through such a mirror, what a mint of wisdom might we gather in from
+such dazzling periods of the past! Of just as much captivating value
+then is such a book to the future. It will pour the lore of the
+Antiquarian into the scholar's yearning soul, and teach him truth about
+those who have gone before him, as it were, with the Pictorial Alphabet
+of Art! It is in this sense that we regard the greatness of our design,
+and are proud of its envied and unexampled success; and it is for this
+end that we shall strain every nerve to perfect it into order and
+completeness that may accord with the beauty and brilliancy which many
+episodes of its execution have already been fortunate to display. Scott
+might carry Elizabeth to Kenilworth through the regions of his fine
+imagination, backed and supported by books, and we may take _cum grano
+salis_ the Antiquarian's and the Poet's word, but the year two thousand
+will be ten times better assured of all the splendid realities of our
+own Victoria's visit to the native land of the Northern Magician who
+enshrined in fiction the glories of Queen Bess. This volume is a work
+that history _must_ keep.'
+
+At the end of the preface is printed the following 'Dedicatory
+Sonnet:'--
+
+  'To the great public,--that gigantic soul
+     Which lends the nation's body life and light,
+     And makes the blood within its veins grow bright
+   With gushing glory,--we this muster-roll
+   Of all the deeds that pass 'neath its controul
+     Do dedicate,--the page of simple news
+   Is here adorned and filled with pictured life,
+   Coloured with thousand tints--the rainbow strife
+     Of all the world's emotions--all the hues
+   Of war--peace--commerce;--agriculture rife
+   With budding plenty that doth life infuse
+     And fair domestic joy--all--all are here
+     To gild the _new_, and from the bygone year
+   Present a gift to take--to cherish and to use.'
+
+The second volume began with several improvements. A 'Romance of Real
+Life,' by Henry Cockton, illustrated by Kenny Meadows, was the first
+attempt to infuse a new interest into newspaper literature by the
+introduction of fiction. Stories by Thomas Miller and others followed.
+This feature of the paper was continued for some time until _fiction_
+was crowded out by _fact_. The popular portraits were done on a larger
+scale and were of a more ambitious character. In No. 40 there is one of
+Lord John Russell, which is reprinted here as an example of the improved
+portraiture of the period.
+
+[Illustration: PORTRAIT OF LORD JOHN RUSSELL. FROM THE 'ILLUSTRATED
+LONDON NEWS,' 1843.]
+
+In the following year was commenced a series of 'Parliamentary
+Portraits,' one of which I have selected to accompany the portrait of
+Lord John Russell. It is that of Mr. Disraeli, and it will perhaps
+interest the reader to compare the present estimate of Lord Beaconsfield
+with what was said of Mr. Disraeli in 1844. The following is a portion
+of the article which accompanies the portrait:--'The most remarkable
+speeches in the recent debates have been those of Mr. Disraeli, the
+Member for Shrewsbury. He has lately made himself more prominent in the
+sphere of literature and politics as the expounder of the views and
+opinions of that section of the Conservative party which has received
+the name of "Young England." His opinions however are too peculiar, have
+too much individuality ever to become those of a party. We scarcely
+think "Young England" capable of holding as points of belief the
+startling paradoxes to which Mr. Disraeli occasionally gives utterance.
+His speeches abound with happily turned sentences, in which a clever
+sarcasm is thrown into the antithetical form; they also contain a
+large amount of historical information, on which he draws almost as
+often as Macaulay himself. He rarely announces a positively new
+principle, but he often places old ones in a strange and startling
+light, and states the most extraordinary inconsistencies with an air of
+such perfect earnestness and conviction that his auditors are sometimes
+puzzled whether to admire or laugh at him. But he is not one of those
+men who can be laughed at; we have seen him turn the laugh most sorely
+against those who thought themselves securely trenched behind form and
+precedent. He can hit hard, and none have suffered more from his sarcasm
+than the present Premier and the Home Secretary. He seems to mangle them
+with peculiar gusto, and deals with them as if he was annihilating the
+Tadpole or Taper of his own "Coningsby." His speeches have not much
+metaphor, nor does he indulge in rhetorical glitter and ornament; we
+cannot call him impassioned, nor say he is eloquent; but he interests,
+informs, and amuses. A speech from Disraeli is sure to command
+attention. His manner is not calculated to set off his matter to the
+best advantage. His delivery is heavy, and of action he has none
+whatever. He thrusts his hands deep into his side-pockets, leans forward
+a little, or turns from side to side according to whom he may be
+addressing. But that is all. Though he sets the House cheering or
+laughing for minutes together, his countenance remains impassive; he
+says a good thing as if perfectly unconscious of it.'
+
+The paper rapidly advanced in public favour and soon reached a
+circulation of 66,000. It celebrated the completion of the first year of
+its existence by the publication of a double number, profusely
+illustrated by Gilbert, Harvey, and Kenny Meadows.
+
+[Illustration: BENJAMIN DISRAELI, M.P. FROM THE 'ILLUSTRATED LONDON
+NEWS,' JUNE 22, 1844.]
+
+The _Illustrated London News_ was not established without many
+misgivings as to its ultimate success. Its founder probably did not at
+first realise all the difficulties that lay in his way, but as fast as
+they appeared he met them with characteristic courage and energy, and
+overcame them by perseverance. He seized on every opportunity to
+consolidate the strength of the paper, and paid a great amount of
+personal attention to its management, often denying himself sleep one or
+two nights a-week. As the profits increased he kept on increasing the
+scope and number of its attractive features. He made it a rule to spare
+no expense in every department of the journal; whatever money could
+command for its success he resolved to have. After a time he was able to
+act on this wise resolve to the fullest extent, and in the end he
+achieved a great success.
+
+In describing the _Illustrated London News_ during the first year of its
+existence, I have directed attention chiefly to the pictorial portion of
+its contents, that being the characteristic feature of the paper by
+which it was distinguished from its purely literary contemporaries. The
+engravings I have reprinted from it are given as curiosities and not as
+specimens of excellence. The succeeding volumes contain abundant
+evidence that the highest talent was afterwards employed in producing
+the best examples of art as well as in the illustration of news. In its
+sixth year the course of public events opened up new and stirring scenes
+for its pages. So great was the interest felt in the exciting events of
+the year 1848, that the sale of the _Illustrated London News_ was more
+than doubled in three months. The vigorous sketches of the French
+Revolution published week after week were so eagerly bought that the
+publisher was not always able to meet the demand. On one occasion he was
+freely pelted with flour and other harmless missiles because the London
+'trade' could not get their supply soon enough to satisfy their
+impatience. The noisy newsboys, in mocking imitation of the Paris mob
+which was then making the streets of that city ring with cries of 'à bas
+Guizot!' vented their indignation against the publisher of the
+_Illustrated London News_ by shouting 'à bas Little! à bas Little!'
+
+But though the year of revolutions was so rich in materials for
+pictorial journalism, the year of the Great Exhibition was yet more
+fruitful. The Great Exhibition of 1851 was a perfect novelty, and was
+hailed as the harbinger of peace on earth and good-will among men.
+Coming so soon after the convulsions of 1848, the peaceful display was
+more enchanting from the contrast. Such a golden opportunity was not
+lost upon the pictorial press, and every stage of the construction of
+the first Crystal Palace was represented. The very plan of the building
+was first made public in the pages of the _Illustrated London News_, the
+first design adopted by the Commissioners having been superseded by Sir
+Joseph Paxton's Palace of Glass. The building was shown in progress from
+the raising of the first column, and its removal was illustrated to the
+clearing away of the foundations. In this 'Festival of Labour' the
+_Illustrated London News_ took a prominent place. An edition was printed
+in the Exhibition building by one of Applegarth's vertical
+printing-machines, then the quickest method of printing in use. At this
+time the paper was distinguished by the number and excellence of its
+illustrations, and the '_London News_' printing-machine was one of the
+attractions of the 'World's Fair.'
+
+In three years more the dreams of universal peace created by the Great
+Exhibition were rudely swept away by the declaration of war with Russia
+and subsequent invasion of the Crimea. The long and disastrous siege of
+Sebastopol, the assaults on the Redan and the Malakoff, the battles of
+Balaclava and Inkermann, supplied the most exciting subjects for
+illustration. It was the first great war since Waterloo, and the
+national excitement being intensified by the maladministration of the
+Government, the British public eagerly bought the war sketches. The sale
+of the paper at this time was very great, yet it is a curious fact that
+it never reached so high a figure as during the peaceful exhibition of
+1851,--a proof that, after all, the arts of peace are more attractive
+than the excitement of war.
+
+At Christmas, 1855, a novel feature was introduced into the _Illustrated
+London News_. For some years a Christmas number had been published, and
+it was now for the first time printed in _colours_. It is true the
+coloured pictures were little more than ordinary woodcuts with tints
+printed over them, but their imperfections were principally owing to the
+breakdown of machinery and the great hurry in which they were produced.
+In after years much better things were done, and the coloured Christmas
+pictures which have been for many years produced at the chromatic press
+of Leighton Bros. take rank among the best work of the kind. They have
+proved exceedingly popular, and always sold well. That of 'Little Red
+Riding Hood,' after J. Sant, R.A., published in 1863, was reprinted
+again and again, until the blocks were utterly worn out. They were then
+re-engraved, and again reprinted. The Christmas picture issued in 1882
+('Cinderella') was specially painted by Mr. Millais, R.A., at the price
+of 3000 guineas. When it is noted that the large coloured reproduction
+of this picture, together with seventeen highly finished full-page
+engravings by some of the best artists of the day, were sold for a
+shilling, it will be seen that the pictorial press is no unimportant
+factor in diffusing the purifying and softening influence of art.
+
+During the forty-two years that have elapsed since the first illustrated
+newspaper was founded, there has never been any long interval of peace.
+War of some kind, big or little, has broken out, like a volcano, on some
+part of the earth's surface, and kept the Argus-eyed newspaper editor on
+the alert. From Alma to Tel-el-Kebir and the desert warfare of the
+Soudan, there has been a succession of conflicts, with only a short
+interval of a few years between; so that the food on which picture
+newspapers thrive best has been abundantly supplied, and this remarkable
+offspring of the printing-press has consequently increased and
+multiplied, and is now found in every corner of the earth, 'from China
+to Peru.' The reader may form some idea of the magnitude of the
+operations in connexion with illustrated journalism when I state that at
+the marriage of the Prince of Wales the _Illustrated London News_ of
+that week consisted of three sheets, and 930,000 sheets were printed of
+that issue in one week. These sheets, if placed side by side, would
+cover 660 miles, so that, as they were printed on both sides, they
+represent a printed surface of, after deductions for margin, more than
+1115 miles in length. Nearly eighty tons of paper and twenty-three
+hundredweight of printing-ink were used in the production of that
+number. Larger quantities have been printed of some issues, but the
+production was spread over a longer period of time. 930,000 sheets is
+the largest quantity ever printed _in one week_. It will thus be seen
+what an amount of business this represents to the paper-maker, the
+ink-maker, the wood-draughtsman, the engravers, the electrotypers, the
+compositors, printers, machine-men, roller-makers, warehousemen, and the
+numerous other workers in a newspaper printing-office.
+
+The first editor of the _Illustrated London News_ was Mr. Bailey, who
+was nicknamed 'Alphabet Bailey' on account of the great number of his
+Christian names, and the consequent multiplicity of his initials. He was
+also called 'Omnibus Bailey' from his having edited a periodical called
+the _Omnibus_. These names were given to him to distinguish him from Mr.
+Thomas Haynes Bayley, the sentimental song-writer, author of 'I'd be a
+Butterfly,' 'The Soldier's Tear,' &c. Dr. Charles Mackay became the
+literary and political editor of the paper in 1848, and in 1852 he took
+its entire management and control, in which position he continued till
+1859, when he resigned. The late John Timbs was for many years on the
+editorial staff, and his familiar figure is well remembered in the old
+room at 198 Strand, where he sat with paste and scissors, undisturbed by
+the noises which surrounded him both inside and outside the house, for
+in this one room the whole business of the paper was at one time
+conducted. Here the young literary or artistic aspirant, who thought he
+saw in the new journal an opening for his hitherto unappreciated
+talents, had to explain his proposals before the eyes and in the hearing
+of rivals who were waiting for their turn. The place was open to all
+comers, and was at once the centre of managerial, financial, and
+editorial affairs. But the founder of the paper received all who came
+with good-humour and generous feeling, and never disregarded a useful
+hint or refused the proffered assistance of a good man.
+
+Herbert Ingram, the founder of the _Illustrated London News_, was born
+at Boston, Lincolnshire, on the 27th of May, 1811. He lost his father
+very early, and being sent to the Boston Free School, he there obtained
+all the school education he ever received. The course of instruction
+through which he passed was of the most circumscribed character, making
+his success in after-life all the more remarkable. At the age of
+fourteen he was apprenticed to Mr. Jos. Clarke, then a printer living in
+the Market Place, Boston. His master soon found that he possessed
+industry, patience, and perseverance in a high degree, qualities which
+unquestionably lay at the root of his subsequent success in life. He was
+always ready to work all night when orders were plentiful, and was
+unwilling to abandon anything he began until it was entirely complete.
+He established a character for punctuality and trustworthiness, while he
+carefully looked after the interests of his employer. At the expiration
+of his apprenticeship he came to London and worked for about two years
+as a journeyman printer. He then settled in Nottingham, and commenced
+business as a printer, bookseller, and newsagent.
+
+It was at this time Mr. Ingram was struck with the evident partiality of
+the public for _illustrated news_. He found such an extraordinary demand
+for the numbers of the _Weekly Chronicle_ containing the engravings of
+the Greenacre murder that he set seriously to work on the scheme of an
+illustrated newspaper, and put himself in communication with Mr.
+Marriott, who was then the manager of the _Weekly Chronicle_. But at the
+outset it appeared impossible to overcome the difficulty of producing
+pictures quick enough and in such numbers as would furnish forth a paper
+while the news was fresh. In the gradual development of the first
+illustrated newspaper it was, however, found that the draughtsmen and
+engravers of the day were fully equal to the demands made upon them, and
+a system of quick production was soon established which kept the paper
+on a level with current events.
+
+Mr. Ingram, who had settled in London before he started the _Illustrated
+London News_, entered heart and soul into his new enterprise. He had
+much to learn, and many things to do that were neither easy nor
+pleasant, but he had the rare faculty of picking out the right men to
+help him. It was his wise policy to employ the best talent, and in order
+to have it to pay its possessor munificently. He was brought closely
+into connexion with the artistic and literary world, by whom he was
+sincerely respected, and with whom his dealings were uniformly marked by
+kindness and liberality. Though he had not himself received the
+advantages of literary or artistic culture, he was able to do much in
+diffusing a knowledge and love of art amongst the people. His enterprise
+helped to change the character of public taste, and allured it into
+channels which were previously open only to the wealthy and the refined.
+His practical knowledge as a printer and newsagent were of infinite
+value in organizing and conducting the varied details of newspaper
+business. He was ever on the watch, and made opportunities where other
+men would have been indifferent and inactive. When a new Archbishop of
+Canterbury was installed the number of the paper containing an engraving
+of the ceremony was sent to every clergyman in England, and this was
+followed by a large and permanent increase in the number of
+subscribers--the first large rise in the sale since the paper began. At
+a much later date--long after the paper had become firmly
+established--the French authorities stopped the sale of the _Illustrated
+London News_ in Paris on account of some article reflecting on the
+Emperor Napoleon. Mr. Ingram happened to be in Paris at the time, and he
+immediately showed that the old energy and perseverance of the
+Nottingham newsvendor had not forsaken him. He used great exertions to
+get the paper released, in which he at length succeeded, and he himself
+afterwards went round in a cab and delivered the numbers to the various
+subscribers. When he was at Nottingham he walked five miles (and of
+course five miles back) to supply a gentleman with a single paper; and
+on one occasion he got up at two in the morning, and travelled to London
+to get some papers, the ordinary post not arriving soon enough to
+satisfy the curiosity of his customers. His exertions were rewarded by
+the sale of more than 1000 copies of that paper in Nottingham alone.
+This was probably one of the occasions which struck him so forcibly when
+the Nottingham public manifested such an eager interest in _illustrated
+news_.
+
+Throughout his life Mr. Ingram was devoted to the interests of his
+native town, and in return the people of Boston, in 1856, elected him as
+their representative in Parliament. At the general election which
+occurred after the dissolution in 1857 he was returned again. Amongst
+other social and political questions in which he took an active interest
+he was prominent in the agitation for the repeal of the stamp duty on
+newspapers. He also exerted himself zealously for the repeal of the
+paper duty, but he died before that important movement was brought to a
+successful issue. In 1848 Mr. Ingram started a cheap daily paper--the
+_Morning Telegraph_--upon which he spent a large amount of money. He
+was, however, before the time in this instance. The era of cheap daily
+papers had not begun, and after a time the new speculation was
+abandoned. He was one of the original shareholders of the _Great
+Eastern_ steamship, and was on board the giant vessel when the accident
+occurred on her trial trip from the Nore to Portland Harbour. It is a
+remarkable circumstance that the dreadful catastrophe in which he lost
+his life happened on the anniversary of this accident on board the
+_Great Eastern_.
+
+[Illustration: HERBERT INGRAM, FOUNDER OF THE 'ILLUSTRATED LONDON
+NEWS.']
+
+In 1860 Mr. Ingram visited America accompanied by his eldest son. They
+left Liverpool in the _North American_ on the 9th of August, and landed
+at Quebec in time to witness, after traversing the Lower St. Lawrence,
+the knocking in of the 'last wedge' of the Victoria Bridge at Montreal
+by the Prince of Wales. They then went on to Niagara, where they stayed
+some days. From Niagara Mr. Ingram proceeded to Chicago, intending to
+cross the prairies, and to follow the Mississippi to New Orleans, and
+thence to New York, but more especially to Boston, which old
+associations of history had determined him to make the conclusion of his
+sojourn in the United States. He altered his plans, however, and decided
+to visit Lake Superior, and to prolong his stay in America, proposing to
+return to England about the end of October.
+
+Mr. Ingram left Chicago at midnight on the 7th of September, accompanied
+by his son, in the _Lady Elgin_ steamer, bound on an excursion up Lakes
+Michigan and Superior. Nearly four hundred persons were on board. The
+wind blew hard from the north-east, and a heavy sea was running, but no
+one thought of danger, and there was music and dancing in the saloon.
+Thirty miles from Chicago and ten miles from land, about two o'clock on
+the morning of the 8th, there came a sudden crash. The schooner
+_Augusta_, sailing at the rate of eleven knots an hour, had struck the
+_Lady Elgin_ on the midships gangway, and then, having her sails set,
+and the wind blowing freshly, drifted off in the darkness. At first it
+was not thought that any serious damage had been done to the steamer,
+but those on board soon found that she was settling fast. The captain
+ordered parts of the woodwork of the vessel to be cut adrift to serve as
+rafts, and made such other provisions as the hurry would allow. In less
+than half-an-hour the hurricane deck floated off, and the hulk with the
+machinery went to the bottom with a tremendous noise. When the vessel
+parted all lights were extinguished, and the unfortunate passengers were
+left struggling amid the waves in total darkness. The steamer sank in
+three hundred feet of water, the sea was running high, and the land was
+ten miles away. Some of those who survived to see the dawn were drifted
+towards the shore on pieces of the wreck, and were drowned in the surf
+in the sight of hundreds of spectators. Out of 393 persons on board
+only 114 were saved. Among the drowned were Mr. Ingram and his son. The
+body of Mr. Ingram was washed ashore about sixteen miles from Chicago,
+and every effort was used to restore animation, but in vain. The body of
+his son was never found.
+
+The citizens of Chicago were profoundly impressed by the melancholy fate
+of father and son, so far away from home and friends. Mr. Ingram's
+remains were escorted from the Brigg's House Hotel to the railway
+station by a procession of more than eight hundred of the British
+residents in the neighbourhood. The body was taken to Quebec and
+conveyed on board the _Bohemian_ steamer, which arrived at Liverpool on
+the 2nd of October. From thence the remains were removed to Boston, and
+interred in the new cemetery at Skirbeck, about a mile from the centre
+of the town. On the day of the funeral all the shops and places of
+business in Boston were closed, the inhabitants filled the streets and
+followed the procession up to the gates of the cemetery. It was in every
+sense a public funeral, and afforded the strongest testimony of the
+respect in which the memory of the deceased was held by his
+fellow-townsmen. Two years afterwards, on October 6th, 1862, a statue of
+Mr. Ingram, raised by public subscription, was unveiled in the
+market-place at Boston. The life that began in the quaint old
+Lincolnshire town and ended amid the stormy waters of Lake Michigan, has
+now an enduring memorial standing not far from the spot where Herbert
+Ingram was born.
+
+The _Illustrated London News_ no sooner became an assured success than
+it was imitated. The _Pictorial Times_ was the first competitor that
+entered the field, and a very strong literary staff was collected to
+contend for the new path that had been opened. Douglas Jerrold wrote the
+leading articles; Thackeray was critic and reviewer, in which capacity
+he reviewed Macaulay's _Essays_ and Disraeli's _Coningsby_; Mark Lemon
+was dramatic critic, Peter Cunningham art critic, while Gilbert
+A'Beckett was the humorous contributor; the managing editor was Henry
+Vizetelly, and Knight Hunt, author of the _Fourth Estate_, afterwards
+editor of the _Daily News_, was the sub-editor. One man who has since
+become famous as a journalist was amongst the artists employed on the
+new paper. Those who only know Mr. George Augustus Sala as a brilliant
+writer will be surprised to learn that he is also a facile draughtsman,
+and was on the artistic staff of the _Pictorial Times_ in 1847. The
+_Pictorial Times_ was continued for several years, but it never achieved
+such a measure of success as to become permanently established. A story
+used to be told in connexion with it which gave some countenance to the
+popular belief that some of the sketches in illustrated newspapers were
+evolved from the inner consciousness of the artists. I cannot answer for
+the truth of the anecdote, but I know it served to amuse the world of
+Bohemia at the time. When the Queen and Prince Albert went first to
+Scotland, the newspapers in recording the movements of the royal party
+related, among other things (quoting a Scottish contemporary), that Her
+Majesty and the Prince had gone one day to 'see the shearing.' The
+conductors of the _Pictorial Times_ seeing this, and being anxious to
+present their readers with a perfect record of the royal doings,
+forthwith set an artist to work to produce a pleasant pastoral scene,
+with a group of shepherds _shearing their sheep_--not knowing that
+'shearing' in Scotland means _cutting the corn_, and forgetting for the
+moment that sheep-shearing is not usually done in the autumn.
+
+Much energy and capital have been expended on several other attempts to
+found pictorial journals in London, but most of them failed to secure a
+profitable footing. _Pen and Pencil_ contained some capital cuts by
+Linton; and the _Illustrated Times_, a threepenny paper, was well done.
+The _Illustrated News of the World_, in addition to numerous woodcuts,
+issued portraits engraved on steel. _The Ladies' Newspaper_ was started
+to fill a supposed void in journalism, but was ultimately absorbed by
+the _Queen_, in which connexion it still flourishes. The _Illustrated
+Midland News_ was brought out in Manchester, but it could not find in
+that city and its neighbourhood sufficient sustenance to subsist beyond
+a brief period. The _Illustrated London and Provincial News_ in its
+title endeavoured to attract both town and country, but it only had a
+short career. While these different ventures were in progress, the
+_Penny Illustrated Paper_ appealed to a lower stratum of the public with
+great success, and it has now a very large sale, having combined the
+_Illustrated Times_ with its original title. In some of these
+enterprises the promoters appear to have been unable to shake off, in
+choosing their titles, the fascinating influence of the word
+'illustrated.' A joint-stock company broke the spell, and started a
+paper with the very original title of the _Graphic_ on the eve of the
+great war between France and Germany. It was a most favourable time for
+establishing a new paper, and the conductors handled the opportunity
+with great ability and success. The printing and general _get-up_ of the
+_Graphic_ are excellent, and it has earned for itself a wide popularity.
+The _Pictorial World_ was started as a threepenny paper, and after
+existing several years at that price it became the property of a company
+and was raised to sixpence. During the Egyptian War it made strenuous
+efforts to obtain a footing on the same platform with the _Illustrated
+London News_ and the _Graphic_. The large lithographic portraits
+published by the _Pictorial World_ were very good. As the public taste
+improved under the influence of the pictorial press new fields were
+opened up for cultivation by the enterprising journalist. The
+_Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News_ addressed itself not only to
+the sportsman and actor, but also to that section of the public which
+finds amusement in the incidents and humours of the sporting world and
+the stage. It has deservedly obtained a good position. The last new
+comer on the journalistic stage is the _Ladies' Pictorial_, which has
+recently been enlarged and greatly improved. Its light and elegant
+contents are well suited to the tastes of its numerous patrons. All the
+existing illustrated papers in London have their publishing offices in
+the 'Line of Literature,' as Fleet Street and the Strand have been
+called. In the streets and courts in the neighbourhood are housed
+numbers of engravers and draughtsmen, who find it mutually convenient to
+work in the vicinity of the head-quarters of pictorial journalism. Many
+of the same fraternity consume the midnight oil in distant suburbs,
+their work gravitating to the great centre in the morning.
+
+All the countries of Europe, the United States, some of the cities of
+South America, the Colonies of Canada and Australia, have now their
+illustrated newspapers. Some of them supplement their own productions by
+reproducing the engravings from the English papers, and many have
+attained a high degree of artistic merit. The American journals are
+especially noteworthy for their excellent engravings.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+  How an Illustrated Newspaper is
+  Produced--Wood-engraving--Boxwood--Blocks for Illustrated
+  Newspapers--Rapid Sketching--Drawing on the Block--Method of Dividing
+  the Block for Engraving--Electrotyping--Development of the Printing
+  Machine--Printing Woodcuts--Machinery for Folding Newspapers--Special
+  Artists--Their Dangers and Difficulties--Their Adventures in War and
+  Peace.
+
+
+In describing the production of a modern pictorial newspaper, I take the
+_Illustrated London News_ as the type of its class, because it was the
+first paper of the kind that was ever established. The art of
+wood-engraving, to which the illustrated newspaper owes its existence,
+has been fully described by competent authors. The best work on the
+subject is that produced by the late John Jackson in 1839; but since
+that date the resources of the art have been greatly developed, chiefly
+through the influence of illustrated newspapers.
+
+The material used for wood-engraving is box-wood, which is preferred to
+all other kinds of wood on account of its close grain, hardness, and
+light colour. It admits of finer and sharper lines being cut upon it
+than any other wood, and great quantities are consumed in producing the
+engravings of an illustrated newspaper. According to Mr. J. R. Jackson,
+Curator of the Kew Museum, the box-tree is at the present time widely
+distributed through Europe and Asia, being found abundantly in Italy,
+Spain, Southern France, and on the coast of the Black Sea, as well as
+China, Japan, Northern India, and Persia. The box of English growth is
+so small as to be almost useless for commercial purposes. What is called
+Turkey box-wood is the best, and this is all obtained from the forests
+that grow on the Caucasus, and is chiefly shipped at Poti and Rostoff.
+The forests extend from thirty to a hundred and eighty miles inland, but
+many of them are in the hands of the Russian Government and are closed
+to commerce. Within the last few years a supply of box-wood has been
+obtained from the forests in the neighbourhood of the Caspian Sea; but
+Turkey box is becoming dearer every year and inferior in quality. After
+the wood is cut in the forest, it is brought down on horseback to the
+nearest river, put on board flat-bottom boats, and floated down to the
+port of shipment. It arrives in this country either at Liverpool or
+London, chiefly the former, and is usually in logs about four feet long
+and eight or ten inches across.
+
+[Illustration: BACK OF A BLOCK, SHOWING THE WAY IN WHICH THE PARTS ARE
+FASTENED TOGETHER.]
+
+The wood intended for engraving purposes is first carefully selected and
+then cut up into transverse slices about an inch thick. After being cut,
+the pieces are placed in racks something like plate-racks, and
+thoroughly seasoned by slow degrees in gradually heated rooms. This
+seasoning process ought to last, on an average, four or five years; but
+the exigencies of trade seldom allow of so long a time. They are then
+cut into parallelograms of various sizes, the outer portion of the
+circular section near the bark being cut away, and all defective wood
+rejected. These parallelograms are then assorted as to size, and fitted
+together at the back by brass bolts and nuts. By this means blocks of
+any size can be made, and they possess the great advantage of being
+capable of being taken to pieces after a drawing is made, and
+distributed among as many engravers as there are pieces in the block.
+This invention of making bolted blocks was brought forward just about
+the time the _Illustrated London News_ was started, when large blocks
+and quick engraving came to be in demand. In the days of the _Penny
+Magazine_, blocks were made by simply glueing the pieces of wood
+together, or they were fastened by means of a long bolt passing through
+the entire block.
+
+The cut given on the opposite page represents the back of a half-page
+block of the _Illustrated London News_, and shows the way in which the
+bolts and nuts are used for fastening the different parts of the block
+together.
+
+For the production of a pictorial newspaper a large staff of draughtsmen
+and engravers is required, who must be ready at a moment's notice to
+take up any subject, and, if necessary, work day and night until it is
+done. The artist who supplies the sketch has acquired by long practice a
+rapid method of working, and can, by a few strokes of his pencil,
+indicate a passing scene by a kind of pictorial shorthand, which is
+afterwards translated and extended in the finished drawing. The sketch
+being completed on paper, the services of the draughtsman on wood come
+into requisition, for it is not often that the drawing on the block is
+made by the same person who supplies the sketch. Sometimes the sketch to
+be dealt with is the production of an amateur, or is so hastily or
+indifferently done that it has to be remodelled or rearranged in drawing
+it on the wood. Faulty or objectionable portions have to be left out or
+subdued, and perhaps a point in the sketch that is quite subordinate, is
+brought forward and made to form a prominent part of the picture. All
+this has to be done without doing violence to the general truth of the
+representation, and with due consideration for the particular conditions
+of the moment, such as the amount of finish and distribution of light
+and shade suitable for rapid engraving and printing.
+
+[Illustration: FACSIMILE OF SKETCH: SURRENDER OF SEDAN.]
+
+[Illustration: THE SURRENDER OF SEDAN. FROM THE 'ILLUSTRATED LONDON
+NEWS,' SEPT. 17, 1870.]
+
+An example of the adaptation of a rapid sketch occurs in the engraving
+of the surrender of Sedan, published in the _Illustrated London News_,
+September 17, 1870. This sketch, which carries with it the strongest
+evidence of being taken 'under fire,' came to hand a few hours before
+the engravings for the current week were to be ready for the printer.
+The cream or heart of the sketch, representing an officer waving a white
+flag over the gate of Sedan attended by a trumpeter, was taken for the
+subject, while the comparatively unimportant part of the sketch was left
+out. The drawing was rapidly executed and as rapidly engraved, and was
+ready for press at the usual time. I give a reduced copy of the
+engraving, together with a facsimile reduction of the original sketch,
+which will show the reader the way in which hurried sketches are
+sometimes adapted to the purposes of a newspaper without at all
+impairing their original truth.
+
+Sometimes more than one draughtsman is employed on a drawing where the
+subject consists of figures and landscape, or figures and architecture.
+In such a case, if time presses, the two parts of the drawing are
+proceeded with simultaneously. The whole design is first traced on the
+block; the bolts at the back of the block are then loosened, the parts
+are separated, and the figure-draughtsman sets to work on his division
+of the block, while another draughtsman is busied with the landscape or
+architecture, as the case may be. Occasionally, when there is very great
+hurry, the block is separated piece by piece as fast as the parts of the
+drawing are finished--the engraver and draughtsman thus working on the
+same subject at the same time. Instances have occurred where the
+draughtsman has done his work in this way, and has never seen the whole
+of his drawing together. The double-page engraving of the marriage of
+the Prince of Wales in the _Illustrated London News_, March 21, 1863,
+was drawn on the wood by Sir John Gilbert at 198 Strand, and as fast as
+each part of the drawing was done it was separated from the rest and
+given to the engraver. Considering that the artist never saw his drawing
+entire, it is wonderful to find the engraving so harmonious and
+effective. Photographing on the wood is now in general use for
+portraits, sculpture, architecture, and other subjects where there is a
+picture or finished drawing on paper to work from.
+
+The drawing on wood being completed, it passes into the hands of the
+engraver, and the first thing he does is to cut or set the lines across
+all the joins of the block before the different parts are distributed
+among the various engravers. This is done partly to ensure as far as
+possible some degree of harmony of colour and texture throughout the
+subject. When all the parts are separated and placed in the hands of
+different engravers each man has thus a sort of _key-note_ to guide him
+in the execution of his portion, and it should be his business to
+imitate and follow with care the colour and texture of the small pieces
+of engraving which he finds already done at the edge of his part of the
+block where it joins the rest of the design. The accompanying cuts
+represent a block entire and the same subject divided.
+
+[Illustration: A BLOCK BEFORE IT IS TAKEN TO PIECES.]
+
+[Illustration: THE SAME SUBJECT DIVIDED.]
+
+Though this system of subdividing the engraving effects a great saving
+of time, it must be admitted that it does not always result in the
+production of a first-rate work of art as a whole. For, supposing the
+subject to be a landscape with a good stretch of trees, the two or three
+engravers who have the trees to engrave have, perhaps, each a different
+method of rendering foliage; and when the whole is completed, and the
+different pieces are put together, the trees perhaps appear like a piece
+of patchwork, with a distinct edge to each man's work. To harmonise and
+dovetail (so to speak) these different pieces of work is the task of the
+superintending artist, who retouches the first proof of the engraving
+and endeavours to blend together the differences of colour and
+texture. This is often no easy task, for the press is generally waiting,
+and the time that is left for such work is often reduced to minutes
+where hours would scarcely suffice to accomplish all that might be done.
+Or the block to be engraved may be a marine subject, with a stormy sea.
+In this case, like the landscape, two or three engravers may be employed
+upon the water, each of them having a different way of representing that
+element. Here it is even more difficult than in the landscape to blend
+the conflicting pieces of work, and requires an amount of 'knocking
+about' that sometimes astonishes the original artist. All this is the
+necessary result of the hurry in which the greater part of newspaper
+engravings have to be produced. When the conditions are more favourable
+better things are successfully attempted, and of this the illustrated
+newspapers of the day have given abundant proofs.
+
+It is obvious that when a block is divided and the parts are distributed
+in various hands, if any accident should occur to one part the whole
+block is jeopardised. It is much to the credit of the fraternity of
+engravers that this rarely or ever happens. I only remember one instance
+of a failure of this kind within my own experience. An engraver of
+decidedly Bohemian character, after a hard night's work on the tenth
+part of a page block, thought fit to recruit himself with a cheering
+cup. In the exhilaration that followed he lost the piece of work upon
+which he had been engaged, and thereby rendered useless the efforts of
+himself and his nine compatriots.
+
+When the block is finished the parts are screwed together by means of
+the brass bolts and nuts at the back of the block. It is then delivered
+to the electrotyper, who first takes a mould of the block in wax, which
+mould is then covered with a thin coating of blacklead, that being a
+good conductor of electricity. The mould is then suspended by a brass
+rod in a large bath filled with a solution of sulphate of copper and
+sulphuric acid. A strong current of electricity, obtained from a
+dynamo-electric machine close at hand, is conducted to the wax mould in
+the bath and also to a sheet of copper which is placed near the mould.
+The electricity decomposes the copper and deposits it in small particles
+on the mould, on which a thin coating of copper is gradually formed,
+producing an exact facsimile of the original engraved block. This copper
+reproduction of the woodcut is filled in at the back with metal, mounted
+on wood, and is then ready for the printer, who has his 'overlays' all
+ready, and the business of printing begins.
+
+There is nothing more wonderful in the history of printing than the
+rapid development of the printing machine and the extraordinary increase
+of its productive power. The ordinary press, though greatly improved,
+was found quite inadequate to the demands made upon it; and, the
+attention of practical men being directed to some more rapid means of
+production, the steam printing machine was invented. As early as 1790
+Mr. W. Nicholson obtained letters patent for a machine very similar to
+those since in use; but it was not till 1814 that any practical use was
+made of the steam printing machine. In that year a German named König
+constructed a machine for the _Times_ newspaper, which worked
+successfully; but, though highly ingenious, the machine was very
+complicated, and it was soon superseded by the invention of Messrs.
+Applegarth and Cowper, possessing several novel features. This machine,
+again, was replaced by another where the type was arranged vertically.
+Then came Hoe's American machines, and finally the Walter Press, the
+principle of which last invention has, in the Ingram Rotary Machine,
+been successfully applied to the printing of cheap illustrated
+newspapers. By the old 'two-feeder' machines the engravings were printed
+on one side of the sheet, and, by a second printing, the type on the
+other side. They turned out 1500 impressions of the engravings in an
+hour, while the type side was printed (by a six-feeder American machine)
+at the rate of 12,000 impressions an hour. The _Penny Illustrated Paper_
+is printed by the Ingram Rotary Machine at the rate of 6500 an hour. It
+prints both sides of the sheet at once, cuts each number to its proper
+size, folds it, and turns it out complete. It occupies no more space
+than an ordinary perfecting machine, and only requires four men to
+attend to it, while thirty men and five 'two-feeders' would be required
+to do the same amount of work by the old system.
+
+If a block be well engraved and carefully used in printing there is
+practically no limit to the number of impressions that may be taken from
+it. The blocks in the Christmas number of the _Illustrated London News_
+of 1882 had 425,000 impressions taken from them, and they are still good
+for a new edition of the like number.
+
+After the paper is printed each sheet is neatly folded by folding
+machines, which fold the entire edition in a few hours. One
+double-action folding machine will fold fifty sheets in a minute. As it
+is found that machinery for folding newspapers works much better at a
+moderate speed, in the case of the Ingram Rotary Machine it has been
+arranged in duplicate, so that each folder only works at half the speed
+of the printing machine. The folding machine completes its work by
+inserting the paper in its cover; but as the _Illustrated London News_
+has not sufficient space for machines to carry out the whole of this
+part of the business, a number of women and girls are employed, whose
+nimble fingers supplement the work of the folding machines.
+
+[Illustration: THE EVE OF A BATTLE: NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENTS SLEEPING ON
+THE FIELD.]
+
+In these days of electric telegraphy Puck's notion of putting 'a girdle
+round about the earth in forty minutes' is not so very far from being
+realised. The London citizen as he sips his coffee at his villa in the
+suburbs runs his eye over the pages of his morning paper, and reads of
+events that took place yesterday many thousand miles away. Before he
+starts for business he is informed of what is passing on every side of
+the inhabited earth. This rapid transmission of intelligence is somewhat
+damaging to the illustrated newspaper, for by the time it can publish
+sketches of interesting events in far distant countries the freshness
+of the news is gone, and the public mind is occupied with later
+occurrences. Until some method is invented of sending sketches by
+electricity the pictorial press must endure this disadvantage, but in
+the meantime it spares no pains to overtake the march of events.
+Wherever there is any 'moving accident by flood or field' the 'special
+artist' of the illustrated newspaper is found 'takin' notes.' No event
+of interest escapes his ever ready pencil. He undergoes fatigues,
+overcomes formidable difficulties, and often incurs personal danger in
+fulfilling his mission. On the eve of a battle he will sleep on the bare
+ground wrapped in a blanket or waterproof sheet, and he will ride all
+night through a hostile country to catch the homeward mail. He is
+equally at home in the palace and the hovel, and is as ready to attend a
+battle as a banquet. He thought nothing of stepping over to China to
+attend the nuptials of the celestial Emperor; and on that occasion
+extended his travels until he had completed the circuit of the globe,
+winding up with a run on the war-path among the American Indians. He
+assisted at the laying of the telegraph cable between Europe and
+America, and diversified his labours, and showed the versatility of his
+powers by taking part in an impromptu dramatic entertainment which he
+and his comrades got up for the occasion, and which they appropriately
+called 'A Cable-istic Extravaganza.' He was at the opening of the Suez
+Canal, and he passed with the first railway train through the Mont Cenis
+tunnel. In pursuing his vocation the special artist has to encounter the
+perils of earth, air, fire, and water. Now he is up in a balloon, now
+down in a coal-mine; now shooting tigers in India, now deer-stalking in
+the Highlands. Dr. Schliemann no sooner announced that he had discovered
+the site of Troy than the special artist was down upon the spot at once.
+He is found risking his life in the passes of Afghanistan, and in
+Zululand assisting at the defeat and capture of Cetywayo. Now he is at
+the bombardment of Alexandria, and now facing the savage warriors of
+the Soudan at El-Teb and Tamasi. At the present time (November, 1884),
+he is on his way up the Nile with the expedition for the relief of
+General Gordon at Khartoum, and he is in India with the Boundary
+Commissioners exploring the dangerous passes of the Afghan frontier. In
+peace or war the special artist pursues his purpose with stoical
+self-possession in spite of cold, hunger, and fatigue.
+
+[Illustration: A CABLE-ISTIC EXTRAVAGANZA, PERFORMED BY NEWSPAPER
+CORRESPONDENTS ON BOARD THE _GREAT EASTERN_, AT SEA, JULY, 1866.]
+
+The special artist may be said to have commenced his career with the
+Crimean War. While the signs of the coming storm were yet distant the
+_Illustrated London News_ sent the late Mr. S. Read to the expected
+scene of action, and during the whole course of the war special artists
+were on the shores of the Black Sea and in the Baltic to chronicle the
+great events of the time. The world had scarcely forgotten Balaklava and
+Inkerman when the war between Italy, France, and Austria broke out.
+Solferino and Magenta were fought, Garibaldi conquered Sicily, and
+wherever the interest was greatest there the special artist was found.
+Special artists went with the contending armies when Denmark opposed
+herself single-handed to the united forces of Prussia and Austria, and
+delineated every important incident of the campaign. When the present
+Emperor of Germany was crowned King of Prussia at Königsberg special
+artists travelled to that ancient city to furnish sketches of the
+ceremony. The gigantic civil war in America, and the brief struggle
+between Prussia and Austria in 1866, gave active employment to the
+special artist; and when a British force advanced into Abyssinia a
+special artist was with that most romantic expedition, and sent home
+numerous sketches of the remarkable scenery of the country, as well as
+of all the principal events of the campaign. The assault on Magdala, the
+dispersion of King Theodore's broken army, the customs and dwellings of
+the people, were all noted and illustrated. When the great war of 1870,
+between France and Prussia, broke out, the illustrated newspapers had
+special artists on both sides, who encountered all sorts of hardships,
+and passed through all kinds of adventures in fulfilling their duties.
+Besides being frequently arrested as spies, and undergoing the
+privations of beleagured places, they had also to run the risk of shot
+and shell, and sometimes they were obliged to destroy their sketching
+materials under fear of arrest. One of them was in custody as a spy no
+less than eleven times during the war. The danger of being seen
+sketching or found with sketches in their possession was so great that
+on one occasion a special artist actually swallowed his sketch to avoid
+being taken up as a spy. Another purchased the largest book of cigarette
+papers he could obtain, and on them he made little sketches, prepared in
+case of danger to smoke them in the faces of his enemies.
+
+[Illustration: HEADQUARTERS OF SPECIAL ARTIST IN ASIA MINOR, 1877.]
+
+[Illustration: ARREST OF NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENTS AT METZ, DURING THE
+FRANCO-GERMAN WAR.]
+
+The following extract from a letter I received from a special artist
+during the war, will give some idea of the trouble and danger of
+sketching:--
+
+'Of the trouble I have taken to get these sketches you can have no
+conception. The plan I have been obliged to adopt is this. I walk about
+quietly, apparently noticing only the goods in the shop-windows. When I
+see anything, I make memoranda on small bits of tissue paper, perhaps in
+a café, or while appearing to look at the water from the top of a
+bridge, or on the side of an apple, with a big knife in my hand
+pretending to peel it. These little mems I roll up into pills, place
+them handy in my waistcoat pocket to be chewed up or swallowed if "in
+extremis." When I get home at night, first making sure that I am not
+overlooked by way of the window, I unroll these little pills, and from
+those mems make a complete outline on a thin piece of white paper. Then
+I paste these sketches face to face, trim the edges, and it looks like a
+plain piece of paper, but hold it up to the light and the sketch shows.
+So I make memoranda all over it,--the times of trains starting, prices
+of articles, or extracts from newspapers. When I get to a place of
+safety, I soak these pieces of paper in water, pull the sketches apart,
+and from them have made the sketches I have forwarded to you. If I could
+not get into a place of safety to make the sketches, I don't know what
+I should do, in fact I don't think I could do anything, for I would not,
+for any consideration _be found making a sketch, nor with a sketch in my
+possession_; nor should I dare post a sketch at the "Bureaux de poste,"
+but I might get it into a street box.'
+
+Another special artist being at Metz, found himself in the midst of a
+population infected with what he called the 'spy-fever.' About a dozen
+English newspaper correspondents were there, and they became a united
+body through persecution. There was always about a fourth of their
+number in prison, and what most persons would have considered to be
+clear evidence that they were not spies, was in the minds of the French
+clear evidence that they were. If they were told that the correspondent
+of an English newspaper could not possibly be a spy, the reply was that
+that was just the character that a _cochon_ of a Prussian spy would
+assume. The townspeople of Metz became quite wild when they heard of the
+French defeats at Wörth and Forbach, and when they saw an artist
+sketching the Emperor's carriage, they pounced upon him as a Prussian
+spy, and he and his companions were marched off in custody, amid the
+hootings of the mob. The following account of this affair is extracted
+from the _Illustrated London News_ of August 20, 1870: 'Three of the
+representatives of London papers, Mr. Simpson, Mr. Henry Mayhew and his
+son, went to the railway station, having heard a rumour that the Emperor
+was about to start for the front, and also that a train full of the
+wounded was expected to arrive. At the station they met Mr. Stuart,
+another newspaper correspondent, who had just come from Italy, having
+travelled all night. They found the Emperor's carriage and horses
+waiting to be forwarded by a train on the railway towards St. Avold. Our
+artist thought it would be doing no harm to employ the few minutes of
+his waiting at the station in making a slight sketch of the carriage and
+horses, which might be useful as materials for an illustration of some
+future scene where the same equipage might figure. He took a small
+sketch-book and pencil out of his pocket and quickly finished this
+little drawing. There was no attempt at concealment; he even showed his
+sketch to one of the bystanders who was close to him, and who seemed to
+watch his movements with some curiosity. Mr. Simpson then rejoined his
+three English companions, but had scarcely done so before they were
+surrounded by a large party of artillery soldiers, who wore undress
+jackets and had not their arms with them. They were taken into custody,
+each one placed between two soldiers, and thus were marched through the
+streets of Metz to the Place de la Cathedral. A mob of people followed,
+increasing as they went on, and reviling the foreigners as "Sacrés
+Prusses," or "Cochons de Prusses," threatening vengeance upon them,
+which might probably have been taken if their violence had not been
+restrained by the presence of the soldiers. The whole party were then
+brought into the guard-room, where several persons came forward as their
+accusers to denounce them as spies of the enemy, lurking about Metz with
+a hostile and insidious purpose. The chief evidence against one of them
+was that he had bought three copies of a Metz local newspaper; another
+was suspected because he had been seen four days successively in the
+same café, "and always sitting in the same seat;" a third could be no
+true man, because, while he said he belonged to a London paper, he
+confessed that he had just come from Florence. The main charge against
+Mr. Simpson was that he did not lodge at an hotel, but in a private
+house. These particulars were repeated to the crowd outside, which
+filled the whole Place, and was in a state of raging fury; till at last
+the officers in charge made their appearance and commenced a more
+regular examination. Our artist produced his passport, which was
+approved as in due order; but his little sketch-book, with its scraps of
+notes and bits of outline, seemed to contain matter for serious
+investigation. In spite of his awkward and rather alarming position, he
+was struck with the absurdity of viewing such innocent scrawls as proof
+of heinous guilt. He endeavoured, however, with the assistance of Mr.
+Mayhew, to explain what they were, and to persuade the officers that
+they could do no harm. After a tedious detention, they were permitted to
+write a note to a friend, who instantly went to the Provost-Marshal, and
+at once got an order for their immediate release. Their private letters
+and papers were examined. Several other persons, Frenchmen as well as
+foreigners, including one who was the artist employed by a Paris
+illustrated paper, were arrested at Metz on the same day; and more than
+one of them suffered rough usage at the hands of the mob. On the next
+day they were all ordered to leave the town.' The following is a
+facsimile of the sketch that produced all this commotion.
+
+[Illustration: THE EMPEROR'S CARRIAGE AT METZ.]
+
+The same artist who made his sketches into pills, being at Bremerhafen,
+found himself so watched and dogged by the police and others who had
+observed he was a stranger, that he could not make the sketch he wanted.
+After much walking about he at length returned to the place where he
+desired to sketch, and sitting down at the edge of the harbour he began
+to draw lines with his umbrella on the mud, as if in a fit of
+abstraction, and soon had sketched in this way the principal points of
+the scene before him. This he repeated several times, until the view
+was fixed in his memory, when he retired to the railway-station, and
+there, unobserved, committed the scene to his sketch-book. On another
+occasion, in the neighbourhood of Mezières, he was driven at nightfall
+to seek a lodging in a very lonely and villainous looking inn. The
+occupants of the place looked upon him with evil eyes, and dreading lest
+one more should be added to the numerous graves already near the
+cabaret, he betook himself to a neighbouring wood, where he spent the
+whole night surrounded by the carcases of dead horses. At Lyons he
+penetrated into the theatre where the people were storing corn and flour
+in anticipation of a siege. He had made some hasty notes in his
+sketch-book, when he was observed and obliged to retreat, followed,
+however, by several men. He had noticed an umbrella shop round the
+corner in the next street, and into this shop he rushed, seized an
+umbrella, opened it, and kept it expanded between himself and the door,
+as if examining the quality of the silk, while his pursuers ran past,
+when he demanded the price of the umbrella, paid the money, and walked
+off, glad to escape at so small a cost. Sometimes his adventures had a
+more amusing termination. When the spy-fever prevailed very strongly
+both in France and Germany, he was one day looking into a shop-window
+when he became conscious that he was watched by two officers. 'Now,'
+thought he, 'I am in for it again, and shall certainly be arrested.'
+This feeling was confirmed as one of the officers advanced towards him,
+and raising his hand as if to seize him by the collar, addressed him
+thus: 'Permit me, monsieur, to adjust the string of your shirt collar,
+which has escaped from behind your cravat.'[1] This gentleman was
+somewhat old-fashioned in his costume, and during his wanderings was
+sometimes mistaken for a sea-captain. He had even received confidential
+proposals to discuss the question of freight.
+
+The _Illustrated London News_ had five artists in the field during the
+Franco-German war: W. Simpson, R. T. Landells, G. H. Andrews, C. J.
+Staniland, and Jules Pelcoq. From the fact of Landells being already
+known to the Crown Prince of Prussia and several of his staff, it was
+settled that his destination should be Germany, and I remember that
+before his departure he expressed to me just the slightest shade of
+discontent that he should be selected to go on what he thought would be
+the losing side. He was destined, however, to be present at the
+proclamation of the German Emperor in the palace of Versailles, and he
+was one of the first to enter Paris after it capitulated to the German
+army. Soon afterwards he very nearly experienced the unpleasant
+consequences of being taken for a German spy. Landells himself was of a
+dark complexion, and might very well have passed for a Frenchman, but on
+the occasion referred to he was in the company of a brother artist (Mr.
+Sidney Hall, of the _Graphic_), who, being fair, might easily be
+mistaken for German. The excited mob of Paris had just vented their rage
+on a suspected spy by drowning him in the Seine, and the two special
+artists were loitering on the outskirts of the crowd, when Mr. Hall
+imprudently took out his sketch-book, which was no sooner perceived than
+a cry was raised of 'Prussian spy!' and they too would probably have
+been pitched into the river had they not managed, with great difficulty,
+to escape from the crowd.
+
+[Illustration: NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENTS ON THEIR WAY TO THE FRONT.
+SISTOVA, 1877.]
+
+When the German armies were closing round Paris M. Jules Pelcoq
+consented to be shut up in the devoted city for the purpose of supplying
+the _Illustrated London News_ with sketches. During the hardships of the
+siege he was quite unable to obtain fuel to warm his apartment, and was
+compelled to retire to bed, where, wrapped in a blanket, he finished up
+the rough sketches he had made out of doors, which were then
+photographed and sent off by balloons to London. These balloons were
+regularly despatched during the prevalence of winds that would carry
+them to the provinces unoccupied by the Germans. They were followed by
+Prussian light cavalry as long as they were in sight, and some were
+captured. Afterwards, as the city became more closely invested, and the
+danger increased, the precaution was taken of despatching the balloons
+at night, and the time fixed on was kept concealed from all save those
+immediately concerned, in order to avoid, as far as possible, the
+chances of its being communicated to the enemy, and thereby exposing the
+aëronauts to the fiery rockets and other projectiles with which the
+Germans were prepared to favour them. The railway-stations were
+generally chosen as the starting-places, for they not only offered large
+open spaces in which to fill the balloons, but, being situated away from
+the centre of Paris, there was less risk, in ascending, of coming in
+contact with buildings.
+
+To provide against the loss of sketches so sent, photographic copies
+were despatched by other balloons. In some cases two, and even three,
+copies of the same sketch reached my hands by balloon-post during the
+German investment of Paris. Considering the danger and difficulty of
+this mode of communication, the intercourse between the _Illustrated
+London News_ and its artist in Paris was kept up pretty regularly during
+the whole siege.
+
+[Illustration: SKETCHING UNDER DIFFICULTIES. HERZEGOVINA, 1876.]
+
+The requirements of special artists when on the 'war path' vary
+according to circumstances. Mr. Simpson, in France during the
+Franco-German war, found no scarcity of food, but could seldom get a bed
+to sleep in. On the other hand, Mr. Melton Prior, in South Africa and
+other hot countries, found that he was never sure of obtaining either
+food or drink. During the war in Herzegovina in 1876 the newspaper
+correspondents had to rough it pretty considerably. Sometimes, when the
+special artist got to a resting-place for the night, he would have to
+work up his sketches by the light of a single candle, which he kept in
+an upright position by holding it between his feet as he sat on the
+ground, while the correspondent of a London 'daily' scribbled his notes
+beside him. The difficulty of obtaining sleeping accommodation was
+experienced by another artist in Servia, who was obliged one night to go
+to rest in a sort of diligence or covered waggon which stood in the inn
+yard. It was the only 'spare bed,' and the tired 'special' was very glad
+to coil himself up within its recesses. These hardships, however, belong
+to the past. Just as the combatants in modern warfare fight their
+battles with the most scientific weapons, so the newspaper correspondent
+now goes to the field armed with the latest appliances against cold,
+fatigue, hunger, and thirst. He provides himself with an abundant
+supply of tinned meats and champagne, plenty of clothing, the latest
+improvements in saddlery; and when he arrives at the scene of action he
+buys as many horses as he wants for himself and servants. Acting on the
+experience of former campaigns, Mr. Prior was able in the Zulu War to
+travel much more comfortably than any member of the staff, not even
+excepting Lord Chelmsford himself. 'I had then no fewer than five
+horses: two in the shafts of my American waggon, one for myself, one for
+my servant, and one spare horse. I followed the army through all its
+marches in my travelling carriage, and on the eve of the Battle of
+Ulundi I was the only man who had a tent; all the others lay down in the
+open.'
+
+[Illustration: THE SPARE BED.]
+
+While recording the progress of events--the deeds of war mingling with
+the works of peace--the pictorial press is not unmindful of what is done
+in the cause of humanity. One of the recent experiences of the special
+artist was in making a journey across Siberia in search of the survivors
+of the crew of the American exploring ship _Jeanette_. Mr. J. Gordon
+Bennett, the proprietor of the _New York Herald_, having sent out a
+commissioner to search for the missing expedition, he was joined by the
+special artist of the _Illustrated London News_. They had before them
+a journey of two or three thousand miles, and they travelled in one of
+the covered sledges used in Siberia in the winter time. It was their
+travelling carriage by day and their sleeping apartment at night.
+Sometimes they had to turn out and defend themselves from the wolves
+which followed them over the snowy waste. The artist on this occasion
+was Mr. Larsen, of Copenhagen, who proved himself a first-rate special.
+
+[Illustration: SPECIAL ARTIST'S TENT.]
+
+When the effects of a deadly climate are added to the usual chances of
+war, the courage and endurance of the newspaper correspondent are doubly
+tried. The 'specials' of the principal London journals joined the
+Ashantee expedition with as much alacrity as if they had been going to a
+review in Hyde Park. Among them was Mr. Melton Prior, the artist of the
+_Illustrated London News_, who landed at Cape Coast Castle before the
+arrival of the British troops, marched with them to Coomassie, and
+remained in that place till it was destroyed by the victors. But the
+long march in such a climate had exhausted the strength of many, and the
+special artist was among the number. On nearing Coomassie he could no
+longer trust to his own unaided powers of locomotion, so he laid hold on
+the tail of a mule which he saw ambling before him, and so was helped
+forward. The gentleman who was riding the mule turned round, when it
+proved to be Sir Garnet Wolseley himself, who, in answer to the
+exhausted artist's apologies, good-humouredly told him to 'hold on!'
+
+While coolness and courage are indispensable qualifications for the
+special artist, if he can sometimes accomplish a little harmless
+dissimulation he finds it very useful. In 1877, during the war between
+Russia and Turkey, a special artist overcame the difficulties he
+encountered in getting to the front by assuming the character of a
+camp-follower, and professing to sell composite candles, German
+sausages, Russian hams, dried fish, Dutch cheese, &c., and when passing
+Cossacks became importunate they were propitiated with a candle or two,
+a slice of cheese, or a packet of Roumanian tobacco. In like manner
+the artist who went to the port of Ferrol to accompany Cleopatra's
+Needle to London shipped on board the tug _Anglia_ as a coal-trimmer,
+and signed the usual articles as one of the crew, there being no room
+for passengers. After the successful voyage of the tug the artist left
+her at Gravesend, being anxious to bring his sketches to head-quarters;
+but until he was legally discharged from service he ran the unpleasant
+risk of being taken up for absconding from his ship.
+
+[Illustration: NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENTS STARTING FOR SIBERIA.]
+
+Not the least of a special artist's troubles is to get his sketches sent
+home without loss of time. Mr. Simpson, who has had a large and varied
+experience as a special artist, having been all round the world in that
+capacity, gives it as his opinion that the first duty of a special
+correspondent when he arrives at the scene of action is to find out the
+post-office, if he happens to be in a part of the world where such a
+civilised institution exists. He should take care to post all his
+packets himself, and never trust to any one else. He says, 'In all my
+various travels I never lost a packet but once, and that was during the
+week's fighting at the time of the Commune in Paris. There were three
+sketches in the packet. I was very dubious about letting them out of my
+hands, but I had been all the week with the correspondent of the
+_Times_, who had spent a considerable sum of money upon messengers to
+get his letters taken through the lines outside Paris and off to London.
+I ventured to let my packet go with his, thinking it was safe, but
+neither of them ever reached their destination.' In connexion with this
+subject I may quote the following story related by Mr. Prior to the
+editor of the _Pall Mall Gazette_:--'I remember one time when I was
+attached to Mehemet Ali's head-quarters in Bulgaria during the
+Russo-Turkish war. The Turkish censor stopped no fewer than six weeks of
+my sketches. Things were getting desperate. Our people were telegraphing
+out to know whether I was alive or dead; and, finding that something
+must be done, I determined to see the thing through or leave the camp.
+It so happened that I had been the witness of some peculiarly
+atrocious deeds perpetrated by Turks upon Bulgarians, so I set to work
+and drew half-a-dozen faithful representations of the sufferings which I
+had witnessed. Armed with these I went up to the censor's office and
+asked that they might be stamped for transmission home. The censor
+looked at the first and said it was ridiculous. Couldn't pass that; no
+such atrocities had ever been committed; and so forth. The second was
+condemned in the same way, and so on until the last was reached. When he
+had rejected that also I said to him very deliberately, "You are going
+to pass every one of these sketches!" "On the contrary," said he, "I am
+going to tear them up." "If you do," said I, "I shall draw not only six
+but twelve pictures worse than these, and send them home by my own
+messenger." "I will have him arrested then," said the censor. "Very
+well, then, in that case I shall leave the camp at once, and in London I
+will draw twenty pictures all worse than these, and they will all be
+published, so that people may see the real truth about how you are
+behaving here." The censor, like a sensible man, saw that it was no use
+carrying things with too high a hand, and came to terms. He admitted he
+had stopped all my sketches, promised to do so no more, and I left him
+with my atrocity pictures in my pocket, assuring him that the first
+sketch of mine that he stopped again the whole series should go to
+London by the next steamer. I never had any more trouble with him in
+that respect, though he paid me out by having me arrested some months
+later.'
+
+[Illustration: CAMP OF THE 'TIMES' AND 'ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS''
+CORRESPONDENTS ATTACKED BY WOLVES. BULGARIA, 1877.]
+
+During the Franco-German War Mr. Simpson often proved the advantage of
+his plan of always posting his sketches himself. At the fall of
+Strasburg he was in the advanced trench when the white flag was
+displayed from the tower of the cathedral. It was late in the evening
+when he got home to bed, but he was up with the first streak of dawn
+finishing his sketch of the historical event he had witnessed the day
+before. He then walked five miles to General Werder's head-quarters to
+post the sketch. He wasted no time in trying to get a horse or
+carriage, in which he might have failed, nor would he trust the packet
+to a messenger. He knew that the slightest delay would postpone the
+publication of the sketch for a whole week. The sketch arrived in time,
+as he had calculated, for the next publication, and he had the
+satisfaction of knowing that on this occasion, as on many others, his
+promptitude and energy had well served the interests of the journal he
+represented.
+
+[Illustration: NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENTS' HUTS ON THE BATTLE-FIELD OF
+KACELJEVO, 1877.]
+
+A special artist has to encounter many troubles and vexations apart from
+the dangers and difficulties of war time. When Mr. Simpson was at
+Brindisi, on his way to the opening of the Suez Canal, wishing to sketch
+the town and fortifications, he ensconced himself in a snug corner, well
+sheltered from the 'Bora,' or cold wind that was blowing, and had
+settled down comfortably to work, when he was interrupted by a man who
+addressed him in Italian, a language Simpson did not understand. He,
+however, made out that the man's 'padre' or master would not like
+Simpson to be there; but the latter replied in plain English that he
+cared nothing for his 'padre,' that he had the permission of the
+Commandant to go where he pleased, and so he went on with his sketching.
+After much unintelligible talk the man attempted to stop the sketcher's
+view by standing between him and the town, but finding the sketching
+went on just the same, he suddenly went away and then returned with a
+gun, pointing it in a threatening manner towards Simpson, who thought
+the gun was perhaps not loaded, or at all events that the man would
+never be such a fool as to shoot him, so he merely gave a majestic wave
+of his hand and went on with his work. The man's rage then increased to
+such a degree that he seized the butt end of his gun, uttering a volley
+of curses, and from the word 'testa' Simpson supposed the man wanted to
+smash his head. However he never flinched, and the man, lowering his
+gun, muttered something about the 'Cani,' and went off again. Presently
+he returned dragging with him a huge dog. Simpson felt more afraid of
+the dog than the man, but it turned out that the dog had more sense than
+his master and refused on any terms to attack the artist. He bolted,
+the man after him, and Simpson then armed himself with two stones in
+case the attack should be renewed, resolving, like Tell when he devoted
+one of his arrows to Gessler, that one stone should be for the dog and
+the other for his oppressor. The man however could not get the dog to
+return to the attack. He had exhausted the whole of his resources, and
+was evidently astonished and annoyed to find he had failed to frighten
+the artist, so he finished off with a torrent of curses and then
+gradually calmed down. He remained watching the completion of the
+sketch, and then obligingly favoured the artist with some criticisms on
+his work. He pointed out that a ship in the harbour had been forgotten,
+and could not understand that it had been purposely left out because it
+interfered with one of the principal buildings. In this instance it was
+perhaps best for both parties that they did not understand each other's
+language; but the special artist is occasionally placed at a
+disadvantage by not understanding the language of the country where he
+happens to be. However it rarely leads to more than a temporary
+embarrassment, and is often the cause of more amusement than vexation.
+Mr. G. H. Andrews on one occasion desired to have a couple of eggs for
+breakfast, but could not make the maid of the inn comprehend his
+meaning. He tried all he knew of French, Flemish, and German, but the
+girl shook her head. At length a bright idea struck the artist. He drew
+from his pocket a pencil and note-book, and sketched a couple of oval
+forms, meaning them for eggs, and explained by gestures that _that_ was
+what he wanted. The girl's face brightened at once when she saw the
+sketch, and with a nod of intelligence she tripped away. In a few
+minutes she returned and presented the hungry artist with--_a pair of
+spectacles!_
+
+The late Mr. S. Read, who was one of the first special artists employed
+on the pictorial press, travelled much abroad, yet he knew little or
+nothing of any language save his mother tongue. Germany, Italy, Austria,
+Spain, France, Belgium, Switzerland, were all visited by him, and he got
+on very well without speaking the language of any of those countries. He
+was a man of genial humour, accustomed to make the best of everything,
+and not easily put out by trifles. He was once travelling in the south
+of France when a fellow-passenger in the train accosted him in French,
+and was much surprised to find he was not understood.
+
+'Vat!' said the Frenchman; 'you travel and speak no French! Speak you
+German?'
+
+'No.'
+
+'Nor Italian?'
+
+'No.'
+
+'Spanish?'
+
+'No.'
+
+'Ah, mon Dieu! you travel and speak noting!' and with a pitying grimace
+and shrug of the shoulders he looked round at the other passengers.
+Presently our artist took his revenge. As they were passing a town with
+a ruined castle on a hill he said, with much fervour, addressing the
+Frenchman,--
+
+'How beautifully that old tower is relieved by the dark foliage! What a
+splendid contrast is the cold grey of the hill behind! How harmoniously
+the distance is blended with the middle distance, and the middle
+distance with the foreground, by means of the bridge across the river!'
+The Frenchman stared, stammered, and confessed he did not comprehend.
+
+'What!' said our artist; 'you travel and do not understand English!'
+
+'Ver leetle.'
+
+'Do you speak Scotch?'
+
+'Non, m'sieur.'
+
+'Nor Irish!'
+
+'Non.'
+
+'Welsh?'
+
+'Non.'
+
+'Suffolk?'
+
+'Non, non, m'sieur.'
+
+With an exact imitation of the Frenchman's contemptuous shrug our friend
+turned to their fellow-travellers amid the loud laughter of those who
+understood the joke.
+
+When the special artist exercises his vocation at home, though he lacks
+the excitement of danger, he meets with many amusing incidents. An
+artist who attended the meeting of the British Association at Lincoln
+many years ago desired to sketch the house which was reputed to have
+been the residence of John o' Gaunt, and asked the waiter at the hotel
+if he could direct him to it. 'Johnny Gaunt, Sir?' said the waiter,
+evidently puzzled; 'I don't know him, Sir, but I'll inquire.' In a few
+minutes he returned and said he had inquired at the bar, but that no
+such person as Johnny Gaunt resided thereabouts. Another, who was
+something of a wag, was once making a sketch in the heart of St.
+Giles's; there were no School Boards in those days, and numbers of idle
+street boys surrounded our sketcher, performing all manner of
+bewildering gymnastics. Not at all disturbed, however, he amused himself
+by asking his young friends numerous questions, all of which were
+answered with rapid pertness. At last he inquired of one active imp if
+he could read. 'No, I can't read,' said the young gentleman, 'but I can
+stand on my head and drink a quartern o' gin.'
+
+The methods pursued by special artists in obtaining their sketches are
+as various as the methods of painters in producing their pictures, or of
+authors in writing their books. One man uses a very small sketch-book,
+another prefers a large one, but they all require to supplement their
+hurried sketches with marginal notes. When there is not time to sketch a
+complete cow, it is good to write underneath the sketch, 'This is a
+cow.' Many events have to be sketched that last only a few minutes, and
+in such cases some little mistakes will occur even with old
+practitioners. Literary correspondents are liable to the same
+misfortune. At a certain royal marriage in St. George's Chapel, Windsor,
+the Lord Chamberlain obligingly sent a gentleman to attend the members
+of the press, and inform them as to the name and rank of the
+distinguished guests as they entered the chapel. The correspondents
+courteously allowed the artists of the pictorial press to take front
+places, so that some of their number were unable to see what was going
+on, and had to trust to their comrades for information. When the Duke of
+A----, in full Highland costume, entered the chapel, there was a general
+inquiry, 'Who is that?' 'That,' said the gentleman from the Lord
+Chamberlain's department, 'is the Duke of A----, the great Mac Callum
+More.' 'Who is it?' cried some of the gentlemen in the background, and
+the name was passed on, but by the time it reached the outer fringe of
+correspondents it was changed into 'The Duke of A---- with the Great
+Claymore,' and under that style and title his grace's name figured in at
+least one newspaper next day.
+
+What may be called the shorthand notes for a sketch are sometimes
+difficult to make out without explanation. On one occasion a sketch was
+under consideration, when the editor made certain suggestions to the
+artist, who was very good natured, and of a most pliant disposition. 'I
+think, you know,' said the editor, 'if you were to add two or three more
+figures in the foreground it would improve the composition and help to
+detach the principal group from this windmill.' 'Well, the fact is,'
+replied the artist, 'what you call a windmill I intended for a man on
+horseback, but if you think it will come better as a windmill I'll alter
+it with pleasure.'
+
+[Illustration: THE SPECIAL ARTIST ON THE ROAD.]
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+  [1] This incident was illustrated in _Punch_, and lest I should be
+    accused of using up old material, I must explain that the hero of the
+    adventure, on his return to England, told the story to one of the
+    _Punch_ artists, who made a sketch of the incident, which was
+    afterwards published.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+  Artists who have assisted in founding the Pictorial Press--Sir John
+  Gilbert, R.A., G. H. Thomas, and others--Wood-Engraving and its
+  Connexion with the Pictorial Press--Other Methods of producing
+  Illustrations--Wood-Engraving in England before and after Bewick's
+  time--Its wide Diffusion owing to the kindred Art of Printing--The
+  resources of the Art developed by Pictorial Newspapers--Conclusion.
+  Newspapers a Necessity of Civilised Life--The _Acta Diurna_ of the
+  Romans--Early Newspapers in Venice, Germany, and the Low
+  Countries--List of Illustrated Newspapers published Abroad.
+
+
+The establishment of the pictorial press as an English institution was
+greatly aided by the active co-operation of many distinguished artists,
+the very foremost in this connexion being Sir John Gilbert. Other Royal
+Academicians and eminent painters have drawn on wood for the illustrated
+newspapers, but Gilbert stands out pre-eminently the great popular
+illustrator of the Victorian era. He it was who first gave a distinctive
+character to the illustration of news. He seemed to possess an inborn
+knowledge of the essentials of newspaper art, and could express by a few
+freely drawn lines and touches the hurried movement of street crowds or
+the state and dignity of Court ceremonies. Whether he had to draw a knight
+in armour or a gentleman in a paletôt he did it in a way exactly suited to
+rapid engraving and printing. The feeling which, in his pictures, makes
+him delight in battle-fields, blazoned banners, velvet and gold, made his
+drawings on wood brilliant in handling and always picturesque. It was most
+fortunate that the commencement of his career was coincident with the
+foundation of the pictorial press. William Harvey and other artists were
+already in the field, but Gilbert's style was better adapted to newspaper
+work. His quickness and versatility made him just the man that was
+wanted. Harvey had drawn some of the subjects published in the _Observer_,
+but his style was not suited to the illustration of current events.
+Nothing came amiss to Gilbert, who supplied the pictorial press for twenty
+years with a constant succession of effective drawings, embracing all
+kinds of subjects, and he never failed in that most essential quality of a
+newspaper artist--_punctuality_. It is as the popular illustrator that the
+name of Gilbert stands at the head of that numerous band of artists who
+contributed to the foundation of illustrated journalism in this country.
+
+The late George H. Thomas was not less successful than Gilbert in the
+spirit and vigour of his drawings. His bold and eminently artistic
+pencil alternated with Gilbert's in portraying the exciting events
+following the revolutionary period of 1848-49. His contributions to the
+_Illustrated London News_ during the Crimean war were marked by great
+force and truthfulness, and procured him the notice and patronage of her
+Majesty Queen Victoria. Mr. Thomas's premature death in 1868 was a great
+loss to the world of art in general, and to the pictorial press in
+particular.
+
+It is remarkable that many of our distinguished artists should have
+begun their careers as engravers or draughtsmen on wood. The production
+of works in black and white, whether as engravings or drawings, is no
+doubt good artistic practice in the study of light and shade, and the
+young artist who draws on wood as a means of helping him to live while
+he is waiting for fame, is at the same time pursuing a useful branch of
+his art education. Luke Fildes, A.R.A., Birket Foster, W. Small, R. C.
+Woodville, C. Gregory, A.R.A., and many others began in this way, and
+among deceased artists occur the names of S. Read, E. Duncan, and F. W.
+Topham. The two last were both engravers. All these men have done good
+work on the pictorial press, and some of them first won distinction
+through its medium. Both the _Illustrated London News_ and the _Graphic_
+may claim to have done good service to art and artists in this respect.
+Their pages have always been open to young artists of ability, and while
+they have helped forward struggling genius they have opened up new
+sources of enjoyment to the general public.
+
+The pictorial press has hitherto been mainly dependent on the art of
+wood-engraving for its illustrations, but latterly several inventions
+have been used, not unsuccessfully, in the production of blocks in
+relief, to be printed in the same manner as woodcuts. The great
+improvements that have been made in surface printing render it probable
+that in the future these _process_ blocks may be extensively used in
+illustrated newspapers. They are recommended by their cheapness and
+rapid production; and as the intermediate process of engraving is
+dispensed with, they retain the exact touch of the artist, and are not
+liable to be mutilated by careless or hasty engraving. It may be said of
+all these inventions, however, that they are best suited for slight
+sketches, and should not be applied to the production of highly-finished
+subjects. For the latter there is nothing better than a woodcut, which,
+when well executed and carefully printed, has a richness superior to any
+other method of engraving. But in the present day competition is so
+great and the march of events is so rapid that cheapness and rapidity of
+production will override artistic excellence, and _process_-engraving,
+as it is called, will probably be the method adopted for the _daily_
+pictorial press, the era of which is approaching.
+
+Wood-engraving, as an art, scarcely existed in this country before the
+time of Thomas Bewick. To him we owe its revival, and he was thus
+indirectly concerned in the creation of the pictorial newspaper. Though
+we have seen that the _Grub Street Journal_ and the _Observer_ on a few
+occasions used copperplate illustrations, it is perfectly certain that
+an illustrated newspaper, properly so-called, never could have existed
+but for the art of wood-engraving. It was an essential agent in bringing
+into life this novel offspring of the printing press, just as it
+assisted in the birth of the old 'block books.' When Caxton brought the
+art of printing into this country the woodcuts printed at his press were
+probably executed by the printers whom he brought with him. His
+successors illustrated their books in the same way, and even after
+wood-engraving was practised in England as a distinct profession many of
+the illustrations in books and pamphlets were the work of printers. When
+something of superior design and finish was wanted, ready-made woodcuts
+were procured from Nuremberg or Lyons, then the chief marts for such
+productions. The blocks so obtained were sometimes used without much
+regard to the book in which they were printed. Cuts originally designed
+for an edition of _Ovid_ appeared in the Bible, and no notice was taken
+of this mixture of sacred and profane things. Albert Dürer's influence
+on the art of wood-engraving was very great, but it never extended to
+this country. Hans Holbein, who came to England two years before Dürer's
+death, made a few designs for the wood-engravers during his long
+residence here. His transient use of the art, however, did not raise it
+to a better condition, and printers continued to be the chief producers
+of woodcuts. In the time of Queen Elizabeth there flourished a printer
+and engraver of the name of John Day, who took for his mark an
+emblematic device of the day-spring of the reformed religion, with the
+motto, 'Arise, for it is Day.' The best illustrated books of that period
+were produced by him. About this time the art was rapidly declining in
+other countries, but in England it was in a better condition than at any
+previous period. It soon, however, declined in this country also, but
+was kept alive by Edward Kirkall, John Baptiste Jackson, and others,
+until it was revived by Thomas Bewick.
+
+The low condition of the art of wood-engraving in this country was
+chiefly owing to the want of good designers, and it was not until a man
+arose who possessed the power to _draw_ as well as to _engrave_ that an
+English school of wood-engraving was created. Bewick possessed the
+artistic faculty as a direct gift from nature; and though it was from
+accidental circumstances that he was led to exercise this innate power
+in drawing and engraving on wood, he soon discovered of what the art was
+capable, and devoted his chief attention to it. He drew such things as
+he understood and had studied from nature, and thoroughly comprehending
+the scope and power of wood-engraving, he was able, with little labour,
+to produce the best results.
+
+At the time of Bewick's death, in 1828, England had scarcely recovered
+from the exhausting wars of Napoleon, trade was stagnant, and taxation
+was heavy. The mass of the people had no money to spend on such luxuries
+as illustrated books, and the enterprise of publishers was confined to
+the production of the well-known 'Annuals' of that day; but they were
+illustrated with steel engravings, and were only purchased by the
+wealthier classes. Such works as _Robinson Crusoe_ and the _Pilgrim's
+Progress_, for which there is always a demand, were illustrated by
+Cruikshank and Harvey. There was _Northcote's Fables_, on which all the
+best engravers of the day were employed; but it was not until the
+Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge began its operations, and
+Charles Knight took the lead in illustrated literature, that
+wood-engraving began to be extensively used. The art was so little known
+that when the woodcuts of the _Penny Magazine_ began to attract
+attention a nobleman of that day spoke of them as the productions of a
+new art. Illustrations were so seldom used that the preparation of even
+a small woodcut was of much moment to all concerned. I have heard the
+late William Harvey relate that when Whittingham, the well-known
+printer, wanted a new cut for his 'Chiswick Press' series, he would
+write to Harvey and John Thompson, the engraver, appointing a meeting at
+Chiswick, when printer, designer, and engraver talked over the matter
+with as much deliberation as if they were about to produce a costly
+national monument, and after they had settled all points over a snug
+supper, the result of their labours was the production, months
+afterwards, of a small woodcut measuring perhaps two inches by three. At
+this time only about a dozen persons, besides Bewick's pupils, were
+practising the art of wood-engraving in England, and in France the art
+was so low that a few years later the blocks for the _Magazin
+Pittoresque_ were sent from Paris to London to be engraved. In Germany,
+the cradle of the art, it languished as in other countries, while in
+America, a country which is now taking a leading part in the cultivation
+of wood-engraving, the art was almost unknown as a native production. It
+is now in use all over the civilised world, and there is scarcely a
+capital city without its newspaper illustrated with woodcuts. It has
+even penetrated to the sunless regions of ice and snow. In the Library
+of the South Kensington Museum there is a book with illustrations drawn
+and engraved on wood by Esquimaux!
+
+The cause of this wide diffusion and extended employment of the art of
+wood-engraving is undoubtedly its close alliance with the kindred art of
+printing. No other method of engraving lends itself so easily to the
+rapid productions of the printing-press. From the earliest days of
+printing the two arts have advanced hand in hand, aiding in the growth
+of knowledge and the spread of civilisation. The application of steam to
+the art of printing revolutionised the world of typography, and
+wood-engraving was not slow in adapting itself to the new conditions.
+The advancing spirit of education created a demand for cheap knowledge.
+Penny magazines and pictorial newspapers came into existence. The steam
+printing-press spread them far and wide, and wood-engraving since the
+time of Bewick has shown that it possesses capabilities which that
+genuine old artist would have rejoiced to behold.
+
+In tracing the origin and progress of the pictorial press I have
+confined my researches to British journalism, but the subject might be
+widely extended. From the days of the _Acta Diurna_ of the Romans
+something in the shape of a newspaper appears to have been a necessity
+of civilised life. Soon after the invention of printing small
+news-sheets appeared in various towns of Germany and in Venice. In the
+Low Countries an illustrated war gazette was published as early as 1605.
+It was called the _Niewetijdinghe_, and it was the precursor of the
+_Gazette van Antwerpen_, which survived till 1805. During the Spanish
+and Austrian rule in Belgium each town had its privileged newspaper. As
+the printers of those days were well acquainted with the art of
+wood-engraving, it is not unlikely that some of these early newspapers
+contained illustrations. The earlier newspapers of Holland were chiefly
+devoted to commercial intelligence, and afforded little scope for
+illustration, but illustrated broadsides were not uncommon. In Germany
+the first regular newspaper appeared in 1615, when the art of
+wood-engraving had greatly declined; and when the physician Renaudot
+started the first newspaper in France, in 1631, if the idea of
+illustrating it had occurred to him he would have had to rely on his
+printer for the production of the woodcuts. As, however, the low
+condition of illustrative art in the seventeenth century did not deter
+English printers of 'News-books' from seeking such pictorial aid as they
+could obtain, it is highly probable their Continental brethren did the
+same, however insufficient might be the means at their command.
+
+When the history of our own age comes to be written the pictorial
+newspapers will form an inexhaustible store-house for the historian. The
+following list of cities in Europe, America, and the English colonies,
+with the names of the illustrated newspapers published by them, will
+convey some idea of the extent to which pictorial journalism has spread
+during the last forty years:--
+
+PARIS:
+
+  _L'Illustration._
+  _Le Monde Illustré._
+  _L'Univers Illustré._
+  _La République Illustrée._
+  _La France Illustrée._
+
+BERLIN:
+
+  _Deutsche Illustrirte Zeitung._
+
+STUTTGART:
+
+  _Uber Land und Meer._
+  _Das Buch für Alle._
+
+LEIPZIG:
+
+  _Illustrirte Zeitung._
+
+VIENNA:
+
+  _Neue Illustrirte Zeitung._
+
+MILAN:
+
+  _L'Illustrazione Universale._
+  _L'Illustrazione Italiana._
+
+MADRID:
+
+  _La Illustracion Espanòla._
+
+BARCELONA:
+
+  _La Illustracion Catòlica._
+
+WARSAW:
+
+  _Klosy._
+  _Tycodnik Powszechny._
+
+AMSTERDAM:
+
+  _De Hollandsche Illustratie._
+
+ST. PETERSBURG:
+
+  _Universal Illustration._
+
+COPENHAGEN:
+
+  _Illustreret Tidende._
+
+CHRISTIANIA:
+
+  _Nu Illustreret Tidende._
+
+NEW YORK:
+
+  _Harper's Weekly._
+  _Harper's Bazaar._
+  _Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper._
+  _Spirit of the Times._
+  _The Daily Graphic._
+  _Illustrirte Zeitung_ (printed in German).
+
+WASHINGTON:
+
+  _Illustrated Washington Chronicle._
+
+MONTREAL:
+
+  _Canadian Illustrated News._
+  _Le Monde Illustré_ (French).
+
+SYDNEY:
+
+  _Illustrated Sydney News._
+
+MELBOURNE:
+
+  _Illustrated Australian News._
+  _Australian Sketcher._
+
+MEXICO:
+
+  _Revista Universal._
+
+MONTEVIDEO:
+
+  _La Illustracion Uruguaya._
+
+RIO DE JANEIRO:
+
+  _A Illustraçao._
+
+CAPE TOWN:
+
+  _South African Illustrated News._
+
+
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+London Printed by STRANGEWAYS AND SONS Tower Street Upper St Martin's
+Lane
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Pictorial Press, by Mason Jackson
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+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Pictorial Press, by Mason Jackson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Pictorial Press
+       Its Origin and Progress
+
+Author: Mason Jackson
+
+Release Date: June 13, 2011 [EBook #36417]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PICTORIAL PRESS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marius Masi, Chris Curnow and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<p class="pt2">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center f200">THE PICTORIAL PRESS.</p>
+
+<p class="pt2">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:830px; height:509px" src="images/img005.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">HEADING OF &lsquo;THE JACOBITE&rsquo;S JOURNAL,&rsquo; 1747.<br />
+(<i>Supposed to be Drawn by Hogarth.</i>)<br />
+<span class="rgt">(<i>See page 197.</i>)</span></td></tr></table>
+
+<p class="pt2">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div style="border: 7px double; border-color: #c11B17;">
+<p class="center f120 pt1">THE</p>
+<p class="center ptb1 sc" style="color: #c11B17; font-size: 250%;">PICTORIAL PRESS</p>
+<p class="center f120">ITS ORIGIN AND PROGRESS.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:500px; height:491px" src="images/img006.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr></table>
+
+<p class="pt2 f80 center">BY</p>
+
+<p class="center ptb1 sc" style="color: #c11B17; font-size: 120%;">MASON JACKSON.</p>
+
+<p class="fo f90 center">With One Hundred and Fifty Illustrations.</p>
+
+<p class="center pt1">LONDON:</p>
+<p class="center sc" style="color: #c11B17; font-size: 110%;">HURST AND BLACKETT. PUBLISHERS.</p>
+
+<p class="f90 center">13 GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET.<br />
+1885.</p>
+<p class="pt1">&nbsp;</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="pt2">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="f80 center"><i>All Rights reserved.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="art" />
+<p class="chap2 center">NOTE.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Some</span> of the chapters of this book in a condensed form were
+published a few years ago in the <i>Illustrated London News</i>, and my
+acknowledgments are due to the proprietors of that journal for
+permission to reprint such of the woodcuts as accompanied the
+text in that form. I have also to thank them for their courtesy
+in allowing me to use several other engravings from the <i>Illustrated
+London News</i>, including some from the early numbers, which must
+now be reckoned among the curiosities of the Pictorial Press.</p>
+
+<p class="rgt">M. J.</p>
+
+<hr class="art" />
+<p class="chap2 center">CONTENTS.</p>
+
+<table class="pic" width="90%" summary="Contents">
+<tr><td class="tcr f80" colspan="2">PAGE</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tcl">CHAPTER I.</td> <td class="tcr"><a href="#page1">1</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tcl" colspan="2"><p>The Pictorial Taste Universal&mdash;The Early &lsquo;News-books&rsquo;&mdash;Development
+of the Newspaper Press&mdash;General use of Newspapers&mdash;Establishment
+of Illustrated Journals&mdash;Wandering
+Ballad-Singers the First Newsvendors&mdash;The <i>English Mercurie</i>
+of 1588&mdash;The Abolition of the Star Chamber and its Effect
+on the Press.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tcl">CHAPTER II.</td> <td class="tcr"><a href="#page8">8</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tcl" colspan="2"><p>Illustrated Broadsides&mdash;Sir Francis Drake&rsquo;s Operations
+against the Spaniards&mdash;Papers of News in the Reign of
+James I.&mdash;The first Periodical Newspaper published in
+England&mdash;Illustrated Tracts relating to Storms and Floods&mdash;Remarkable
+Murders favourite subjects with the early Newswriters&mdash;Murder
+of the Rev. Mr. Storre&mdash;Murder in
+Cornwall&mdash;Apparition of Three Skeletons&mdash;Visions in the
+Air&mdash;Attempt on the Life of the Duke of Buckingham&mdash;Fall
+of Meteors at Bawlkin Green, Berkshire&mdash;The <i>Swedish
+Intelligencer</i>&mdash;Passage of the River Leck by Gustavus
+Adolphus&mdash;The Sallee Rovers&mdash;The <i>Weekly News</i> of 1638,
+an Illustrated Paper&mdash;The Irish Rebellion of 1641&mdash;The
+Plague in London&mdash;Murder on board an English Ship&mdash;The
+Earl of Strafford&mdash;His Execution on Tower Hill&mdash;Archbishop
+Laud&mdash;A Burlesque Play about him&mdash;Attack by the
+Mob on Lambeth Palace&mdash;Caricature of the Devil offering
+Laud a Cardinal&rsquo;s Hat.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tcl">CHAPTER III.</td> <td class="tcr"><a href="#page63">63</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tcl" colspan="2"><p>Ben Jonson&rsquo;s Ridicule of the Early Newspapers&mdash;Fondness
+of the Old News-Writers for the Marvellous&mdash;The
+Smithfield Ghost&mdash;The Wonderful Whale&mdash;The Newbury
+Witch&mdash;Satirical Tracts and Caricatures at the Commencement
+of the Civil War&mdash;Religion Tossed in a Blanket&mdash;Caricatures
+of the Pope and the Bishops&mdash;Pluralists and Patentees&mdash;Taylor,
+the Water Poet&mdash;<i>Mercurius Aulicus</i>&mdash;Activity
+of the Pamphleteers&mdash;Welshmen Satirised&mdash;Satires on
+Prince Rupert&mdash;On the King and Queen&mdash;The Ladies&rsquo; Parliament&mdash;Illustrated
+Tracts relating to Social and Political
+Subjects&mdash;Sir Kenelm Digby&rsquo;s Duel&mdash;The King entertained by
+the City of London, 1641&mdash;Executions in 1641&mdash;The Liquor
+Traffic and Sunday Closing in 1641&mdash;Abuses of the Ecclesiastical
+Courts&mdash;Ritualism and Nunneries in 1641&mdash;Truths
+enforced by Lieing&mdash;Stage Players and the Plague in 1641&mdash;Bartholomew
+Fair in 1641&mdash;Destruction of Charing Cross and
+Cheapside Cross&mdash;Strange Apparition&mdash;Method of enforcing
+their Views adopted by the Puritan Pamphleteers&mdash;Parodies
+of Roundhead Sermons&mdash;Matthew Hopkins the Witch-finder&mdash;The
+<i>Welsh Post</i> of 1643&mdash;William Lilly the Astrologer&mdash;Three
+Suns seen in London on the King&rsquo;s Birthday.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tcl">CHAPTER IV.</td> <td class="tcr"><a href="#page108">108</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tcl" colspan="2"><p>The Civil War&mdash;Flying Sheets of News&mdash;Disturbance at
+Kingston-on-Thames&mdash;Plot against London&mdash;Riotous Proceedings
+at York, and Conspiracy in Edinburgh&mdash;The House
+of Commons&mdash;The Royal Standard raised at Nottingham&mdash;Battle
+of Edgehill&mdash;Prince Rupert&mdash;The Lord Mayor of
+London&mdash;<i>Mercurius Civicus</i>&mdash;The <i>Scottish Dove</i>&mdash;The <i>Flying
+Post</i>&mdash;The <i>Kingdomes Weekly Post</i>&mdash;Cruelties of the Cavaliers&mdash;The
+&lsquo;Levellers&rsquo;&mdash;The King&rsquo;s Escape from Oxford&mdash;Funeral
+of the Earl of Essex&mdash;The Great Seal Broken&mdash;Fairfax&mdash;Cromwell&mdash;Sea
+Fight in the Channel&mdash;The Prince of Wales&rsquo;s
+Squadron&mdash;Mutiny at Norwich&mdash;Siege of Colchester&mdash;Execution
+of Sir Charles Lucas&mdash;The King at Carisbrooke Castle&mdash;Execution
+of the King&mdash;Confession of Richard Brandon.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tcl">CHAPTER V.</td> <td class="tcr"><a href="#page153">153</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tcl" colspan="2"><p>Decrease of Newspapers after the Civil War&mdash;<i>Mercurius
+Democritus</i>&mdash;The <i>Faithful Post</i>&mdash;The <i>Politique Post</i>&mdash;Broadsides
+for the People&mdash;The Hollow Tree at Hampstead&mdash;Prodigious
+Monster taken in Spain&mdash;The Restoration&mdash;Trial
+of the Regicides&mdash;Execution of the Regicides&mdash;Licenser of
+the Press appointed&mdash;Popular Taste for the Supernatural&mdash;Apparition
+in the Air in Holland&mdash;Revival of <i>Mercurius
+Civicus</i>&mdash;Murder of Archbishop Sharpe&mdash;The <i>Loyal Protestant</i>&mdash;Frost
+Fair on the Thames&mdash;Monmouth&rsquo;s Rebellion&mdash;The
+Bloody Assizes&mdash;Funeral of Queen Mary, Consort of
+William III.&mdash;Increase of Newspapers after the Revolution.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tcl">CHAPTER VI.</td> <td class="tcr"><a href="#page180">180</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tcl" colspan="2"><p>Constant Attempts at Illustrated News&mdash;Increase of
+Caricatures&mdash;The <i>Postman</i>, 1704&mdash;Fiery Apparition in the
+Air, seen in London&mdash;Caricature against the Jacobites&mdash;The
+South-Sea Bubble&mdash;Eclipse of the Sun, 1724&mdash;The <i>Grub
+Street Journal</i> an Illustrated Paper&mdash;The <i>Daily Post</i>&mdash;Admiral
+Vernon&rsquo;s Attack on Porto Bello&mdash;The <i>Penny London
+Post</i>&mdash;Henry Fielding and the <i>Jacobite&rsquo;s Journal</i>&mdash;<i>Owen&rsquo;s
+Weekly Chronicle</i>&mdash;<i>Lloyd&rsquo;s Evening Post</i>, and the Trial of
+Lord Byron for the Murder of Mr. Chaworth&mdash;The <i>St.
+James&rsquo;s Chronicle</i>&mdash;Illustrated Account of a Strange Wild
+Beast seen in France&mdash;The <i>Gentleman&rsquo;s Journal</i> of Anthony
+Motteux&mdash;The <i>Gentleman&rsquo;s Magazine</i> of Edward Cave&mdash;The
+<i>London Magazine</i>&mdash;The <i>Scot&rsquo;s Magazine</i>.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tcl">CHAPTER VII.</td> <td class="tcr"><a href="#page219">219</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tcl" colspan="2"><p>Revival of Wood-engraving by Thomas Bewick&mdash;The
+<i>Observer</i> started, 1791&mdash;The <i>Times</i> an Illustrated Paper&mdash;Illustrations
+of News in the <i>Observer</i>&mdash;St. Helena and
+Napoleon Bonaparte&mdash;Abraham Thornton and the &lsquo;Assize
+of Battle&rsquo;&mdash;Mr. William Clement and Illustrated Journalism&mdash;The
+Cato Street Conspiracy&mdash;Trial of Queen Caroline&mdash;The
+House of Commons in 1821&mdash;Coronation of George IV.&mdash;Royal
+Visits to Ireland and Scotland&mdash;Murder of Mr.
+Weare&mdash;Illustrations of the Murder in the <i>Morning Chronicle</i>,
+the <i>Observer</i>, and the <i>Englishman</i>&mdash;<i>Bell&rsquo;s Life in London</i>&mdash;Prize-Fight
+at Warwick&mdash;Liston as &lsquo;Paul Pry&rsquo;&mdash;&lsquo;Gallery
+of Comicalities,&rsquo; &amp;c.&mdash;<i>Pierce Egan&rsquo;s Life in London</i>&mdash;Death
+of the Duke of York&mdash;Death of Mr. Canning&mdash;Opening of
+Hammersmith Bridge, 1827&mdash;Mr. Gurney&rsquo;s Steam Coach&mdash;The
+Thames Tunnel&mdash;The Murder in the Red Barn&mdash;The
+Siamese Twins&mdash;Death of George IV.&mdash;Opening of New
+London Bridge, 1831&mdash;Coronation of William IV. and Queen
+Adelaide&mdash;Fieschi&rsquo;s Infernal Machine&mdash;Funeral of William
+IV.&mdash;Queen Victoria&rsquo;s First Visit to the City&mdash;Coronation
+and Marriage of the Queen&mdash;Christening of the Prince of
+Wales&mdash;The <i>Weekly Chronicle</i>&mdash;The Greenacre Murder&mdash;Mr.
+Cocking and his Parachute&mdash;The Courtney Riots at
+Canterbury&mdash;Burning of the Tower of London, 1841&mdash;The
+<i>Sunday Times</i>&mdash;Burning of the Houses of Parliament, 1834&mdash;The
+<i>Champion</i>&mdash;The <i>Weekly Herald</i>&mdash;The <i>Magnet</i>&mdash;Removing
+the Body of Napoleon I.&mdash;The <i>Penny Magazine</i>&mdash;Charles
+Knight&mdash;Humorous Journalism of the Victorian
+Era.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tcl">CHAPTER VIII.</td> <td class="tcr"><a href="#page284">284</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tcl" colspan="2"><p>The <i>Illustrated London News</i>&mdash;The Early Numbers&mdash;The
+Burning of Hamburg&mdash;Facetious Advertisements&mdash;Bal Masque
+at Buckingham Palace&mdash;Attempted Assassination of the
+Queen&mdash;The Queen&rsquo;s First Trip by Railway&mdash;First Royal
+Visit to Scotland&mdash;Political Portraits&mdash;R. Cobden&mdash;Lord
+John Russell&mdash;Benjamin Disraeli&mdash;The French Revolution,
+1848&mdash;The Great Exhibition, 1851&mdash;The Crimean War&mdash;Coloured
+Pictures&mdash;Christmas Numbers&mdash;Herbert Ingram&mdash;The
+<i>Pictorial Times</i>&mdash;Other Illustrated Journals.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tcl">CHAPTER IX.</td> <td class="tcr"><a href="#page315">315</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tcl" colspan="2"><p>How an Illustrated Newspaper is
+Produced&mdash;Wood-Engraving&mdash;Boxwood&mdash;Blocks
+for Illustrated Newspapers&mdash;Rapid
+Sketching&mdash;Drawing on the Block&mdash;Method of Dividing
+the Block for Engraving&mdash;Electrotyping&mdash;Development of the
+Printing Machine&mdash;Printing Woodcuts&mdash;Machinery for Folding
+Newspapers&mdash;Special Artists&mdash;Their Dangers and Difficulties&mdash;Their
+Adventures in War and Peace.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tcl">CHAPTER X.</td> <td class="tcr"><a href="#page355">355</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="tcl" colspan="2"><p>Artists who have assisted in founding the Pictorial Press&mdash;Sir
+John Gilbert, R.A., G. H. Thomas, and others&mdash;Wood-Engraving
+and its Connexion with the Pictorial Press&mdash;Other
+Methods of producing Illustrations&mdash;Wood-Engraving in
+England before and after Bewick&rsquo;s time&mdash;Its wide Diffusion
+owing to the kindred Art of Printing&mdash;The resources of the
+Art developed by Pictorial Newspapers&mdash;Conclusion. Newspapers
+a Necessity of Civilised Life&mdash;The <i>Acta Diurna</i> of
+the Romans&mdash;Early Newspapers in Venice, Germany, and
+the Low Countries&mdash;List of Illustrated Newspapers published
+Abroad.</p></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="center art1"><img style="width:150px; height:35px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img001.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page1" id="page1"></a>1</span></p>
+
+<p class="ptb1 center f150">THE PICTORIAL PRESS:<br />
+ITS ORIGIN AND PROGRESS.</p>
+
+<p class="chap2 center">CHAPTER I.</p>
+
+<div class="condensed">
+<p class="mind">The Pictorial Taste Universal&mdash;The Early &lsquo;News-books&rsquo;&mdash;Development
+of the Newspaper Press&mdash;General use of Newspapers&mdash;Establishment
+of Illustrated Journals&mdash;Wandering Ballad Singers the First Newsvendors&mdash;The
+<i>English Mercurie</i> of 1588&mdash;The Abolition of the Star
+Chamber and its Effect on the Press.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="sc chap1">The</span> inherent love of pictorial representation in all races
+of men and in every age is manifest by the frequent
+attempts made to depict natural objects, under the most
+unfavourable circumstances and with the slenderest means.
+The rude drawing scratched on the smooth bone of an
+animal by the cave-dweller of pre-historic times, the painted
+rocks of the Mexican forests, and the cave-paintings of the
+Bushmen, are all evidences of this deeply-rooted passion.
+The child of civilised life looks with delight on his picture-book
+long before he can make out the letters of the alphabet,
+and the untutored Esquimaux treasures up the stray number
+of an illustrated newspaper left in his hut by the crew of
+some whaling ship, though he cannot understand one word
+of the printed page. But the pictures speak a universal
+language, which requires no teaching to comprehend.</p>
+
+<p>When the printing-press came into use this love of
+pictures had a wide field for development. Some of the first
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page2" id="page2"></a>2</span>
+books printed in England were illustrated with woodcuts,
+and many of the tracts, or &lsquo;News-books,&rsquo; which preceded
+regular newspapers, were adorned with rude engravings. It
+mattered not how graphic was the pen, its work was deemed
+incomplete without the aid of the pencil. It often happened
+that the pen was none the better for the fellowship, but the
+public taste was not fastidious, and the work sufficed for the
+occasion. In tracing the origin and progress of pictorial
+journalism we shall find in &lsquo;the abstracts and brief chronicles
+of the time&rsquo; many curious illustrations of contemporary
+history. The subject is not without interest now that the
+illustrated newspaper has become a prominent feature in the
+journalism of every country.</p>
+
+<p>The development of the newspaper press and its unrestricted
+use as the exponent of public opinion is one of the
+most interesting signs of modern progress. When we consider
+the liberty of thought and action that prevails in our
+own day, it is difficult to believe that our forefathers were
+liable to the pillory and other degrading punishments when
+they ventured to publish their opinions without first obtaining
+the sanction of the ruling powers. We are accustomed to
+the daily exercise of the right which cost Prynne his ears
+and brought fines and imprisonment on Defoe. Newspapers
+have become almost as necessary to our daily life as bread
+itself. The mind demands its breakfast as well as the body;
+and to many a busy man the loss of his morning paper
+would be as great a deprivation as the want of his usual
+matutinal meal.</p>
+
+<p>In London, and in all our great centres of population, the
+newspaper has become the unfailing accompaniment of the
+City man&rsquo;s journey to business. At the railway stations
+journals of every kind tempt the loitering passenger, while
+the illustrated papers appeal to him in a language of their
+own. Whether in the railway carriage, the omnibus, or the
+steam-boat, the newspaper is eagerly conned, and its contents
+form the food of conversation. Most of these newspapers
+are cast aside at the end of the twenty minutes&rsquo; or half hour&rsquo;s
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page3" id="page3"></a>3</span>
+journey; and then, at second hand, they amuse the leisure
+moments of the railway porter, or, better still, they are
+collected together, and perhaps serve to solace the sick poor
+during many lingering hours in hospitals and refuges. Day
+by day the demand is made, and the supply is ready. The
+printing-machine never sleeps and is never tired. Its voice
+is one of the voices of the night&mdash;most unmusical, yet with a
+mysterious meaning. The daily newspaper, so potent in
+diffusing the light of knowledge, is itself the offspring of
+darkness. The busy brains and active fingers which create
+it turn night into day in the execution of their quickly
+recurring tasks, and with unflagging energy they labour on,
+that the slumbering world may be properly amused and
+instructed when it wakes.</p>
+
+<p>The intelligent foreigner who happens to reach our
+southern coast on a Monday morning in summer or autumn,
+and travels to London by one of the early trains, is astonished,
+when the train stops, to see most of the gentlemen
+rush from the carriages and surround a small boy, whom
+they appear to hustle and threaten with violent gesticulations.
+The boy appears to buy off the hostility of his assailants by
+dealing out to each a paper, which he takes from a large
+bundle under his arm, and with which the appeased passenger
+returns to his carriage. Cries of &lsquo;<i>Times!</i> <i>Daily News!</i>
+<i>Telegraph!</i> <i>Standard!</i>&mdash;Here, give us one&mdash;anything!&rsquo; reach
+the ears of the wondering stranger, who beholds the boy at
+length take refuge in an empty railway carriage on the
+opposite side of the platform, and from that place of vantage
+he continues to deal out the mysterious papers. After a
+time the intelligent foreigner learns that these are the
+London papers of that morning, which are sent out to meet
+the trains, and are eagerly bought by the gentlemen who
+have been spending from Saturday to Monday at the seaside,
+and, having fasted from all newspapers during that time,
+they are now of course famishing for news. Such is their
+eagerness that politics are thrown to the winds. The Conservative
+will put up with a Liberal newspaper rather than
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page4" id="page4"></a>4</span>
+have none at all; and he whose ill luck or inertness has left
+him without the coveted sheet is glad to borrow of his neighbour,
+that he may not be walking in the darkness of ignorance
+when he arrives at his place of business. As the train moves
+off, the intelligent foreigner, if he thrusts his head out of the
+carriage window, may behold in the distance the newsboy
+pensively counting his gains and endeavouring to make his
+receipts tally with the number of papers that have vanished.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most remarkable phases of newspaper history
+has been the establishment of illustrated journals. Though
+this idea, in an immature form, is as old as the newspaper
+itself, yet it was never fully developed till the late Mr.
+Herbert Ingram brought out the <i>Illustrated London News</i> in
+1842. Since that time the removal of the newspaper stamp
+and the repeal of the paper duty have imparted a freedom
+and a vigour to newspaper enterprise previously unknown.
+Journals of all kinds have sprung into existence, and cheapness
+has become the rule. Penny and even halfpenny papers
+compete with the leading journals in activity and enterprise.
+No expense is spared in obtaining the earliest and most
+authentic intelligence. Correspondents are sent to every
+part of the world where any information is to be gleaned,
+and the presence of the newspaper &lsquo;Special&rsquo; is now expected
+at every great event. Each class has its organ, and &lsquo;he who
+runs may read.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>When we consider the immense amount of printed matter
+that is published every day by the newspapers, we cannot but
+wonder at the public appetite. And this appetite is fed from
+one year to another upon a diet that is only varied when
+there occurs a war, a revolution, an unusually disastrous
+shipwreck, or a murder of uncommon atrocity. Then the
+monotony of ordinary life gives place to the temporary excitement.
+There is a run upon the newspapers, which are as
+susceptible as barometers, and rise or fall according to the
+state of public feeling. The calamities of nations and the
+misfortunes of individuals are sources of profit and prosperity
+to the newspaper.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page5" id="page5"></a>5</span></p>
+
+<p>It was a happy idea to gather together the principal
+events of the week, to illustrate them with authentic pictures,
+and place them before the public in the form of a pictorial
+newspaper. Considering the great cost of production, and
+the restrictions under which newspapers lay at that time, to
+say nothing of the difficulty of bringing out news with appropriate
+illustrations, so that both should be fresh, the
+<i>Illustrated London News</i> was a bold undertaking. Like most
+things that are successful, it soon had many imitators, and
+there are now few large cities in the civilised world that have
+not their illustrated newspapers.</p>
+
+<p>But the full development of illustrated journalism was
+immediately preceded by many significant symptoms. Several
+of the then existing newspapers, on the occurrence of any
+unusual or interesting event, introduced into their pages
+rough woodcut illustrations. A great fire&mdash;a remarkable
+murder&mdash;a fatal balloon ascent&mdash;these were the subjects
+seized upon at the moment to satisfy the public craving for
+illustrated news. All this seems to have been the working of
+an impulse or instinct which existed even before the days of
+newspapers; for, as I shall presently show, attempts were
+made to illustrate the news of the hour in tracts or &lsquo;News-books&rsquo;
+before the beginning of regular newspapers in England.
+The idea of illustrated journalism may be traced from
+the earliest years of the seventeenth century to 1842, the
+date of the first number of the <i>Illustrated London News</i>. The
+art of wood-engraving had fallen very low in the seventeenth
+century, and the illustrations to be found in early newspapers
+are mostly of a very rude description; but they show the
+existence of a germ which eventually grew into full and
+flourishing life.</p>
+
+<p>The English newspaper, like many other great inventions,
+was a thing of gradual growth. The news that was sung or
+recited by wandering ballad-singers at the village cross, or in
+the court-yard of the squire&rsquo;s mansion, and the written newsletter
+furnished to the wealthy aristocracy, were the precursors
+of the early news-books and the periodical sheets of news.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page6" id="page6"></a>6</span>
+As the art of printing extended, many of the productions of
+the press assumed the character of news to attract readers.
+Sermons, satires, and travels, were all put forward under the
+name of <i>news</i>, and sometimes a single grain of truth was
+deemed sufficient to leaven a whole bushel of fiction. Most
+of these publications were small tracts, and published at
+irregular intervals. Some of them were adorned with engravings
+on the title-pages, which show that even at this early
+period the authors or printers of these papers were imbued
+with the pictorial spirit. The idea of illustrating current
+events had already taken root, and we find examples of it
+long before the establishment of regular newspapers.</p>
+
+<p>The earliest form of the newspaper is known to have
+come into existence during times of war and tumult, and it
+was for a long time believed that the first English newspaper
+was brought forth under similar circumstances. But when
+the <i>English Mercurie</i> of 1588 was proved to be a forgery, the
+enthusiast in newspaper history received a heavy blow and
+sad discouragement. It seemed so highly probable, when
+this country was threatened with the descent of the Spanish
+Armada, that something like a newspaper might have sprung
+into existence, that people were only too ready to adopt the
+imposture. When the whole nation was greatly excited and
+anxious to learn something about the reality of their danger,
+nothing was more natural than for the sagacious minister of
+Queen Elizabeth to appeal to the people through the printing-press,
+and by its means endeavour to calm the public mind
+by circulating printed sheets of intelligence, &lsquo;for the contradiction
+of false reports.&rsquo; But we were compelled to admit
+that Lord Burleigh had missed his opportunity, and neglected
+to use the most powerful means for exciting the
+patriotism or allaying the fears of his countrymen. The
+author of this remarkable imposition showed great skill and
+acuteness in constructing his false newspaper, and fixing the
+date of its supposed publication. The forgery has been attributed
+to Lord Hardwick; but what were his motives it is
+difficult to understand. Unlike Chatterton and Ireland, he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page7" id="page7"></a>7</span>
+never brought his imposture before the world, and if he
+intended it merely for an antiquarian <i>jeu-d&rsquo;esprit</i> he had the
+enjoyment of the joke entirely to himself.</p>
+
+<p>The abolition of the Star Chamber, in 1641, was an important
+event for the press of this country. The so-called
+newspapers then began to print English news and discuss
+home affairs, no longer dreading the fines, imprisonments,
+and mutilations, that had been so liberally dispensed by that
+obnoxious tribunal. There was not, however, any considerable
+increase in the number of newspapers till the Civil War
+reached its height. During that remarkable contest many
+hundreds of tracts and newspapers were published, some
+of them numbered consecutively and published at regular
+intervals; but the great majority bore no continuous title,
+and treated of one subject only. During the reigns of
+Charles II. and James II. the press was more or less under a
+censorship, from which it was not emancipated till the
+seventh year of William III. Lord Macaulay dates the
+commencement of English newspapers from this period,
+when a great many new journals made their appearance.
+They included political news amongst their contents; and
+they more nearly resembled in character, but not in appearance,
+what we now understand by a newspaper than anything
+that had preceded them. This press revival was not accompanied
+by any corresponding activity in the direction of
+pictorial illustration. Art of every kind was in a low condition
+in England at this time. Even if the art of popular
+illustration had been better understood, the means of production
+were exceedingly limited. Newspapers multiplied
+greatly, but illustrated journalism had to struggle with difficulties,
+and its existence was only made known by the
+occasional appearance of a rough woodcut or an indifferent
+copper-plate.</p>
+
+<div class="center art1"><img style="width:150px; height:35px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img001.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page8" id="page8"></a>8</span></p>
+
+<p class="chap2 center">CHAPTER II.</p>
+
+<div class="condensed">
+<p class="mind">Illustrated Broadsides&mdash;Sir Francis Drake&rsquo;s Operations against the
+Spaniards&mdash;Papers of News in the Reign of James I.&mdash;The first
+Periodical Newspaper published in England&mdash;Illustrated Tracts relating
+to Storms and Floods&mdash;Remarkable Murders favourite subjects
+with the early Newswriters&mdash;Murder of the Rev. Mr. Storre&mdash;Murder
+in Cornwall&mdash;Apparition of Three Skeletons&mdash;Visions in the
+Air&mdash;Attempt on the Life of the Duke of Buckingham&mdash;Fall of
+Meteors at Bawlkin Green, Berkshire&mdash;The <i>Swedish Intelligencer</i>&mdash;Passage
+of the River Leck by Gustavus Adolphus&mdash;The Sallee
+Rovers&mdash;The <i>Weekly News</i> of 1638, an Illustrated Paper&mdash;The
+Irish Rebellion of 1641&mdash;The Plague in London&mdash;Murder on board
+an English Ship&mdash;The Earl of Strafford&mdash;His Execution on Tower
+Hill&mdash;Archbishop Laud&mdash;A Burlesque Play about him&mdash;Attack by
+the Mob on Lambeth Palace&mdash;Caricature of the Devil offering Laud
+a Cardinal&rsquo;s Hat.</p>
+</div>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:533px" src="images/img022.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE VALIANT EXPLOITS OF SIR FRANCIS DRAKE, 1587.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="sc chap1">Before</span>, and for a long time after, the general use of newspapers,
+illustrated broadsides were published relating to particular
+events, or satirising the vices and follies of the period.
+In a broadside adorned with a woodcut representing Death
+and Time, and entitled, <i>The Doleful Dance, and Song of Death</i>,
+allusion is made to the &lsquo;Fatal Assizes&rsquo; of Oxford, when three
+hundred persons, including the High Sheriff, died of a distemper,
+which was supposed to have originated among the
+prisoners. A sheet of a later date refers to the Spanish
+Armada and the Gunpowder Plot; while a third, entitled,
+<i>Tittle-Tattle</i>, &amp;c., satirises the gossiping habits of the fair
+sex, and contains many illustrations of manners, costume,
+and character. Such were the publications that did duty for
+newspapers in the days of Queen Elizabeth, whose subjects,
+however, were not left wholly without information as to
+passing events. In 1587 there was published an illustrated
+tract giving an account of the doings of Sir Francis Drake,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page9" id="page9"></a>9</span>
+who was employed by Queen Elizabeth to harass the Spaniards
+in their harbours, and hinder them in their preparations
+for invading England. These operations, which Drake
+himself described as &lsquo;singeing the King of Spain&rsquo;s beard,&rsquo;
+delayed the sailing of the Armada, and gave Elizabeth time
+to prepare for defence. The tract referred to is entitled, &lsquo;<i>The
+true and perfect Newes of the worthy and valiant exploytes performed
+and done by that valiant Knight Syr Frauncis Drake;
+Not only at Sancto Domingo, and Carthagena, but also nowe at
+Cales, and upon the Coast of Spayne, 1587</i>. <i>Printed at London,
+by J. Charlewood, for Thomas Hackett.</i>&rsquo; There is an account,
+in verse, written by one Thomas Greepe, of the doings of Sir
+Francis Drake and other sea captains. The author tells his
+reader, &lsquo;Here hast thou, gentle Reader, set forth unto thee
+the most worthy and valiant exploytes and enterpryses, lately
+atchieved and done by that valiant Knight Syr Frauncis Drake
+&amp; others not pend in lofty verse, nor curiously handled, but
+playnly and truly, so that it may be well understood of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page10" id="page10"></a>10</span>
+Reader.&rsquo; There is no attempt made to illustrate the events
+related in the tract, but on the title-page there is a woodcut
+of a ship in full sail, which was perhaps intended to
+represent the admiral&rsquo;s own vessel. I have reproduced it on
+a reduced scale, as an early specimen of marine draughtsmanship.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Greepe commences his poem with the following
+rhapsody:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr">
+<p class="i1">&lsquo;Triumph, O England, and rejoice,</p>
+  <p class="i2">And prayse thy God incessantly</p>
+<p class="i1">For this thy Queene, that pearle of choyce,</p>
+  <p class="i2">Which God doth blesse with victory!</p>
+      <p class="i3">In countryes strange, both farre and neere,</p>
+      <p class="i3">All raging foes her force doth feare.</p>
+
+<p class="i1 s">Yee worthy wights that doo delighte</p>
+  <p class="i2">To heare of Novels strange and rare,</p>
+<p class="i1">What valors, woone by a famous knight,</p>
+  <p class="i2">May please you marke I shall declare.</p>
+      <p class="i3">Such rare exploytes performde and done</p>
+      <p class="i3">As none the like hath ever woone.&rsquo;</p>
+</div> </td></tr></table>
+
+<p>He gives a list of the ships under Drake&rsquo;s command:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr">
+<p class="i1">&lsquo;Twenty-five ships were then preparde,</p>
+  <p class="i2">Fifteene Pinnaces, brave and fine,</p>
+<p class="i1">Well furnished for his safe garde,</p>
+  <p class="i2">Preventing foes that would him tyne.</p>
+      <p class="i3">With Masters good and Marriners rare</p>
+      <p class="i3">As ever tooke charge, I dare compare.</p>
+
+<p class="s i2" style="letter-spacing: 2em;">*******</p>
+
+<p class="i1 s">The <i>Bonaventure</i>, a ship royall,</p>
+  <p class="i2">Cheefe Admirall then of the fleete,</p>
+<p class="i1">Sir Frauncis Drake, cheefe Generall,</p>
+  <p class="i2">As by desertes he was most meete.</p>
+      <p class="i3">Most worthy Captaynes of hand and heart</p>
+      <p class="i3">In this boon voyage then tooke hys part.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page11" id="page11"></a>11</span></p>
+
+<p class="i1 s">The <i>Primrose</i> next, Vice-Admirall,</p>
+  <p class="i2">Appoynted by thyre best device,</p>
+<p class="i1">Captayne Frobisher, Vice-Generall&mdash;</p>
+  <p class="i2">A valiant Captayne, ware and wyse.</p>
+      <p class="i3">Captayne Carelell they did ordayne</p>
+      <p class="i3">Lieftenant-Generall on the mayne.&rsquo;</p>
+</div> </td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The poem thus winds up:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr">
+<p class="i1">&lsquo;God save our Queene of merry England,</p>
+  <p class="i2">His sacred word long to maintaine;</p>
+<p class="i1">Her Graces Navie and royall bande,</p>
+  <p class="i2">Through his good Grace, may long remaine.</p>
+      <p class="i3">Lord blesse her counsell, and keepe them aye</p>
+      <p class="i3">With all true subjects night and day.</p>
+                <p class="i7">Finis, quoth Thomas Greepe.&rsquo;</p>
+</div> </td></tr></table>
+
+<p>This curious poem is supplemented by a letter, written
+by Sir Francis Drake, &lsquo;To the right reverende, godly,
+learned Father, my very good friend, M. John Fox, preacher
+of the word of God.&rsquo; This was John Fox, the Martyrologist,
+who died in 1587. The letter proceeds: &lsquo;Mister Fox,
+whereas we have had of late such happy successe against the
+Spanyardes, I do assure myselfe that you have faithfully
+remembered us in your good prayers, and therefore I have
+not forgotten, breefly to make you partaker thereof. The
+19. of Aprill we arrived within the road of Calles, where we
+found very many shipping, but amongst the rest 32 of exceeding
+burden, lade and to be laden with provision, and
+prepared to furnish the King&rsquo;s Navie, intended with all
+speede against England, the which when we had boorded,
+and also furnished our severall ships with provision as we
+thought sufficient, wee burnt; and although by the space of
+two dayes and two nights that we continued there, we were
+still endangered, both with thundering shott from the towne,
+and assailed with the roaring Cannons of twelve galleys; yet
+we suncke two of them, and one great Argosey, and still
+avoyded them with very small hurt, and so at our departure
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page12" id="page12"></a>12</span>
+we brought away foure ships of provision, to the great
+terror of our enemies, and honour to ourselves, as it may
+appeare by a most curteous Letter written unto me with a
+Flagge of truce by Duke Petro, Generall of the Galleys.
+But whereas it is most certayne that the king doth not onely
+make speedy preparation in Spayne, but likewise expected a
+very great Fleete from the Straytes, and divers other places,
+that should joyne with his forces to invade England; we
+purpose to sette apart all feare of danger, and by Gods
+furtherance to proceed by all the good means we can devise
+to prevent their coming; wherefore I shall desire you to
+continue faithfull in remembrance of us in your prayers that
+our purpose may take that good effect, as God may be glorified,
+his Church, our Queene and country, preserved, and
+these enemies of the trueth utterly vanquished, that we may
+have continuall peace in Israel. Fro aboord her Majesties
+good ship the <i>Elizabeth Bonaventure</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Your loving freende, and faythfull Sonne in Christ Jesus,</p>
+
+<p class="rgt">&lsquo;<span class="sc">Frauncis Drake.</span>&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>In the reign of James I. papers of news began to be published,
+but they only appeared occasionally, and were chiefly
+devoted to foreign intelligence. In 1619 we have &lsquo;Newes
+out of Holland,&rsquo; followed by others in 1620, 1621, and 1622.
+These occasional tracts were afterwards converted into a
+regular weekly publication, entitled the &lsquo;<i>Weekly News</i>,&rsquo;
+printed by J. D. for Nichs. Bourne and T. Archer. This
+was the first periodical newspaper published in England.
+But long before this many illustrated tracts and pamphlets
+were published relating to events of recent occurrence. In
+one dated 1607 occurs the earliest instance I have met with
+of an attempt to illustrate the news of the day. It is entitled
+&lsquo;<i>Wofull Newes from Wales, or the lamentable loss of divers
+Villages and Parishes (by a strange and wonderful Floud)
+within the Countye of Monmouth in Wales: which happened
+in January last past, 1607, whereby a great number of his
+Majesties subjects inhabiting in these parts are utterly undone</i>.&rsquo;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page13" id="page13"></a>13</span>
+The writer of this news-book describes the flood, and then,
+taking it for his text, preaches a sermon upon it. It is
+printed in Old English, and is plentifully interspersed with
+pious exhortations and scriptural references. It has on the
+title a woodcut, a fac-simile of which is given on the next
+page.</p>
+
+<p>This interesting little tract has a preface, in which the
+author explains the difficulty he felt in producing it in the
+short time that was allowed him for the purpose:&mdash;&lsquo;Reader,
+when these newes were brought, and an importunitie used to
+me that I would give the same forme, and bestow an exhortation
+on them, I was unwilling, both in regard of that short
+space (of lesse than one day which was limited to undertake
+the matter) and also in respect of the usual unfaithfulness of
+men ordinarily in reporting of such accidents as these bee;
+whereby it often falleth out that the relation of them reapeth
+much discredit. But when I could not have these just excuses
+taken, I began and finished this businesse, as the shorte
+space wold permit me.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>The old story of the child washed away in a cradle, so
+often related as having occurred in great floods, and which
+Mr. Millais has immortalised in one of his pictures, is here
+told probably for the first time:&mdash;&lsquo;Another little childe is
+affirmed to have bene cast upon land in a Cradle, in which
+was nothing but a Catte, the which was discerned, as it came
+floating to the shore, to leape still from one side of the Cradle
+unto the other, even as if she had been appointed steersman
+to preserve the small barke from the waves&rsquo; furie.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:650px; height:422px" src="images/img027.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">GREAT FLOOD IN MONMOUTHSHIRE, 1607.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Another tract of the same date is illustrated with a woodcut
+similar to the one here copied, but it has in addition
+several more figures, including a cradle with a child in it
+floating on the water. This tract is entitled &lsquo;<i>A true report
+of certaine wonderful overflowings of waters now lately in Summersetshire,
+Norfolk, and other places in England, destroying
+many thousands of men, women, and children, overthrowing and
+bearing downe whole townes and villages, and drowning infinite
+numbers of sheepe and other cattle</i>.&rsquo;  It is written in the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page14" id="page14"></a>14<br />15</span>
+same sermonising style, beginning by calling men to repent,
+and to take warning from these signs of God&rsquo;s anger. Then
+follows the narrative. The inundation was caused by an
+irruption of the sea, and many incidents are related of the
+flood. Here the cradle story is again told:&mdash;&lsquo;An infant
+likewise was found swimming in a cradle, some mile or two
+fro&rsquo; ye place where it was known to be kept, and so was
+preserved; for the cradle was not of wicker, as ours are
+here, but of strong, thicke bordes, closely joynted together,
+and that saved the infant&rsquo;s life.&rsquo; This narrative of the
+Somersetshire flood was reprinted in another tract with &lsquo;<i>An
+Addition of other and more strange Accidents happening by
+these Flouds, and brought to light since the first publishing
+of this Booke</i>.&rsquo; This second edition is illustrated with the
+identical woodcut that is used in the tract relating the
+floods in Wales. The two tracts recounting the Somersetshire
+floods were &lsquo;printed at London by W. I. for Edward
+White, and are to be sold at the signe of the Gunne, at the
+North doore of Paules.&rsquo; That describing the flood in Wales
+was &lsquo;printed for W. W., and are to be sold in Paules Church-yarde
+at the sign of the Grey-hound.&rsquo; In those days printers
+frequently combined the functions of engraver and printer;
+and as regards the tracts under notice, we must conclude that
+the printer supplied each of his customers with the same
+woodcut, or that the booksellers of the time were in the
+habit of lending their woodcuts to each other.</p>
+
+<p>Storms, floods, and burnings were favourite themes with
+the early newswriters, and several illustrated tracts exist
+describing such calamities. They are more or less interspersed
+with pious exhortations, but the narrative is rarely
+allowed to flag, and every incident is minutely described.
+There is &lsquo;<i>Woeful newes from the West parts of England of the
+burning of Tiverton</i>,&rsquo; 1612; and a small quarto pamphlet of
+1613, printed in old English, affords another good example
+of this kind of news. It is entitled&mdash;it will be observed how
+fond the old newswriters were of alliterative titles&mdash;&lsquo;<i>The
+Wonders of this windie winter, by terrible stormes and tempests,</i>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page16" id="page16"></a>16</span>
+<i>to be losse of lives and goods of many thousands of men, women,
+and children. The like by Sea and Land hath not been seene nor
+heard of in this age of the world. London. Printed by G. Eld
+for John Wright, and are to be sold at his Shop neere Christ-Church
+dore.</i> 1613.&rsquo; On the title-page is a woodcut, a copy
+of which is annexed.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:580px; height:630px" src="images/img029.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">GREAT STORM, 1613.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The tract opens very much in the manner of a sermon,
+and declares the dreadful occurrences related are intended
+to &lsquo;move sinful mankind to repentance and newnesse of
+life.&rsquo; It then goes on to describe &lsquo;that within these three
+fore-passed months of October, November, and December,
+the devouring gulfes of the Sea hath swallowed up above
+two hundred saile of ships, as well of our own Country as of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page17" id="page17"></a>17</span>
+neighbouring Nations, with great store of passengers, seafaring
+men, and owners of the same, adventuring their dear
+lives in the managing of the aforesaid ships, with all their
+goods, and merchandizes, making for our country all lost;
+yea, all, I say, in these three fore-passed months, hath been
+lost and drenched in the deep vaults of this watery world,
+a thing both lamentable and fearfull, that in so short a time,
+nay, in a small part of the yeare, even in an instant, so
+many heavy mischances should happen, and so many worthy
+vessels of adventure miscarrie, which had bin sufficient (if
+goodspeed had prevailed) to have inricht a whole Citie and
+bettered a kingdome; but such is the will of God, and such
+is His just indignation against us.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;By certification from men of good accompt and calling,
+it is reported and knowne for truth, that in the month of
+October last, a fleete of fourteene sayle of ships making
+from Newcastle towards London, laden with sea-coale and
+other commodities of those parts, had their passage, by the
+tyranny of the windes, most untimely stopt, and violently
+caste into the ocean&rsquo;s wombe, in which ships were perished
+to the number of a hundred and forty seafaring men, besides
+other passengers, both of men and women, which at that
+time made their watery graves in the deepe sea. This first
+strooke feare into the hearts of people, which hath been since
+seconded with many calamities, which lieth heavy upon the
+heart of the reporter.&rsquo; The writer then goes on to relate
+that between &lsquo;Dover and Calice there hath been found
+floating upon the waters in one weeke of fowle weather above
+seven hundred drowned persons of divers nations, as of
+English, Dutch, French, and Spanish, with parts and parcels
+of many splitted ships.&rsquo; Further details are given at great
+length, and in rather a wordy manner. For instance, the
+writer describes the great number of women who are made
+widows by the disasters at sea, &lsquo;besides fatherlesse children
+and children fatherlesse.&rsquo; Several examples are related of
+the force of the wind. &lsquo;A man and his wife riding over
+Maidenhead Bridge upon one horse, by the fierceness of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page18" id="page18"></a>18</span>
+wind, were blowne beside, and there drowned both horse and
+all. God be merciful unto us and preserve us from all such
+like mischances. The like mishap befell in November last
+unto two Yorkshire men, as it is verified by some gentlemen
+of the Inns of Court and Chancery, which knew the parties,
+the one of them a tanner, named Francis Browne, the other
+a clothier, called Richard Smith, both dwelling in a towne
+neere Wakefield side called Thorby; which two countriemen
+falling out upon small occassions wilfully purposed to come
+up to London, and their put their causes of themselves to the
+Lawes tryall; yet notwithstanding came they up together,
+where in riding over a bridge about Bedfordshire, and conferring
+of their inward grudges, they were blowne both
+beside into the river, where, by the fierceness of the windes,
+they were most lamentably drowned, both horse and men;
+and thus by sodaine death ended their malice, to the fear and
+amazement of all such as well could witness their envious
+proceedings. These and such like accidents may be fearful
+examples for the world to behold, especially for rich men,
+shewing to them the certaintie of life and goods subject to
+the chances of death and fortune, according to the saying of
+a worthy philosopher,</p>
+
+<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr">
+<p>&ldquo;Full little thinks the man at morning sun</p>
+<p class="i05">What hap to him befalls ere day be done.&rdquo;&rsquo;</p>
+</div> </td></tr></table>
+
+<p>A great many other instances are related of the fury of
+the tempests, all of which the writer feels certain &lsquo;have been
+laid upon us for our sinnes;&rsquo; and winds up with a pious
+exhortation to take warning.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:440px" src="images/img032.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">FLOODS AND TEMPESTS, 1613</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Another tract of the same character and date, also
+printed in black letter, has a larger and more elaborate
+woodcut on the title-page, representing sinking ships, the
+shore strewed with dead bodies, and on the outside of a
+church tower the devil is seen throwing down the broken
+steeple. The following is the address to the reader:&mdash;&lsquo;Reader,
+I do here present unto thee and to thy understanding
+(if thou hast any) some part of the lamentable
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page19" id="page19"></a>19<br />20</span>
+losses and unrecoverable mischances that have happened by
+occassion of these late blustering stormes of winde, and an
+innumerable deal of rayne, the which a great many thousands
+have too true cause to beleeve, because they are sharers
+in the misfortunes that this outragious weather hath caused.
+Now, if thou hast sustained no loss thyselfe, perhaps thou
+wilt not beleeve these things to be true that I have written;
+but if thou wilt or doest beleeve, then pray to God that it
+will please Him to give them patience that are loosers, and
+humilitie that are winners, and give God thanks that he
+hath so blessed thee that thou hast no share in these mishaps.
+But if thou wilt not beleeve, goe and looke, or else
+remaine still in thy unbeliefe.&rsquo; A copy of the woodcut is
+given on the preceding page.</p>
+
+<p>Another pamphlet, of 1613, has the annexed woodcut,
+and is entitled &lsquo;<i>Lamentable Newes, shewing the Wonderful
+Deliverance of Maister Edmond Pet, Sayler, and Maister of a
+Ship, dwelling in Seething-lane, in London, neere Barking
+Church; with other strange things lately hapned concerning
+those great windes and tempestuous weather, both at Sea and
+Lande</i>. <i>Imprinted at London by T. C., for William Barley,
+dwelling over against Cree Church, neere Algate.</i> 1613.&rsquo; It
+describes the wreck of a Newcastle ship on the east coast,
+and how &lsquo;Maister Pet,&rsquo; after being exposed to the winds and
+waves for forty-eight hours, was rescued by a Dutch man-of-war,
+he being the only survivor from his ship. It will be
+seen the woodcut represents two seamen lowering what
+appears to be an arm-chair into the sea. This was probably
+the artist&rsquo;s notion of the safest and most comfortable way to
+rescue shipwrecked persons. The same tract relates other
+occurrences during the stormy weather, such as &lsquo;A man
+neere Bedford, being thaching a house, was blowne off
+and kild; trees blown up by the rootes, houses and
+chimnies quite blown downe,&rsquo; &amp;c. &lsquo;All which is for our
+sinnes.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:430px" src="images/img034.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">RESCUE OF EDMUND PET, MARINER, 1613.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Remarkable murders were even more favourite subjects
+with the early news-writers than storms and floods, a partiality
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page21" id="page21"></a>21<br />22</span>
+that has continued down to our own time. A tract of
+1613 is devoted to the details of &lsquo;Three Bloodie Murders,&rsquo;
+but it is mainly taken up with an account of the murder of
+the Rev. William Storre, of Market Rasen, Lincolnshire.
+The full title runs thus:&mdash;&lsquo;<i>Three Bloodie Murders. The first
+committed by Francis Cartwright upon William Storre, M.
+Arts Minister and Preacher at Market Rasen in the countie of
+Lincolne. The second committed by Elizabeth James on the
+body of her Mayde, in the Parish of Egham in Surrie: who
+was condemned for the same fact at Sainte Margaret hill in
+Southwark, the 2 of July 1613, and lieth in the White Lion
+till her deliverie; discovered by a dombe Mayde and her Dogge.
+The third committed upon a stranger very lately near Highgate
+foure mile from London, very strangely found out by a Dogge.
+Also the 2 of July 1613.</i>&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>The circumstances relating to the murder of the Rev.
+William Storre are given at great length and with much
+minuteness:&mdash;&lsquo;Not long since, there happened some controversey
+between the Lords and the rest of the inhabitants of
+Market Raisin in the Countie of Lincolne concerning the
+Commons and Libertie in the Towne Fields; and the matter
+being mooted by one of them in the Church immediately
+after evening prayer on a Sabaoth day, divers hot intemperate
+speeches passed among them; whereupon their
+Minister, whose name was Mr. Storre, much disliking so
+indiscreete a course, wished them to have respect both to
+the time and place where they were: And further advised,
+seeing the cause in hand concerned a multitude, (amongst
+whom, some of the least government would always be the
+readiest to speake) that they would therefore make choice
+of two or three of the fittest and most substantial men, to
+answere and undertake for all the rest. This motion seemed
+to please them well, and therefore they intreated him, that
+he would first, as a man indifferent speake what he thought
+concerning the cause. But he not wishing to intermeddle
+in that matter, twice or thrice denied their request; and the
+rather, for that there was present one Francis Cartwright, a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page23" id="page23"></a>23</span>
+young man of an unbridled humour, the only Sonne and
+Heire to one of the same Lordes of the Towne, betwixt
+whom and himselfe, there was growne no small unkindnesse.
+Yet in the end being pressed thereunto by their importunities
+with the consent of both the parties he delivered his opinion,
+useing therein such discretion and reasons to confirme the
+same that they could not directly except against him. Notwithstanding,
+seeing him incline more to the right of the
+Freeholders and the rest of the Commons than to favour
+their intended purpose, they seemed to dislike his speaches,
+and to cavill at the same.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Young Cartwright standing by, not able any longer to
+contain himselfe tooke occassion hereupon to breake forthe
+abruptly into these wordes: The Priest deserveth a good
+Fee, he speaketh so like a Lawyer. Maister Storre having
+often aforetime had experience of his hotte stomacke and
+hastinesse as well towards others as himselfe, thought it
+best to reply little against him for that present.&rsquo; The
+Rev. Mr. Storre&rsquo;s forbearance was of no avail, for next day
+young Cartwright took occasion to renew the quarrel, and
+in the public market-place &lsquo;proclaymed that Storre was
+a scurvie, lowsie, paltrie Priest; that whoever sayd he
+was his friend or spake in his cause, was a Rogue and a
+Rascall, that he would (but for the Law) cut his Throat,
+tear out his Heart, and hang his Quarters on the May-pole.&rsquo;
+These sanguinary threats caused Mr. Storre to seek the
+protection of the Magistrates; and he afterwards preached
+a sermon containing words which young Cartwright thought
+were purposely directed against him, so that he &lsquo;more and
+more thirsted for revenge.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;About a week after, he espied Mr. Storre walking about
+eight of the clocke in the morning alone, by the south side
+of the Towne in his cloake, went to a cutler&rsquo;s shop, and tooke
+out of the same a short sword, formerly provided and made
+very sharpe for that purpose, and presently overtooke him.&rsquo;
+The young man attacked the clergyman, and the pamphlet
+gives a minute account of the dreadful wounds he inflicted
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page24" id="page24"></a>24</span>
+upon him until &lsquo;A Mayde coming that way by occassion of
+businesse, cried out, whereupon he fledde.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>The clergyman died of the frightful wounds he received,
+and the murderer was taken and carried before a justice,
+&lsquo;where, either for lacke of their due information of the
+truth, or by the corrupt and favourable affection of the
+magistrate, or both, there was a very slender bayle taken,
+and the malefactor by this flight sent away.&rsquo; Cartwright&rsquo;s
+friends &lsquo;laboured by corrupt dealing and wrong information&rsquo;
+to procure his pardon; but so barbarous a murder could not
+be hushed up, and the culprit eventually &lsquo;fled beyonde the
+seas.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:582px" src="images/img037.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">MURDER OF THE REV MR. STORRE, 1613.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>On the title-page of the pamphlet is a woodcut representing
+the murder of the Rev. Mr. Storre, which is copied above.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page25" id="page25"></a>25</span></p>
+
+<p>The two other murders are not related at such great
+length, and are not illustrated.</p>
+
+<p>This is the earliest example I have met with of a kind
+of illustrated news that is very popular even in our own
+day. From the pains taken to describe all the circumstances
+of the crime and its consequences, the author evidently
+regarded it as a subject of the highest interest, and worthy
+of all the elaboration he was capable of bestowing upon it.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:461px" src="images/img038.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">NEWS FROM PENRHYN IN CORNWALL, 1618.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>There is a very curious and rare tract of the date of
+1618, which describes the circumstances of another remarkable
+murder. It is entitled &lsquo;<i>News from Perin (Penrhyn), in
+Cornwall, of a most Bloody and unexampled Murther very lately
+committed by a Father on his owne sonne (who was lately returned
+from the Indyes), at the instigation of a mercilesse
+Step Mother, together with their severall most wretched endes,
+being all performed in the Month of September last, Anno
+1618.</i>&rsquo; On the title-page is a woodcut representing the
+discovery of the murder, which is reprinted in the body
+of the pamphlet. Another woodcut illustrates a scene
+before the murder is committed, where the son hands his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page26" id="page26"></a>26</span>
+bag of treasure to his step-mother. The story is a very
+minute history of a scapegrace son, who, after various
+adventures, returns to his father&rsquo;s house a penitent and
+reformed man. Many years having elapsed, the son is not
+recognised by his father, who has married a second wife
+and is in straitened circumstances. The son begs a night&rsquo;s
+lodging and resolves not to make himself known till next
+morning. In the meantime, to show that he will be able to
+recompense his host and hostess for their hospitality, he
+gives the latter a bag of gold and jewels to take care of
+for him till the morrow. The woman, excited by the
+possession of the gold, thinks how easy it would be to relieve
+themselves from their embarrassments by murdering their
+guest and keeping possession of his treasure. She urges
+her husband to do the deed. After many refusals he consents,
+and the father murders his own son. In the morning
+it is made known to him who his victim is, and, in a fit of
+remorse and despair, he kills himself; upon which the guilty
+wife also commits suicide, and the tract thus winds up:&mdash;&lsquo;And
+to the end it may be a warning to all covetous step
+mothers, and a content for all easie Fathers to avoyde the
+like hereafter. At the entreaty of divers Gentlemen in the
+Countrey, It is as neere the life as Pen and Incke could
+draw it out, thus put in Print.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>William Lillo, the author of <i>George Barnwell</i>, is said
+to have founded his play of &lsquo;Fatal Curiosity&rsquo; on this tract.
+Lillo was a prosperous London jeweller and a successful
+dramatic author. He depicted the harrowing details of this
+tragic story with great power; and the agonies of old
+Wilmot, the father, constitute one of the most appalling
+and affecting incidents of the drama.</p>
+
+<p>A curious black-letter tract of 1616, which is illustrated
+with a fearful apparition of three skeletons, is entitled,
+&lsquo;<i>Miraculous Newes from the cittie of Holdt, in the Lordship
+of Munster (in Germany), the twentieth of September last past
+1616, wherein there were plainly beheld three dead bodyes rise
+out of their Graves, admonishing the people of Judgements to</i>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page27" id="page27"></a>27</span>
+<i>come</i>.&rsquo; The truth of this miraculous news is vouched for by
+&lsquo;divers worthy Persons and Burgimasters of the same citty,&rsquo;
+whose names are given. This miraculous appearance was
+preceded by a fearful tempest of thunder and lightning.
+&lsquo;When this great tempest of thunder and lightning was
+ceased, there was heard throughout all the parts and places
+of the citty a most hideous and dolefull clamour or outcry,
+striking terror into all the people, yet no man could perceive
+whence it came, or where this clamour should bee. The
+people came over all the citty after the noise, but could not
+finde it; for when they were at one corner of the citty they
+then heard it at another; and when they were come to that
+other corner there it seemed to them to be in the middle of
+the citty; and to them that were in the middest it seemed
+farther off. So that all heard it, but none could find where
+it was, or from whence it came.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;At length the people assembling in the churchyard
+behelde there so strange and incredible judgements sent by
+the Lord, that for the most part the beholders fell flatt on
+their faces to the ground, crying loude unto the Lord for
+mercy. For there they beheld coming out of their graves
+three most ghostly and fearfull dead bodyes.</p>
+
+<p class="pt1 center">1.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Whereof the first that was seen to arise out of the earth,
+seemed very white, cleane, and cleere, who opening his
+mouth and beating his handes together spake thus:
+&ldquo;Blessed be God in the highest Heaven, that our releasement
+is come, for we have wayted many a hundred yeare for
+this time.&rdquo; The people hearing this fell upon their knees
+and prayed unto the Lord with weeping and great lamentation,
+saying: O Lord beholde us with thy merciful eyes, and
+let us not be overwhelmed or smothered in our sinnes.</p>
+
+<p class="pt1 center">2.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;The second dead man that arose out of the earth caused
+farre greater feare and trembling then the former, for the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page28" id="page28"></a>28</span>
+beholders saw him altogether from the toppe to the toe, like
+unto a burning fire; he likewise opened his mouth, and
+wringing his handes, and tearing his haire, cryed with a
+loude voyce: Repent yee, Repent yee; Almighty God hath
+taken his chastising rodde in hand, to punish the people for
+their sinnes, for their great wealth, for their great talke or
+presumptious wordes, for their pompe, and for their pride:
+The which the Lord will no longer suffer nor endure, for the
+cry and complaint of these sinnes is asended up into his eares;
+Wherefore hee will destroy you with a suddaine sicknesse,
+and fiery Pestilence, so that you shall not have so much time
+as one houre, to utter one worde, to call upon God.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:412px" src="images/img041.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">MIRACULOUS NEWS FROM MUNSTER IN GERMANY, 1616.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p class="pt1 center">3.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;After this fiery apparition and threatening speech ended,
+there appeared likewise rising out of the grave a third dead
+man, grinding and gnashing his teeth together, striking his
+handes the one against the other, and crying with a most
+fearful and hideous voyce, insomuch that it seemed to all the
+multitude there present, that the earth would certainly have
+rent in sunder; and spake that all the people plainly heard
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page29" id="page29"></a>29</span>
+and understood his wordes, which were these; Woe, woe,
+woe, to the wicked; this is the time that wee have long
+attended and looked for; wherefore (ye people) looke to it,
+and beware lest the great day of the Lord come upon you
+suddainly, and fall upon you unprovided; for the time of his
+comming is neerer than you thinke.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;After the uttering of these wordes, the three dead Bodyes
+vanished and the Graves were shut againe, the heavens became
+cleere, the Tempest ceased, and all the people being
+released of their present horror and feare, rejoyced, and
+assembling themselves together, gave glory and laude, and
+praise unto the Lord for his Fatherly mercy and unspeakable
+goodnesse, in the mitigation of his furie, and withdrawing
+his heavy hand for the present. And thereupon appointed a
+sett day of supplications, prayers, and fasting, with true and
+unfained Repentance to be proclaimed, and observed.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>This account is supplemented by an &lsquo;apology,&rsquo; setting
+forth that men must not be incredulous because they hear of
+miraculous occurrences&mdash;that God is able to bring back the
+age of miracles, &amp;c. The writer evidently thought his readers
+might require to be strengthened by argument before they
+could place implicit faith in his narrative, and so he takes
+some pains in his &lsquo;apology&rsquo; to convince them that however
+unnatural and uncommon may be the appearances he relates,
+the wickedness of the world was a sufficient justification for
+this and other extraordinary events. A copy of the woodcut
+that illustrates this curious production is shown on the preceding
+page.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:488px" src="images/img043.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">&lsquo;GOOD NEWES TO CHRISTENDOME,&rsquo; 1620.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>In 1620 Nathaniel Butter printed an illustrated tract
+entitled <i>&rsquo;Good Newes to Christendome, sent to a Venetian in
+Ligorne, from a Merchant in Alexandria, Discovering a Wonderfull
+and Strange Apparition, visibly seene for many dayes together
+in Arabia over the place where the supposed Tombe of
+Mahomet (the Turkish Prophet) is inclosed; By which the learned
+Arabians prognosticate the Reducing and Calling of the great
+Turke to Christianitie. With many other Notable Accidents:
+But the most remarkable is the miraculous rayning of Bloud</i>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page30" id="page30"></a>30<br />31</span>
+<i>about Rome</i>.&rsquo; This tract, which is very long and discursive,
+relates, among other things, the apparition of a woman in the
+air, with a book in her hand, being the same apparition that
+is described at great length in a tract of 1642, which I shall
+quote hereafter. In the tract under notice there is a woodcut
+representing an army in the clouds&mdash;the clouds raining blood
+over a city; a woman with sword and book; and a crowd of
+men below watching the aerial phenomenon. The writer, in
+winding up his narrative, thus addresses his reader:&mdash;&lsquo;If
+you cannot beleeve it as truth, yet to make that use of it as
+if it were true; and then shall you know, there is but one
+way to happiness, and all the predictions, prophesies, visions,
+apparitions, comets, inundations, stormes, tempests, famine,
+warre, alteration, and subversion of kingdomes, with all the
+cabinet of mysteries, tend to this end that <i>premium</i> and <i>p&oelig;na</i>
+be the mastering curbs of the world; that is, that God hath
+a <i>Magazine</i> of judgements to inflict on the obstinate sinner
+with punishments: and a store-house of mercy to support
+the penitent soule with comfort.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>In 1627 we come upon a very curious and literal example
+of illustrated news. In that year Charles I., having declared
+war against France, fitted out an expedition of a hundred
+sail and an army of 7000 men for the support of the Protestant
+cause in that country. The King&rsquo;s favourite, the self-confident
+and vainglorious Duke of Buckingham, took the
+command of the expedition, although he was totally unfit for
+that position. He was personally brave, but possessed no
+other quality of a commander. He had no knowledge or
+experience of the art of war, and was too proud and presumptuous
+to be guided by the advice of others. The expedition
+was destined for Rochelle, then in possession of the
+Huguenots; but Buckingham went to sea without any understanding
+with his allies; and, when he anchored off Rochelle,
+he was refused admission to the town. He then directed his
+course to the neighbouring Isle of Rhè, where he succeeded
+in landing his men under the fire of his ships, and defeated
+a small French force commanded by the governor of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page32" id="page32"></a>32</span>
+island. Instead of immediately following up his success,
+Buckingham allowed the French commander to secure and
+strengthen the fortress of St. Martin; and when he did
+advance he foolishly left the enemy in possession of another
+fort in his rear. He besieged the Castle of St. Martin for
+many weeks, and then led his men to storm the place without
+having made a single breach in the walls. They were
+repulsed at all points with considerable loss, and attempted
+to retreat to their ships; but Marshal Schomberg with a
+French army had thrown himself between the Duke and the
+fleet, and had put a strong corps and artillery into the fort of
+La Prèe, which Buckingham had left in his rear. No precautions
+whatever had been taken, and they suffered great loss
+before they could re-embark. The expedition was a total failure,
+and Buckingham returned to England beaten and disgraced.</p>
+
+<p>While the Duke of Buckingham was besieging the citadel
+of St. Martin, an attempt was made, or was said to have been
+made, upon his life by a French Papist or Jesuit, with a
+thick four-edged knife. An account of the Duke&rsquo;s proceedings
+while in the Isle of Rhè appears to have been sent home,
+and was published probably with a view of influencing the
+people in his favour and showing to what dangers he was
+exposed in the national service. There is in the British
+Museum a tract entitled &lsquo;<i>A Continued Journal of all the Proceedings
+of the Duke of Buckingham his Grace, in the Isle of
+Ree since the last day of July. With the names of the Noblemen
+as were drowned and taken in going to releeve the Fort. As
+also the Portraiture of the knife with which his Excellence should
+have been murdered, which very knife was brought over by Captaine
+Buckestone and delivered unto the Duchess of Buckingham
+her Grace on Monday night last. Published by Authoritie.
+London, Printed for Thomas Walkley, and are to be sold at his
+shop at the Eagle and Childe in Britaines Bursse, 1627.</i>&rsquo; The
+following account is given of the intended assassination of
+the Duke:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center">&lsquo;Received the 27 of August.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Here I have sent you all the remarkable Newes that I
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page33" id="page33"></a>33</span>
+have upon the last of <i>July</i>. There was taken by a <i>Perdue</i> of
+ours, in the night (a Frenchman), that was sent by <i>Monsieur
+de Thorax</i>, the Governour of the Citadell, with a full intent
+to kill my Lord Duke; and for the speedy effecting of the
+same he had prepared a strange and dangerous <i>Poynado</i>,
+which, although it was taken about him, he confidently
+denied that he came not with any intent to kill the <i>Duke</i>
+untill he came to the Tortures, which being presented before
+him he promised to discover all to my <i>Lord</i> if he would
+promise him life, the which he did, and doth so performe
+with him, like a noble and mercifull Generall.&rsquo; The tract
+contains a large woodcut of a knife, a reduced copy of which
+is given above, and underneath the engraving is the following
+description:&mdash;&lsquo;This is the true Portraiture of the poysoned
+knife, both in length and breadth, having foure edges, with
+which a Jesuited Vilaine was sent out of the Fort by Monsieur
+de Thorax, the Governour of that Island, with an intent
+to have killed his Excellence, but by God&rsquo;s providence was
+delivered. His Grace hath used the French so nobly in all
+respects that he rather deserved their love than any wayes
+to have his life thus treacherously sought after, under the
+pretence that it was a meritorious act. Which knife was
+brought over into England by Captaine Buckestone, and by
+him delivered unto the Dutches of Buckingham her Grace on
+Monday night last.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:127px" src="images/img046.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">KNIFE INTENDED FOR THE ASSASSINATION OF THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM, 1627.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Whether the attempt on Buckingham&rsquo;s life was a reality
+or was got up for the purpose of endearing the court
+favourite to all good Protestants, it foreshadowed his ultimate
+fate. In the following year, while he was at Portsmouth,
+and about to embark on a second expedition to Rochelle, he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page34" id="page34"></a>34</span>
+was stabbed by Felton, who had served under him in the
+expedition to the Isle of Rhè.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the subjects already noticed, the old news-writers
+delighted in signs and portents in the air, and failed not to
+improve the occasion whenever they met with a text so much
+to their liking. There was a fall of meteorites in 1628,
+which was chronicled at the time in an illustrated pamphlet,
+entitled, &lsquo;<i>Looke up and See Wonders: a miraculous Apparition in
+the Ayre, lately seen in Barke-shire, at Bawlkin Greene, neere Hatford,
+April 9th, 1628.</i>&rsquo; The author, like his fellow-chroniclers,
+already quoted, regards the occurrence as a sign of Heaven&rsquo;s
+displeasure, and addresses his readers thus:&mdash;&lsquo;So Benummed
+wee are in our Sences, that albeit God himselfe Holla in our
+Eares, wee by our wills are loath to heare him. His dreadfull
+Pursiuants of <i>Thunder and Lightning</i> terrifie vs so long
+as they haue vs in their fingers, but beeing off, wee dance
+and sing in the midst of our Follies.&rsquo; He then goes on to
+tell how &lsquo;the foure great quarter-masters of the World (<i>the
+foure Elements</i>) ... haue bin in ciuill Warres one against
+another.... As for <i>Fire</i>, it hath denied of late to warme vs,
+but at vnreasonable rates, and extreame hard conditions.
+But what talke I of this earthy nourishment of <i>fire</i>? How
+haue the <i>Fires</i> of Heauen (some few yeares past) gone beyond
+their bounds, and appeared in the shapes of Comets and
+Blazing Starres?... The <i>Aire</i> is the shop of Thunder and
+Lightning. In that, hath of late been held a Muster of
+terrible enemies and threatners of Vengeance, which the
+great Generall of the Field who Conducts and Commands all
+such Armies (<i>God Almighty, I meane</i>) auert from our Kingdome,
+and shoote the arrowes of his indignation some other
+way, vpon the bosomes of those that would confound his
+Gospell.... Many windowes hath he set open in
+heauen, to shewe what Artillery hee has lying there, and
+many of our Kings haue trembled, when they were shewne
+vnto them. What blazing Starres (euen at Noone-dayes) in
+those times hung houering in the Aire? How many frightfull
+Ecclipses both of Sun and Moone?... It is not for
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page35" id="page35"></a>35</span>
+man to dispute with God, why he has done this so often ...
+but, with feare and trembling casting our eyes vp to Heauen,
+let vs now behold him, bending his Fist onely, as lately he
+did to the terrour and affrightment of all the Inhabitants
+dwelling within a Towne in the County of Barkshire....
+The name of the Towne is <i>Hatford</i>, some eight miles from
+<i>Oxford</i>. Ouer this Towne, vpon Wensday being the ninth of
+this instant Moneth of <i>April</i>, 1628, about fiue of the clocke
+in the afternoone this miraculous, prodigious and fearefull
+handy-worke of God was presented.... The weather
+was warme, and without any great shewe of distemperature,
+only the skye waxed by degrees a little gloomy, yet not so
+darkened but that the Sunne still and anon, by the power of
+the brightnesse, brake through the thicke clouds....</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;A gentle gale of wind then blowing from betweene the
+<i>West</i> and <i>North-west</i>, in an instant was heard, first a hideous
+rumbling in the <i>Ayre</i>, and presently after followed a strange
+and fearfull peale of Thunder, running vp and downe these
+parts of the <i>Countrey</i>, but it strake with the loudest violence,
+and more furious tearing of the <i>Ayre</i>, about a place called
+<i>The White Horse Hill</i>, than in any other. The whole order
+of this thunder, carried a kind of Maiesticall state with it, for
+it maintayned (<i>to the affrighted Beholders&rsquo; seeming</i>) the fashion
+of a fought Battaile.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;It beganne thus: First, for an onset, went off one great
+<i>Cannon</i> as it were of <i>thunder</i> alone, like a warning peece to
+the rest that were to follow. Then a little while after was
+heard a second; and so by degrees a third, vntil the number
+of 20 were discharged (or thereabouts) in very good order,
+though in very great terror.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;In some little distance of time after this was audibly
+heard the sound of a Drum beating a Retreate. Amongst
+all these angry peales shot off from Heauen, this begat a
+wonderful admiration, that at the end of the report of every
+cracke, or <i>Cannon-thundering</i>, a hizzing noyse made way
+through the <i>Ayre</i>, not vnlike the flying of <i>Bullets</i> from the
+mouthes of great Ordnance; and by the iudgement of all the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page36" id="page36"></a>36</span>
+terror-stricken witnesses they were <i>Thunder-bolts</i>. For one
+of them was seene by many people to fall at a place called
+<i>Bawlkin Greene</i>, being a mile and a half from <i>Hatford</i>:
+Which <i>Thunder-bolt</i> was by one Mistris <i>Greene</i> caused to be
+digged out of the ground, she being an eye-witnesse amongst
+many others, of the manner of the falling.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;The forme of the <i>Stone</i> is three-square, and picked in
+the end: In colour outwardly blackish, some-what like
+Iron: Crusted ouer with that blacknesse about the thicknesse
+of a shilling. Within it is soft, of a grey colour,
+mixed with some kind of minerall, shining like small peeces
+of glasse.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;This <i>Stone</i> brake in the fal: The whole peece is in
+weight nineteene pound and a halfe: The greater peece
+that fell off weigheth fiue pound, which with other small
+peeces being put together, make foure and twenty pound
+and better....</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;It is in the Countrey credibly reported that some other
+Thunder-stones haue bin found in other places: but for
+certainty there was one taken vp at <i>Letcombe</i>, and is now in
+the custody of the <i>Shriefe</i>.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>This curious account is illustrated with a quaint woodcut,
+in the foreground of which the thunder-bolt seen by Mistress
+Green is being &lsquo;digged out of the ground.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:446px" src="images/img050.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">FALL OF METEORS AT BAWLKIN GREEN, BERKSHIRE, APRIL 9, 1628.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Amongst the many publications relating to the victorious
+career of Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, there was
+one entitled the <i>Swedish Intelligencer</i>, printed at London, in
+1632, for Nathaniel Butter and Nicholas Bourne, both of
+them names associated with the first establishment of newspapers
+in England. The <i>Swedish Intelligencer</i> gives very full
+accounts of the exploits of Gustavus, and it is illustrated
+with his portrait, a bird&rsquo;s-eye view of the siege of Magdeburg,
+a plan showing how the King of Sweden and his army
+crossed the river Lech into Bavaria, and a plan or bird&rsquo;s-eye
+view of the battle of Lutzen, where Gustavus was killed.
+The portrait, the siege of Magdeburg, and the battle of
+Lutzen, are engraved on copper, but the passage of the Lech
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page37" id="page37"></a>37<br />38</span>
+is a woodcut. I have copied the latter, the others being
+too elaborate for reproduction on a reduced scale. The
+three last named are very curious as illustrations of war
+news. Gustavus had crossed the Danube, and his troops
+overspread the country between that river and the river
+Lech. Field Marshal Tilly was in front of him, waiting for
+reinforcements from the army of Wallenstein, in Bohemia,
+and the junction of fresh levies raised in Bavaria, with
+which he hoped to drive the invaders back across the
+Danube. The account in the <i>Swedish Intelligencer</i> of this
+celebrated passage of the River Lech is too long for quotation,
+but I give a condensed version of the circumstances
+from other sources.</p>
+
+<p>The Lech takes its rise among the mountains of the
+Tyrol, and, after washing the walls of Landsberg and Augsburg,
+falls into the Danube at a short distance from the town
+of Rain. The banks are broken and irregular, and the
+channel uncertain. Nor are there many rivers of the same
+size in Germany which can be compared with it in the
+strength and rapidity of its current. The united forces of
+Bavaria and the League, with this efficient means of defence
+in front, extended their right wing towards the Danube and
+their left towards Rain, while the banks of the river, as far
+as the city of Augsburg, were observed by their patrols,
+supported by detached bodies of infantry. Tilly had taken
+the precaution of breaking down the bridges over the Lech,
+and had thrown up field works at points where he judged the
+passage might be considered attended with fewest difficulties.
+That the Swedes would attack him in his main position was
+a pitch of daring to which, well as he was acquainted with
+the enterprising spirit of the king, he could scarcely suspect
+him of having yet attained. Such, however, was the full
+determination of Gustavus. After he had reconnoitred the
+course of the Lech for some miles, at the imminent peril of
+his life, he fixed upon a point between Rain and Thierhauppen,
+where the river makes a sweep to the eastward, as
+the spot for carrying his venturous design into effect. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page39" id="page39"></a>39</span>
+king&rsquo;s first intention was to throw a floating bridge over the
+stream, but the attempt was no sooner made than it was
+found to be rendered hopeless by the rapidity of the current.
+It was then imagined that tressels might be sunk, and firmly
+secured by weights in the bed of the river, on which the
+flooring of the bridge might afterwards be securely laid.
+The king approved of this plan, and workmen were commanded
+to prepare the necessary materials at the small
+village of Oberendorf, situated about half a mile from the
+spot. During the night of the 4th of April the work was
+entirely finished, the supports fixed in the stream, and the
+planks for forming the bridge brought down to the water&rsquo;s
+edge. The king had, in the meantime, ordered a trench to
+be dug along the bank of the river for the reception of
+bodies of musketeers, and several new batteries to be constructed
+close to the shore, the fire from which, as they
+were disposed along a convex line, necessarily crossed upon
+the opposite side; those upon the left hand of the Swedes
+playing upon the left of the enemy, and those on the right
+upon the wood held by the Bavarians. Another battery,
+slightly retired from the rest, directed its fire against the
+entrenchments occupied by Tilly&rsquo;s centre. By daybreak on
+the 5th, all necessary preparations having been made, the
+bridge was begun to be laid, and completed under the king&rsquo;s
+inspection. Three hundred Finland volunteers were the first
+who crossed, excited by the reward of ten crowns each to
+undertake the dangerous service of throwing up a slight
+work upon the other side for its protection. By four in the
+afternoon the Finlanders had finished their undertaking,
+having been protected from a close attack by the musketry
+of their own party and the batteries behind them, from
+which the king is said to have discharged more than sixty
+shots with his own hand, to encourage his gunners to charge
+their pieces more expeditiously. The work consisted merely
+of an embankment surrounded by a trench, but it was defended
+both by the direct and cross fire of the Swedes. As
+soon as it was completed, Gustavus, stationing himself with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page40" id="page40"></a>40<br />41</span>
+the King of Bohemia at the foot of the bridge, commanded
+Colonel Wrangle, with a chosen body of infantry and two or
+three field-pieces, to pass over, and after occupying the work,
+to station a number of musketeers in a bed of osiers upon
+the opposite side. The Swedes crossed the bridge with little
+loss, and after a short but desperate struggle the Imperialists
+were routed. The whole of the Swedish army was soon upon
+the eastern bank of the Lech, where the king, without troubling
+himself with the pursuit of the enemy, commanded his
+army to encamp, and ordered the customary thanksgivings
+to be offered for his victory.<a name="fa1a" id="fa1a" href="#ft1a"><span class="sp">1</span></a></p>
+
+<p>The account in the <i>Swedish Intelligencer</i> is wound up in
+these words: &lsquo;And this is the story of the King&rsquo;s bridge
+over the <i>Lech</i>, description whereof we have thought worthy
+to be here in Figure imparted unto you.&rsquo; Then follows
+an &lsquo;Explanation of the Letters in the Figure of the <i>Bridge</i>,&rsquo;
+given below the illustration. The engraving does not appear
+to have been entirely satisfactory to the author, for on its
+margin the following words are printed: &lsquo;Our Cutter hath
+made the Ordnance too long, and to lye too farre into the
+River. The Hole also marked with R, should have been on
+the right hand of the Bridge.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:439px" src="images/img053.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">PASSAGE OF THE RIVER LECH, BY GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS. FROM THE &lsquo;SWEDISH INTELLIGENCER,&rsquo; 1632.</td></tr></table>
+
+<div class="condensed">
+<p class="center">REFERENCES TO PASSAGE OF THE RIVER LECH.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;A The King of Sweeden, and the King of Bohemia by him.</p>
+
+<p>B The Bridge.</p>
+
+<p>C A Trench or Brestworke, in which the Kings Musketeers were lodged, betwixt the
+severall Batteryes of the great Ordnance, which Musketeers are represented by the small
+stroakes made right forwards.</p>
+
+<p>D Divers little Field-pieces.</p>
+
+<p>E Plat-formes or Batteryes for the Kings greater Cannon.</p>
+
+<p>F The Halfe-moone, with its Pallisadoe or Stocket, beyond the Bridge, and for the
+guard of it. It was scarcely bigge enough to lodge a hundred men in.</p>
+
+<p>G A little Underwood, or low Bushy place.</p>
+
+<p>H A plaice voyd of wood; which was a Bache, sometimes overflowne.</p>
+
+<p>I A Brestworke for Tillyes Musketeers.</p>
+
+<p>K K Tilly and Altringer; or the place where they were shot.</p>
+
+<p>L The high wood where the Duke of Bavaria stood.</p>
+
+<p>M Tilleyes great Batteryes to shoot down the Bridge.</p>
+
+<p>N A small riveret running thorow the wood.</p>
+
+<p>O Tillyes great Brestworke; not yet finished. Begun at sixe in the morning; and left
+off when he was shot.</p>
+
+<p>P Some Horse-guards of Tillyes: layd scatteringly here and there all along the river
+from Rain to Augsburg.</p>
+
+<p>Q The kings Horse-guards, and Horse-sentryes.</p>
+
+<p>R A hole in the earth, or casual advantageable place; wherein some of the Kings
+Foot were lodged.</p>
+
+<p>S The Hill behind Tillyes great worke.</p>
+
+<p>T The fashion of the Tressels or Arches for the Kings Bridge.&rsquo;</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page42" id="page42"></a>42</span></p>
+
+<p>In 1636 the Sallee Rovers had become very troublesome,
+and not only hindered British commerce, on the high seas,
+but even infested the English coasts. They had captured and
+carried into slavery many Englishmen, for whose release a
+&lsquo;Fleete of Shippes&rsquo; was sent out in January, 1636. Assisted
+by the Emperor of Morocco, the nest of pirates was destroyed
+and the captives released. A full account of this expedition
+is given in a curious pamphlet, entitled, &lsquo;<i>A true Journal of
+the Sally Fleet with the proceedings of the Voyage, published
+by John Dunton, London, Mariner, Master of the Admirall
+called the Leopard. Whereunto is annexed a List of Sally Captives
+names and the places where they dwell, and a Description of
+the three Townes in a Card. London, printed by John Dawson
+for Thomas Nicholes, and are to be sold at the Signe of the Bible
+in Popes Head Alley, 1637</i>.&rsquo; This tract is illustrated by a
+large plan of Sallee, engraved on copper, with representations
+of six English vessels of war on the sea. After minutely describing
+the proceedings of the voyage, and giving a long
+list of the captives&rsquo; names, the journalist winds up in these
+words: &lsquo;All these good Shippes with the Captives are in
+safety in England, we give God thanks. And bless King
+Charles and all those that love him.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>At the end of the pamphlet is printed the authority for
+its publication: &lsquo;Hampton Court, the 20. of October, 1637.
+This Journall and Mappe may be printed.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>There is an illustrated pamphlet of this period which I
+have not been able to see. It is entitled, &lsquo;<i>Newes, and Strange
+Newes from St. Christopher&rsquo;s of a Tempestuous Spirit, which is
+called by the Indians a Hurrycano or Whirlwind; whereunto is
+added the True and Last Relation (in verse) of the Dreadful
+Accident which happened at Witticombe in Devonshire, 21.
+October, 1638</i>.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Weekly News</i>, begun in 1622, had been in existence
+sixteen years when the idea of illustrating current events
+seems to have occurred to its conductors; for in the number
+for December 20, 1638, there is, besides the usual items of
+foreign news, an account of a &lsquo;prodigious eruption of fire,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page43" id="page43"></a>43</span>
+which exhaled in the middest of the ocean sea, over against
+the Isle of Saint Michael, one of the Terceras, and the new
+island which it hath made.&rsquo; The text is illustrated by a full-page
+engraving showing &lsquo;the island, its length and breadth,
+and the places where the fire burst out.&rsquo; I have not been
+able to find a copy of the <i>Weekly News</i> for December 20,
+1638, either in the British Museum or elsewhere. My
+authority for the above statement is a letter in the <i>Times</i>
+of October 13, 1868. As far as I have been able to ascertain,
+no other illustrations were published in the <i>Weekly News</i>, so
+that we must conclude the engraving of the &lsquo;prodigious
+eruption of fire&rsquo; was an experiment, which in its result was
+not encouraging to the proprietor or conductors of the
+journal.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:406px" src="images/img057.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">TAKING OF THE CASTLE OF ARTAINE, IRELAND, 1641.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>When the Irish Rebellion of 1641 broke out, many news-books
+were published describing the transactions in that
+country, and several of them are illustrated. I may here
+remark that the illustrations of events in these pamphlets, as
+well as many of those contained in the numerous tracts published
+during the Civil War in England, appear to be works
+of pure imagination, and were, probably, invented by the
+artist just as a modern draughtsman would illustrate a work
+of fiction. Others, again, were evidently old woodcuts executed
+for some other purpose. A few instances occur, however,
+where drawings have been made from actual scenes, and
+sometimes maps and plans are given as illustrations of a
+battle or a siege. This rising of the Roman Catholics in Ireland
+began with a massacre of the Protestants, and, according
+to the tracts published at the time, the atrocities of recent wars
+in Bulgaria and elsewhere were equalled in every way by the
+Roman Catholics in Ireland in the seventeenth century. The
+illustrations in these tracts are very coarse woodcuts. One
+represents the arrest of a party of conspirators, and another
+is a view of a town besieged, while a third gives a group of
+prisoners supplicating for mercy. The best illustration that
+I have met with of this Irish news is contained in a pamphlet
+entitled, &lsquo;<i>Approved, good and happy Newes from Ireland; Relating</i>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page44" id="page44"></a>44<br />45</span>
+<i>how the Castle of Artaine was taken from the Rebels, two
+of their Captaines kild, and one taken prisoner by the Protestants,
+with the arrival of 2000 foot, and 300 horse from England.
+Also a great skirmish between the Protestants and the Rebels at
+a place near Feleston, wherein the English obtained great renowne
+and victory: Whereunto is added a true relation of the
+great overthrow which the English gave the Rebels before Drogheda,
+sent in a letter bearing date the 27 of February to Sir
+Robert King, Knight, at Cecill house in the Strand. Printed
+by order of Parliament. London, Printed for John Wright
+1641.</i>&rsquo; The woodcut on the title-page of this tract represents
+the taking of the castle of Artaine, but there is only the following
+very short paragraph relating to it:&mdash;&lsquo;The last news
+from Ireland 7 March 1641. The 10 of February our men
+went to <i>Artaine</i> against a castle so called, which had before
+done some mischiefe, to some of our men, the enemy being
+in it. But the enemy fled before our second coming, and left
+the Castle, and a garrison was left in it by us.&rsquo; The other
+news is related more at length, and one of the paragraphs
+runs thus:&mdash;&lsquo;On the 13 a man was brought to our City, being
+taken by some of our scattering men scouting about our City,
+who confest without constraint, that he had killed an <i>Englishwoman</i>
+at a place called <i>Leslipson</i>, 6 Miles West of our City,
+and washed his hands in her bloud, being set on by the popish
+Priests so to doe; he was presently hanged, but dyed with
+much repentance and a protestant, which few do.&rsquo; The concluding
+paragraph of this pamphlet shows the writer to have
+been a man of a commercial spirit:&mdash;&lsquo;Tis to be feared that a
+famine is like to be in our City, in that still men come to us
+and provision is short, and none of yours that come to us
+bring any vittailes, great taxes are upon us, more than can
+be borne. He that had Butter, and Cheese, and Cloath, at
+between 6 and 14 shillings a yard here sent by any out of
+London might make a good trade of it. Cheshire Cheese is
+sould here for sixpence a pound already. Some of your
+Londoners are come hither (acquaintance of mine) that will
+send for such things, for great profit may be made by them
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page46" id="page46"></a>46</span>
+and quicke returne.&rsquo; Annexed is a facsimile of the woodcut
+representing the taking of the Castle of Artaine.</p>
+
+<p>Several other pamphlets relating to the Irish Rebellion
+are illustrated, but, with a few exceptions, the cuts bear very
+little relation to the subject, and were probably not executed
+for the purpose. One gives an account of a victory obtained
+by the English at Dundalk in 1642, and it has a woodcut of
+a man firing a cannon against a town, a copy of which is
+appended.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:499px" src="images/img059.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">VICTORY AT DUNDALK, 1642.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The description is in the following words:&mdash;&lsquo;Newes from
+Ireland. On Monday morning came three Gentlemen to our
+City of Dublin from Sir Henry Tichbourne, who brought a
+message to the state of a great and happy victory obtained
+by the aforesaid Sir Henry Tichbourne with 2000 horse and
+foot marched to Ardee, and there put 400 of the Rebels to
+the sword, yet lost not one man of our side; from thence
+upon the Saturday following, he mustered up his forces
+against a place called Dundalke some 14 miles northward
+from Tredath, where the enemy was 5000 strong, and well
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page47" id="page47"></a>47</span>
+fortified. At his first approach there issued out of the
+Towne 3000 of the Rebels who all presented themselves in
+Battallia, our Forlorne hopes of horse and foot had no sooner
+fired upon them, but they routed the Rebels. Captaine
+Marroe&rsquo;s Troope of horse setting on killed great store of the
+Rebels who thereupon retreated to the Towne, made fast the
+gates, and ran out at the other end to their boats beforehand
+provided: Our Army coming in fired the gates, entred, and
+killed those within. Captain Marroe followed the flying foe,
+and slew abundance of them upon the strand, and it is
+reported by them that if he had known the Fords and the
+River, he had cut them all off, if he had gained the other
+side of the River, but being a stranger, could not doe it
+(wanting a guide) without endangering the Troope. There
+was slaine of the Rebels in this sudden skirmish not less
+than 1100 besides what they took prisoners. Sir Philomy
+O&rsquo;Neale fled with the rest of the Commanders; but 10
+common soldiers were lost of our side. Sir Philomy O&rsquo;Neale
+made speed away to a place called Newry, a chiefe garrison
+of the Rebels. Sir Henry Tichbourne hath sent 600 men
+more to Dublin, intending that place shall be the next he
+begins withall, which is granted, and tomorrow there goeth
+to him 500 men, if not 5000, for whose safety and prosperity
+in the meantime is the subject of our daily prayers that he
+may have as good success as in all his other designs from
+the first till this time; for no man was ever so beloved by
+his souldiers, that protest to follow him while they can stand.
+We are in great hope he will recover the Newry very
+shortly; it is credibly reported, that they got 20,000 pounds
+at least in pillage at Dundalke.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>In another pamphlet, dated 1642, there is an account of
+a battle at Kilrush, which is also illustrated with a woodcut.
+The circumstances are related in detail, but they are sufficiently
+set forth in the title, without further quotation:&mdash;&lsquo;Captaine
+Yarner&rsquo;s Relation of the Battaile fought at
+Kilrush upon the 15th day of Aprill, by my Lord of
+Ormond, who with 2500 Foot and 500 Horse, overthrew the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page48" id="page48"></a>48</span>
+Lord Mountgarret&rsquo;s Army, consisting of 8000 Foot and 400
+Horse, all well armed, and the choyce of eight Counties.
+Together with a Relation of the proceedings of our Army,
+from the second to the later end of Aprill, 1642.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:449px" src="images/img061.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">BATTLE OF KILRUSH, 1642.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Many other illustrated pamphlets relating to current
+events were published at this time. It would appear that
+in 1641 there was a visitation of the plague in London, and
+a tract of that date has reference to it. It is entitled:&mdash;&lsquo;<i>London&rsquo;s
+Lamentation, or a fit admonishment for City and
+Country, wherein is described certain causes of this affliction and
+visitation of the Plague, yeare 1641, which the Lord hath been
+pleased to inflict upon us, and withall what means must be used
+to the Lord, to gain his mercy and favour, with an excellent
+spirituall medicine to be used for the preservative both of Body
+and Soule.</i>&rsquo; The &lsquo;spiritual medicine&rsquo; recommended is an
+earnest prayer to heaven at morning and evening and a
+daily service to the Lord. The writer endeavours to improve
+the occasion very much like a preacher in the pulpit and
+continues his exhortation thus:&mdash;&lsquo;Now seeing it is apparent
+that sin is the cause of sicknesse: It may appear as plainly
+that prayer must be the best means to procure health and
+safety, let not our security and slothfulnesse give death
+opportunity, what man or woman will not seem to start, at
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page49" id="page49"></a>49</span>
+the signe of the red Crosse, as they passe by to and fro in the
+streets? And yet being gone they think no more on it. It
+may be, they will say, such a house is shut up, I saw the red
+crosse on the doore; but look on thine own guilty conscience,
+and thou shalt find thou hast a multitude of red crimson
+sinnes remaining in thee.&rsquo; I have copied the illustration to
+this tract, and it will be seen that it is divided into two
+parts&mdash;one representing a funeral procession advancing to
+where men are digging two graves&mdash;the other showing
+dead bodies dragged away on hurdles. The first is labelled
+&lsquo;London&rsquo;s Charity.&rsquo; The second &lsquo;The Countrie&rsquo;s Crueltie.&rsquo;
+This was perhaps intended to impress the reader in favour
+of the orderly burial of the dead in the city churchyards, a
+subject on which public opinion has very much changed
+since that time.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:421px" src="images/img062.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE PLAGUE IN LONDON.  1641.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>We have already noticed that the vicissitudes of the sea
+and the accidents of maritime life, which supply so much
+material to modern newspapers, were not less attractive to
+the early news-writers. There is a very circumstantial account
+of the voyage and wreck of a ship called the <i>Merchant
+Royall</i> in a pamphlet published in 1641. The engraving it
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page50" id="page50"></a>50</span>
+contains is the same block used by Thomas Greepe in 1587.
+It is entitled, &lsquo;<i>Sad news from the seas, being a true relation of
+the losse of that good Ship called the Merchant Royall, which
+was cast away ten leagues from the Lands end, on Thursday
+night, being the 23 of September last 1641 having in her a world
+of Treasure, as this story following doth truly relate</i>.&rsquo; Another
+illustrated pamphlet, dated 1642, contains a long and minute
+narrative of how a certain ship called the <i>Coster</i> was
+boarded by a native of Java, who, watching his opportunity,
+murdered the captain and several of the crew, but who was
+afterwards killed when assistance arrived from another ship.
+There is a woodcut representing the murders, and the title
+runs as follows:&mdash;&lsquo;<i>A most Execrable and Barbarous murder
+done by an East Indian Devil, or a native of Java-Major, in the
+Road of Bantam, Aboard an English ship called the Coster, on
+the 22 of October last, 1641. Wherein is shewed how the wicked
+Villain came to the said ship and hid himself till it was very
+dark, and then he murdered all the men that were aboard, except
+the Cooke and three Boyes. And lastly, how the murderer himselfe
+was justly requited. Captain William Minor being an eye-witnesse
+of this bloudy Massacre. London: Printed for T.
+Banks, July the 18, 1642.</i>&rsquo; The very full particulars given
+in this pamphlet show how minute and circumstantial the
+old news-writers were in their narratives. It will be seen
+by the following extracts that the story has an air of truth
+given to it by careful attention to various small matters of
+detail:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;On Friday the 22 of October last 1641 towards night
+there came aboard an English ship called the <i>Coster</i>, in a
+small Prow (or flat Boat with one paddle) a proper young
+man, (a Java, which is as much as to say as a man born or
+native of the Territory of Java.) This man, (or devill in
+mans shape) with a pretence to sell some Hews, (hatching
+mischiefe in his damned minde,) did delay and trifle time,
+because he would have the night more dark for him to do
+his deeds of darknesse. At last he sold 6 Hews for half a
+Royall of 8 which is not much above two shillings. There
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page51" id="page51"></a>51</span>
+came also another Java aboard, (with the like small Prow or
+Boat) to whom he gave the half Royall, sent him away and
+bade him make haste; he being asked for what the other
+Java went for, the answer was that he had sent him for more
+Hews and Goates to sell.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Night being come, and very dark, (for it was the last
+night of the wane of the Moone) this inhumane dog staid
+lurking under the half deck having 2 Crests (or dangerous
+waving daggers) and a Buckler, of which he would have sold
+one and the Buckler with it, and as he was discoursing he
+took off one of the Crests hefts and put cloth about the
+tongue of the Blade, and made it sure fast: on the other
+Crest he rolled the handle with a fine linnen cloth to make
+it also sure from slipping in his hand; these things he did
+whilst the Master, Robert Start, Stephen Roberts, his mate,
+Hugh Rawlinson, Chirurgeon, William Perks, Steward,
+James Biggs, Gunner, and 3 Boys or Youths attending. At
+supper they were very merry, and this Caitiffe took notice of
+their carelessnesse of him to suffer him to sit on the quarter
+deck upon a Cot close by them.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Supper being ended about 6 at night the Master went to
+his Cabin to rest, the Gunner asked leave to go ashore, (the
+ship riding but half a mile from landing.) Afterwards
+Robert Rawlinson and Perks walked upon the quarter deck;
+and the devilish Java perceiving the Master to be absent, he
+asked the Boyes where he was, who answered he was gone
+to sleepe. This question he demanded 3 or 4 times of the
+Boyes, and finding it to be so, he arose from the place where
+he sate, which was on the starboard side and went about the
+Table next the Mizzen Mast (where Roberts, Rawlings and
+Perks were walking) with his Target about his Neck for
+defence against Pikes, or the like; and his 2 Crests in his
+hand, and upon a sudden cries <i>a Muck</i>, which in that language
+is I hazard or run my death. Then first he stabd
+Roberts, secondly he stabd Rawlinson, thirdly Perks, all
+three at an instant. After that he let drive at the Boyes,
+but they leapd down, and ran forward into the forecastle,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page52" id="page52"></a>52</span>
+where they found the Cooke, to whom the Boyes related
+what had happened.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Further details are given at great length, showing how
+the savage continued his bloody work, and how he was
+finally overpowered. The narrative thus winds up:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:509px" src="images/img065.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">MURDERS ON BOARD AN ENGLISH SHIP, 1642.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>&lsquo;It is observable that of all these men that were thus
+butchered, the Hel-hound did never stab any man twice,
+so sure did he strike, nor did he pursue any man that kept
+clear of his stand under the quarter-deck. So there dyed in
+all (in this bloody action) Robert Start, Master, Stephen
+Roberts, his Mate, Hugh Rawlinson, Chirurgeon, William
+Perks, Steward, Walter Rogers, Gunner&rsquo;s Mate, and Francis
+Drake, Trumpeter of the <i>Mary</i>. And after the Muck, Java,
+or Devill, had ended the first part of this bloody Tragedy,
+there was only left in the ship, the Cooke, 3 Boyes, and one
+John Taylor, that was almost dead with a shott he foolishly
+made. So that 7 men were unfortunately lost (as you have
+heard) and the Gunner escaped very narrowly through God&rsquo;s
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page53" id="page53"></a>53</span>
+merciful prevention, from the like of these related disasters
+and suddaine mischiefs, Good Lord deliver us.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>The engraving, like all those belonging to this period,
+is very rough; but it was evidently prepared specially
+for the occasion, and some care appears to have been
+taken to represent the &lsquo;<i>Java</i>&rsquo; as he is described. It is a
+genuine attempt to illustrate the story, and on that account
+is more interesting than some of the woodcuts in
+the early newspapers.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Strafford, who was executed on Tower Hill,
+May 12, 1641, forms the subject of more than one illustrated
+tract of this period. In 1642 was published a curious
+pamphlet, consisting of an engraved title and eight pages of
+illustrations, representing the principal events of 1641-2.
+There are sixteen illustrations, exclusive of the title, two on
+each page. They are all etched on copper, and are done
+with some freedom and artistic ability. I shall have occasion
+to refer to this pamphlet hereafter; but at present I
+have copied the engraving entitled, &lsquo;The Earle of Strafford
+for treasonable practises beheaded on the Tower-hill.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>In this example of illustrated news the artist has faithfully
+represented the locality in his background, but there
+the truth of his pencil stops. Strafford himself, although his
+head is not yet severed from his body, lies at full length on
+the scaffold, and instead of the usual block used for decapitations
+the victim&rsquo;s head rests on an ordinary plank or thick
+piece of wood. There is no one standing on the scaffold but
+the executioner, whereas history asserts that the Earl was
+attended in his last moments by his brother, Sir George
+Wentworth, the Earl of Cleveland, and Archbishop Usher.
+These omissions, if they were noticed at all, were no doubt
+looked upon as trivial faults in the infancy of illustrated
+journalism, and before a truth-loving public had learnt to
+be satisfied with nothing less than &lsquo;sketches done on the
+spot.&rsquo; What appears to be a more correct view of the
+execution was, however, published at the time. In the
+British Museum are two etchings by Hollar (single sheets,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page54" id="page54"></a>54</span>
+1641), representing the trial and execution of the Earl of
+Strafford. They both look as if they had been done from
+sketches on the spot, that of the execution giving a correct
+view of the Tower and the surrounding buildings, but they
+are too crowded to admit of reproduction on a reduced
+scale.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:405px" src="images/img067.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">EXECUTION OF STRAFFORD, 1641.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The taste of the time tolerated the publication of satires
+and petty lampoons even upon dead men.  Soon after
+Strafford&rsquo;s death a tract was published entitled &lsquo;<i>A Description
+of the Passage of Thomas, late Earle of Strafford, over the
+River of Styx, with the Conference betwixt him, Charon, and
+William Noy</i>.&rsquo; There is a dialogue between Strafford and
+Charon, of which the following is a specimen:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;<i>Charon.</i>&mdash;In the name of Rhodomont what ayles me?
+I have tugged and tugged above these two hours, yet can
+hardly steere one foot forward; either my dried nerves
+deceive my arme, or my vexed Barke carries an unwonted
+burden. From whence comest thou, Passenger?</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;<i>Strafford.</i>&mdash;From England.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;<i>Charon.</i>&mdash;From England! Ha! I was counsailed to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page55" id="page55"></a>55</span>
+prepare myselfe, and trim up my boat. I should have work
+enough they sayd ere be long from England, but trust me
+thy burden alone outweighs many transported armies, were
+all the expected numbers of thy weight poor Charon well
+might sweat.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:556px; height:630px" src="images/img068.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">STRAFFORD CROSSING THE STYX, 1641.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>&lsquo;<i>Strafford.</i>&mdash;I bear them all in one.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;<i>Charon.</i>&mdash;How? Bear them all in one, and thou shalt
+pay for them all in one, by the just soul of Rhodomont;
+this was a fine plot indeed, sure this was some notable fellow
+being alive, that hath a trick to cosen the devil being dead.
+What is thy name?</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;(Strafford sighs.)</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;<i>Charon.</i>&mdash;Sigh not so deep. Take some of this Lethæan
+water into thine hand, and soope it up; it will make thee
+forget thy sorrows.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;<i>Strafford.</i>&mdash;My name is Wentworth, Strafford&rsquo;s late Earle.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page56" id="page56"></a>56</span></p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;<i>Charon.</i>&mdash;Wentworth! O ho! Thou art hee who
+hath been so long expected by William Noy. He hath been
+any time these two months on the other side of the banke,
+expecting thy coming daily.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Strafford gives Charon but one halfpenny for his fare,
+whereat the ferryman grumbles. Then ensues a conversation
+between Strafford and William Noy, part of which is in
+blank verse. The tract is illustrated with a woodcut, representing
+Strafford in the ferryman&rsquo;s boat with William Noy
+waiting his arrival on the opposite bank.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:341px" src="images/img070.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">A BURLESQUE PLAY ABOUT ARCHBISHOP LAUD.  ACT I.  1641.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>No man of his time appears to have excited the hostile
+notice of the press more than Archbishop Laud. The Archbishops
+of Canterbury had long been considered censors of
+the press by right of their dignity and office; and Laud
+exercised this power with unusual tyranny. The ferocious
+cruelty with which he carried out his prosecutions in the
+Star Chamber and Court of High Commission made his name
+odious, and his apparent preference for ceremonial religion
+contributed to render him still more unpopular. Men were
+put in the pillory, had their ears cut off, their noses slit, and
+were branded on the cheeks with S. S. (Sower of Sedition),
+and S. L. (Schismatical Libeller). They were heavily fined,
+were whipped through the streets, were thrown into prison;
+and all for printing and publishing opinions and sentiments
+unpleasing to Archbishop Laud, under whose rule this
+despotic cruelty became so prevalent that it was a common
+thing for men to speak of So-and-so as having been &lsquo;Star-Chambered.&rsquo;
+No wonder, when the tide turned, that the
+long-pent-up indignation found a vent through the printing-press.
+Amongst the numerous tracts that were published
+after the suppression of the Star Chamber were many which
+held up Laud to public execration. He was reviled for his
+ambition, reproached for his cruelty, and caricatured for his
+Romish sympathies. During the four years between his fall
+and his execution, portraits of him and other illustrations
+relating to his career may be found in many pamphlets. I
+propose to introduce the reader to some of these, as examples
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page57" id="page57"></a>57</span>
+of the kind of feeling that was excited by a man whose
+character and actions must have contributed not a little to
+bring about a convulsion which shook both the Church and
+the throne to their foundations. It must have been with a
+peculiar satisfaction that Prynne, one of the chief sufferers
+under Laud&rsquo;s rule, found himself armed with the authority
+of the House of Commons to despoil his old enemy. Probably
+a similar feeling caused many others to chuckle and
+rub their hands when they read, &lsquo;<i>A New Play called Canterburie&rsquo;s
+Change of Diet</i>, printed in 1641.&rsquo; This is a small tract
+illustrated with woodcuts, and is written in the form of a
+play. The persons represented are the Archbishop of Canterbury,
+a doctor of physic, a lawyer, a divine, a Jesuit, a
+carpenter and his wife. The doctor of physic is intended for
+either Dr. Alexander Leighton, or Dr. John Bastwick, both
+of whom had their ears cut off; the lawyer is Prynne; and
+the divine is meant for the Rev. Henry Burton, a London
+clergyman, who also suffered under Laud&rsquo;s administration.
+In the first act enter the Archbishop, the doctor, the lawyer,
+and the divine. Being seated, a variety of dishes are brought
+to the table, but Laud expresses himself dissatisfied with the
+fare placed before him and demands a more racy diet. He
+then calls in certain bishops, who enter armed with muskets,
+bandoleers, and swords. He cuts off the ears of the doctor,
+the lawyer, and the divine, and tells them he makes them an
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page58" id="page58"></a>58</span>
+example that others may be more careful to please his palate.
+On the previous page is a copy of the cut which illustrates
+the first act.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:357px" src="images/img071a.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">A BURLESQUE PLAY ABOUT ARCHBISHOP LAUD. ACT II.</td></tr></table>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:404px" src="images/img071b.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">A BURLESQUE PLAY ABOUT ARCHBISHOP LAUD.  ACT III.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>In the second act the Archbishop of Canterbury enters a
+carpenter&rsquo;s yard by the waterside, and seeing a grindstone
+he is about to sharpen his knife upon it, when he is interrupted
+by the carpenter who refuses to let him sharpen his
+knife upon his grindstone, lest he should treat him (the
+carpenter) as he had treated the others. The carpenter then
+holds the Archbishop&rsquo;s nose to the grindstone, and orders his
+apprentice to turn with a will. The bishop cries out,
+&lsquo;Hold! hold! such turning will soon deform my face. O,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page59" id="page59"></a>59</span>
+I bleed, I bleed, and am extremely sore.&rsquo; The carpenter,
+however, rejoins, &lsquo;But who regarded &ldquo;hold&rdquo; before?
+Remember the cruelty you have used to others, whose bloud
+crieth out for vengeance. Were not their ears to them as
+pretious as your nostrils can be to you? If such dishes
+must be your fare, let me be your Cooke, I&rsquo;ll invent you
+rare sippets.&rsquo; Then enters a Jesuit Confessor who washes
+the bishop&rsquo;s wounded face and binds it up with a cloth.
+There is also an illustration to this act which is here copied.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:424px" src="images/img072.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">ASSAULT ON LAMBETH PALACE, 1642.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>In the third act the Archbishop and the Jesuit are
+represented in a great Cage (the Tower) while the carpenter
+and his wife, conversing together, agree that the two caged
+birds will sing very well together. The woodcut to this act
+represents a fool laughing at the prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>There is a fourth act in which the King and his Jester
+hold a conversation about the Bishop and the confessor in
+the cage. There is no printer&rsquo;s or publisher&rsquo;s name to this
+play, only the date, 1641.</p>
+
+<p>The pamphlet previously referred to as containing a
+picture of Strafford&rsquo;s execution, has also an engraving showing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page60" id="page60"></a>60</span>
+how the tide of public feeling had set against Archbishop
+Laud. The powerful Churchman had been impeached for
+high treason; he was deprived of all the profits of his high
+office and was imprisoned in the Tower. All his goods in
+Lambeth Palace, including his books, were seized, and even
+his Diary and private papers were taken from him by
+Prynne, who acted under a warrant from the House of
+Commons. The engraving under notice is entitled &lsquo;The
+rising of Prentices and Sea-men on Southwark side to assault
+the Archbishops of Canterburys House at Lambeth.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>In a tract entitled &lsquo;<i>A Prophecie of the Life, Reigne, and
+Death of William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury</i>,&rsquo; there is a
+caricature of Laud seated on a throne or chair of state. A
+pair of horns grow out of his forehead, and in front the
+devil offers him a Cardinal&rsquo;s Hat. This business of the
+Cardinal&rsquo;s Hat is alluded to by Laud himself, who says, &lsquo;At
+Greenwich there came one to me seriously, and that avowed
+ability to perform it, and offered me to be a Cardinal. I
+went presently to the king, and acquainted him both with
+the thing and the person.&rsquo; This offer was afterwards
+renewed: &lsquo;But,&rsquo; says he, &lsquo;my answer again was, that
+something dwelt within me which would not suffer that till
+Rome were other than it is.&rsquo; It would thus appear that the
+Archbishop did not give a very decided refusal at first or the
+offer would not have been repeated; and that circumstance,
+if it were known at the time, must have strengthened the
+opinion that he was favourably inclined towards the Church
+of Rome. At all events, the offer must have been made
+public, as this caricature shows.</p>
+
+<p>Though Laud behaved with dignity and courage when
+he came to bid farewell to the world, if we are to believe the
+publications of the time, he was not above petitioning for
+mercy, while any hope of life remained. In 1643 a pamphlet
+was published with the following title, &lsquo;<i>The Copy of the Petition
+presented to the Honourable Houses of Parliament by the
+Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, wherein the said Archbishop
+desires that he may not be transported beyond the Seas into New</i>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page61" id="page61"></a>61</span>
+<i>England with Master Peters in regard to his extraordinary age
+and weaknesse</i>.&rsquo; The petition is dated &lsquo;From the Tower of
+London this 6th of May 1643,&rsquo; and in it the petitioner sets
+forth that out of a &lsquo;fervent zeal to Christianity&rsquo; he endeavoured
+to reconcile the principles of the Protestant and
+Roman Catholic religions, hoping that if he could effect this
+he might more easily draw the Queen into an adherence to
+the Protestant faith. He deplores that his endeavours were
+not successful, and he begs the honourable Parliament to
+pardon his errors, and to &lsquo;looke upon him in mercy, and not
+permit or suffer your Petitioner to be transported, to endure
+the hazard of the Seas, and the long tediousnesse of Voyage
+into those trans-marine parts, and cold Countries, which
+would soon bring your Petitioners life to a period; but
+rather that your Petitioner may abide in his native country,
+untill your Petitioner shall pay the debt which is due from
+him to Nature, and so your Petitioner doth submit himselfe
+to your Honourable and grave Wisdoms for your Petitioners
+request and desire therein. And your Petitioner shall
+humbly pray &amp;c.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:453px" src="images/img074.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">CARICATURE OF THE DEVIL OFFERING LAUD A CARDINAL&rsquo;S HAT, 1644.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page62" id="page62"></a>62</span></p>
+
+<p>If Archbishop Laud was really the author of this petition
+he appears to have expected that his long imprisonment
+would end in banishment rather than death. He was
+beheaded on Tower Hill, January 10, 1645. There is a
+woodcut portrait of the Archbishop printed on the title-page
+of the petition.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:423px" src="images/img075.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">ARCHBISHOP LAUD.</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr class="foot" /> <div class="note">
+
+<p><a name="ft1a" id="ft1a" href="#fa1a"><span class="fn">1</span></a> <i>Life of Gustavus Adolphus</i>. Family Library.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="center art1"><img style="width:150px; height:35px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img001.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page63" id="page63"></a>63</span></p>
+
+<p class="chap2 center">CHAPTER III.</p>
+
+<div class="condensed">
+<p class="mind">Ben Jonson&rsquo;s Ridicule of the Early Newspapers&mdash;Fondness of the Old
+News-Writers for the Marvellous&mdash;The Smithfield Ghost&mdash;The Wonderful
+Whale&mdash;The Newbury Witch&mdash;Satirical Tracts and Caricatures
+at the Commencement of the Civil War&mdash;Religion Tossed in a Blanket&mdash;Caricatures
+of the Pope and the Bishops&mdash;Pluralists and Patentees&mdash;Taylor,
+the Water Poet&mdash;<i>Mercurius Aulicus</i>&mdash;Activity of the
+Pamphleteers&mdash;Welshmen Satirised&mdash;Satires on Prince Rupert&mdash;On
+the King and Queen&mdash;The Ladies&rsquo; Parliament&mdash;Illustrated Tracts
+relating to Social and Political Subjects&mdash;Sir Kenelm Digby&rsquo;s Duel&mdash;The
+King entertained by the City of London, 1641&mdash;Executions in
+1641&mdash;The Liquor Traffic and Sunday Closing in 1641&mdash;Abuses of the
+Ecclesiastical Courts&mdash;Ritualism and Nunneries in 1641&mdash;Truths
+enforced by Lieing&mdash;Stage Players and the Plague in 1641&mdash;Bartholomew
+Fair in 1641&mdash;Destruction of Charing Cross and Cheapside
+Cross&mdash;Strange Apparition&mdash;Method of Enforcing their Views adopted
+by the Puritan Pamphleteers&mdash;Parodies of Roundhead Sermons&mdash;Matthew
+Hopkins the Witch-finder&mdash;<i>The Welsh Post</i> of 1643&mdash;William
+Lilly the Astrologer&mdash;Three Suns seen in London on the
+King&rsquo;s Birthday.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="sc chap1">When</span> Ben Jonson called the newspaper &lsquo;a weekly cheat to
+draw money,&rsquo; and ridiculed the growing taste for news, he
+had some reason for satirising the journalism of the period.
+To satisfy the craving for news all kinds of impositions
+were freely circulated. Nothing was too wonderful for the
+credulity of the age, and people eagerly accepted what was
+placed before them, fully believing that whatever was in
+print must be true. It was not, however, till many years
+after Ben Jonson&rsquo;s death that the so-called newspapers put
+forward their full powers as purveyors of the marvellous.
+<i>Mercurius Democritus</i> was the <i>Punch</i> of that day. While he
+satirised men and things he laboured to satisfy the popular
+taste for the wonderful, as in the following account of a
+ghost that was said to haunt the neighbourhood of Smithfield:&mdash;&lsquo;There
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page64" id="page64"></a>64</span>
+is a great report of a ghoast that walks
+every Night amongst the Butchers at <i>Smithfield Barrs</i>, the
+<i>Shambles</i>, White-<i>Chappell</i>, and <i>Eastcheape</i>, in the habit of
+<i>Mallet</i>, the Lawyer, pulling the meat off the Butchers
+Tainters; many have adventured to strike at him with
+Cleavers and Chopping-knives, but cannot feel anything
+but Aire, every Saturday at night between 9 and 12, he
+walks his stations, in this very habit as you see, doing more
+mischiefe to the <i>Butchers</i> than ever <i>Robin Goodfellow</i> did to
+the Country Hindes.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:434px; height:630px" src="images/img077.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE SMITHFIELD GHOST.  FROM &lsquo;MERCURIUS DEMOCRITUS,&rsquo; 1654.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Another example of the marvellous occurs in a tract
+entitled, &lsquo;<i>The Sea Wonder: a true and wonderful relation of a
+Whale pursued in the Sea, and incountered by multitudes of
+other Fishes as it was certified by divers Mariners of Weymouth,
+who, comming from France in the good ship called the</i> Bonaventure,
+<i>did shoote the said Whale, which making to Land did</i>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page65" id="page65"></a>65</span>
+<i>strike upon the Shore, within three miles of Weymouth, where
+being opened there was found in the belly of it a Romish Priest,
+with Pardon for divers Papists in England and Ireland, whose
+names are here inserted</i>.&rsquo; Great pains appear to have been
+taken to give an air of truth to the narrative, which begins
+thus:&mdash;&lsquo;On the 19th of October being the Lord&rsquo;s Day the
+good Ship called the <i>Bonaventure</i> of <i>Weymouth</i> being bound
+for <i>England</i> was bringing home her Merchandise from <i>France</i>
+which was wines, linning cloth, and abundance of Wall-nuts,
+the day was very fair and no wind stirring, so that the ship
+for above three hours space lay hulling upon the Seas, being
+not able to move either one way nor other for want of wind,
+although she was full sayled and prepared to take the advantage
+of every gale.&rsquo; The author gravely explains that the
+excitement of the fishes and their attacks on the whale were
+caused by their instinctively feeling the presence of the
+Popish Priest. Annexed is a copy of the woodcut on the
+title-page of this curious tract.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:427px" src="images/img078.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE WONDERFUL WHALE, 1645.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>&lsquo;<i>Newes, True Newes, Laudable Newes, Citie Newes, Country
+Newes; The World is Mad, or it is a Mad World my Masters
+especially now when in the Antipodes these things are come to</i>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page66" id="page66"></a>66</span>
+<i>pass.</i>&rsquo; Such is the lengthy title of a pamphlet containing an
+imaginary account of things at the Antipodes, and illustrated
+with a fanciful woodcut on the title-page. Then we have
+news from Boston in New England of a strange and prodigious
+birth of a child with two heads, also illustrated.
+<i>Mercurius Democritus</i>, besides such waggeries as giving an
+account of &lsquo;a sight seen in the air by a blind philosopher,&rsquo;
+communicates &lsquo;<i>Many strange wonders out of the World, in the
+Moon, the Antipodes, Maggy Land, Tenebris, Fary-Land, Greenland,
+and other adjacent countries</i>. <i>Published for the right
+understanding of all the Mad-merry-people of Great Bedlam.</i>&rsquo;
+Another example of the wonderful stories put forth to entertain
+the multitude relates to the discovery and punishment
+of a witch during the civil war. It occurs in a pamphlet
+entitled &lsquo;<i>A most Certain, Strange and true Discovery of a
+Witch, being taken by some of the Parliament Forces, as she
+was standing on a small planck-board and sayling on it over the
+River of Newbury</i>.&rsquo; The illustration is of the rudest description,
+and the story is told in a breathless sort of way, without
+a full stop in the whole narrative:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;A part of the Army marching through Newbury, some
+of the Souldiers being scattered by the reason of their loytering
+by the way, in gathering Nuts, Apples, Plummes, Blackberries,
+and the like, one of them by chance in clambring up
+a tree, being pursued by his fellow or comrade in waggish
+merriment, jesting one with another, espied on the river
+being there adjacent, a tall, lean, slender woman, as he supposed,
+to his amazement, and great terrour, treading of the
+water with her feet, with as much ease and firmnesse as if
+one should walk or trample on the earth, wherewith he softly
+calls, and beckoned to his fellows to behold it, and with all
+possible speed that could be to obscure them from her sight,
+who as conveniently as they could they did observe, this
+could be no little amazement unto them you may think to
+see a woman dance upon the water, nor could all their sights
+be deluded, though perhaps one might, but coming nearer to
+the shore, they could perceive there was a planke or deale
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page67" id="page67"></a>67</span>
+overshadowed with a little shallow water that she stood upon,
+the which did beare her up, anon rode by some of the commanders
+who were eye witnesses, as well as they, and were
+as much astonished as they could be, still too and fro she
+fleeted on the water, the boord standing firm boult upright,
+indeed I have both heard and read of many that in tempests
+and on rivers by casualty have become shipwracked, or cast
+overboard, where catching empty barrells, rudders, boards, or
+planks have made good shift by the assisting Providence of
+God to get on shore, but not in this womans kind to stand
+upon the board, turning and winding it which way she
+pleased, making it pastime to her, as little thinking who
+perceived her tricks, or that she did imagine that they were
+the last she ever should show, as we have heard the swan
+sing before her death, so did this devilish woman, as after
+plainly it appeared make sport before her death, at last
+having sufficiently been upon the water, he that deceived
+her alway did so then, blinding her that she could not, at
+her landing see the ambush that was laid for her, coming
+upon the shore, she gave the board a push, which they
+plainly perceived, and crossed the river, they searched after
+her but could not find her she being landed the Commanders
+beholding her, gave orders to lay hold on her, and bring her
+to them straight, the which some were fearful, but one being
+more venturous than other some, boldly went to her and
+seized on her by the arms, demanding what she was? but
+the woman no whit replying any words unto them, they
+brought her to the Commanders, to whom though mightily
+she was urged she did reply as little; so consulting with
+themselves what should be done with her, being it so apparently
+appeared she was a <i>witch</i>, being loth to let her goe
+&amp; as loth to carry her with them, so they resolved with themselves,
+to make a shot at her, and gave order to a couple of
+their souldiers that were approved good marksmen, to charge
+and shoot her straight, which they prepared to doe; so setting
+her boult upright against a mud bank or wall; two of
+the souldiers according to their command made themselves
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page68" id="page68"></a>68</span>
+ready, where having taken aime gave fire and shot at her,
+but with a deriding and loud laughter at them she caught
+their bullets in her hands and chew&rsquo;d them, which was a
+stronger testimony than the water, that she was the same
+that their imaginations thought her for to be, so resolving
+with themselves if either fire or sword or halter were sufficient
+for to make an end of her, one set his Carbine close
+unto her brest; where discharging, the bullet back rebounded
+like a ball, and narrowly he mist it in his face that was the
+shooter; this so enraged the Gentleman, that one drew out
+his sword and manfully run at her with all the force his
+strength had power to make, but it prevailed no more than
+did the shot, the woman still though speechless, yet in a
+most contemptible way of scorn, still laughing at them,
+which did the more exhaust their furie against her life, yet
+one amongst the rest had heard that piercing or drawing
+bloud from forth the veins that crosse the temples of the
+head, it would prevail against the strongest sorcery, and
+quell the force of Witchcraft, which was allowed for triall;
+the woman hearing this knew then the Devill had left her
+and her power was gone, wherefore she began alowd to cry,
+and roare, tearing her haire, and making pitious moan, which
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page69" id="page69"></a>69</span>
+in these words expressed were: And is it come to passe that
+I must die indeed? Why then his Excellency the Earle of
+Essex shall be fortunate and win the field, after which no
+more words could be got from her; wherewith they immediately
+discharged a Pistoll underneath her ear, at which
+she straight sunk down and died, leaving her legacy of a
+detested carcasse to the wormes, her soul we ought not to
+judge of, though the evils of her wicked life and death can
+scape no censure.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:451px" src="images/img081.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE NEWBURY WITCH, 1643.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>On the outbreak of the great Civil War an immense
+number of tracts and pamphlets were published relating to
+social and political questions, many of which were illustrated.
+Satire was a weapon freely used, and many hard hits were
+made, the point and bitterness of which cannot now be
+understood. Caricatures, which are generally supposed to
+have made their appearance in England at a much later
+date, are of frequent occurrence. The wonderful and supernatural
+were freely dealt in, and many tracts were published
+which were not strictly news, yet had some reference to
+public men and passing events. The woodcuts in the tracts
+and pamphlets of this period were frequently repeated, being
+sometimes used where they had no relation to the subject
+treated.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:505px; height:550px" src="images/img083.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">RELIGION TOSSED IN A BLANKET, 1641.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The minds of men being much exercised on questions of
+religion at this time, it was to be expected that the subject
+would not escape the notice of the satirist. Accordingly,
+many tracts were published relating to religious matters,
+some of which are illustrated with woodcut caricatures.
+There is one of the date of 1641 containing a woodcut of
+four men tossing Religion (represented by a Bible) in a
+blanket. The writer condemns the numberless sects which
+were perplexing men&rsquo;s minds and tearing the Church
+asunder:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Religion is made a Hotch potch, and as it were tossed
+in a Blanquet, and too many places of England too much
+<i>Amsterdamnified</i> by several opinions. Religion is now become
+the common discourse and Table-talke in every Taverne and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page70" id="page70"></a>70</span>
+Ale-house, where a man shall hardly find five together in one
+minde, and yet every one presumes hee is in the right. The
+Booke of Common prayer which was established by Act of
+Parliament by that good and Godly King Edward the sixth,
+and after reestablished by another Parliament by that
+unparaled and peerlesse princesse Queen Elizabeth, and continued
+since in the happy Raignes of two gracious kings in
+the church of England for the service of God these ninetie
+yeares; yet one would have it to be cast out now, holding it
+to be a false worship; another is angrie at the vestments
+and habits of the Ministry; one will not kneel, another will
+not stand, one will sit downe, one will not bowe, another
+will not be uncovered, one holds all good manners to be
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page71" id="page71"></a>71</span>
+popery, another that all decencie is superstitious, another
+that railes are Romish (which is false for the papists have no
+railes in their churches, nor anything so convenient). One
+foolishly assumes and presumes to save himselfe and some of
+his Neighbours too, by his good workes; another will be
+saved by a bare and lazie Faith that will do no work at all,
+and thus religion is puft and blowne to and fro with every
+wind of doctrine, and as it were tost in a Blanquet; but of
+this more largely hereafter in another part which will
+suddenly be printed, till when and ever it shall be my hearty
+prayers that as there is but one Shepheard, that is God in his
+gracious goodnesse and mercie would make us all one
+sheepfold.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:435px" src="images/img084.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">CARICATURE OF THE POPE, 1643.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The shafts of satire were frequently aimed at the Pope
+and the Bishops. One caricature represents the Pope seated,
+while a unicorn tumbles the triple crown from his head.
+The same woodcut illustrates a &lsquo;<i>Letter from the Devil to the
+Pope of Rome</i>.&rsquo; Another tract has a representation of the
+Pope riding upon a seven-headed monster and holding in
+his hand a scroll on which are the words &lsquo;Estote proditores&rsquo;&mdash;&lsquo;Betraye
+your Country.&rsquo; This advice he is giving to a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page72" id="page72"></a>72</span>
+cavalier, a bishop, and a monk, and at the same time three
+devils are represented as leaving him and entering into
+them. This cut, which is repeated in other pamphlets, is
+curious as an early specimen of caricature, but its meaning is
+now lost.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:617px; height:630px" src="images/img085.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">CARICATURE OF THE BISHOPS, 1642.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The Bishops were treated with as little ceremony as the
+Pope. In one caricature four of them are represented as
+falling to the earth, with the following lines underneath the
+woodcut:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr">
+<p>&lsquo;The tottering prelates, with their trumpery all,</p>
+<p class="i05">Shall moulder downe, like elder from the wall.&rsquo;</p>
+</div> </td></tr></table>
+
+<p>In a pamphlet called <i>The Decoy Duck</i>, printed in 1642,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page73" id="page73"></a>73</span>
+there is a quaint woodcut caricature and a satirical account
+of how the Bishops of Durham, Lichfield, Norwich, Asaph,
+Bath, Hereford, Oxford, Ely, Gloucester, Peterborough, and
+Llandaff were decoyed and deceived by the Bishop of Lincoln
+(Bishop Williams). I have copied the woodcut, but no
+quotation from the pamphlet would be understood unless
+given at great length. It doubtless refers to the charge of
+high treason against the twelve Bishops.</p>
+
+<p>The abuses of the Established Church in an age when
+the spirit of dissent was strong were pretty sure to attract
+the notice of the satirical writer and the caricaturist.
+Accordingly, we find representations of the pluralist holding
+a church in each hand and one on each shoulder; while the
+non-resident clergyman was compared to the locust:&mdash;&lsquo;The
+Locust is given to spoile and devoure greene things; it was
+one of the plagues of Egypt. Non-residents devoure the
+tithes of many parishes in this kingdome; and they are not
+to be numbered amongst the least of those plagues that God
+inflicts upon us for our sins. The Locusts caused Pharaoh
+and his servants to cry unto Moses that he would entreat the
+Lord to take them away; and our Non-Residents cause all
+good people to cry mightily unto God, to the King&rsquo;s
+Majesty, and to the Honourable House of Parliament, to
+reform them or remove them; that there may not be any
+carelesse Non-Resident in all the coasts of England....
+Some of our carelesse Non-Residents have a cure of soules
+in one place and live in another, like fugitive Captaines forsake
+their Ensigne and Company at Barwick, and flee to
+Dover; who being with Jonah commanded for Nineveh, flee
+to Tarshish; being placed in the Country they run to the
+Cathedrals, they leave their charge as the Ostrich doth her
+eggs in the earth and sands, forgetting that either the foot
+may crush them or that the wild beast may break them, or
+at the best they leave their Congregations, as the Cuckoo
+doth her eggs to be hatched of a sparrow or some other
+bird.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>The following woodcut is copied from a pamphlet entitled
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page74" id="page74"></a>74</span>
+&lsquo;<i>A Purge for Pluralities, showing the unlawfulnesse of men to
+have two Livings, or the Downefall of Double Benifices</i>.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:484px; height:630px" src="images/img087.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE PLURALIST, 1642.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The abuse of the Crown&rsquo;s prerogative in the granting of
+patents and monopolies was very frequent in the reigns of
+Elizabeth and James, and was not diminished under Charles
+the First. The practice did not fail to attract the notice of
+the satirical writers of the day, and caricature laid hold on
+the &lsquo;Projectors and Patentees,&rsquo; and held them up to ridicule.
+&lsquo;<i>A Dialogue or accidental discourse betwixt Mr. Alderman Abell,</i>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page75" id="page75"></a>75</span>
+<i>and Richard Kilvert, the two maine Projectors for Wine</i>, 1641,
+contains a woodcut showing &lsquo;The manner and forme how
+Projectors and Patentees have rode a Tylting in a Parliament
+time.&rsquo; The wit of the illustration is a little obscure to the
+modern reader, but at the time of its publication it was no
+doubt understood, and relished accordingly. The pamphlet
+describes how Messrs. Abell and Kilvert laid their heads
+together to obtain the patent for wine; how they put the
+patent in force, and how, after the tide turned against
+them, they reviled one another.</p>
+
+<p>As the excitement of the Civil War increased, political
+animosity rose to a red heat. Cavaliers and Roundheads
+belaboured each other in many a merciless pamphlet, to
+which they often endeavoured to give additional bitterness
+by woodcut caricatures. Prominent individuals, such as
+Prince Rupert, became marks for the satirist&rsquo;s wit. Even
+the throne itself did not escape, and it was broadly hinted
+that the Protestant king was unduly influenced by the Roman
+Catholic queen. The curious subject of the growth of caricature
+might be illustrated by numerous examples from the
+publications of this period, but it will be sufficient to refer
+to two or three more woodcut satires of this date.</p>
+
+<p>The distractions of the times were epitomised by John
+Taylor, the Water Poet, in an illustrated rhyming pamphlet,
+published in 1642. It is entitled, &lsquo;<i>Mad Fashions, Od Fashions,
+all out of Fashion, or the Emblems of these distracted Times</i>.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:460px" src="images/img089.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">EMBLEMS OF THE DISTRACTED TIMES, 1642.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The author compares England to the engraving on his
+title-page, where everything is represented upside down:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr">
+<p>&lsquo;The Picture that is printed on the front</p>
+<p class="i05">Is like this Kingdome if you look upon &lsquo;t;</p>
+<p class="i05">For if you well doe note it as it is,</p>
+<p class="i05">It is a Transform&rsquo;d Metamorphasis.</p>
+<p class="i05">This Monstrous Picture plainly doth declare</p>
+<p class="i05">This land (quite out of order) out of square.</p>
+<p class="i05">His Breeches on his shoulders doe appeare,</p>
+<p class="i05">His doublet on his lower parts doth weare.
+  <span class="pagenum"><a name="page76" id="page76"></a>76</span></p>
+<p class="i05">His Boots and Spurs upon his Armes and Hands,</p>
+<p class="i05">His Gloves upon his feet (whereon he stands)</p>
+<p class="i05">The church o&rsquo;erturned (a lamentable show)</p>
+<p class="i05">The Candlestick above, the light below,</p>
+<p class="i05">The Coney hunts the Dogge, the Rat the Cat,</p>
+<p class="i05">The Horse doth whip the Cart (I pray marke that)</p>
+<p class="i05">The Wheelbarrow doth drive the man (Oh Base)</p>
+<p class="i05">And Eeles and Gudgeons flie a mighty pace.</p>
+<p class="i05">And sure this is a Monster of strange fashion</p>
+<p class="i05">That doth surpasse all Ovids transformation.</p>
+<p class="i05">And this is England&rsquo;s case this very day,</p>
+<p class="i05">All things are turned the clean contrary way;</p>
+<p class="i05">For now, as when a Royall Parliament,</p>
+<p class="i05">(With King, and Peers, and Commons whole consent)</p>
+<p class="i05">Have almost sate two years, with paines and Cares,</p>
+<p class="i05">And charge, to free us from our Griefes and fears,</p>
+<p class="i05">For when many a worthy Lord and Knight,</p>
+<p class="i05">And good Esquire (for King and Countrey&rsquo;s Right)
+  <span class="pagenum"><a name="page77" id="page77"></a>77</span></p>
+<p class="i05">Have spent so much time with great Toyle and Heede</p>
+<p class="i05">All England&rsquo;s vicious garden how to weed,</p>
+<p class="i05">So like a wildernesse &lsquo;twas over run,</p>
+<p class="i05">That though much better hath been done; All is not done.&rsquo;</p>
+</div> </td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The Water Poet sided with the Cavalier party, and verse
+and prose flowed plentifully from his pen in favour of the
+Royal cause. His effusions provoked many replies, one of
+which is entitled, &lsquo;<i>No Mercurius Aquaticus, but a Cable-Rope,
+double twisted for John Tayler, the Water Poet; who escaping
+drowning in a Paper-Wherry-Voyage, is reserved for another
+day, as followeth, viz.</i>&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Then follows the subjoined woodcut, with verses underneath.
+The hint that the poet was born to be hanged
+because he had escaped from drowning refers to his having
+undertaken to sail from London to Queenborough in a boat
+made of brown paper. In this foolhardy exploit Taylor and
+a friend who was with him nearly lost their lives. The tract
+under notice affords a good specimen of the sort of language
+used by the partisans of each faction against their opponents:
+&lsquo;I should be loathe to foule my fingers with any base
+Pamphlets that comes from Oxford, if the venom of their
+malicious spleens were darted against my particular self:
+But when through my sides they wound the honour of the
+Parliament and our Armies abroad, I cannot but set Pen to
+paper, and pay them back again in their own kinde. And
+who d&rsquo;ye think I should meet abroad for a <i>Rogue-in-Print</i>
+but one of our City Water-rats, the doughty John Taylor,
+who according to the knavish custom, changes his name
+upon every new paper-designe? Sometimes he calls himself
+<i>Thorney Ailo, Mercurius Aquaticus</i>, and now he entitles himself
+<span class="sc">No Mercurius Aulicus</span>. I thought I had lately sent
+<i>rope</i> enough for all the Parrots in Oxford; But I perceive
+they will be prattling still; and therefore I must unmaske
+the Mysterious Masters of the science of railing. There are
+three grand paper conspirators well known by the name of
+<i>Mercurius Aulicus, George Naworth</i>, and reverend Master
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page78" id="page78"></a>78</span>
+<i>John Tayler</i> the water-tankard, by whose sprinklings in this
+great dearth of Wit and Honesty the University is cherished
+and kept in credit. These three are they which pumpe and
+Pimpe about with their Prostitute Noddles in the behalf of
+Popery, Murder, and Rebellion against the state; they are
+Liars in all elements, <i>Aulicus</i> for Land-lies, <i>Tayler</i> for Water,
+and hungry <i>George Naworth</i> for all between Heaven and
+Earth, where I doubt not but to see them all meet together
+to take their farewell of the world, where the <i>Parrots</i> will
+find <i>Ropes</i> made of stronger Lines than mine, and such as
+will <i>non-plus</i> the very primest Wits in the University.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:352px" src="images/img091.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">PREDICTED FATE OF JOHN TAYLOR THE WATER POET, 1644.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The pamphleteer goes on to give the Water-Poet what he
+doubtless considered a thorough drubbing, and at the end he
+leaves him &lsquo;to the Gallows, the proper cure for such Rebels.&rsquo;
+The words &lsquo;London&rsquo; and &lsquo;Oxford&rsquo; on the woodcut have
+reference to another voyage which the Water-Poet performed
+in a sculler&rsquo;s boat between those places.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:547px" src="images/img092.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">MERCURIUS AULICUS IN THE PILLORY, 1645.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p><i>Mercurius Aulicus</i> was the organ of the Court party, and
+was published at Oxford. A curious satire upon this Court
+paper was printed in 1645, entitled, <i>Newes from Smith the
+Oxford Jaylor</i>. It consists of a dialogue between the author
+and the &lsquo;Oxford Jaylor,&rsquo; and sets forth that &lsquo;Mercurius
+Aulicus&rsquo; was sentenced, by a jury of women,&rsquo; to stand in the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page79" id="page79"></a>79</span>
+pillory three market-days in Oxford, for his lies, libels, and
+deceitful glozings;&rsquo; to have a written paper over his head
+announcing his shame; to beg forgiveness of &lsquo;Mercurius
+Brittanicus;&rsquo; to be prevented from writing any more libels
+for one year. &lsquo;That before two months&rsquo; expiration he be cut
+of the simples, and his braines be taken out, washt in white
+wine, and put in againe.&rsquo; &lsquo;That for every morning during
+the said time he have one mess of stewd broth made of the
+interlinings of fower Court Parazites, and the braines of 26
+Oxford Widgins boyld in the water of forgetfulnesse.&rsquo; &lsquo;That
+he may never hereafter have so much as one graine of wit
+left him in his empty Hogshead (his brains being taken out
+and washed as before is ordered) to scandalize those whom if
+he had any grace he is bound to honour.&rsquo; There is a woodcut
+of <i>Mercurius Aulicus</i> in the pillory, which is supposed to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page80" id="page80"></a>80</span>
+represent Sir John Birkenhead, who acquired the title of the
+Loyal Poet, and suffered several imprisonments. This cut
+was used on several other occasions.</p>
+
+<p>The troubles of the times are constantly indicated in the
+pamphlets of the period. In one the State is represented as a
+two-headed serpent, with these lines underneath the engraving:</p>
+
+<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr">
+<p>&lsquo;This double-headed serpent is a wonder,</p>
+<p class="i05">It draws two ways and tears the womb in sunder;</p>
+<p class="i05">The wofull emblem of a troubled State</p>
+<p class="i05">Where civill warres doe threat to ruinate.&rsquo;</p>
+</div> </td></tr></table>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:425px" src="images/img093.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">SQUARE CAPS TURNED INTO ROUND HEADS, 1642.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The partisans of the Parliament faction appear to have
+been much more active pamphleteers than the Cavaliers.
+&lsquo;<i>Square Caps turned into Round Heads, or the Bishop&rsquo;s Vindication
+and the Brownist&rsquo;s conviction, being a Dialogue between
+Time and Opinion; showing the folly of the one and the worthinesse
+of the other</i>,&rsquo; is a tract with an illustration representing
+Opinion turning a wheel, on which are five square caps and
+five round heads, while Time, with his scythe and hourglass,
+holds converse with Opinion. Under the woodcut are
+the following lines:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr">
+<p>&lsquo;Time doth Opinion call unto accompt,</p>
+<p class="i05">Who turns the Bishop&rsquo;s downe and Roundheads mount;</p>
+<p class="i05">Upon her lofty wheels their Noddles are,</p>
+<p class="i05">But her Camelion feedeth on his aire.&rsquo;</p>
+</div> </td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page81" id="page81"></a>81</span></p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;<i>Cornucopia, or Room for a Ram head, wherein is described
+the dignity of the Ram head above the Roundhead or Rattlehead</i>,&rsquo;
+is another tract, with a woodcut caricature representing
+a woman attempting to saw the horns from a man&rsquo;s head.
+The letterpress consists of a dialogue between a man and his
+wife, wherein the man humorously praises horns. It was
+a favourite joke to represent the Puritan as a &lsquo;cuckoldy
+Roundhead.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:515px" src="images/img094.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">CARICATURE, 1642.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Another satirical pamphlet has a woodcut representing
+Cavaliers and Roundheads exciting their dogs to fight. It
+is entitled, &lsquo;<i>A Dialogue or rather a Parly between Prince
+Rupert&rsquo;s Dogge whose name is Puddle, and Tobies Dog whose
+name is Pepper, &amp;c.</i> <i>Whereunto is added the challenge which
+Prince Griffin&rsquo;s Dog, called Towzer, hath sent to Prince
+Rupert&rsquo;s Dog Puddle, in the behalfe of honest Pepper, Tobie&rsquo;s
+Dog. Moreover, the said Prince Griffin is newly gone to
+Oxford to lay the wager, and to make up the Match.</i>&rsquo; In this
+satire, which is very highly flavoured, both Cavaliers and
+Roundheads are pelted with very vigorous epithets, but in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page82" id="page82"></a>82</span>
+the end the Roundhead dog is converted by his opponent,
+and seals his recantation in a very striking manner.</p>
+
+<p>There is a tirade against the Jesuits entitled, &lsquo;<i>A Peece of
+ordnance invented by a Jesuite, for Cowards that fight by
+Whisperings, and raise jealousies to overthrow both Church and
+State, which with the help of a private Ensign in the Cabbinet
+Councell, or Westminster Hall is able to doe more mischiefe at
+twentie miles distance, than a whole Regiment of stout Souldiers,
+at Musket-shot</i>. <i>Which grievance is by way of Remonstrance
+humbly presented to the consideration of the Parliament.</i>&rsquo;  This
+tract has a woodcut of a man firing a cannon formed of the
+figure of a man.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:384px" src="images/img095.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">CARICATURE, 1643.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>&lsquo;<i>Hell&rsquo;s Hurlie-Burlie, or a Fierce contention between the
+Pope and the Devill</i>,&rsquo; is illustrated; and there is a pamphlet,
+with a woodcut, entitled, &lsquo;<i>The Devill&rsquo;s White Boyes: A Mixture
+of Malicious Malignants, with their much evill and manifold
+practises against the Kingdome and Parliament, with a bottomlesse
+Sack-full of Knavery, Popery, Prelacy, Policy, Treachery,
+Malignant Trumpery, Conspiricies, and Cruelties, filled to the
+top by the Malignants, laid on the shoulders of Time, and now
+by Time emptied forth, and poured out, to show the Truth, and</i>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page83" id="page83"></a>83</span>
+<i>shame the Devill</i>. Beneath, the woodcut are the following
+verses:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr">
+<p>&lsquo;Malignants are the Divell&rsquo;s Agents still,</p>
+<p class="i05">The Sack is <i>England</i>, which they strive to fill</p>
+<p class="i05">With misery and mischief, and this Sack</p>
+<p class="i05">Full stufft is laid upon Times aged back;</p>
+<p class="i05"><i>Time</i> pours it out now in an angry mood</p>
+<p class="i05">That all their knaveries may be understood.&rsquo;</p>
+</div> </td></tr></table>
+
+<p>On the cut itself are printed the lines:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr">
+<p>&lsquo;<i>Time</i> now at the last pours out much knavery,</p>
+<p class="i05">The Devill holds down fast to hinder the discovery.&rsquo;</p>
+</div> </td></tr></table>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:461px" src="images/img096.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">CARICATURE, 1644.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The Welshman came in for a share of the satirist&rsquo;s wit at
+the commencement of the Civil War. He generally figures
+under the name of &lsquo;Ap Shinkin,&rsquo; and is made to speak
+English much the same as the Scottish Highlander does in
+Scott&rsquo;s novels. &lsquo;<i>The Welsh mans Postures, or the true manner
+how her doe exercise her company of Souldiers in her own
+Country in a warlike manners</i>,&rsquo; is a satire of a very broad
+character, and is illustrated with a woodcut representing
+men exercising with the pike. Shinkin is also ridiculed for
+the share he took in the battle of Edgehill, the first important
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page84" id="page84"></a>84</span>
+engagement in the Civil War. There is an illustrated
+tract with the following title: &lsquo;<i>The Welsh mans Complements:
+or the true manner how Shinkin wood his Sweetheart Maudlin
+after his return from Kenton Battaile</i>. <i>Also Fair Maudlin&rsquo;s
+reply and answer to all Shinkin&rsquo;s Welch complements, full of
+merry wit and pleasant mirth.</i>&rsquo; The &lsquo;merry wit&rsquo; is certainly
+not refined, and the &lsquo;pleasant mirth&rsquo; is founded on Shinkin&rsquo;s
+supposed hasty departure from the neighbourhood of the
+fight. The woodcut represents Shinkin and Maudlin in
+conversation.</p>
+
+<p>Prince Rupert is often the mark for the satirist&rsquo;s wit. In
+&lsquo;<i>Rupert&rsquo;s Sumpter, and private Cabinet rifled, and a Discovery
+of a Pack of his Jewels, by way of Dialogue between Mercurius
+Brittanicus and Mercurius Aulicus</i>,&rsquo; there is a discussion as to
+the Prince&rsquo;s merits and demerits, and he is charged with
+aiming at the crown. Both the King and Queen were
+brought under the caricaturist&rsquo;s lash. In 1644 there was
+an illustrated pamphlet published, representing the King,
+Queen, and a bishop, with the following title: &lsquo;<i>The Sussex
+Picture, or an Answer to the Sea-gull</i>.&rsquo; The address to the
+reader is headed: &lsquo;The Sceptre&rsquo;s Submission, the Distaffs
+Triumph, and the Crosiers Combination. Reader, If thou
+hast view&rsquo;d that stately Picture, which was lately sent up to
+the Parliament by Collonel Morley, and was taken in a
+Flemish Ship upon the Sussex Shore; Thou hast beheld
+therein the weaker sexe triumphing over the stronger, and
+by the help of a Miter, thou hast seen a Scepter doing
+homage to the Distaffe. If thou hast never seen the Originall,
+yet here is to be seen a poore, rude, counterfeit of the chief
+part in it; use thy judgement freely, and impartially: let
+both the Peece itself, and that which is said by both sides, in
+judgement thereupon, be put into one equal ballance. If
+the Dutch Author be not to undergo censure, as if he intended
+an English Storie, yet neither art thou to be censured
+for doubting his intention, or for standing amazed at his
+phancie. Shadows which are not fashioned by some certain,
+neer, interposing body present nothing to the eye, and therefore
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page85" id="page85"></a>85</span>
+work nothing upon the understanding. The language
+of a picture is to be borrowed from the veritie of the matter,
+if that be wanting, neither the Art of the Limner nor the
+imagination of the spectator can supply its vocall organs.&rsquo;
+This caricature may have referred to the influence which the
+Roman Catholic Queen was supposed to exercise over the
+Protestant king under clerical guidance.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:426px" src="images/img098.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE PARLIAMENT OF LADIES, 1644.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Charles I. summoned a Parliament at Oxford in 1644,
+consisting of such members of both Houses as were devoted
+to his interests. There exists a satirical tract ridiculing this
+Parliament, and, in fact, representing it as a Parliament of
+old women. The tract is entitled &lsquo;<i>An exact Diurnall of the
+Parliament of Laydes</i>,&rsquo; and is illustrated with a woodcut. It
+sets forth that &lsquo;Countesses and other Ladies (on Monday
+morning early in a Prosopopia) being met in Mary Maudlins
+Hall in Oxford, they first made choyce of their speaker;
+and it was agreed by all that the Lady Oboney should have
+the chaire, the Lady Rivers was made Chancellor, Nurse
+Windham High Constable, the Countess of Derby High
+Treasurer, and the Countess of Essex High Chamberlain.
+These Ladies having all taken their places, Mrs. Powell
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page86" id="page86"></a>86</span>
+was appointed cheefe Clerk to the House, and Mrs. Peele
+Chaire Lady to the Close Committee, and Moll Cut-Purse
+was made Sergeant at Arms.&rsquo; Prince Rupert and others are
+tried and sentenced for various crimes, but the ladies afterwards
+relent, and pardon all the prisoners brought before
+them. I give on the preceding page a reduced copy of the
+rough woodcut which illustrates this curious burlesque.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:605px; height:630px" src="images/img099.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">CARICATURE, 1644.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>A writer of much verbosity satirised the Assembly of
+Divines at Westminster in another illustrated pamphlet,
+printed &lsquo;by Martin Claw-Clergy for Bartholomew Bang-Priest,
+and sold in Toleration-street, at the sign of the
+Subject&rsquo;s Liberty, opposite to Persecuting Court.&rsquo; The
+author states on the title-page that his production displays
+&lsquo;many witty Synodian Conceits both pleasant and commodious,&rsquo;
+and adorns his work with the above curious
+engraving, which probably had some reference to a Papal
+Bull, but at this distance of time we look in vain for the
+point and meaning of many of these old caricatures.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page87" id="page87"></a>87</span></p>
+
+<p>Having glanced at the satirical side of illustrated journalism
+at the epoch of the Civil War, I will quote two or
+three examples relating to the social and political condition
+of the country before entering upon the stirring events of
+that time.</p>
+
+<p>A great variety of subjects are embraced in this section.
+There are accounts of apparitions, signs and portents in the
+heavens, monstrous births, duels and murders, criminal trials
+and executions, besides many tracts relating to the vices and
+follies of the age. One of the first illustrated pamphlets we
+come to in this division of our subject describes a duel fought
+in vindication of the good name of King Charles I. The
+pamphlet is entitled, &lsquo;<i>Sir Kenelme Digby&rsquo;s Honour maintained
+by a most couragious Combat which he fought with the Lord
+Mount le Ros, who by base and slanderous words reviled our
+King</i>. <i>Also the true relation how he went to the King of
+France, who kindly intreated and sent two hundred men to guard
+him so far as Flanders. And now he is returned from Banishment,
+and to his eternal honour lives in England.</i>&rsquo; This is a
+tract written by an undoubted Royalist. It begins in praise
+of valour, which is divided into three kinds&mdash;that which is
+allied to rashness, that which is born of the fear of death,
+and temperate or true valour. It describes how Sir Kenelme
+Digby was dining with a French lord, who, having toasted
+most of the kings of Christendom, then proposed the health
+of the most arrant coward in the world; and on Sir Kenelme
+inquiring who that was, he was told, after he had drunk the
+toast, that it was meant for the King of England: &lsquo;At which
+the good knight seemed very much discontent, knowing in
+what nature his Soveraigne was wronged; yet very wisely
+did he seeme to pass it by untill dinner being ended, then did
+he desire the same lord the next day to come and dine with
+him, who promised him upon his honour that he would.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:535px" src="images/img101.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">SIR KENELM DIGBY&rsquo;s DUEL, 1641.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The next day the French Lord repaired to Sir Kenelme&rsquo;s
+lodgings, where an entertainment befitting his rank was provided:
+&lsquo;Neither did Sir Kenelme seeme to remember the
+former daies discontent, but was very frolic and merry, and in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page88" id="page88"></a>88</span>
+the midst of dinner time desired them all to be bare, for he
+would beginne a health to the bravest king in the world. The
+French Lord asked whom that was, Sir Kenelme made answer
+that when it had gone about he should know; well, about it
+went and then Sir Kenelme said that it was the health of the
+bravest king in the world, which is the King of England,
+my royal Master, for although my body be banished from
+him, yet is my heart loyally linkt; the French Lord at those
+words seemed to laugh repeating the same words before
+mentioned, then was Sir Kenelme throughly moved in the
+behalf of our Soveraigne King Charles whereupon he whispered
+the Lord in the eare, telling of him how that twice he
+had reviled the best King in the world in the hearing of me
+which am his faithful subject, wherefore for satisfaction I
+require a single combate of you, where either you shall pay
+your life for your sawcinesse, or I will sacrifice mine in the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page89" id="page89"></a>89</span>
+behalfe of my King. The French Lord being of a resolute
+spirit condescended to fight, the place was appointed, dinner
+being ended, they both arise from table and privately went
+together, being in field off they pluckt their doublets, and
+out they draw their weapons.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Mars would have bashful beene to have seene himselfe
+by Noble Digby there excelled, long work with the contemptible
+French Lord, he would not make, for fear lest any
+should lye in ambush and so he might hazard his own life,
+wherefore in four bouts he run his rapier into the French
+Lords brest till it came out of his throat againe, which so
+soon as he had done, away he fled to the Court of France, and
+made all knowne to the King thereof, who said the proudest
+Lord in France should not dare to revile his brother King.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;A guard was presently chosen to conduct Sir Kenelme
+into Flanders, which they did, where he tooke shipping for
+England, where he now is, where in peace and quietnesse
+may he still remaine.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;As for the French Lord he was paid according to his
+desert, and may all be so rewarded which shall dare to revile
+the Lords anointed, who suffers by other Nations, for the
+clemency he hath shown to his own Nation, <i>sed beati sunt
+pacifici</i>, but blessed is the peace maker; good king for thy
+patience in this world there are Crownes of immortal glory
+laid in store for thee in the world to come, there shall not
+traitors dare to show their faces, nor shall perplexity proceed
+from the great care of ruling of a kingdome, in the meanwhile
+may more such Noble Digbies increase to rebuke all
+cursing <i>Achitophels</i> and reviling <i>Rabshakey&rsquo;s</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Let God arise and then shall the enemies of our gracious
+King be sure to be scattered.</p>
+
+<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr">
+<p>&lsquo;Now I conclude commanding fame to show</p>
+<p class="i05">Brave Digby&rsquo;s worthy deed, that all may know</p>
+<p class="i05">He lov&rsquo;d his king, may all so loyal prove</p>
+<p class="i05">And like this Digby to their king show love.&rsquo;</p>
+</div> </td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Many portraits of Charles I. were published in tracts
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page90" id="page90"></a>90</span>
+about this time. One of the best is contained in a poetical
+welcome to the King on his return from Scotland. &lsquo;<i>King
+Charles his Entertainment and Londons Loyaltie</i>,&rsquo; 1641, contains
+a precept issued by the Lord Mayor, directing how the
+aldermen and citizens shall meet the King, on his return
+from Scotland, at Shoreditch Church, and conduct him to the
+Guildhall to a banquet, and afterwards to Westminster.
+There is also a a very spirited woodcut of a City trumpeter
+in this pamphlet, which is copied above. City entertainments
+to sovereigns and princes have always been fruitful
+occasions for illustrated newspapers.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:412px; height:630px" src="images/img103.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">CITY TRUMPETER, 1641.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The wholesale executions that used to take place at this
+period would astonish the modern newspaper reader. Sometimes
+as many as twenty-four persons were executed in one
+day at Tyburn. &lsquo;<i>A Coppy of the Prisoners judgement condemned
+to dy, from Nugate on Monday the 13 of December,
+1641</i>,&rsquo; gives an account of eight Jesuits and several other
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page91" id="page91"></a>91</span>
+prisoners who were executed. A descriptive list is given of
+the condemned, and amongst them are the following:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Charles James, an handsome gentile young man, was
+convicted for Robery and Burglary.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;John Hodskins, a fine Scholler, a pretty fellow, yet
+wanted grace.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;John Davis, a lusty stout personable man.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Francis Middlefield, a pretty youth, and a good Scholler,
+convicted of felonie.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Several highwaymen, horse-stealers, and coiners, are also
+included in this gloomy list, which is adorned with a woodcut
+of an execution.</p>
+
+<p>The regulation of the licensed victuallers&rsquo; trade and the
+Sunday closing movement appear to have been as troublesome
+questions in the seventeenth century as they are now. As
+early as 1641 the publican was uttering the complaints which
+he still continues to utter. In a pamphlet of that date there
+is a dialogue between a tapster and a cook, which sets forth
+the grievances of both these worthies. The pamphlet is
+entitled, &lsquo;<i>The Lamentable Complaints of Nick Froth the Tapster
+and Rulerost the Cook, concerning the restraint lately set forth
+against drinking, potting, and piping on the Sabbath day, and
+against selling meate</i>.&rsquo; The publican expresses himself thus:&mdash;&lsquo;I
+much wonder Master Rulerost why my trade should be
+put downe, it being so necessary in a commonwealth; why
+the noble art of drinking, it is the soul of all good fellowship,
+the marrow of a Poet&rsquo;s Minervs, it makes a man as valiant
+as Hercules though he were as cowardly as a Frenchman;
+besides I could prove it necessary for any man sometimes to
+be drunk, for suppose you should kill a man when you are
+drunk, you shall never be hanged for it untill you are sober;
+therefore I think it good for a man to be always drunk;
+and besides it is the kindliest companion, and friendliest sin
+of all the seven, for most sins leave a man by some accident
+or other, before his death, but this will never forsake him
+till the breath be out of his body; and lastly a full bowle of
+strong beere will drown all sorrows.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page92" id="page92"></a>92</span></p>
+
+<p>To which master Cook rejoins:&mdash;&lsquo;Master Nick, you are
+mistaken, your trade is not put downe as you seem to say;
+what is done is done to a good intent; to the end that poor
+men that worke hard all the weeke for a little money, should
+not spend it all on the Sunday while they should be at
+some church, and so consequently there will not be so many
+Beggars.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:465px" src="images/img105.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE COMPLAINT OF THE LICENSED VICTUALLERS, 1641.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Froth&mdash;&lsquo;Alack you know all my profit doth arise onely
+on Sundays, let them but allow me that privilege, and
+abridge me all the weeke besides; S&rsquo;foot, I could have so
+scowered my young sparks up for a penny a demy can, or a
+halfe pint, heapt with froth. I got more by uttering half
+a Barrell in time of Divine service, than I could by a whole
+Barrell at any other time, for my customers were glad to take
+anything for money, and think themselves much ingaged to
+me; but now the case is altered.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Cook&mdash;&lsquo;Truly Master Froth you are a man of a light
+constitution, and not so much to be blamed as I that am
+more solid: O what will become of me! I now think of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page93" id="page93"></a>93</span>
+the lusty Sirloines of roast Beefe which I with much policy
+divided into an innumerable company of demy slices, by
+which, with my provident wife, I used to make eighteene
+pence of that which cost me but a groat (provided that I
+sold it in service time,) I could tell you too, how I used my
+halfe cans and my Bloomsbury Pots, when occasion served;
+and my Smoak which I sold dearer than any Apothecary
+doth his Physick; but those happy days are now past, and
+therefore no more of that.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>This pamphlet is illustrated with a woodcut showing the
+Cook and Tapster in confabulation, while in the background
+joints are roasting, and guests are seated in boxes, refreshing
+themselves with &lsquo;half-cans and Bloomsbury pots.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>The abuses of the Ecclesiastical Courts did not escape the
+notice of the seventeenth-century pamphleteers. Doctors&rsquo;
+Commons and the Proctors were quizzed in an illustrated
+pamphlet, wherein &lsquo;Sponge, the Proctor,&rsquo; and &lsquo;Hunter, the
+Parator,&rsquo; hold a long conversation, and express their opinion
+that the only way to make men live in quietness is to beggar
+them with long suits and large fees. Other evil-doers were
+shown up in a similar manner. A certain Edward Finch,
+Vicar of Christ-church, London, gave so much offence to the
+parishioners by his manner of life that a petition was presented
+to Parliament on the subject. The petitioners said
+they were offended by their Vicar&rsquo;s &lsquo;frequent and unreasonable
+bowings&rsquo; before the altar, and by his &lsquo;scandalous life
+and conversation.&rsquo; They set forth in the petition that they
+are &lsquo;troubled in their church with singing, organs, and other
+Instruments of Musicke, not understood by them, whereby
+they are greatly distracted in the service of God, the same
+being altogether unprofitable, and no way tending to their
+spirituall edification.&rsquo; The Vicar is charged with drunkenness
+and incontinence&mdash;with exacting unreasonable fees&mdash;with
+being a non-resident; and the evidence in support of
+the petition shows that on one occasion he went to Hammersmith
+in a coach with certain loose companions and spent the
+day in a manner unfit for a clergyman. He is proved to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page94" id="page94"></a>94</span>
+have attempted to administer the Sacrament to a dying
+woman while he was in a state of drunkenness, and to have
+been guilty of many other disgraceful acts. The House of
+Commons passed a vote of censure on this graceless Ritualist;
+and the petition setting forth his misdeeds was printed and
+published, illustrated with a woodcut showing the journey to
+Hammersmith in a coach. Notwithstanding the condemnation
+of Parliament, the Rev. Edward Finch continued in his
+evil courses, and conducted his &lsquo;life and conversation&rsquo; much
+the same as before.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:451px" src="images/img107.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">EVIL DOINGS OF THE REV. EDWARD FINCH, 1641.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>From the &lsquo;perambulations&rsquo; of a Ritualistic clergyman we
+come to a nunnery, in a pamphlet published in 1641, entitled,
+&lsquo;<i>The Arminian Nunnery, or a briefe description and relation of
+the late erected Monasticall Place, called the Arminian Nunnery
+at Little Gidding, in Huntingdonshire</i>.&rsquo; The writer of this
+pamphlet gives a minute and by no means &lsquo;brief&rsquo; description
+of the institution, which he evidently believes to be Roman
+Catholic, or a stepping-stone to it, though the &lsquo;Deacon&rsquo; who
+attended him on his visit assured him to the contrary. He,
+however, sets down all the tapers and crosses, the bowings
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page95" id="page95"></a>95</span>
+and prostrations, as so many proofs of idolatry, and marvels
+that, in a settled Church government, the Bishops should
+suffer any such institutions to exist; particularly that Archbishop
+Laud, professing to be such an &lsquo;Anti-Papist and
+enemy to superstition and idolatry, should permit this innovation
+and connive at such canting betwixt the barke and
+the tree in matter of Religion.&rsquo; While censuring the prelates
+for their criminal slothfulness, the writer gave his
+countrymen the benefit of his own acuteness and energy,
+and published his description, illustrated with an engraving
+representing one of the nuns, with a portion of the nunnery
+in the background.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:446px" src="images/img108.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">NUNNERY AT LITTLE GIDDING, HUNTINGDONSHIRE, 1641.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The next illustrated pamphlet we come to is a curious
+attempt on the part of its author to satirise his literary contemporaries
+for the falsehoods contained in their writings,
+and he burlesques their productions by relating many things
+as lies which, however, he means to be understood as truths.
+It is called &lsquo;<i>The Liar, or a contradiction to those who in the
+titles of their Books affirmed them to be true, when they were
+false; although mine are all true yet I term them lyes. Veritas
+Veritatis</i>.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;There was an Englishman which travelled to the Swedish
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page96" id="page96"></a>96</span>
+Army, and began to relate very strange passages which he
+had seen here in England, thinking that travellers might lye
+by authority; for said he in the County of Berke, at a place
+called Abingdon, when the Earle of Strafford lost his head,
+was such thundering and lightning, and earthquakes, that it
+is almost incredible. Surely I think it is incredible indeed,
+for I know &rsquo;tis no such matter.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;He told too that the very same day that my Lord Archbishop
+of Canterbury was committed to the Tower, there was
+a child born in the County of Somerset with a Mitre on its
+head, a marke on his breast like a Crucifix, and many other
+strange things which were there seene.&rsquo; Having invented
+the travelling Englishman for a mouth-piece and selected the
+Swedish army for an audience, the writer goes on to relate
+many other strange things, which, though told as lies, are
+evidently intended to be taken as truths.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:438px" src="images/img109.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE LIAR ON THE RACK, 1641.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>&lsquo;They heard him with patience till he had made an end
+of his lying, and then they asked him whether yea or nay he
+saw these things he spake of, he presently swore all the oaths
+of God that he saw these things with his own natural eyes,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page97" id="page97"></a>97</span>
+which he had reported, and he would maintaine it, though
+he spent his dearest blood in the doeing of it; well, they
+heard his protestations, and made a full account that they
+would prove his constancie whether he would be a Martyr
+yea or nay, in the meane time they horsed him, and this was
+the manner of it.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;There was a great high thing raised to the height of
+twelve or fourteen yards, made of Iron, whereon he was
+seated, with two great weights on his toes, and the like on
+his hands where he sate in great paine, if he should chance
+to ease himselfe upwards, there were sharp nailes over his
+head which would prick him, thus he sate and thus he suffered,
+till they had sufficiently made a laughing stock of
+him; well, when he had suffered enough they let him
+downe.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>There is a woodcut representing the lying traveller on
+his &lsquo;horse,&rsquo; and the tract winds up thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Gentle Reader, I have heere related under the name of
+lies nothing but true tales, for if a man doth now speake
+truth he shall be sure to smart for it now-a-daies, either here
+or in other places: read gentlie and buy willingly.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>When the Plague visited London in 1641 the theatres
+were closed and the players were thrown out of employment.
+This state of things is discussed in a dialogue
+between &lsquo;Cane of the Fortune and Reed of the Friars,&rsquo; in a
+tract illustrated with a woodcut which was frequently used
+afterwards in broadsides. Bartholomew Fair, which was
+proclaimed for the last time in 1855, was in all its glory in
+the days of Charles I. A contemporary tract gives a
+graphic description of the fair, and is illustrated with a
+woodcut representing a man swallowing a serpent. This
+probably represented a picture hung outside one of the
+shows. The title of the tract is, &lsquo;<i>Bartholomew Faire, or
+Variety of Fancies, where you may find a faire of wares and all
+to please your mind; with the several enormities and misdemeanours
+which are there seen and acted</i>.&rsquo; The fair is
+described as beginning &lsquo;on the twenty-fourth day of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page98" id="page98"></a>98</span>
+August, and is then of so vast an extent that it is contained
+in no lesse than four several parishes, namely, Christ
+Church, Great and Little Saint Bartholomew&rsquo;s, and Saint
+Sepulchre&rsquo;s. Hither resort people of all sorts, High and
+Low, Rich and Poore, from cities, townes, and countreys;
+of all sects, Papists, Atheists, Anabaptists, and Brownists,
+and of all conditions, good and bad, virtuous and vitious.&rsquo;
+It is said to be &lsquo;full of gold and silver-drawers; just as Lent
+is to the Fishmonger so is Bartholomew Faire to the Pickpocket;
+it is his high harvest, which is never bad but when
+his cart goes up Holborn.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:450px" src="images/img111.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">A BARTHOLOMEW FAIR WONDER, 1641.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>&lsquo;It is remarkable and worth your observation to behold
+and hear the strange sights and confused noise in the Faire.
+Here a knave in a fool&rsquo;s coat, with a trumpet sounding, or
+on a drum beating, invites you and would fain perswade you
+to see his puppets; there a rogue like a wild woodman, or in
+an Antick shape like an incubus, desires your company, to
+view his motion; on the other side Hocus Pocus, with three
+yards of tape or ribbin in&rsquo;s hand, shewing his art of Legerdemain,
+to the admiration and astonishment of a company of
+cockoloaches. Amongst these you shall see a gray goose cap
+(as wise as the rest), with a what do ye lacke in his mouth,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page99" id="page99"></a>99</span>
+stand in his boothe, shaking a rattle, or scraping on a fiddle,
+with which children are so taken, that they presently cry out
+for these fopperies; and all these together make such a distracted
+noise that you would think Babell were not comparable
+to it. Here there are also your gamesters in action,
+some turning of a whimsey, others throwing for pewter, who
+can quickly dissolve a round shilling into a three-halfpenny
+saucer. Long Lane at this time looks very faire, and puts
+out her best cloaths, with the wrong side outward, so turned
+for their better turning off. And Cloth Faire is now in
+great request; well fare the ale-houses therein; yet better
+may a man fare (but at a dearer rate) in the pig market,
+alias Pasty-nooke, or Pye Corner, where pigges are all hours
+of the day on the stalls piping hot, and would cry (if they
+could speak) come eate me.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:500px" src="images/img113.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">PULLING DOWN CHEAPSIDE CROSS, 1643.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>In 1641 an order of Parliament directed the removal of
+idolatrous pictures from churches and the demolition of
+crosses in the streets. It must have been on the passing
+of this order that &lsquo;<i>The Doleful lamentation of Cheapside
+Cross</i>,&rsquo; with a woodcut of the Cross, was published, 1641.
+Also, &lsquo;<i>A Dialogue between the Crosse in Cheap and Charing
+Crosse</i>,&rsquo; 1641, which has also a woodcut representing the two
+crosses, while a Brownist and an Anabaptist converse about
+their demolition. It was not, however, till 1643 that
+Charing Cross and Cheapside Cross were demolished. &lsquo;<i>The
+Downfall of Dagon, or the taking down of Cheapside Crosse
+this second of May, 1643</i>,&rsquo; is a mock lamentation for the
+destruction of the Cross on account of its being a symbol of
+idolatry. The Cross itself is made to describe its history and
+to lament its errors. Divers reasons are given for its demolition,
+and the tract concludes in these words: &lsquo;And so
+this Tuesday it is a taking down with a great deal of judgement
+and discretion, and foure Companies of the Traine
+Bands of the City to guard and defend those that are about
+the worke, and to keep others from domineering, and so I
+leave it to be made levell with the ground this second day of
+May 1643.&rsquo; The tract is illustrated with a woodcut representing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page100" id="page100"></a>100</span>
+the demolition of the Cross; and, as the day of
+publication is the day after the event, the persons concerned
+in its production must have been unusually prompt and
+energetic. The destruction of Cheapside and Charing
+Crosses is also recorded, under the date of 1643, in &lsquo;<i>A Sight
+of the Transactions of these latter yeares Emblemized with
+Ingraven Plates, which men may read without Spectacles</i>.&rsquo;
+This pamphlet contains a reprint of the etched plates
+previously mentioned, together with six others, one of
+which represents the pulling down of Cheapside Cross, and
+a summary of the transactions of the reign of Charles I.,
+in which occurs the following passage:&mdash;&lsquo;Cheapside Crosse,
+Charing Crosse, and all other crosses, in and about London
+utterly demolished and pulled down, and that abominable
+and blasphemous book of tolerating sports and pastimes on
+the Lord&rsquo;s daies, voted to be burnt, and shortly after accordingly
+burnt, together with many crucifixes and popish
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page101" id="page101"></a>101</span>
+trinckets and trumperies in the very same place where
+Cheapside Crosse stood.&rsquo; I have copied the plate representing
+the demolition of Cheapside Cross.</p>
+
+<p>The affairs of Turkey would seem to have had an interest
+for the English public in the seventeenth century, if we
+may judge from a pamphlet printed in 1642, with the following
+lengthy title:&mdash;&lsquo;<i>Strange and Miraculous Newes from
+Turkie, sent to our English Ambassadour resident at Constantinople,
+of a woman which was seen in the Firmament with
+a Book in her hand at</i> Medina Talnabi, <i>where Mahomet&rsquo;s Tomb
+is</i>. <i>Also several visions of armed men appearing in the Ayre
+for one and twenty dayes together. With a prophetical interpretation
+made by a Mahomedan Priest, who lost his life in the
+maintenance thereof. London, printed for Hugh Perry neere
+Ivy Bridge in the Strand June 13, 1642.</i>&rsquo; There is a
+woodcut of the apparition, and a lengthy description, passages
+from which I have extracted:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;There came newes to Constantinople of a strange Apparition
+or Vision, which was seene at <i>Medina Talnabi</i> in
+Arabia, whereat Mahomet their great Prophet was buried.
+To visit whose Tombe the Turkes used to goe in Pilgrimage,
+but they must first goe to <i>Mecha</i>, which is some few dayes
+journey off, and there they take a ticket from the Grand
+Seigniors Beglerbeg, else they are not allowed to go to
+Medina.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;This Vision continued three weeks together, which
+terrified the whole country, for that no man could discover
+the truth thereof.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:563px" src="images/img115.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">STRANGE VISION IN THE AIR, 1642.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>&lsquo;About the 20 of <i>September</i> there fell so great a
+Tempest and so fearful a Thunder about midnight, as the
+Heavens were darkened, and those that were awake were
+almost distracted, but the Vapours being disperst, and the
+Element cleere, the people might read in Arabian characters
+these words in the Firmament, <i>O Why will you believe
+in Lies</i>. Betweene two and three in the morning there was
+seen a woman in white compassed about with the Sun,
+having a cheerfull countenance, holding in her hand a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page102" id="page102"></a>102</span>
+Booke, coming from the Northeast, opposite against her
+were Armies of <i>Turkes</i>, <i>Persians</i>, <i>Arabians</i>, and other Mahometans,
+ranged in order of Battaile, and ready to charge
+her, but she kept her standing, and onely opened the Booke,
+at the sight whereof the Armies fled, and presently all the
+lamps about Mahomet&rsquo;s Tombe went out, for as soon as ever
+the Vision vanished (which was commonly an hour before
+sunne rising) a murmuring Wind was heard, whereunto they
+imputed the extinguishing of the lamps. The antient pilgrims
+of Mahomet&rsquo;s Race, who after they have visited this
+place, never use to cut their haire, were much amazed, for
+that they could not conceive the meaning of this vision, only
+one of the <i>Dervices</i>, which is a strict religious order among
+the <i>Turkes</i> like unto the Cappuchins amongst the Papists,
+and live in contemplation, stepped up very boldly and made
+a speech unto the Company which incensed them much
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page103" id="page103"></a>103</span>
+against him, so as the poore Priest for his plain dealing lost
+his life, as you shall hereafter heare.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Then follows the speech of the Dervish to the Turks,
+who became so incensed that they put him to death, &lsquo;the
+poore man crying to the last gaspe, O thou woman with the
+Booke save me, and so he died. At which time there was a
+feareful tempest.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>It seems to have been a favourite method amongst the
+Puritan pamphleteers of inducing belief in a particular creed
+or doctrine by setting forth the awful consequences arising
+from adherence to an opposite faith. Thus, in 1645, in the
+parish of Kirkham, a Popish gentlewoman was said to have
+become the mother of a child without a head, because she
+wished she might bear a child without a head rather than her
+offspring should become a Roundhead. Again, it was related
+that in Scotland a woman wished she might become the
+mother of a monster rather than her child should receive the
+rites of the Church of England. Accordingly, the child
+was born with two heads, long donkey-like ears, &amp;c. In all
+these cases the pamphlets recording these extraordinary
+occurrences are illustrated.  The apparitions of deceased
+persons were also used as a means of enforcing certain views.
+For example, in 1642, the ghosts of King James, the Marquis
+of Hamilton, George Eglisham, and the Duke of Buckingham,
+were made to hold a conversation, wherein Buckingham was
+charged with having caused the deaths of the others by
+poison. Buckingham confesses his guilt and promises to
+weep repentant tears. This pamphlet is also illustrated.
+The sermons of the Roundhead preachers were sometimes
+parodied, as in the case of a humorous pamphlet entitled, &lsquo;<i>A
+Seasonable Lecture, or a most learned Oration; disburthened
+from Henry Walker, a most judicious quondam ironmonger, &amp;c.</i>&rsquo;
+There is a woodcut to this pamphlet representing a person
+holding forth from a tub to several others who are listening
+to him. In &lsquo;<i>A Glasse for the Times, 1648</i>,&rsquo; there is a woodcut
+representing the &lsquo;Orthodox true Minister&rsquo; preaching in a
+church, while the &lsquo;Seducer, or False Prophet,&rsquo; is holding
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page104" id="page104"></a>104</span>
+forth to people in the open air; and the reader is instructed
+as to the difference between true ministers and false teachers.</p>
+
+<p>Amongst the numerous executions that took place about
+the beginning of the Civil War, some of the sufferers
+belonged to the Roman Catholic Religion, and went to the
+gallows for conscience sake. In 1643 a certain Father Bell,
+a Romish priest, was hanged; and a few days after the
+execution a pamphlet was published, entitled &lsquo;<i>The Confession,
+Obstinacy, and Ignorance of Father Bell, a Romish Priest,
+wherein is declared the manner of his Tryall, Condemnation,
+and Execution on Munday December 11, 1643</i>.&rsquo; There is a
+woodcut of the execution of Father Bell, and an account of
+his behaviour on the occasion, his speech at the gallows, and
+his disputatious conversation with the Sheriff.</p>
+
+<p>Though many persons were put to death for witchcraft
+during the Long Parliament, I have met with no illustrated
+record of any such event. Matthew Hopkins was &lsquo;witch-finder
+general&rsquo; at this time, and he had a flourishing trade. He had
+a regular system for finding out witches; but it appears that
+it must have been called in question, for the objections to
+his system and his answers thereto were delivered to the
+Judges of Assize for the County of Norfolk in 1647. A
+pamphlet of that date contains a full account of Hopkins&rsquo;s
+rules for finding witches, and it is illustrated with a woodcut
+representing the interior of a house, with the witch-finder,
+two witches seated, and surrounded by their imps in the
+shapes of animals.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Welsh Post</i> of 1643 is a curious illustrated pamphlet
+which relates the news of the Civil War in language such
+as was supposed to be used by a Welshman speaking
+English. It begins thus:&mdash;&lsquo;Whereas there hath beene
+many Tiurnals and Passages, the truth whereof hath beene
+much suspected, so tat her doth not be certaine to heare the
+true report of her pretherns proceeding; her hath terefore
+chosen to herselfe a fery true Printer (tat do scorne to
+print lie) to print a weekly Tiurnall for her dear Countryman
+of Whales to understand te fery truth marke you me tat
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page105" id="page105"></a>105</span>
+now, for ferily her will not lye truly, but tell her te pare
+naked truth.&rsquo; The news from Oxford is that &lsquo;te kings forces
+are fery weake there, and that the Countrey are fery glad of
+it, because of teir intolerable trouble and charge.&rsquo; There is
+also news from Northamptonshire, Cheshire, Gloucester, Plymouth,
+Yorkshire, &amp;c, all related in the same language.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:501px; height:630px" src="images/img118.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">HOPKINS, THE WITCHFINDER, 1647.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p><i>The Welsh Plunderer</i> is another pamphlet, with a woodcut
+of a Cavalier, which is probably intended for Prince
+Rupert. It contains a rambling protestation from &lsquo;Shinkin&rsquo;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page106" id="page106"></a>106</span>
+of his loyalty, and states what he will do in case Prince
+Rupert should visit Wales.</p>
+
+<p>William Lilly, the Astrologer, found a rich field for the
+exercise of his gifts during the progress of the Civil War.
+He was employed by both Royalists and Roundheads; and
+it is said he was even consulted by the King about signing
+the propositions of the Parliament. His advice was also
+sought respecting the King&rsquo;s projected escape from Carisbrook
+Castle. He kept his name before the public by
+publishing various almanacs and tracts, in one of which,
+<i>The Starry Messenger</i>, 1645, he gives an account of a strange
+apparition of three suns seen in London on the King&rsquo;s
+birthday. This is preceded by a long list of similar appearances,
+from the time of Christ to his own time, and the
+remarkable events which followed. In high-flown language,
+mixed with the jargon of astrology he vaguely hints at
+great events impending:&mdash;&lsquo;I am clearly of opinion, These
+Sights, as well as many others, were caused by those
+tutelary Angels, who, by Gods permission, and under him,
+have the Government of the English Commonwealth.
+They are sensible of those many impending Miseries now
+too plentifully amongst us. Their conference with man
+now, as in the days of old, very few attain unto, it being a
+blessing sought after by many, attained unto by few: And
+yet there are some of opinion there lives in the world some,
+and of those some, a small Party in England, that know
+more than they utter, and either by Vision, or verball
+Colloquie, have the knowledge of future events, yea, even
+from the blessed Angels:&rsquo;&mdash;which is as much as to say, I,
+William Lilly, am one of the favoured few! Come to me
+and I will teach you wisdom&mdash;I will unfold to you the
+mysterious future! The tract is illustrated with a woodcut;
+and a later tract published by Lilly contains an engraving
+of the three suns, together with a further exposition of his
+views on the subject:&mdash;&lsquo;God many waves in these last times
+(though not by prophecy) yet discovers and signifies his
+intentions unto us, and especially in and at those times when
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page107" id="page107"></a>107</span>
+his heavy judgments are imminent upon us; witnesse the
+many and frequent Appearances of severall Prodigies seen
+in this Kingdom of England within these four or five years,
+the like whereof for number are not recorded in any, either
+ancient or modern History, so that I might weary the reader,
+should I but mention the severall Letters which from sundry
+parts of this Kingdom have come to my hands, some mentioning
+strange sights in the ayre; others men fighting
+therein; others Guns shooting; others relating of three
+moons; others the apparition of two suns; some sending me
+letters, and including therein some part of that Corn which
+was rained down from heaven, &amp;c. I forbear all further
+discourse hereof, assuring the kingdom, these Prodigies are
+the Premonitions, and assumed infallible Messengers of
+Gods wrath against the whole Kingdom, for our wicked
+transgressions, &amp;c. God give us peace and grace to repent.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:494px" src="images/img120.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THREE SUNS SEEN IN LONDON ON THE KING&rsquo;S BIRTHDAY, 1648.</td></tr></table>
+
+<div class="center art1"><img style="width:150px; height:35px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img001.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page108" id="page108"></a>108</span></p>
+
+<p class="chap2 center">CHAPTER IV.</p>
+
+<div class="condensed">
+<p class="mind">The Civil War&mdash;Flying Sheets of News&mdash;Disturbance at Kingston-on-Thames&mdash;Plot
+against London&mdash;Riotous Proceedings at York, and
+Conspiracy in Edinburgh&mdash;The House of Commons&mdash;The Royal
+Standard raised at Nottingham&mdash;Battle of Edgehill&mdash;Prince Rupert&mdash;The
+Lord Mayor of London&mdash;<i>Mercurius Civicus</i>&mdash;<i>The Scottish
+Dove</i>&mdash;<i>The Flying Post</i>&mdash;<i>The Kingdomes Weekly Post</i>&mdash;Cruelties of
+the Cavaliers&mdash;The &lsquo;Levellers&rsquo;&mdash;The King&rsquo;s Escape from Oxford&mdash;Funeral
+of the Earl of Essex&mdash;The Great Seal Broken&mdash;Fairfax&mdash;Cromwell&mdash;Sea
+Fight in the Channel&mdash;The Prince of Wales&rsquo;s Squadron&mdash;Mutiny
+at Norwich&mdash;Siege of Colchester&mdash;Execution of Sir
+Charles Lucas&mdash;The King at Carisbrooke Castle&mdash;Execution of the
+King&mdash;Confession of Richard Brandon.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="sc chap1">The</span> discontent which had been growing for so many years,
+and which had been strengthened and inflamed by the acts
+of Charles I. and his advisers in violating the principles of
+the Constitution, had now arrived at the point of rebellion.
+At the commencement of the Civil War the excitement was
+increased and sustained by the publication of flying sheets of
+news. Although the practice of publishing regular periodical
+papers had commenced, numerous fugitive tracts and
+pamphlets continued to be printed relating to particular
+events. Some of these papers were illustrated with woodcuts
+evidently executed on the spur of the moment, while
+others appear to have been taken from other sources and
+adapted to the occasion. An example of this latter kind
+occurs in a tract of 1642, which strikingly illustrates the
+state of the times:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;<i>A true Relation of the late Hurleyburly at Kingston upon
+Thames on Wednesday the 12th of January caused by Collonell
+Lundsford and the rest of his company, and the Towne fearing
+they would rise up in Rebellion, one cam speedily to declare it at</i>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page109" id="page109"></a>109</span>
+London, <i>upon which the Traine Band were raised and caused to
+watch all night for the safety of the City.</i>&rsquo; On the title-page is
+a woodcut of an officer and a soldier, which, however, was
+evidently not executed for this special occasion, the officer
+being in the costume of the preceding reign. A facsimile of
+it is subjoined. The tract describes the commotion made in
+Kingston by the appearance of Colonel Lundsford and three
+hundred troopers, who, &lsquo;about the middle of the Towne, went
+in to drink, and continued there part of that day, swaggering,
+and swearing blasphemous Oathes (which filled the
+Towne with feares) and some amongst the rest, to frighten
+the Towne, swore bitter Oathes that they should see bloody
+times ere long.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:591px" src="images/img122.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">HURLEYBURLEY AT KINGSTON-ON-THAMES, 1642.</td></tr></table>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:381px; height:630px" src="images/img123.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">CAPTAIN VAUL, THAT CRUEL TYRANT, 1642.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>A tract of the same date refers to a reported conspiracy
+of the same Colonel Lundsford:&mdash;&lsquo;<i>A terrible plot against
+London and Westminster discovered, showing how Colonell Lunsford
+the Papist, that should have bin Lieutenant in the Tower,
+should in a Conspiracy among the Jesuits and other Papists</i>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page110" id="page110"></a>110</span>
+<i>have blowne up the City of London, placing the pieces of Ordinance
+against it. Also how the papists with their forces should
+have risen against Westminster, and burnt downe the parliament
+house. Likewise how by this Conspiracy the Arch-bishop of</i>
+Canterbury <i>should have been transported into France, and how
+Bishop Wren with many other Bishops and popish Doctors
+should have bin conducted with him thither, where Canterbury
+should have bin Sainted, and Wren made Cardinall. With an
+exact Relation of the chiefe Cause of the Apprentices rising in
+Armes to defend the City of London from their treachery, Describing
+most succinctly the singular mercy of God towards us in
+defending this Kingdome from the manifold Plots of the Papists</i>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page111" id="page111"></a>111</span>
+<i>and their Treacherous Conspiracies.</i>&rsquo; On the last page is a
+woodcut of a Cavalier in a hat and feathers, entitled &lsquo;Captaine
+Vaul that cruell Tyrant.&rsquo; As there is no mention of this
+person in the pamphlet it was perhaps a well-known nickname
+of Colonel Lundsford. I annex a copy of this cut.
+The same cut appears in a tract entitled &lsquo;<i>Terrible Newes from
+York</i>,&rsquo; detailing certain riotous proceedings in that city, where
+it is given as &lsquo;Mr. Holk, chief Agent in the uproar.&rsquo; Its
+first appearance, however, is in an account of a &lsquo;<i>Bloody Conspiracy
+at Edinburgh</i>;&rsquo; and, from its frequent use, this rough
+woodcut must have been regarded as a good, bold representation
+of a truculent soldier, suitable for the times.</p>
+
+<p>While the King and the House of Commons were contending
+for the upper hand there was published &lsquo;<i>A Perfect
+Diurnall of the Passages in Parliament</i>,&rsquo; illustrated with a
+woodcut of the House of Commons, with Mr. Speaker in the
+chair. This is used as a heading to several numbers of the
+same <i>Diurnall</i>, and sundry varieties of it are printed as headings
+to other reports of Parliament. This old woodcut has
+been often copied, but my examples of illustrated journalism
+would not be complete unless I introduced it here.</p>
+
+<p>The printing-presses that are said to have been carried
+by both armies during the Civil War must have been used
+solely for the printing of Proclamations, General Orders, and
+suchlike documents. It seems to be an ascertained fact that
+Cromwell&rsquo;s soldiers set up a printing-press in Scotland, and
+printed a newspaper; but it is not so certain that the armies
+of Charles I. and of the Parliament issued printed &lsquo;news&rsquo;
+from whatever town they chanced to occupy at the time. It
+does not follow that because a tract is entitled <i>News from
+Hull</i> it was actually printed at that place. On the contrary,
+I have found nearly all the tracts I have examined bear
+the imprints of London printers. <i>The News from the North,
+The Last printed News from Chichester</i>, &amp;c., were all sent up
+to London, and there printed and published.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:434px" src="images/img125.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, 1642.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>In the words of Hume, &lsquo;The open signal of discord and
+civil war throughout the kingdom&rsquo; was made at Nottingham
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page112" id="page112"></a>112<br />113</span>
+on August 22, 1642, when the King erected his Royal standard
+and appealed to the loyalty of his subjects to support his
+authority by arms. Historians differ as to the precise day
+when this formal declaration of hostilities took place. Clarendon
+and Hume both fix it on the <i>25th</i> of August, while
+Rushworth gives the <i>22nd</i> as the date. The latter view is
+confirmed by a contemporary pamphlet, which gives an account
+of the raising of the Standard, and is illustrated with a
+woodcut representing the event. This pamphlet was written
+in the interest of the Parliament and against the King&rsquo;s
+party; but his Majesty is referred to in the most respectful
+language, as is generally the case in the pamphlets of the
+time. At the beginning of the struggle frequent hopes were
+expressed that the King would consent to be guided by the
+Parliament, while his Cavalier adherents were represented as
+his real enemies. The pamphlet referred to has the following
+title:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;<i>A true and exact Relation of the manner of his Majesties
+setting up of His Standard at</i> Nottingham <i>on Munday the 22 of
+August, 1642</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;<i>First, the forme of the Standard, as it is here figured, and
+who were present at the advancing of it.</i></p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;<i>Secondly, the danger of setting up of former standards, and
+the damage which ensued thereon.</i></p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;<i>Thirdly, a relation of all the Standards that ever were set up
+by any King.</i></p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;<i>Fourthly, the names of those knights who are appointed to be
+the King&rsquo;s Standard-bearers, with the forces that are appointed
+to guard it.</i></p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;<i>Fifthly, the manner of the Kings comming first to Coventry.</i></p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;<i>Sixthly, the Cavalieres resolution and dangerous threats which
+they have uttered, if the King concludes a peace without them, or
+hearkens unto his great Councill the Parliament; moreover how
+they have shared and divided London amongst themselves already.
+London, printed for T. Coles, 1642.</i>&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:553px" src="images/img127.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">RAISING THE ROYAL STANDARD AT NOTTINGHAM, 1642.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The account of this interesting historical event is given
+in these words: &lsquo;Munday being the 22 of August in the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page114" id="page114"></a>114<br />115</span>
+morning, his Majesty left his forces before Coventry, and
+with some Lords and others in company rode to Leicester,
+where he dined that day at the Abbey House, the Countesse of
+Devonshire&rsquo;s house; however, so many printed intelligences
+doe falsely, though with much confidence aver (much like
+their other relations) that the king was with his Army in
+the field, at the time of the battell between them and the
+Lord Brookes forces, which was not untill the day following.
+Presently after dinner the King againe tooke horse, and with
+his company rode to Nottingham, where was great preparation
+for the setting up of the Standard that day as was
+formerly appointed. Not long after the Kings coming to
+towne, the Standard was taken out of the Castle, and carried
+into the field a little on the back side of the Castle wall.
+The likenesse of the Standard it is much of the fashion of the
+City Streamers used at the Lord Mayor&rsquo;s Show, having about
+20 supporters, and is to be carried after the same way; on
+the top of it hangs a bloody flag, the Kings Armes quartered,
+with a hand pointing to the Crowne which stands above with
+this Motto: <i>Give Cæsar his due</i>. The names of those Knights
+Baronets who were appointed to beare the Standard, viz.
+The chiefe was Sir <i>Thomas Brookes</i>, Sir <i>Arthur Hopton</i>, Sir
+<i>Francis Wortley</i>, and Sir <i>Robert Darlington</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Likewise there was three troop of Horse appointed to
+waite upon the Standard, and to beare the same backwards
+and forwards with about sixe hundred foot Souldiers. It
+was conducted to the field in great state, his Majesty, the
+Prince, Prince <i>Robert</i> (whom his Majesty hath lately made a
+Knight of the Garter), going along with divers other Lords
+and Gentlemen of his Majesties traine, beside great company
+of Horse and Foot, in all to the number of about two thousand,
+who came more to see the manner of the thing than any waie
+to offer assistance to his Majesty, as did afterwards evidently
+appear, for that upon the taking downe of the Standard, there
+were not above thirty of the trained bands that offered to
+come in to his Majesty, which, because their numbers were
+so inconsiderable his Majesty refused to accept of.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page116" id="page116"></a>116</span></p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;So soon as the Standard was set up, and his Majesty
+and the other Lords placed about it, a Herauld at Armes
+made ready to proclaim a Proclamation declaring the
+Ground and Cause of his Majesties setting up his Standard
+namely to suppress the pretended Rebellion of the
+Earle of Essex in raysing forces against him, to which he
+required the aid and assistance of all his loving subjects.
+But before the Trumpeters could sound to make Proclamation
+his Majesty called to view the said Proclamation; which
+being given him he privately read the same over to himselfe,
+and seeming to dislike some passages therein called for
+Penne and Inke, and with his owne hand crossed out and
+altered the same in diverse places, (a thing well worthy the
+noting) and then gave it the Herauld, who proclaymed the
+same to the people, though with some difficulty after his
+Majesties corrections; after the reading whereof, the whole
+multitude threw up their hats, with other suchlike expressions,
+<i>God Save the King</i>. Not long after the reading of the
+said Proclamation, it being towards night, the Standard was
+taken downe, and again carried into the castle, with the like
+state as it was brought into the field. And the next day it was
+again set up, and his Majesty came along with it, and made
+proclamation as the day before, and the like also was done on
+Wednesday, his Majesty being also present. But since that
+it hath been set up with lesse ceremony, there being not a
+hundred persons as are yet heard of that have offered themselves
+to his Majesty since the first setting up of his Standard.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Since which time his gracious Majesty hath pleased to
+send some propositions to both Houses of Parliament; and
+hath employed the Earle of Dorset, the Earle of Southampton,
+and Sir John Culpeper, and Sir William Uvedall to deliver
+his Majesties minde to the honourable Houses of Parliament
+for a fair Treaty and accommodation of Peace, and that all
+differences and mistakes might be ended, and all hostile
+manner of warre to cease in our Land and that it might be
+sent over to Ireland upon which report the Cavaliers which
+are about the Country are very desperate to heare that his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page117" id="page117"></a>117</span>
+Majesty will hearken to an accommodation of peace, or to
+apply or comply with his Parliament; telling his Majesty
+that it is dishonourable to stoop to his Subjects, and if his
+Majesty doth, they will either hang themselves, or kill and
+murther themselves, and doth vow private revenge to this
+Kingdome, if they do now misse of their hopes and enterprises,
+for they say they are sure to overcome us whom they
+called Roundheads, and call our Souldiers nothing else but a
+company of Shrove-Tuesday boyes, and idle headed prentices,
+who run away from their Masters under pretence of having
+this opportunity to get liberty from their hard service and
+cruelty. It is truly reported that the Cavaliers are all desperately
+bent against the City of London, and the inhabitants;
+they have already within themselves shared and divided it;
+some have allotted to themselves Gracious Street, others
+Lumbard Street, then others have shared Cheapside, and
+Pauls Church-yard, others do determine to seize upon the
+rich Aldermens houses and Persons, others to whom they
+owe or are indebted to by bond, or bill, or book, doe resolve
+when they come into the City to seize upon those persons
+first, to whom they are indebted, and to cut their throats,
+and then to seize upon Usurer or others, and to cut his
+throat for that money, so say they, we shall be both at once
+out of debt and have money to boot; these are the resolutions
+of the Cavaliers who doth but looke for such an advantage,
+so full of cruelty and malice they are, which God in
+his infinite and blessed mercy protect both our King and
+Kingdome from; and that their own swords may returne
+into their own bosoms that wish and long for such a day.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Then follows a notification from both Houses of Parliament
+that none shall proclaim the setting up of the King&rsquo;s
+Standard; and whoever shall suffer loss or damage through
+the Cavaliers shall receive reparation.</p>
+
+<p>According to Clarendon, the Royal Standard was set up
+under the most ill-omened and depressing circumstances:
+&lsquo;There was not one regiment of foot yet brought hither, so
+that the train-bands which the sheriff had drawn together
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page118" id="page118"></a>118</span>
+were all the strength the King had for his person and the
+guard of the Standard. There appeared no conflux of men
+in obedience to the proclamation; the arms and ammunition
+were not yet come from York, and a general sadness covered
+the whole town. The Standard was blown down the same
+night it had been set up, by a very strong and unruly wind,
+and could not be fixed again in a day or two, till the tempest
+was allayed. This was the melancholy state of the King&rsquo;s
+affairs when the Standard was set up.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:578px; height:630px" src="images/img131.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">PRINCE RUPERT, GENERAL OF THE KING&rsquo;S HORSE, 1643.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Soon after the King had unfurled his Standard at Nottingham
+the battle of Edgehill was fought, and an illustrated
+tract relates how the inhabitants of Kenton, a village near
+the battle-field, were disturbed at night by strange noises and
+the appearance of apparitions after the battle. The name of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page119" id="page119"></a>119</span>
+Prince Rupert begins to appear in the narratives of events,
+and his portrait frequently occurs in the illustrated sheets of
+this period. This dashing and impetuous Cavalier, whose
+rash courage excited the admiration of the Royalists, was
+regarded by the Roundheads as a cruel and bloodthirsty
+enemy, and he was often denounced by the Puritan preachers.
+In 1643 there was a pamphlet published called &lsquo;<i>The Bloody
+Prince; or, a Declaration of the Most Cruell Practises of Prince
+Rupert and the rest of the Cavaliers in fighting against God
+and the true Ministers of his Church</i>.&rsquo; Facing the title is a
+woodcut representing Prince Rupert on his charger, with the
+towns of Birmingham and Daventry in the background, both
+of which places were the scenes of conflict during the war,
+the former having been taken, partially burnt, and a heavy
+fine inflicted on the inhabitants by Prince Rupert.</p>
+
+<p>The City of London having taken the side of the Parliament,
+was naturally inclined to honour its chief magistrate
+when he was found to be an active and energetic promoter of
+its views. Isaac Pennington was Lord Mayor in 1643, and
+his portrait was published in a laudatory pamphlet, entitled
+&lsquo;<i>A True Declaration, and just Commendation of the great and
+incomparable care of the Right Honourable Isaac Pennington</i>.&rsquo;
+His Lordship is styled the Atlas of the city, bearing the
+weight and management of all civil affairs on his shoulders,
+and he is much commended for his great care in superintending
+the building of the fortifications round London
+under the direction of the Parliament. &lsquo;And herein,&rsquo; says
+the writer, &lsquo;your honour hath shewed yourselfe an excellent
+Magistrate complying with the Parliament in all matters
+that concerne the publicke administration of the Commonweale;
+so that you have lookt upon the present state of this
+Citie and Religion with the cleare eye of justice; you have
+heard of the great pressures which the country hath endured
+by the cruelty of the Cavaliers; you have to the discouragement
+of malignants on the shoulders of fortitude, bore and
+suffered their false aspersions.... Your Honour hath in
+your present Magistracie walked uprightly, having clean and
+pure hands; nay, strong hands; for your Honour hath been the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page120" id="page120"></a>120</span>
+chiefest raiser and promoter of the workes and fortifications
+round about the Citie of London: you saw the times were
+dangerous, and that the King&rsquo;s Cavaliers gaped after nothing
+more than to get London, and make it a prey to the supplying
+of their necessities.&rsquo; I have copied the portrait of the
+man who was thus distinguished by his fellow-citizens, not
+merely as an example of illustrated news, but as showing
+what a Lord Mayor of London looked like in Charles I.&rsquo;s
+time.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:573px; height:630px" src="images/img133.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">ISAAC PENNINGTON, LORD MAYOR OF LONDON, 1643.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>It was in the City of London, and during the second
+year of the Civil War, that the first illustrated newspaper
+came into existence. <i>The Weekly News</i> had attempted on
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page121" id="page121"></a>121</span>
+only one occasion to illustrate the news of the day, but the
+<i>Mercurius Civicus</i> frequently gave illustrations, and it is
+therefore entitled to be ranked as the first illustrated newspaper.
+It is true that most of the engravings it contains
+are portraits, and sometimes the same woodcut is used to
+represent more than one person. Besides portraits of the
+King and Queen, there are portraits of the chief generals
+and commanders engaged in the war. There are Prince
+Rupert, the Lord General, Sir Thomas Fairfax, the Marquis
+of Huntley, Sir Edward Deering, General Lesley, Lord
+Inchiquin, Lord Digby, Sir W. Waller, the Earl of
+Warwick, and others. &lsquo;<i>The Mercurius Civicus, London&rsquo;s
+Intelligencer, or Truth impartially related from thence to the
+whole kingdom, to prevent misinformation, from Thursday July
+13 to Thursday July 20, 1643</i>,&rsquo; is the full title of No. 8; and
+it is curious to notice how nearly a portion of the title&mdash;<i>London&rsquo;s
+Intelligencer</i>&mdash;corresponds to the <i>London News</i>. It
+was a peculiar feature of the early newspapers that they
+were announced as being published &lsquo;to prevent misinformation,&rsquo;
+or for the &lsquo;correction of false reports&rsquo;&mdash;not so much
+for the diffusion of truth as for the correction of falsehood.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:358px" src="images/img134.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">CHARLES I. AND HIS QUEEN, FROM &lsquo;MERCURIUS CIVICUS,&rsquo; 1643.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>On the front page of Number 8 of the <i>Mercurius Civicus</i>
+are small portraits of Charles I. and his Queen, engraved on
+wood. Over the woodcut is a sort of table of contents,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page122" id="page122"></a>122</span>
+thus:&mdash;&lsquo;The King and Queen conjoyned, the Kentish news
+related, our Forces are united, A publique Fast appointed.&rsquo;
+On the preceding page is given a facsimile of the cut of
+the King and Queen.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:462px; height:550px" src="images/img135.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">WEAPON CALLED A ROUNDHEAD, FROM &lsquo;MERCURIUS CIVICUS,&rsquo; 1643.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Similar portraits occur in other numbers, as well as
+several ornamental letters; but there is in Number 11 a
+very interesting illustration of the news of the hour. It is a
+woodcut of a weapon said to be intended for use against the
+Roundheads, and the following account is given of it:&mdash;&lsquo;In
+the Danish Ship lately taken by the Earle of Warwicke,
+near Newcastle, were found Armes compleat for 5000 foot
+and for 500 horse, 500 barrels of Gunpowder, Great store of
+Match and Lead, beside a thousand of those weapons which
+the Papists call Round-heads, for that with them they
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page123" id="page123"></a>123</span>
+intended to bring the Round-heads into subjection. Many
+such weapons were long since found in divers Papists&rsquo; houses
+in Lancashire; it is a weapon with an ovall or round top,
+stuck full of iron spikes. The forme whereof for better
+satisfaction is here set downe.&rsquo; Then follows a representation
+of the weapon, of which a facsimile is given on the opposite
+page. The same cut is reprinted in other numbers.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:431px; height:550px" src="images/img136.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">PORTRAIT OF PRINCE RUPERT, FROM &lsquo;MERCURIUS CIVICUS,&rsquo; 1644.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>In another number it is related that &lsquo;the Manchestrians
+have lately taken from severall Papists in that County many
+desperate weapons which they call Round-heads.&rsquo; No. 22
+has a portrait of a Cavalier in hat and feather, intended
+probably for Prince Maurice, as there is in the body of the
+number an allusion to a report of his death. In No. 42 there
+is a portrait of Prince Rupert and the following summary on
+the title-page:&mdash;&lsquo;Prince Rupert&rsquo;s forces routed near Stratford-on-Avon.
+Generall King&rsquo;s Army dispersed by the
+Scots. Himselfe wounded and fled to Yorke. Banbury
+Castle besieged by Colonell Cromwell.&rsquo; I give a copy of
+Prince Rupert&rsquo;s portrait, which is made to do duty for the
+Marquis of Newcastle in another number. This practice of
+making the same woodcut pass for the portraits of different
+individuals savours somewhat of impudence on the part of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page124" id="page124"></a>124</span>
+the editor, and shows a cool reliance on the good nature or
+the obtuseness of his readers.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:600px; height:477px" src="images/img137.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE OXFORD JUNTA IN COUNCIL, FROM &lsquo;MERCURIUS CIVICUS,&rsquo; 1644.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>In the number of the <i>Mercurius Civicus</i> for April 11,
+1644, there is a curious woodcut representing the &lsquo;Oxford
+Junta in Council,&rsquo; with the following paragraph referring to
+it:&mdash;&lsquo;The news from his Excellencies generall Roundezvous
+at Ailsbury on Good-Fryday next, will no doubt cause the
+Oxonian Papists to whip themselves before the time, and to
+make the Oxford Junto to recall their late votes.&rsquo; The lady
+and gentleman in the balcony were probably intended for
+the King and Queen. There is more variety in this number
+of <i>Mercurius Civicus</i> than in any I have seen. In the war
+news there is the taking of Waltam House, in Hampshire;
+the taking of numerous men and horses at Christ-church,
+in Dorsetshire; then comes a paragraph stating that
+&lsquo;On Munday last, April 8, there were ten men and two
+women executed at Tyburne for the severall offences for
+which they were condemned the last weeke at the Sessions
+in the Old Bayley.&rsquo; Mention is made of a fight between the
+Scots Army and the Marquis of Newcastle&rsquo;s forces near
+Hilton; the gathering of the King&rsquo;s forces in the neighbourhood
+of Marlborough, and an announcement that the Parliament
+intend to draw all their forces together, and, if possible,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page125" id="page125"></a>125</span>
+by fighting a decisive action &lsquo;to put a speedy end to these
+miserable distractions.&rsquo; The trial of Archbishop Laud was
+at this time going on, and reference is made to his appearance
+before the House of Peers. Two Welshmen were taken into
+custody for talking in Welsh, while they were crossing the
+river from Westminster to Southwark, about firing the city
+in several places, they not knowing that the waterman
+understood their language. It is stated that a solemn day of
+thanksgiving had been observed in London for the victory
+obtained over Sir Ralph Hopton&rsquo;s forces, and an ordinance
+was read in the churches exhorting the citizens to contribute
+all their strength to bring the contest to a final issue. There
+is also some account of recent fires in the city, which are
+attributed to the treachery of Cavaliers and Malignants.
+&lsquo;But,&rsquo; says the writer, &lsquo;which way soever these sad accidents
+are brought to passe, they may afford the whole City this
+caution: that if the firing of some few houses be so dreadful
+and fearfull, as I am sure this appeared to those that beheld
+them, notwithstanding they had all means convenient to
+quench them, and the multitude being industrious to set
+their hands to the worke: O how terrible would it be to see
+your houses set on fire by the enemy, and the cruell
+souldiers, instead of bringing buckets of water, should stand
+with their drawne swords threatening the death of those that
+should offer to quench the flame? Poore Ireland can give
+ample testimony of this.&rsquo; From Yorkshire there is news that
+Fairfax had taken Cawood Castle; from Banbury that the
+Royalist garrison was withdrawn from that place, and &lsquo;that
+the Carriers of Banbury and Southam were robbed the last
+weeke neere Tossiter in Northamptonshire by divers of the
+Cavaliers Forces.&rsquo; In the number for April 25, 1644, there
+is a figure of the King armed with a sword, and with this
+inscription:&mdash;&lsquo;Fire and sword again menaced by his
+Majesty.&rsquo; During the first years of the Civil War the
+newspapers contained many portraits of the King, some of
+which were carefully engraved on copper.</p>
+
+<p>It is noticeable that the <i>Mercurius Civicus</i> and other
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page126" id="page126"></a>126</span>
+papers published during the Civil War were in the habit of
+including on their title-pages a summary of the contents of
+the number. Sometimes it was put in the form of rhyme, as&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr">
+<p>&lsquo;Tewkesbury is taken</p>
+<p class="i05">Yorke walls are well shaken.&rsquo;</p>
+</div> </td></tr></table>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:576px" src="images/img139.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">HEADING TO THE &lsquo;SCOTTISH DOVE,&rsquo; 1644.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The <i>Scottish Dove</i> frequently indulged in these rhyming
+summaries. On the title-page of Number 39 for July 13,
+1644, the following lines are printed:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr">
+<p>&lsquo;Rupert and Newcastle wholly Routed</p>
+<p class="i05">Rupert and Newcastle&rsquo;s jarres undoubted;</p>
+<p class="i05">Newcastle fled to Sea, Rupert to the King,</p>
+<p class="i05">Give God the Glory heavenly praises sing.</p>
+<p class="i05">A day of thankes the parliament hath set,</p>
+<p class="i05">Lord Gray with some of Hasting&rsquo;s troops hath met.</p>
+<p class="i05">From Oswestree Middleton the siege did raise</p>
+<p class="i05">And Barnstaples defence, doth Essex praise;</p>
+<p class="i05">The Queen Pendennis Castle liketh best.</p>
+<p class="i05">The King uncertain where to take his rest.&rsquo;</p>
+</div> </td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page127" id="page127"></a>127</span></p>
+
+<p>The <i>Scottish Dove</i> was a small quarto numbered and paged
+consecutively like the <i>Mercurius Civicus</i>. On the front page
+of every number was printed a woodcut of a dove bearing an
+olive-branch in its mouth, and at the side of the woodcut
+was usually printed the rhyming summary. I annex a
+facsimile of this heading.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the journals of this period showed their hankering
+after illustrations by occasionally indulging in an
+initial letter, if they could do nothing more. The animosities
+of party often caused them to forget their original
+purpose of spreading true intelligence, and they were quite
+as ready to apply the lash to each other as to chastise public
+wrongdoers or &lsquo;correct false reports.&rsquo; At this time first
+appeared the familiar newspaper heading of the man on
+horseback blowing a horn. It was on the front page of
+the <i>Flying Post</i>, the first number of which was published
+on May 10, 1644. The full title was &lsquo;<i>The Flying Post, conveying
+Weekly Packets to all Forraigne Nations, of the Proceedings
+of both Houses of Parliament and the Armies in Great
+Brittain</i>,&rsquo; and it was &lsquo;published for the cleere satisfaction of
+all Forraigners and others who desire Certain, and Weekly
+Information.&rsquo; The introduction is as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Gentlemen,&mdash;The too many errours committed of late
+time, by the irregularitie of the Presse (which since by the
+wisdome of the Parliament, is in a great measure suppressed),
+which did run Weekly in severall channels to the
+greatest part of Europe in great dishonour to our English
+Nation; Have enforced this my Flying Post never to make
+stay, till it had intimated the same unto you, and fully
+vindicated this my Native Kingdome, by publishing a
+certain Weekly Intelligence of all Proceedings of our
+honourable Parliament and unhappy wars of this Kingdome;
+wherein (though a well wisher to his Excellencie the Earle
+of Essex, and the Proceedings of Parliament) I shall write
+with the greatest indifference, truth, and modestie, as shall
+satisfie the impartiallest that reades me; attributing to the
+Enemy no otherwise than Truth will warrant it, be it to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page128" id="page128"></a>128</span>
+their honour or shame according to their demerit. Therefore
+give me leave to beg your credence beyond Sea and
+elsewhere, as you find me.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Flying Post</i> gives intelligence from York, then
+besieged by the Scots; from Hull, Newark, and Mansfield;
+some notes of the proceedings in Parliament, respecting
+which the journalist says cautiously:&mdash;&lsquo;As for our proceedings
+in Parliament, I shall be very cautious and tender in
+divulging them.&rsquo; It was &lsquo;Published according to order,&rsquo;
+and printed at London for Bernard Alsop, 1644.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:450px" src="images/img141.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">HEADING TO THE &lsquo;KINGDOMES WEEKLY POST,&rsquo; 1644.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The <i>Klngdomes Weekly Post</i> had the same heading, which
+is here copied.</p>
+
+<p>In a tract entitled &lsquo;<i>Strange true and lamentable news from
+Exeter and other parts of the Western Countreys</i>&rsquo; there is a
+woodcut of a woman on her knees praying for mercy. The
+pamphlet relates the cruelties inflicted by the Cavaliers on
+the inhabitants of Exeter, Bristol, and other towns. Prince
+Maurice is charged with breaking the articles of agreement
+made with the city of Exeter, and both he and Prince
+Rupert are likened to &lsquo;Tigers or Savage Beares.&rsquo; It is
+stated that in the city of Exeter &lsquo;the rude Souldiers would
+not forbeare upon the least discontent given to them to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page129" id="page129"></a>129</span>
+draw their Rapiers upon the Citizens, and wound them,
+but especially when they are in their cups, they swagger,
+roare, sweare, and domineere, plundering, pillaging, or
+doing any other kind of wrong; to break shops and
+houses they count as nothing, taking away Boots, Shoes,
+Stockings, Hats, or any other commodities they can lay
+their hands on, and no Justice dares to resist them, and by
+this means the City is in such a miserable condition that
+they are even terrified to the death.&rsquo; At Cirencester,
+having entered the town by force, they slew all the men
+who opposed them, took the unresisting inhabitants prisoners,
+and pillaged the town. At Bristol &lsquo;They went into
+some Cellars, where was plenty of wine and beere, drank
+what their gormandising guts would hold, and let the rest
+run about the house, with many other antique tricks that
+they used, which I cannot omit to speak of; moreover, they
+breake the Covenant which was made in every respect the
+very first hour that they entered the city, and fell to plundering,
+pillaging, robbing, stealing, cutting and slashing, as
+if they had never been brought up to any other practice.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:650px; height:486px" src="images/img142.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">STRANGE NEWS FROM EXETER, 1643.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page130" id="page130"></a>130</span></p>
+
+<p>In an account of the defence of Plymouth against the
+Royalists there is a very elaborate map showing the fortifications
+of the town, &lsquo;with the workes and approaches of the
+enemy at the last siege.&rsquo; The account of the siege is very
+long, but the following passage may be quoted:&mdash;&lsquo;One remarkable
+passage of God&rsquo;s providence to us we must with all
+thankfulnesse remember and acknowledge, that after the
+Towne had been a long time strictly beseiged and no fresh
+victuall either flesh or fish could be had, whereby the poore
+people were grievously punished, there came in an infinite
+multitude of Pilchards into the Harbour, within the Barbican,
+which the people took up with great ease in baskets,
+which did not only refresh them for the present, but a great
+deal more were taken, preserved, and salted; whereby the poore
+got much money; such a passage hath not happened before.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;We cannot forget the humanity of the good women of
+Plymouth, and their courage in bringing out strong waters,
+and all sorts of provisions in the midst of all our skirmishes
+for refreshing of our souldiers, though many shot through
+the cloathes.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>I have already made the remark that the military atrocities
+of recent times were equalled, if not exceeded, during
+the Civil War in England and Ireland. In a tract of 1644,
+containing various items of news, the following woodcut is
+given as an illustration of recent events. The same woodcut
+is found in another tract entitled &lsquo;<i>Terrible and bloody Newes
+from the disloyall Army in the North</i>:&rsquo;&mdash;&lsquo;The proceedings of
+the Scots and Irish appears more visible and inhumane than
+formerly; their actions are tyrannical, their ways most insufferable,
+and executeth nothing but blood thirstinesse and
+cruelty tending only to utter ruin and desolation; they have
+burned down divers stately buildings in these parts, executed
+some of my Lord Wharton&rsquo;s tenants, and threatens others,
+which causeth the Country to rise and joyn with Lieu. Gen.
+Cromwell, insomuch that there will be a sudden engagement.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>The sect called the &lsquo;Levellers&rsquo; is thus alluded to in the
+same tract:&mdash;&lsquo;Colonel Martin&rsquo;s approach with his Levellers
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page131" id="page131"></a>131</span>
+in these parts hath alarmed the Country and put themselves
+into a posture to receive them, and for preservation of their
+ancient rights and liberties against their new design of levelling,
+who by their strange, politick, and subtill delusions
+have wrought into the hearts of divers people to ingage with
+them, especially among those who are of a desperate fortune,
+and mean condition, the basest and vilest of men resorting to
+them. They rob and plunder exceedingly wheresoever they
+come, saying they will levell all sorts of people, even from
+the highest to the lowest, and that he that hath the most
+shall be equall with him that hath the least.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:650px; height:438px" src="images/img144.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">CRUELTIES OF THE CAVALIERS, 1644.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>In a pamphlet relating to the events of Charles I.&rsquo;s reign
+there are some of the etchings previously noticed, together
+with nine others illustrating the history of the same period.
+They are:&mdash;1. The Court of High Commission and Star
+Chamber. 2. The Execution on Tower Hill of Sir Alexander
+Carew, Sir John Hotham, Captain Hotham, and the Archbishop
+of Canterbury. 3. The King&rsquo;s Escape from Oxford.
+4. The Execution of the Duke of Hamilton, Earl of Cambridge,
+Earl of Holland, and Arthur Lord Capel. 5. The
+Coronation of Charles II. in Scotland, 1650. 6. A Meeting
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page132" id="page132"></a>132</span>
+of Cavaliers. 7. A Seapiece illustrating Charles II.&rsquo;s Escape
+from England after the Battle of Worcester. 8. Reading the
+Act of General Pardon and Oblivion, 1651. 9. The House of
+Commons in Session. The full title of the pamphlet is as
+follows:&mdash;&lsquo;<i>A Brief Review of the most material Parliamentary
+Proceedings of this present Parliament, and their Armies, in
+their civil and Martial Affairs, which Parliament began the third
+of November, 1640, and the remarkable Transactions are continued
+untill the Act of Oblivion February 24, 1652. Published
+as a Breviary, leading all along successively, as they fell out in
+their several years. So that if any man will be informed of any
+remarkable passage, he may turne to the year and so see in some
+measure in what Moneth thereof it was accomplished. And for
+information of such as are altogether ignorant of the rise and
+progress of these times, which things are brought to pass that
+former ages have not heard of and after ages will admire. A
+work worthy to be kept in Record, and communicated to Posterity.
+London: Printed for Tho. Jenner at the South Entrance of the
+Royal Exchange.</i>&rsquo; From the above I have copied the etching
+of the escape of Charles I. from Oxford.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:413px" src="images/img145.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">ESCAPE OF CHARLES I. FROM OXFORD, 1646.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page133" id="page133"></a>133</span></p>
+
+<p>It is stated by Hume that when the King escaped from
+Oxford he was accompanied by two persons only&mdash;Dr. Hudson
+and Mr. Ashburnham&mdash;and that he rode before a portmanteau
+and called himself Ashburnham&rsquo;s servant. The
+engraving scarcely corresponds with this account; but the
+scene represented is evidently outside the city of Oxford, and
+other persons may then have joined the King&rsquo;s party.</p>
+
+<p>The city of Oxford surrendered to the Parliament on
+June 24, 1646, the King having signed a warrant for the
+surrender fourteen days previously. This event is recorded
+in a pamphlet entitled &lsquo;<i>Good Newes from Oxford of the Treaty
+for the Surrender thereof, and how they are packing up to march
+away on Thursday next, June 18, 1646</i>.&rsquo; The &lsquo;march away,&rsquo;
+however, was not accomplished till the 24th. Amongst those
+who left the place were Prince Rupert and Prince Maurice,
+and the King&rsquo;s second son, James, the young Duke of York.
+The illustration to this pamphlet has no relation to the event,
+and was used on other occasions.</p>
+
+<p>The funeral of the Earl of Essex, the Parliamentary
+General, who died in 1646, was made the occasion of a
+great display of pomp and ceremonial magnificence, which
+was duly chronicled and illustrated by the journalists of the
+time. &lsquo;<i>The true manner and forme of the proceeding to the
+Funerall of Devereux, Earl of Essex</i>,&rsquo; contains, besides a
+copperplate portrait of the Earl, numerous woodcuts of
+banners, and the funeral canopy. Several illustrated broadsides
+relating to this event were also published. In looking
+over the old newspapers we are frequently reminded of the
+truth of the saying that &lsquo;history repeats itself.&rsquo; The Duke
+of Wellington&rsquo;s funeral in 1852 was a repetition, on a much
+more splendid scale, of the funeral of the Earl of Essex in
+1646, with such differences as arose from the taste and circumstances
+of the time. Portraits of the Earl of Essex are
+of frequent occurrence in the pamphlets of this period.</p>
+
+<p>In the pamphlet containing the escape of the King from
+Oxford there is an etching of the burning of the Book of
+Sports on the site of Cheapside Cross, which is thus described:&mdash;&lsquo;10
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page134" id="page134"></a>134</span>
+of May the Booke of Sportes upon the Lords
+Day was burned by the Hangman in the place where the
+Crosse stoode and at Exchange.&rsquo; There is also in the same
+pamphlet a representation of breaking the Great Seal:&mdash;&lsquo;The
+Great Seale broken before the Lords and Commons,
+on Tuesday, the 11 of August, 1646.&rsquo; Some authorities say
+the Great Seal was not broken till January, 1649, new style.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:408px" src="images/img147.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE GREAT SEAL BROKEN, 1646.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Sir Thomas Fairfax succeeded the Earl of Essex as commander
+of the Parliamentary army, and had Oliver Cromwell
+for his Lieutenant-General. Though a Presbyterian, he suffered
+himself to become the tool of the Independent party,
+and followed the councils of Cromwell until the Army had
+become master both of the Parliament and of the kingdom.
+All that related to a person of so much importance must
+have had uncommon interest for the popular mind, and
+accordingly we find Sir Thomas Fairfax and his military
+council form the subject of an engraving in a pamphlet of
+1647. It is entitled &lsquo;<i>The manner of His Excellency Sir Thomas
+Fairfax and the officers of his Army sitting in Council</i>.&rsquo; In this
+engraving it will be seen that Fairfax, though farthest
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page135" id="page135"></a>135</span>
+removed from the spectator, is made the largest figure in
+the picture, apparently for the purpose of giving him proper
+importance. Note also the huge pens, and the mysterious
+way in which the foreground figures appear to grow <i>out</i> of
+the benches instead of sitting <i>on</i> them.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:558px; height:610px" src="images/img148.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">SIR THOMAS FAIRFAX AND HIS MILITARY COUNCIL, 1647.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Though Cromwell was at this time the real director of
+the army, and ere long became its acknowledged head, I
+have met with no representation of him in the illustrated
+news of the period. The art of &lsquo;interviewing&rsquo; had not
+then been developed, and the &lsquo;Special Artist&rsquo; did not exist.
+The most enterprising correspondent would probably have
+hesitated to intrude upon that stern and resolute leader of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page136" id="page136"></a>136</span>
+a revolutionary army, if he had no better excuse than to
+describe how he looked and what he said. Fancy the Special
+Artist of the <i>Mercurius Civicus</i>, for instance, sending in his
+card to Oliver Cromwell with a polite request that the
+General would give him five minutes of his valuable time
+for the purpose of making a sketch for the next number of
+his journal! And fancy how the uncomely countenance of
+the <i>ci-devant</i> brewer would redden at the request, and how,
+probably, the unlucky artist would be consigned to the
+custody of the sentinel at the door!</p>
+
+<p>There is not much said about naval matters in the newspaper
+chronicles of the Civil War. The earliest account of
+a sea-fight that I have met with occurs in a pamphlet published
+in 1647. It is illustrated with a woodcut representing
+ships of war in action&mdash;which woodcut, by-the-by, afterwards
+appears in other pamphlets. The narrative is in the form of
+a letter, dated at sea, off Dover, May 4th, 1647; and, as the
+pamphlet is dated May 10th, we have another example of the
+extreme eagerness of the news-writers to supply the public
+with early intelligence. The combatants were not at war,
+and the fight appears to have arisen out of a mere question
+of naval etiquette. The following account is given of the
+transaction:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;A full Relation of a late Sea-Fight, betwixt the Parliament
+Ships and the Queene of Sweathlands, upon the Coast
+of England, neere Portsmouth, May 1.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Sir,</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;On the 2 of this instant moneth, being the Lords day,
+our Commander in chiefe of the Sea Forces, received a packet
+from a small Frigat, that came from the Rear-Admirall who
+had been in Fight the day before with five of the Queen of
+Swethlands ships, which they conveyed, being all laden with
+salt from Tubey in Portingale.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;The reason of the fight was, the Swedish ships wore
+flags, viz., Admirall, Vice-Admirall, and Rear-Admirall, which
+they refused to take in, or to low their top-sales (although
+commanded by Cap. Owen, Capt. of the Parliaments Reare-Admiral
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page137" id="page137"></a>137</span>
+so to do) whereupon the said Capt. Owen gave them
+a broadside, insomuch that divers shots past betweene them,
+and great execution done upon the Switzers, scouring their
+upper decks with small shot severall times. Captain Owen
+lost not above 8 men, besides some few wounded, the fight
+continued sixe hours, til night began to aproach, where the
+Swedish Fleet tooke their opportunity, and got away. But
+so soon as Vice-Admirall Batten<a name="fa1b" id="fa1b" href="#ft1b"><span class="sp">1</span></a> heard of it, he set saile
+with the St. Andrew, Garland, Convertine, and Mary-Rose,
+and stood over for the coast of France in the night; and in
+the morning about 8 of the clock, being the 3 of May near
+Bulloign, he came up with the Admiral of the Swedes ship
+whose names was Martin Tysin, the ship was called the
+Leopard and had 32 guns; the Vice-Admiral Daniel Johnson,
+a lusty stout ship, called the Angel Raphael, and had
+24 guns; the Rear-Admiral the Neptune, Moris Cook
+Captain, with 18 guns; the other two ships of 22 guns
+apiece, one being called the Anne-Free, the other the
+Neptune.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;The Captaines of all these ships, hee commanded aboard,
+and asked them what they had done with his Rear-Admiral;
+they at first denied that they saw him, but he pressing it so
+hard upon them, at length confessed, that they had been in
+fight with him, and that the reason was, because they would
+not take in their flags, being so commanded by their Queen,
+and had instructions to that purpose, which he caused them
+to send for, and took copies of them, which appeared to be
+true in a high manner.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;And they further told our Commander Vice-Admiral
+Batten, that they would rather die in honour, than to go
+home and be hanged, for disobeying their commissions; a
+brave resolution, and I could wish it were imprinted in the
+hearts of all our commanders; they further told him, that if
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page138" id="page138"></a>138</span>
+these flaggs were then abroad, they would die before they
+made one shot at him, though he shot never so many at
+them, yet would not take them in, and indeed were very
+respective to him. But they did much blame the Rear-Admiral,
+for that all the shot he made was at their Vice-Admiral
+and Rear-Admiral, and not at their Admiral,
+whom he ought first to have commanded, the others being
+subordinate to his commands; and although he was 4 or 5
+hours by the Admirals side never shot gun at him, but sent
+his Boat 3 times aboard. Our Vice-Admiral demanded of
+them, where the Rear-Admiral left them, they told him off
+Beachey which to him did seem strange, that he should
+begin a quarrell and not follow them, till he came neer
+where the Vice-Admiral was, having sent a Frigot to him,
+to give him intelligence, and might undoubtedly expect
+his relief.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;All Munday was spent in taking of Examinations, and
+Copies of Commissions; the Swedish Commanders being
+detained aboard by our Vice-Admiral as prisoners, but used
+with great civilitie.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;At length a Councell of Warre was called by our Commander
+in chiefe with his Captaines, the result whereof was,
+that the Swedes Vice-Admiral, who had been the man which
+was most active was with his ship to be carried into the
+Downes, till the pleasure of the Parliament be further known
+which was done accordingly, and the next day we arrived
+in the Downes, being the 4. instant; the rest of the Swedes
+in regard of their shortness of Victuall, and having charge
+of the Convoy, were left to their own dispose, and this was
+performed without shooting so much as a Musket; but truly,
+if the Queene of Swethland leave not out that peremptory
+command in her instructions, not to strike to any of our
+Commanders, enjoyned to keep the Sovereignty of the Seas,
+and to expect homage from all, even to sinking, or burning,
+this must in time breed ill-bloud between the two Kingdomes,
+which might be wisht might be prevented, by a letter
+from our Parliament to the Queen of Swethland. Thus
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page139" id="page139"></a>139<br />140</span>
+have I given you a perfect Relation of the whole proceedings.
+Sir, I have not else at present, but to let you know, I am
+your most humble servant and kinsman,     &lsquo;<span class="sc">R. B.</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:650px; height:440px" src="images/img152.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">NAVAL BATTLE, 1647.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Dated at Sea off Dover the 4. of May 1647.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Another piece of illustrated news bearing upon naval
+affairs is entitled, &lsquo;<i>News from the Royall Navie, Colchester, and
+Portsmouth, declaring the proceedings and intentions of the
+Prince of Wales, &amp;c.</i>&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:479px" src="images/img153.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE PRINCE OF WALES&rsquo;S SQUADRON, 1648.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>&lsquo;We have received intelligence from the <i>Brill</i> in Holland,
+that his Highness the Prince of Wales since his arrival there
+hath embarked himself in a great Vessell for England, the
+Earl of Newcastle, the Lord Gerhard, the Lord Culpepper,
+and divers others Lords and Gentlemen, being now floating
+upon the Neptune Seas towards the North of England,
+accompanying of his Royall person; we hear that they
+intend to land about Berwick, or else on the South side of
+the Holy-Island, and to march in the Van of the English
+Army. It is likewise said that divers Scottish Lords hath
+been with his Highnesse, and have treated with his Councell
+declaring the grounds and reasons of their engagement with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page141" id="page141"></a>141</span>
+England, and their resolution to redeem their dread Sovereign
+from imprisonment, to re-invest His Royall Person, and to
+make both him and His Posterity happy, and so Peace and
+Unity may flourish throughout all His Majesties Realms
+and Dominions. Severall urgent invitations were also
+presented to his Highness for his speedy and personal appearance
+in the North of England. The like to the Duke
+of York for his hastening with the Royal Navie towards the
+Downs, which unexpectedly is now come to pass; for we
+hear that the Prince with a great number of Royalists are
+sayled from the Brill in Holland towards the North of
+England, and that the Duke is come upon the Downs with
+a great and numerous Fleet, consisting of about 10 of the
+Kings great ships, and 30 Flemings, but they have not
+meddled on either side as yet; six of the Dukes ships, on
+Saturday last strook sayle before the town and Castle of Deal,
+and by their churlish tokens they sent us made it appear
+what they were, for they shot very neer 100 great Pieces
+at us, which killed 8 or nine of our men.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>This account is illustrated with the woodcut on the
+opposite page.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the rough woodcuts to be found in many of the
+Civil War tracts would be unworthy of notice, did they not
+show the constant efforts that were made to illustrate the
+news of the hour. Such is the illustration to a tract entitled,
+&lsquo;<i>A true Relation of the late Great Mutiny which was in the City
+of Norwich April 24, 1648</i>.&rsquo; This gives an account of the
+explosion of ninety-eight barrels of gunpowder, whereby
+200 mutineers were slain, and the woodcut is intended to
+show the effects of the explosion.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bloody Newes from the Scottish Army</i> contains a woodcut
+representing two men on horseback charging each other.
+The description gives an account of the advance of the
+Scottish army on the English near Penrith, intending to
+surprise the latter; &lsquo;but by the vigilance of our scouts they
+were discovered.&rsquo; After a &lsquo;furious conflict gallantly maintained
+on both sides, we gained ground, and beat them out of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page142" id="page142"></a>142</span>
+the field. This action happened upon Sunday morning last
+about 2 of the clock in the morning.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:463px" src="images/img155.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">EXPLOSION AT NORWICH, 1648.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>During the last struggles between the Parliamentarians
+and the Royalists, the latter, under Lord Goring, were
+driven into Colchester by Fairfax, and there besieged for
+more than two months. There are several pamphlets detailing
+incidents of this siege, one or two of which are illustrated.
+One of them is in the form of a letter to the writer&rsquo;s
+brother, and it has a quaint woodcut of &lsquo;Colchester Leaguer.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Another tract, dated July 27, 1648, is entitled &lsquo;<i>A great
+Fight at Colchester upon Tuesday night last, being the 25 of
+this instant July, and the advancing of General Lucas and his
+forces to the very Guards of the Parliamenteers, with the particulars
+of the Fight, and the number that were killed and taken
+prisoners on both sides, and the springing of a Mine to blow up
+part of the Leaguer. Likewise a letter from Colchester concerning
+the marching of an Army to London. And Message from
+Prince Charles to Gen. Lucas. And a bloudy Fight at Deal
+Castle in Kent. London. Printed for R. Woodus, and are to
+be sold at the Royall Exchange in Cornhill, 1648.</i> The letter
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page143" id="page143"></a>143</span>
+describing this fight contains so much curious matter that it
+is worth transcribing entire:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:615px" src="images/img156.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">COLCHESTER LEAGUER, 1648.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Sir, we have received information from Yarmouth, Harwich,
+and other places, that there is great fear of the Prince
+of Wales landing in those parts with a very considerable
+Army, and that he is resolved to advance towards Colchester,
+to raise the siege, and to let those Birds at liberty, which he
+esteems to be the only instruments to advance his Father&rsquo;s
+Cause. We hear that the L. Gerrard is designed Lieutenant
+Generall of the new Eastern Army, and the Lord Culpepper
+Major Generall, and that his Highnesse will repose no trust
+in either of the Princes Rupert or Maurice, or any other
+Foreign Personage whatsoever. This morning a Corporall
+of a troop of horse deserted the Colchestrian service, and
+humbly submitted himself to the Lord Generall, who upon
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page144" id="page144"></a>144</span>
+examination touching their numbers and victualling said
+that the last Muster Rolls made mention of above 6000
+Horse and Foot, and for victualling, they had plenty of Rye
+and bread-corn, but for flesh-meat they had none at all left,
+being constrained to kill Horses to satisfie their hungry
+appetites, which causeth many of the young Soldiers to
+desert their hard commons.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;He further said, that at the last Muster upon Munday
+last the E. of Norwich and Sir Charles Lucas rode to the
+head of each Regiment, and read a paper to the Soldiery
+(which they said was a Message from the Prince of Wales)
+intimating that his Highnesse were resolved immediately to
+land his Forces about Yarmouth, and from thence to march
+downe to Colchester to raise the siege, and set them at
+liberty, and that if they could but hold out till Satterday, he
+doubted not of the day, and should take it as an acceptable
+service from them.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;But I conceive the truth of this to be as palpable falsehood
+as the late report of the Royalists in these parts, who
+would not stick to say, <i>that Colchester was relieved by the ship
+called the Swallow, and that they shot in above 500 Holland
+cheeses out of Mortar pieces &amp;c.</i></p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Some who are come out of the Town reports that the
+enemy within are springing a Mine, and doth intend to blow
+up the Lord Lucas his house (in our possession) which doth
+very much annoy them; their great Ordnance plaid very
+hard this morning, and did some execution, ours answered
+them again from the Great Mount, and plaid upon them for
+the space of one hour.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;They are in very great streights for provision, and have
+eaten horse-flesh these six or seven dayes, but as resolute as
+formerly.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;A party came out to cut Barley which was repulsed
+without losse, two only wounded of the party; some horse
+grazing under the City walls were snapt by some of Col.
+Whalleyes Forces, some shot, 38 taken, no way serviceable
+at present, unlesse good keeping recover them.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page145" id="page145"></a>145</span></p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;On Satterday last the Lord Generall gave Order that
+several Papers should be shot into the town out of Arrows,
+offering the private Souldiers quarter, and passes to go home,
+if they will deliver up Goring, Capel, Lucas, Loughborough,
+Farre, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:548px; height:580px" src="images/img158.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">GENERAL LUCAS AT THE SIEGE OF COLCHESTER, 1648.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>&lsquo;This morning betwixt three and four of the clock, we
+received some tokens from the besieged, a party of them
+sallied out, and advanced up a narrow Lane neer to one of
+our Guards, thinking to surprise them unawares; but an
+Eagle ey&rsquo;d Centinel discovering them, presented her bill,
+and fired; whereupon the rest of the Guardians received an
+allarm and immediately man&rsquo;d the Line, the Colchestrians
+advanced and charged with great fury, this action was disputed
+by both parties with great courage and resolution, the
+enemy fell on without mercy, and fought it with much
+violence, but our Forces bodying, they retreat, our men
+pursues with great execution, killed about 20. and took as
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page146" id="page146"></a>146</span>
+many prisoners, with the losse of 12. men; the like dispute
+hapned the last night; we expect every hour when we shall
+have Orders to fall on, the work will be difficult, and the
+storming dangerous, the town being disadvantageous for
+such a Military action.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;<i>Colchester Leaguer July 26. at 8. in the morning.</i>&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>This tract is illustrated with a portrait of General Lucas
+on horseback, which is copied on the previous page.</p>
+
+<p>Colchester surrendered to the Parliament on Aug. 27,
+1648, when Fairfax determined to make an example of Sir
+Charles Lucas. This unexpected severity was attributed to
+Ireton, who had been set by Cromwell to watch Fairfax.
+There was a strong protest made against the intended
+execution, but it nevertheless took place. Lucas was shot,
+together with Sir George Lisle. The former suffered first,
+and he himself gave the order to the soldiers to fire, with as
+much coolness as if he had been a mere spectator. It is said
+that Lisle ran and kissed the dead body of his friend, and
+then presented himself to a like fate. Thinking that the
+firing party was too far off, he called to them to come
+nearer; one of the soldiers replied, &lsquo;I&rsquo;ll warrant you, Sir,
+we&rsquo;ll hit you.&rsquo; &lsquo;Friends,&rsquo; said the gallant Royalist, smiling,
+&lsquo;I have been nearer you when you have missed me.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Other tracts describe the proceedings of the Prince of
+Wales in his attempts to retrieve his father&rsquo;s fortunes. One
+of them has a portrait of the Prince, and contains a message
+sent by him to the Mayor of Yarmouth concerning the
+landing of his forces there for the relief of Colchester.
+Another is adorned with a very elaborate title-page, and
+describes &lsquo;The Resolution of the Prince of Wales, concerning
+the landing of his Army in the Isle of Loving-Land,
+within the County of Suffolk, and his Propositions to
+all Englishmen concerning his Engagement for King, City,
+and Kingdom, against the Army, and to fight for their
+Liberties, Freedom, and Privileges. Likewise, the further
+proceedings of the Royal Navie, under his Highness the
+D. of York, and the Declaration of the Seamen in the Isle of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page147" id="page147"></a>147</span>
+Wight and Portsmouth, concerning the Kings Majesty and
+the Fleet Royall, 1648.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>The contest between the Royalists and the Parliament
+was now drawing to a close. The King was a prisoner
+in Carisbrooke Castle, and while he lay there he continued
+to occupy the pens of the pamphleteers and journalists.
+One writer addressed an exhortation to the nobility, clergy,
+and civil magistrates, in favour of the imprisoned Monarch;
+and he adorned his work with the above representation
+of the King in prison, which afterwards appeared in other
+pamphlets.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:459px" src="images/img160.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">CHARLES I. IN CARISBROOKE CASTLE, 1648.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>It is remarkable that such important events as the trial
+and execution of Charles I. should not have tempted the
+newspapers of the day to illustrate subjects of so much
+interest. It may have been that such a terrible termination
+of the Civil War in some degree paralysed men&rsquo;s energies,
+and drove all thoughts of trading on such an event from
+their minds. I have met with two very rough woodcuts
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page148" id="page148"></a>148</span>
+professing to represent the execution. One is contained
+in the Confession of Richard Brandon, the Hangman, and
+the other forms half of a woodcut frontispiece to a broadside
+describing the execution of the Regicides, which I shall
+refer to in its proper place. The Confession of Richard
+Brandon was published in 1649, the same year in which the
+King was executed, and purports to be a death-bed statement
+concerning that event. There were two Brandons,
+Gregory and Richard, father and son. The former beheaded
+Lord Strafford, and was believed by Charles II. to
+have been the executioner of his father. According to Sir
+Nathaniel Wraxall, George Selwyn, &lsquo;that insatiable amateur
+of executions,&rsquo; told the story of King Charles&rsquo;s execution
+from information which he professed to have obtained from
+the Duchess of Portsmouth, who, he said, always asserted,
+on the authority of Charles II., that the King, his father,
+was not beheaded by either Colonel Joyce or Colonel Pride,
+as was then commonly believed, but that the real name of
+the executioner was <i>Gregory</i> Brandon; that this man had
+worn a black crape stretched over his face, and had no
+sooner taken off the King&rsquo;s head than he was put into a
+boat at Whitehall Stairs, together with the block, the black
+cloth that covered it, the axe, and every other article that
+had been stained with the Royal blood. Being conveyed to
+the Tower, all the implements used in the decapitation had
+been immediately reduced to ashes. A purse containing one
+hundred broad pieces of gold was then delivered to Brandon,
+and he was dismissed. He survived the transaction many
+years, but divulged it a short time before he died. &lsquo;This
+account,&rsquo; Wraxall adds, &lsquo;as coming from the Duchess of
+Portsmouth, challenges great respect.&rsquo;<a name="fa2b" id="fa2b" href="#ft2b"><span class="sp">2</span></a> Popular belief,
+however, at the time pointed to Richard Brandon, son of the
+above-named Gregory Brandon, whose confession, published
+immediately after his death, I here quote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;The Confession of Richard Brandon the Hangman (upon
+his Death bed).</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page149" id="page149"></a>149</span></p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;The Confession of the Hangman concerning his beheading
+his late Majesty the King of Great Brittaine (upon
+his Death bed) who was buried on Thursday night last, in
+White Chappell Church-yard, with the manner thereof.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Upon Wednesday last (being the 20 of this instant
+June, 1649) Richard Brandon, the late Executioner and
+Hangman, who beheaded his late Majesty, King of Great
+Brittaine, departed this life. But during the time of his
+sicknesse his conscience was much troubled, and exceedingly
+perplexed in mind, yet little shew of repentance, for remission
+of his sins, and by past transgressions, which had
+so much power and influence upon him, that he seemed
+to live in them and they in him. And upon Sunday last,
+a young man of his acquaintance going in to visit him, fell
+into discourse, asked him how he did, and whether he was
+not troubled in conscience, for cutting off of the King&rsquo;s
+head?</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;He replied by reason that (upon the time of his tryal,
+and at the denouncing of Sentence against him) he had
+taken a vow and protestation, <i>wishing God to perish him body
+and soul, if ever he appeared on the scaffold to do the act or lift
+up his hand against him</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Further acknowledging, <i>That he was no sooner entered
+upon the scaffold, but immediately he fell a trembling, and hath
+ever since continued in the like agony</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;He likewise confessed that he had 30 pounds for his
+pains, all paid him in half-crowns, within an hour after the
+blow was given, and that he had an orange stuck full of
+cloves, and a handkircher out of the King&rsquo;s pocket, so soon
+as he was carried off from the scaffold; for which orange he
+was proffered 20 shillings by a gentleman in Whitehall,
+but refused the same, and afterwards sold it for ten S. in
+Rosemary-lane.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;About 6 of the clock at night he returned home to his
+wife living in Rosemary Lane, and gave her the money,
+saying, <i>That it was the deerest money that ever he earned in his
+life, for it would cost him his life</i>. Which prophetical words
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page150" id="page150"></a>150</span>
+were soon made manifest; for it appeared that ever since he
+hath been in a most sad condition, and upon the Almightie&rsquo;s
+first scourging of him with the Rod of meeknesse, and the
+friendly admonition of divers friends, for the calling of him
+to repentance, yet he persisted on in his vicious Vices, and
+would not hearken thereunto, but lay raging and swearing,
+and still pointing at one thing or another, which he conceived
+to appear visible before him.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;About three dayes before he died he lay speechlesse,
+uttering many a sigh and heavy groan and so in a most
+desperate manner departed from his bed of sorrow. For the
+buriall whereof great store of wines were sent in by the
+sheriff of the City of London, and a great multitude of
+people stood wayting to see the Corps carried to the Church-yard,
+some crying out <i>Hang him Rogue, bury him in the
+Dung-hill</i>; others pressing upon him saying, <i>They would
+quarter him, for executing of the King</i>; insomuch, that the
+Church Wardens and Masters of the Parish were fain to
+come for the suppressing of them, and (with great difficulty)
+he was at last carried to White-Chappell Church-yard,
+having (as it is said) a bunch of Rosemary at each end of
+the coffin, on the top thereof, with a Rope tyed crosse from
+one end to the other.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;And a merry conceited Cook, living at the sign of the
+Crown, having a black Fan (worth the value of 30 shillings)
+took a resolution to rent the same in pieces, and to every
+feather tied a piece of packthread dy&rsquo;d in black ink, and
+gave them to divers persons, who (in derision) for a while,
+wore them in their hats.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Thus have I given thee an exact account and perfect
+relation of the life and death of Richard Brandon, to the
+end, that the World may be convinced of those calumnious
+speeches and erroneous suggestions which are dayly spit
+from the mouth of envy, against divers persons of great
+worth and eminency, by casting an <i>odium</i> upon them for the
+executing of the King; it being now made manifest that the
+aforesaid Executioner was the only man that gave the fatal
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page151" id="page151"></a>151</span>
+blows, and his man that wayted upon him was a Ragman,
+living in Rosemary Lane.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Subjoined is a copy of the cut on the title-page of this
+tract.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:496px" src="images/img164.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">EXECUTION OF CHARLES I., 1649.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The death of Richard Brandon is entered in the register
+of St. Mary&rsquo;s, Whitechapel, under date June 21, 1649. To
+the entry is appended a note, evidently of about the same
+date, to the effect that &lsquo;this R. Brandon is supposed to have
+cut off the head of Charles the First.&rsquo; The &lsquo;calumnious
+speeches and erroneous suggestions&rsquo; had indicated several
+persons as having struck the fatal blow on that dismal
+morning in January. Amongst them, besides those already
+named, were &lsquo;Squire Dun,&rsquo; William Walker, Hugh Peters,
+Lord Stair, and William Hewlett. The last-named person
+was actually tried for the crime at the Restoration. The
+evidence against him went to show that &lsquo;his voice was heard
+upon the scaffold, and his Breeches were seen under his
+Frock, that he confest he was to have £100 and preferment
+in Ireland to doe it; that being asked whether he cut off the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page152" id="page152"></a>152</span>
+King&rsquo;s head or no, he said what he had done he would not
+be ashamed of; and if it were to doe again he would doe it;
+more to the same purpose was witnessed by several witnesses,
+and by one, who being sworn, said that the Common-Hangman
+profest he did not doe it.&rsquo; This sort of evidence was
+not fit to hang a dog; and, though Hewlett was found guilty
+and sentenced to death, the sentence was never carried into
+effect&mdash;a proof that public opinion must have been too strong
+even for the hardihood of those who had foredoomed Hewlett
+to the gallows. The Government had evidently determined
+to fix the treason on this man with the sanguinary idea that
+some person ought to be made to expiate the deed, even
+though that person might be innocent. The prevalent belief,
+however, was that it was the common executioner who had
+been employed; and it is highly improbable that a mere
+amateur would have been permitted to officiate on such an
+important occasion.</p>
+
+<p>Although I have met with no native contemporary production
+representing the execution, other than the rude
+woodcuts before mentioned, there is in the British Museum a
+collection of broadsides relating to the period of the Civil
+War, one of which has a large and well-executed copperplate
+engraving representing the execution of Charles I. It was
+published at Frankfort, and the descriptive text is in
+German. The view of Whitehall is correctly given, and
+the engraving looks like a genuine representation of the
+event.</p>
+
+<hr class="foot" /> <div class="note">
+
+<p><a name="ft1b" id="ft1b" href="#fa1b"><span class="fn">1</span></a> There is an Admiral Batten often mentioned by Pepys. If this is
+the same man who was an active commander under the Parliament he
+must have trimmed his sails well to hold a place in the Navy office under
+Charles II.</p>
+
+<p><a name="ft2b" id="ft2b" href="#fa2b"><span class="fn">2</span></a> <i>Old and New London.</i> By Edward Walford.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="center art1"><img style="width:150px; height:35px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img001.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page153" id="page153"></a>153</span></p>
+
+<p class="chap2 center">CHAPTER V.</p>
+
+<div class="condensed">
+<p class="mind">Decrease of Newspapers after the Civil War&mdash;<i>Mercurius Democritus</i>&mdash;<i>The
+Faithful Post</i>&mdash;<i>The Politique Post</i>&mdash;Broadsides for the People&mdash;The
+Hollow Tree at Hampstead&mdash;Prodigious Monster taken in Spain&mdash;The
+Restoration&mdash;Trial of the Regicides&mdash;Execution of the Regicides&mdash;Licenser
+of the Press appointed&mdash;Popular Taste for the Supernatural&mdash;Apparition
+in the Air in Holland&mdash;Revival of <i>Mercurius
+Civicus</i>&mdash;Murder of Archbishop Sharpe&mdash;<i>The Loyal Protestant</i>&mdash;Frost
+Fair on the Thames&mdash;Monmouth&rsquo;s Rebellion&mdash;The Bloody
+Assizes&mdash;Funeral of Queen Mary, Consort of William III.&mdash;Increase
+of Newspapers after the Revolution.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="sc chap1">When</span> the Civil War was over the newspapers it had called
+into existence disappeared. The printing-press was, of course,
+not idle during the rule of Cromwell, but its productions were
+narrowly watched, and there is reason to suppose the newspapers
+were to a great extent under the influence of the party
+in power. Examples of illustrated journalism during this
+period are rare. We have &lsquo;<i>A terrible and bloudy Fight at Sea</i>&rsquo;
+between Blake and Van Tromp, and &lsquo;<i>A great and wonderful
+Victory</i>&rsquo; obtained by the English in the West Indies, each
+illustrated with a woodcut that had done duty in the pamphlets
+of the Civil War. A rough representation of an owl
+seated at a table writing in a book heads a tract ridiculing
+Lilly, the astrologer; while &lsquo;<i>Black Monday, or a full and
+exact description of the great and terrible Eclipse of the Sun</i>,&rsquo; is
+adorned with a representation of &lsquo;the true Figure of the
+Eclipse.&rsquo; The grim and unsocial character of the times is
+set forth in &lsquo;<i>The Vindication of Christmas</i>,&rsquo; a pamphlet illustrated
+with a woodcut representing Old Christmas welcomed
+on one hand and forbidden on the other. After a pitiful
+lament for the misery of the times, Christmas sets out on a
+pilgrimage to London, where he enters a fair house that had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page154" id="page154"></a>154</span>
+once been an Alderman&rsquo;s, but is now inhabited by a sour-tempered
+miser. Here he meets with such a cold reception
+that he is fain to take himself off, &lsquo;and wandering into the
+country up and down from house to house, found small
+comfort in any.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:568px" src="images/img167.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE VINDICATION OF CHRISTMAS, 1653.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>I have spoken of <i>Mercurius Democritus</i> as being the
+<i>Punch</i> of the seventeenth century. It is singular that such
+a publication as this should have existed under a Puritanical
+Government. The humour is so exceedingly broad that it is
+difficult to understand how it could be circulated at a time
+when the rulers of the land professed a stern and rigid
+morality. Unlike the modern <i>Punch</i>, who is refined and
+courteous even when he is most severe, <i>Mercurius Democritus</i>
+could seldom be facetious without being coarse and even
+indecent. In the same number that contains the cut of the
+Smithfield ghost, referred to in Chapter III., occur the following
+jests, which are comparatively mild specimens of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page155" id="page155"></a>155</span>
+humour of <i>Mercurius Democritus</i>:&mdash;&lsquo;The last Monday a Herd
+of Swine being driven through Long Lane 600 Jews were
+suddenly converted by them; some think it was for fear
+those Rumford Cattell should serve them as they served the
+Devill in the country of the <i>Gergesens</i> when they carried him
+headlong into the sea.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;A Mad Country Parson coming riding up to London
+between Islington and the Red Bull met with a small-coale
+man, very black, with his sack of small coale at his back.
+The pitiful Parson minding to put a jeer on the small-coale
+man, made a sudden stop with his Horse, saying with a loud
+voyce, that those that rid after him might partake of the
+jest, Fellow, fellow (quoth he) I prithee tell &lsquo;s some news
+from Hell, I see thou hast a whole sack full at thy back.
+Truly quoth the small-coale man, I can tell you but very
+little news from Hell, only the Devill wants a Chaplaine,
+and you ride but a little faster you may perchance have the
+place.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Much of the news printed continued to be circulated by
+means of pamphlets and broadsides, but some regular newspapers
+were also published. An illustrated example of the
+latter occurs in the <i>Faithful Post</i> of 1653. The full title of
+the number for April 8, 1653, is &lsquo;<i>The Faithful Post Impartially
+communicating the Proceedings of the Parliaments forces in England,
+Scotland, and Ireland, comprising the sum of Intelligence
+from the English and Dutch Fleets; with the Affairs and Designs
+now on foot in France, Denmark, Sweden, Holland, and all other
+parts of Europe</i>.&rsquo; It has a woodcut portrait of Admiral Van
+Gallen, and contains the following news from Amsterdam
+relating thereto:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="rgt">&lsquo;Wednesday, April 6.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;From Amsterdam thus; Van Gallen Admiral of the
+Dutch Fleet in the Streights, has a golden chair sent him
+for his little great gallantry in the last service. And the
+Commons forsooth adore him extremely; insomuch that
+many of the Bores have erected his Statue and Portraiture,
+and hung it up as a memorial in the most eminent places of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page156" id="page156"></a>156</span>
+their Low country Fabrics, according to the figure following;
+with two silver keys in his hands; which, say they, are to
+unlock the Treasury of their enemy. <i>Pure Youths</i>.&rsquo; (Here
+follows the portrait.)</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;And as we are informed, hath a golden Leg delicately
+set forth by Mr. Painter, in lieu of that shot off in the fight.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:487px; height:600px" src="images/img169.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">PORTRAIT OF ADMIRAL VAN GALLEN. FROM THE &lsquo;FAITHFUL POST,&rsquo; 1653.</td></tr></table>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:455px" src="images/img170.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">FLAG OF COL. CHARLES JAMES.  FROM THE &lsquo;POLITIQUE POST,&rsquo; 1653.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>In the foregoing <i>Faithful Post</i> there is a good deal of
+news about the English and Dutch fleets; and in the news
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page157" id="page157"></a>157</span>
+from Lubeck it is reported that the English have printed a
+&lsquo;picture of Admiral Van Tromp represented with a man
+opening his breast to find his heart; but, searching, it was
+found in the Calf of his Leg, whereas, saith the Dutch Print,
+they know very well that Tromp behaved himself most gallantly,
+and like a man of courage.&rsquo; In another number of
+the <i>Faithful Post</i> is an illustration of a comet or &lsquo;Blazing
+Star&rsquo; seen in Germany. The foregoing portrait of Admiral
+Van Gallen, and the blazing star, together with a map showing
+the effects of a great storm and flood in Holland, are
+printed in the <i>Politique Post</i> for January 4, 1653; but there
+is no reference made to the engraving of Van Gallen; and
+the blazing star is described as having been seen at Pembroke,
+in Wales. In the same number of the <i>Politique Post</i>
+is a woodcut of the flag of Colonel Charles James, which is
+thus alluded to:&mdash;&lsquo;By the last Post and intelligence from
+the Navie, we have received very certain and credible intelligence,
+that Colonel Charles James having received a commission
+from the King of Scots, is launched forth into the
+deep with the Brest men of war who has now struck sail
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page158" id="page158"></a>158</span>
+upon the Coast of Brittain, and there set up his Flag on the
+Poop of the Patrick, called the Vice-Ambral as here represented
+in the ensueing Figure.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:540px" src="images/img171.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE HOLLOW TREE AT HAMPSTEAD, 1654.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>In 1654 there was a remarkable tree at Hampstead, which
+was visited as a curiosity. It was called &lsquo;The Hollow Tree,&rsquo;
+and was probably the central attraction of a place of entertainment.
+In a broadside of 1654 there is an etching of it
+by Hollar, with descriptive and other verses. There was a
+door in the trunk of the tree, and a turret on the top, the
+ascent to which was in the hollow of the tree. The turret
+was large enough to seat six, &lsquo;and round about roome for
+fourteene more.&rsquo; The following is a specimen of the verses
+accompanying Hollar&rsquo;s etching:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center">&lsquo;<span class="sc">The Salutation.</span></p>
+
+<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr">
+<p>&lsquo;Welcome, before! welcome all you that follow!</p>
+<p class="i05">Our heart is sound although our Tree be hollow,
+  <span class="pagenum"><a name="page159" id="page159"></a>159</span></p>
+<p class="i05">Yet know nor age, nor weaknesse did distresse</p>
+<p class="i05">Its willing bulk into this hollownesse:</p>
+<p class="i05">But a desire markt out for noble ends,</p>
+<p class="i05">To finde more room to entertain fast friends,</p>
+<p class="i05">And in the compasse of itself to try</p>
+<p class="i05">Laws of true Mirth and Hospitality.</p>
+<p class="i05">In such a Hollow, Musick dwells; thus love</p>
+<p class="i05">Laies forth itself, yet ne&rsquo;er doth bankrupt prove.</p>
+<p class="i05">And having read the riddle doth impart</p>
+<p class="i05">Things sometimes hollow have the soundest heart.&rsquo;</p>
+</div> </td></tr></table>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:533px; height:600px" src="images/img172.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">PRODIGIOUS MONSTER TAKEN IN THE MOUNTAINS OF ZARDANA IN SPAIN, 1655.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>This broadside was an agreeable change from the prodigies
+and monstrosities with which the public were so liberally
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page160" id="page160"></a>160</span>
+supplied. A specimen of the latter was published in 1655,
+which must have tried the faith of even the most credulous.
+It is described as &lsquo;<i>The True Portraiture of a prodigious
+Monster, taken in the Mountains of Zardana</i>; the following
+Description whereof was sent to Madrid October 20, 1654,
+and from thence to Don Olonza de Cardines, Ambassador for
+the King of Spain now resident in London. Its stature was
+like that of a strong well set man, with 7 heads, the chief of
+them looking forward, with one eye in its front; the other
+heads have each two eyes in their natural situation, the ears
+of an Ass; with its principal head it eates, drinks, and cryes
+with an extraordinary and terrible voice; the other heads
+are also moved to and fro; it hath seven Arms and Hands of
+a Man, very strong in each of them; from the middle downward
+it is like a Satyr, with Goats feet, and cloven,&rsquo; &amp;c.
+This broadside has a very well-executed copperplate engraving
+of the monster; and another sheet of the same date
+has a woodcut copy of the same engraving, together with a
+long account in verse &lsquo;to the tune of Summer Time,&rsquo;
+and the following additional particulars: &lsquo;The News of
+this Satyrical Monster being noysed abroad throughout all
+Spain, France, and Italy, made a desperate fear, and general
+distemper amongst all the Popish Prelates, Cardinals, Jesuites,
+Monks, and Fryers; yea, the very Pope himself trembled to
+hear this strange Report. There is a Prophesie in the 13 of
+the Revelation, of a great Red-Dragon and a Beast with
+seven heads that should arise out of the Sea, that should continue
+42 moneths, which was to come to pass before the great
+and terrible day of judgement; which by the appearing of
+these strange Monsters is neer at hand now.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>At the Restoration several broadsides of news were published
+containing engravings. There is one giving an account
+of the coronation of Charles II., which is illustrated with a
+copperplate engraving of the King seated on his throne, robed
+and crowned, with the following complimentary lines:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr">
+<p>&lsquo;The Second Charles, Heire of the Royal Martyr</p>
+<p class="i05">Who for Religion and his Subjects Charter
+  <span class="pagenum"><a name="page161" id="page161"></a>161</span></p>
+<p class="i05">Spent the best Blood, that unjust Sword ere dy&rsquo;de</p>
+<p class="i05">Since the rude Souldier pierced our Saviours side.</p>
+<p class="i05">Who such a Father had&rsquo;st, and such a Son;</p>
+<p class="i05">Redeem thy people and assume thy own,</p>
+<p class="i05">Ascend thy Ancestors Imperial seat</p>
+<p class="i05">Of Charles the Good, thou second Charles the Great,</p>
+<p class="i05">That adds the worth; this lustre to the Crown,</p>
+<p class="i05">Whose solid Glorious weighed Usurpers down.</p>
+<p class="i05">Such Majesty as never was profan&rsquo;d</p>
+<p class="i05">While Tyrants rul&rsquo;d &lsquo;twas only Charles that reigned.&rsquo;</p>
+</div> </td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Another broadside of the same date (1660) is entitled &lsquo;<i>A
+Looking-Glass for Traytors, being the manner of the Tryall of
+those Barbarous Wretches at Justice-Hall in the Old-Baily, who
+contrived and compassed the Death of his late Sacred Majesty
+King Charles the First, of ever blessed memory; with an Account
+of their Severall Araignments, Conviction, Condemnation, and
+Execution</i>.&rsquo; This sheet is also illustrated with a copperplate
+engraving, representing the Old Bailey Court at the trial of
+the Regicides, which is interesting if it truly represents the
+appearance of the court at that time. Numerous letters of
+reference are given under the engraving to explain its different
+parts, and a short summary is given of the trial: &lsquo;His
+Majesty (in pursuance of an Act of Parliament which had left
+the persons following to be tried according to Law, for being
+the principal Actors in the said Tragedy of his Father&rsquo;s
+death) issued out a special Commission of <i>Oyer</i> and <i>terminer</i>
+to the Judges and other Commissioners for that purpose;
+and accordingly <i>Wednesday</i> the 10th of <i>October</i> they met at
+the Sessions house in the <i>Old-Baily</i>, and the same morning the
+following persons were ordered to be brought from the <i>Tower</i>
+to <i>Newgate</i>, and a way was made from the Press-yard backwards
+to the Sessions house, privately to convey them to and
+again, to keep them from the pressing of the people.&rsquo; Then follows
+a list of twenty-eight persons, including Major-General
+Harrison and Hugh Peters, &lsquo;all which being brought to the
+Bar, were indicted and arraigned to the following effect:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page162" id="page162"></a>162</span></p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;<i>That they not having the fear of God before their eyes, but
+being led by the instigation of the Divel had maliciously, traiterously,
+and advisedly imagined, consulted, contrived, and compassed
+the death of his late Majesty Charles the first of ever
+blessed memory, and that they had aided, procured, abetted,
+assisted, and comforted a certain person with a vizard upon his
+face, and a frock upon his body for that purpose.</i></p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Major-General <i>Harrison</i> in his Pleadings carried himself
+so confidently to the Court as if he thought himself Careless
+and Unconcerned in the businesse, and seemed to justify not
+only the Power under which he Acted but also the Act itself,
+saying that Kings had formerly been privately Assassinated
+and Murthered, but what they had done was in the face of
+the Sun and in the fear of the Lord; whereat the Court was
+much troubled to see that he should make God the Author of
+that Horrid Murther.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Harrison was found guilty at once, and sentenced to be
+hanged, drawn, and quartered. The like fate awaited Hugh
+Peters. The sort of evidence that was brought against
+the prisoners is exemplified in this broadside, where it is
+stated that &lsquo;Mr. <i>Hugh Peters</i> stood strangly amazed and
+could say nothing for himselfe against that Jury of witnesses
+that appeared against him; as that he said, <i>England</i> could
+not be settled till 150 were taken away which he said were
+<span class="sc">L L L</span> viz. the Lords, the Levites, and the Lawyers; that he
+was often conspiring privately with Oliver Cromwell the
+King&rsquo;s death, that he could even reverence the High Court
+of Justice, it lookt so like the judgement of the world which
+should be at the last day by the Saints; with many other
+blasphemies too large to enumerate.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Amongst the prisoners arraigned on this occasion was
+the William Hewlett already referred to. In the other
+cases the jury promptly found the prisoners guilty without
+leaving the court; but it was a proof of the weakness
+of the evidence in Hewlett&rsquo;s case that &lsquo;they did withdraw
+themselves, and after a little consultation they found him
+guilty, and accordingly sentence was pronounced against
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page163" id="page163"></a>163</span>
+him.&rsquo; This sentence, however, as before stated, was never
+carried into effect.</p>
+
+<p>The engraving of this historical trial at the Old Bailey is
+too crowded to admit of reproduction here. Other broadsides
+relating to the trial of the regicides were published at the
+time, but they are more of the nature of caricatures than
+illustrations of news.</p>
+
+<p>It is well known that General Harrison, Hugh Peters,
+and others were executed with all the barbarous circumstances
+indicated in the words of their sentence. Peters
+was made to sit upon the scaffold, exposed to the jibes and
+jeers of the mob, and compelled to witness the mutilation of
+his fellow-victims. The executions were continued day after
+day both at Charing-cross and at Tyburn, and were stopped
+at last, not for lack of victims, or disinclination for more
+slaughter on the part of the authorities, but from a dread of
+the effect such bloodthirsty proceedings might have on the
+minds of the people. The horrors of such a scene, of course,
+attracted the sensational news-writer of the day; and a
+broadside of the time gives us a picture and description of
+the executions, coupled with a representation of the execution
+of Charles I. This broadside was evidently intended to exhibit
+at one view the commission of a great crime and its
+just punishment. The engraving shows on one side the execution
+of the King and on the other the punishment of the
+regicides. The description of the latter is preceded by an
+account of the trial and death of Charles. The title runs thus:
+&lsquo;<i>A true and perfect Relation of the Grand Traytors Execution,
+as at severall times they were Drawn, Hanged, and Quartered at
+Charing-Crosse, and at Tiburne. Together with their severall
+Speeches and Confessions which every one of them made at the
+time of their Execution. London, printed for William Gilbertson,
+1660</i>.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:750px; height:419px" src="images/img177.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">EXECUTION OF THE REGICIDES, 1660.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The following account is given of the execution of Major-General
+Harrison: &lsquo;The next day being <i>Saturday</i> Major-Gen.
+<i>Harrison</i> was drawn upon a Hurdle from Newgate to
+the Round, or railed Place near Charing-Crosse, where a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page164" id="page164"></a>164<br />165</span>
+Gibbet was set upon which he was Hanged. Many of his
+acquaintance did seem to triumph to see him die so Confidently;
+whiles numbers of true Christians did grieve in
+earnest to see him die so impenitently. We have been told
+that when he took his leave of his wife, he comforted her,
+and told her that he would come again in three days; but we
+hear nothing as yet of his Resurrection.&rsquo; In describing the
+execution of Hugh Peters, it is said, &lsquo;He came to the Ladder
+unwillingly, and by degrees was drawn up higher and higher.
+Certainly he had many Executioners within him; he leaned
+upon the Ladder being unwilling to part from it, but being
+turned off, the spectators gave a great shout, as they did
+when his Head was cut off, and held up aloft on the point of
+a Spear. The very souldiers themselves whom heretofore he
+did animate to slaughter, and a thorough execution of their
+Enemies were now ashamed of him, and upon the point of
+their Spears showed that guilty head which made them
+guilty of so much blood.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Pepys, in his Diary, says, under date October 13, 1660:&mdash;&lsquo;I
+went out to Charing Cross, to see Major-General Harrison
+hanged, drawn, and quartered; which was done there, he
+looking as cheerful as any man could do in that condition.
+He was presently cut down, and his head and heart shown to
+the people, at which there were great shouts of joy. It is
+said, that he said that he was sure to come shortly at the
+right hand of Christ to judge them that now had judged
+him; and that his wife do expect his coming again. Thus
+it was my chance to see the King beheaded at White Hall,
+and to see the first blood shed in revenge for the King at
+Charing Cross.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>It will be seen by the copy made from this woodcut that
+the design is of the rudest possible description, and must
+have been the work of a common ballad illustrator, whose
+fee was probably on a par with his ability. He evidently
+thought that, in such a scene as the execution of Charles I.,
+the Church should be paramount, for he has made Bishop
+Juxon a much more prominent figure than the King.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page166" id="page166"></a>166</span></p>
+
+<p>The reign of the &lsquo;Merry Monarch,&rsquo; though not the most
+creditable period in English History, would have supplied
+abundant materials for the journalist if there had been any
+newspapers. The Great Plague, the Fire of London, the
+sea-fights with the Dutch, were splendid opportunities for
+the pencil of the &lsquo;special artist&rsquo; or the pen of &lsquo;our own correspondent.&rsquo;
+A law had been passed prohibiting the publication
+of newspapers without being duly licensed. Sir John
+Birkenhead was appointed Licenser of the Press, and he was
+succeeded by Sir Roger L&rsquo;Estrange. There was scarcely
+anything that could be called a newspaper except the <i>London
+Gazette</i>, and it only contained such news as the Government
+thought proper to make public, and it was never illustrated.
+The little that was done in the way of pictorial journalism
+was of a satirical or humorous character, or had reference to
+foreign affairs, and was either published in the form of
+broadsides or was put before the public in such a questionable
+shape that it was difficult to tell whether it was truth or
+fiction. As soon as the people were released from the domination
+of Puritanism a reaction set in, and the humours of
+<i>Mercurius Democritus</i> were supplemented by the still broader
+fancies of <i>Mercurius Fumigolus</i>. Occasional entertainment of
+a more serious character was supplied, such as &lsquo;<i>A True and
+Perfect Relation of the Happy Successe and Victory obtained
+against the Turks of Argiers at Bugia</i>.&rsquo; The popular taste for
+the mysterious and supernatural was touched by &lsquo;<i>A true and
+perfect Relation, of a strange and wonderful Apparition in the
+Air, the Fourteenth of August, near Goeree in Holland</i>.&rsquo; This
+was an illustrated broadside containing the following account:&mdash;&lsquo;On
+the fourteenth of August this year 1664, towards
+the evening near Goeree in Holland, there was seen
+by many Spectators an Apparition upon the Ocean of two
+several Fleets of Ships engaged in a Fight, which lasted for
+the space of about half an hour, and then vanished. Afterwards
+there appeared two Lyons, who with great fury and
+violence, assaulted each other three several times, neither of
+them prevailing against the other, till at length both of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page167" id="page167"></a>167<br />168</span>
+them wearied with their continual striving, did, as it were,
+give over for breath, when on a sudden a third Lyon of a
+very great and huge stature appeared and falling first upon
+the one, and then on the other, destroyed them both. They
+being vanished, there appeared a King, with a Crown upon
+his head, and he so plainly and visibly discerned as that the
+spectators did discover the very Buttons on his Coat. After
+all was vanished, the said Spectators continueing there, and
+walking too and fro upon the sands, the Ocean, so far as
+they could see, seemed to be Blood. On the next morning,
+the same Apparition, in all its Circumstances, was seen again,
+and the truth thereof attested upon Oath, before the Magistrates
+of Goeree, by the said Spectators; so that there is no
+doubt made of the truth thereof. And this happening in
+this juncture of time, begets some strange apprehensions;
+for that about six Months before Van Trump was slain in
+the former Wars with England, there was seen near the
+same place, an Apparition of several Ships in the Air, as it
+were fighting with each other.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:750px; height:458px" src="images/img180.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">APPARITION IN THE AIR AT GOEREE IN HOLLAND, 1664.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>This broadside was printed at London, &lsquo;by Thomas Leach
+in Shooe Lane in the Year 1664. <i>With Allowance</i> October 13,
+1664. Roger L&rsquo;Estrange.&rsquo; The illustration is an etching,
+very well and freely executed.</p>
+
+<p>Amongst other things which appear to have been revived
+at the Restoration was the <i>Mercurius Civicus</i>. In Dr. Burney&rsquo;s
+collections in the British Museum there is preserved a copy
+of Number 4 of <i>Mercurius Civicus</i>, dated May 1, 1660. On
+the title-page it is stated to be &lsquo;published by order of the
+Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen;&rsquo; but it is not illustrated,
+as was its predecessor of the time of the Civil War.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:750px; height:479px" src="images/img182.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE MURDER OF ARCHBISHOP SHARP, 1679.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>One of the most atrocious deeds of the time, and one that
+had a powerful effect upon public feeling, was the murder of
+Archbishop Sharp in 1679. This prelate was held to have
+betrayed the Presbyterians at the time of the Restoration,
+and was hated accordingly. This hatred had been manifested
+by an attempt on his life in the streets of Edinburgh in the
+year 1668; but on that occasion the Archbishop escaped, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page169" id="page169"></a>169<br />170</span>
+another person was wounded. On May 3, 1679, Archbishop
+Sharp was returning in his coach to St. Andrews from Kennaway,
+where he had passed the night, when, at a place
+called Magus Moor, he was set upon by nine men, who
+murdered him with pitiless barbarity in the presence of his
+daughter, who accompanied him. This dreadful event was
+commemorated in a broadside entitled &lsquo;<i>The Manner of the
+Barbarous Murther of James, late Lord Archbishop of St.
+Andrews, Primate and Metropolitan of all Scotland and one
+of his Majesties most Honourable Privy Council of that kingdom,
+May 3, 1679</i>.&rsquo; A copperplate engraving represents the
+murder, and some verses are printed underneath. I have
+copied the engraving on this broadside, which forms part of
+the Luttrell collection in the British Museum.</p>
+
+<p>In 1681 there existed a newspaper entitled <i>The Loyal
+Protestant and True Domestic Intelligencer</i>. In the number
+for April 2, 1681, there is printed the following curious
+news from Rome:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Rome, March 6. There did appear here about the
+middle of Dec. last, a strange and wonderful Comet near
+the Ecliptick in the sign of Libra, and in the body of the
+Virgin. At the same time a Prodigious Egge was laid by
+a Young Pullet (which had never laid before) with a perfect
+Comet in it, and as many stars, and in the same form as the
+enclosed figure shows. All the great ones of Rome have
+seen it, even the Queen and the Pope. What you see in the
+enclosed Paper is within the Egge most clearly exprest, and
+not upon the Shell. The Roman Wits are now very busy in
+guessing at what this Comet and Egge may portend.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>This account of the egg is printed on the front page of
+<i>The Loyal Protestant</i>, in the midst of Court news from Oxford,
+municipal news from Leicester, news from Edinburgh,
+&amp;c, and is illustrated with a woodcut, which I have copied.
+A further description is appended to the representation of
+the egg:&mdash;&lsquo;The true form of a Prodigious Egg brought
+forth at Rome the 11th of Dec. last in the year 1680 in
+which the Commet here printed does continue to appear.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page171" id="page171"></a>171</span></p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;The aforesaid 11th of Dec. about 8 of the Clock in the
+morning, a Hen Chicken, with a great Noise, crying extraordinarily,
+that never had laid an Egge before this day,
+brought forth an Egge of an extraordinary greatness, with
+all these several Forms as you see here exprest, to the
+great amazement of all those that have seen it. This is an
+exact draught of the Egge as it was printed in Italy. But
+all persons are left to their own choice whether they will
+believe either this or any of our own late home-bred Miracles
+or visions.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:550px; height:380px" src="images/img184.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">EXTRAORDINARY EGG LAID AT ROME. FROM THE &lsquo;LOYAL PROTESTANT
+AND TRUE DOMESTIC INTELLIGENCER,&rsquo; 1681.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Supernatural occurrences and uncommon events, even
+when traceable to natural causes, have always had great
+attractions for both the ignorant and the educated. We
+therefore find the talents of the old newsmen were most
+frequently exercised on mysterious appearances in the air,
+floods, fires, and frosts, earthquakes and upheavings of the
+sea. Having already quoted examples dealing with some of
+these subjects, I now come to two broadsides which describe
+and illustrate the great frost of 1683-4, when the river
+Thames was covered with ice eleven inches thick, the forest
+trees, and even the oaks, in England were split by the frost,
+most of the hollies were killed, and nearly all the birds
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page172" id="page172"></a>172</span>
+perished. According to the testimony of an eye-witness,
+&lsquo;The people kept trades on the Thames as in a fair, till
+February 4, 1684. About forty coaches daily plied on the
+Thames as on drye land.&rsquo; The broadsides under notice give
+representations of the fair held on the Thames, and describe
+it in doggerel verse. The one containing the engraving I
+have copied is entitled &lsquo;<i>Great Britain&rsquo;s Wonder; London&rsquo;s
+Admiration. Being a True Representation of a Prodigious
+Frost, which began about the beginning of December, 1683, and
+continued till the Fourth Day of February following. And held
+on with such violence, that Men and Beasts, Coaches and Carts,
+went as frequently thereon as Boats were wont to pass before.
+There was also a street of Booths built from the Temple to
+Southwark, where were sold all sorts of Goods imaginable&mdash;namely
+Cloaths, Plate, Earthen Ware; Meat, Drink, Brandy,
+Tobacco, and a Hundred sorts of other Commodities not here
+inserted. It being the wonder of this present Age, and a great
+consternation to all the Spectators.</i>&rsquo; The description opens
+thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr">
+<p>&lsquo;Behold the Wonder of this present Age</p>
+<p class="i05">A Famous River now become a stage.</p>
+<p class="i05">Question not what I now declare to you,</p>
+<p class="i05">The Thames is now both Fair and Market too.</p>
+<p class="i05">And many Thousands dayley do resort,</p>
+<p class="i05">There to behold the Pastime and the Sport</p>
+<p class="i05">Early and late, used by young and old,</p>
+<p class="i05">And valued not the fierceness of the Cold.&rsquo;</p>
+</div> </td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The illustration is a roughly executed woodcut, and represents
+a street of booths opposite the Temple, looking towards
+the Middlesex shore. On one side are men skating, sliding,
+riding on sledges, and playing at football; whilst bull-baiting,
+skittle-playing, &amp;c, go on on the other side.
+Coaches are driven across the ice, boats are dragged as
+sledges, and an ox is roasted whole in one corner.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:820px; height:505px" src="images/img186.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">FROST FAIR ON THE THAMES, 1683.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The other broadside has a woodcut of the same scene, but
+taken from a different point, and looking <i>down</i> the river,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page173" id="page173"></a>173<br />174</span>
+with London Bridge, the Tower, Monument, &amp;c, in the distance.
+In addition to a description of Frost Fair, there is
+an account of all the great frosts from the time of William
+the Conqueror.</p>
+
+<p>Some curious particulars of this great frost are recorded
+by contemporary writers. Evelyn describes the whole scene,
+and says that he crossed the river on the ice on foot upon
+the 9th, in order to dine with the Archbishop of Canterbury
+at Lambeth; and again in his coach, from Lambeth to the
+horse-ferry at Millbank, upon Feb. 5th, when &lsquo;it began to
+thaw, but froze again.&rsquo; Hackney-coaches plied between
+Somerset House and the Temple to Southwark. There was
+a printing-press set up in one of the booths, &lsquo;where the
+people and ladys tooke a fancy to having their names
+printed, and the day and year set down, when printed on
+the Thames. This humour took so universally that &lsquo;twas
+estimated the printer gained about £5 a day for printing a
+line onely at sixpence a name, besides what he got by ballads,
+&amp;c.&rsquo; A specimen of this printing has been preserved. It
+was executed for Charles II., who visited Frost Fair accompanied
+by several members of his family. It contains,
+besides the names of the King and Queen, those of the Duke
+of York, Mary his Duchess, Princess Anne (afterwards
+Queen Anne), and Prince George of Denmark, her husband.
+The last name on the list is &lsquo;Hans in Kelder,&rsquo; which literally
+means &lsquo;Jack in the Cellar,&rsquo; and is supposed to have been
+suggested by the humour of the King in allusion to the
+interesting situation of the Princess Anne; and we can
+fancy the swarthy face of the &lsquo;Merry Monarch&rsquo; smiling in
+the frosty air as this congenial joke was perpetrated.</p>
+
+<p>In the Luttrell collection of broadsides there is one with
+a large woodcut representing the battle of Sedgemoor and
+other incidents of Monmouth&rsquo;s rebellion. The letterpress is
+in wretched verse, and is entitled, &lsquo;<i>A Description of the late
+Rebellion in the West. A Heroic Poem.</i>&rsquo; The unfortunate
+issue of Monmouth&rsquo;s rising excited the sympathy of the
+common people, to whom he was endeared by his many
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page175" id="page175"></a>175</span>
+amiable qualities and his handsome person. Though this
+broadside was evidently written in the interest of the
+Government it was likely to have a ready sale, and it was
+sought to increase the interest by pictorial representation.
+The engraving, which is on an unusually large scale, is very
+rough, like all the woodcuts of the period.</p>
+
+<p>The slaughter at Sedgemoor and the execution of the
+Duke of Monmouth were partly forgotten in the greater
+horror excited by the unsparing severity of Judge Jefferies
+in condemning to death hundreds of persons who were
+charged with being concerned in the rebellion. I have met
+with one illustrated tract relating to the &lsquo;Bloody Assize.&rsquo;
+It is inserted at the end of the volume of the <i>London Gazette</i>
+for 1685, and has apparently been added by Dr. Burney, the
+collector, as bearing upon the events of the time. It forms
+no part of the <i>London Gazette</i>, though bound up with it.
+There is a rough woodcut on the title-page containing eleven
+portraits, and the title is as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;<i>The Protestant Martyrs; or the Bloody Assizes, giving an
+account of the Lives, Tryals, and Dying Speeches, of all those
+eminent Protestants that suffered in the West of England by the
+sentence of that bloody and cruel Judge Jefferies; being in all</i>
+251 <i>persons, besides what were hanged and destroyed in cold
+blood. Containing also the Life and Death of James Duke of
+Monmouth; His Birth and Education; His Actions both at
+Home and Abroad; His Unfortunate Adventure in the West;
+His Letter to King James; His Sentence, Execution and Dying-words
+upon the Scaffold; with a true Copy of the Paper he left
+behind him. And many other curious Remarks worth the Readers
+Observation. London, Printed by F. Bradford; at the Bible in
+Fetter Lane.</i>&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>At the end of the pamphlet is printed this curious
+sentence:&mdash;&lsquo;This Bloody Tragedy in the West being over
+our Protestant Judge returns for London; soon after which
+Alderman Cornish felt the Anger of Somebody behind the
+Curtain.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Alderman Cornish was afterwards executed at the corner
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page176" id="page176"></a>176</span>
+of King Street, Cheapside, for alleged participation in the
+Rye House Plot.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:648px" src="images/img189.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">MARTYRS OF THE BLOODY ASSIZES, 1685.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>This fragment of contemporary history shows that if there
+were no regular newspapers to supply the people with illustrated
+news they obtained it in the shape of cheap fly-sheets
+and broadsides&mdash;the form in which it was supplied to them
+before newspapers began.</p>
+
+<p>Macaulay describes the unlicensed press at this period as
+being worked in holes and corners, and producing large
+quantities of pamphlets which were a direct infraction of the
+law subjecting the press to a censorship. &lsquo;There had long
+lurked in the garrets of London a class of printers who
+worked steadily at their calling with precautions resembling
+those employed by coiners and forgers. Women were on
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page177" id="page177"></a>177</span>
+the watch to give the alarm by their screams if an officer
+appeared near the workshop. The press was immediately
+pushed into a closet behind the bed; the types were flung
+into the coal-hole, and covered with cinders; the compositor
+disappeared through a trap-door in the roof, and made off
+over the tiles of the neighbouring houses. In these dens
+were manufactured treasonable works of all classes and sizes,
+from halfpenny broadsides of doggerel verse up to massy
+quartos filled with Hebrew quotations.&rsquo;<a name="fa1c" id="fa1c" href="#ft1c"><span class="sp">1</span></a> The pamphlet I
+have just quoted probably issued from a press of this kind;
+but he must have been a bold printer who dared to put his
+name and address to a work wherein Jefferies was openly
+referred to as &lsquo;that bloody and cruel Judge Jefferies.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Large broadsides continued to be the favourite form of
+illustrated journalism for some time after this. One gives
+a &lsquo;true and perfect relation&rsquo; of a great earthquake which
+happened at Port Royal, in Jamaica, on Tuesday, June 7th,
+1692, and is illustrated with a large woodcut. On the death
+of Queen Mary, the consort of William III., an illustrated
+broadside was published, plentifully garnished with skulls
+and cross-bones, entitled, &lsquo;<i>Great Britain&rsquo;s Lamentation; or
+the Funeral Obsequies of that most incomparable Protestant
+Princess, Mary, of ever Blessed Memory, Queen of England,
+Scotland, France, and Ireland, who departed this life the 28th
+of December, at Kensington, 1694, in the Thirty-second Year
+of her Age. She Reigned Five Years, Eight Months, and
+Seventeen Days. And was conducted from Whitehall to Westminster
+Abbey, in an open Chariot of State, on black cloath, by
+the Nobility, Judges, and Gentry of the Land, on Tuesday, the
+5th of March, 1694-5.</i>&rsquo; The large woodcut shows the funeral
+procession, and I have copied that part of it containing the
+funeral car, with the body of the deceased queen resting
+under a canopy.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:900px; height:212px" src="images/img191.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">FUNERAL OF QUEEN MARY, 1695.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>In a few years after the Revolution newspapers began to
+increase rapidly. The censorship of the press ceased in
+1695, and was immediately followed by the appearance of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page178" id="page178"></a>178<br />179</span>
+great numbers of periodical papers. At first they were
+small in size, were wretchedly printed on the commonest
+paper, and each number contained only a small quantity of
+matter. The art of wood-engraving, the readiest and least
+expensive method of illustration, was now in the lowest
+possible condition; and the newspapers at the end of the
+seventeenth century contain scarcely any illustrations, except,
+perhaps, a heading of a rudely executed figure of a man
+blowing a horn, flanked by a ship or a castle, and numerous
+small woodcuts to advertisements.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:267px; height:500px" src="images/img192.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="foot" /> <div class="note">
+
+<p><a name="ft1c" id="ft1c" href="#fa1c"><span class="fn">1</span></a> <i>History of England.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="center art1"><img style="width:150px; height:35px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img001.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page180" id="page180"></a>180</span></p>
+
+<p class="chap2 center">CHAPTER VI.</p>
+
+<div class="condensed">
+<p class="mind">Constant Attempts at Illustrated News&mdash;Increase of Caricatures&mdash;The
+<i>Postman</i>, 1704&mdash;Fiery Apparition in the Air, seen in London&mdash;Caricature
+against the Jacobites&mdash;The South-Sea Bubble&mdash;Eclipse
+of the Sun, 1724&mdash;The <i>Grub Street Journal</i> an Illustrated Paper&mdash;The
+<i>Daily Post</i>&mdash;Admiral Vernon&rsquo;s Attack on Porto Bello&mdash;The
+<i>Penny London Post</i>&mdash;Henry Fielding and the <i>Jacobite&rsquo;s Journal</i>&mdash;<i>Owen&rsquo;s
+Weekly Chronicle</i>&mdash;<i>Lloyd&rsquo;s Evening Post</i>, and the Trial of
+Lord Byron for the Murder of Mr. Chaworth&mdash;The <i>St. James&rsquo;s
+Chronicle</i>&mdash;Illustrated Account of a Strange Wild Beast seen in
+France&mdash;The <i>Gentleman&rsquo;s Journal</i> of Anthony Motteux&mdash;The <i>Gentleman&rsquo;s
+Magazine</i> of Edward Cave&mdash;The <i>London Magazine</i>&mdash;The <i>Scot&rsquo;s
+Magazine</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="sc chap1">In</span> glancing at the early newspapers it is apparent that the
+idea, in some shape, of illustrating the news of the day was
+never quite absent from the minds of newspaper conductors.
+Sometimes it took the form of a rude map of the country
+where some war was going on, or the plan of some city
+which was being besieged. In the <i>London Post</i> for July
+25, 1701, is a map of the seat of war in Italy, which is
+reprinted in other numbers, and the <i>Daily Courant</i>, for Sept.
+8, 1709, contains a large plan of Mons. In the absence of
+other means, even printers&rsquo; lines were used to represent a
+plan of some place, or an event of unusual interest. Such an
+attempt at illustrated news was made in the <i>Dublin Journal</i>
+for May 14, 1746, where there is a plan, set up in type and
+printers&rsquo; lines, of the battle of Culloden; and in the number
+for March 28, 1747, there is a similar plan of the trial of
+Lord Lovat. This is doubly interesting as being <i>Irish</i>.
+Engraving on copper, though it involved the expense of a
+double printing, was sometimes resorted to for the purpose of
+enlivening the pages of the early newspapers, and we have
+seen that it was also employed in broadsides. There was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page181" id="page181"></a>181</span>
+so much enterprise that even penny papers sometimes introduced
+engravings into their pages.</p>
+
+<p>About the beginning of the eighteenth century caricatures
+began to increase in England. Religious animosities
+and political intrigues, always keen incentives to satire, had
+opened a wide field to the caricaturist in the years which
+followed the Revolution. But religious bigotry and party
+spirit, strong as they were at this period, were exceeded by
+the social follies which came afterwards. The trial of Dr.
+Sacheverell occasioned the publication of numerous songs,
+squibs, and caricatures; but the South-Sea Bubble surpassed
+it as a fruitful source of lampoons and pictorial satire. The
+spirit of ridicule was fed by the political intrigues, the follies
+and the vices of the Georgian era, and reached its highest
+development in the days of George III. Amongst other
+early channels for circulation we find caricatures making
+their appearance in newspapers, and as we proceed I shall
+give one or two examples from the illustrated journalism of
+this period.</p>
+
+<p>On March 14, 1704, <i>The Postman</i>, one of the papers that
+was started on the expiration of the censorship (and which
+Macaulay says was one of the best conducted and most prosperous),
+published what was called a Postscript for the purpose
+of making its readers acquainted with a prodigy seen in
+Spain in the air so far back as the year 1536. It is illustrated
+with a woodcut representing two men fighting in
+the air; and the following account is given of it:&mdash;&lsquo;The
+success of the expedition of K. Charles III. being now the
+subject of all Publick Discourses, the Reader, we hope, will
+excuse the following Postscript, which must be confest to be
+of an extraordinary nature, as containing some things hardly
+to be parallelled. All the states of Christendom being concerned
+some way or other in this great quarrell, it is not to
+be wondered at if the discovery of a Prodigy, which seems
+to foretell the decision of it, has made so much noise at
+Rome, and that we insert it in this place. The French
+Faction grew intolerably insolent upon account of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page182" id="page182"></a>182</span>
+storms which have so long retarded the Portuguese expedition,
+and represented these cross accidents as a manifest
+declaration that God did not approve the same; and this
+way of arguing, though never so rash and impertinent in
+itself, prevailed over the generality of the people, in a City
+which is the Centre of superstition. The Partizans of the
+House of Austria were very much dejected and had little to
+say, when they happily discovered in the Library of the
+Vatican a Book printed at Bazil in the year 1557 written by
+Conradus Lycosthenes, wherein they found an argument to
+confute all the reasons alledged by their adversaries, and a
+sure Presage in their opinion of the success of K. Charles
+III. This made a great noise at Rome, and his Grace the
+Duke of Shrewsbury sent an account thereof. The Book
+perhaps is not so scarce as they thought at Rome; and the
+learned Doctor Hans Sloane having one in his Library, and
+having been so obliging as to give me leave to transcribe
+that passage, I present it here to the reader, leaving it to
+everyone to make his own observations. The Book is thus
+Intituled: &ldquo;<i>Prodigiorum Ostentorum Chronicon, &amp;c., per Conradum
+Lycosthenem, Rubeaquensem. Printed in Folio at Bazil
+per Henricum Petri 1557</i>,&rdquo; and amongst the infinite number
+of Prodigies he relates in his collection, which extends from
+the beginning of the world to his time, he has the following,
+page 558 (here follows the description on each side of the
+woodcut in Latin and English). &lsquo;In a certain place of
+Spain on the 7th of Feby, 1536, 2 hours after the setting of
+the sun as Fincelius relates it after others, were seen in the
+Air, which was rainy and cloudy, two Young Men in
+Armour, fighting with Swords, one of them having in his
+left hand a Shield or round Buckler, adorned with an Eagle,
+with this inscription, I SHALL REIGN, and the other
+having on a long Target with these words, I HAVE
+REIGNED. They fought a Duel, and he who had the
+Eagle on his Buckler beat down his enemy and was conqueror.&rsquo;
+The whole affair refers to the war of the Spanish
+Succession between the partisans of Louis XIV. and the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page183" id="page183"></a>183</span>
+House of Bourbon, and the House of Austria, and is made to
+foretell the downfall of the former. As the Bourbons did
+eventually obtain the Crown of Spain, this interpretation of
+the supposed prodigy may be referred to the same class as
+the prophecies of <i>Old Moore&rsquo;s Almanack</i>. I have copied the
+engraving, which is the only illustration I have found in
+<i>The Postman</i>.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:515px; height:550px" src="images/img196.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">PRODIGY SEEN IN SPAIN. FROM THE &lsquo;POSTMAN,&rsquo; 1704.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>We have already noticed that no class of marvels were so
+attractive to the early news-writers as apparitions in the air.
+Another example of this is found in a pamphlet, published in
+1710, entitled &lsquo;<i>The Age of Wonders: or, A further and particular
+Description of the remarkable, and Fiery Apparition that
+was seen in the Air, on Thursday in the Morning, being May the
+11th, 1710</i>.&rsquo; It is illustrated with a rough woodcut, and has
+the following description:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>.... &lsquo;As for the strange Appearances which were seen
+on the 11th of May in the Morning, I suppose there is by
+this time few that do not give Credit to the same, since so
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page184" id="page184"></a>184</span>
+many creditable People in several parts of the Town have
+apparently testified the same, and are ready still to do it
+upon enquirey, as in Clare Market, Cheapside, Tower-hill,
+and other places; it was likewise seen by several Market
+Folks then upon the Water, who have since agreed in Truth
+thereof, most of which relate in the following manner:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;On Wednesday Night, or rather Thursday Morning
+last, much about the Hour of two a Clock, several People,
+who were then abroad, especially the Watchman about
+Tower Street, Clare Market, Cheapside, and Westminster,
+plainly and visibly saw this strange Comet, it seem&rsquo;d a very
+great Star, at the end of which was a long tail, or streak of
+Fire, very wonderful and surprizing to behold. It did not
+continue fix&rsquo;d, but pass&rsquo;d along with the Scud, or two black
+Clouds, being carried by a brisk wind that then blew.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:592px" src="images/img197.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">FIERY APPARITION IN THE AIR, SEEN IN LONDON, 1710.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>&lsquo;After which follow&rsquo;d the likeness of a Man in a Cloud
+of Fire, with a Sword in his hand, which mov&rsquo;d with the
+Clouds as the other did, but they saw it for near a quarter of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page185" id="page185"></a>185</span>
+an Hour together, to their very great surprize, and related
+the same the next Morning, which they are ready now to
+affirm if any are so curious to go and Enquire, particularly
+John Smith, near Tower-street, Abraham Wilsley, on
+Tower-hill, John Miller, near Clare Market, John Williams,
+in Cheapside, George Mules and Rebeccah Sampson upon
+the Water, and Mr. Lomax, Watchman of St. Anns, with
+many others too tedious to insert.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Amongst the many newspapers that had sprung into
+existence the following so far improved upon their small and
+dingy predecessors as to be adorned with pictorial headings:&mdash;The
+<i>Post Boy</i>, 1720; the <i>Weekly Journal</i>, 1720;
+the <i>London Journal</i>, 1720; the <i>Weekly Journal, or Saturday&rsquo;s
+Post</i>, 1721; <i>Applebee&rsquo;s Weekly Journal</i>, 1721; <i>Read&rsquo;s Journal,
+or British Gazetteer</i>, 1718-31. The last named appeared
+for many years as the <i>Weekly Journal, or British Gazetteer</i>;
+but the <i>Weekly Journal</i> was a favourite title, and was borne
+by so many other papers that after a time the publisher
+altered the title of his paper to <i>Read&rsquo;s Journal; or British
+Gazetteer</i>, and gave it an engraved heading. Read was a
+man of enterprise, and surpassed his contemporaries in
+endeavouring to make his journal attractive by means of
+illustrations. In his paper for Nov. 1, 1718, there is a
+caricature engraved on wood. It is levelled against the
+Jacobites, and is called &lsquo;An Hieroglyphick,&rsquo; and is introduced
+to the reader with the following rhymes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr">
+<p>&lsquo;Will <i>Fools</i> and <i>Knaves</i> their own Misfortune see</p>
+<p class="i05">And ponder on the <i>Tories</i> villany</p>
+<p class="i05">Behold this <i>Hieroglyphick</i>, and admire</p>
+<p class="i05">What <i>Loyalty</i> do&rsquo;s in true Souls inspire!</p>
+<p class="i05">Whate&rsquo;er the <i>Figures</i> mean we shan&rsquo;t declare,</p>
+<p class="i05">Because the <i>Jacobites</i> will curse and swear;</p>
+<p class="i05">But if our <i>Readers</i> will this piece explain,</p>
+<p class="i05">Their Explanation we shall not disdain.&rsquo;</p>
+</div> </td></tr></table>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:750px; height:379px" src="images/img199.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">CARICATURE AGAINST THE JACOBITES. FROM &lsquo;READ&rsquo;S WEEKLY JOURNAL,&rsquo; 1718.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Nobody appears to have responded to the invitation conveyed
+in the verses, for in the succeeding numbers of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page186" id="page186"></a>186<br />187</span>
+paper there is no attempt to explain the &lsquo;hieroglyphick.&rsquo; A
+copy of this early newspaper caricature is given on the
+opposite page.</p>
+
+<p>In the same journal for May 20, 1721, there is a large
+woodcut entitled &lsquo;Lucifers Row-Barge,&rsquo; which I have also
+copied. It is a caricature on the South-Sea Bubble, and
+appears, from what follows, to have been first published in
+the previous week: &lsquo;The Call for this Journal (last week)
+being very extraordinary, upon account of the delineation of
+Lucifer&rsquo;s Row-Barge in it, we are desired by several of our
+Correspondents both in City and Country, to present them
+with it in this week&rsquo;s paper, with an Explanation of every
+Representation in the aforesaid Cut, adapted to Figures;
+with which Request we have comply&rsquo;d, as supposing it will
+be acceptable not only to them with such a Design, but likewise
+pleasing to all our Readers in General.&rsquo; The different
+parts of the engraving are described under the illustration
+on the following page.</p>
+
+<p>Each of these divisions of the subject is further described
+in verse. In concocting this satire the author has allowed
+some symptoms of journalistic jealousy to appear by dragging
+in the correspondent of the <i>London Journal</i> (which was
+a rival paper), and describing him as the common hangman.
+The feeling about the South-Sea Bubble must have been
+very strong to have made this caricature acceptable. It
+was intended to satirise Mr. Knight, the cashier of the South-Sea
+Company, who fled the country when it became too hot for
+him. The verses which accompany the engraving, though by
+no means models of poetic elegance, might be commended to
+the attention of some directors of our own day:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr">
+<p>&lsquo;Then what must such vile Plunderers expect</p>
+<p class="i05">When they upon their Actions do reflect;</p>
+<p class="i05">Who barely have three Kingdoms quite undone</p>
+<p class="i05">From aged Father to the Infant Son?</p>
+<p class="i05">From many Eyes they&rsquo;ve drawn a briny Flood,</p>
+<p class="i05">But Tears to ruined People do no Good.&rsquo;</p>
+</div> </td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page188" id="page188"></a>188</span></p>
+
+<table class="picj" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter" colspan="2"><img style="width:611px; height:770px" src="images/img201.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption" colspan="2">SOUTH SEA BUBBLE CARICATURE. FROM THE &lsquo;WEEKLY JOURNAL AND BRITISH GAZETTEER,&rsquo; 1721.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="f90" style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
+<p>&lsquo;1. The Cashire of the South Sea Company</p>
+
+<p>2. The Horse of an Accomptant to the South Sea
+Company</p>
+
+<p>3. The Correspondent of the Author of the <i>London
+Journal</i></p>
+
+<p>4. A Stock Jobber, or Exchange Broker, whipt by
+the Common Hangman</p>
+
+<p>5. Belzebub prompting a Director of the South Sea</p>
+
+<p>6. Satan prompting the same Director in t&rsquo;other Ear</p>
+
+<p>7. The Worm of Conscience fastens on the above
+said Director</p>
+
+<p>8. The Cup of Indignation</p>
+
+<p>9. A Director&rsquo;s Sacrifice, which is a Villanous Heart</p>
+
+<p>10. A Director in the Pillory</p>
+
+<p>11. The Superscription over the pillory&rsquo;d Director
+paraphras&rsquo;d from the prophet Ezekiel. Chap.
+XXII. Ver. 12, 13, and Chap. XXIII. Ver. 25, 26, 27</p></td>
+
+<td class="f90" style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
+<p>12. A Director decyphered by the Knave of Diamonds
+Hanged</p>
+
+<p>13. A Director wafting to Hell with the tide</p>
+
+<p>14. Lucifers Row-Barge for first rate passengers</p>
+
+<p>15. Moloch sounds his trumpet for Joy of meeting
+with a good Fare</p>
+
+<p>16. Belial playing on the Violin to the Director</p>
+
+<p>17. Mammon takes a trip at Helm for him</p>
+
+<p>18. The South Sea</p>
+
+<p>19. Lucifer rowing his own Barge</p>
+
+<p>20. The Entrance into Hell, represented by the
+Mouth of the Leviathan, or great Whale,
+belching flames of sulphurous fire.&rsquo;</p></td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page189" id="page189"></a>189</span></p>
+
+<p class="pt2">There was a total eclipse of the sun in 1724, which
+appears to have excited much attention, and several notices
+of it occur in the newspapers. Parker&rsquo;s <i>London News</i> gives
+a long account, with a woodcut, which I have copied. This
+paper was published three times a-week&mdash;on Mondays,
+Wednesdays, and Fridays. In the number for Monday,
+May 4th, 1724, is the woodcut referred to, together with
+the following explanation:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Of the Eclipse of the Sun which will happen in the
+Afternoon on Monday, the 11th of this inst. May 1724.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;The Sun, the glorious Lamp of the Universe, being a
+large round Body of Light, is fixt in the Centre of the
+<i>Creation</i>; so that all parts thereof might be partakers of his
+vivifying Rays, which otherwise would be shut up in perpetual
+Darkness.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;The Earth is a dark round Ball, which turneth round
+on its own Axis, from West to East, once in twenty-four
+Hours Time, causing thereby Day and Night, also at the
+same Time, the Earth with the Moon, going round in its
+Orbit in 365 Days and some Hours, constituting thereby the
+true Length of our Year.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;The Moon is likewise a round dark Ball, void of Light,
+and circumvolveth the Earth once a Month; so that whenever
+she passeth in her Orbit, in a direct line between the
+Sun and Earth, she Eclipses the Earth not the Sun, by
+depriving us of a Sight thereof; And whenever the Earth
+happens to be between the Sun and Moon, at such times the
+Earth obstructs the Light of the Sun from the Moon,
+and then the Moon is Eclipsed by the dark Body of the
+Earth.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Now to prevent any Consternation, which People, through
+Ignorance may fall under, by means of that great Eclipse
+which is now approaching; at which time it will be so dark,
+that the stars, (if the Air be clear) will be seen; and the
+Planets Mars, Venus, and the seldom to be seen Mercury,
+will appear a little above the Sun, towards the South; also
+Venus a little higher to the Left of Mercury, and Mars in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page190" id="page190"></a>190</span>
+the S.S.W. Parts of the Heavens; The several Appearances
+of this Eclipse will be according to the Types before
+inserted.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;The beginning of this Eclipse, according to the nicest
+Computation of the most Judicious, will happen at 39
+Minutes past 5 in the Afternoon when the Limb of the
+Moon will just touch the Sun&rsquo;s Limb, as it is represented
+by the Uppermost Figure to the Right Hand. At 44
+Minutes after 5 it will be enter&rsquo;d the disk, and so much
+darkened as the 2d Scheme on the Right Hand shews. At
+48 Minutes past 5 as the 3d denotes. At 53 Minutes past 5
+as the 4th shews. At 58 Minutes after 5, as the 5th represents.
+At 3 Minutes past 6, as in the 6th Scheme. At
+7 Minutes after 6, as in the 7th. At 12 Minutes past 6, as
+is shewn by the 8th Figure. At 17 Minutes past 6, as the
+10th Figure shews. At 26 Minutes past 6, as the next
+succeeding Scheme denotes, beginning always to number
+from the Right Hand. At 31 Minutes after 6, so much of
+the Sun&rsquo;s Body will be darkened, as the 12th represents:
+and at 36 past 6, will be the greatest darkness, when only a
+small thread of Light will be seen at <i>London</i>, on the upper
+part of the <i>Sun</i> as the 13th Scheme informs; but to all the
+Southern parts of the Kingdom, it will be totally darkened.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;After this the <i>Sun</i> will begin to shew its Light, which
+will appear first on the lower part of that Glorious Body,
+towards the Right Hand; and the darkness will gradually
+lessen, as the several Figures represent, till the Sun&rsquo;s Body
+be perfectly clear of the Shadow, which will be at 27
+Minutes past 7 a-clock that Afternoon.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>This description is reprinted, together with the woodcut,
+in the same paper for May 8th, and to it is added the following:&mdash;&lsquo;Directions
+for the better viewing the Eclipse that
+will happen on Monday next&rsquo;&mdash;&lsquo;Take a Piece of Common
+window Glass and hold it over a Candle, so that the Flame
+of the Candle may make it black, through which look upon
+the Sun, and you will behold the <i>Eclipse</i> without Danger to
+the Eyes.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page191" id="page191"></a>191</span></p>
+
+<p>Or thus</p>
+
+<p>Take a Piece of thick writing Paper, and prick a hole in
+it with a fine Needle, through which the <i>Eclipse</i> may be
+seen.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:600px; height:600px" src="images/img204.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">ECLIPSE OF THE SUN. FROM &lsquo;PARKER&rsquo;S LONDON NEWS,&rsquo; 1724.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The same paper (May 8th, 1724) contains some advertisements
+about the eclipse, which seems to have been for the
+moment the absorbing topic, and was apparently made the
+vehicle for advertising the shops of different tradesmen.
+The notices were published ostensibly &lsquo;to lessen the consternation
+of ignorant people,&rsquo; but it is evident the advertisers
+had an eye to business. &lsquo;An exact curious Draft&rsquo; was to be
+&lsquo;given <i>gratis</i> at Mr. Garway&rsquo;s original shop, the Sign of the
+Practical Scheme at the Royal Exchange Gate, on Cornhill
+Side. Up one pair of Stairs at the Sign of the celebrated
+Anodyne Necklace for Childrens&rsquo; Teeth, next the Rose Tavern
+without Temple Bar. At Mr. Gregg&rsquo;s Bookseller, next to
+Northumberland House, at Charing Cross; and at R. Bradshaw&rsquo;s
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page192" id="page192"></a>192</span>
+the author&rsquo;s Servant, at his House, next to the King&rsquo;s
+Head, in Crown Street, right against Sutton Street End, just
+by Soho Square. Note, it will not be given to any Boy or
+Girl.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>The cut and description are again reprinted in the
+number for May 11th, where, amongst other items of news,
+is the following:&mdash;&lsquo;His Royal Highness went last Monday
+to Richmond, as did also the Right Hon. the Lord <i>Chancellor</i>,
+Judge Fortescue, and other persons of note; some of the
+Judges went to Hampton Court, and other gentlemen of
+Learning and Curiosity to more distant places, to make their
+Observations, as &rsquo;tis said, upon the great Eclipse of the Sun
+that happen&rsquo;d in the Evening, and exactly answered the
+<i>Calculations</i> made of it by our Astronomers.&rsquo; In the number
+for May 18th are accounts of how the eclipse was observed in
+the country. It is stated:&mdash;&lsquo;We are advised from the Isle
+of Wight that the Eclipse on the 11th instant, which was
+Total, and caused very great Consternation there lasted about
+a Minute and a half; but that the chief sufferers thereby
+were the gentry of that Island, who by the great concourse of
+Strangers to their Houses, had but very little French Claret
+left upon their hands; But the comfort is, they have frequent
+opportunities of running some more.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p><i>Parker&rsquo;s London News</i> blended amusement with instruction.
+The following items of news occur in the same number
+that contains the account of the eclipse, and show how our
+forefathers were entertained by the newspapers 160 years
+ago:&mdash;&lsquo;The Papers of the week, from the highest to the
+lowest rank have killed one Sir Nicholas Raymond in the
+Isle of Wight; but as no such knight ever inhabited therein,
+we can impute it to nothing but want of home news.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Last Saturday Night, two Servant Maids at a Snuff
+Warehouse, at Mile End took <i>so much Snuff</i>, that they
+quarrell&rsquo;d, and one of them stabbed the other in so many
+places with an Iron Scuer, that &lsquo;twas thought she could not
+live. The other therefore, was instantly apprehended and
+committed.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page193" id="page193"></a>193</span></p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Last week an Apothecary was attacked by two Highwaymen,
+between Winchester and Southampton, who robbed
+him of his money, and finding two Vials of Purging Potions
+in his Pocket, that he was carrying to a <i>Patient</i>, they were
+so inhuman as to force him to swallow &lsquo;em himself.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Last Sunday Night, Sir Basil Firebrass, noted for his
+humanity to young Vintners, whom he first set up, and
+afterwards upon Default of payment took execution against
+&lsquo;em, departed this life.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p><i>The Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer</i> for May 9th, 1724,
+contains an account and illustration of the same eclipse that
+is described in <i>Parker&rsquo;s London News</i>. The illustration is a
+diagram, and is called, &lsquo;A Representation of a Solar Eclipse.
+The Time of the Beginning, Middle, and End of the Eclipse
+and the continuance of Darkness, together with its Appearance
+at London and Bristol.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>The celebrated <i>Grub Street Journal</i> now comes upon the
+scene; and we find it not only surpassing its contemporaries
+in wit and satire, but it also comes out as an illustrated
+paper. In No. 43, for Oct. 29th, 1730, a whole page is
+occupied with woodcuts of the arms of the City Companies,
+which are reprinted about the time of Lord Mayor&rsquo;s Day in
+succeeding years. In No. 48 there is a very well-executed
+copperplate portrait, presumably of the Lord Mayor of
+London. As it is printed on the same page with type
+(involving two printings), and the journal was sold for
+twopence, it shows some enterprise for the year 1730. On
+the front page of No. 95, for Oct. 28th, 1731, there are
+very rude woodcuts of the Lord Mayor&rsquo;s procession, surrounded
+by the arms of the City Companies before referred
+to. No. 147 has a curious copperplate at the head of an
+article entitled, &lsquo;<i>The Art and Mystery of Printing Emblematically
+Displayed</i>.&rsquo; The engraving represents human
+figures with animals&rsquo; heads at work in a printing-office.
+An ass is setting up the types, a pig is using the inking-balls,
+a horse is acting as pressman, a sheep is arranging the
+printed sheets, while a two-faced man and a many-horned
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page194" id="page194"></a>194</span>
+devil are watching them all. This, like the portrait of the
+Lord Mayor, is printed on the same page with the type, with
+no printing at the back of the engraving. The article is a
+satirical conversation between certain printers&rsquo; devils, and is
+continued in the next number, where the engraving is also
+reproduced. The <i>Grub Street Journal</i> is the first example I
+have met with of a newspaper employing the expensive process
+of copperplate engraving for illustrations, and printing
+the plate in the body of its pages. It was probably thought
+to be too costly, for we find the conductors recurring to the
+almost extinct art of wood-engraving. In the number for
+Oct. 25th, 1733, there is a coarsely executed woodcut heading
+a satirical allegory, entitled, <i>The Art of Trimming Emblematically
+Displayed</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Daily Post</i> of March 29th, 1740, is interesting as
+being an early example of a daily paper attempting to illustrate
+current events. The <i>Daily Post</i> consisted of a single
+leaf, with the page divided into three columns. In the
+number referred to there is a long account of Admiral
+Vernon&rsquo;s attack on Porto Bello, illustrated with a woodcut,
+which the writer says will give the reader a clearer idea of
+the position of the town, castle, and ships engaged. The
+narrative is introduced by the editor in these words:&mdash;&lsquo;The
+following is a letter from a gentleman on board
+the Burford at Porto Bello to his friend at Newcastle,
+which, as it contains a more particular account of Admiral
+Vernon&rsquo;s glorious achievement at that place than any yet
+published here, we thought we could not in justice to the
+Bravery of our English Officers and Sailors, refuse it a Place
+in our Paper.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:500px; height:367px" src="images/img208.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tcc f90">ADMIRAL VERNON&rsquo;S ATTACK ON PORTO BELLO. FROM THE &lsquo;DAILY POST,&rsquo; 1740.</td></tr></table>
+
+<div class="condensed list">
+<p>A. The Iron Castle on the North side of the Mouth of the Harbour with 100 Guns.</p>
+
+<p>B. The Castle Gloria, with 120 Guns, on the South side of the Harbour, and a Mile from
+the Iron Castle.</p>
+
+<p>C. The Fort of Hieronymo, with 20 Guns.</p>
+
+<p>D. The Town of Porto Bello lying along the Extremity of the Harbour.</p>
+
+<p>E. The station of the Spanish Ships.</p>
+
+<p>F. The Hampton-Courts place of Action, Commodore Brown.</p>
+
+<p>G. The Norwich&rsquo;s ditto, Cap. Herbert.</p>
+
+<p>H. The Worcester&rsquo;s ditto, Cap. Main.</p>
+
+<p>I. The Admiral&rsquo;s Ship, the Burford.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>&lsquo;On the afternoon of the 21st about two o&rsquo;clock we came
+up with Porto Bello Harbour, where the Spaniards had
+hoisted upon the Iron Castle the Flag of Defiance; and, as
+we were told by themselves afterwards, they wished earnestly
+for our attempting to come in, as believing they could sink
+us all immediately, but said they feared we were only making
+a second Bastimento Expedition, and would not give them
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page195" id="page195"></a>195</span>
+the pleasure of engaging us.&rsquo; Then follows a long and
+circumstantial account of the conflict. &lsquo;Notwithstanding
+they had discharged very few Guns for some Minutes before
+we came up; yet as if they had resolved to summon up all
+their Courage against the Flag, they welcomed us with a
+terrible Volley, which being at so short a Distance, took
+Place with almost every Shot. One struck away the Stern
+of our Barge; another broke a large Gun upon our upper
+Deck; a third went thro&rsquo; our Foretop-Mast; and a fourth,
+passing thro&rsquo; the Arning within two Inches of our Main-Mast,
+broke down the barricado of our Quarter-Deck, very
+near the Admiral, and killed three Men in a Moment,
+wounding five others which stood by them. This look&rsquo;d as
+if we should have bloody work, but was far from discouraging
+our brave Fellows.&rsquo; The Spaniards being driven
+from their guns, the English landed:&mdash;&lsquo;One man set himself
+close under an Embossier, whilst another climbed upon his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page196" id="page196"></a>196</span>
+Shoulders and enter&rsquo;d under the Mouth of a great Gun.
+This so dismay&rsquo;d the Spaniards that they threw down their
+Arms and fled to the Top of the Castle; from whence scaling
+backwards we could see them run into the woods by hundreds
+and fly for their lives.&rsquo; The place being taken, the
+writer gives a minute account of the damage done and the
+booty taken. He says:&mdash;&lsquo;We have also had the good luck
+to find about 10,000 Dollars belonging to the King of Spain,
+which I had the Pleasure of being present at the searching
+for, when we found it in the Customhouse,&rsquo; &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>The writer of the above account signs himself Wm.
+Richardson, and gives the explanations to the letters on the
+woodcut, a facsimile of which is engraved.</p>
+
+<p>To account for the enthusiasm with which Admiral
+Vernon&rsquo;s victory at Porto Bello was received we must
+remember that the nation had previously been wrought up
+to a high state of fever about Spain, and the declaration of
+war had been received in the most jubilant manner. We
+can therefore understand that the conductors of the <i>Daily
+Post</i>, infected by the popular fervour, would gladly seize
+the opportunity of producing in their pages the drawing
+and description by an eye-witness of this naval victory.
+This early example of illustrated news, though it has nothing
+pictorial about it, is extremely interesting, showing as it does
+the tendency of newspapers, in times of excitement, to call
+on the artist&rsquo;s pencil to aid the writer&rsquo;s pen. It was in
+reference to this war that Walpole said, when the bells were
+ringing joyfully, &lsquo;They may ring the bells now, but they
+will soon be wringing their hands.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>To the preceding example of a <i>daily</i> paper attempting to
+illustrate current events I will add an instance of a <i>penny</i>
+paper doing a similar thing at about the same period. <i>The
+Penny London Post, or, The Morning Advertiser</i>, was a paper
+published three times a-week, and in the number for Jan. 9th,
+1748-9, there is given &lsquo;A view of the Public Fireworks to be
+exhibited on occasion of the General Peace concluded at Aix
+La Chapelle the 7th Day of October 1748.&rsquo; The engraving
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page197" id="page197"></a>197</span>
+is little more than a diagram, and accompanies a description
+of the arrangements made for the occasion, amongst which
+there was to be a band of a hundred musicians to play before
+the fireworks began, &lsquo;the Musick for which,&rsquo; says the <i>Penny
+London Post</i>, &lsquo;is to be composed by Mr. Handel.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>We are accustomed to think of the immortal author of
+<i>Tom Jones</i> as a novelist only. Henry Fielding was, however,
+also a journalist, a pamphleteer, and a justice of the
+peace for Middlesex and Westminster. Amidst his other
+labours he found time to edit the <i>Jacobite&rsquo;s Journal</i>, a paper
+started to support the House of Hanover after the Rebellion
+of 1745. It was a sheet of four pages, published every
+Saturday, and the first twelve numbers were adorned with a
+woodcut heading which has been attributed to Hogarth.
+This heading was discontinued after the twelfth number, and
+in number 13 there is an elaborate article, replete with
+sarcastic humour, explaining the reasons for its discontinuance.
+The <i>Jacobite&rsquo;s Journal</i> purported to be edited by
+&lsquo;John Trott-Plaid, Esq.,&rsquo; and was essentially satirical in its
+tone. In the second number there is the following reference
+to the engraved heading:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;As my Wife appears in her Plaid on <i>Ass-back</i> behind
+me at the Head of this Paper, it will not I hope be imagined
+that I have brought her abroad only to take the Air, without
+assigning to her any share in this undertaking.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;The <i>Mystery of Jacobitism</i> doth not, like that of <i>Free
+Masonry</i>, exclude the Female World; for tho&rsquo; all Jacobites are
+not, as some wicked Whigs have represented us, <i>old women</i>,
+yet women we have in great Numbers among us, who are as
+learned in the knowledge of our Mysteries, and as active in
+the celebration of our Rites, as any of the Male Species; and
+many of these are so far from deserving the name of <i>old</i>,
+that their age scarce yet entitles them to the name of
+<i>women</i>.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>As I before stated, the heading is left out after the
+twelfth number. Whether it had sufficiently served its
+purpose as a caricature of the Jacobite party, and was no
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page198" id="page198"></a>198</span>
+longer needed, or whether it really took up too much room,
+as stated by the editor, its discontinuance was made the
+occasion of publishing a leading article, part of which I am
+tempted to transcribe as an excellent specimen of Fielding&rsquo;s
+satire.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;There is scarcely anything more provoking than to be
+totally misunderstood, and by that means to have our compliments
+received as Affronts, and our Panegyrick converted
+into Satire.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;It cannot therefore be wondered at, if I am not well
+pleased with that gross misunderstanding of the Emblematical
+Frontispiece so long prefixed to my Paper, which hath
+generally prevailed, and which, among other good Reasons,
+hath at length induced me to displace it for the future. By
+this Error of the Public, a Contrivance of mine (the expense
+of much laborious thinking) to do Honour to the Jacobite
+Party, hath been represented as the Means of vilifying and
+degrading it.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;But, seriously, could the Art of Man have carried the
+Glory of Jacobitism higher than it was carried in this print,
+where a Jacobite of either Sex was seen cloathed in Mystery,
+and riding on one of the most honourable Beasts in the
+Universe, while Popery servilely attends, leading it by the
+Halter, and <i>France</i> and the Republican Party are dragged
+after Heels. Is not here depictured that notable and mysterious
+Union of <i>French</i> Interest, Popery, Jacobitism, and
+Republicanism; by a Coalition of all which Parties this
+Nation is to be redeemed from the deplorable State of
+Slavery, under which it at present labours?</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;It would be endless to enumerate all the Mistakes and
+ridiculous Conceits entertained on this occasion. Some have
+imagined we intended to insinuate that the Protestant
+Jacobites were led by the Nose by Popery, and spurr&rsquo;d on by
+<i>France</i> and the Republicans; whereas nothing can be more
+certain in Fact, than that Popery and <i>France</i>, and the
+Republicans, have ever been the mere Dupes and Fools of
+the said Jacobites.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page199" id="page199"></a>199</span></p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Many have endeavoured to discover Resemblances to
+real Persons in the figures there exhibited. By the Popish
+Priest, it hath been said we design to represent the old
+Chevalier; and by the Figures on the Ass, the young
+Chevalier his Son and the famous <i>Jenny Cameron</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Others have found out Likenesses of less Importance,
+and several Squires and Country Gentlewomen of <i>Staffordshire</i>
+and other Counties, who never travel beyond the limits
+of a Fox chace, have been supposed to ride, once a week,
+Post all over the Kingdom in this Paper.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;But the most egregious Errors have been committed in
+Misconstructions concerning the Ass. Several ingenious and
+witty Printers of News Papers have very facetiously taken
+occasion to call the Author himself an Ass; supposing
+probably, that as Scripture informs us an Ass once spoke,
+so certain Descendants of the same Family might write,
+which Faith, perhaps something within their own Experience,
+might sufficiently encourage them to receive.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;To mention no more of these absurd Conjectures, I
+must here inform my Reader, that by the Body of the
+Ass we intend to figure the whole Body of Jacobitical
+doctrine.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Now as there was no Symbol among the Antients, of
+which the Emblematical Meaning was so plain and easy to
+be discovered, our Party could never have so universally
+mistaken it, had it not been for that want of Learning
+among us, which I lamented in my last Paper. Hence
+being misled by those erroneous opinions, which the Moderns
+have propagated to the great disadvantage of Asses, the
+Jacobites have been unwilling to discover any Resemblance
+between themselves and an Animal which the wise Antients
+saw in so respectable a Light, and which the ignorance of
+latter Ages hath highly dishonoured by odious Comparisons
+with certain Individuals of the Human Species.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Thus <i>Homer</i> is well known to have liken&rsquo;d one of his
+principal Heroes to this noble Animal; which was in such
+Esteem among the antient <i>Jews</i>, that he was not only an
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page200" id="page200"></a>200</span>
+object of their Devotion, but they are said to have preserved
+his Figure in massy Gold in the Temple of <i>Jerusalem</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;If the Transfiguration of <i>Midas</i> in the <i>Metamorphosis</i>
+doth but little Honour to the Ears of our Symbol, the Story
+of <i>Lotis</i> which the same Poet tells in his Fastorum, is greatly
+in praise of his Braying, by which the Chastity of that
+Nymph was rescued from the wicked Designs of her insidious
+Lover.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;In such esteem hath this noble Beast been held among
+the Learned, that I have seen a Book composed in his Favour
+and entitled <i>Laus Asini</i>: not to mention the celebrated performance
+of <i>Apuleius</i> to which he hath given the Name of
+the <i>Golden Ass</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Instead therefore of being displeased with the Emblem,
+our Party have great Reason to be vain on this Occasion,
+nor do I think there can be a greater Comparison than of a
+Protestant Jacobite to an Ass, or one more to the Honour of
+the former.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;First, what can so well answer to that noble and invincible
+obstinacy, which I have more than once celebrated
+in our Party, as the intractable and unalterable Nature of
+this Animal, which gave rise to an antient Proverb alluded
+to by <i>Horace</i> in his Satires:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr">
+    <p class="i6">&lsquo;&ldquo;&mdash;&mdash; Your Art</p>
+<p>As well may teach an Ass to scour the Plain</p>
+<p>And bend obedient to the forming Rein.&rdquo;</p>
+</div> </td></tr></table>
+
+<p>&lsquo;And again in his Epistles:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr">
+<p class="i1">&lsquo;&ldquo;Democritus would think the writers told</p>
+<p>To a deaf Ass their story &mdash;&mdash;&rdquo;</p>
+</div> </td></tr></table>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Which may most strictly be applied to all those writers,
+who have endeavoured to convince the Jacobites by argument.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Again what can give us a more adequate Idea of that
+Firmness, with which we have supported all the ill-usage
+of the worst of Sovereigns without Resentment, than the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page201" id="page201"></a>201</span>
+laudable Indifference which an Ass hath for the same;
+whom you may beat, whip, kick, and spur as long as you
+are pleased, he still trudges on without altering his Pace.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;To omit many other obvious Resemblances, such as
+Braying, &amp;c, the famous story of the Countryman and the
+Ass, briefly touched upon by <i>Horace</i> in the Epistle addressed
+to his own Book, is so perfect a Picture of Jacobitism, that I
+have been inclined to think as the Antients are known to
+have inveloped all their Mysteries in Fable and Allegory,
+that no less than Jacobitism itself was intended to be
+couched under this story: &ldquo;A certain Countryman observing
+an Ass making towards a Precipice, ran to him,
+and catching hold of his Tail, endeavoured with all his
+Might to withhold him from Destruction; but the more the
+Countryman attempted to preserve him, the more obstinately
+the Ass contended against his kind Preserver, and the more
+eagerly was bent upon accomplishing his fatal Purpose.
+The Countryman at last, wearied out with his Endeavours to
+save an obstinate Beast against his own will, and having
+probably received some Thanks from his Heels for his
+intended kindness, instead of pulling any longer, gave the
+Ass a Push, and tumbled him headlong down the Precipice
+which he had been so industriously pursuing.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;I make no doubt but many of our good Enemies the
+Whigs, who have well imitated this Countryman in the
+former part of his Behaviour, would imitate him likewise in
+the latter, was it not that they cannot precipitate us without
+tumbling down themselves at the same time.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;These are the Mysteries, then, which have been couched
+under my Frontispiece, and which, tho&rsquo; their meaning must
+now appear to have been so plain, have nevertheless stood
+exposed so long at the Head of this Journal, without having
+been, as I can find, understood by any.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Perhaps I shall be asked, why I have now displaced
+them, since, after so large and full an Explanation, they
+cannot fail of being highly agreeable to that Party for
+whose use chiefly this Paper is calculated; and who would,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page202" id="page202"></a>202</span>
+for the future, worship my Ass with the same Veneration
+with which the <i>Jews</i> of old did theirs.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Now, tho&rsquo; the Indignation which I have exprest in the
+Beginning of this Essay at the many gross and absurd
+Misconceptions which have been vented by the Public,
+would alone very well justify the Discontinuance of my
+Emblem so much abused, there are, to say the Truth, two
+other Reasons which have had a stronger Weight with me
+in producing this Determination. The former of these is,
+that the Ass and his Retinue do indeed take up too much
+room, and must oblige us either to suppress Part of our
+Lucubrations, or some of those material articles of News
+which we weekly transcribe from others; or lastly those
+pieces of Intelligence called Advertisements, which tho&rsquo; not
+always most entertaining to our Reader, do afford very
+agreeable Entertainment to ourselves.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;A second and a very strong Motive with us, is to lend
+all the Assistance in our Power to a very worthy and willing,
+tho&rsquo; weak Brother, the learned and facetious Novelist, Mr.
+<i>Carte</i>; whose great Romance, tho&rsquo; in our Court of Criticism,
+where we shall always act impartially, we have been obliged
+like other Judges, to condemn, contrary to our own Inclinations,
+to be grubb&rsquo;d, we shall always privately esteem as a
+work calculated solely for the use of our Party. As we have
+therefore, to our great Concern, received very credible Information
+that the said work begins already to be considered
+only as a Heap of Waste Paper, we have thought proper to
+lend our Frontispiece to our good Brother, in order that it
+may be prefixed to the future Volumes of that great Work
+advising him to omit the words <i>London Evening Post</i>, and to
+insert <i>English History</i> in their stead. This will not fail of
+greatly recommending his Performance to our Party, who
+never willingly read anything but what an Ass may at least
+be supposed to have bray&rsquo;d.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;I could wish, moreover, that the learned Novelist would
+take our Advice in another Instance, and for the future deal
+forth his excellent work in weekly Portions or Numbers; I
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page203" id="page203"></a>203</span>
+do not mean in such a Form as the real History of <i>England</i>
+is now publishing by Mr. Waller; but in the same manner
+with those true and delectable Histories of <i>Argalus</i> and <i>Parthenia</i>,
+<i>Guy</i>, Earl of <i>Warwick</i>, the <i>Seven Champions</i>, &amp;c., in
+which Form, at the price of 1d. each, when embellished by
+our Frontispiece, I make no doubt of assuring him as universal
+a Sale as the inimitable Adventures of <i>Robinson Crusoe</i>
+formerly had throughout this Kingdom.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>The &lsquo;Mr. Carte&rsquo; to whom Fielding proposed to lend his
+&lsquo;Frontispiece&rsquo; was Thomas Carte, the historian, who had
+just brought out the first volume of his <i>History of England</i>,
+in which he showed such decided Jacobite predilections that
+his work was ruined in consequence. He professed to be
+acquainted with the case of a person who had been cured of
+the King&rsquo;s Evil by the Pretender, then an exile in France,
+and this so disgusted many of the subscribers to his book
+that they withdrew their names and abandoned the author
+and his work together. He, however, brought out two more
+volumes, and a fourth was published after his death. It was
+probably in allusion to this story of the Pretender curing the
+King&rsquo;s Evil that Fielding speaks of Carte as &lsquo;the learned
+and facetious novelist;&rsquo; and doubtless the &lsquo;great Romance&rsquo;
+referred to was intended for his history of England. Fielding
+and Carte both died in the same year, 1754.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:393px" src="images/img217.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF FORT FOURAS, AS IT APPEARED IN THE SHIPS FROM THE
+CHARENTE, FROM &lsquo;OWEN&rsquo;S WEEKLY CHRONICLE,&rsquo; 1758.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>During the next ten years I have found no illustrations
+in the newspapers of that period. In 1758 there was a
+newspaper published entitled <i>Owen&rsquo;s Weekly Chronicle, or
+Universal Journal</i>, a sheet of eight pages, size of the
+<i>Athenæum</i>, price two-pence halfpenny. About this time
+the English Government, in carrying on the war against
+France, despatched several expeditions to the French coast,
+none of which redounded much to the credit of the British
+arms. One of these expeditions was against Rochfort, and
+it turned out a failure, which caused much dissatisfaction.
+<i>Owen&rsquo;s Weekly Chronicle</i> for June 3, 1758, published a long
+article on the subject, illustrated with a woodcut view of
+Fort Fouras. The writer concludes, with true newspaper
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page204" id="page204"></a>204</span>
+vehemence, in the following words:&mdash;&lsquo;Where is the glory of
+the British name? Where are the terrors that used to
+accompany our fleets and armies? Let it not be said the
+treasures of the country are poured forth in vain by an
+united and willing people; that our enemies are become
+invulnerable; and every blow our Ministers meditate impracticable.
+The Duke of Marlborough and Lord George
+Sackville are gone with Lord Anson and Sir Edward Hawke
+upon the present grand expedition; and we hope their
+courage and experience will revive the sinking honour of
+their country; and show that France is both vulnerable and
+impotent when the power of Britain is properly exerted.&rsquo;
+Unfortunately, the sinking honour of the country was not
+much revived by the &lsquo;grand expedition&rsquo; here referred to;
+for, after an ineffectual attempt on St. Maloes, the Duke of
+Marlborough embarked in such haste that he left his tea-spoons
+behind him: and these were afterwards sent home in
+a cartel-ship by the Duke d&rsquo;Aiguillon in polite contempt. I
+have copied the woodcut above referred to, which is entitled,
+&lsquo;A Perspective view of Fort Fouras as it appeared in the
+ships from the Charente,&rsquo; and the following description is
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page205" id="page205"></a>205</span>
+given of it:&mdash;&lsquo;Fouras was the tower of an old parish church,
+which, soon after the foundation of Rochefort, in 1688,
+Louis XIV. purchased of the proprietors to make a Tour de
+Garde, for repeating signals from the Isles of Oleron and
+Aix up to Rochefort, which is one of its present uses. A
+fort and garrison being established in the isle of Aix, Fouras
+was found to be the nearest and most secure communication
+in all weathers with that island; so that in process of time
+barracks and lodgments were built therein, and it was fortified
+to the sea by a strait curtain.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>For the view of Fort Fouras <i>Owen&rsquo;s Weekly Chronicle</i>
+must have been indebted to some one on board one of the
+British ships. Naval and military officers in all parts of the
+world are among the most valued correspondents of the
+modern illustrated newspaper; and it is interesting to notice
+that so long ago as the taking of Porto Bello and the attack
+on Rochefort there were men engaged in those expeditions
+whose spirit and intelligence prompted them to supply the
+newspapers of the day with sketches and information. The
+view of Fort Fouras is the earliest attempt I have seen in a
+newspaper to give a pictorial representation of a place in
+connexion with news.</p>
+
+<p>Wood-engraving was the only cheap method of illustration
+within the reach of newspapers, but the art barely
+existed at this time. The few woodcuts published in newspapers
+were not only coarsely and rudely executed, but
+sometimes the efforts of the illustrator did not get beyond a
+rough plan or map, and even this, as I have before remarked,
+was not always engraved. In further confirmation of this
+statement I may refer to <i>Lloyd&rsquo;s Evening Post</i> of April 17,
+1765, where one of the pages is taken up with a plan representing
+the trial of a Peer in Westminster Hall. This is
+done entirely with lines, type, and printer&rsquo;s ornaments.
+Although there is no account given of this trial in <i>Lloyd&rsquo;s
+Evening Post</i>, the plan must have referred to the case of Lord
+Byron, who was tried in Westminster Hall for the murder
+of Mr. Chaworth, April 16 and 17, 1765.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page206" id="page206"></a>206</span></p>
+
+<p>In the winter of 1764-5 a strange wild beast was said to
+have appeared in France, devouring women and children,
+and spreading dismay and terror through the whole of Languedoc.
+What this ferocious creature was, or whence it
+came, no one knew; but the fear inspired by its presence
+was universal. The district which it specially haunted procured
+for it the name of the Wild Beast of the Gévaudan,
+by which designation it became famous not only in the South
+of France but throughout the country, and even in foreign
+lands. The earliest account of this ferocious monster appeared
+in the official journal of Paris in the following
+words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;A very strange wild beast has lately appeared in the
+neighbourhood of Langagne and the forest of Mercoire which
+has occasioned great commotion. It has already devoured
+twenty persons, chiefly children, and particularly young
+girls, and scarcely a day passes without some accident. The
+terror he occasions prevents the woodcutters from working
+in the forests; so that wood has become dear. Those who
+have seen him say he is much higher than a wolf, low before,
+and his feet are armed with talons. His hair is reddish, his
+head large, and the muzzle of it is shaped like that of a
+greyhound; his ears are small and straight; his breast is
+wide, and of a grey colour; his back streaked with black;
+and his mouth, which is large, is provided with a set of teeth
+so very sharp that they have taken off several heads as clean
+as a razor could have done. He is of amazing swiftness;
+but, when he aims at his prey, he crouches so close to the
+ground, that he hardly appears to be bigger than a large
+fox; and at the distance of some one or two toises, he rises
+upon his hind legs and springs upon his prey, seizing it by
+the neck or throat. He is afraid of oxen, which he runs
+away from. The consternation is dreadful throughout the
+district where he commits his ravages, and public prayers
+are offered up on the occasion. The Marquis de Marangis
+has sent out four hundred peasants to destroy this fierce
+beast; but they have not been able to do it.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page207" id="page207"></a>207</span></p>
+
+<p>In spite of the efforts made to capture or destroy it the
+wild beast of the Gévaudan continued its ravages. In a
+letter from Meude, dated December 21, 1764, it is stated,
+&lsquo;The wild beast, which hath ravaged several provinces, has
+been for some time in ours. He was seen a few days ago
+near St. Flour, ten leagues from hence, and he is now in our
+neighbourhood. The day before yesterday he devoured a
+little girl who looked after cattle. A detachment of dragoons
+has been out six weeks after him. The province has
+offered a thousand crowns to any person who will kill him.&rsquo;
+On the 8th of February, 1765, the following statement was
+sent from Montpellier:&mdash;&lsquo;On the 12th ultimo the wild beast
+attacked seven children, five boys and two girls, none of
+whom exceeded eleven years of age. The beast flew at one
+of the boys; but the three eldest of them by beating him
+with stakes, the ends of which were iron, obliged him to
+retire, after having bitten off a part of the boy&rsquo;s cheek,
+which he ate before them. He then seized another of the
+children; but they pursued him into a marsh which was
+close by, where he sunk in up to his belly. By continually
+beating him, they rescued their companion; who, though he
+was under his paw for some time, received only a wound in
+his arm, and a scratch in the face. A man at last coming
+up, the creature was put to flight. He afterwards devoured
+a boy at Mazel, and, on the 21st, flew on a girl, who, however,
+escaped with some dangerous wounds. The next day
+he attacked a woman, and bit off her head. Captain Duhamel,
+of the dragoons, is in pursuit of him, and has caused several
+of his men to dress themselves in women&rsquo;s apparel, and to
+accompany the children that keep cattle.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>The eyes of all France being fixed upon the doings of
+this wild beast, the attention of Louis the Fifteenth himself
+was called to the bravery of the boys in the preceding account.
+&lsquo;The King having been informed of the bravery
+with which the young Portefaix attacked the beast on the
+12th of January last, at the head of his companions, and
+being willing to reward such gallant behaviour, has given
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page208" id="page208"></a>208</span>
+him a recompense of four hundred livres, and has ordered
+three hundred to be distributed among his companions.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>The Government also offered a reward for the destruction
+of the wild beast. The following placard was fixed up
+in all the cities and towns of Languedoc:&mdash;&lsquo;By the King
+and the Intendant of the province of Languedoc. Notice is
+given to all persons, that His Majesty, being justly affected
+by the situation of his subjects now exposed to the ravages
+of the wild beast which for four months past has infested
+Vivarais and Gévaudan, and being desirous to stop the
+progress of such a calamity, has determined to promise a
+reward of six thousand livres to any person or persons who
+shall kill this animal. Such as are willing to undertake the
+pursuit of him may previously apply to the Sieur de la Fout,
+sub-deputy to the Intendant of Meudes, who will give them
+the necessary instructions agreeably to what has been presented
+by the ministry on the part of his Majesty.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>A letter from Paris dated the 18th of February, 1765,
+gives the following circumstantial description of the wild
+beast:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;You know how I acquainted you, some months ago, that
+Monsieur Bardelle, his son and I, designed going by the
+Diligence, and opening the New Year at our old friend
+Monsieur Dura&rsquo;s chateau, near Babres, in Languedoc. We
+spent the time very agreeably, our host and his family
+having done all in their power to make us welcome. The
+party broke up and took leave the first of this month,
+amongst whom was Monsieur Lefevre, a counsellor, and two
+young ladies, who were engaged to pass a week at Monsieur
+de Sante&rsquo;s, the curé of Vaistour, about three days&rsquo; journey
+distant from the chateau of Monsieur Dura. The company
+went away in a berlingo and four, and the footman Michel,
+on a saddle-horse; the carriage, after the manner here,
+being drawn by four post-horses, with two postilions, the
+berlingo having no coach box. The first night the party lay
+at Guimpe, and set out next morning at nine, to bait half
+way between that and Roteux, being four posts, and a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page209" id="page209"></a>209</span>
+mountainous barren country, as all the Gévaudan is. The
+parish of Guimpe had been greatly alarmed by the frequent
+appearance of, and the horrid destruction made by, the fiery
+animal that has so long been the terror of the Gévaudan,
+and is now so formidable that the inhabitants and travellers
+are in very great apprehension. The bailiff of Guimpe
+acquainted the party that this animal had been often lurking
+about the chaussée that week, and that it would be proper to
+take an escort of armed men, which would protect the carriage;
+but the gentlemen declined it, and took the ladies
+under their protection, and set out, on the 2nd of February,
+very cheerfully. When they had made about two leagues,
+they observed at a distance a post-chaise, and a man on
+horseback, coming down the hill of Credi, and whipping the
+horses very much; and at the descent unfortunately the
+wheel-horse fell down, and the postilion was thrown off;
+whereupon the horseman who followed the chaise, advanced
+to take up the boy, in which moment, when he had got
+down, we perceived the wild beast so often described make a
+jump towards the horses, and on the footman&rsquo;s raising his
+right hand to draw a cutlass and strike the creature, it
+pricked up its ears, stood on its hind feet, and, showing its
+teeth full of froth, turned round and gave the fellow a most
+violent blow with the swing of its tail. The man&rsquo;s face was
+all over blood; and then the monster, seeing the gentleman
+in the chaise present a blunderbuss at its neck, crept on its
+forehead to the chaise-step, keeping its head almost under its
+forelegs, and getting close to the door, reared upright,
+vaulted into the inside, broke through the other side-glass,
+and ran at a great rate to the adjoining wood. The blunderbuss
+missed fire, or it is possible this had been the last
+day this brute-disturber had moved. The stench left in the
+carriage was past description, and no cure of burning frankincense,
+nor any other method removed, but rather increased
+the stink, so that it was sold for two louis; and though
+burned to ashes, the cinders were obliged, by order of a
+commissary, to be buried without the town walls. We came
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page210" id="page210"></a>210</span>
+up very well in time; for the beast would doubtless have
+destroyed some one, had it not espied three of us advancing
+with guns. It certainly jumped through the chaise to get
+away from us.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>These accounts appear to have been received with some
+incredulity abroad. In the same number of <i>Lloyd&rsquo;s Evening
+Post</i> that contains the plan of Lord Byron&rsquo;s trial there occurs
+the following passage about this curious wild beast: &lsquo;One
+of the Dutch Gazetteers by Monday&rsquo;s mail says:&mdash;&ldquo;The accounts
+of the wild beast seen in the Gévaudan are of such a
+nature that it is hardly possible to give any credit thereto,
+and yet most of them have appeared in the <i>Paris Gazette</i>, a
+paper whose authors, known to be men of letters, are too
+judicious to be suspected of credulity, too prudent, too well
+informed of what passes at the Court of the King their
+master, one should think, to attribute to his Most Christian
+Majesty a reward for an action which never had any existence&mdash;an
+action which was only a fable.&rdquo;&rsquo; This is, no
+doubt, an allusion to the reward of 400 livres bestowed upon
+the boys who beat off the ferocious monster.</p>
+
+<p>While the interest and excitement about this terrible
+wild beast was at the highest, the <i>St. James&rsquo;s Chronicle</i> published
+an engraving and description of it. The <i>St. James&rsquo;s
+Chronicle; or the British Evening Post</i>, was a folio of four
+pages, published three times a-week, price twopence-halfpenny.
+In the number for June 6, 1765, there is printed
+the following description and woodcut:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="ptb1 center">&lsquo;For the <i>St. James&rsquo;s Chronicle</i>.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Of this beast, which has already devoured upwards of
+seventy Persons and spread Terrour and Desolation throughout
+the whole Gévaudan, the Sieur de la Chaumette, who
+lately wounded it, has given us the following Description.
+It is larger than a Calf of a year old, strongly made before,
+and turned like a Grayhound behind. His Nose is long and
+pointed, his Ears upright and smaller than a wolf&rsquo;s, his
+Mouth of a most enormous size, and always wide open; a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page211" id="page211"></a>211<br />212</span>
+Streak of Black runs from his Shoulders to the Beginning
+of his Tail. His Paws are very large and strong; the Hair
+on his Back and Mane thick, bristly, and erect; his Tail
+long and terminating in a Bush, like that of a Lion; his
+Eyes small, fierce, and fiery. From this description it
+appears that he is neither a Wolf, Tiger, nor Hyena, but
+probably a Mongrel, generated between the two last, and
+forming, as it were, a new Species. All the accounts lately
+received agree in assuring that there are several of them.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:387px" src="images/img224.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">STRANGE WILD BEAST SEEN IN FRANCE. FROM THE &lsquo;ST. JAMES&rsquo;S CHRONICLE,&rsquo; 1765.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The <i>St. James&rsquo;s Chronicle</i> does not state from whence
+the portrait was obtained. A representation of the wild
+beast of the Gévaudan was sent in April, 1765, to the
+Intendant of Alençon, and a description of that picture
+corresponds with the woodcut in the <i>St. James&rsquo;s Chronicle</i>,
+so that the latter was probably a copy of the former.</p>
+
+<p>About three months after the publication of the woodcut
+and description in the <i>St. James&rsquo;s Chronicle</i>, the career of this
+much dreaded animal was brought to a close. On Sept. 20th,
+1765, it was encountered in the wood of Pommières by a certain
+Monsieur Beauterme, a gentleman of a distant province
+and noted as a successful hunter. He had come into the
+district on purpose to seek out this notorious wild beast, and
+having found it, shot it in the eye at the distance of about
+fifty paces. The animal, however, though wounded, showed
+fight, and was rushing on Monsieur Beauterme with great
+fury, when he was finally dispatched by a gamekeeper
+named Reinhard.</p>
+
+<p>Several inhabitants of the Gévaudan who had been
+attacked by the beast declared it to be the same which had
+caused such consternation in the country, and Monsieur
+Beauterme set out with the body to Versailles in order to
+present it to the King. The animal was found to be thirty-two
+inches high, and five feet seven and a half inches long
+including the tail. The surgeon who dissected the body
+said it was more of a hyena than a wolf, its teeth being
+forty in number, whereas wolves have but twenty-six. The
+muscles of the neck were very strong; its sides so formed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page213" id="page213"></a>213</span>
+that it could bend its head to its tail; its eyes sparkled so
+with fire that it was hardly possible to bear its look. Its tail
+was very large, broad, and thick, and bristled with black hair,
+and its feet armed with claws extremely strong and singular.</p>
+
+<p>In Paris it was thought that this mysterious animal was
+a cross between a tiger and a lioness, and had been brought
+into France to be shown as a curiosity. It is not unlikely
+that it had escaped from some travelling show, and was probably
+a hyena. The imagination of the country people would
+easily transform it into any shape suggested by their terrors.
+That such fancies easily begin and rapidly grow was proved
+in the case of Captain Sir Allan Young&rsquo;s pet Esquimaux
+dog, which was either stolen or wandered from the Arctic
+ship <i>Pandora</i> as she lay in Southampton harbour after
+returning from the Polar regions. Quite a panic arose in
+that part of Hampshire where this most valuable and harmless
+animal was wandering about, and every sort of story
+was circulated of the ravages and dangers the country was
+exposed to. The people began to think that besides their
+sheep and pigs their children were in danger. Some said it
+was a gigantic black fox, others that it was a Canadian wolf.
+Expeditions were organized to attack it, and after being
+chased for some miles by people on horseback, it was ultimately
+shot and exhibited at sixpence a head in Winchester
+market-place. There could be no doubt about the dog&rsquo;s
+identity, for Sir Allan Young afterwards got back his skin.</p>
+
+<p>Before concluding my sketch of illustrated journalism in
+the eighteenth century I must refer to a class of publication
+that possessed many of the characteristics of the newspaper,
+without exactly belonging to that category. This kind of
+journal is represented by the <i>Gentleman&rsquo;s Magazine</i>; but,
+although Edward Cave considered himself the inventor of
+the magazine form of publication, the <i>Gentleman&rsquo;s Magazine</i>
+was not the first journal of the kind. Nearly forty years
+before it came into existence a monthly publication was
+started in London with the following title:&mdash;&lsquo;<i>The Gentleman&rsquo;s
+Journal; or, the Monthly Miscellany</i>. <i>By way of Letter to a</i>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page214" id="page214"></a>214</span>
+<i>Gentleman in the country, consisting of News, History, Philosophy,
+Poetry, Music, Translations, &amp;c. January</i>, 169½.&rsquo; Its projector
+and editor was a refugee Frenchman, one Peter Anthony
+Motteux, and the design appears to have met with considerable
+success, but it did not last more than four years.</p>
+
+<p>In the second number of the <i>Gentleman&rsquo;s Journal</i> appeared
+the following:&mdash;&lsquo;The author desires to be excused
+for not answering the many ingenious letters that have been
+sent to him that he may have the more time to apply himself
+to this journal; he judges that he answers them enough
+when he follows the advice they give him, or inserts what is
+sent to him, which he will always be very careful to do.
+But such things as any way reflect upon particular persons,
+or are either against religion or good manners, he cannot
+insert. He will take care to settle correspondence both
+abroad and at home, to inform his readers of all that may
+be most worthy their knowledge; and if anything offers
+itself that deserves to be engraved, he will get it done. But
+it being impossible he should know by himself a thousand
+things which the publick would gladly know, such persons
+as have anything to communicate may be pleased to send it
+to him, at the Black Boy Coffee House in Ave Maria Lane,
+not forgetting to discharge the postage.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>It would appear by the above that Peter Anthony Motteux
+had a vague perception that engravings might increase
+the attractions of his journal; but it does not seem that
+much came in his way that &lsquo;deserved to be engraved.&rsquo; I
+have found only two small woodcuts in the <i>Gentleman&rsquo;s
+Journal</i>. They both occur in the volume for 1694. One
+is a representation of snow crystals, and the other is a
+diagram of a mock sun.</p>
+
+<p>Motteux tells us that his journal was patronised by the
+Queen, and was much favoured by the ladies generally. He
+had amongst his contributors Dryden, Matthew Prior, Sedley,
+and Tom Durfey. Charles Wesley, brother of the famous
+John, sent serious verses, as did also Tate, of &lsquo;Tate and
+Brady&rsquo; celebrity. All these contributions were introduced
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page215" id="page215"></a>215</span>
+into a long letter, which, as the title indicates, was the shape
+in which the <i>Gentleman&rsquo;s Journal</i> was written, and in this
+respect it was modelled upon the early manuscript newsletters.</p>
+
+<p>Peter Anthony Motteux, the editor of the first English
+magazine, was also the author of several songs, plays, and
+prologues, and he also published a translation of <i>Don Quixote</i>.
+He kept a large East India warehouse in Leadenhall Street,
+and afterwards obtained a situation in the Post Office. He
+was found dead on the morning of his fifty-eighth birthday,
+in a low drinking-house in Butchers&rsquo; Row, near Temple Bar,
+and had either been murdered or had lost his life in a
+drunken frolic. The <i>London Gazette</i> of the succeeding week
+contained the offer of a reward of fifty pounds for the discovery
+of the murderer, and the King&rsquo;s pardon to any but
+the actual criminal; but the mystery was never cleared up,
+and the bones of the clever exiled Frenchman lie unavenged
+and forgotten in the vaults of St. Andrew Undershaft,
+Leadenhall Street, celebrated amongst City churches as the
+burial-place of John Stowe.<a name="fa1d" id="fa1d" href="#ft1d"><span class="sp">1</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Edward Cave, the early patron and friend of Dr. Johnson,
+projected and brought out the <i>Gentleman&rsquo;s Magazine</i> in 1731.
+It was printed at St. John&rsquo;s Gate, Clerkenwell, a view of
+which place embellished its title-page.</p>
+
+<p>The full title was, &lsquo;<i>The Gentleman&rsquo;s Magazine, or Monthly
+Intelligencer</i>, containing Essays, Controversial, Humorous, and
+Satirical; Religious, Moral, and Political; collected chiefly
+from the Publick Papers. Select Pieces of Poetry. A
+Succinct Account of the most remarkable Transactions and
+Events, Foreign and Domestick. Births, Marriages, Deaths,
+Promotions, and Bankrupts. The Prices of Goods and Stocks,
+and Bill of Mortality. A Register of Books. Observations
+on Gardening.&rsquo; It will thus be seen that the Magazine
+possessed many of the characteristics of a newspaper. On
+the front page of the earlier numbers were printed the names
+of the various newspapers from which it derived its information.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page216" id="page216"></a>216</span>
+It was some time before illustrations began to
+appear. The most important subjects were engraved on
+copper, and rough woodcuts were sprinkled here and there
+among the type. Sometimes the most incongruous subjects
+were engraved on the same plate, such as the section of a
+man-of-war and the figure of a locust. There was occasionally
+an illustration of news, as in the volume for 1746,
+where there is a map of the country round Carlisle, showing
+the route of the Scottish rebels; and in the same volume
+there is a portrait of Lord Lovat. The frontispiece to this
+volume is a portrait of the Duke of Cumberland, with the
+motto <i>Ecce Homo</i>. Portraits, plans, and bird&rsquo;s-eye views are
+of frequent occurrence. In the volume for 1747 is a very
+elaborate bird&rsquo;s-eye view of the city of Genoa, illustrating
+an account of an insurrection there. The same volume
+contains a view of Mount Vesuvius, with a description of the
+last great eruption. In the volume for 1748 are views of
+Amsterdam, the Mansion House, London, Greenwich Hospital,
+the Foundling Hospital, &amp;c. The volume for 1749
+contains an engraving of the fireworks on the occasion of the
+Peace, and views of Blenheim House and Covent Garden.
+In the volume for 1750 there is a woodcut with &lsquo;J. Cave sc.&rsquo;
+in the corner. This was probably a son or some other
+relative of the proprietor, who was either in training as an
+engraver, or was trying his hand merely as an amateur.
+His name does not appear again, and I have never met with
+it elsewhere in connexion with the art of wood-engraving.</p>
+
+<p>In the number for November, 1750, there occurs the
+following amongst the list of deaths:&mdash;&lsquo;Mr. Edward Bright,
+at Malden in Essex, aged 30; he was supposed to be the
+largest man living, or perhaps that ever lived in this island.
+He weighed 42 stone and a half, horseman&rsquo;s weight; and
+not being very tall, his body was of an astonishing bulk,
+and his legs were as big as a middling man&rsquo;s body. He was
+an active man till a year or two before his death, when his
+corpulency so overpowered his strength that his life was a
+burthen, and his death a deliverance. His coffin was three
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page217" id="page217"></a>217</span>
+feet six inches over the shoulders, six feet seven inches long,
+and three feet deep; a way was cut thro&rsquo; the wall and staircase,
+to let the corpse down into the shop; it was drawn
+upon a carriage to the church, and let down into the vault
+by the help of a slider and pulleys.&rsquo; In the number for the
+following February there is a woodcut of Mr. Bright, and
+the reader is referred back to the November number for the
+above description. This seems to show that the <i>Gentleman&rsquo;s
+Magazine</i> did not consider it of vital importance, in illustrating
+news, to follow very close upon the heels of events.
+I have copied this engraving as a specimen of the woodcut
+illustrations of the <i>Magazine</i>.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:403px; height:550px" src="images/img230.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">EDWARD BRIGHT. WEIGHT 42½ STONE. FROM THE &lsquo;GENTLEMAN&rsquo;S MAGAZINE&rsquo;
+FOR FEBRUARY, 1751.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The <i>Gentleman&rsquo;s Magazine</i> attracted the notice and admiration
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page218" id="page218"></a>218</span>
+of Dr. Johnson before he came to London as a literary
+adventurer. He afterwards became a regular contributor to
+its pages, and for many years it was his principal source of
+income. His first contribution was a complimentary Latin
+poem addressed to Sylvanus Urban, and when Cave died
+Johnson wrote an account of him in the magazine. Dr.
+Johnson told Boswell &lsquo;that when he first saw St. John&rsquo;s
+Gate, the place where that deservedly popular miscellany
+was originally printed, he &ldquo;beheld it with reverence.&rdquo;&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Edward Cave was born at Newton, in Warwickshire,
+Feb. 29th, 1691; he died Jan. 10th, 1754. &lsquo;He was
+peculiarly fortunate,&rsquo; says Boswell, &lsquo;in being recorded by
+Johnson; who of the narrow life of a printer and publisher,
+without any digressions or adventitious circumstances, has
+made an interesting and agreeable narrative.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Gentleman&rsquo;s Magazine</i> still exists, but retains nothing
+of its original character beyond the name.</p>
+
+<p>Within a year the success of the <i>Gentleman&rsquo;s Magazine</i>
+brought into being the <i>London Magazine</i>, and, in 1739, the
+<i>Scots Magazine</i>, published in Edinburgh. In the second
+volume of the latter, under date March, 1740, there is a
+larger version of the woodcut of the taking of Porto Bello,
+already described. The account also is given, quoted, however,
+from the <i>London Evening Post</i>, and not from the <i>Daily
+Post</i>, where the woodcut appeared. Maps, plans, and views
+of places occasionally occur in other volumes of the <i>Scots
+Magazine</i>. In vol. iii. there is a plan of the harbour, city,
+and forts of Cartagena, and the number for July, 1743, contains
+a plan of the battle of Dettingen.</p>
+
+<hr class="foot" /> <div class="note">
+
+<p><a name="ft1d" id="ft1d" href="#fa1d"><span class="fn">1</span></a> <i>New Quarterly Magazine</i>, January, 1878.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="center art1"><img style="width:150px; height:35px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img001.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page219" id="page219"></a>219</span></p>
+
+<p class="chap2 center">CHAPTER VII.</p>
+
+<div class="condensed">
+<p class="mind">Revival of Wood-engraving by Thomas Bewick&mdash;The <i>Observer</i> started,
+1791&mdash;The <i>Times</i> an Illustrated Paper&mdash;Illustrations of News in the
+<i>Observer</i>&mdash;St. Helena and Napoleon Bonaparte&mdash;Abraham Thornton
+and the &lsquo;Assize of Battle&rsquo;&mdash;Mr. William Clement and Illustrated
+Journalism&mdash;The Cato Street Conspiracy&mdash;Trial of Queen Caroline&mdash;The
+House of Commons in 1821&mdash;Coronation of George IV.&mdash;Royal
+Visits to Ireland and Scotland&mdash;Murder of Mr. Weare&mdash;Illustrations
+of the Murder in the <i>Morning Chronicle</i>, the <i>Observer</i>,
+and the <i>Englishman</i>&mdash;<i>Bell&rsquo;s Life in London</i>&mdash;Prize-Fight at Warwick&mdash;Liston
+as &lsquo;Paul Pry&rsquo;&mdash;&lsquo;Gallery of Comicalities,&rsquo; &amp;c.&mdash;<i>Pierce
+Egan&rsquo;s Life in London</i>&mdash;Death of the Duke of York&mdash;Death of Mr.
+Canning&mdash;Opening of Hammersmith Bridge, 1827&mdash;Mr. Gurney&rsquo;s
+Steam Coach&mdash;The Thames Tunnel&mdash;The Murder in the Red Barn&mdash;The
+Siamese Twins&mdash;Death of George IV.&mdash;Opening of New
+London Bridge, 1831&mdash;Coronation of William IV. and Queen Adelaide&mdash;Fieschi&rsquo;s
+Infernal Machine&mdash;Funeral of William IV.&mdash;Queen
+Victoria&rsquo;s First Visit to the City&mdash;Coronation and Marriage of the
+Queen&mdash;Christening of the Prince of Wales&mdash;<i>The Weekly Chronicle</i>&mdash;The
+Greenacre Murder&mdash;Mr. Cocking and his Parachute&mdash;The
+Courtney Riots at Canterbury&mdash;Burning of the Tower of London,
+1841&mdash;<i>The Sunday Times</i>&mdash;Burning of the Houses of Parliament,
+1834&mdash;<i>The Champion</i>&mdash;<i>The Weekly Herald</i>&mdash;<i>The Magnet</i>&mdash;Removing
+the Body of Napoleon I.&mdash;<i>The Penny Magazine</i>&mdash;Charles
+Knight&mdash;Humorous Journalism of the Victorian Era.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="sc chap1">There</span> appears to have been little or nothing done in the
+way of illustrated journalism during the remaining years of
+the eighteenth century. It was during this period that
+Thomas Bewick revived the almost extinct art of wood-engraving,
+and about the time he brought out the first of
+his illustrated natural history books a weekly newspaper
+was started in London which afterwards became the pioneer
+of modern illustrated journalism. This was the <i>Observer</i>,
+the first number of which came out on Sunday, Dec. 4th,
+1791. It is the oldest of our existing weekly newspapers,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page220" id="page220"></a>220</span>
+and is one of the rare instances of a Sunday paper becoming
+established.<a name="fa1e" id="fa1e" href="#ft1e"><span class="sp">1</span></a> Many years had to elapse before wood-engraving
+began to be used as a means of popular illustration;
+but when some of Bewick&rsquo;s numerous pupils began
+to diffuse the fruits of their master&rsquo;s teaching the <i>Observer</i>
+was the first newspaper that availed itself of the restored
+art. Before this, however, there were symptoms of the
+reawakening of a dormant idea. In looking back to
+the early years of the present century it is curious and
+interesting to notice that the <i>Times</i> was occasionally an
+illustrated paper. The battle of Trafalgar and the death
+of Nelson stirred the national heart to such a degree that
+the <i>Times</i> of that day was induced to introduce into its
+pages engravings of Nelson&rsquo;s coffin and funeral car, when
+the hero&rsquo;s remains were carried to St. Paul&rsquo;s. In the
+number for Jan. 10th, 1806, there is an account of the
+State funeral, which is illustrated with the above-named
+woodcuts. They are very rudely executed, and plainly show
+that the influence of Bewick&rsquo;s labours had not yet penetrated
+into the region of journalism. Annexed is a copy of
+what the <i>Times</i> of 1806 presented to the public in response
+to the intense interest felt by the whole of the British
+nation about Nelson&rsquo;s death and funeral. It is a noteworthy
+example of renewed effort in the direction of
+illustrated news at a time when insufficient means of
+production clogged the spirit of enterprise. Like the
+<i>Swedish Intelligencer</i> of 1632, the <i>Times</i> did not hesitate
+to point out its shortcomings in the following notice at
+the foot of the engraving:&mdash;&lsquo;The only difference in the
+appearance of the Funeral Car from the engraving is, that,
+contrary to what was at first intended, neither the pall nor
+coronet appeared on the coffin. The first was thrown in the
+stern of the Car, in order to give the public a complete view
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page221" id="page221"></a>221<br />222</span>
+of the coffin; and the coronet was carried in a mourning-coach.
+We had not time to make the alteration.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:501px" src="images/img234.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">NELSON&rsquo;S FUNERAL CAR. FROM THE &lsquo;TIMES,&rsquo; JAN. 10, 1806.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>To the above engraving the following description was
+appended:&mdash;&lsquo;The Car, modelled at the ends in imitation of
+the hull of the Victory. Its head towards the horses, was
+ornamented with a figure of Fame. The stern carved and
+painted in the naval style, with the word &ldquo;Victory&rdquo; in
+yellow raised letters on the lanthorn over the poop. The
+coffin placed on the quarterdeck with its head towards the
+stern, with the English Jack pendent over the poop lowered
+half-staff. There was an awning over the whole, consisting
+of an elegant canopy supported by four pillars, in the form
+of palm-trees, as we have already mentioned, and partly
+covered with black velvet. The corners and sides were
+decorated with black ostrich feathers, and festooned with
+black velvet, richly fringed, immediately above which, in
+the front, was inscribed in gold the word &ldquo;Nile&rdquo; at one
+end; on one side the following motto, &ldquo;Hoste devicto,
+requievit;&rdquo; behind was the word &ldquo;Trafalgar;&rdquo; and on the
+other side the motto &ldquo;Palmam qui meruit ferat,&rdquo; as in the
+engraving. The carriage was drawn by six led horses, in
+elegant furniture.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>In 1817 the <i>Times</i> also illustrated the projects of Robert
+Owen, who laboured long and ardently to promote the
+doctrines of Socialism. In the number for Aug. 9th, 1817,
+there is a large woodcut called Robert Owen&rsquo;s agricultural
+and manufacturing villages of Unity and Mutual Cooperation.
+In those days a page of the <i>Times</i> was not so
+valuable as it is now, or probably the enthusiastic Socialist
+would not have found it so easy to enlist that journal
+in helping to propagate his doctrines. In 1834 Owen
+made in London another attempt to put in practice the
+principles he had so long advocated. He died in 1858,
+aged ninety.</p>
+
+<p>I have mentioned that the <i>Observer</i> was the first newspaper
+that availed itself of the revived art of wood-engraving;
+but it had previously essayed the then difficult task of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page223" id="page223"></a>223</span>
+illustrating the news of the day by the more costly means
+of engraving on copper. The island of St. Helena having
+been selected as the place of residence of Napoleon Bonaparte,
+the <i>Observer</i> of Oct. 29th, 1815, published a large copperplate
+view of the island, with a descriptive account. The
+plate is printed on the same page with the letterpress, so
+that there must have been two printings to produce this
+specimen of illustrated news. Three years later the <i>Observer</i>
+produced another copperplate example of news illustration,
+also printed on the letterpress page. This was a portrait of
+Abraham Thornton, whose remarkable case attracted much
+public attention. He was tried for the murder of a young
+woman, Mary Ashford, with whom he was known to be
+acquainted, and in whose company he was seen shortly
+before her death. He was, however, acquitted, the jury
+probably believing it to be a case of suicide. The brother
+of the girl then appealed, and Thornton claimed his right
+to defend himself by wager of battle. This claim was
+allowed, after long arguments before the judges. It was
+found, much to the surprise of the general public, that by
+the law of England a man in an appeal of murder might
+demand the combat, thereby to make proof of his guilt or
+innocence. In the present case the girl&rsquo;s brother refused
+the challenge, and Thornton escaped. This was the last
+appeal to the &lsquo;Assize of Battle&rsquo; in this country; and the
+attention of the Legislature being drawn to the obsolete
+statute, it was repealed by 59 Geo. III., 1819. It was
+during the progress of the arguments in this case, and
+while the public interest was very great, that the <i>Observer</i>
+published the portrait of the accused.</p>
+
+<p>After this the <i>Observer</i> became remarkable for its illustrations
+of news. Mr. William Clement, the proprietor,
+was a man who early saw the attractiveness of illustrated
+journalism. I am not aware when he first became associated
+with the <i>Observer</i>; but under his management frequent
+illustrations of news were given in that paper. In 1820
+<i>Bell&rsquo;s Life in London</i> was started, and very soon Mr. Clement
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page224" id="page224"></a>224</span>
+became the proprietor of that paper also. In 1821 he
+purchased the <i>Morning Chronicle</i>, which, however, turned
+out a bad speculation. Having invested a very large sum
+of money in the latter paper, Mr. Clement spared no effort
+to make it profitable, and the <i>Observer</i> was neglected. It
+suffered in consequence, and fell in circulation. Frequently
+the illustrations of news that were printed in the <i>Observer</i>
+were published the day previously in the <i>Chronicle</i>. They
+were also occasionally printed in <i>Bell&rsquo;s Life</i> and the <i>Englishman</i>,
+a fourth paper belonging to Mr. Clement. All four
+papers were carried on together; but it is the <i>Observer</i> that
+stands out as the prominent representative of illustrated
+journalism at this period. Other journals came into existence
+which took up the idea of illustrating the news of
+the day; among them the <i>Sunday Times</i>, started by Daniel
+Whittle Harvey in 1822, when he was member for Colchester.
+Another paper which for a time rivalled, if it
+did not excel, the <i>Observer</i> in the frequency of its news
+illustrations was the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i>. It flourished a few
+years before the birth of the <i>Illustrated London News</i>, but
+has long been extinct. Mr. Clement sold the <i>Morning
+Chronicle</i> in 1834, and soon restored the <i>Observer</i> to its old
+position. The <i>Morning Chronicle</i> started in 1769 and expired
+in 1864. The <i>Englishman</i> has long been defunct, but I am
+not acquainted with the date of its disappearance. There
+was a paper called the <i>Englishman</i> in 1714, and the name was
+again revived by the late Dr. Kenealy.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Observer</i> and <i>Bell&rsquo;s Life</i> were both published at the
+same office for many years, but their companionship was
+terminated in 1877, when they left the office in the Strand
+where they had so long lived amicably together, the great
+sporting journal migrating to Catherine Street, and the
+<i>Observer</i> seeking a new home in the Strand further
+west.</p>
+
+<p>One or two other newspapers occasionally published
+engravings during the few years immediately preceding the
+<i>Illustrated London News</i>, and of them I will speak in the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page225" id="page225"></a>225</span>
+proper place. The most prominent, however, were the
+<i>Observer</i>, <i>Bell&rsquo;s Life in London</i>, and the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i>,
+and to these three I propose first to direct attention as
+being the main supporters of the pictorial spirit until it
+culminated in the <i>Illustrated London News</i>. It was during
+the ten years preceding 1842 that the founder of that
+journal noticed the growing inclination of the people for
+illustrated news, and it was chiefly in the pages of the
+<i>Observer</i> and the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i> that he thought he saw
+the growth of a hitherto uncultivated germ.</p>
+
+<p>In 1820 all England was startled by the discovery of a
+mysterious plot of some political desperadoes who planned
+the assassination of the Ministers of the Crown and the
+overthrow of the Government. This came to be known as
+the Cato Street Conspiracy, the place of meeting of the
+conspirators being in Cato Street, Marylebone. The extravagance
+of the Prince Regent, the high price of bread,
+and the heavy taxation, had brought about a feeling of
+discontent among the lower orders which, unhappily, was
+greatly increased by the Spa Fields riots, and the collision
+between the soldiers and the people in Lancashire, at what
+was called the massacre of Peterloo. Thistlewood, the leader
+of the conspirators, had already been tried for treasonable
+practices, but acquitted. He had also been in trouble for
+his connexion with the Spa Fields riots. The sanguinary
+plan of the conspirators was to murder the Cabinet Ministers
+while they were all assembled at dinner at Lord Harrowby&rsquo;s
+house in Grosvenor Square. They were to seize certain
+pieces of cannon, take the Bank of England, destroy the
+telegraph to Woolwich, set fire to different parts of London,
+and then establish a provisional government at the Mansion
+House, sending emissaries to the outports to prevent the
+escape of obnoxious persons. They reckoned on large
+numbers of the discontented joining them as soon as they
+had destroyed the tyrants and oppressors of the people, as
+they termed the Ministers. They had provided pikes,
+pistols, sabres, knives, blunderbusses, and hand-grenades;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page226" id="page226"></a>226</span>
+and one of the gang, a butcher, had furnished himself with
+a heavy butcher&rsquo;s knife, to cut off the heads of &lsquo;Castlereagh
+and the rest as he came at them.&rsquo; Adams, one of their
+number, turned informer, and the conspirators were surprised
+by the police at their meeting-place in Cato Street.
+After a conflict in which one of the police-officers was killed,
+several of the gang were secured, and others were taken
+soon afterwards. Thistlewood, the leader, escaped in the
+first rush, but was captured next day.</p>
+
+<p>The place where the seizure was made is described as a
+hayloft over a deserted stable with a step-ladder leading
+from the stable to the loft above, with two apertures in the
+floor of the loft, opening on the racks in the stable below;
+opening from the loft were two small inner rooms. On the
+evening of the 23rd of February, 1820, the conspirators
+were assembled in this stable, where they were arming
+themselves for the bloody work they had planned, when
+the police, aided by a party of the Coldstream Guards under
+Lieut. Fitzclarence, broke in upon them. Police-officers
+Ruthven, Ellice, and Smithers, were the first to mount the
+ladder, and enter the loft.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;There were about five-and-twenty men in the room,
+eating bread and cheese, and drinking porter, or selecting
+arms from a long carpenter&rsquo;s bench which stood close by
+the wall. Just at that juncture, Thistlewood, hearing a
+noise, and some one calling, &ldquo;Hallo! Show a light!&rdquo; took
+a candle, and looked down the stairs to see who was coming,
+and, on seeing that there was a surprise, he put the candle
+back on the bench, seized a sword, and with three or four
+others retreated stealthily to the further of the inner rooms&mdash;the
+one that had a window looking out into Cato Street.
+At that moment one of the men seized below called out to
+warn his comrades, &ldquo;Look out there above!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;At the same time, two of the constables, at first almost
+unnoticed, appeared at the top of the ladder, and presenting
+their pistols, said, &ldquo;Hallo, is anybody in the room? Here&rsquo;s
+a pretty nest of you!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page227" id="page227"></a>227</span></p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Then another of the patrol cried, &ldquo;We are officers;
+seize their arms.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;And a third, &ldquo;Gentlemen, we have got a warrant to
+apprehend you all, and as such we hope you will go
+peaceably.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Just then Smithers, distrusting further parley, and believing,
+in his staunch way, in promptitude, before the conspirators
+could discover the scantiness of the assailing
+numbers, or could muster courage to use their arms, cried,
+&ldquo;Let me come forward,&rdquo; and pushed towards the door of the
+inner room, where Thistlewood stood thrusting with a very
+long sword. The leader of the conspirators instantly rushed
+forward, and struck Smithers through his right side. The
+constable threw up his hands, his head fell back, he staggered
+against Ruthven, cried, &ldquo;O my God, I am done!&rdquo; and fell
+dead near the opening of the stairs. Ellice held up his staff
+at Thistlewood, and threatened to fire with the pistol in his
+right hand, unless he instantly surrendered. The lights
+were immediately dashed out, and a voice cried in the darkness,
+&ldquo;Kill the &mdash;&mdash; at once! Throw them down-stairs!
+Kill them!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Then there were twenty or thirty pistol-shots fired,
+and a tremendous headlong rush was made at the stairs,
+driving the Bow Street men backwards; the conspirators
+leaping down into the manger through the holes in the
+floor, or by the window, others firing at the officers on the
+stairs, or up through the manger, all making for the archway
+in John Street.&rsquo;<a name="fa2e" id="fa2e" href="#ft2e"><span class="sp">2</span></a></p>
+
+<p>It would appear the conspirators were closely watched
+for some time before they were arrested. Indeed, it was
+suspected that Government emissaries were employed to
+foment the conspiracy in order that a terrible example
+might be made for the benefit of the disaffected. However
+this may have been, the plot excited the most intense
+interest among all classes. Thistlewood and the other
+prisoners were tried at the Old Bailey, April 17th, 1820,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page228" id="page228"></a>228<br />229</span>
+and found guilty of high treason. Six were transported
+for life, the other five, including Thistlewood, were hung
+on May 1st, and their heads severed from their bodies&mdash;the
+quartering, the usual doom of traitors, having been graciously
+forgiven.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:442px" src="images/img241.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">A. &emsp; Door to the cart-house. &emsp; B. Door by which the officers entered. &emsp; C. Stable window. &emsp; D. Loft-door.<br />
+STABLE WHERE THE CATO STREET CONSPIRATORS MET. FROM THE &lsquo;OBSERVER,&rsquo; MARCH 5TH, 1820.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The <i>Observer</i> for March 5th, 1820, published some illustrations
+of the Cato Street Conspiracy. One is an exterior
+view of the stable in Cato Street where the conspirators
+met, which is copied on the opposite page.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:357px; height:500px" src="images/img242.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">SECTION OF GRENADE PREPARED BY THE CATO STREET CONSPIRATORS.<br />
+FROM THE &lsquo;OBSERVER,&rsquo; MARCH 5TH, 1820.</td></tr></table>
+
+<table class="reg f90" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr">
+<p>A. Cylindrical tin Box containing gunpowder.</p>
+<p>B. Pitched tow.</p>
+<p>C. Bullets, old nails, Spikes, &amp;c.</p>
+<p>D. Tin Tube a Fuze filled with damp powder.</p>
+</div> </td></tr></table>
+
+<p>There was also an interior view of the hayloft, together
+with sections of some of the grenades, daggers, &amp;c., large
+quantities of which were found in the loft.</p>
+
+<p>These cuts, which are roughly done, were reprinted in
+the <i>Observer</i> for March 12th, and two new ones were added,
+&lsquo;Interior view of the Hayloft at the moment when Smithers
+received his Death Wound,&rsquo; and a view of the interior of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page230" id="page230"></a>230</span>
+stable. They are all interesting as examples of illustrated
+news at a time when the means of producing such things
+were extremely limited.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:318px; height:500px" src="images/img243.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">DAGGER PREPARED BY THE CATO STREET CONSPIRATORS. FROM THE
+&lsquo;OBSERVER,&rsquo; MARCH 5TH, 1820.</td></tr></table>
+
+<table class="reg f90" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr">
+<p>A. Dagger made out of a bayonet to use singly or on top of a pike handle.</p>
+<p>B. Dagger with hole in the middle to receive dagger A. when screwed on, to be used
+  right and left.</p>
+<p>C. Section of the transverse dagger B.</p>
+</div> </td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Mr. Clement, the proprietor of the <i>Observer</i>, gave a
+remarkable proof of his enterprising spirit when the Cato
+Street conspirators were tried. At that time newspapers
+were prohibited under a penalty of 500<i>l.</i> from publishing
+reports of cases in the courts of law before they were concluded.
+Mr. Clement, seeing the universal interest excited
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page231" id="page231"></a>231</span>
+by the trial, determined to publish a report without waiting
+for the verdict. He accordingly sent reporters to the court,
+and published the whole in the <i>Observer</i> before the verdict
+was given. This was a contempt of court for which he
+expected to have to pay, and, though the penalty was duly
+inflicted, it was never exacted. The <i>éclat</i> attending this
+proceeding was of immense value to the <i>Observer</i>, and the
+sale of that number was so great that the proprietor could
+easily have paid the penalty of 500<i>l.</i>, and he would still
+have been a gainer.<a name="fa3e" id="fa3e" href="#ft3e"><span class="sp">3</span></a></p>
+
+<p>The Prince of Wales (afterwards George IV.), whose
+unhappy marriage with Caroline of Brunswick produced so
+much scandal and excitement in this country, had long been
+separated from his wife, who was residing abroad at the
+time her husband became King. Her Majesty announced
+her intention of returning to England; and though the
+King&rsquo;s Ministers endeavoured to dissuade her from her
+purpose, she persisted in her resolution, and on June 6th,
+1820, she landed at Dover. Her journey through London
+was one long triumph, thousands of people escorting her
+to her temporary residence, and giving her the warmest
+possible welcome, for they looked upon her as an ill-used
+and persecuted woman. The question of omitting her name
+from the Liturgy had been debated in Parliament, and
+afterwards a &lsquo;Bill of Pains and Penalties&rsquo; was brought in,
+which was in effect placing the Queen upon her trial. Contemporary
+newspapers show what intense excitement filled
+the public mind upon this subject, and how the nation
+ranged itself on the side of the King or Queen&mdash;by far the
+greater number being for the latter. Nothing was talked
+of but the &lsquo;Queen&rsquo;s trial,&rsquo; and the wrongs and indignities
+that had been heaped upon the head of an innocent woman.</p>
+
+<p>On Aug. 16th, the married ladies of the metropolis
+presented Her Majesty with an address, and three days
+after the trial commenced, the defence being conducted
+by Mr. Brougham and Mr. Denman. When the Queen
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page232" id="page232"></a>232</span>
+attended the House of Lords large crowds accompanied her
+through the streets, and manifested by their cries their
+sympathy for her cause. The Bill of Pains and Penalties
+was carried on a second reading by a majority of twenty-eight,
+but it sank on the third reading to a majority of nine,
+and was finally abandoned owing to the threatening attitude
+of the populace. Great rejoicings ensued, London was illuminated
+for three nights, and on Nov. 29th the Queen went
+in state to St. Paul&rsquo;s. On this occasion William Hone, who
+had distinguished himself as one of the Queen&rsquo;s champions,
+displayed a transparency at his house on Ludgate Hill,
+which was painted by George Cruikshank, and is engraved
+in Hone&rsquo;s collected pamphlets.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Observer</i>, having to some extent laid itself out for
+&lsquo;illustrated news,&rsquo; the occasion of so much interest and
+excitement as the Queen&rsquo;s trial was not likely to pass unnoticed.
+Accordingly, we find in the number for Sept. 17th,
+1820, a large woodcut, entitled, &lsquo;A Faithful Representation
+of the Interior of the House of Lords as prepared for the
+Trial of Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Caroline.&rsquo; This
+was published at the time the excitement was at the highest,
+and no doubt the eager public properly appreciated the
+enterprise of the conductors of the paper.</p>
+
+<p>In 1821 the House of Commons contained many notable
+politicians and eminent men who afterwards became leaders
+and champions among the ranks of Whig and Tory.
+Amongst the most prominent were Canning, Brougham,
+Peel, and Palmerston. The question of Reform was becoming
+more and more pressing, and the House of Commons
+as then constituted was tottering to its fall. The conductors
+of the <i>Observer</i>, ever on the look-out for what would interest
+their readers, published on Jan. 21st, 1821, two views of the
+interior of the House of Commons, one looking towards the
+Speaker&rsquo;s Chair, the other looking from it. In one the
+House is empty, but in the other most of the leading
+politicians of the day are introduced. The figures, however,
+are on too small a scale to be likenesses of the persons
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page233" id="page233"></a>233</span>
+intended, but the reader is assisted by references showing
+the places occupied by the most prominent members of the
+House.</p>
+
+<p>The national excitement about Queen Caroline&rsquo;s trial was
+dying out when the first gentleman in Europe prepared for
+his coronation. On this occasion the <i>Observer</i> gave the lieges
+appropriate pictures of the august ceremony. The best
+draughtsmen and engravers on wood, then very few in
+number, were employed to prepare views of Westminster
+Abbey and Westminster Hall during the coronation ceremony
+and the banquet which followed. The <i>Observer</i> of
+July 22nd, 1821, contains four engravings, which, considering
+the limited artistic means at command, are by no means
+discreditable to the management of the paper. On this
+occasion a double number was published, the price of which
+was fourteen pence, and the publisher evidently thought
+it was very cheap. He announced that he would keep the
+number on sale for ten days after publication, so that no
+one might be disappointed in getting a copy. All these
+engravings of the coronation of George IV. were done on
+what was then considered a large scale, though none of
+them exceed a half-page of the present illustrated newspapers,
+and were finished as regards light and shade,
+according to the best ability of the artist.</p>
+
+<p>The coronation number of the <i>Observer</i> produced a great
+sensation, and it had a very large sale. Nothing like it had
+ever been done before, and the public eagerly paid the
+double price for the sake of the engravings. Fourpence
+was paid for stamp duty on each sheet, amounting on the
+whole to 2000<i>l.</i> paid to Government for stamp duty, exclusive
+of paper duty. The number consisted of two sheets,
+each of which had a sale of 60,000 copies. This was a very
+good stroke of business, and Mr. Clement had fair reason
+to congratulate himself on his successful enterprise. It
+prompted him to further efforts; but, unfortunately, he had
+not the wisdom to confine his energies to one channel, and
+what he gained by one speculation he lost by another. It was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page234" id="page234"></a>234</span>
+at this time he purchased the <i>Morning Chronicle</i> for 42,000<i>l.</i>;
+but, as I have before stated, this turned out a disastrous
+investment, and also injured for a time the otherwise successful
+<i>Observer</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after his coronation George IV. visited Ireland, and
+while on his way received the melancholy intelligence of the
+death of his consort, the unfortunate Queen Caroline, which,
+however, did not prevent His Majesty from continuing his
+journey. The <i>Observer</i> of Sept. 2nd, 1821, published &lsquo;A
+correct View of his Majesty King George the Fourth landing
+from the <i>Lightening</i> Steam Packet, Capt. Skinner, on the
+Pier of the Harbour of Howth, on Sunday, the Twelvth of
+August, 1821.&rsquo; In describing this event the <i>Observer</i> spoke
+of it as the opening of a new era for Ireland, and of the
+highest importance both in an historical and political point
+of view.</p>
+
+<p>In the following year the King went to Scotland; but,
+though the <i>Observer</i> published long and elaborate descriptions
+of His Majesty&rsquo;s visit, the occasion was not deemed
+worthy of illustration. The opportunity, however, must
+have been far richer than the visit to Ireland in affording
+subjects for sketches. It would have been curious to see
+what a contemporary &lsquo;special artist&rsquo; would have made of
+Sir Walter Scott; and posterity would have been glad to
+have had handed down to it the &lsquo;varra effigies&rsquo; of George IV.
+and Alderman Curtis in the kilt!</p>
+
+<p>In 1823 the city of Cadiz, in Spain, was invested by the
+French, who took possession of the place on Oct. 3rd in that
+year. The <i>Observer</i>, in its issue of Oct. 5th, printed a plan
+and view of Cadiz, the plan first appearing in the <i>Morning
+Chronicle</i> of the day before. The view of Cadiz is well
+engraved, in the manner of that day, by W. Hughes. The
+plan is also well done, and very complete.</p>
+
+<p>Towards the end of 1823 a murder, unparalleled in the
+history of crime, excited immense public interest, and the
+<i>Observer</i> at once took up the case, and described and illustrated
+it with a particularity and minuteness of detail that
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page235" id="page235"></a>235</span>
+must have satisfied the most ardent sensationalist. The
+incidents of this remarkable crime have been long forgotten;
+but I will give an outline of the story in connexion with the
+engravings published on the occasion by the <i>Observer</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. William Weare was an attorney in Lyon&rsquo;s Inn, who
+added to his legal practice the business of a bill-discounter,
+and enlivened the dulness of both pursuits by indulging
+occasionally in the excitement of gambling. He counted
+amongst his friends one Mr. John Thurtell, a notorious
+betting-man; and it was to keep an appointment with this
+friend that he left his chambers in Lyon&rsquo;s Inn on Friday,
+Oct. 24th, 1823. The two friends had agreed to go on a
+short shooting excursion to a lonely cottage on the St. Albans
+road, about fourteen miles from London. Thurtell was respectably
+connected, but had an evil reputation, he and his
+brother being then in hiding to avoid a charge of arson.
+Two other men were concerned in the murder, Hunt, a
+public singer, of doubtful character, and Probert, a spirit
+merchant, a fraudulent bankrupt, who lived at the cottage
+to which Thurtell and his friend were going. In the
+gambling transactions between Thurtell and Weare the
+former conceived himself to have been cheated of 300<i>l.</i>, and
+in revenge he determined to murder Weare, and by robbing
+him recoup himself as far as possible for his losses. The
+crime was coolly premeditated, and Hunt appears to have
+been an accessory before the fact, having arranged to meet
+Thurtell on the road, and to assist in despatching the victim.
+For this purpose the shooting excursion to Probert&rsquo;s cottage
+was planned, but, owing to a mistake of Hunt&rsquo;s, he did not
+join Thurtell as agreed, and the latter committed the murder
+alone.</p>
+
+<p>Thurtell and Weare were seen driving in a gig towards
+Edgeware about five o&rsquo;clock in the evening on Oct. 24th,
+and they afterwards called at the &lsquo;White Hart,&rsquo; Edgeware,
+for refreshment. After they were gone Probert and Hunt,
+also driving in a gig, called at the same inn, where they had
+some brandy and water, and afterwards drove away.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page236" id="page236"></a>236</span></p>
+
+<p>Gill&rsquo;s Hill Cottage, the place where Probert lived, was
+about two miles from Elstree, and was approached by a
+narrow road called Gill&rsquo;s Hill Lane. Some country people
+passing in the neighbourhood of this lane about eight o&rsquo;clock
+in the evening heard a shot fired and deep groans as if some
+one was injured. They also heard voices and the wheels of a
+cart or gig moving. Near nine o&rsquo;clock Thurtell arrived at
+the cottage <i>alone</i>, and giving the horse and gig to the servant,
+went out to meet Probert and Hunt, with whom he
+soon afterwards returned.</p>
+
+<p>Hunt being a stranger, was formally introduced to Mrs.
+Probert and a Miss Noyes who was staying at the house.
+The whole party supped together, and spent the evening in
+jollity. Hunt sang several songs, and Thurtell produced a
+gold hunting-watch which afterwards proved to be Weare&rsquo;s,
+and, taking off the chain, offered it to Probert for his wife,
+but he declining it, Thurtell put it round the lady&rsquo;s neck
+himself. It was after midnight before the ladies retired, and
+the sleeping accommodation being limited it was arranged
+that Thurtell should sleep on some chairs and Hunt was to
+occupy the sofa. A drawing of the sofa forms one of the
+illustrations in the <i>Observer</i>, and proves how thoroughly
+every circumstance of the horrid tale was followed up and
+exhibited to the public. All this time the body of the
+murdered Weare was lying behind a hedge in the lane.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Probert&rsquo;s suspicions had been aroused by several
+strange circumstances. A vague and horrid alarm took
+possession of her, and when she retired to bed she stole
+to the head of the stairs and listened to the talk that was
+going on below in the parlour. She heard her husband and
+his two visitors apparently dividing money, burning papers,
+and making mysterious plans to conceal something dreadful
+that had been done. Then the parlour door was opened, and
+the frightened woman stole back to her room. She heard
+two of the men go to the stable and bring out the horse.
+Afterwards, hearing a noise in the garden, she looked out of
+the window, and it being a moonlight night, she saw a man
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page237" id="page237"></a>237</span>
+dragging something large and heavy along the garden walk
+towards the fishpond. Then followed a hollow sound as if
+something had been thrown into the pond.</p>
+
+<p>That night, when Probert went to bed, he found his wife
+sitting up and crying. She questioned him about the
+mysterious sounds she had heard, but he told her that he
+and his companions had only been out trying to net some
+game. In the morning she renewed her inquiries, but he
+only replied, &lsquo;Don&rsquo;t torment me; you make my life miserable.&rsquo;
+He seemed in low spirits, and went moping round the
+garden and about the pond. Going into the kitchen Mrs.
+Probert observed the gig cushion drying at the kitchen fire,
+although there had been no rain the night before, and the
+cook was surprised to see in the stable a wet, ripped-up sack
+hanging on a nail.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:500px; height:425px" src="images/img250.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE COUCH ON WHICH HUNT SLEPT AT GILL&rsquo;S HILL COTTAGE. FROM THE
+&lsquo;OBSERVER,&rsquo; NOV. 10, 1823.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Early on Saturday morning two labouring men were
+busy in Gill&rsquo;s Hill Lane repairing the road, when two
+gentlemen passed them on foot. At the bend of the lane
+they stooped down and appeared to be looking for something
+among the dead leaves and brambles. Coming back
+they had some conversation with the road-menders, and
+afterwards passed on up the lane towards the cottage. A
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page238" id="page238"></a>238</span>
+short time afterwards one of the labourers found at the spot
+where the gentlemen had been looking an open penknife
+covered with blood, and a little further on a pistol with hair
+sticking to it, and also bloody. These articles the man gave
+to his master the same morning when he came round to
+inspect their work. About noon they saw the two gentlemen
+from Probert&rsquo;s drive away in a gig. They both looked
+hard at the spot where the knife and pistol had been found,
+but said nothing.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Nicholls, the road surveyor, to whom the knife and
+pistol had been handed by the man who found them, went to
+the magistrates at Watford and told how and where the
+articles had been found. The magistrates at once sent
+information to Bow Street, and two of their number immediately
+went to Gill&rsquo;s Hill Lane, where they discovered
+spots and gouts of blood on the bank and under the leaves,
+and there was a gap in the hedge where a body seemed to
+have been dragged through. The field was also much
+trampled. They at once came to the conclusion that a
+murder had been committed, and took instant measures to
+trace the guilty parties. The police seized Probert and
+Thomas Thurtell at Gill&rsquo;s Hill, and searched the house and
+premises. John Thurtell was apprehended at the &lsquo;Coach
+and Horses,&rsquo; in Conduit Street. Marks of blood were found
+on different articles of clothing belonging to him. At
+Hunt&rsquo;s lodgings various articles belonging to Weare had
+been found. Weare being missing it was suspected he had
+met with foul play at the hands of these men. A billiard-table
+keeper in Spring Gardens proved that Mr. Weare had
+called upon him about three o&rsquo;clock on Friday, October 24th,
+and told him he was then on his way to join Thurtell in the
+Edgeware Road, as they were going down to Hertfordshire
+for a few days&rsquo; shooting. Thurtell, on being questioned,
+admitted he knew Mr. Weare, but said he had not seen him
+for eight days.</p>
+
+<p>It appeared by the disclosures afterwards made by
+Thurtell&rsquo;s two confederates that Thurtell had shot Weare
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page239" id="page239"></a>239</span>
+while they were riding in the gig down Gill&rsquo;s Hill Lane,
+leading to the cottage where Probert lived. Weare jumped
+out of the gig, crying he would pay Thurtell all he owed
+him if he would only spare his life. Thurtell jumped out of
+the gig and ran after him. He got Weare down and cut
+his throat with a penknife, and then struck him on the head
+with a pistol. He then dragged the body through the hedge
+and left it there. The same night Thurtell and Hunt went
+out from Probert&rsquo;s cottage to bring the body away, but they
+found it too heavy. Probert and Thurtell then went and
+brought the body on the horse, and put it in the fishpond
+with stones in the sack to keep it down. They afterwards
+removed the body from the fishpond and sunk it in a deep
+pond by the side of the Elstree road.</p>
+
+<p>The cold-blooded indifference of the perpetrators of this
+atrocious crime was most extraordinary. The murder was
+committed on Friday night, and on Saturday Thurtell and
+Hunt returned to London and dined with Thomas Thurtell
+and Mr. Noyes, Probert&rsquo;s brother-in-law, at the &lsquo;Coach and
+Horses,&rsquo; in Conduit Street. They were very jovial, and next
+day (Sunday) the whole party met again at Proberts&rsquo; house
+in Gill&rsquo;s Hill Lane, when the afternoon was spent in playing
+at cards. On Sunday night Thurtell and Hunt went to dig
+a grave to bury the body, but the dogs were barking, and
+they were afraid some one was about. On Monday, while
+Hunt engaged Mrs. Probert in conversation, Thurtell and
+Probert got the body out of the fishpond, and cut off the
+clothes. Then they all three carried it to the garden-gate and
+put it into the gig. A grave half dug was found in Probert&rsquo;s
+garden, but the soil was hard, and it is supposed that Thurtell
+and Hunt were afraid of the noise pickaxes would make.</p>
+
+<p>Hunt, to save his own neck from the halter, confessed
+that he knew where the body was, and went with four men
+in a hackney coach to a bridge on the Elstree Road, near
+which was a deep pond by the side of the road. In this
+pond the body of Weare was found tied in a sack, with
+stones to keep it down.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page240" id="page240"></a>240</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:622px; height:700px" src="images/img253.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">POND IN WHICH THE BODY OF MR. WEARE WAS FOUND. FROM THE &lsquo;OBSERVER,&rsquo;
+NOV. 10, 1823.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page241" id="page241"></a>241</span></p>
+
+<p>Thurtell, Probert, and Hunt were tried at Hertford on
+January 6, 1824. Probert was admitted King&rsquo;s evidence,
+and so escaped for that time, but he was afterwards hung at
+the Old Bailey for horse-stealing. Thurtell and Hunt were
+condemned to death, but only Thurtell was hung, Hunt
+being reprieved on the morning of execution, and transported
+for life. In those days prize-fighting was in much
+favour, and a great fight was coming off between Spring
+and Langham, two noted pugilists. To show the ruffianly
+and impenitent character of Thurtell, it is related that he
+said, a few hours before his execution, &lsquo;It is perhaps wrong
+in my situation; but I own I should like to read Pierce
+Egan&rsquo;s account of the great fight yesterday.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Some of the incidents of the trial were appalling, others
+ludicrous. The production of the weapon with which the
+murder was committed, stained and rusted with blood, made
+every one shudder except the prisoners. The oft-quoted
+reason for a man being respectable &lsquo;because he kept a horse
+and shay&rsquo; occurred during this trial; and when Probert&rsquo;s
+cook was asked whether the supper at Gill&rsquo;s Hill Cottage
+was postponed, she answered, &lsquo;No; it was pork.&rsquo;<a name="fa4e" id="fa4e" href="#ft4e"><span class="sp">4</span></a></p>
+
+<p>The murder of Mr. Weare was committed on October 24,
+and discovered a few days afterwards. On November 10 the
+<i>Observer</i> published five illustrations of the murder:&mdash;1. Probert&rsquo;s
+cottage and garden. 2. The scene of the murder in
+Gill&rsquo;s Hill Lane. 3. The pond in which the body of Weare
+was found. 4. Front view (from the road) of Probert&rsquo;s
+cottage. 5. The parlour and the couch on which Hunt
+slept. On December 7 the <i>Observer</i> published a view of the
+interior of the Crown Court at Hertford at the moment the
+prisoners were brought up to plead; and, having found that
+the public had eagerly purchased the illustrations already
+issued, the editor announced the publication of two sheets
+with additional engravings on the occasion of the trial:&mdash;&lsquo;The
+Trials of the prisoners at Hertford having been put off
+till Tuesday, Jan. 6, the publication of the intended Supplement
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page242" id="page242"></a>242</span>
+of this Journal, containing the plates illustrative of the
+facts to be disclosed in the evidence, has been deferred till
+Sunday, January 11, on which day Two Sheets instead of
+one will be published. Booksellers, Postmasters, &amp;c., are
+requested to give their orders through their respective
+Agents in London, as no papers whatever are on any
+occasion forwarded through the Publisher.&rsquo; Accordingly,
+at the appointed time two sheets came out, containing the
+cuts already enumerated together with three fresh ones, the
+latter being the stable-yard of Probert&rsquo;s cottage with the
+murderers conveying the body by the light of a lantern to
+the stable; a front view of the cottage, showing the murderers
+dragging the body to the pond; and a ground-plan of
+the country round the scene of the murder. The conductors
+of the Journal appear to have had some misgivings as to the
+good taste of their proceedings, but were unable to resist the
+temptation of a large and profitable sale. The engravings
+are thus introduced to the reader:&mdash;&lsquo;The unparalleled interest
+which has been created in the public mind by the
+mysterious circumstances attending the death of Mr. Weare
+has induced us, with a view to the gratification of our
+readers, to use every exertion in our power, not only to give
+a faithful and copious Report of the Trial of the persons
+charged with this most foul and atrocious deed, but, with
+the assistance of competent Artists, to obtain such Plates as
+appear to us best calculated to illustrate the detail of circumstances
+disclosed in the evidence before the jury. We are
+aware that by some these illustrations will be condemned as
+inconsistent with good taste; and we are ready to acknowledge
+that on all occasions their adoption would be extremely
+injudicious. In a case, however, where the feelings and the
+curiosity of the public have been so much excited, and where
+so singular and ardent an avidity has been displayed to
+obtain every possible light upon a subject so interesting, we
+trust that those who may entertain, perhaps, a well-founded
+objection to our plan, will, for a moment, grant us their
+indulgence, and permit us to meet the wishes of persons who
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page243" id="page243"></a>243</span>
+may not be so fastidious as themselves. The strongest argument
+which we can adduce in favour of the continued pursuit
+of this plan&mdash;is the fact, that of three of the plates which
+we now feel it necessary to republish, many thousand impressions
+have been already sold, and yet the number, though
+high, has been insufficient to supply the continued demand.
+The necessity imposed on us, however, for breaking up our
+formes, forced us to refer the recent applicants to the present
+publication, which will be found to contain the most minute
+and correct particulars of everything connected with this
+extraordinary affair.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Then follows a long and minute description of all the
+plates, when it is stated, &lsquo;For the sake of effect the artist
+has given all the views as they would appear in daylight;
+but, with the exception of Plate II. (finding the body of
+Weare in the pond), the scenes ought to have been represented
+as at night.&rsquo; Some of the engravings illustrating the
+murder of Mr. Weare appeared in the <i>Morning Chronicle</i> the
+day before their publication in the <i>Observer</i>, and they were
+also published simultaneously in the <i>Englishman</i>, which appears
+to have been in substance another edition of the
+<i>Observer</i> without the advertisements. The name of W.
+Hughes is attached to them as the engraver.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Observer</i> was loudly condemned for publishing the
+Weare and Thurtell illustrations, and it did not for some
+time bring out any more engravings; but this was probably
+owing more to the commercial depression prevailing at the
+time than to the strictures that had been passed upon newspaper
+morality.</p>
+
+<p>About this time <i>Bell&rsquo;s Life</i> came into Mr. Clement&rsquo;s
+hands, and henceforth it shared, with the <i>Morning Chronicle</i>
+and the <i>Englishman</i>, in the illustrations prepared for the
+<i>Observer</i>. It had, however, a distinct series of illustrations
+of its own, which was continued for several years. But
+before describing them I must refer to one or two characteristic
+engravings which appeared in <i>Bell&rsquo;s Life</i> in its early
+days. On November 28, 1824, the first large woodcut was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page244" id="page244"></a>244</span>
+published, representing a prize-fight on a raised stage, and
+entitled the &lsquo;Tip Top Milling at Warwick.&rsquo; According to
+the account accompanying the engraving, this prize-fight
+was a most brutal exhibition, without any display of what
+boxers call &lsquo;science&rsquo;&mdash;a mere exchange of hard blows,
+ending in one of the combatants being carried insensible
+from the stage. The coming fight was made known far
+and wide, so that when the day arrived vehicles from all
+parts of the country brought hundreds of spectators to the
+scene. The fight took place, openly and without fear of
+interruption, on the race-course at Warwick, the grand
+stand being crammed with spectators, and a ring of waggons,
+on which clustered crowds of eager gazers, surrounded the
+stage. This is all shown in the engraving in <i>Bell&rsquo;s Life</i>;
+and the different objects in the background, such as the
+church, the keep of Warwick Castle, the cemetery, &amp;c., are
+pointed out by figures of reference with the most conscientious
+care. There is a very long account of the battle,
+couched in language only understood by members of the
+&lsquo;fancy.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>In 1825 the town was being amused by Liston, as &lsquo;Paul
+Pry,&rsquo; then a recent creation of the stage. On November 8
+in that year <i>Bell&rsquo;s Life</i> published a woodcut representing the
+comedian in that character, which I have copied as an early
+example of the illustrations of the great sporting journal.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:329px; height:500px" src="images/img258.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">LISTON AS PAUL PRY. FROM &lsquo;BELL&rsquo;S LIFE,&rsquo; 1825.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>In 1827 <i>Bell&rsquo;s Life</i> commenced a series of caricature
+sketches by Cruikshank, Seymour, and Kenny Meadows,
+entitled a &lsquo;Gallery of Comicalities.&rsquo; This continued at
+intervals, along with other sketches entitled &lsquo;Phizogs of
+the Tradesmen of London&rsquo; (half-lengths of Butchers, Cobblers,
+&amp;c., commencing in 1832); &lsquo;Kitchen Stuff, or Cads
+of the Aristocracy&rsquo; (heads of gentlemen&rsquo;s servants); &lsquo;Portraits
+down the Road&rsquo; (heads of characters seen on a stage-coach
+journey, such as the Landlady, the Commercial Traveller,
+the Chambermaid, &amp;c.); &lsquo;The Sporting Album&rsquo;
+(sketches from life, commencing 1834). These caricature
+subjects were continued to the end of the year 1840. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page245" id="page245"></a>245</span>
+greater number are much too coarse, cynical, and vulgar for
+the taste of the present day. Sometimes a series of sketches
+extended through several consecutive weeks, such as &lsquo;The
+Pugilist&rsquo;s Progress&rsquo; and &lsquo;The Drunkard&rsquo;s Progress,&rsquo; both
+by Seymour. &lsquo;The Drunkard&rsquo;s Progress,&rsquo; which appeared
+in 1829, consisted of twelve scenes, and embodied the same
+idea that was many years afterwards more fully developed
+by George Cruikshank in his series of large plates entitled
+&lsquo;The Bottle.&rsquo; Now and then appeared a sporting subject
+by Harvey, such as Coursing, Hunting, Bull-Baiting, &amp;c.
+In the number for February 8, 1829, appeared a curious
+woodcut representing a view in the Isle of Anglesea, which
+was said to have excited the attention and surprise of passing
+travellers from its presenting an excellent profile of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page246" id="page246"></a>246<br />247</span>
+Marquis of Anglesea, who was then very popular. In 1831
+portraits of Young Dutch Sam and Ned Neal, the famous
+pugilists, were published; and in 1838 the initials of John
+Leech began to appear to some of the cuts. Portraits of
+prize-fighters, race-horses, representations of racing-cups,
+&amp;c., were given at intervals until 1851, when the last illustration,
+a monument to Tom Cribb, appeared.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter" colspan="2"><img style="width:630px; height:336px" src="images/img259.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tcc f90">THE MAN WOT LOST THE FIGHT.</td>
+  <td class="tcc f90">THE MAN WOT WON THE FIGHT.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption" colspan="2">FROM &lsquo;BELL&rsquo;S LIFE,&rsquo; 1831.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>As further examples of the illustrations in <i>Bell&rsquo;s Life</i>, I
+copy two, which were published in 1831.</p>
+
+<p>About 1825 there was another sporting paper in existence,
+conducted by the celebrated author of &lsquo;Tom and Jerry.&rsquo;
+It was called <i>Pierce Egan&rsquo;s Life in London</i>, and, like <i>Bell&rsquo;s
+Life</i>, had its sporting and other columns decorated with little
+woodcut headings, and sometimes published an engraving of
+a racing-cup.</p>
+
+<p>At the beginning of 1827 the <i>Observer</i> resumed its illustrations
+of news, and on the death of the Duke of York published
+a long memoir of his Royal Highness, accompanied
+by an equestrian portrait of the Duke, &lsquo;taken during his
+last visit to Newmarket.&rsquo; In the number for January 21
+are engravings of the remains of his Royal Highness lying
+in state in St. James&rsquo;s Palace, and a view of the interior of
+the Royal Mausoleum at Windsor. The above were engraved
+by Slader, and were published simultaneously in the <i>Englishman</i>
+and <i>Bell&rsquo;s Life</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The number published on Aug. 13, 1827, contains a large
+portrait of Mr. Canning, then just deceased. This portrait
+has the names of Jackson and Smith attached to it as the
+engravers. In the number for Sept. 30 there is a &lsquo;correct
+view of the Suspension Bridge, Hammersmith, to be opened
+to the public on Saturday, Oct. 6, 1827.&rsquo; This is engraved
+by Slader, and appears also in <i>Bell&rsquo;s Life</i> the same week.
+The following week the <i>Observer</i> published a large plan
+showing the alterations proposed in St. James&rsquo;s Park in
+connexion with the building of Buckingham Palace; and on
+Nov. 18 appeared a plan of the port of Navarino, accompanying
+an account of the naval battle at that place. In
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page248" id="page248"></a>248<br />249</span>
+December was published a view of &lsquo;Mr. Gurney&rsquo;s new
+Steam-Carriage, as it appeared in the Regent&rsquo;s Park on
+Thursday, Dec. 6, 1827,&rsquo; and later in the same month a
+representation of Mr. D. Gordon&rsquo;s new steam-coach. Both
+these engravings are curious and interesting, as showing the
+attempts that were made fifty years ago to apply steam to
+the propulsion of carriages on common roads.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:476px; height:550px" src="images/img261.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF YORK, TAKEN DURING HIS LAST VISIT TO NEWMARKET.
+FROM THE &lsquo;OBSERVER,&rsquo; JAN. 8, 1827.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Mr. Gurney was a medical man, but gave up his practice
+and devoted himself to scientific studies, and particularly
+to the construction of locomotive engines for turnpike
+travelling. He had seen Trevithick&rsquo;s engine, and when a
+youth had frequently met Trevithick himself. He had thus
+become imbued with a conviction of the practicability of
+making a steam-carriage that would travel on common roads.
+Other inventors succeeded in doing the same thing, but Mr.
+Gurney attained the greatest amount of success. With his
+steam-carriage he made a journey from London to Bath on
+July 28, 1829, performing the return journey at fourteen
+miles an hour, or the eighty-four miles in nine hours and
+twenty minutes, stoppages for fuel and water included. In
+1831 he established a regular steam conveyance between
+Gloucester and Cheltenham, a distance of about nine miles.
+The steam-carriages commenced plying on Feb. 21, 1831, and
+continued running four times a-day for four months, with
+tolerable regularity and without accident. The project,
+however, received such determined opposition from coach
+proprietors and turnpike trusts that it was abandoned. The
+tolls exacted were so heavy that at one gate they amounted
+to eight guineas. Mr. Gurney is said to have expended
+36,000<i>l.</i> on his enterprise, but without any permanent
+beneficial result. His inventive genius, however, contributed
+to develope the high speed of the locomotive and
+the subsequent success of railways. He died Feb. 28, 1875,
+aged eighty-two years.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:660px; height:348px" src="images/img263.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">MR. GURNEY&rsquo;S NEW STEAM-CARRIAGE AS IT APPEARED IN THE REGENT&rsquo;S PARK ON
+THURSDAY, DEC. 6, 1827. FROM THE &lsquo;OBSERVER,&rsquo; DEC. 9, 1827.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Mr. Gordon took out a patent for a steam-coach in 1822,
+and constructed two different machines. One had its wheels
+surrounded by cogs, or projecting teeth. This engine was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page250" id="page250"></a>250<br />251</span>
+to be placed within a large rolling drum, about nine feet in
+diameter and five feet wide, the inside of which should be
+fitted with circular rack-rails fitting the wheels of the steam-engine.
+Thus the motion of the engine would cause the
+drum to roll forward, on the same principle that a squirrel
+causes a cylindrical cage to revolve; and the rolling of the
+drum was to move a carriage connected with it. The other
+machine had two long propellers or legs, intended to obviate
+the supposed tendency of wheels to slip when ascending a
+slope.</p>
+
+<p>The Thames Tunnel, which was begun in 1825 by Mr.
+Brunel, was on more than one occasion threatened with
+destruction by irruptions of water. On Jan. 12, 1828, six
+workmen perished by a sudden rush of water into the
+workings, and on the 20th the <i>Observer</i> published an engraving
+representing the catastrophe. On the 9th of June
+appeared &lsquo;A correct view of Ascot Heath Race Course, taken
+by an eminent artist on Thursday last.&rsquo; This &lsquo;eminent
+artist&rsquo; was William Harvey, and the cut bears the names of
+Jackson and Smith as the engravers. A sheet containing a
+selection of comic sketches from <i>Bell&rsquo;s Life</i> was issued with
+the <i>Observer</i> of July 20, 1828, accompanied by a statement
+that the sketches (twenty-seven in number) cost one hundred
+and forty-two pounds, drawing and engraving. This sounds
+very trivial when contrasted with the large sums now paid
+by illustrated newspapers.</p>
+
+<p>In 1827 another exciting murder was committed, and the
+<i>Observer</i>, undeterred by former censures, published a portrait
+of the criminal and a view of the scene of his crime, but did
+not on this occasion deal with the case in the elaborate way
+in which the murder of Mr. Weare was treated. The story
+of the Red Barn is well known to provincial playgoers in
+the Eastern Counties, where it still sometimes figures in
+theatrical programmes on Saturday nights. William Corder
+was a farmer&rsquo;s son residing not far from Ipswich. He had
+for some time carried on an intrigue with a country girl
+named Maria Marten, whom he at last enticed into a barn
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page252" id="page252"></a>252</span>
+not far from her father&rsquo;s cottage, and there murdered her,
+and buried her body under the floor of the barn. After this
+he continued to visit her father&rsquo;s cottage, and by various
+falsehoods accounted for the girl&rsquo;s continued absence.
+Months went by, and Corder wrote several letters to the
+girl&rsquo;s parents, in which he told plausible stories about her
+being at the seaside with relatives of his own. The girl&rsquo;s
+mother, however, had had her suspicions aroused by
+several circumstances, and at length she dreamed three
+times that her daughter had been murdered and her body
+hid under the floor in the Red Barn. The woman&rsquo;s mind
+was so worked upon by the recurrence of this dream that she
+induced her husband to search under the floor of the barn,
+and there, sure enough, the murdered body of the girl was
+found. In the meantime Corder had advertised for a wife
+in the <i>Morning Herald</i> in the following terms:&mdash;&lsquo;A private
+gentleman, aged twenty-four, entirely independent, whose
+disposition is not to be exceeded, has lately lost chief of his
+family by the hand of Providence, which has occasioned
+discord among the remainder, under circumstances the most
+disagreeable to relate. To any female of respectability, who
+would study for domestic comfort, and is willing to confide
+her future happiness to one in every way qualified to render
+the marriage state desirable, as the advertiser is in affluence.
+Many happy marriages have taken place through means
+similar to this now resorted to. It is hoped no one will
+answer this through impertinent curiosity; but should this
+meet the eye of any agreeable lady, who feels desirous of
+meeting with a sociable, tender, kind, and sympathising
+companion, they will find this advertisement worthy of
+notice. Honour and secrecy may be relied on. As some
+little security against idle application, it is requisite that
+letters may be addressed, post-paid, A. Z., care of Mr.
+Foster, stationer, 68 Leadenhall Street, with real name and
+address, which will meet with most respectful attention.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:389px; height:690px" src="images/img266.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">WILLIAM CORDER. FROM THE &lsquo;OBSERVER,&rsquo; AUG. 10, 1823.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Through this advertisement Corder became acquainted
+with a lady who kept the Grove House Academy at Ealing,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page253" id="page253"></a>253<br />254</span>
+near London. They were married, and he went to reside
+with his wife at Grove House, where he was arrested one
+morning in the spring of 1828. Various circumstances
+pointed to him as the murderer of Maria Marten, and he
+was tried for the crime at Bury St. Edmunds on Aug. 6,
+1828. The crowd was so great that the counsel and officers
+of the court had to fight their way to their places. Corder
+appeared at the bar dressed in a new suit of black, and with
+his hair combed over his forehead. He wore a pair of blue
+French spectacles, through which he eyed the witnesses
+smilingly. Being called on for his defence, he read a statement
+which amounted to charging Maria Marten with
+having committed suicide. He said that in consequence of
+a quarrel they had in the Red Barn she shot herself with
+one of two pistols which he had with him:&mdash;&lsquo;The instant
+the mischief happened, I thought to have made it public;
+but this would have added to the suspicion, and I then
+resolved to conceal her death. I then buried her in the best
+way I could. I tried to conceal the fact as well as I could,
+giving sometimes one reason for her absence, and sometimes
+another.&rsquo; He was found guilty and sentenced to death, and
+the night before his execution he made the following confession:&mdash;&lsquo;I
+acknowledge being guilty of the death of poor
+Maria Marten, by shooting her with a pistol. The particulars
+are as follows: When we left her father&rsquo;s house, we
+began quarrelling about the burial of the child, she apprehending
+that the place wherein it was deposited would be
+found out. The quarrel continued for about three quarters
+of an hour upon this and about other subjects. A scuffle
+ensued, and during the scuffle, and at the time I think that
+she had hold of me, I took the pistol from the side pocket
+of my shooting-coat.... I have been guilty of great idleness,
+and at times led a dissolute life, but I hope through the
+mercy of God to be forgiven.&mdash;<span class="sc">W. Corder.</span>&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>This murder excited great and marked interest, not only
+in Suffolk, but through the whole country. On Aug. 10,
+1828, the day before the execution, the <i>Observer</i> published a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page255" id="page255"></a>255</span>
+portrait of Corder and a view of the Red Barn, which are
+here copied. The excitement showed itself in the streets,
+where puppet shows represented the scene of the crime, and
+Methodist preachers held forth in the fields near the barn
+to thousands of attentive listeners. The Red Barn itself was
+nearly pulled to pieces by curiosity seekers.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:500px; height:404px" src="images/img268.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE RED BARN. FROM THE &lsquo;OBSERVER,&rsquo; AUG. 10, 1828.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>On the Monday of the execution all the workmen in Bury
+struck work in order to see the murderer hanged, and persons
+came from long distances for the same purpose. One man
+was pestered by every one he met on his return by inquiries
+whether Corder had really been hung that morning. This
+was repeated so often that he became quite weary of the
+constantly recurring question, &lsquo;Is Corder executed?&rsquo; In the
+evening, in order to get rid of the gloomy feelings created
+by what he had witnessed, he went to the theatre, where he
+arrived somewhat late. The play (&lsquo;Macbeth&rsquo;) had advanced
+to the fourth scene of the first act as he seated himself in the
+pit. The newcomer, who was better acquainted with the
+details of the murder in the Red Barn than with the plays of
+Shakespeare, was not a little astonished when King Duncan
+entered, and, fixing his eye upon him, repeated what he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page256" id="page256"></a>256</span>
+thought was the same question that had been so often
+addressed to him that day, &lsquo;Is execution done on Cawdor?&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:358px; height:550px" src="images/img269.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE SIAMESE TWINS. FROM THE &lsquo;OBSERVER,&rsquo; NOVEMBER 22, 1829.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The <i>Observer</i> continued its illustration of events as they
+occurred, sharing the engravings with <i>Bell&rsquo;s Life</i> and the
+<i>Englishman</i>. St. Katharine&rsquo;s Docks were opened on Oct. 25th,
+1828, and on the following day the <i>Observer</i> published a
+bird&rsquo;s eye view of the docks, showing the ceremonies attending
+the opening. In January, 1829, appeared two views
+of Buckingham Palace, then building for George IV.; and
+in August a cut of the &lsquo;Post-Office Accelerator,&rsquo; a carriage
+for conveying London postmen to their several districts. A
+portrait of Rowton, the winner of the Great St. Leger for
+1829, was given in September. This year the lovers of
+wonderful shows were attracted to an exhibition in London
+of two Siamese youths who were united together by a short
+cartilaginous band at the pit of the stomach, but with no
+other connexion existing between them. They were perfectly
+straight and well made, and walked with a gait like other
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page257" id="page257"></a>257</span>
+people; being perfect in all their parts, and having all their
+functions distinct. Their names were Chang and Eng; and
+they were first discovered on the banks of the Siam river,
+fishing, by Mr. Hunter, an American, by whom they were
+taken to New York, where they were exhibited, and were
+afterwards brought to England. They were supposed to be
+about eighteen years old when they were exhibited in
+London in 1829. The <i>Observer</i> of November 22, 1829, published
+a long account of the Siamese Twins, with a woodcut
+representing them as they were exhibited to the public.</p>
+
+<p>After having been exhibited for several years in London
+and the provinces, the Siamese twins went to America, where
+they settled on a farm, and married sisters. In the year 1869
+they returned to London, and were as elderly men again exhibited;
+but they soon went back to America, where in a few
+years they died, both together. A similar exhibition was made
+in London about 1868 of twin girls, named Millie-Christine,
+or the &lsquo;Two-headed Nightingale,&rsquo; and it was probably the
+appearance of these two &lsquo;black birds&rsquo; that suggested the
+idea of the Siamese twins appearing again in public.</p>
+
+<p>In June, 1830, George the Fourth died, and the <i>Observer</i>
+published several engravings connected with the event. On
+June 24th appeared a portrait of &lsquo;His Majesty George the
+Fourth as he last appeared in his Pony Phaeton in Windsor
+Park;&rsquo; and on July 18 three illustrations of the lying-in-state
+and the funeral were published.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;The King is dead! Long live the King!&rsquo; So said the
+citizens of London when they invited William IV. and
+Queen Adelaide to a banquet at Guildhall on the following
+November 9; and on the 1st, eight days before the entertainment
+came off, the <i>Observer</i> duly supplied the public
+with &lsquo;A correct view of the grand civic entertainment,&rsquo; as
+it was to be. On Aug. 1, 1831, new London Bridge was
+opened by the King and Queen, and two engravings illustrative
+of the event were published in the <i>Observer</i>, the
+<i>Morning Chronicle</i>, <i>Bell&rsquo;s Life</i>, and the <i>Englishman</i>. One of
+them is interesting, as it shows the relative positions of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page258" id="page258"></a>258<br />259</span>
+old and the new bridge. The view was taken from the
+tower of St. Saviour&rsquo;s Church, Southwark, looking towards
+Fish Street Hill.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:820px; height:466px" src="images/img271.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">HIS MAJESTY GEORGE IV., AS HE LAST APPEARED IN HIS PONY PHAETON IN WINDSOR PARK.
+FROM THE &lsquo;OBSERVER,&rsquo; JUNE 29, 1830.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The <i>Observer</i> of Sept. 11, 1831, contained four illustrations
+of the coronation of King William IV. and Queen Adelaide,
+together with long and elaborate descriptions. There was
+another paper in existence at this time called the <i>United
+Kingdom</i>, which also illustrated the coronation. This was
+the period of the great Reform agitation, when the newspapers
+were absorbed in political excitement; and after this
+the <i>Observer</i> for a time ceased to give any illustrations.</p>
+
+<p>On July 28, 1835, a diabolical attempt was made in Paris
+to shoot Louis-Philippe, king of the French. The assassin,
+whose name was Fieschi, constructed an infernal machine,
+consisting of twenty-five barrels, charged with various kinds
+of missiles, and lighted simultaneously by a train of gunpowder.
+The machine was fired from a window as the King
+rode along the lines of the National Guard, on the Boulevard
+du Temple, accompanied by his three sons and suite. The
+King and his sons escaped, but Marshal Mortier was shot
+dead and many officers were dangerously wounded. Amongst
+the spectators upwards of forty persons were killed or injured.
+In its number for August 9, 1835, the <i>Observer</i> gave a sketch
+of the attempted assassination, a portrait of the criminal,
+and a representation of the infernal machine.</p>
+
+<p>The actual infernal machine, with a waxen effigy of
+Fieschi, formed for many years a prominent attraction at
+Madame Tussaud&rsquo;s Exhibition.</p>
+
+<p>The reign of William IV. was a short one, and soon the
+<i>Observer</i> had to illustrate his funeral, as it had done that of
+his predecessor. The number for July 3, 1837, contained
+three engravings of the royal obsequies, and ere long the
+brief rule of the Sailor King was forgotten in the dawning
+glories of the Victorian era. The epoch of railways was
+opening. The Greenwich Railway was the first railway
+out of London, and the next was the North-Western, or
+the London and Birmingham as it was then called. On
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page260" id="page260"></a>260<br />261</span>
+July 24, 1837, the <i>Observer</i> published a large woodcut
+of the &lsquo;Grand entrance to the London and Birmingham
+Railway at Euston Square.&rsquo; Mr. Hardwick&rsquo;s massive
+structure was then in progress, and formed the entrance
+to the first of the great London railway stations&mdash;vast
+buildings, some of which have swallowed up whole streets,
+and contributed greatly to alter the appearance of London
+in their vicinity.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:800px; height:368px" src="images/img273.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">GERARD, <i>ALIAS</i> FIESCHI, AND THE INFERNAL MACHINE. FROM THE &lsquo;OBSERVER,&rsquo; AUGUST 9, 1835.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>On July 24, 1837, a balloon ascended from Vauxhall
+with a parachute attached, in which was Mr. Cocking, who
+in descending was killed. The <i>Observer</i> published illustrations
+of this event, which excited great interest at the time.
+Other papers illustrated Mr. Cocking&rsquo;s death, which I will
+recount more at length when I come to treat of the <i>Weekly
+Chronicle</i>, which contained more illustrations of the event
+than any other paper. A large engraving appeared in the
+<i>Observer</i> for August 20, 1837, representing the Waterloo
+shield, given by Lord George Bentinck, and run for at
+Goodwood Races, 1837.</p>
+
+<p>When Her Majesty Queen Victoria paid her first visit
+to the City of London after her accession, the <i>Observer</i> came
+out with larger engravings than it had ever before produced.
+Two large views of the interior of Guildhall were given,
+together with a panoramic sketch of the royal and civic
+procession, and a portrait of the youthful Queen, &lsquo;surrounded
+by a beautiful Emblematic Design, in which
+innocence and strength are happily portrayed by the
+playfulness of the Doves and the fearless defiance of the
+Lion.&rsquo; Such was the flowery language of the <i>Observer</i> in
+those days.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Observer</i> of July 2, 1838, was a double number,
+price tenpence, and contained several illustrations of the
+coronation of Queen Victoria, which were also printed in
+<i>Bell&rsquo;s Life</i>. I have copied one of them, not because it
+is particularly good, but simply to mark an important
+historical event, which ought to have some record in an
+account of illustrated journalism.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page262" id="page262"></a>262</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:491px; height:700px" src="images/img275.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE CORONATION OF QUEEN VICTORIA. FROM THE &lsquo;OBSERVER,&rsquo; JULY 2, 1838.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page263" id="page263"></a>263</span></p>
+
+<p>On the occasion of Her Majesty&rsquo;s marriage, the <i>Observer</i>
+published a wedding number, containing several engravings,
+which were introduced to the reader thus:&mdash;&lsquo;Little in the
+way of explanation is necessary to render the sketches in
+the opposite page, with which we have illustrated our
+account of the splendid ceremonials of Her Majesty&rsquo;s Nuptials
+on Monday last, intelligible. Our readers will no doubt
+make due allowance for any imperfections which may be discovered,
+when they reflect on the fact that the whole of the
+labours of the artists and the engravers have been accomplished
+in less than a week, and this under circumstances of
+difficulty, in obtaining admission to the scenes to be sketched,
+almost insurmountable. We should not be doing justice to
+our engraver were we not to state that it is to Mr. Orrin
+Smith we owe the consummation of our desire to gratify our
+patrons.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>On October 30, 1841, a fire occurred in the Tower of
+London, when the Armoury and 280,000 stand of arms were
+destroyed. On November 7 the <i>Observer</i> published three
+illustrations of this great fire. On November 14 it presented
+its subscribers with a large emblematic engraving
+on the occasion of the birth of the Prince of Wales. In
+the following January, when the Prince of Wales was
+christened, it published a large page engraving designed
+by W. B. Scott, and engraved by Smith and Linton, containing
+the ceremony of christening in St. George&rsquo;s Chapel,
+the banquet in St. George&rsquo;s Hall, illustrations of the history
+of the Princes of Wales from the presentation of the first
+Prince of Wales to the Welsh, to the religious instruction
+of Edward VI. by Archbishop Cranmer, including the battle
+of Cressy with the feats of the Black Prince, and the subsequent
+pageantry attending the introduction of the King of
+France as a prisoner into London over London Bridge;
+following this is the dismissal of Falstaff and his profligate
+companions by Henry V., with views of Windsor, &amp;c. From
+this time until 1847 the <i>Observer</i> published no more engravings.
+In the interval the <i>Illustrated London News</i> commenced
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page264" id="page264"></a>264</span>
+its career. On July 12, 1847, the <i>Observer</i> published
+the last of its illustrations. This was on the installation of
+Prince Albert as Chancellor of the University of Cambridge.
+The engravings have the name of W. J. Linton attached to
+them, and are on a larger scale, and are better done than
+anything hitherto appearing in the same paper.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Weekly Chronicle</i>, the first number of which was
+published September 18, 1836, started with the idea of
+illustrating the news of the day as one of its principal
+features. The price was threepence, and with it was incorporated
+the <i>Weekly Times</i>. In the first number the
+public were &lsquo;requested to be on their guard against the
+substitution of any other paper.&rsquo; This probably had reference
+to some threatened rivalship, for exactly a year later
+appeared <i>Holt&rsquo;s Weekly Chronicle</i>, a paper which also gave
+illustrations of current events.  It published engravings
+connected with the rebellion in Canada, and also illustrated
+the burning of the Royal Exchange in 1838. It appears to
+have had only a brief existence. The first number of the
+<i>Weekly Chronicle</i> contained an engraving of &lsquo;the new grand
+Balloon which ascended from Vauxhall Gardens with nine
+persons on Friday, September 9th, engraved by W. C.
+Walker, from a drawing made by a gentleman who ascended
+expressly for this paper.&rsquo; Number 2 contained a page of
+comic sketches, apparently by Seymour, and with the number
+for October 30, 1836, was presented gratis an almanack
+containing a view of the new Houses of Parliament, not
+quite as the design was eventually carried out. Very early
+in its career the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i> selected the criminal
+records as favourite subjects for illustration. Perhaps some
+memory of the profits realised by the <i>Observer</i> on the occasion
+of the Weare murder induced the conductors to cultivate
+this class of news. Certainly nothing more repulsive
+ever figured in the pages of an illustrated newspaper than
+some of the woodcuts published by the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Towards the end of 1836 another attempt was made on
+the life of the King of the French, and on January 8, 1837,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page265" id="page265"></a>265</span>
+the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i> published a portrait of the criminal.
+A month or two later the public were enlightened as to the
+personal appearance of another murderer, one Pegsworth,
+who had his portrait taken in Newgate on the morning of
+his execution. The annals of crime were varied by the
+exploits of war, and a view of the heights of Amelzagame
+illustrated the career of the Spanish Legion under the command
+of General Evans. In the spring of 1837 occurred the
+Greenacre murder, and the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i> at once went
+into the case with an evident determination to do full justice
+to its sensational merits. From the first examination of the
+murderer before the magistrates to his final exit in the Old
+Bailey the artists of the paper were on the alert, pencil in
+hand. It is a painful fact that the numbers of the <i>Weekly
+Chronicle</i> containing the illustrations of the Greenacre murder
+had a very large sale. The details of the crime are too
+shocking to recapitulate, but I will give a list of the woodcuts
+published in connexion with it.</p>
+
+<p>April 2, 1837.&mdash;A sketch of Greenacre taken while under
+examination at the police-office. Head of the murdered woman
+as preserved in spirits at Paddington Workhouse.</p>
+
+<p>April 9.&mdash;Greenacre taking notes at his examination before
+the magistrates at Marylebone Police Office. Exterior
+of Greenacre&rsquo;s house in Carpenter&rsquo;s Buildings, Windmill
+Lane, Camberwell. View of Pineapple Gate, Edgware Road,
+where the body was found. Matthew Hale, lock-keeper, who
+found the head. Rear of Greenacre&rsquo;s house. A back room
+looking into the garden. Portraits of Mrs. Gale and child
+taken while under examination at Marylebone Police Office.
+Room where the horrible mutilation was committed. Osierbed
+in Cold Harbour Lane, where the legs were found.</p>
+
+<p>April 16.&mdash;Trial of Greenacre.</p>
+
+<p>April 23.&mdash;Chapel in Newgate, sketched during the
+preaching of the condemned sermon to Greenacre.</p>
+
+<p>April 30.&mdash;Greenacre in condemned cell.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:800px; height:531px" src="images/img279.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">CHAPEL IN NEWGATE: THE CONDEMNED SERMON. FROM THE &lsquo;WEEKLY CHRONICLE,&rsquo; APRIL 23, 1837.<br />
+1. Sheriffs&rsquo; Pew. &emsp;&emsp; 2. Governor&rsquo;s Pew. &emsp;&emsp; 3. Condemned Pew.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>On May 7 the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i> wound up this series of
+illustrations by publishing a large cut, which it entitled, &lsquo;A
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page266" id="page266"></a>266<br />267</span>
+scene in the Old Bailey, immediately before the execution,
+engraved expressly for the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i> by a distinguished
+artist.&rsquo; According to an announcement in the
+paper itself, the sale of the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i> during the
+publication of these engravings was 130,000.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:427px; height:500px" src="images/img280.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE CONDEMNED CELL, NEWGATE. FROM THE &lsquo;WEEKLY CHRONICLE,&rsquo;
+APRIL 30, 1837.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>On May 14, 1837, the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i> published portraits
+of Sir Francis Burdett and Mr. Leader, the former of
+a superhuman length, with a shocking bad hat. In the
+following number, as if the public had not been sufficiently
+supplied with horrors, there was printed &lsquo;a sketch of Eliza
+Davis as she lay on the mattress after the murder.&rsquo; This
+was known as the Frederick Street murder, and was remarkable
+from the circumstances, and from the fact that the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page268" id="page268"></a>268</span>
+murderer was never discovered. This paper now commenced
+&lsquo;The Pictorial Gallery, illustrating every object of interest
+and curiosity in Art, Science, Literature, and Amusement.
+(To be continued weekly.)&rsquo; In this series were published a
+view of the Euston Railway Station, a portrait of Madame
+Taglioni, a sketch of a novel mode of propelling balloons,
+representations of the Bedouin Arabs, the City of London
+School, the Adelaide Gallery, the Hippodrome at Bayswater,
+proclamation of Queen Victoria at Temple Bar, portraits of
+the Queen, the late King, the Earl of Durham, and the
+Duchess of Kent. Then followed a view of the Royal
+Mausoleum at Windsor, and several illustrations of Mr.
+Cocking&rsquo;s fatal descent in a parachute.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Cocking was an enthusiast in aerostation&mdash;he was,
+in fact, balloon mad, and had spent years in inventing a
+parachute which he believed to be perfectly safe, and in
+which he ascended from Vauxhall Gardens on July 24, 1837,
+attached to Mr. Green&rsquo;s Royal Nassau balloon. The experiment
+was widely advertised, and when the day and hour
+arrived the poor enthusiast faithfully appeared, and ascended
+in his fatal machine for more than a mile. He then himself
+liberated the parachute from the balloon. For a few seconds
+he descended steadily; the parachute then collapsed, broke,
+turned over, and shot straight down to the earth a hopeless
+ruin. Poor Cocking was still in the basket of the parachute
+when he reached the earth, but was quite insensible, and in
+ten minutes he was dead. The parachute fell at Lee; and
+it is recorded that not only was the machine itself carried
+away piecemeal, but the dead man&rsquo;s purse was stolen from
+his pocket, his watch, his snuff-box, his eye-glass were taken,
+even the cap was stolen from his head, the shoes were pulled
+from his feet, the buttons from his dress. Such statements
+seem incredible, and for the credit of human nature one
+could wish they were false; but they have been seriously
+made, and never contradicted.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:325px; height:650px" src="images/img282.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">MR. COCKING IN HIS PARACHUTE AT THE MOMENT OF ASCENSION. FROM THE
+&lsquo;WEEKLY CHRONICLE,&rsquo; JULY 30, 1837.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The <i>Weekly Chronicle</i> published several illustrations of
+this event. They represent Mr. Cocking in the car of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page269" id="page269"></a>269<br />270</span>
+parachute at the moment of ascension; the Nassau balloon
+as it appeared from the Royal Gardens, Vauxhall; the parachute
+in its various stages in its descent; and Mr. Cocking
+as he lay for the inspection of the jury in the room at the
+Tiger&rsquo;s Head, at Lee. The first of these I have copied.</p>
+
+<p>This rash adventure was wound up by the opening of a
+subscription list for the benefit of Cocking&rsquo;s widow, which
+was headed by the Queen with 50<i>l.</i> The Gas Company that
+had supplied the gas for the disaster gave 30<i>l.</i>, and the proprietors
+of Vauxhall gave the gardens for a benefit. Thus
+the friends who ought to have restrained the vanity of the
+enthusiast and the speculators who led him on to his fate did
+their best in the way of atonement; but it was clearly a case
+where the civil power ought to have interposed to prevent
+the fatal catastrophe.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Chronicle</i> varied its illustrations of events by an
+occasional portrait of a public man, such as Mr. T. Wakley,
+Mr. Roebuck, Lord John Russell, and Daniel Whittle Harvey.
+The Queen&rsquo;s first visit to the City, and her Majesty
+delivering her speech to her first Parliament, furnished subjects
+for large woodcuts. Early in the year 1838 the Royal
+Exchange was burnt, and this historical event was made
+the subject of an engraving in the number for January 14,
+1838.</p>
+
+<p>This year the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i> also published several
+engravings illustrative of the rebellion in Canada, including
+a portrait of Papineau, the insurgent leader, and views of
+Quebec and Montreal. The murder of Eliza Grimwood in
+the Waterloo Road furnished another opportunity for sensational
+sketches, and in the same number that contained them
+(June 10, 1838) appeared three illustrations of the Courtney
+Riots at Canterbury.</p>
+
+<p>In 1833 an eccentric person, calling himself Sir William
+Courtney, appeared at Canterbury and attracted much attention
+by his half-crazed appearance and his frequent harangues
+on the grievances of the poor. He presented himself as a
+candidate to represent the city of Canterbury in Parliament,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page271" id="page271"></a>271</span>
+but this ambition was frustrated by his being tried and found
+guilty of perjury, an offence he had committed on behalf of
+some smugglers on the Kentish coast. He was sentenced to
+imprisonment and transportation; but, being proved insane,
+the sentence was commuted, and he was confined in a lunatic
+asylum. Here he remained four years, and was then liberated
+under the belief that he was restored to a rational state. He
+was, however, madder than ever, having while in confinement
+brooded over his supposed wrongs and the sufferings of the
+oppressed poor until he fancied himself a prophet and a
+deliverer sent from heaven. With the cunning of madness
+he counterfeited sanity, and thus was able to resume what
+he considered his prophetic mission. He harangued about
+the new poor law, promised cheap bread to all who would
+follow him, and on May 29, 1838, he gathered together a
+band of about twenty men, with whom he marched from one
+place to another, proclaiming that he would make May 29
+more memorable than it had ever been in connexion with the
+restoration of Charles II. This went on for a day or two,
+when a farmer, named Curtis, having his field-work stopped
+by the leading away of his men, went to a magistrate and
+obtained a warrant to apprehend them. In an attempt to
+execute this warrant a constable was killed by Courtney,
+who now broke into a rhapsody of exultation, declared that
+a second Gideon was come to slay the ungodly, and that all
+should perish who opposed the prophet. With outstretched
+sword he cried, &lsquo;I am the only Saviour of you all. You
+need not fear, for I will bring you through all.&rsquo; The excitement
+had now become so general, and the menaces of Courtney
+and his armed party so alarming, that the magistrates
+resolved on the instant capture of this dangerous maniac and
+his ignorant followers. They came up with the rioters at a
+place called the Osier Bed, where Courtney&rsquo;s men threatened
+the magistrates and constables with bludgeons and fire-arms.
+After firing his pistol at one of the party who attempted to
+arrest him, Courtney and his men broke away to Bossenden
+Wood, and the magistrates, seeing no other resource, sent at
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page272" id="page272"></a>272</span>
+once for a detachment of the 45th Regiment from Canterbury
+Barracks. Courtney had now proclaimed to his followers
+that he was no other than Jesus Christ returned to
+earth, and that they were safer with him than if they were
+in their beds; therefore they must resist the soldiers, and
+they were sure of victory. In the meantime a hundred men
+of the 45th Regiment, headed by Lieutenant Bennett, surrounded
+Bossenden Wood. Accompanied by the civil magistrates,
+they advanced to close round the rioters, when Courtney
+fired at the young Lieutenant commanding the party,
+and shot him dead. The next minute the prophet himself
+was slain by a soldier, who covered him with his musket as
+he fired at Lieutenant Bennett. Then ensued a hand-to-hand
+fight, which resulted in the death of seven of the
+rioters and one constable, besides several persons seriously
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p>The illustrations of these riots in the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i>
+of June 10, 1838, consist of the following:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1. &lsquo;Courtney with his troops leaving Bossenden Farm.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>2. &lsquo;The death of Lieutenant Bennett. Courtney in the
+act of exhorting his men to advance.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>3. &lsquo;Interior of the Red Lion stables, with the bodies as
+they were laid out after the conflict.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Courtney, whose real name was John Thom, was undoubtedly
+mad. He never could have found followers,
+except amongst the most degraded and ignorant; and it
+is hoped he did better service to his countrymen than he
+ever dreamt of by drawing attention to the dreadful evils
+arising from the want of education among the rural population.
+Most of his followers could neither read nor write,
+and were so totally unacquainted with the simplest truths of
+Christianity that they believed him when he asserted that he
+was Gideon, Samson, and Jesus Christ all in one, and that
+he had descended from heaven to redress the wrongs of the
+poor, but more especially to reduce the price of bread!</p>
+
+<table class="picj" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter" colspan="2"><img style="width:830px; height:448px" src="images/img286.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption" colspan="2">THE DREADFUL RIOT AND LOSS OF LIFE AT BOSSENDEN WOOD, EAST KENT. FROM THE &lsquo;WEEKLY CHRONICLE,&rsquo; JUNE 10, 1838.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="f90" style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
+<p>1. Courtney.</p>
+
+<p>2. Lieutenant Bennett.</p>
+
+<p>3. Sergeant Langley making a thrust at Courtney
+with a<br />bayonet, and was knocked down
+with a bludgeon.</p>
+
+<p>4. Six Magistrates.</p>
+
+<p>5. Soldier who stepped forward and shot
+Courtney.</p></td>
+
+<td class="f90" style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
+<p>6. Major Armstrong.</p>
+
+<p>7. Detachment of the 45th Regiment loading.</p>
+
+<p>8. Lieutenant Bennett&rsquo;s detachment.</p>
+
+<p>9. The man Wills, who knocked down Sergeant
+Langley.</p>
+
+<p>10. Courtney&rsquo;s flag.</p>
+
+<p>11. J. N. Knatchbull firing at Courtney.</p></td></tr></table>
+
+<p class="pt2">The <i>Weekly Chronicle</i> illustrated the coronation of Queen
+Victoria by a view of &lsquo;The interior of the Abbey at the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page273" id="page273"></a>273<br />274</span>
+moment of Her Majesty assuming the Crown,&rsquo; and a full-page
+engraving of the Coronation Procession. Two pages
+of engravings were given on the occasion of the Queen&rsquo;s
+marriage; and on November 1, 1841, a large &lsquo;view of the
+Tower of London as it appeared on fire on the morning of
+Sunday, the 31st ult., from a drawing by a distinguished
+artist.&rsquo; On January 29, 1842, the same paper illustrated
+the christening of the Prince of Wales, with its attendant
+ceremonies and festivities; and later in the same year were
+published the last of its illustrations, relating to the employment
+of women and children in coal-mines.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:474px; height:600px" src="images/img287.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">INTERIOR OF THE HOUSE OF LORDS, LOOKING FROM THE ENTRANCE TO THE SPOT
+LATELY OCCUPIED BY THE THRONE. FROM THE &lsquo;SUNDAY TIMES,&rsquo; NOV. 2, 1834.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page275" id="page275"></a>275</span></p>
+
+<p>The <i>Observer</i>, <i>Bell&rsquo;s Life</i>, and the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i>, which
+during more than twenty years had been the chief representatives
+of pictorial journalism, gradually abandoned the
+practice of giving illustrations after the <i>Illustrated London
+News</i> was established. Two or three other newspapers occasionally
+published engravings, but they were very few,
+and appeared at long intervals. The <i>Sunday Times</i> illustrated
+the trial of Thurtell for the murder of Mr. Weare,
+and on Nov. 2, 1834, it published several engravings of the
+destruction of the Houses of Parliament, two of which, representing
+the ruins, are of sufficient interest to introduce here.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:448px; height:600px" src="images/img288.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">RUINS OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. FROM THE &lsquo;SUNDAY TIMES,&rsquo; NOV. 2, 1834.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page276" id="page276"></a>276</span></p>
+
+<p>The <i>Champion</i> of Nov. 13, 1836, has an engraving of the
+interior of a cotton-factory; and the <i>Weekly Herald</i> in the
+same year issued two engravings illustrating the story of
+Wat Tyler:&mdash;&lsquo;1. Workshop scene; Wat Tyler knocking
+the Tyrant Tax-gatherer&rsquo;s brains out;&rsquo; the principal characters
+equipped in boots, buckles, and belts, in true theatrical
+style 2. &lsquo;Smithfield scene; the assassin Walworth treacherously
+murdering the brave but too-confiding Wat Tyler.&rsquo;
+The same paper also issued this year a view of St. Peter&rsquo;s,
+Rome. The <i>Magnet</i>, a paper started in 1837, illustrated the
+proclamation of Queen Victoria, William IV. lying in state,
+the Canadian rebellion, burning of the Royal Exchange,
+coronation of Queen Victoria, and on Jan. 4, 1841, the removal
+of the remains of Napoleon I. from St. Helena.
+There are two engravings of this interesting historical event.
+The first is entitled, &lsquo;A correct view, taken on the spot, of
+the interior of the tent at St. Helena, after the disinterment
+of the body of Napoleon, at the instant of the removal of the
+lid from the coffin; the remains of the Emperor appearing
+(as one of the spectators remarked) as if he were asleep.&rsquo; I
+have copied the second cut, which represents the embarkation
+of the body, and is one of the last examples of pictorial
+journalism before the birth of the <i>Illustrated London News</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Before concluding this part of my subject it is fitting
+that I should include the <i>Penny Magazine</i> amongst the pictorial
+journals which immediately preceded the establishment
+of a regular illustrated newspaper. The <i>Penny Magazine</i>,
+though not a newspaper, was intended to supplant the cheap
+and pernicious contraband newspapers that then existed in
+large numbers. It was the most successful experiment that
+England had then seen of the art of illustration in combination
+with the steam press, and was the best attempt that had
+been made in a cheap form to elevate the public taste.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:830px; height:521px" src="images/img290.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE REMOVAL AND DELIVERY OF THE REMAINS OF THE EMPEROR NAPOLEON BY THE GOVERNOR OF ST. HELENA TO THE PRINCE DE
+JOINVILLE, ON THE 16TH DAY OF OCTOBER, 1840. FROM THE &lsquo;MAGNET,&rsquo; JAN. 11, 1841.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Mr. Charles Knight, who thus, in the <i>Penny Magazine</i>,
+led the way in combining literature with art in a popular
+form, was a staunch advocate of education, and he never
+ceased in his endeavours to improve the condition of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page277" id="page277"></a>277<br />278</span>
+masses. He said, &lsquo;the poor man must be made a thinking
+man&mdash;a man capable of intellectual pleasures; he must be
+purified in his tastes, and elevated in his understanding; he
+must be taught to comprehend the real dignity of all useful
+employments; he must learn to look upon the distinctions of
+society without envy or servility; he must respect them, for
+they are open to him as well as to others; but he must
+respect himself more. The best enjoyments of our nature
+might be common to him and the most favoured by fortune.
+Let him be taught how to appreciate them. Diminish the
+attractions of his sensual enjoyments by extending the range
+of his mental pleasures.&rsquo;<a name="fa5e" id="fa5e" href="#ft5e"><span class="sp">5</span></a> With such convictions, Mr.
+Knight, in 1827, joined the Society for the Diffusion of
+Useful Knowledge, a new educational movement then just
+started by the Reform Party. He brought out, under its
+auspices, a great number of useful works, most of which
+were profusely illustrated. In 1832 Mr. Knight resided in
+the Vale of Health on Hampstead Heath. One of his
+neighbours was Mr. M. D. Hill, an active member of the
+Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. It was a
+time of great political excitement, and the town was flooded
+with unstamped weekly publications, which in some degree
+came under the character of contraband newspapers, and
+were nearly all dangerous in principle and coarse in language.
+Mr. Knight and Mr. Hill often walked to town
+together, and their conversation naturally turned to a
+subject in which they both felt a special interest&mdash;the
+means of improving the condition of the people by the
+diffusion of cheap literature, and so counteracting the
+dangerous and offensive publications which then abounded.
+One morning in early spring their talk was of this kind,
+when Mr. Hill exclaimed, &lsquo;Let us see what something cheap
+and good can accomplish! Let us have a Penny Magazine!&rsquo;
+Mr. Knight immediately adopted the suggestion, which was
+cordially approved by the Lord Chancellor Brougham; and
+on March 31, 1832, appeared the first number of &lsquo;the <i>Penny</i>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page279" id="page279"></a>279</span>
+<i>Magazine</i> of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.&rsquo;
+It was necessary to avoid making the new periodical
+anything like a newspaper lest it should become liable to
+stamp duty, and at first very little expense was incurred for
+illustrations, most of the engravings in the early numbers
+being reprinted from other works of the Society. It was
+not till six months had elapsed that Mr. Knight ventured
+into the wide field of illustration, and made the public
+familiar with great works of art, such as the &lsquo;Laocoon,&rsquo; the
+&lsquo;Apollo Belvedere,&rsquo; the &lsquo;Dying Gladiator,&rsquo; the &lsquo;Cartoons,&rsquo;
+&amp;c. The best pictures of the old masters were intermingled
+with scenes at home and abroad, with places of renown and
+illustrious men of all nations and of every age.</p>
+
+<p>The success of the <i>Penny Magazine</i> was a surprise to the
+publisher and an astonishment to most persons. At the end
+of 1832 it had reached a sale of 200,000 in weekly numbers
+and monthly parts, and it soon produced a revolution in
+popular art throughout the world. Stereotype casts of its
+best cuts were supplied for the illustration of publications of
+a similar character which appeared in Germany, France,
+Holland, Livonia, Bohemia, Italy, Ionian Islands, Sweden,
+Norway, Spanish America, and the Brazils. The entire work
+was also reprinted in the United States from plates sent from
+this country.<a name="fa6e" id="fa6e" href="#ft6e"><span class="sp">6</span></a></p>
+
+<p>It continued its prosperous career for nine years, when a
+new series was commenced, with considerable improvements
+in engraving and printing. Five volumes of the new series
+were published, but the sale declined, owing to the commencement
+of illustrated newspapers, and the <i>Penny
+Magazine</i> in its old form came to an end in 1845, three years
+after the commencement of the <i>Illustrated London News</i>.<a name="fa7e" id="fa7e" href="#ft7e"><span class="sp">7</span></a>
+<i>Knight&rsquo;s Penny Magazine</i>, a smaller miscellany, commencing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page280" id="page280"></a>280</span>
+in January, 1846, kept up the old name for six months
+longer, and then it ceased to exist. In announcing its
+discontinuance, Mr. Knight thus closes this interesting
+chapter of literary history:&mdash;&lsquo;The present series of the
+<i>Penny Magazine</i> is closed, after an experience of only six
+months. The editor has no reason to complain of the want
+of public encouragement, for the sale of this series has
+exceeded that of its predecessor in 1845. But the sale, such
+as it is, is scarcely remunerative; and there are indications
+that it may decline rather than increase. This is a hint
+which cannot be mistaken. It shall not be said of his
+humble efforts to continue, upon an equality with the best
+of his contemporaries, a publication which once had a
+decided pre-eminence, that</p>
+
+<p class="f90 center">&ldquo;Superfluous lags the veteran on the stage.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p class="noind">He leaves this portion of popular literature to be cultivated
+by those whose new energy may be worth more than his old
+experience. The <i>Penny Magazine</i> shall begin and end with
+him. It shall not pass into other hands.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Knight attributed the falling off in the sale of the
+<i>Penny Magazine</i> to the extended sale of newspapers and the
+application of wood-engravings to their illustration; and in
+his <i>Passages of a Working Life</i> he relates how he first heard
+of the journal that was destined to succeed the <i>Penny
+Magazine</i> in the field of popular art:&mdash;&lsquo;In 1842, having
+occasion to be in attendance at the Central Criminal Court,
+my curiosity was excited by an unusual spectacle&mdash;that of an
+artist, seated amongst the civic dignitaries on the bench,
+diligently employed in sketching two Lascars, on their trial
+for a capital offence. What was there so remarkable in the
+case, in the persons, or even in the costume of the accused,
+that they should be made the subject of a picture? The
+mystery was soon explained to me. The <i>Illustrated London
+News</i> had been announced for publication on the Saturday of
+the week in which I saw the wretched foreigners standing at
+the bar. I knew something about hurrying on wood-engravers
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page281" id="page281"></a>281</span>
+for the <i>Penny Magazine</i>, but a newspaper was an
+essentially different affair. How, I thought, could artists
+and journalists so work concurrently that the news and the
+appropriate illustrations should both be fresh? How could
+such things be managed with any approach to fidelity of representation
+unless all the essential characteristics of a newspaper
+were sacrificed in the attempt to render it pictorial? I
+fancied that this rash experiment would be a failure. It proved
+to be such a success as could only be ensured by resolute and
+persevering struggles against natural difficulties.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>Charles Knight was born at Windsor in 1791. The son
+of a bookseller, he very early became connected with the
+press. At the age of twenty-one he conducted the <i>Windsor
+and Eton Express</i>, and a few years later he became the editor
+of the <i>Guardian</i>, a London weekly paper. He afterwards
+started a monthly magazine called the <i>Etonian</i>, and amongst
+his contributors were Macaulay, Praed, and other clever
+young men who had been educated at Eton, some of whom
+supported him in a later venture, <i>Knight&rsquo;s Quarterly
+Magazine</i>. In the midst of his varied duties as author and
+publisher he never lost sight of the great question of popular
+education, and heartily joined in the movement for repealing
+the taxes on knowledge. He gave expression to his views in
+<i>The Struggles of a Book against Excessive Taxation</i> and <i>The
+Case of the Authors as regards the Paper Duty</i>. He paid the
+enormous sum of 16,500<i>l.</i> for paper duty on the <i>Penny
+Cyclopedia</i> alone, and on the same work he expended 40,000<i>l.</i>
+for literature and engravings. When this great and useful
+work was completed Mr. Knight was entertained at a public
+dinner presided over by Lord Brougham, when the leading
+men in literature and art united to do him honour. The
+<i>Penny Cyclopedia</i> was not a commercial success, solely because
+of the paper duty.</p>
+
+<p>Of the numerous illustrated works published by Mr.
+Knight, the <i>Pictorial Bible</i> was the most successful in a
+pecuniary sense, and he considered the <i>Arabian Nights</i> the
+most beautiful as regards illustrations. He was so ardent a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page282" id="page282"></a>282</span>
+promoter of illustrative art, that he invented a press for
+printing in colours, from which issued many coloured
+engravings for his various works, such as <i>Old England</i>,
+the <i>Farmer&rsquo;s Library</i>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Knight died at Addlestone, Surrey, March 9, 1873,
+and was buried in his native town of Windsor. A marble
+bust of him was placed by public subscription in the Council
+Chamber of that town, and two scholarships, bearing his
+name, were founded in the school of the Stationers&rsquo;
+Company. It was well said of Charles Knight on the
+occasion of unveiling his bust at Windsor, that he set out
+in life with the desire to make knowledge a common
+possession instead of an exclusive privilege. He laboured
+for the good of his fellow-men rather than for the rewards
+of fame or fortune, and no man was more worthy of honour
+for his public services and his private virtues. The last
+time I saw him was at the grave of an old friend of his and
+mine; and as I recall the remembrance of his grey hair
+tossed in the wintry wind, I adopt in all seriousness what
+Douglas Jerrold said in jest, that two words would suffice
+for his epitaph&mdash;&lsquo;good Knight.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>It is curious that the printing-press, which has worked
+such mighty changes, should have reproduced in another
+form the ancient jester who stood in cap and bells behind
+his master&rsquo;s chair, and the merry-andrew who made the
+rustics laugh upon the village green. The numerous
+satirical and humorous publications of the Victorian era
+represent a distinct kind of illustrated journalism, through
+which runs an amusing commentary on passing events,
+combined with a vein of satire always good-humoured and
+often instructive. At the head of this array of wit and
+wisdom stands <i>Punch</i>, who, however, was preceded by <i>Figaro
+in London</i>, conducted by Mr. Gilbert A&rsquo;Beckett, afterwards
+one of <i>Punch&rsquo;s</i> strongest supporters. Mr. A&rsquo;Beckett faithfully
+acted up to his motto:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr">
+<p>&lsquo;Satire should, like a polished razor keen,</p>
+<p class="i05">Wound with a touch that&rsquo;s hardly felt or seen;&rsquo;</p>
+</div> </td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page283" id="page283"></a>283</span></p>
+
+<p class="noind">but the constitution of <i>Figaro</i> was not strong, and he died
+young.</p>
+
+<p>While the <i>Penny Magazine</i> was yet in vigorous life, and
+the <i>Illustrated London News</i> was as yet unborn, there used to
+be a weekly gathering of authors, actors, and artists, at a
+tavern in Wych Street, Strand, where the late Mr. Mark
+Lemon presided as the genial host. This company of merry
+men were mostly on the sunny side of life, and disposed to
+look upon the world and the world&rsquo;s cares with a laughing
+eye. They were ever ready to go out of their way for the
+sake of a joke, and a pun, good or bad, was pleasant to
+them. In this congenial atmosphere <i>Punch</i> germinated, and
+in July, 1841, that shrewd observer and good-humoured
+satirist appeared. Mr. <i>Punch</i>, like some other great men,
+had a hard struggle in his early days; but prosperous times
+came, and he now combines in his own person the dignity
+of age with the vivacity of youth. <i>Puck</i>, <i>Diogenes</i>, and
+numerous other imitators of <i>Punch</i>, attempted to obtain a
+share of public favour, but most of them died after a brief
+existence. The best of these that survive are <i>Fun</i> and <i>Judy</i>,
+which, with the <i>Hornet</i>, <i>Vanity Fair</i>, <i>Figaro</i> (a revival of
+the name), <i>Moonshine</i>, <i>Funny Folks</i>, and others, continue
+their weekly budgets with a smartness and vigour not
+unworthy of their great prototype.</p>
+
+<hr class="foot" /> <div class="note">
+
+<p><a name="ft1e" id="ft1e" href="#fa1e"><span class="fn">1</span></a> There was another Sunday paper in existence about this time, the
+<i>Sunday Reformer and Universal Register</i>. In the number for Dec. 29th,
+1793, there is a copperplate portrait of Robert Lowth, D.D., Lord Bishop
+of London, then recently deceased.</p>
+
+<p><a name="ft2e" id="ft2e" href="#fa2e"><span class="fn">2</span></a> &lsquo;Old Stories Retold,&rsquo; in <i>All the Year Round</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="ft3e" id="ft3e" href="#fa3e"><span class="fn">3</span></a> Grant&rsquo;s <i>Newspaper Press</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="ft4e" id="ft4e" href="#fa4e"><span class="fn">4</span></a> &lsquo;Old Stories Retold,&rsquo; in <i>All the Year Round</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="ft5e" id="ft5e" href="#fa5e"><span class="fn">5</span></a> <i>Passages of a Working Life.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="ft6e" id="ft6e" href="#fa6e"><span class="fn">6</span></a> At this time there was another illustrated weekly magazine in
+existence&mdash;the <i>Mirror</i>, which began about 1822. The engravings it
+contained were chiefly of a topographical character.</p>
+
+<p><a name="ft7e" id="ft7e" href="#fa7e"><span class="fn">7</span></a> The <i>Saturday Magazine</i> was started in imitation of the <i>Penny
+Magazine</i>, and, like its prototype, had a considerable popularity for some
+years.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="center art1"><img style="width:150px; height:35px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img001.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page284" id="page284"></a>284</span></p>
+
+<p class="chap2 center">CHAPTER VIII.</p>
+
+<div class="condensed">
+<p class="mind">The <i>Illustrated London News</i>&mdash;The Early Numbers&mdash;The Burning of
+Hamburgh&mdash;Facetious Advertisements&mdash;Bal Masque at Buckingham
+Palace&mdash;Attempted Assassination of the Queen&mdash;The Queen&rsquo;s First
+Trip by Railway&mdash;First Royal Visit to Scotland&mdash;Political Portraits&mdash;R.
+Cobden&mdash;Lord John Russell&mdash;Benjamin Disraeli&mdash;The French
+Revolution, 1848&mdash;The Great Exhibition, 1851&mdash;The Crimean War&mdash;Coloured
+Pictures&mdash;Christmas Numbers&mdash;Herbert Ingram&mdash;The
+<i>Pictorial Times</i>&mdash;Other Illustrated Journals.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="sc chap1">Having</span> traced the idea of illustrating the news of the day
+from the early &lsquo;news-book&rsquo; through its various stages of
+growth and development, we come to the first regular illustrated
+newspaper that was established. The projector had
+long held the opinion, founded on his experience as a newsvendor
+at Nottingham, that such a publication would succeed.
+He had noticed that when the <i>Observer</i> and the <i>Weekly
+Chronicle</i> contained engravings, there was a much larger
+demand for those papers than when they were without
+illustrations, and he conceived the idea of starting a paper
+whose chief attraction should be its <i>pictures</i>. He thought if
+he could combine <i>art</i> and <i>news</i> together, he would be adding
+greatly to the ordinary attractions of a newspaper, and
+would probably secure a widely extended circle of readers.
+His customers at Nottingham often asked for the &lsquo;London
+news&rsquo; when anything of interest was astir in the Metropolis,
+and his observant shrewdness led him to conclude that this
+would be a good name for his paper. He accordingly called
+it the <i>Illustrated London News</i>, and under that title the first
+number appeared on May 14th, 1842. It contained sixteen
+printed pages and thirty-two woodcuts, including all the
+little headings to the columns, price sixpence, and it equalled
+in size the <i>Atlas</i> which was then sold for a shilling, without
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page285" id="page285"></a>285<br />286</span>
+engravings. It was printed by R. Palmer (at the office of
+Palmer and Clayton), 10 Crane Court, Fleet Street, and
+published by J. Clayton, 320 Strand. The introductory address
+is written in a florid and inflated style; but it shows a
+correct perception of the wide and varied range that would
+have to be taken by an illustrated newspaper.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:830px; height:537px" src="images/img298.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE BURNING OF HAMBURGH. FROM THE FIRST NUMBER OF THE &lsquo;ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,&rsquo; MAY 14, 1842.</td></tr></table>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:500px; height:246px" src="images/img299.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">HEADING TO &lsquo;COURT AND HAUT TON,&rsquo; COLUMN, &lsquo;ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,&rsquo;
+MAY 14, 1842.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The well-known engraved heading represents a view of
+London from the Thames, as it was then,&mdash;St. Paul&rsquo;s towering
+in the centre, and the Lord Mayor&rsquo;s procession in State
+barges passing up the river. The first engraving is a &lsquo;View
+of the Conflagration of the City of Hamburgh,&rsquo; which began
+on May 5th, and continued for several days. A great part
+of the city was destroyed, and more than one hundred lives
+were lost. As marking an epoch in the history of the
+Pictorial Press, I reprint this engraving and some others
+from the early numbers. The next cut is apparently a view
+of some town in Italy or France; but there is no name to
+the engraving or any reference to it in the surrounding text,
+which is all about the dreadful railway accident between
+Paris and Versailles which had then just occurred, whereby
+fifty persons were killed, and one hundred and fifty were
+more or less injured. On the next page are views of the city
+of Cabul and the fortress of Ghuznee, just then the seat of
+stirring events. The columns of &lsquo;Foreign Intelligence,&rsquo;
+&lsquo;The Court and Haut Ton,&rsquo; &lsquo;Births, Marriages, and Deaths,&rsquo;
+were each headed by a small woodcut, an example of which is
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page287" id="page287"></a>287</span>
+given here. There is also an illustration of ladies&rsquo; fashions,
+accompanied by a gushing, descriptive letter from Paris,
+beginning: &lsquo;Dear Mr. Editor, I feel an inexpressible delight
+in inditing my first communication to your lady
+readers, upon the fashions of the <i>haut ton</i> of this <i>ville de
+gaitè</i>. So suddenly and with such power has the sun lately
+shot forth, that there is no end to invention in our spring
+fashions.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:486px; height:600px" src="images/img300.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">FASHIONS FOR MAY, 1842. FROM THE &lsquo;ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,&rsquo;
+MAY 14, 1842.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>It would appear that illustrated police reports were to
+have formed part of the attractions of the paper, and several
+small cuts dealing with humorous subjects are scattered
+through the early numbers. The cases were evidently
+selected with a view to provoke merriment rather than to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page288" id="page288"></a>288</span>
+indulge a morbid taste for criminal records, and seem to
+show that the paper in its early days possessed something of
+the frolicsomeness of youth, and did not consider a joke beneath
+its dignity. It had its wild oats to sow, and was not
+indisposed to emulate its contemporary <i>Punch</i>, then also a
+young joker. The first illustrations of the kind relate to a
+case at the Mansion House before Sir Peter Laurie, where
+the manager of a matrimonial institution sought to defend
+his establishment from the strictures of that celebrated
+&lsquo;putter-down.&rsquo; A few pages further on we come upon two
+facetious advertisements, one of them professing to have
+been called forth by the report of the above case at the
+Mansion House:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;<span class="sc">Matrimony.</span>&mdash;A <i>professional</i> gentleman, who has for
+some time past enrolled the category of his multitudinous
+graces, accomplishments, and <i>prospects</i>, in the portfolio of
+the &ldquo;Matrimonial Alliance Establishment,&rdquo; fearing that,
+under the influence of Sir Peter Laurie&rsquo;s recent animadversion
+they will waste their sweetness unseen&mdash;unknown in
+the rose-tinted volume of the modern Hymen, avails himself
+of the glorious opportunity afforded to advertisers by the
+proprietors of the <i>Illustrated London News</i>, &ldquo;and boldly and
+unhesitatingly submits his picture in little,&rdquo; to the approving
+smiles of the fair daughters (and <i>widows</i>) of Albion&rsquo;s
+Isle, conscious of his perfect sincerity in stating that he has
+no <i>insurmountable</i> objection to fortune being combined with
+beauty, taste, lively disposition, and cheerful temper; he
+feels assured that the lovely creature whose eyes shall be
+fortunate enough, first to meet this advertisement (and then
+the advertiser), will secure to herself a perfect amenity, if
+truth be truth, and manners&mdash;not money&mdash;make the man.
+Address, with portrait (miniature set in gold, pearls, or other
+precious stones, not refused), A. Donis Slim, Esq., 320
+Strand.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:381px; height:650px" src="images/img302.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">A. DONIS SLIM, ESQ. FROM THE &lsquo;ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,&rsquo;
+MAY 14, 1842.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The other advertisement referred to is of an entirely different
+character, being addressed to the commercial world:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;<span class="sc">Capital Spec!</span> Safe as the Bank!&mdash;Wanted a partner
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page289" id="page289"></a>289<br />290</span>
+in a snug, genteel little concern, with an airy and pleasant
+corner situation in one of the most densely crowded thoroughfares
+of the Metropolis, and doing a good, ready-money
+business, without much risk; which an increase of capital
+would considerably extend. The returns exceed the outlay,
+and the Sunday custom alone covers the rent. The taxes
+are redeemed, and there is a long unexpired term of the
+lease, which is held at a lolly-pop. The coming into a half-share,
+including plant and stock, very moderate&mdash;say a trifle
+above 0000<i>l.</i> Any person who can command the above sum
+will not only find this a decided bargain, but a very desirable
+opportunity of commencing business, and well worthy the
+attention of an industrious person of small means and less
+family. References exchanged. Address, prepaid, to B. B.
+(Brandy Ball), Pieman&rsquo;s Alley.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:376px; height:500px" src="images/img303.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">PARTNERSHIP WANTED. FROM THE &lsquo;ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,&rsquo;
+MAY 14, 1842.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page291" id="page291"></a>291</span></p>
+
+<p>The principal engravings in this first number illustrate
+the first Bal Masque given by Queen Victoria at Buckingham
+Palace. They were drawn by Sir John Gilbert, then at the
+beginning of his career, and it was most fortunate for the
+new enterprise that an artist of such great and varied abilities
+was found at the very outset to give his powerful aid to the
+undertaking. His wonderful facility and bold picturesqueness
+were exactly suited to the requirements of an illustrated
+newspaper. The first enabled him to do his work with marvellous
+quickness, and the second was an excellent counterpoise
+to the damaging effects of hurried engraving and rapid
+printing. The illustrations of the Queen&rsquo;s Bal Masque are
+eight in number, including character portraits of Her Majesty
+and the Prince Consort. There are two cuts from a book
+under review, and the last illustration in the number represents
+a long line of men carrying advertising boards &lsquo;to proclaim
+the advent of this important publication.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>The first number sold well, probably because the public
+was curious to see what the new paper was like. Twenty-six
+thousand copies were disposed of, but there was a great
+falling-off in the sale of the second number, which opened
+with a leading article explaining the principles that were to
+guide the paper in its future career. The cut on the front
+page represents the ceremony of taking the veil, and was
+evidently drawn by Gilbert. The next engravings illustrate
+Waghorn&rsquo;s Overland Route to India, then recently organized,
+followed by an illustrated account of the sale at Strawberry
+Hill, and a portrait of a then notorious criminal, Daniel
+Good, which is accompanied by an editorial apology disclaiming
+all intention of joining the &lsquo;raw-head and bloody-bones&rsquo;
+school, but in the interests of science commending the
+portrait to the disciples of Lavater. This is the only instance
+of such an engraving being inserted in the paper (with the
+exception of the portrait of MacNaghten, who shot Mr.
+Drummond), and it is evident the editor&rsquo;s better feeling
+revolted against it, although he was only following the example
+of the <i>Observer</i> and the <i>Weekly Chronicle</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page292" id="page292"></a>292</span></p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:587px; height:670px" src="images/img305.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">HER MAJESTY AS QUEEN PHILIPPA. FROM THE &lsquo;ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,&rsquo;
+MAY 14, 1842.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page293" id="page293"></a>293</span></p>
+
+<p>The first engraving in No. 3 is a portrait of Mehemet
+Ali, which is given in connexion with further illustrations
+of the Overland Route to India. But the most important
+picture in this number is a portrait of the Queen with the
+baby Prince of Wales in her lap, drawn by Gilbert. There
+is also the first example of a sporting illustration&mdash;a portrait
+of Attila, the winner of the Derby, which accompanies an
+account of Epsom Races, with several other engravings.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:550px; height:468px" src="images/img306.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE QUEEN&rsquo;S FIRST RAILWAY JOURNEY. FROM THE &lsquo;ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,&rsquo;
+JUNE 19, 1842.</td></tr></table>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:830px; height:470px" src="images/img307.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF THE QUEEN. FROM THE &lsquo;ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,&rsquo; JUNE 5, 1842.</td></tr></table>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:358px; height:500px" src="images/img308.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">MR. R. COBDEN, M.P. FROM THE &lsquo;ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,&rsquo; JULY 2, 1842.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>An event now occurred which afforded the first important
+opportunity of illustrating the news of the hour. This was
+the attempt on the life of the Queen, who was fired at as she
+was driving up Constitution Hill by a young man named
+Francis. The public excitement on this occasion was very
+great, and it is a little surprising that the <i>Illustrated London
+News</i> did not make more of it. In No. 4 there are
+two illustrations in connexion with this event, one representing
+the attempted assassination, the other the examination
+of the prisoner before the Privy Council. The engravings
+are not very imposing, but large blocks had not then
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page294" id="page294"></a>294<br />295</span>
+come into use; and as the event occurred on a Monday there
+was not too much time, with the limited means then at
+command, to produce them on a large scale. In No. 6
+there is a small cut entitled &lsquo;The Queen&rsquo;s first trip by Railway,&rsquo;
+which illustrates an account of her Majesty&rsquo;s first
+journey by railway from Windsor to London. With the
+exception of the drawings by Gilbert most of the illustrations
+in these first six numbers are of an inferior character,
+and show that the conductors of the paper had not yet
+obtained the best artistic help. Indeed it was a long time
+before the higher class of artists and engravers would believe
+that an illustrated newspaper was worthy of their professional
+attention. Illustrations of the Police Reports continued to
+be scattered through the early numbers, mingled with such
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page296" id="page296"></a>296</span>
+subjects as a ballet at Her Majesty&rsquo;s Theatre, a public dinner,
+a launch, a horserace, and sketches of the Chartist riots
+at Preston. The Queen&rsquo;s first visit to Scotland was very
+copiously illustrated, and a series of &lsquo;Popular Portraits&rsquo; was
+begun which included most of the prominent politicians of
+the day. In No. 11 the fatal accident to the Duke of
+Orleans is illustrated; and further on the hand of Gilbert
+is visible in the drawings representing the funeral of the
+Duke of Sussex, the Lord Mayor&rsquo;s Show, and the grand
+Polish Ball at Guildhall. With No. 19 the office was
+removed to 198 Strand, where it has remained ever since.
+The first Cattle Show illustrations occur in No. 31, and it is
+evident that the artists by whom they were executed had not
+made that kind of art their special study. The approach of
+Christmas is heralded by the introduction of various laughable
+sketches; the Pantomimes are illustrated by Alfred
+Crowquill, and Christmas himself is welcomed in a &lsquo;Song
+of the Wassail Bowl.&rsquo; Kenny Meadows finishes the volume
+with a party of Cupids carrying the <i>Illustrated London News</i>
+through the air, while a literary and artistic Cupid, cap in
+hand, makes his bow to the reader.</p>
+
+<p>The first volume ends with the year 1842, and it has for
+a frontispiece a large view of London, a title-page drawn
+by Gilbert, and headings to preface and index by Kenny
+Meadows. The preface is written in the florid style of the
+introductory address in the first number; but the following
+passage refers, not inappropriately, to the value and interest
+of the work to the future historian:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;What would Sir Walter Scott or any of the great
+writers of modern times have given&mdash;whether for the purposes
+of fiction or history, or political example or disquisition&mdash;for
+any museum-preserved volume such as we have here
+enshrined. The life of the times&mdash;the signs of its taste and
+intelligence&mdash;its public monuments and public men&mdash;its
+festivals&mdash;institutions&mdash;amusements&mdash;discoveries&mdash;and the
+very reflection of its living manners and costumes&mdash;the
+variegated dresses of its mind and body&mdash;what are&mdash;what
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page297" id="page297"></a>297</span>
+<i>must</i> be all these but treasures of truth that would have
+lain hid in Time&rsquo;s tomb, or perished amid the sand of his
+hour-glass but for the enduring and resuscitating powers of
+art&mdash;the eternal register of the pencil giving life and vigour
+and palpability to the confirming details of the pen. Could
+the days of Elizabeth or others as bright and earlier still be
+unfolded to us through such a mirror, what a mint of wisdom
+might we gather in from such dazzling periods of the past!
+Of just as much captivating value then is such a book to the
+future. It will pour the lore of the Antiquarian into the
+scholar&rsquo;s yearning soul, and teach him truth about those
+who have gone before him, as it were, with the Pictorial
+Alphabet of Art! It is in this sense that we regard the
+greatness of our design, and are proud of its envied and
+unexampled success; and it is for this end that we shall
+strain every nerve to perfect it into order and completeness
+that may accord with the beauty and brilliancy which many
+episodes of its execution have already been fortunate to
+display. Scott might carry Elizabeth to Kenilworth through
+the regions of his fine imagination, backed and supported by
+books, and we may take <i>cum grano salis</i> the Antiquarian&rsquo;s
+and the Poet&rsquo;s word, but the year two thousand will be ten
+times better assured of all the splendid realities of our own
+Victoria&rsquo;s visit to the native land of the Northern Magician
+who enshrined in fiction the glories of Queen Bess. This
+volume is a work that history <i>must</i> keep.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>At the end of the preface is printed the following
+&lsquo;Dedicatory Sonnet:&rsquo;&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr">
+<p>&lsquo;To the great public,&mdash;that gigantic soul</p>
+  <p class="i1">Which lends the nation&rsquo;s body life and light,</p>
+  <p class="i1">And makes the blood within its veins grow bright</p>
+<p>With gushing glory,&mdash;we this muster-roll</p>
+<p>Of all the deeds that pass &lsquo;neath its controul</p>
+  <p class="i1">Do dedicate,&mdash;the page of simple news</p>
+<p>Is here adorned and filled with pictured life,</p>
+<p>Coloured with thousand tints&mdash;the rainbow strife
+   <span class="pagenum"><a name="page298" id="page298"></a>298</span></p>
+  <p class="i1">Of all the world&rsquo;s emotions&mdash;all the hues</p>
+<p>Of war&mdash;peace&mdash;commerce;&mdash;agriculture rife</p>
+<p>With budding plenty that doth life infuse</p>
+  <p class="i1">And fair domestic joy&mdash;all&mdash;all are here</p>
+  <p class="i1">To gild the <i>new</i>, and from the bygone year</p>
+<p>Present a gift to take&mdash;to cherish and to use.&rsquo;</p>
+</div> </td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The second volume began with several improvements.
+A &lsquo;Romance of Real Life,&rsquo; by Henry Cockton, illustrated
+by Kenny Meadows, was the first attempt to infuse a new
+interest into newspaper literature by the introduction of
+fiction. Stories by Thomas Miller and others followed.
+This feature of the paper was continued for some time
+until <i>fiction</i> was crowded out by <i>fact</i>. The popular portraits
+were done on a larger scale and were of a more ambitious
+character. In No. 40 there is one of Lord John Russell,
+which is reprinted here as an example of the improved
+portraiture of the period.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:371px; height:550px" src="images/img312.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">PORTRAIT OF LORD JOHN RUSSELL. FROM THE &lsquo;ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,&rsquo; 1843.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>In the following year was commenced a series of
+&lsquo;Parliamentary Portraits,&rsquo; one of which I have selected to
+accompany the portrait of Lord John Russell. It is that of
+Mr. Disraeli, and it will perhaps interest the reader to compare
+the present estimate of Lord Beaconsfield with what
+was said of Mr. Disraeli in 1844. The following is a portion
+of the article which accompanies the portrait:&mdash;&lsquo;The most
+remarkable speeches in the recent debates have been those
+of Mr. Disraeli, the Member for Shrewsbury. He has lately
+made himself more prominent in the sphere of literature and
+politics as the expounder of the views and opinions of that
+section of the Conservative party which has received the
+name of &ldquo;Young England.&rdquo; His opinions however are too
+peculiar, have too much individuality ever to become those
+of a party. We scarcely think &ldquo;Young England&rdquo; capable of
+holding as points of belief the startling paradoxes to which
+Mr. Disraeli occasionally gives utterance. His speeches
+abound with happily turned sentences, in which a clever
+sarcasm is thrown into the antithetical form; they also
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page299" id="page299"></a>299<br />300</span>
+contain a large amount of historical information, on which
+he draws almost as often as Macaulay himself. He rarely
+announces a positively new principle, but he often places
+old ones in a strange and startling light, and states the
+most extraordinary inconsistencies with an air of such
+perfect earnestness and conviction that his auditors are
+sometimes puzzled whether to admire or laugh at him.
+But he is not one of those men who can be laughed at; we
+have seen him turn the laugh most sorely against those
+who thought themselves securely trenched behind form and
+precedent. He can hit hard, and none have suffered more
+from his sarcasm than the present Premier and the Home
+Secretary. He seems to mangle them with peculiar gusto,
+and deals with them as if he was annihilating the Tadpole
+or Taper of his own &ldquo;Coningsby.&rdquo; His speeches have not
+much metaphor, nor does he indulge in rhetorical glitter
+and ornament; we cannot call him impassioned, nor say he
+is eloquent; but he interests, informs, and amuses. A
+speech from Disraeli is sure to command attention. His
+manner is not calculated to set off his matter to the best
+advantage. His delivery is heavy, and of action he has
+none whatever. He thrusts his hands deep into his side-pockets,
+leans forward a little, or turns from side to side
+according to whom he may be addressing. But that is all.
+Though he sets the House cheering or laughing for minutes
+together, his countenance remains impassive; he says a good
+thing as if perfectly unconscious of it.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>The paper rapidly advanced in public favour and soon
+reached a circulation of 66,000. It celebrated the completion
+of the first year of its existence by the publication
+of a double number, profusely illustrated by Gilbert, Harvey,
+and Kenny Meadows.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:418px; height:550px" src="images/img314.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">BENJAMIN DISRAELI, M.P. FROM THE &lsquo;ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,&rsquo;
+JUNE 22, 1844.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The <i>Illustrated London News</i> was not established without
+many misgivings as to its ultimate success. Its founder probably
+did not at first realise all the difficulties that lay in his way,
+but as fast as they appeared he met them with characteristic
+courage and energy, and overcame them by perseverance.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page301" id="page301"></a>301<br />302</span>
+He seized on every opportunity to consolidate the strength
+of the paper, and paid a great amount of personal attention
+to its management, often denying himself sleep one or two
+nights a-week. As the profits increased he kept on increasing
+the scope and number of its attractive features.
+He made it a rule to spare no expense in every department
+of the journal; whatever money could command for its
+success he resolved to have. After a time he was able to
+act on this wise resolve to the fullest extent, and in the end
+he achieved a great success.</p>
+
+<p>In describing the <i>Illustrated London News</i> during the
+first year of its existence, I have directed attention chiefly
+to the pictorial portion of its contents, that being the
+characteristic feature of the paper by which it was distinguished
+from its purely literary contemporaries. The
+engravings I have reprinted from it are given as curiosities
+and not as specimens of excellence. The succeeding volumes
+contain abundant evidence that the highest talent was afterwards
+employed in producing the best examples of art as well
+as in the illustration of news. In its sixth year the course
+of public events opened up new and stirring scenes for its
+pages. So great was the interest felt in the exciting events
+of the year 1848, that the sale of the <i>Illustrated London
+News</i> was more than doubled in three months. The vigorous
+sketches of the French Revolution published week after
+week were so eagerly bought that the publisher was not
+always able to meet the demand. On one occasion he was
+freely pelted with flour and other harmless missiles because
+the London &lsquo;trade&rsquo; could not get their supply soon enough
+to satisfy their impatience. The noisy newsboys, in mocking
+imitation of the Paris mob which was then making the
+streets of that city ring with cries of &lsquo;à bas Guizot!&rsquo; vented
+their indignation against the publisher of the <i>Illustrated
+London News</i> by shouting &lsquo;à bas Little! à bas Little!&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>But though the year of revolutions was so rich in
+materials for pictorial journalism, the year of the Great
+Exhibition was yet more fruitful. The Great Exhibition of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page303" id="page303"></a>303</span>
+1851 was a perfect novelty, and was hailed as the harbinger
+of peace on earth and good-will among men. Coming so
+soon after the convulsions of 1848, the peaceful display
+was more enchanting from the contrast. Such a golden
+opportunity was not lost upon the pictorial press, and every
+stage of the construction of the first Crystal Palace was
+represented. The very plan of the building was first made
+public in the pages of the <i>Illustrated London News</i>, the first
+design adopted by the Commissioners having been superseded
+by Sir Joseph Paxton&rsquo;s Palace of Glass. The building
+was shown in progress from the raising of the first column,
+and its removal was illustrated to the clearing away of the
+foundations. In this &lsquo;Festival of Labour&rsquo; the <i>Illustrated
+London News</i> took a prominent place. An edition was
+printed in the Exhibition building by one of Applegarth&rsquo;s
+vertical printing-machines, then the quickest method of
+printing in use. At this time the paper was distinguished
+by the number and excellence of its illustrations, and the
+&lsquo;<i>London News</i>&rsquo; printing-machine was one of the attractions
+of the &lsquo;World&rsquo;s Fair.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>In three years more the dreams of universal peace
+created by the Great Exhibition were rudely swept away by
+the declaration of war with Russia and subsequent invasion
+of the Crimea. The long and disastrous siege of Sebastopol,
+the assaults on the Redan and the Malakoff, the battles of
+Balaclava and Inkermann, supplied the most exciting subjects
+for illustration. It was the first great war since Waterloo,
+and the national excitement being intensified by the maladministration
+of the Government, the British public
+eagerly bought the war sketches. The sale of the paper at
+this time was very great, yet it is a curious fact that it never
+reached so high a figure as during the peaceful exhibition of
+1851,&mdash;a proof that, after all, the arts of peace are more
+attractive than the excitement of war.</p>
+
+<p>At Christmas, 1855, a novel feature was introduced into
+the <i>Illustrated London News</i>. For some years a Christmas
+number had been published, and it was now for the first
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page304" id="page304"></a>304</span>
+time printed in <i>colours</i>. It is true the coloured pictures
+were little more than ordinary woodcuts with tints printed
+over them, but their imperfections were principally owing to
+the breakdown of machinery and the great hurry in which
+they were produced. In after years much better things
+were done, and the coloured Christmas pictures which have
+been for many years produced at the chromatic press of
+Leighton Bros. take rank among the best work of the kind.
+They have proved exceedingly popular, and always sold well.
+That of &lsquo;Little Red Riding Hood,&rsquo; after J. Sant, R.A.,
+published in 1863, was reprinted again and again, until the
+blocks were utterly worn out. They were then re-engraved,
+and again reprinted. The Christmas picture issued in 1882
+(&lsquo;Cinderella&rsquo;) was specially painted by Mr. Millais, R.A., at
+the price of 3000 guineas. When it is noted that the large
+coloured reproduction of this picture, together with seventeen
+highly finished full-page engravings by some of the
+best artists of the day, were sold for a shilling, it will be
+seen that the pictorial press is no unimportant factor in
+diffusing the purifying and softening influence of art.</p>
+
+<p>During the forty-two years that have elapsed since the
+first illustrated newspaper was founded, there has never
+been any long interval of peace. War of some kind, big or
+little, has broken out, like a volcano, on some part of the
+earth&rsquo;s surface, and kept the Argus-eyed newspaper editor
+on the alert. From Alma to Tel-el-Kebir and the desert
+warfare of the Soudan, there has been a succession of conflicts,
+with only a short interval of a few years between; so
+that the food on which picture newspapers thrive best has
+been abundantly supplied, and this remarkable offspring of
+the printing-press has consequently increased and multiplied,
+and is now found in every corner of the earth, &lsquo;from
+China to Peru.&rsquo; The reader may form some idea of the
+magnitude of the operations in connexion with illustrated
+journalism when I state that at the marriage of the Prince
+of Wales the <i>Illustrated London News</i> of that week consisted
+of three sheets, and 930,000 sheets were printed of that issue
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page305" id="page305"></a>305</span>
+in one week. These sheets, if placed side by side, would
+cover 660 miles, so that, as they were printed on both sides,
+they represent a printed surface of, after deductions for
+margin, more than 1115 miles in length. Nearly eighty
+tons of paper and twenty-three hundredweight of printing-ink
+were used in the production of that number. Larger
+quantities have been printed of some issues, but the production
+was spread over a longer period of time. 930,000 sheets
+is the largest quantity ever printed <i>in one week</i>. It will thus
+be seen what an amount of business this represents to the
+paper-maker, the ink-maker, the wood-draughtsman, the
+engravers, the electrotypers, the compositors, printers, machine-men,
+roller-makers, warehousemen, and the numerous
+other workers in a newspaper printing-office.</p>
+
+<p>The first editor of the <i>Illustrated London News</i> was Mr.
+Bailey, who was nicknamed &lsquo;Alphabet Bailey&rsquo; on account
+of the great number of his Christian names, and the consequent
+multiplicity of his initials. He was also called
+&lsquo;Omnibus Bailey&rsquo; from his having edited a periodical
+called the <i>Omnibus</i>. These names were given to him to
+distinguish him from Mr. Thomas Haynes Bayley, the
+sentimental song-writer, author of &lsquo;I&rsquo;d be a Butterfly,&rsquo;
+&lsquo;The Soldier&rsquo;s Tear,&rsquo; &amp;c. Dr. Charles Mackay became the
+literary and political editor of the paper in 1848, and in
+1852 he took its entire management and control, in which
+position he continued till 1859, when he resigned. The late
+John Timbs was for many years on the editorial staff, and his
+familiar figure is well remembered in the old room at 198
+Strand, where he sat with paste and scissors, undisturbed by
+the noises which surrounded him both inside and outside the
+house, for in this one room the whole business of the paper
+was at one time conducted. Here the young literary or
+artistic aspirant, who thought he saw in the new journal an
+opening for his hitherto unappreciated talents, had to explain
+his proposals before the eyes and in the hearing of
+rivals who were waiting for their turn. The place was open
+to all comers, and was at once the centre of managerial,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page306" id="page306"></a>306</span>
+financial, and editorial affairs. But the founder of the paper
+received all who came with good-humour and generous
+feeling, and never disregarded a useful hint or refused the
+proffered assistance of a good man.</p>
+
+<p>Herbert Ingram, the founder of the <i>Illustrated London
+News</i>, was born at Boston, Lincolnshire, on the 27th of May,
+1811. He lost his father very early, and being sent to the
+Boston Free School, he there obtained all the school education
+he ever received. The course of instruction through
+which he passed was of the most circumscribed character,
+making his success in after-life all the more remarkable.
+At the age of fourteen he was apprenticed to Mr. Jos.
+Clarke, then a printer living in the Market Place, Boston.
+His master soon found that he possessed industry, patience,
+and perseverance in a high degree, qualities which unquestionably
+lay at the root of his subsequent success in
+life. He was always ready to work all night when orders
+were plentiful, and was unwilling to abandon anything he
+began until it was entirely complete. He established a
+character for punctuality and trustworthiness, while he
+carefully looked after the interests of his employer. At the
+expiration of his apprenticeship he came to London and
+worked for about two years as a journeyman printer. He
+then settled in Nottingham, and commenced business as a
+printer, bookseller, and newsagent.</p>
+
+<p>It was at this time Mr. Ingram was struck with the
+evident partiality of the public for <i>illustrated news</i>. He
+found such an extraordinary demand for the numbers of the
+<i>Weekly Chronicle</i> containing the engravings of the Greenacre
+murder that he set seriously to work on the scheme of an
+illustrated newspaper, and put himself in communication
+with Mr. Marriott, who was then the manager of the <i>Weekly
+Chronicle</i>. But at the outset it appeared impossible to overcome
+the difficulty of producing pictures quick enough and
+in such numbers as would furnish forth a paper while the
+news was fresh. In the gradual development of the first
+illustrated newspaper it was, however, found that the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page307" id="page307"></a>307</span>
+draughtsmen and engravers of the day were fully equal
+to the demands made upon them, and a system of quick
+production was soon established which kept the paper on
+a level with current events.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ingram, who had settled in London before he started
+the <i>Illustrated London News</i>, entered heart and soul into his
+new enterprise. He had much to learn, and many things to
+do that were neither easy nor pleasant, but he had the rare
+faculty of picking out the right men to help him. It was
+his wise policy to employ the best talent, and in order to
+have it to pay its possessor munificently. He was brought
+closely into connexion with the artistic and literary world,
+by whom he was sincerely respected, and with whom his
+dealings were uniformly marked by kindness and liberality.
+Though he had not himself received the advantages of
+literary or artistic culture, he was able to do much in
+diffusing a knowledge and love of art amongst the people.
+His enterprise helped to change the character of public taste,
+and allured it into channels which were previously open only
+to the wealthy and the refined. His practical knowledge as
+a printer and newsagent were of infinite value in organizing
+and conducting the varied details of newspaper business.
+He was ever on the watch, and made opportunities where
+other men would have been indifferent and inactive. When
+a new Archbishop of Canterbury was installed the number
+of the paper containing an engraving of the ceremony was
+sent to every clergyman in England, and this was followed
+by a large and permanent increase in the number of subscribers&mdash;the
+first large rise in the sale since the paper
+began. At a much later date&mdash;long after the paper had
+become firmly established&mdash;the French authorities stopped
+the sale of the <i>Illustrated London News</i> in Paris on account
+of some article reflecting on the Emperor Napoleon. Mr.
+Ingram happened to be in Paris at the time, and he immediately
+showed that the old energy and perseverance of the
+Nottingham newsvendor had not forsaken him. He used
+great exertions to get the paper released, in which he at
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page308" id="page308"></a>308</span>
+length succeeded, and he himself afterwards went round in
+a cab and delivered the numbers to the various subscribers.
+When he was at Nottingham he walked five miles (and of
+course five miles back) to supply a gentleman with a single
+paper; and on one occasion he got up at two in the morning,
+and travelled to London to get some papers, the ordinary
+post not arriving soon enough to satisfy the curiosity of his
+customers. His exertions were rewarded by the sale of more
+than 1000 copies of that paper in Nottingham alone. This
+was probably one of the occasions which struck him so forcibly
+when the Nottingham public manifested such an eager
+interest in <i>illustrated news</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Throughout his life Mr. Ingram was devoted to the
+interests of his native town, and in return the people
+of Boston, in 1856, elected him as their representative
+in Parliament. At the general election which occurred
+after the dissolution in 1857 he was returned again.
+Amongst other social and political questions in which he
+took an active interest he was prominent in the agitation for
+the repeal of the stamp duty on newspapers. He also exerted
+himself zealously for the repeal of the paper duty, but he
+died before that important movement was brought to a successful
+issue. In 1848 Mr. Ingram started a cheap daily
+paper&mdash;the <i>Morning Telegraph</i>&mdash;upon which he spent a
+large amount of money. He was, however, before the time
+in this instance. The era of cheap daily papers had not
+begun, and after a time the new speculation was abandoned.
+He was one of the original shareholders of the <i>Great Eastern</i>
+steamship, and was on board the giant vessel when the accident
+occurred on her trial trip from the Nore to Portland
+Harbour. It is a remarkable circumstance that the dreadful
+catastrophe in which he lost his life happened on the anniversary
+of this accident on board the <i>Great Eastern</i>.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:620px; height:623px" src="images/img322.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">HERBERT INGRAM, FOUNDER OF THE &lsquo;ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS.&rsquo;</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>In 1860 Mr. Ingram visited America accompanied by his
+eldest son. They left Liverpool in the <i>North American</i> on
+the 9th of August, and landed at Quebec in time to witness,
+after traversing the Lower St. Lawrence, the knocking in of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page309" id="page309"></a>309<br />310</span>
+the &lsquo;last wedge&rsquo; of the Victoria Bridge at Montreal by the
+Prince of Wales. They then went on to Niagara, where
+they stayed some days. From Niagara Mr. Ingram proceeded
+to Chicago, intending to cross the prairies, and to
+follow the Mississippi to New Orleans, and thence to New
+York, but more especially to Boston, which old associations
+of history had determined him to make the conclusion of his
+sojourn in the United States. He altered his plans, however,
+and decided to visit Lake Superior, and to prolong his stay
+in America, proposing to return to England about the end of
+October.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ingram left Chicago at midnight on the 7th of September,
+accompanied by his son, in the <i>Lady Elgin</i> steamer,
+bound on an excursion up Lakes Michigan and Superior.
+Nearly four hundred persons were on board. The wind blew
+hard from the north-east, and a heavy sea was running, but
+no one thought of danger, and there was music and dancing
+in the saloon. Thirty miles from Chicago and ten miles from
+land, about two o&rsquo;clock on the morning of the 8th, there
+came a sudden crash. The schooner <i>Augusta</i>, sailing at the
+rate of eleven knots an hour, had struck the <i>Lady Elgin</i> on
+the midships gangway, and then, having her sails set, and
+the wind blowing freshly, drifted off in the darkness. At
+first it was not thought that any serious damage had been
+done to the steamer, but those on board soon found that she
+was settling fast. The captain ordered parts of the woodwork
+of the vessel to be cut adrift to serve as rafts, and
+made such other provisions as the hurry would allow. In
+less than half-an-hour the hurricane deck floated off, and the
+hulk with the machinery went to the bottom with a tremendous
+noise. When the vessel parted all lights were extinguished,
+and the unfortunate passengers were left struggling
+amid the waves in total darkness. The steamer sank in three
+hundred feet of water, the sea was running high, and the
+land was ten miles away. Some of those who survived to
+see the dawn were drifted towards the shore on pieces of the
+wreck, and were drowned in the surf in the sight of hundreds
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page311" id="page311"></a>311</span>
+of spectators. Out of 393 persons on board only 114 were
+saved. Among the drowned were Mr. Ingram and his son.
+The body of Mr. Ingram was washed ashore about sixteen
+miles from Chicago, and every effort was used to restore
+animation, but in vain. The body of his son was never
+found.</p>
+
+<p>The citizens of Chicago were profoundly impressed by
+the melancholy fate of father and son, so far away from
+home and friends. Mr. Ingram&rsquo;s remains were escorted
+from the Brigg&rsquo;s House Hotel to the railway station by a
+procession of more than eight hundred of the British residents
+in the neighbourhood. The body was taken to
+Quebec and conveyed on board the <i>Bohemian</i> steamer, which
+arrived at Liverpool on the 2nd of October. From thence
+the remains were removed to Boston, and interred in the
+new cemetery at Skirbeck, about a mile from the centre of
+the town. On the day of the funeral all the shops and
+places of business in Boston were closed, the inhabitants
+filled the streets and followed the procession up to the gates
+of the cemetery. It was in every sense a public funeral, and
+afforded the strongest testimony of the respect in which the
+memory of the deceased was held by his fellow-townsmen.
+Two years afterwards, on October 6th, 1862, a statue of Mr.
+Ingram, raised by public subscription, was unveiled in the
+market-place at Boston. The life that began in the quaint
+old Lincolnshire town and ended amid the stormy waters of
+Lake Michigan, has now an enduring memorial standing not
+far from the spot where Herbert Ingram was born.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Illustrated London News</i> no sooner became an assured
+success than it was imitated. The <i>Pictorial Times</i> was the
+first competitor that entered the field, and a very strong
+literary staff was collected to contend for the new path that
+had been opened. Douglas Jerrold wrote the leading articles;
+Thackeray was critic and reviewer, in which capacity he reviewed
+Macaulay&rsquo;s <i>Essays</i> and Disraeli&rsquo;s <i>Coningsby</i>; Mark
+Lemon was dramatic critic, Peter Cunningham art critic, while
+Gilbert A&rsquo;Beckett was the humorous contributor; the managing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page312" id="page312"></a>312</span>
+editor was Henry Vizetelly, and Knight Hunt, author of the
+<i>Fourth Estate</i>, afterwards editor of the <i>Daily News</i>, was the
+sub-editor. One man who has since become famous as a journalist
+was amongst the artists employed on the new paper.
+Those who only know Mr. George Augustus Sala as a brilliant
+writer will be surprised to learn that he is also a facile draughtsman,
+and was on the artistic staff of the <i>Pictorial Times</i> in
+1847. The <i>Pictorial Times</i> was continued for several years,
+but it never achieved such a measure of success as to become
+permanently established. A story used to be told in connexion
+with it which gave some countenance to the popular
+belief that some of the sketches in illustrated newspapers
+were evolved from the inner consciousness of the artists. I
+cannot answer for the truth of the anecdote, but I know it
+served to amuse the world of Bohemia at the time. When
+the Queen and Prince Albert went first to Scotland, the
+newspapers in recording the movements of the royal party
+related, among other things (quoting a Scottish contemporary),
+that Her Majesty and the Prince had gone one day
+to &lsquo;see the shearing.&rsquo; The conductors of the <i>Pictorial Times</i>
+seeing this, and being anxious to present their readers with
+a perfect record of the royal doings, forthwith set an artist
+to work to produce a pleasant pastoral scene, with a group of
+shepherds <i>shearing their sheep</i>&mdash;not knowing that &lsquo;shearing&rsquo;
+in Scotland means <i>cutting the corn</i>, and forgetting for the
+moment that sheep-shearing is not usually done in the
+autumn.</p>
+
+<p>Much energy and capital have been expended on several
+other attempts to found pictorial journals in London, but
+most of them failed to secure a profitable footing. <i>Pen and
+Pencil</i> contained some capital cuts by Linton; and the <i>Illustrated
+Times</i>, a threepenny paper, was well done. The
+<i>Illustrated News of the World</i>, in addition to numerous woodcuts,
+issued portraits engraved on steel. <i>The Ladies&rsquo; Newspaper</i>
+was started to fill a supposed void in journalism, but
+was ultimately absorbed by the <i>Queen</i>, in which connexion it
+still flourishes. The <i>Illustrated Midland News</i> was brought
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page313" id="page313"></a>313</span>
+out in Manchester, but it could not find in that city and its
+neighbourhood sufficient sustenance to subsist beyond a brief
+period. The <i>Illustrated London and Provincial News</i> in its
+title endeavoured to attract both town and country, but it
+only had a short career. While these different ventures
+were in progress, the <i>Penny Illustrated Paper</i> appealed to a
+lower stratum of the public with great success, and it has
+now a very large sale, having combined the <i>Illustrated Times</i>
+with its original title. In some of these enterprises the promoters
+appear to have been unable to shake off, in choosing
+their titles, the fascinating influence of the word &lsquo;illustrated.&rsquo;
+A joint-stock company broke the spell, and started a paper
+with the very original title of the <i>Graphic</i> on the eve of the
+great war between France and Germany. It was a most
+favourable time for establishing a new paper, and the conductors
+handled the opportunity with great ability and
+success. The printing and general <i>get-up</i> of the <i>Graphic</i>
+are excellent, and it has earned for itself a wide popularity.
+The <i>Pictorial World</i> was started as a threepenny paper,
+and after existing several years at that price it became
+the property of a company and was raised to sixpence.
+During the Egyptian War it made strenuous efforts to
+obtain a footing on the same platform with the <i>Illustrated
+London News</i> and the <i>Graphic</i>. The large lithographic
+portraits published by the <i>Pictorial World</i> were very good.
+As the public taste improved under the influence of the
+pictorial press new fields were opened up for cultivation
+by the enterprising journalist. The <i>Illustrated Sporting and
+Dramatic News</i> addressed itself not only to the sportsman
+and actor, but also to that section of the public which finds
+amusement in the incidents and humours of the sporting
+world and the stage. It has deservedly obtained a good
+position. The last new comer on the journalistic stage is
+the <i>Ladies&rsquo; Pictorial</i>, which has recently been enlarged and
+greatly improved. Its light and elegant contents are well
+suited to the tastes of its numerous patrons. All the existing
+illustrated papers in London have their publishing offices in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page314" id="page314"></a>314</span>
+the &lsquo;Line of Literature,&rsquo; as Fleet Street and the Strand have
+been called. In the streets and courts in the neighbourhood
+are housed numbers of engravers and draughtsmen, who find
+it mutually convenient to work in the vicinity of the head-quarters
+of pictorial journalism. Many of the same fraternity
+consume the midnight oil in distant suburbs, their work
+gravitating to the great centre in the morning.</p>
+
+<p>All the countries of Europe, the United States, some of
+the cities of South America, the Colonies of Canada and
+Australia, have now their illustrated newspapers. Some of
+them supplement their own productions by reproducing the
+engravings from the English papers, and many have attained
+a high degree of artistic merit. The American journals are
+especially noteworthy for their excellent engravings.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:450px; height:390px" src="images/img327.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr></table>
+
+<div class="center art1"><img style="width:150px; height:35px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img001.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page315" id="page315"></a>315</span></p>
+
+<p class="chap2 center">CHAPTER IX.</p>
+
+<div class="condensed">
+<p class="mind">How an Illustrated Newspaper is Produced&mdash;Wood-engraving&mdash;Boxwood&mdash;Blocks
+for Illustrated Newspapers&mdash;Rapid Sketching&mdash;Drawing
+on the Block&mdash;Method of Dividing the Block for Engraving&mdash;Electrotyping&mdash;Development
+of the Printing Machine&mdash;Printing
+Woodcuts&mdash;Machinery for Folding Newspapers&mdash;Special Artists&mdash;Their
+Dangers and Difficulties&mdash;Their Adventures in War and Peace.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="sc chap1">In</span> describing the production of a modern pictorial newspaper,
+I take the <i>Illustrated London News</i> as the type of its
+class, because it was the first paper of the kind that was
+ever established. The art of wood-engraving, to which the
+illustrated newspaper owes its existence, has been fully
+described by competent authors. The best work on the
+subject is that produced by the late John Jackson in 1839;
+but since that date the resources of the art have been greatly
+developed, chiefly through the influence of illustrated newspapers.</p>
+
+<p>The material used for wood-engraving is box-wood,
+which is preferred to all other kinds of wood on account
+of its close grain, hardness, and light colour. It admits of
+finer and sharper lines being cut upon it than any other
+wood, and great quantities are consumed in producing the
+engravings of an illustrated newspaper. According to Mr.
+J. R. Jackson, Curator of the Kew Museum, the box-tree is
+at the present time widely distributed through Europe and
+Asia, being found abundantly in Italy, Spain, Southern
+France, and on the coast of the Black Sea, as well as China,
+Japan, Northern India, and Persia. The box of English
+growth is so small as to be almost useless for commercial
+purposes. What is called Turkey box-wood is the best,
+and this is all obtained from the forests that grow on the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page316" id="page316"></a>316</span>
+Caucasus, and is chiefly shipped at Poti and Rostoff. The
+forests extend from thirty to a hundred and eighty miles
+inland, but many of them are in the hands of the Russian
+Government and are closed to commerce. Within the last
+few years a supply of box-wood has been obtained from
+the forests in the neighbourhood of the Caspian Sea; but
+Turkey box is becoming dearer every year and inferior in
+quality. After the wood is cut in the forest, it is brought
+down on horseback to the nearest river, put on board flat-bottom
+boats, and floated down to the port of shipment. It
+arrives in this country either at Liverpool or London, chiefly
+the former, and is usually in logs about four feet long and
+eight or ten inches across.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:550px; height:422px" src="images/img329.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">BACK OF A BLOCK, SHOWING THE WAY IN WHICH THE PARTS ARE FASTENED
+TOGETHER.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The wood intended for engraving purposes is first carefully
+selected and then cut up into transverse slices about an
+inch thick. After being cut, the pieces are placed in racks
+something like plate-racks, and thoroughly seasoned by slow
+degrees in gradually heated rooms. This seasoning process
+ought to last, on an average, four or five years; but the
+exigencies of trade seldom allow of so long a time. They
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page317" id="page317"></a>317</span>
+are then cut into parallelograms of various sizes, the outer
+portion of the circular section near the bark being cut away,
+and all defective wood rejected. These parallelograms are
+then assorted as to size, and fitted together at the back by
+brass bolts and nuts. By this means blocks of any size can
+be made, and they possess the great advantage of being
+capable of being taken to pieces after a drawing is made,
+and distributed among as many engravers as there are pieces
+in the block. This invention of making bolted blocks was
+brought forward just about the time the <i>Illustrated London
+News</i> was started, when large blocks and quick engraving
+came to be in demand. In the days of the <i>Penny Magazine</i>,
+blocks were made by simply glueing the pieces of wood
+together, or they were fastened by means of a long bolt
+passing through the entire block.</p>
+
+<p>The cut given on the opposite page represents the back of
+a half-page block of the <i>Illustrated London News</i>, and shows
+the way in which the bolts and nuts are used for fastening the
+different parts of the block together.</p>
+
+<p>For the production of a pictorial newspaper a large staff
+of draughtsmen and engravers is required, who must be
+ready at a moment&rsquo;s notice to take up any subject, and, if
+necessary, work day and night until it is done. The artist
+who supplies the sketch has acquired by long practice a
+rapid method of working, and can, by a few strokes of his
+pencil, indicate a passing scene by a kind of pictorial shorthand,
+which is afterwards translated and extended in the
+finished drawing. The sketch being completed on paper,
+the services of the draughtsman on wood come into requisition,
+for it is not often that the drawing on the block
+is made by the same person who supplies the sketch.
+Sometimes the sketch to be dealt with is the production
+of an amateur, or is so hastily or indifferently done that
+it has to be remodelled or rearranged in drawing it on
+the wood. Faulty or objectionable portions have to be left
+out or subdued, and perhaps a point in the sketch that is
+quite subordinate, is brought forward and made to form
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page318" id="page318"></a>318<br />319<br />320</span>
+a prominent part of the picture. All this has to be done
+without doing violence to the general truth of the representation,
+and with due consideration for the particular
+conditions of the moment, such as the amount of finish and
+distribution of light and shade suitable for rapid engraving
+and printing.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:389px" src="images/img331.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">FACSIMILE OF SKETCH: SURRENDER OF SEDAN.</td></tr></table>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:639px; height:700px" src="images/img332.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE SURRENDER OF SEDAN. FROM THE &lsquo;ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,&rsquo; SEPT. 17, 1870.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>An example of the adaptation of a rapid sketch occurs
+in the engraving of the surrender of Sedan, published in
+the <i>Illustrated London News</i>, September 17, 1870. This
+sketch, which carries with it the strongest evidence of being
+taken &lsquo;under fire,&rsquo; came to hand a few hours before the
+engravings for the current week were to be ready for the
+printer. The cream or heart of the sketch, representing an
+officer waving a white flag over the gate of Sedan attended
+by a trumpeter, was taken for the subject, while the comparatively
+unimportant part of the sketch was left out. The
+drawing was rapidly executed and as rapidly engraved, and
+was ready for press at the usual time. I give a reduced
+copy of the engraving, together with a facsimile reduction
+of the original sketch, which will show the reader the way
+in which hurried sketches are sometimes adapted to the
+purposes of a newspaper without at all impairing their
+original truth.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes more than one draughtsman is employed on a
+drawing where the subject consists of figures and landscape,
+or figures and architecture. In such a case, if time presses,
+the two parts of the drawing are proceeded with simultaneously.
+The whole design is first traced on the block; the
+bolts at the back of the block are then loosened, the parts are
+separated, and the figure-draughtsman sets to work on his
+division of the block, while another draughtsman is busied
+with the landscape or architecture, as the case may be.
+Occasionally, when there is very great hurry, the block is
+separated piece by piece as fast as the parts of the drawing
+are finished&mdash;the engraver and draughtsman thus working
+on the same subject at the same time. Instances have occurred
+where the draughtsman has done his work in this
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page321" id="page321"></a>321</span>
+way, and has never seen the whole of his drawing together.
+The double-page engraving of the marriage of the Prince of
+Wales in the <i>Illustrated London News</i>, March 21, 1863, was
+drawn on the wood by Sir John Gilbert at 198 Strand, and
+as fast as each part of the drawing was done it was separated
+from the rest and given to the engraver. Considering that
+the artist never saw his drawing entire, it is wonderful to
+find the engraving so harmonious and effective. Photographing
+on the wood is now in general use for portraits,
+sculpture, architecture, and other subjects where there is a
+picture or finished drawing on paper to work from.</p>
+
+<p>The drawing on wood being completed, it passes into the
+hands of the engraver, and the first thing he does is to cut
+or set the lines across all the joins of the block before the
+different parts are distributed among the various engravers.
+This is done partly to ensure as far as possible some degree
+of harmony of colour and texture throughout the subject.
+When all the parts are separated and placed in the hands of
+different engravers each man has thus a sort of <i>key-note</i> to
+guide him in the execution of his portion, and it should be
+his business to imitate and follow with care the colour and
+texture of the small pieces of engraving which he finds
+already done at the edge of his part of the block where it
+joins the rest of the design. The accompanying cuts represent
+a block entire and the same subject divided.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:720px; height:511px" src="images/img335.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">A BLOCK BEFORE IT IS TAKEN TO PIECES.</td></tr></table>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:720px; height:506px" src="images/img336.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE SAME SUBJECT DIVIDED.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Though this system of subdividing the engraving effects
+a great saving of time, it must be admitted that it does not
+always result in the production of a first-rate work of art as
+a whole. For, supposing the subject to be a landscape with
+a good stretch of trees, the two or three engravers who have
+the trees to engrave have, perhaps, each a different method
+of rendering foliage; and when the whole is completed, and
+the different pieces are put together, the trees perhaps appear
+like a piece of patchwork, with a distinct edge to each man&rsquo;s
+work. To harmonise and dovetail (so to speak) these different
+pieces of work is the task of the superintending artist,
+who retouches the first proof of the engraving and endeavours
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page322" id="page322"></a>322<br />323<br />324</span>
+to blend together the differences of colour and texture.
+This is often no easy task, for the press is generally waiting,
+and the time that is left for such work is often reduced to
+minutes where hours would scarcely suffice to accomplish all
+that might be done. Or the block to be engraved may be
+a marine subject, with a stormy sea. In this case, like the
+landscape, two or three engravers may be employed upon the
+water, each of them having a different way of representing
+that element. Here it is even more difficult than in the
+landscape to blend the conflicting pieces of work, and requires
+an amount of &lsquo;knocking about&rsquo; that sometimes astonishes
+the original artist. All this is the necessary result of
+the hurry in which the greater part of newspaper engravings
+have to be produced. When the conditions are more
+favourable better things are successfully attempted, and of
+this the illustrated newspapers of the day have given abundant
+proofs.</p>
+
+<p>It is obvious that when a block is divided and the parts
+are distributed in various hands, if any accident should occur
+to one part the whole block is jeopardised. It is much to
+the credit of the fraternity of engravers that this rarely or
+ever happens. I only remember one instance of a failure of
+this kind within my own experience. An engraver of decidedly
+Bohemian character, after a hard night&rsquo;s work on the
+tenth part of a page block, thought fit to recruit himself
+with a cheering cup. In the exhilaration that followed he
+lost the piece of work upon which he had been engaged, and
+thereby rendered useless the efforts of himself and his nine
+compatriots.</p>
+
+<p>When the block is finished the parts are screwed together
+by means of the brass bolts and nuts at the back of the
+block. It is then delivered to the electrotyper, who first
+takes a mould of the block in wax, which mould is then
+covered with a thin coating of blacklead, that being a good
+conductor of electricity. The mould is then suspended by a
+brass rod in a large bath filled with a solution of sulphate of
+copper and sulphuric acid. A strong current of electricity,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page325" id="page325"></a>325</span>
+obtained from a dynamo-electric machine close at hand, is
+conducted to the wax mould in the bath and also to a sheet
+of copper which is placed near the mould. The electricity
+decomposes the copper and deposits it in small particles on
+the mould, on which a thin coating of copper is gradually
+formed, producing an exact facsimile of the original engraved
+block. This copper reproduction of the woodcut is filled in
+at the back with metal, mounted on wood, and is then ready
+for the printer, who has his &lsquo;overlays&rsquo; all ready, and the
+business of printing begins.</p>
+
+<p>There is nothing more wonderful in the history of printing
+than the rapid development of the printing machine and
+the extraordinary increase of its productive power. The
+ordinary press, though greatly improved, was found quite
+inadequate to the demands made upon it; and, the attention
+of practical men being directed to some more rapid means of
+production, the steam printing machine was invented. As
+early as 1790 Mr. W. Nicholson obtained letters patent for a
+machine very similar to those since in use; but it was not
+till 1814 that any practical use was made of the steam
+printing machine. In that year a German named König
+constructed a machine for the <i>Times</i> newspaper, which
+worked successfully; but, though highly ingenious, the
+machine was very complicated, and it was soon superseded
+by the invention of Messrs. Applegarth and Cowper, possessing
+several novel features. This machine, again, was replaced
+by another where the type was arranged vertically.
+Then came Hoe&rsquo;s American machines, and finally the Walter
+Press, the principle of which last invention has, in the
+Ingram Rotary Machine, been successfully applied to the
+printing of cheap illustrated newspapers. By the old &lsquo;two-feeder&rsquo;
+machines the engravings were printed on one side of
+the sheet, and, by a second printing, the type on the other
+side. They turned out 1500 impressions of the engravings
+in an hour, while the type side was printed (by a six-feeder
+American machine) at the rate of 12,000 impressions an
+hour. The <i>Penny Illustrated Paper</i> is printed by the Ingram
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page326" id="page326"></a>326</span>
+Rotary Machine at the rate of 6500 an hour. It prints both
+sides of the sheet at once, cuts each number to its proper
+size, folds it, and turns it out complete. It occupies no more
+space than an ordinary perfecting machine, and only requires
+four men to attend to it, while thirty men and five &lsquo;two-feeders&rsquo;
+would be required to do the same amount of work
+by the old system.</p>
+
+<p>If a block be well engraved and carefully used in printing
+there is practically no limit to the number of impressions
+that may be taken from it. The blocks in the Christmas
+number of the <i>Illustrated London News</i> of 1882 had 425,000
+impressions taken from them, and they are still good for a
+new edition of the like number.</p>
+
+<p>After the paper is printed each sheet is neatly folded by
+folding machines, which fold the entire edition in a few
+hours. One double-action folding machine will fold fifty
+sheets in a minute. As it is found that machinery for
+folding newspapers works much better at a moderate speed,
+in the case of the Ingram Rotary Machine it has been
+arranged in duplicate, so that each folder only works at
+half the speed of the printing machine. The folding
+machine completes its work by inserting the paper in its
+cover; but as the <i>Illustrated London News</i> has not sufficient
+space for machines to carry out the whole of this part of
+the business, a number of women and girls are employed,
+whose nimble fingers supplement the work of the folding
+machines.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:820px; height:488px" src="images/img340.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE EVE OF A BATTLE: NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENTS SLEEPING ON THE FIELD.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>In these days of electric telegraphy Puck&rsquo;s notion of
+putting &lsquo;a girdle round about the earth in forty minutes&rsquo;
+is not so very far from being realised. The London citizen
+as he sips his coffee at his villa in the suburbs runs his eye
+over the pages of his morning paper, and reads of events
+that took place yesterday many thousand miles away.
+Before he starts for business he is informed of what is
+passing on every side of the inhabited earth. This rapid
+transmission of intelligence is somewhat damaging to the
+illustrated newspaper, for by the time it can publish sketches
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page327" id="page327"></a>327<br />328</span>
+of interesting events in far distant countries the freshness
+of the news is gone, and the public mind is occupied with
+later occurrences. Until some method is invented of sending
+sketches by electricity the pictorial press must endure this
+disadvantage, but in the meantime it spares no pains to
+overtake the march of events. Wherever there is any
+&lsquo;moving accident by flood or field&rsquo; the &lsquo;special artist&rsquo; of
+the illustrated newspaper is found &lsquo;takin&rsquo; notes.&rsquo; No event
+of interest escapes his ever ready pencil. He undergoes
+fatigues, overcomes formidable difficulties, and often incurs
+personal danger in fulfilling his mission. On the eve of a
+battle he will sleep on the bare ground wrapped in a blanket
+or waterproof sheet, and he will ride all night through a
+hostile country to catch the homeward mail. He is equally
+at home in the palace and the hovel, and is as ready to
+attend a battle as a banquet. He thought nothing of
+stepping over to China to attend the nuptials of the celestial
+Emperor; and on that occasion extended his travels until
+he had completed the circuit of the globe, winding up with
+a run on the war-path among the American Indians. He
+assisted at the laying of the telegraph cable between Europe
+and America, and diversified his labours, and showed the
+versatility of his powers by taking part in an impromptu
+dramatic entertainment which he and his comrades got
+up for the occasion, and which they appropriately called
+&lsquo;A Cable-istic Extravaganza.&rsquo; He was at the opening of
+the Suez Canal, and he passed with the first railway train
+through the Mont Cenis tunnel. In pursuing his vocation
+the special artist has to encounter the perils of earth, air,
+fire, and water. Now he is up in a balloon, now down in a
+coal-mine; now shooting tigers in India, now deer-stalking
+in the Highlands. Dr. Schliemann no sooner announced that
+he had discovered the site of Troy than the special artist was
+down upon the spot at once. He is found risking his life
+in the passes of Afghanistan, and in Zululand assisting at
+the defeat and capture of Cetywayo. Now he is at the bombardment
+of Alexandria, and now facing the savage warriors
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page329" id="page329"></a>329<br />330</span>
+of the Soudan at El-Teb and Tamasi. At the present time
+(November, 1884), he is on his way up the Nile with the
+expedition for the relief of General Gordon at Khartoum,
+and he is in India with the Boundary Commissioners exploring
+the dangerous passes of the Afghan frontier. In
+peace or war the special artist pursues his purpose with
+stoical self-possession in spite of cold, hunger, and fatigue.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:670px; height:409px" src="images/img342.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">A CABLE-ISTIC EXTRAVAGANZA, PERFORMED BY NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENTS ON BOARD THE <i>GREAT EASTERN</i>, AT SEA, JULY, 1866.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The special artist may be said to have commenced his
+career with the Crimean War. While the signs of the
+coming storm were yet distant the <i>Illustrated London News</i>
+sent the late Mr. S. Read to the expected scene of action,
+and during the whole course of the war special artists were
+on the shores of the Black Sea and in the Baltic to chronicle
+the great events of the time. The world had scarcely forgotten
+Balaklava and Inkerman when the war between
+Italy, France, and Austria broke out. Solferino and
+Magenta were fought, Garibaldi conquered Sicily, and
+wherever the interest was greatest there the special artist
+was found. Special artists went with the contending armies
+when Denmark opposed herself single-handed to the united
+forces of Prussia and Austria, and delineated every important
+incident of the campaign. When the present Emperor
+of Germany was crowned King of Prussia at Königsberg
+special artists travelled to that ancient city to furnish
+sketches of the ceremony. The gigantic civil war in
+America, and the brief struggle between Prussia and
+Austria in 1866, gave active employment to the special
+artist; and when a British force advanced into Abyssinia
+a special artist was with that most romantic expedition,
+and sent home numerous sketches of the remarkable scenery
+of the country, as well as of all the principal events of the
+campaign. The assault on Magdala, the dispersion of King
+Theodore&rsquo;s broken army, the customs and dwellings of the
+people, were all noted and illustrated. When the great war
+of 1870, between France and Prussia, broke out, the illustrated
+newspapers had special artists on both sides, who
+encountered all sorts of hardships, and passed through all
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page331" id="page331"></a>331<br />332</span>
+kinds of adventures in fulfilling their duties. Besides being
+frequently arrested as spies, and undergoing the privations
+of beleagured places, they had also to run the risk of shot
+and shell, and sometimes they were obliged to destroy their
+sketching materials under fear of arrest. One of them was
+in custody as a spy no less than eleven times during the
+war. The danger of being seen sketching or found with
+sketches in their possession was so great that on one occasion
+a special artist actually swallowed his sketch to avoid being
+taken up as a spy. Another purchased the largest book of
+cigarette papers he could obtain, and on them he made little
+sketches, prepared in case of danger to smoke them in the
+faces of his enemies.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:426px" src="images/img344.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">HEADQUARTERS OF SPECIAL ARTIST IN ASIA MINOR, 1877.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The following extract from a letter I received from a
+special artist during the war, will give some idea of the
+trouble and danger of sketching:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Of the trouble I have taken to get these sketches you
+can have no conception. The plan I have been obliged to
+adopt is this. I walk about quietly, apparently noticing
+only the goods in the shop-windows. When I see anything,
+I make memoranda on small bits of tissue paper, perhaps in
+a café, or while appearing to look at the water from the top
+of a bridge, or on the side of an apple, with a big knife in
+my hand pretending to peel it. These little mems I roll up
+into pills, place them handy in my waistcoat pocket to be
+chewed up or swallowed if &ldquo;in extremis.&rdquo; When I get
+home at night, first making sure that I am not overlooked
+by way of the window, I unroll these little pills, and from
+those mems make a complete outline on a thin piece of white
+paper. Then I paste these sketches face to face, trim the
+edges, and it looks like a plain piece of paper, but hold it up
+to the light and the sketch shows. So I make memoranda
+all over it,&mdash;the times of trains starting, prices of articles, or
+extracts from newspapers. When I get to a place of safety,
+I soak these pieces of paper in water, pull the sketches apart,
+and from them have made the sketches I have forwarded to
+you. If I could not get into a place of safety to make the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page333" id="page333"></a>333</span>
+sketches, I don&rsquo;t know what I should do, in fact I don&rsquo;t
+think I could do anything, for I would not, for any consideration
+<i>be found making a sketch, nor with a sketch in my
+possession</i>; nor should I dare post a sketch at the &ldquo;Bureaux
+de poste,&rdquo; but I might get it into a street box.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:800px; height:474px" src="images/img347.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">ARREST OF NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENTS AT METZ, DURING THE FRANCO-GERMAN WAR.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Another special artist being at Metz, found himself in
+the midst of a population infected with what he called the
+&lsquo;spy-fever.&rsquo; About a dozen English newspaper correspondents
+were there, and they became a united body through
+persecution. There was always about a fourth of their
+number in prison, and what most persons would have considered
+to be clear evidence that they were not spies, was in
+the minds of the French clear evidence that they were. If
+they were told that the correspondent of an English newspaper
+could not possibly be a spy, the reply was that that
+was just the character that a <i>cochon</i> of a Prussian spy would
+assume. The townspeople of Metz became quite wild when
+they heard of the French defeats at Wörth and Forbach,
+and when they saw an artist sketching the Emperor&rsquo;s carriage,
+they pounced upon him as a Prussian spy, and he and
+his companions were marched off in custody, amid the hootings
+of the mob. The following account of this affair is
+extracted from the <i>Illustrated London News</i> of August 20,
+1870: &lsquo;Three of the representatives of London papers, Mr.
+Simpson, Mr. Henry Mayhew and his son, went to the railway
+station, having heard a rumour that the Emperor was
+about to start for the front, and also that a train full of the
+wounded was expected to arrive. At the station they met
+Mr. Stuart, another newspaper correspondent, who had just
+come from Italy, having travelled all night. They found
+the Emperor&rsquo;s carriage and horses waiting to be forwarded
+by a train on the railway towards St. Avold. Our artist
+thought it would be doing no harm to employ the few
+minutes of his waiting at the station in making a slight
+sketch of the carriage and horses, which might be useful as
+materials for an illustration of some future scene where the
+same equipage might figure. He took a small sketch-book
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page334" id="page334"></a>334<br />335</span>
+and pencil out of his pocket and quickly finished this little
+drawing. There was no attempt at concealment; he even
+showed his sketch to one of the bystanders who was close to
+him, and who seemed to watch his movements with some
+curiosity. Mr. Simpson then rejoined his three English
+companions, but had scarcely done so before they were surrounded
+by a large party of artillery soldiers, who wore
+undress jackets and had not their arms with them. They
+were taken into custody, each one placed between two
+soldiers, and thus were marched through the streets of Metz
+to the Place de la Cathedral. A mob of people followed,
+increasing as they went on, and reviling the foreigners as
+&ldquo;Sacrés Prusses,&rdquo; or &ldquo;Cochons de Prusses,&rdquo; threatening
+vengeance upon them, which might probably have been
+taken if their violence had not been restrained by the presence
+of the soldiers. The whole party were then brought
+into the guard-room, where several persons came forward as
+their accusers to denounce them as spies of the enemy,
+lurking about Metz with a hostile and insidious purpose.
+The chief evidence against one of them was that he had
+bought three copies of a Metz local newspaper; another was
+suspected because he had been seen four days successively in
+the same café, &ldquo;and always sitting in the same seat;&rdquo; a
+third could be no true man, because, while he said he
+belonged to a London paper, he confessed that he had just
+come from Florence. The main charge against Mr. Simpson
+was that he did not lodge at an hotel, but in a private house.
+These particulars were repeated to the crowd outside, which
+filled the whole Place, and was in a state of raging fury;
+till at last the officers in charge made their appearance and
+commenced a more regular examination. Our artist produced
+his passport, which was approved as in due order; but
+his little sketch-book, with its scraps of notes and bits of
+outline, seemed to contain matter for serious investigation.
+In spite of his awkward and rather alarming position, he
+was struck with the absurdity of viewing such innocent
+scrawls as proof of heinous guilt. He endeavoured, however,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page336" id="page336"></a>336</span>
+with the assistance of Mr. Mayhew, to explain what they
+were, and to persuade the officers that they could do no
+harm. After a tedious detention, they were permitted to
+write a note to a friend, who instantly went to the Provost-Marshal,
+and at once got an order for their immediate
+release. Their private letters and papers were examined.
+Several other persons, Frenchmen as well as foreigners,
+including one who was the artist employed by a Paris illustrated
+paper, were arrested at Metz on the same day; and
+more than one of them suffered rough usage at the hands of
+the mob. On the next day they were all ordered to leave
+the town.&rsquo; The following is a facsimile of the sketch that
+produced all this commotion.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:500px; height:304px" src="images/img349.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE EMPEROR&rsquo;S CARRIAGE AT METZ.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The same artist who made his sketches into pills, being
+at Bremerhafen, found himself so watched and dogged by
+the police and others who had observed he was a stranger,
+that he could not make the sketch he wanted. After much
+walking about he at length returned to the place where he
+desired to sketch, and sitting down at the edge of the harbour
+he began to draw lines with his umbrella on the mud,
+as if in a fit of abstraction, and soon had sketched in this
+way the principal points of the scene before him. This he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page337" id="page337"></a>337</span>
+repeated several times, until the view was fixed in his
+memory, when he retired to the railway-station, and there,
+unobserved, committed the scene to his sketch-book. On
+another occasion, in the neighbourhood of Mezières, he was
+driven at nightfall to seek a lodging in a very lonely and
+villainous looking inn. The occupants of the place looked
+upon him with evil eyes, and dreading lest one more should
+be added to the numerous graves already near the cabaret, he
+betook himself to a neighbouring wood, where he spent the
+whole night surrounded by the carcases of dead horses. At
+Lyons he penetrated into the theatre where the people were
+storing corn and flour in anticipation of a siege. He had
+made some hasty notes in his sketch-book, when he was
+observed and obliged to retreat, followed, however, by
+several men. He had noticed an umbrella shop round the
+corner in the next street, and into this shop he rushed,
+seized an umbrella, opened it, and kept it expanded between
+himself and the door, as if examining the quality of the
+silk, while his pursuers ran past, when he demanded the
+price of the umbrella, paid the money, and walked off, glad
+to escape at so small a cost. Sometimes his adventures had
+a more amusing termination. When the spy-fever prevailed
+very strongly both in France and Germany, he was
+one day looking into a shop-window when he became conscious
+that he was watched by two officers. &lsquo;Now,&rsquo; thought
+he, &lsquo;I am in for it again, and shall certainly be arrested.&rsquo;
+This feeling was confirmed as one of the officers advanced
+towards him, and raising his hand as if to seize him by
+the collar, addressed him thus: &lsquo;Permit me, monsieur, to
+adjust the string of your shirt collar, which has escaped
+from behind your cravat.&rsquo;<a name="fa1f" id="fa1f" href="#ft1f"><span class="sp">1</span></a> This gentleman was somewhat
+old-fashioned in his costume, and during his wanderings
+was sometimes mistaken for a sea-captain. He had even
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page338" id="page338"></a>338</span>
+received confidential proposals to discuss the question of
+freight.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Illustrated London News</i> had five artists in the
+field during the Franco-German war: W. Simpson, R. T.
+Landells, G. H. Andrews, C. J. Staniland, and Jules
+Pelcoq. From the fact of Landells being already known
+to the Crown Prince of Prussia and several of his staff, it
+was settled that his destination should be Germany, and I
+remember that before his departure he expressed to me
+just the slightest shade of discontent that he should be
+selected to go on what he thought would be the losing side.
+He was destined, however, to be present at the proclamation
+of the German Emperor in the palace of Versailles, and he
+was one of the first to enter Paris after it capitulated to the
+German army. Soon afterwards he very nearly experienced
+the unpleasant consequences of being taken for a German
+spy. Landells himself was of a dark complexion, and might
+very well have passed for a Frenchman, but on the occasion
+referred to he was in the company of a brother artist (Mr.
+Sidney Hall, of the <i>Graphic</i>), who, being fair, might easily
+be mistaken for German. The excited mob of Paris had
+just vented their rage on a suspected spy by drowning him
+in the Seine, and the two special artists were loitering on the
+outskirts of the crowd, when Mr. Hall imprudently took out
+his sketch-book, which was no sooner perceived than a cry
+was raised of &lsquo;Prussian spy!&rsquo; and they too would probably
+have been pitched into the river had they not managed, with
+great difficulty, to escape from the crowd.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:830px; height:527px" src="images/img352.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENTS ON THEIR WAY TO THE FRONT. SISTOVA, 1877.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>When the German armies were closing round Paris
+M. Jules Pelcoq consented to be shut up in the devoted city
+for the purpose of supplying the <i>Illustrated London News</i>
+with sketches. During the hardships of the siege he was
+quite unable to obtain fuel to warm his apartment, and was
+compelled to retire to bed, where, wrapped in a blanket, he
+finished up the rough sketches he had made out of doors,
+which were then photographed and sent off by balloons to
+London. These balloons were regularly despatched during
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page339" id="page339"></a>339<br />340</span>
+the prevalence of winds that would carry them to the provinces
+unoccupied by the Germans. They were followed by
+Prussian light cavalry as long as they were in sight, and
+some were captured. Afterwards, as the city became more
+closely invested, and the danger increased, the precaution
+was taken of despatching the balloons at night, and the time
+fixed on was kept concealed from all save those immediately
+concerned, in order to avoid, as far as possible, the chances
+of its being communicated to the enemy, and thereby exposing
+the aëronauts to the fiery rockets and other projectiles
+with which the Germans were prepared to favour
+them. The railway-stations were generally chosen as the
+starting-places, for they not only offered large open spaces
+in which to fill the balloons, but, being situated away from
+the centre of Paris, there was less risk, in ascending, of
+coming in contact with buildings.</p>
+
+<p>To provide against the loss of sketches so sent, photographic
+copies were despatched by other balloons. In some
+cases two, and even three, copies of the same sketch reached
+my hands by balloon-post during the German investment of
+Paris. Considering the danger and difficulty of this mode
+of communication, the intercourse between the <i>Illustrated
+London News</i> and its artist in Paris was kept up pretty
+regularly during the whole siege.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:392px; height:500px" src="images/img354.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">SKETCHING UNDER DIFFICULTIES. HERZEGOVINA, 1876.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The requirements of special artists when on the &lsquo;war
+path&rsquo; vary according to circumstances. Mr. Simpson, in
+France during the Franco-German war, found no scarcity of
+food, but could seldom get a bed to sleep in. On the other
+hand, Mr. Melton Prior, in South Africa and other hot
+countries, found that he was never sure of obtaining either
+food or drink. During the war in Herzegovina in 1876
+the newspaper correspondents had to rough it pretty considerably.
+Sometimes, when the special artist got to a
+resting-place for the night, he would have to work up his
+sketches by the light of a single candle, which he kept in
+an upright position by holding it between his feet as he
+sat on the ground, while the correspondent of a London
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page341" id="page341"></a>341</span>
+&lsquo;daily&rsquo; scribbled his notes beside him. The difficulty of
+obtaining sleeping accommodation was experienced by
+another artist in Servia, who was obliged one night to go
+to rest in a sort of diligence or covered waggon which
+stood in the inn yard. It was the only &lsquo;spare bed,&rsquo; and
+the tired &lsquo;special&rsquo; was very glad to coil himself up within
+its recesses. These hardships, however, belong to the past.
+Just as the combatants in modern warfare fight their
+battles with the most scientific weapons, so the newspaper
+correspondent now goes to the field armed with the latest
+appliances against cold, fatigue, hunger, and thirst. He
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page342" id="page342"></a>342</span>
+provides himself with an abundant supply of tinned meats
+and champagne, plenty of clothing, the latest improvements
+in saddlery; and when he arrives at the scene of action he
+buys as many horses as he wants for himself and servants.
+Acting on the experience of former campaigns, Mr. Prior
+was able in the Zulu War to travel much more comfortably
+than any member of the staff, not even excepting Lord
+Chelmsford himself. &lsquo;I had then no fewer than five horses:
+two in the shafts of my American waggon, one for myself,
+one for my servant, and one spare horse. I followed the
+army through all its marches in my travelling carriage, and
+on the eve of the Battle of Ulundi I was the only man who
+had a tent; all the others lay down in the open.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:371px" src="images/img355.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE SPARE BED.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>While recording the progress of events&mdash;the deeds of
+war mingling with the works of peace&mdash;the pictorial press is
+not unmindful of what is done in the cause of humanity.
+One of the recent experiences of the special artist was in
+making a journey across Siberia in search of the survivors of
+the crew of the American exploring ship <i>Jeanette</i>. Mr. J.
+Gordon Bennett, the proprietor of the <i>New York Herald</i>, having
+sent out a commissioner to search for the missing expedition,
+he was joined by the special artist of the <i>Illustrated London</i>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page343" id="page343"></a>343<br />344</span>
+<i>News</i>. They had before them a journey of two or three
+thousand miles, and they travelled in one of the covered
+sledges used in Siberia in the winter time. It was their
+travelling carriage by day and their sleeping apartment at
+night. Sometimes they had to turn out and defend themselves
+from the wolves which followed them over the snowy
+waste. The artist on this occasion was Mr. Larsen, of
+Copenhagen, who proved himself a first-rate special.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:630px; height:488px" src="images/img356.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">SPECIAL ARTIST&rsquo;S TENT.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>When the effects of a deadly climate are added to the
+usual chances of war, the courage and endurance of the
+newspaper correspondent are doubly tried. The &lsquo;specials&rsquo; of
+the principal London journals joined the Ashantee expedition
+with as much alacrity as if they had been going to a
+review in Hyde Park. Among them was Mr. Melton Prior,
+the artist of the <i>Illustrated London News</i>, who landed at Cape
+Coast Castle before the arrival of the British troops, marched
+with them to Coomassie, and remained in that place till it
+was destroyed by the victors. But the long march in such a
+climate had exhausted the strength of many, and the special
+artist was among the number. On nearing Coomassie he
+could no longer trust to his own unaided powers of locomotion,
+so he laid hold on the tail of a mule which he saw
+ambling before him, and so was helped forward. The gentleman
+who was riding the mule turned round, when it
+proved to be Sir Garnet Wolseley himself, who, in answer to
+the exhausted artist&rsquo;s apologies, good-humouredly told him
+to &lsquo;hold on!&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>While coolness and courage are indispensable qualifications
+for the special artist, if he can sometimes accomplish a
+little harmless dissimulation he finds it very useful. In 1877,
+during the war between Russia and Turkey, a special artist
+overcame the difficulties he encountered in getting to the
+front by assuming the character of a camp-follower, and
+professing to sell composite candles, German sausages,
+Russian hams, dried fish, Dutch cheese, &amp;c., and when
+passing Cossacks became importunate they were propitiated
+with a candle or two, a slice of cheese, or a packet of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page345" id="page345"></a>345<br />346</span>
+Roumanian tobacco. In like manner the artist who went
+to the port of Ferrol to accompany Cleopatra&rsquo;s Needle to
+London shipped on board the tug <i>Anglia</i> as a coal-trimmer,
+and signed the usual articles as one of the crew, there
+being no room for passengers. After the successful voyage
+of the tug the artist left her at Gravesend, being anxious
+to bring his sketches to head-quarters; but until he was
+legally discharged from service he ran the unpleasant risk
+of being taken up for absconding from his ship.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:650px; height:345px" src="images/img358.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENTS STARTING FOR SIBERIA.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Not the least of a special artist&rsquo;s troubles is to get his
+sketches sent home without loss of time. Mr. Simpson, who
+has had a large and varied experience as a special artist,
+having been all round the world in that capacity, gives it
+as his opinion that the first duty of a special correspondent
+when he arrives at the scene of action is to find out the post-office,
+if he happens to be in a part of the world where such
+a civilised institution exists. He should take care to post all
+his packets himself, and never trust to any one else. He
+says, &lsquo;In all my various travels I never lost a packet but
+once, and that was during the week&rsquo;s fighting at the time of
+the Commune in Paris. There were three sketches in the
+packet. I was very dubious about letting them out of my
+hands, but I had been all the week with the correspondent
+of the <i>Times</i>, who had spent a considerable sum of money
+upon messengers to get his letters taken through the lines
+outside Paris and off to London. I ventured to let my
+packet go with his, thinking it was safe, but neither of them
+ever reached their destination.&rsquo; In connexion with this subject
+I may quote the following story related by Mr. Prior
+to the editor of the <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i>:&mdash;&lsquo;I remember one
+time when I was attached to Mehemet Ali&rsquo;s head-quarters in
+Bulgaria during the Russo-Turkish war. The Turkish censor
+stopped no fewer than six weeks of my sketches. Things
+were getting desperate. Our people were telegraphing out
+to know whether I was alive or dead; and, finding that
+something must be done, I determined to see the thing
+through or leave the camp. It so happened that I had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page347" id="page347"></a>347<br />348</span>
+been the witness of some peculiarly atrocious deeds perpetrated
+by Turks upon Bulgarians, so I set to work and drew
+half-a-dozen faithful representations of the sufferings which
+I had witnessed. Armed with these I went up to the censor&rsquo;s
+office and asked that they might be stamped for transmission
+home. The censor looked at the first and said it was ridiculous.
+Couldn&rsquo;t pass that; no such atrocities had ever
+been committed; and so forth. The second was condemned
+in the same way, and so on until the last was reached.
+When he had rejected that also I said to him very deliberately,
+&ldquo;You are going to pass every one of these sketches!&rdquo;
+&ldquo;On the contrary,&rdquo; said he, &ldquo;I am going to tear them up.&rdquo;
+&ldquo;If you do,&rdquo; said I, &ldquo;I shall draw not only six but twelve
+pictures worse than these, and send them home by my own
+messenger.&rdquo; &ldquo;I will have him arrested then,&rdquo; said the
+censor. &ldquo;Very well, then, in that case I shall leave the
+camp at once, and in London I will draw twenty pictures all
+worse than these, and they will all be published, so that
+people may see the real truth about how you are behaving
+here.&rdquo; The censor, like a sensible man, saw that it was no
+use carrying things with too high a hand, and came to terms.
+He admitted he had stopped all my sketches, promised to do
+so no more, and I left him with my atrocity pictures in my
+pocket, assuring him that the first sketch of mine that he
+stopped again the whole series should go to London by the
+next steamer. I never had any more trouble with him in
+that respect, though he paid me out by having me arrested
+some months later.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:730px; height:408px" src="images/img360.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">CAMP OF THE &lsquo;TIMES&rsquo; AND &lsquo;ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS&rsquo;' CORRESPONDENTS ATTACKED BY WOLVES. BULGARIA, 1877.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>During the Franco-German War Mr. Simpson often
+proved the advantage of his plan of always posting his
+sketches himself. At the fall of Strasburg he was in the
+advanced trench when the white flag was displayed from the
+tower of the cathedral. It was late in the evening when he
+got home to bed, but he was up with the first streak of dawn
+finishing his sketch of the historical event he had witnessed
+the day before. He then walked five miles to General
+Werder&rsquo;s head-quarters to post the sketch. He wasted no
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page349" id="page349"></a>349</span>
+time in trying to get a horse or carriage, in which he might
+have failed, nor would he trust the packet to a messenger.
+He knew that the slightest delay would postpone the publication
+of the sketch for a whole week. The sketch arrived
+in time, as he had calculated, for the next publication, and
+he had the satisfaction of knowing that on this occasion, as
+on many others, his promptitude and energy had well served
+the interests of the journal he represented.</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:600px; height:504px" src="images/img363.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENTS&rsquo; HUTS ON THE BATTLE-FIELD OF KACELJEVO, 1877.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>A special artist has to encounter many troubles and vexations
+apart from the dangers and difficulties of war time.
+When Mr. Simpson was at Brindisi, on his way to the opening
+of the Suez Canal, wishing to sketch the town and fortifications,
+he ensconced himself in a snug corner, well sheltered
+from the &lsquo;Bora,&rsquo; or cold wind that was blowing, and had
+settled down comfortably to work, when he was interrupted
+by a man who addressed him in Italian, a language Simpson
+did not understand. He, however, made out that the man&rsquo;s
+&lsquo;padre&rsquo; or master would not like Simpson to be there; but
+the latter replied in plain English that he cared nothing for
+his &lsquo;padre,&rsquo; that he had the permission of the Commandant
+to go where he pleased, and so he went on with his sketching.
+After much unintelligible talk the man attempted to stop the
+sketcher&rsquo;s view by standing between him and the town, but
+finding the sketching went on just the same, he suddenly
+went away and then returned with a gun, pointing it in a
+threatening manner towards Simpson, who thought the gun
+was perhaps not loaded, or at all events that the man would
+never be such a fool as to shoot him, so he merely gave a
+majestic wave of his hand and went on with his work. The
+man&rsquo;s rage then increased to such a degree that he seized
+the butt end of his gun, uttering a volley of curses, and
+from the word &lsquo;testa&rsquo; Simpson supposed the man wanted to
+smash his head. However he never flinched, and the man,
+lowering his gun, muttered something about the &lsquo;Cani,&rsquo; and
+went off again. Presently he returned dragging with him a
+huge dog. Simpson felt more afraid of the dog than the
+man, but it turned out that the dog had more sense than his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page350" id="page350"></a>350</span>
+master and refused on any terms to attack the artist. He
+bolted, the man after him, and Simpson then armed himself
+with two stones in case the attack should be renewed, resolving,
+like Tell when he devoted one of his arrows to Gessler,
+that one stone should be for the dog and the other for his
+oppressor. The man however could not get the dog to
+return to the attack. He had exhausted the whole of his
+resources, and was evidently astonished and annoyed to find
+he had failed to frighten the artist, so he finished off with a
+torrent of curses and then gradually calmed down. He
+remained watching the completion of the sketch, and then
+obligingly favoured the artist with some criticisms on his
+work. He pointed out that a ship in the harbour had been
+forgotten, and could not understand that it had been purposely
+left out because it interfered with one of the principal
+buildings. In this instance it was perhaps best for both
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page351" id="page351"></a>351</span>
+parties that they did not understand each other&rsquo;s language;
+but the special artist is occasionally placed at a disadvantage
+by not understanding the language of the country where he
+happens to be. However it rarely leads to more than a temporary
+embarrassment, and is often the cause of more amusement
+than vexation. Mr. G. H. Andrews on one occasion
+desired to have a couple of eggs for breakfast, but could not
+make the maid of the inn comprehend his meaning. He
+tried all he knew of French, Flemish, and German, but the
+girl shook her head. At length a bright idea struck the
+artist. He drew from his pocket a pencil and note-book,
+and sketched a couple of oval forms, meaning them for eggs,
+and explained by gestures that <i>that</i> was what he wanted.
+The girl&rsquo;s face brightened at once when she saw the sketch,
+and with a nod of intelligence she tripped away. In a few
+minutes she returned and presented the hungry artist with&mdash;<i>a
+pair of spectacles!</i></p>
+
+<p>The late Mr. S. Read, who was one of the first special
+artists employed on the pictorial press, travelled much
+abroad, yet he knew little or nothing of any language save
+his mother tongue. Germany, Italy, Austria, Spain, France,
+Belgium, Switzerland, were all visited by him, and he got
+on very well without speaking the language of any of those
+countries. He was a man of genial humour, accustomed to
+make the best of everything, and not easily put out by trifles.
+He was once travelling in the south of France when a fellow-passenger
+in the train accosted him in French, and was much
+surprised to find he was not understood.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Vat!&rsquo; said the Frenchman; &lsquo;you travel and speak no
+French! Speak you German?&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;No.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Nor Italian?&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;No.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Spanish?&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;No.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Ah, mon Dieu! you travel and speak noting!&rsquo; and with
+a pitying grimace and shrug of the shoulders he looked round
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page352" id="page352"></a>352</span>
+at the other passengers. Presently our artist took his revenge.
+As they were passing a town with a ruined castle
+on a hill he said, with much fervour, addressing the Frenchman,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;How beautifully that old tower is relieved by the dark
+foliage! What a splendid contrast is the cold grey of the
+hill behind! How harmoniously the distance is blended
+with the middle distance, and the middle distance with the
+foreground, by means of the bridge across the river!&rsquo; The
+Frenchman stared, stammered, and confessed he did not
+comprehend.</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;What!&rsquo; said our artist; &lsquo;you travel and do not understand
+English!&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Ver leetle.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Do you speak Scotch?&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Non, m&rsquo;sieur.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Nor Irish!&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Non.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Welsh?&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Non.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Suffolk?&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>&lsquo;Non, non, m&rsquo;sieur.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>With an exact imitation of the Frenchman&rsquo;s contemptuous
+shrug our friend turned to their fellow-travellers amid
+the loud laughter of those who understood the joke.</p>
+
+<p>When the special artist exercises his vocation at home,
+though he lacks the excitement of danger, he meets with
+many amusing incidents. An artist who attended the
+meeting of the British Association at Lincoln many years
+ago desired to sketch the house which was reputed to have
+been the residence of John o&rsquo; Gaunt, and asked the waiter at
+the hotel if he could direct him to it. &lsquo;Johnny Gaunt, Sir?&rsquo;
+said the waiter, evidently puzzled; &lsquo;I don&rsquo;t know him, Sir,
+but I&rsquo;ll inquire.&rsquo; In a few minutes he returned and said he
+had inquired at the bar, but that no such person as Johnny
+Gaunt resided thereabouts. Another, who was something of
+a wag, was once making a sketch in the heart of St. Giles&rsquo;s;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page353" id="page353"></a>353</span>
+there were no School Boards in those days, and numbers of
+idle street boys surrounded our sketcher, performing all
+manner of bewildering gymnastics. Not at all disturbed,
+however, he amused himself by asking his young friends
+numerous questions, all of which were answered with rapid
+pertness. At last he inquired of one active imp if he could
+read. &lsquo;No, I can&rsquo;t read,&rsquo; said the young gentleman, &lsquo;but I
+can stand on my head and drink a quartern o&rsquo; gin.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<p>The methods pursued by special artists in obtaining their
+sketches are as various as the methods of painters in producing
+their pictures, or of authors in writing their books.
+One man uses a very small sketch-book, another prefers a
+large one, but they all require to supplement their hurried
+sketches with marginal notes. When there is not time to
+sketch a complete cow, it is good to write underneath the
+sketch, &lsquo;This is a cow.&rsquo; Many events have to be sketched
+that last only a few minutes, and in such cases some little
+mistakes will occur even with old practitioners. Literary
+correspondents are liable to the same misfortune. At a
+certain royal marriage in St. George&rsquo;s Chapel, Windsor, the
+Lord Chamberlain obligingly sent a gentleman to attend the
+members of the press, and inform them as to the name and
+rank of the distinguished guests as they entered the chapel.
+The correspondents courteously allowed the artists of the
+pictorial press to take front places, so that some of their
+number were unable to see what was going on, and had to
+trust to their comrades for information. When the Duke of
+A&mdash;&mdash;, in full Highland costume, entered the chapel, there
+was a general inquiry, &lsquo;Who is that?&rsquo; &lsquo;That,&rsquo; said the
+gentleman from the Lord Chamberlain&rsquo;s department, &lsquo;is the
+Duke of A&mdash;&mdash;, the great Mac Callum More.&rsquo; &lsquo;Who is it?&rsquo;
+cried some of the gentlemen in the background, and the
+name was passed on, but by the time it reached the outer
+fringe of correspondents it was changed into &lsquo;The Duke of
+A&mdash;&mdash; with the Great Claymore,&rsquo; and under that style and
+title his grace&rsquo;s name figured in at least one newspaper next
+day.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page354" id="page354"></a>354</span></p>
+
+<p>What may be called the shorthand notes for a sketch are
+sometimes difficult to make out without explanation. On
+one occasion a sketch was under consideration, when the
+editor made certain suggestions to the artist, who was very
+good natured, and of a most pliant disposition. &lsquo;I think,
+you know,&rsquo; said the editor, &lsquo;if you were to add two or three
+more figures in the foreground it would improve the composition
+and help to detach the principal group from this
+windmill.&rsquo; &lsquo;Well, the fact is,&rsquo; replied the artist, &lsquo;what
+you call a windmill I intended for a man on horseback, but
+if you think it will come better as a windmill I&rsquo;ll alter it
+with pleasure.&rsquo;</p>
+
+<table class="nobctr" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration">
+<tr><td class="figcenter"><img style="width:500px; height:404px" src="images/img367.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="caption">THE SPECIAL ARTIST ON THE ROAD.</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr class="foot" /> <div class="note">
+
+<p><a name="ft1f" id="ft1f" href="#fa1f"><span class="fn">1</span></a> This incident was illustrated in <i>Punch</i>, and lest I should be accused
+of using up old material, I must explain that the hero of the adventure,
+on his return to England, told the story to one of the <i>Punch</i> artists, who
+made a sketch of the incident, which was afterwards published.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="center art1"><img style="width:150px; height:35px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img001.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page355" id="page355"></a>355</span></p>
+
+<p class="chap2 center">CHAPTER X.</p>
+
+<div class="condensed">
+<p class="mind">Artists who have assisted in founding the Pictorial Press&mdash;Sir John Gilbert,
+R.A., G. H. Thomas, and others&mdash;Wood-Engraving and its Connexion
+with the Pictorial Press&mdash;Other Methods of producing Illustrations&mdash;Wood-Engraving
+in England before and after Bewick&rsquo;s time&mdash;Its
+wide Diffusion owing to the kindred Art of Printing&mdash;The resources
+of the Art developed by Pictorial Newspapers&mdash;Conclusion. Newspapers
+a Necessity of Civilised Life&mdash;The <i>Acta Diurna</i> of the Romans&mdash;Early
+Newspapers in Venice, Germany, and the Low Countries&mdash;List
+of Illustrated Newspapers published Abroad.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="sc chap1">The</span> establishment of the pictorial press as an English
+institution was greatly aided by the active co-operation of
+many distinguished artists, the very foremost in this connexion
+being Sir John Gilbert. Other Royal Academicians
+and eminent painters have drawn on wood for the illustrated
+newspapers, but Gilbert stands out pre-eminently the great
+popular illustrator of the Victorian era. He it was who first
+gave a distinctive character to the illustration of news. He
+seemed to possess an inborn knowledge of the essentials of
+newspaper art, and could express by a few freely drawn lines
+and touches the hurried movement of street crowds or the
+state and dignity of Court ceremonies. Whether he had to
+draw a knight in armour or a gentleman in a paletôt he did
+it in a way exactly suited to rapid engraving and printing.
+The feeling which, in his pictures, makes him delight in
+battle-fields, blazoned banners, velvet and gold, made his
+drawings on wood brilliant in handling and always picturesque.
+It was most fortunate that the commencement of
+his career was coincident with the foundation of the pictorial
+press. William Harvey and other artists were already in
+the field, but Gilbert&rsquo;s style was better adapted to newspaper
+work. His quickness and versatility made him just the man
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page356" id="page356"></a>356</span>
+that was wanted. Harvey had drawn some of the subjects
+published in the <i>Observer</i>, but his style was not suited to the
+illustration of current events. Nothing came amiss to
+Gilbert, who supplied the pictorial press for twenty years
+with a constant succession of effective drawings, embracing
+all kinds of subjects, and he never failed in that most essential
+quality of a newspaper artist&mdash;<i>punctuality</i>. It is as the
+popular illustrator that the name of Gilbert stands at the
+head of that numerous band of artists who contributed to
+the foundation of illustrated journalism in this country.</p>
+
+<p>The late George H. Thomas was not less successful than
+Gilbert in the spirit and vigour of his drawings. His bold
+and eminently artistic pencil alternated with Gilbert&rsquo;s in
+portraying the exciting events following the revolutionary
+period of 1848-49. His contributions to the <i>Illustrated
+London News</i> during the Crimean war were marked by great
+force and truthfulness, and procured him the notice and
+patronage of her Majesty Queen Victoria. Mr. Thomas&rsquo;s
+premature death in 1868 was a great loss to the world of art
+in general, and to the pictorial press in particular.</p>
+
+<p>It is remarkable that many of our distinguished artists
+should have begun their careers as engravers or draughtsmen
+on wood. The production of works in black and white,
+whether as engravings or drawings, is no doubt good artistic
+practice in the study of light and shade, and the young artist
+who draws on wood as a means of helping him to live while
+he is waiting for fame, is at the same time pursuing a useful
+branch of his art education. Luke Fildes, A.R.A., Birket
+Foster, W. Small, R. C. Woodville, C. Gregory, A.R.A.,
+and many others began in this way, and among deceased
+artists occur the names of S. Read, E. Duncan, and F. W.
+Topham. The two last were both engravers. All these men
+have done good work on the pictorial press, and some of them
+first won distinction through its medium. Both the <i>Illustrated
+London News</i> and the <i>Graphic</i> may claim to have done
+good service to art and artists in this respect. Their pages
+have always been open to young artists of ability, and while
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page357" id="page357"></a>357</span>
+they have helped forward struggling genius they have
+opened up new sources of enjoyment to the general public.</p>
+
+<p>The pictorial press has hitherto been mainly dependent
+on the art of wood-engraving for its illustrations, but latterly
+several inventions have been used, not unsuccessfully, in the
+production of blocks in relief, to be printed in the same
+manner as woodcuts. The great improvements that have
+been made in surface printing render it probable that in the
+future these <i>process</i> blocks may be extensively used in illustrated
+newspapers. They are recommended by their cheapness
+and rapid production; and as the intermediate process
+of engraving is dispensed with, they retain the exact touch
+of the artist, and are not liable to be mutilated by careless or
+hasty engraving. It may be said of all these inventions,
+however, that they are best suited for slight sketches, and
+should not be applied to the production of highly-finished
+subjects. For the latter there is nothing better than a
+woodcut, which, when well executed and carefully printed,
+has a richness superior to any other method of engraving.
+But in the present day competition is so great and the march
+of events is so rapid that cheapness and rapidity of production
+will override artistic excellence, and <i>process</i>-engraving,
+as it is called, will probably be the method adopted for the
+<i>daily</i> pictorial press, the era of which is approaching.</p>
+
+<p>Wood-engraving, as an art, scarcely existed in this
+country before the time of Thomas Bewick. To him we owe
+its revival, and he was thus indirectly concerned in the creation
+of the pictorial newspaper. Though we have seen that
+the <i>Grub Street Journal</i> and the <i>Observer</i> on a few occasions
+used copperplate illustrations, it is perfectly certain that an
+illustrated newspaper, properly so-called, never could have existed
+but for the art of wood-engraving. It was an essential
+agent in bringing into life this novel offspring of the printing
+press, just as it assisted in the birth of the old &lsquo;block books.&rsquo;
+When Caxton brought the art of printing into this country
+the woodcuts printed at his press were probably executed by
+the printers whom he brought with him. His successors
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page358" id="page358"></a>358</span>
+illustrated their books in the same way, and even after wood-engraving
+was practised in England as a distinct profession
+many of the illustrations in books and pamphlets were the
+work of printers. When something of superior design and
+finish was wanted, ready-made woodcuts were procured from
+Nuremberg or Lyons, then the chief marts for such productions.
+The blocks so obtained were sometimes used without
+much regard to the book in which they were printed.
+Cuts originally designed for an edition of <i>Ovid</i> appeared in
+the Bible, and no notice was taken of this mixture of sacred
+and profane things. Albert Dürer&rsquo;s influence on the art of
+wood-engraving was very great, but it never extended to
+this country. Hans Holbein, who came to England two
+years before Dürer&rsquo;s death, made a few designs for the wood-engravers
+during his long residence here. His transient use
+of the art, however, did not raise it to a better condition,
+and printers continued to be the chief producers of woodcuts.
+In the time of Queen Elizabeth there flourished a printer
+and engraver of the name of John Day, who took for his
+mark an emblematic device of the day-spring of the reformed
+religion, with the motto, &lsquo;Arise, for it is Day.&rsquo; The best
+illustrated books of that period were produced by him.
+About this time the art was rapidly declining in other
+countries, but in England it was in a better condition than
+at any previous period. It soon, however, declined in this
+country also, but was kept alive by Edward Kirkall, John
+Baptiste Jackson, and others, until it was revived by Thomas
+Bewick.</p>
+
+<p>The low condition of the art of wood-engraving in this
+country was chiefly owing to the want of good designers,
+and it was not until a man arose who possessed the power to
+<i>draw</i> as well as to <i>engrave</i> that an English school of wood-engraving
+was created. Bewick possessed the artistic faculty
+as a direct gift from nature; and though it was from accidental
+circumstances that he was led to exercise this innate
+power in drawing and engraving on wood, he soon discovered
+of what the art was capable, and devoted his chief attention
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page359" id="page359"></a>359</span>
+to it. He drew such things as he understood and had studied
+from nature, and thoroughly comprehending the scope and
+power of wood-engraving, he was able, with little labour, to
+produce the best results.</p>
+
+<p>At the time of Bewick&rsquo;s death, in 1828, England had
+scarcely recovered from the exhausting wars of Napoleon,
+trade was stagnant, and taxation was heavy. The mass of
+the people had no money to spend on such luxuries as
+illustrated books, and the enterprise of publishers was confined
+to the production of the well-known &lsquo;Annuals&rsquo; of that
+day; but they were illustrated with steel engravings, and
+were only purchased by the wealthier classes. Such works
+as <i>Robinson Crusoe</i> and the <i>Pilgrim&rsquo;s Progress</i>, for which
+there is always a demand, were illustrated by Cruikshank
+and Harvey. There was <i>Northcote&rsquo;s Fables</i>, on which all the
+best engravers of the day were employed; but it was not
+until the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
+began its operations, and Charles Knight took the lead in
+illustrated literature, that wood-engraving began to be extensively
+used. The art was so little known that when the
+woodcuts of the <i>Penny Magazine</i> began to attract attention a
+nobleman of that day spoke of them as the productions of
+a new art. Illustrations were so seldom used that the preparation
+of even a small woodcut was of much moment to all
+concerned. I have heard the late William Harvey relate
+that when Whittingham, the well-known printer, wanted a
+new cut for his &lsquo;Chiswick Press&rsquo; series, he would write to
+Harvey and John Thompson, the engraver, appointing a
+meeting at Chiswick, when printer, designer, and engraver
+talked over the matter with as much deliberation as if they
+were about to produce a costly national monument, and after
+they had settled all points over a snug supper, the result of
+their labours was the production, months afterwards, of a
+small woodcut measuring perhaps two inches by three. At
+this time only about a dozen persons, besides Bewick&rsquo;s pupils,
+were practising the art of wood-engraving in England, and
+in France the art was so low that a few years later the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page360" id="page360"></a>360</span>
+blocks for the <i>Magazin Pittoresque</i> were sent from Paris to
+London to be engraved. In Germany, the cradle of the art,
+it languished as in other countries, while in America, a
+country which is now taking a leading part in the cultivation
+of wood-engraving, the art was almost unknown as a native
+production. It is now in use all over the civilised world,
+and there is scarcely a capital city without its newspaper
+illustrated with woodcuts. It has even penetrated to the
+sunless regions of ice and snow. In the Library of the
+South Kensington Museum there is a book with illustrations
+drawn and engraved on wood by Esquimaux!</p>
+
+<p>The cause of this wide diffusion and extended employment
+of the art of wood-engraving is undoubtedly its close
+alliance with the kindred art of printing. No other method
+of engraving lends itself so easily to the rapid productions of
+the printing-press. From the earliest days of printing the
+two arts have advanced hand in hand, aiding in the growth
+of knowledge and the spread of civilisation. The application
+of steam to the art of printing revolutionised the world of
+typography, and wood-engraving was not slow in adapting
+itself to the new conditions. The advancing spirit of education
+created a demand for cheap knowledge. Penny magazines
+and pictorial newspapers came into existence. The
+steam printing-press spread them far and wide, and wood-engraving
+since the time of Bewick has shown that it possesses
+capabilities which that genuine old artist would have
+rejoiced to behold.</p>
+
+<p>In tracing the origin and progress of the pictorial press I
+have confined my researches to British journalism, but the
+subject might be widely extended. From the days of the
+<i>Acta Diurna</i> of the Romans something in the shape of a
+newspaper appears to have been a necessity of civilised life.
+Soon after the invention of printing small news-sheets appeared
+in various towns of Germany and in Venice. In the
+Low Countries an illustrated war gazette was published as
+early as 1605. It was called the <i>Niewetijdinghe</i>, and it was
+the precursor of the <i>Gazette van Antwerpen</i>, which survived
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page361" id="page361"></a>361</span>
+till 1805. During the Spanish and Austrian rule in Belgium
+each town had its privileged newspaper. As the printers of
+those days were well acquainted with the art of wood-engraving,
+it is not unlikely that some of these early newspapers
+contained illustrations. The earlier newspapers of Holland
+were chiefly devoted to commercial intelligence, and afforded
+little scope for illustration, but illustrated broadsides were
+not uncommon. In Germany the first regular newspaper
+appeared in 1615, when the art of wood-engraving had
+greatly declined; and when the physician Renaudot started
+the first newspaper in France, in 1631, if the idea of illustrating
+it had occurred to him he would have had to rely on
+his printer for the production of the woodcuts. As, however,
+the low condition of illustrative art in the seventeenth century
+did not deter English printers of &lsquo;News-books&rsquo; from
+seeking such pictorial aid as they could obtain, it is highly
+probable their Continental brethren did the same, however
+insufficient might be the means at their command.</p>
+
+<p>When the history of our own age comes to be written
+the pictorial newspapers will form an inexhaustible store-house
+for the historian. The following list of cities in
+Europe, America, and the English colonies, with the names
+of the illustrated newspapers published by them, will convey
+some idea of the extent to which pictorial journalism has
+spread during the last forty years:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="reg" summary="poem"><tr><td> <div class="poemr">
+<p class="s"><span class="sc">Paris</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="i1"><i>L&rsquo;Illustration.</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Le Monde Illustré.</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>L&rsquo;Univers Illustré.</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>La République Illustrée.</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>La France Illustrée.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s"><span class="sc">Berlin</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="i1"><i>Deutsche Illustrirte Zeitung.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s"><span class="sc">Stuttgart</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="i1"><i>Uber Land und Meer.</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Das Buch für Alle.</i>
+   <span class="pagenum"><a name="page362" id="page362"></a>362</span></p>
+
+<p class="s"><span class="sc">Leipzig</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="i1"><i>Illustrirte Zeitung.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s"><span class="sc">Vienna</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="i1"><i>Neue Illustrirte Zeitung.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s"><span class="sc">Milan</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="i1"><i>L&rsquo;Illustrazione Universale.</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>L&rsquo;Illustrazione Italiana.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s"><span class="sc">Madrid</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="i1"><i>La Illustracion Espanòla.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s"><span class="sc">Barcelona</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="i1"><i>La Illustracion Catòlica.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s"><span class="sc">Warsaw</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="i1"><i>Klosy.</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Tycodnik Powszechny.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s"><span class="sc">Amsterdam</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="i1"><i>De Hollandsche Illustratie.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s"><span class="sc">St. Petersburg</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="i1"><i>Universal Illustration.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s"><span class="sc">Copenhagen</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="i1"><i>Illustreret Tidende.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s"><span class="sc">Christiania</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="i1"><i>Nu Illustreret Tidende.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s"><span class="sc">New York</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="i1"><i>Harper&rsquo;s Weekly.</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Harper&rsquo;s Bazaar.</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Frank Leslie&rsquo;s Illustrated Newspaper.</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Spirit of the Times.</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>The Daily Graphic.</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Illustrirte Zeitung</i> (printed in German).</p>
+
+<p class="s"><span class="sc">Washington</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="i1"><i>Illustrated Washington Chronicle.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s"><span class="sc">Montreal</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="i1"><i>Canadian Illustrated News.</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Le Monde Illustré</i> (French).
+   <span class="pagenum"><a name="page363" id="page363"></a>363</span></p>
+
+<p class="s"><span class="sc">Sydney</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="i1"><i>Illustrated Sydney News.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s"><span class="sc">Melbourne</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="i1"><i>Illustrated Australian News.</i></p>
+<p class="i1"><i>Australian Sketcher.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s"><span class="sc">Mexico</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="i1"><i>Revista Universal.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s"><span class="sc">Montevideo</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="i1"><i>La Illustracion Uruguaya.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s"><span class="sc">Rio De Janeiro</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="i1"><i>A Illustraç&#259;o.</i></p>
+
+<p class="s"><span class="sc">Cape Town</span>:</p>
+
+<p class="i1"><i>South African Illustrated News.</i></p>
+</div> </td></tr></table>
+
+<hr class="art" />
+<p class="pt2 f80 center">THE END.</p>
+
+<div class="center pt2"><img style="width:630px; height:301px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img376.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+
+<hr class="art" />
+
+<p class="center f80">London Printed by <span class="sc">Strangeways and Sons</span> Tower Street Upper St Martin&rsquo;s Lane</p>
+
+<hr class="art" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Pictorial Press, by Mason Jackson
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+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
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+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
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+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
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+</body>
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+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Pictorial Press, by Mason Jackson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Pictorial Press
+       Its Origin and Progress
+
+Author: Mason Jackson
+
+Release Date: June 13, 2011 [EBook #36417]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PICTORIAL PRESS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marius Masi, Chris Curnow and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE PICTORIAL PRESS.
+
+
+[Illustration: HEADING OF 'THE JACOBITE'S JOURNAL,' 1747.
+
+(_Supposed to be Drawn by Hogarth._)
+
+(_See page 197._)]
+
+  THE
+  PICTORIAL PRESS
+  ITS ORIGIN AND PROGRESS.
+
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+
+  BY
+
+  MASON JACKSON.
+
+  With One Hundred and Fifty Illustrations.
+
+
+  LONDON:
+  HURST AND BLACKETT. PUBLISHERS.
+
+  13 GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET.
+  1885.
+
+
+  _All Rights reserved._
+
+
+
+
+NOTE.
+
+
+Some of the chapters of this book in a condensed form were published a
+few years ago in the _Illustrated London News_, and my acknowledgments
+are due to the proprietors of that journal for permission to reprint
+such of the woodcuts as accompanied the text in that form. I have also
+to thank them for their courtesy in allowing me to use several other
+engravings from the _Illustrated London News_, including some from the
+early numbers, which must now be reckoned among the curiosities of the
+Pictorial Press.
+
+  M. J.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+  CHAPTER I.                                                           1
+
+  The Pictorial Taste Universal--The Early 'News-books'--Development
+  of the Newspaper Press--General use of Newspapers--Establishment
+  of Illustrated Journals--Wandering Ballad-Singers the First
+  Newsvendors--The _English Mercurie_ of 1588--The Abolition of the
+  Star Chamber and its Effect on the Press.
+
+  CHAPTER II.                                                          8
+
+  Illustrated Broadsides--Sir Francis Drake's Operations against the
+  Spaniards--Papers of News in the Reign of James I.--The first
+  Periodical Newspaper published in England--Illustrated Tracts
+  relating to Storms and Floods--Remarkable Murders favourite
+  subjects with the early Newswriters--Murder of the Rev. Mr.
+  Storre--Murder in Cornwall--Apparition of Three Skeletons--Visions
+  in the Air--Attempt on the Life of the Duke of Buckingham--Fall of
+  Meteors at Bawlkin Green, Berkshire--The _Swedish
+  Intelligencer_--Passage of the River Leck by Gustavus
+  Adolphus--The Sallee Rovers--The _Weekly News_ of 1638, an
+  Illustrated Paper--The Irish Rebellion of 1641--The Plague in
+  London--Murder on board an English Ship--The Earl of
+  Strafford--His Execution on Tower Hill--Archbishop Laud--A
+  Burlesque Play about him--Attack by the Mob on Lambeth
+  Palace--Caricature of the Devil offering Laud a Cardinal's Hat.
+
+  CHAPTER III.                                                        63
+
+  Ben Jonson's Ridicule of the Early Newspapers--Fondness of the Old
+  News-Writers for the Marvellous--The Smithfield Ghost--The
+  Wonderful Whale--The Newbury Witch--Satirical Tracts and
+  Caricatures at the Commencement of the Civil War--Religion Tossed
+  in a Blanket--Caricatures of the Pope and the Bishops--Pluralists
+  and Patentees--Taylor, the Water Poet--_Mercurius
+  Aulicus_--Activity of the Pamphleteers--Welshmen
+  Satirised--Satires on Prince Rupert--On the King and Queen--The
+  Ladies' Parliament--Illustrated Tracts relating to Social and
+  Political Subjects--Sir Kenelm Digby's Duel--The King entertained
+  by the City of London, 1641--Executions in 1641--The Liquor
+  Traffic and Sunday Closing in 1641--Abuses of the Ecclesiastical
+  Courts--Ritualism and Nunneries in 1641--Truths enforced by
+  Lieing--Stage Players and the Plague in 1641--Bartholomew Fair in
+  1641--Destruction of Charing Cross and Cheapside Cross--Strange
+  Apparition--Method of enforcing their Views adopted by the Puritan
+  Pamphleteers--Parodies of Roundhead Sermons--Matthew Hopkins the
+  Witch-finder--The _Welsh Post_ of 1643--William Lilly the
+  Astrologer--Three Suns seen in London on the King's Birthday.
+
+  CHAPTER IV.                                                        108
+
+  The Civil War--Flying Sheets of News--Disturbance at
+  Kingston-on-Thames--Plot against London--Riotous Proceedings at
+  York, and Conspiracy in Edinburgh--The House of Commons--The Royal
+  Standard raised at Nottingham--Battle of Edgehill--Prince
+  Rupert--The Lord Mayor of London--_Mercurius Civicus_--The
+  _Scottish Dove_--The _Flying Post_--The _Kingdomes Weekly
+  Post_--Cruelties of the Cavaliers--The 'Levellers'--The King's
+  Escape from Oxford--Funeral of the Earl of Essex--The Great Seal
+  Broken--Fairfax--Cromwell--Sea Fight in the Channel--The Prince of
+  Wales's Squadron--Mutiny at Norwich--Siege of
+  Colchester--Execution of Sir Charles Lucas--The King at
+  Carisbrooke Castle--Execution of the King--Confession of Richard
+  Brandon.
+
+  CHAPTER V.                                                         153
+
+  Decrease of Newspapers after the Civil War--_Mercurius
+  Democritus_--The _Faithful Post_--The _Politique Post_--Broadsides
+  for the People--The Hollow Tree at Hampstead--Prodigious Monster
+  taken in Spain--The Restoration--Trial of the Regicides--Execution
+  of the Regicides--Licenser of the Press appointed--Popular Taste
+  for the Supernatural--Apparition in the Air in Holland--Revival of
+  _Mercurius Civicus_--Murder of Archbishop Sharpe--The _Loyal
+  Protestant_--Frost Fair on the Thames--Monmouth's Rebellion--The
+  Bloody Assizes--Funeral of Queen Mary, Consort of William
+  III.--Increase of Newspapers after the Revolution.
+
+  CHAPTER VI                                                         180
+
+  Constant Attempts at Illustrated News--Increase of
+  Caricatures--The _Postman_, 1704--Fiery Apparition in the Air,
+  seen in London--Caricature against the Jacobites--The South-Sea
+  Bubble--Eclipse of the Sun, 1724--The _Grub Street Journal_ an
+  Illustrated Paper--The _Daily Post_--Admiral Vernon's Attack on
+  Porto Bello--The _Penny London Post_--Henry Fielding and the
+  _Jacobite's Journal_--_Owen's Weekly Chronicle_--_Lloyd's Evening
+  Post_, and the Trial of Lord Byron for the Murder of Mr.
+  Chaworth--The _St. James's Chronicle_--Illustrated Account of a
+  Strange Wild Beast seen in France--The _Gentleman's Journal_ of
+  Anthony Motteux--The _Gentleman's Magazine_ of Edward Cave--The
+  _London Magazine_--The _Scot's Magazine_.
+
+  CHAPTER VII                                                        219
+
+  Revival of Wood-engraving by Thomas Bewick--The _Observer_
+  started, 1791--The _Times_ an Illustrated Paper--Illustrations of
+  News in the _Observer_--St. Helena and Napoleon Bonaparte--Abraham
+  Thornton and the 'Assize of Battle'--Mr. William Clement and
+  Illustrated Journalism--The Cato Street Conspiracy--Trial of Queen
+  Caroline--The House of Commons in 1821--Coronation of George
+  IV.--Royal Visits to Ireland and Scotland--Murder of Mr.
+  Weare--Illustrations of the Murder in the _Morning Chronicle_, the
+  _Observer_, and the _Englishman_--_Bell's Life in
+  London_--Prize-Fight at Warwick--Liston as 'Paul Pry'--'Gallery of
+  Comicalities,' &c.--_Pierce Egan's Life in London_--Death of the
+  Duke of York--Death of Mr. Canning--Opening of Hammersmith Bridge,
+  1827--Mr. Gurney's Steam Coach--The Thames Tunnel--The Murder in
+  the Red Barn--The Siamese Twins--Death of George IV.--Opening of
+  New London Bridge, 1831--Coronation of William IV. and Queen
+  Adelaide--Fieschi's Infernal Machine--Funeral of William
+  IV.--Queen Victoria's First Visit to the City--Coronation and
+  Marriage of the Queen--Christening of the Prince of Wales--The
+  _Weekly Chronicle_--The Greenacre Murder--Mr. Cocking and his
+  Parachute--The Courtney Riots at Canterbury--Burning of the Tower
+  of London, 1841--The _Sunday Times_--Burning of the Houses of
+  Parliament, 1834--The _Champion_--The _Weekly Herald_--The
+  _Magnet_--Removing the Body of Napoleon I.--The _Penny
+  Magazine_--Charles Knight--Humorous Journalism of the Victorian
+  Era.
+
+  CHAPTER VIII                                                       284
+
+  The _Illustrated London News_--The Early Numbers--The Burning of
+  Hamburg--Facetious Advertisements--Bal Masque at Buckingham
+  Palace--Attempted Assassination of the Queen--The Queen's First
+  Trip by Railway--First Royal Visit to Scotland--Political
+  Portraits--R. Cobden--Lord John Russell--Benjamin Disraeli--The
+  French Revolution, 1848--The Great Exhibition, 1851--The Crimean
+  War--Coloured Pictures--Christmas Numbers--Herbert Ingram--The
+  _Pictorial Times_--Other Illustrated Journals.
+
+  CHAPTER IX                                                         315
+
+  How an Illustrated Newspaper is
+  Produced--Wood-Engraving--Boxwood--Blocks for Illustrated
+  Newspapers--Rapid Sketching--Drawing on the Block--Method of
+  Dividing the Block for Engraving--Electrotyping--Development of
+  the Printing Machine--Printing Woodcuts--Machinery for Folding
+  Newspapers--Special Artists--Their Dangers and Difficulties--Their
+  Adventures in War and Peace.
+
+  CHAPTER X                                                          355
+
+  Artists who have assisted in founding the Pictorial Press--Sir
+  John Gilbert, R.A., G. H. Thomas, and others--Wood-Engraving and
+  its Connexion with the Pictorial Press--Other Methods of producing
+  Illustrations--Wood-Engraving in England before and after Bewick's
+  time--Its wide Diffusion owing to the kindred Art of Printing--The
+  resources of the Art developed by Pictorial
+  Newspapers--Conclusion. Newspapers a Necessity of Civilised
+  Life--The _Acta Diurna_ of the Romans--Early Newspapers in Venice,
+  Germany, and the Low Countries--List of Illustrated Newspapers
+  published Abroad.
+
+
+
+
+THE PICTORIAL PRESS: ITS ORIGIN AND PROGRESS.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+  The Pictorial Taste Universal--The Early 'News-books'--Development of
+  the Newspaper Press--General use of Newspapers--Establishment of
+  Illustrated Journals--Wandering Ballad Singers the First
+  Newsvendors--The _English Mercurie_ of 1588--The Abolition of the Star
+  Chamber and its Effect on the Press.
+
+
+The inherent love of pictorial representation in all races of men and in
+every age is manifest by the frequent attempts made to depict natural
+objects, under the most unfavourable circumstances and with the
+slenderest means. The rude drawing scratched on the smooth bone of an
+animal by the cave-dweller of pre-historic times, the painted rocks of
+the Mexican forests, and the cave-paintings of the Bushmen, are all
+evidences of this deeply-rooted passion. The child of civilised life
+looks with delight on his picture-book long before he can make out the
+letters of the alphabet, and the untutored Esquimaux treasures up the
+stray number of an illustrated newspaper left in his hut by the crew of
+some whaling ship, though he cannot understand one word of the printed
+page. But the pictures speak a universal language, which requires no
+teaching to comprehend.
+
+When the printing-press came into use this love of pictures had a wide
+field for development. Some of the first books printed in England were
+illustrated with woodcuts, and many of the tracts, or 'News-books,'
+which preceded regular newspapers, were adorned with rude engravings. It
+mattered not how graphic was the pen, its work was deemed incomplete
+without the aid of the pencil. It often happened that the pen was none
+the better for the fellowship, but the public taste was not fastidious,
+and the work sufficed for the occasion. In tracing the origin and
+progress of pictorial journalism we shall find in 'the abstracts and
+brief chronicles of the time' many curious illustrations of contemporary
+history. The subject is not without interest now that the illustrated
+newspaper has become a prominent feature in the journalism of every
+country.
+
+The development of the newspaper press and its unrestricted use as the
+exponent of public opinion is one of the most interesting signs of
+modern progress. When we consider the liberty of thought and action that
+prevails in our own day, it is difficult to believe that our forefathers
+were liable to the pillory and other degrading punishments when they
+ventured to publish their opinions without first obtaining the sanction
+of the ruling powers. We are accustomed to the daily exercise of the
+right which cost Prynne his ears and brought fines and imprisonment on
+Defoe. Newspapers have become almost as necessary to our daily life as
+bread itself. The mind demands its breakfast as well as the body; and to
+many a busy man the loss of his morning paper would be as great a
+deprivation as the want of his usual matutinal meal.
+
+In London, and in all our great centres of population, the newspaper has
+become the unfailing accompaniment of the City man's journey to
+business. At the railway stations journals of every kind tempt the
+loitering passenger, while the illustrated papers appeal to him in a
+language of their own. Whether in the railway carriage, the omnibus, or
+the steam-boat, the newspaper is eagerly conned, and its contents form
+the food of conversation. Most of these newspapers are cast aside at the
+end of the twenty minutes' or half hour's journey; and then, at second
+hand, they amuse the leisure moments of the railway porter, or, better
+still, they are collected together, and perhaps serve to solace the sick
+poor during many lingering hours in hospitals and refuges. Day by day
+the demand is made, and the supply is ready. The printing-machine never
+sleeps and is never tired. Its voice is one of the voices of the
+night--most unmusical, yet with a mysterious meaning. The daily
+newspaper, so potent in diffusing the light of knowledge, is itself the
+offspring of darkness. The busy brains and active fingers which create
+it turn night into day in the execution of their quickly recurring
+tasks, and with unflagging energy they labour on, that the slumbering
+world may be properly amused and instructed when it wakes.
+
+The intelligent foreigner who happens to reach our southern coast on a
+Monday morning in summer or autumn, and travels to London by one of the
+early trains, is astonished, when the train stops, to see most of the
+gentlemen rush from the carriages and surround a small boy, whom they
+appear to hustle and threaten with violent gesticulations. The boy
+appears to buy off the hostility of his assailants by dealing out to
+each a paper, which he takes from a large bundle under his arm, and with
+which the appeased passenger returns to his carriage. Cries of '_Times!_
+_Daily News!_ _Telegraph!_ _Standard!_--Here, give us one--anything!'
+reach the ears of the wondering stranger, who beholds the boy at length
+take refuge in an empty railway carriage on the opposite side of the
+platform, and from that place of vantage he continues to deal out the
+mysterious papers. After a time the intelligent foreigner learns that
+these are the London papers of that morning, which are sent out to meet
+the trains, and are eagerly bought by the gentlemen who have been
+spending from Saturday to Monday at the seaside, and, having fasted from
+all newspapers during that time, they are now of course famishing for
+news. Such is their eagerness that politics are thrown to the winds. The
+Conservative will put up with a Liberal newspaper rather than have none
+at all; and he whose ill luck or inertness has left him without the
+coveted sheet is glad to borrow of his neighbour, that he may not be
+walking in the darkness of ignorance when he arrives at his place of
+business. As the train moves off, the intelligent foreigner, if he
+thrusts his head out of the carriage window, may behold in the distance
+the newsboy pensively counting his gains and endeavouring to make his
+receipts tally with the number of papers that have vanished.
+
+One of the most remarkable phases of newspaper history has been the
+establishment of illustrated journals. Though this idea, in an immature
+form, is as old as the newspaper itself, yet it was never fully
+developed till the late Mr. Herbert Ingram brought out the _Illustrated
+London News_ in 1842. Since that time the removal of the newspaper stamp
+and the repeal of the paper duty have imparted a freedom and a vigour to
+newspaper enterprise previously unknown. Journals of all kinds have
+sprung into existence, and cheapness has become the rule. Penny and even
+halfpenny papers compete with the leading journals in activity and
+enterprise. No expense is spared in obtaining the earliest and most
+authentic intelligence. Correspondents are sent to every part of the
+world where any information is to be gleaned, and the presence of the
+newspaper 'Special' is now expected at every great event. Each class has
+its organ, and 'he who runs may read.'
+
+When we consider the immense amount of printed matter that is published
+every day by the newspapers, we cannot but wonder at the public
+appetite. And this appetite is fed from one year to another upon a diet
+that is only varied when there occurs a war, a revolution, an unusually
+disastrous shipwreck, or a murder of uncommon atrocity. Then the
+monotony of ordinary life gives place to the temporary excitement. There
+is a run upon the newspapers, which are as susceptible as barometers,
+and rise or fall according to the state of public feeling. The
+calamities of nations and the misfortunes of individuals are sources of
+profit and prosperity to the newspaper.
+
+It was a happy idea to gather together the principal events of the week,
+to illustrate them with authentic pictures, and place them before the
+public in the form of a pictorial newspaper. Considering the great cost
+of production, and the restrictions under which newspapers lay at that
+time, to say nothing of the difficulty of bringing out news with
+appropriate illustrations, so that both should be fresh, the
+_Illustrated London News_ was a bold undertaking. Like most things that
+are successful, it soon had many imitators, and there are now few large
+cities in the civilised world that have not their illustrated
+newspapers.
+
+But the full development of illustrated journalism was immediately
+preceded by many significant symptoms. Several of the then existing
+newspapers, on the occurrence of any unusual or interesting event,
+introduced into their pages rough woodcut illustrations. A great fire--a
+remarkable murder--a fatal balloon ascent--these were the subjects
+seized upon at the moment to satisfy the public craving for illustrated
+news. All this seems to have been the working of an impulse or instinct
+which existed even before the days of newspapers; for, as I shall
+presently show, attempts were made to illustrate the news of the hour in
+tracts or 'News-books' before the beginning of regular newspapers in
+England. The idea of illustrated journalism may be traced from the
+earliest years of the seventeenth century to 1842, the date of the first
+number of the _Illustrated London News_. The art of wood-engraving had
+fallen very low in the seventeenth century, and the illustrations to be
+found in early newspapers are mostly of a very rude description; but
+they show the existence of a germ which eventually grew into full and
+flourishing life.
+
+The English newspaper, like many other great inventions, was a thing of
+gradual growth. The news that was sung or recited by wandering
+ballad-singers at the village cross, or in the court-yard of the
+squire's mansion, and the written newsletter furnished to the wealthy
+aristocracy, were the precursors of the early news-books and the
+periodical sheets of news. As the art of printing extended, many of the
+productions of the press assumed the character of news to attract
+readers. Sermons, satires, and travels, were all put forward under the
+name of _news_, and sometimes a single grain of truth was deemed
+sufficient to leaven a whole bushel of fiction. Most of these
+publications were small tracts, and published at irregular intervals.
+Some of them were adorned with engravings on the title-pages, which show
+that even at this early period the authors or printers of these papers
+were imbued with the pictorial spirit. The idea of illustrating current
+events had already taken root, and we find examples of it long before
+the establishment of regular newspapers.
+
+The earliest form of the newspaper is known to have come into existence
+during times of war and tumult, and it was for a long time believed that
+the first English newspaper was brought forth under similar
+circumstances. But when the _English Mercurie_ of 1588 was proved to be
+a forgery, the enthusiast in newspaper history received a heavy blow and
+sad discouragement. It seemed so highly probable, when this country was
+threatened with the descent of the Spanish Armada, that something like a
+newspaper might have sprung into existence, that people were only too
+ready to adopt the imposture. When the whole nation was greatly excited
+and anxious to learn something about the reality of their danger,
+nothing was more natural than for the sagacious minister of Queen
+Elizabeth to appeal to the people through the printing-press, and by its
+means endeavour to calm the public mind by circulating printed sheets of
+intelligence, 'for the contradiction of false reports.' But we were
+compelled to admit that Lord Burleigh had missed his opportunity, and
+neglected to use the most powerful means for exciting the patriotism or
+allaying the fears of his countrymen. The author of this remarkable
+imposition showed great skill and acuteness in constructing his false
+newspaper, and fixing the date of its supposed publication. The forgery
+has been attributed to Lord Hardwick; but what were his motives it is
+difficult to understand. Unlike Chatterton and Ireland, he never
+brought his imposture before the world, and if he intended it merely for
+an antiquarian _jeu-d'esprit_ he had the enjoyment of the joke entirely
+to himself.
+
+The abolition of the Star Chamber, in 1641, was an important event for
+the press of this country. The so-called newspapers then began to print
+English news and discuss home affairs, no longer dreading the fines,
+imprisonments, and mutilations, that had been so liberally dispensed by
+that obnoxious tribunal. There was not, however, any considerable
+increase in the number of newspapers till the Civil War reached its
+height. During that remarkable contest many hundreds of tracts and
+newspapers were published, some of them numbered consecutively and
+published at regular intervals; but the great majority bore no
+continuous title, and treated of one subject only. During the reigns of
+Charles II. and James II. the press was more or less under a censorship,
+from which it was not emancipated till the seventh year of William III.
+Lord Macaulay dates the commencement of English newspapers from this
+period, when a great many new journals made their appearance. They
+included political news amongst their contents; and they more nearly
+resembled in character, but not in appearance, what we now understand by
+a newspaper than anything that had preceded them. This press revival was
+not accompanied by any corresponding activity in the direction of
+pictorial illustration. Art of every kind was in a low condition in
+England at this time. Even if the art of popular illustration had been
+better understood, the means of production were exceedingly limited.
+Newspapers multiplied greatly, but illustrated journalism had to
+struggle with difficulties, and its existence was only made known by the
+occasional appearance of a rough woodcut or an indifferent
+copper-plate.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+  Illustrated Broadsides--Sir Francis Drake's Operations against the
+  Spaniards--Papers of News in the Reign of James I.--The first
+  Periodical Newspaper published in England--Illustrated Tracts relating
+  to Storms and Floods--Remarkable Murders favourite subjects with the
+  early Newswriters--Murder of the Rev. Mr. Storre--Murder in
+  Cornwall--Apparition of Three Skeletons--Visions in the Air--Attempt
+  on the Life of the Duke of Buckingham--Fall of Meteors at Bawlkin
+  Green, Berkshire--The _Swedish Intelligencer_--Passage of the River
+  Leck by Gustavus Adolphus--The Sallee Rovers--The _Weekly News_ of
+  1638, an Illustrated Paper--The Irish Rebellion of 1641--The Plague in
+  London--Murder on board an English Ship--The Earl of Strafford--His
+  Execution on Tower Hill--Archbishop Laud--A Burlesque Play about
+  him--Attack by the Mob on Lambeth Palace--Caricature of the Devil
+  offering Laud a Cardinal's Hat.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE VALIANT EXPLOITS OF SIR FRANCIS DRAKE, 1587.]
+
+Before, and for a long time after, the general use of newspapers,
+illustrated broadsides were published relating to particular events, or
+satirising the vices and follies of the period. In a broadside adorned
+with a woodcut representing Death and Time, and entitled, _The Doleful
+Dance, and Song of Death_, allusion is made to the 'Fatal Assizes' of
+Oxford, when three hundred persons, including the High Sheriff, died of
+a distemper, which was supposed to have originated among the prisoners.
+A sheet of a later date refers to the Spanish Armada and the Gunpowder
+Plot; while a third, entitled, _Tittle-Tattle_, &c., satirises the
+gossiping habits of the fair sex, and contains many illustrations of
+manners, costume, and character. Such were the publications that did
+duty for newspapers in the days of Queen Elizabeth, whose subjects,
+however, were not left wholly without information as to passing events.
+In 1587 there was published an illustrated tract giving an account of
+the doings of Sir Francis Drake, who was employed by Queen Elizabeth to
+harass the Spaniards in their harbours, and hinder them in their
+preparations for invading England. These operations, which Drake himself
+described as 'singeing the King of Spain's beard,' delayed the sailing
+of the Armada, and gave Elizabeth time to prepare for defence. The tract
+referred to is entitled, '_The true and perfect Newes of the worthy and
+valiant exploytes performed and done by that valiant Knight Syr Frauncis
+Drake; Not only at Sancto Domingo, and Carthagena, but also nowe at
+Cales, and upon the Coast of Spayne, 1587_. _Printed at London, by J.
+Charlewood, for Thomas Hackett._' There is an account, in verse, written
+by one Thomas Greepe, of the doings of Sir Francis Drake and other sea
+captains. The author tells his reader, 'Here hast thou, gentle Reader,
+set forth unto thee the most worthy and valiant exploytes and
+enterpryses, lately atchieved and done by that valiant Knight Syr
+Frauncis Drake & others not pend in lofty verse, nor curiously handled,
+but playnly and truly, so that it may be well understood of the
+Reader.' There is no attempt made to illustrate the events related in
+the tract, but on the title-page there is a woodcut of a ship in full
+sail, which was perhaps intended to represent the admiral's own vessel.
+I have reproduced it on a reduced scale, as an early specimen of marine
+draughtsmanship.
+
+Thomas Greepe commences his poem with the following rhapsody:--
+
+  'Triumph, O England, and rejoice,
+    And prayse thy God incessantly
+  For this thy Queene, that pearle of choyce,
+    Which God doth blesse with victory!
+        In countryes strange, both farre and neere,
+        All raging foes her force doth feare.
+
+  Yee worthy wights that doo delighte
+    To heare of Novels strange and rare,
+  What valors, woone by a famous knight,
+    May please you marke I shall declare.
+        Such rare exploytes performde and done
+        As none the like hath ever woone.'
+
+He gives a list of the ships under Drake's command:--
+
+  'Twenty-five ships were then preparde,
+    Fifteene Pinnaces, brave and fine,
+  Well furnished for his safe garde,
+    Preventing foes that would him tyne.
+        With Masters good and Marriners rare
+        As ever tooke charge, I dare compare.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  The _Bonaventure_, a ship royall,
+    Cheefe Admirall then of the fleete,
+  Sir Frauncis Drake, cheefe Generall,
+    As by desertes he was most meete.
+        Most worthy Captaynes of hand and heart
+        In this boon voyage then tooke hys part.
+
+  The _Primrose_ next, Vice-Admirall,
+    Appoynted by thyre best device,
+  Captayne Frobisher, Vice-Generall--
+    A valiant Captayne, ware and wyse.
+        Captayne Carelell they did ordayne
+        Lieftenant-Generall on the mayne.'
+
+The poem thus winds up:--
+
+  'God save our Queene of merry England,
+    His sacred word long to maintaine;
+  Her Graces Navie and royall bande,
+    Through his good Grace, may long remaine.
+        Lord blesse her counsell, and keepe them aye
+        With all true subjects night and day.
+                  Finis, quoth Thomas Greepe.'
+
+This curious poem is supplemented by a letter, written by Sir Francis
+Drake, 'To the right reverende, godly, learned Father, my very good
+friend, M. John Fox, preacher of the word of God.' This was John Fox,
+the Martyrologist, who died in 1587. The letter proceeds: 'Mister Fox,
+whereas we have had of late such happy successe against the Spanyardes,
+I do assure myselfe that you have faithfully remembered us in your good
+prayers, and therefore I have not forgotten, breefly to make you
+partaker thereof. The 19. of Aprill we arrived within the road of
+Calles, where we found very many shipping, but amongst the rest 32 of
+exceeding burden, lade and to be laden with provision, and prepared to
+furnish the King's Navie, intended with all speede against England, the
+which when we had boorded, and also furnished our severall ships with
+provision as we thought sufficient, wee burnt; and although by the space
+of two dayes and two nights that we continued there, we were still
+endangered, both with thundering shott from the towne, and assailed with
+the roaring Cannons of twelve galleys; yet we suncke two of them, and
+one great Argosey, and still avoyded them with very small hurt, and so
+at our departure we brought away foure ships of provision, to the great
+terror of our enemies, and honour to ourselves, as it may appeare by a
+most curteous Letter written unto me with a Flagge of truce by Duke
+Petro, Generall of the Galleys. But whereas it is most certayne that the
+king doth not onely make speedy preparation in Spayne, but likewise
+expected a very great Fleete from the Straytes, and divers other places,
+that should joyne with his forces to invade England; we purpose to sette
+apart all feare of danger, and by Gods furtherance to proceed by all the
+good means we can devise to prevent their coming; wherefore I shall
+desire you to continue faithfull in remembrance of us in your prayers
+that our purpose may take that good effect, as God may be glorified, his
+Church, our Queene and country, preserved, and these enemies of the
+trueth utterly vanquished, that we may have continuall peace in Israel.
+Fro aboord her Majesties good ship the _Elizabeth Bonaventure_.
+
+'Your loving freende, and faythfull Sonne in Christ Jesus,
+
+  'FRAUNCIS DRAKE.'
+
+In the reign of James I. papers of news began to be published, but they
+only appeared occasionally, and were chiefly devoted to foreign
+intelligence. In 1619 we have 'Newes out of Holland,' followed by others
+in 1620, 1621, and 1622. These occasional tracts were afterwards
+converted into a regular weekly publication, entitled the '_Weekly
+News_,' printed by J. D. for Nichs. Bourne and T. Archer. This was the
+first periodical newspaper published in England. But long before this
+many illustrated tracts and pamphlets were published relating to events
+of recent occurrence. In one dated 1607 occurs the earliest instance I
+have met with of an attempt to illustrate the news of the day. It is
+entitled '_Wofull Newes from Wales, or the lamentable loss of divers
+Villages and Parishes (by a strange and wonderful Floud) within the
+Countye of Monmouth in Wales: which happened in January last past, 1607,
+whereby a great number of his Majesties subjects inhabiting in these
+parts are utterly undone_.' The writer of this news-book describes the
+flood, and then, taking it for his text, preaches a sermon upon it. It
+is printed in Old English, and is plentifully interspersed with pious
+exhortations and scriptural references. It has on the title a woodcut, a
+fac-simile of which is given on the next page.
+
+This interesting little tract has a preface, in which the author
+explains the difficulty he felt in producing it in the short time that
+was allowed him for the purpose:--'Reader, when these newes were
+brought, and an importunitie used to me that I would give the same
+forme, and bestow an exhortation on them, I was unwilling, both in
+regard of that short space (of lesse than one day which was limited to
+undertake the matter) and also in respect of the usual unfaithfulness of
+men ordinarily in reporting of such accidents as these bee; whereby it
+often falleth out that the relation of them reapeth much discredit. But
+when I could not have these just excuses taken, I began and finished
+this businesse, as the shorte space wold permit me.'
+
+The old story of the child washed away in a cradle, so often related as
+having occurred in great floods, and which Mr. Millais has immortalised
+in one of his pictures, is here told probably for the first
+time:--'Another little childe is affirmed to have bene cast upon land in
+a Cradle, in which was nothing but a Catte, the which was discerned, as
+it came floating to the shore, to leape still from one side of the
+Cradle unto the other, even as if she had been appointed steersman to
+preserve the small barke from the waves' furie.'
+
+[Illustration: GREAT FLOOD IN MONMOUTHSHIRE, 1607.]
+
+Another tract of the same date is illustrated with a woodcut similar to
+the one here copied, but it has in addition several more figures,
+including a cradle with a child in it floating on the water. This tract
+is entitled '_A true report of certaine wonderful overflowings of waters
+now lately in Summersetshire, Norfolk, and other places in England,
+destroying many thousands of men, women, and children, overthrowing and
+bearing downe whole townes and villages, and drowning infinite numbers
+of sheepe and other cattle_.' It is written in the same sermonising
+style, beginning by calling men to repent, and to take warning from
+these signs of God's anger. Then follows the narrative. The inundation
+was caused by an irruption of the sea, and many incidents are related of
+the flood. Here the cradle story is again told:--'An infant likewise was
+found swimming in a cradle, some mile or two fro' ye place where it was
+known to be kept, and so was preserved; for the cradle was not of
+wicker, as ours are here, but of strong, thicke bordes, closely joynted
+together, and that saved the infant's life.' This narrative of the
+Somersetshire flood was reprinted in another tract with '_An Addition of
+other and more strange Accidents happening by these Flouds, and brought
+to light since the first publishing of this Booke_.' This second edition
+is illustrated with the identical woodcut that is used in the tract
+relating the floods in Wales. The two tracts recounting the
+Somersetshire floods were 'printed at London by W. I. for Edward White,
+and are to be sold at the signe of the Gunne, at the North doore of
+Paules.' That describing the flood in Wales was 'printed for W. W., and
+are to be sold in Paules Church-yarde at the sign of the Grey-hound.' In
+those days printers frequently combined the functions of engraver and
+printer; and as regards the tracts under notice, we must conclude that
+the printer supplied each of his customers with the same woodcut, or
+that the booksellers of the time were in the habit of lending their
+woodcuts to each other.
+
+Storms, floods, and burnings were favourite themes with the early
+newswriters, and several illustrated tracts exist describing such
+calamities. They are more or less interspersed with pious exhortations,
+but the narrative is rarely allowed to flag, and every incident is
+minutely described. There is '_Woeful newes from the West parts of
+England of the burning of Tiverton_,' 1612; and a small quarto pamphlet
+of 1613, printed in old English, affords another good example of this
+kind of news. It is entitled--it will be observed how fond the old
+newswriters were of alliterative titles--'_The Wonders of this windie
+winter, by terrible stormes and tempests, to be losse of lives and
+goods of many thousands of men, women, and children. The like by Sea and
+Land hath not been seene nor heard of in this age of the world. London.
+Printed by G. Eld for John Wright, and are to be sold at his Shop neere
+Christ-Church dore._ 1613.' On the title-page is a woodcut, a copy of
+which is annexed.
+
+[Illustration: GREAT STORM, 1613.]
+
+The tract opens very much in the manner of a sermon, and declares the
+dreadful occurrences related are intended to 'move sinful mankind to
+repentance and newnesse of life.' It then goes on to describe 'that
+within these three fore-passed months of October, November, and
+December, the devouring gulfes of the Sea hath swallowed up above two
+hundred saile of ships, as well of our own Country as of neighbouring
+Nations, with great store of passengers, seafaring men, and owners of
+the same, adventuring their dear lives in the managing of the aforesaid
+ships, with all their goods, and merchandizes, making for our country
+all lost; yea, all, I say, in these three fore-passed months, hath been
+lost and drenched in the deep vaults of this watery world, a thing both
+lamentable and fearfull, that in so short a time, nay, in a small part
+of the yeare, even in an instant, so many heavy mischances should
+happen, and so many worthy vessels of adventure miscarrie, which had bin
+sufficient (if goodspeed had prevailed) to have inricht a whole Citie
+and bettered a kingdome; but such is the will of God, and such is His
+just indignation against us.
+
+'By certification from men of good accompt and calling, it is reported
+and knowne for truth, that in the month of October last, a fleete of
+fourteene sayle of ships making from Newcastle towards London, laden
+with sea-coale and other commodities of those parts, had their passage,
+by the tyranny of the windes, most untimely stopt, and violently caste
+into the ocean's wombe, in which ships were perished to the number of a
+hundred and forty seafaring men, besides other passengers, both of men
+and women, which at that time made their watery graves in the deepe sea.
+This first strooke feare into the hearts of people, which hath been
+since seconded with many calamities, which lieth heavy upon the heart of
+the reporter.' The writer then goes on to relate that between 'Dover and
+Calice there hath been found floating upon the waters in one weeke of
+fowle weather above seven hundred drowned persons of divers nations, as
+of English, Dutch, French, and Spanish, with parts and parcels of many
+splitted ships.' Further details are given at great length, and in
+rather a wordy manner. For instance, the writer describes the great
+number of women who are made widows by the disasters at sea, 'besides
+fatherlesse children and children fatherlesse.' Several examples are
+related of the force of the wind. 'A man and his wife riding over
+Maidenhead Bridge upon one horse, by the fierceness of the wind, were
+blowne beside, and there drowned both horse and all. God be merciful
+unto us and preserve us from all such like mischances. The like mishap
+befell in November last unto two Yorkshire men, as it is verified by
+some gentlemen of the Inns of Court and Chancery, which knew the
+parties, the one of them a tanner, named Francis Browne, the other a
+clothier, called Richard Smith, both dwelling in a towne neere Wakefield
+side called Thorby; which two countriemen falling out upon small
+occassions wilfully purposed to come up to London, and their put their
+causes of themselves to the Lawes tryall; yet notwithstanding came they
+up together, where in riding over a bridge about Bedfordshire, and
+conferring of their inward grudges, they were blowne both beside into
+the river, where, by the fierceness of the windes, they were most
+lamentably drowned, both horse and men; and thus by sodaine death ended
+their malice, to the fear and amazement of all such as well could
+witness their envious proceedings. These and such like accidents may be
+fearful examples for the world to behold, especially for rich men,
+shewing to them the certaintie of life and goods subject to the chances
+of death and fortune, according to the saying of a worthy philosopher,
+
+  "Full little thinks the man at morning sun
+   What hap to him befalls ere day be done."'
+
+A great many other instances are related of the fury of the tempests,
+all of which the writer feels certain 'have been laid upon us for our
+sinnes;' and winds up with a pious exhortation to take warning.
+
+[Illustration: FLOODS AND TEMPESTS, 1613.]
+
+Another tract of the same character and date, also printed in black
+letter, has a larger and more elaborate woodcut on the title-page,
+representing sinking ships, the shore strewed with dead bodies, and on
+the outside of a church tower the devil is seen throwing down the broken
+steeple. The following is the address to the reader:--'Reader, I do here
+present unto thee and to thy understanding (if thou hast any) some part
+of the lamentable losses and unrecoverable mischances that have
+happened by occassion of these late blustering stormes of winde, and an
+innumerable deal of rayne, the which a great many thousands have too
+true cause to beleeve, because they are sharers in the misfortunes that
+this outragious weather hath caused. Now, if thou hast sustained no loss
+thyselfe, perhaps thou wilt not beleeve these things to be true that I
+have written; but if thou wilt or doest beleeve, then pray to God that
+it will please Him to give them patience that are loosers, and humilitie
+that are winners, and give God thanks that he hath so blessed thee that
+thou hast no share in these mishaps. But if thou wilt not beleeve, goe
+and looke, or else remaine still in thy unbeliefe.' A copy of the
+woodcut is given on the preceding page.
+
+Another pamphlet, of 1613, has the annexed woodcut, and is entitled
+'_Lamentable Newes, shewing the Wonderful Deliverance of Maister Edmond
+Pet, Sayler, and Maister of a Ship, dwelling in Seething-lane, in
+London, neere Barking Church; with other strange things lately hapned
+concerning those great windes and tempestuous weather, both at Sea and
+Lande_. _Imprinted at London by T. C., for William Barley, dwelling over
+against Cree Church, neere Algate._ 1613.' It describes the wreck of a
+Newcastle ship on the east coast, and how 'Maister Pet,' after being
+exposed to the winds and waves for forty-eight hours, was rescued by a
+Dutch man-of-war, he being the only survivor from his ship. It will be
+seen the woodcut represents two seamen lowering what appears to be an
+arm-chair into the sea. This was probably the artist's notion of the
+safest and most comfortable way to rescue shipwrecked persons. The same
+tract relates other occurrences during the stormy weather, such as 'A
+man neere Bedford, being thaching a house, was blowne off and kild;
+trees blown up by the rootes, houses and chimnies quite blown downe,'
+&c. 'All which is for our sinnes.'
+
+[Illustration: RESCUE OF EDMUND PET, MARINER, 1613.]
+
+Remarkable murders were even more favourite subjects with the early
+news-writers than storms and floods, a partiality that has continued
+down to our own time. A tract of 1613 is devoted to the details of
+'Three Bloodie Murders,' but it is mainly taken up with an account of
+the murder of the Rev. William Storre, of Market Rasen, Lincolnshire.
+The full title runs thus:--'_Three Bloodie Murders. The first committed
+by Francis Cartwright upon William Storre, M. Arts Minister and Preacher
+at Market Rasen in the countie of Lincolne. The second committed by
+Elizabeth James on the body of her Mayde, in the Parish of Egham in
+Surrie: who was condemned for the same fact at Sainte Margaret hill in
+Southwark, the 2 of July 1613, and lieth in the White Lion till her
+deliverie; discovered by a dombe Mayde and her Dogge. The third
+committed upon a stranger very lately near Highgate foure mile from
+London, very strangely found out by a Dogge. Also the 2 of July 1613._'
+
+The circumstances relating to the murder of the Rev. William Storre are
+given at great length and with much minuteness:--'Not long since, there
+happened some controversey between the Lords and the rest of the
+inhabitants of Market Raisin in the Countie of Lincolne concerning the
+Commons and Libertie in the Towne Fields; and the matter being mooted by
+one of them in the Church immediately after evening prayer on a Sabaoth
+day, divers hot intemperate speeches passed among them; whereupon their
+Minister, whose name was Mr. Storre, much disliking so indiscreete a
+course, wished them to have respect both to the time and place where
+they were: And further advised, seeing the cause in hand concerned a
+multitude, (amongst whom, some of the least government would always be
+the readiest to speake) that they would therefore make choice of two or
+three of the fittest and most substantial men, to answere and undertake
+for all the rest. This motion seemed to please them well, and therefore
+they intreated him, that he would first, as a man indifferent speake
+what he thought concerning the cause. But he not wishing to intermeddle
+in that matter, twice or thrice denied their request; and the rather,
+for that there was present one Francis Cartwright, a young man of an
+unbridled humour, the only Sonne and Heire to one of the same Lordes of
+the Towne, betwixt whom and himselfe, there was growne no small
+unkindnesse. Yet in the end being pressed thereunto by their
+importunities with the consent of both the parties he delivered his
+opinion, useing therein such discretion and reasons to confirme the same
+that they could not directly except against him. Notwithstanding, seeing
+him incline more to the right of the Freeholders and the rest of the
+Commons than to favour their intended purpose, they seemed to dislike
+his speaches, and to cavill at the same.
+
+'Young Cartwright standing by, not able any longer to contain himselfe
+tooke occassion hereupon to breake forthe abruptly into these wordes:
+The Priest deserveth a good Fee, he speaketh so like a Lawyer. Maister
+Storre having often aforetime had experience of his hotte stomacke and
+hastinesse as well towards others as himselfe, thought it best to reply
+little against him for that present.' The Rev. Mr. Storre's forbearance
+was of no avail, for next day young Cartwright took occasion to renew
+the quarrel, and in the public market-place 'proclaymed that Storre was
+a scurvie, lowsie, paltrie Priest; that whoever sayd he was his friend
+or spake in his cause, was a Rogue and a Rascall, that he would (but for
+the Law) cut his Throat, tear out his Heart, and hang his Quarters on
+the May-pole.' These sanguinary threats caused Mr. Storre to seek the
+protection of the Magistrates; and he afterwards preached a sermon
+containing words which young Cartwright thought were purposely directed
+against him, so that he 'more and more thirsted for revenge.'
+
+'About a week after, he espied Mr. Storre walking about eight of the
+clocke in the morning alone, by the south side of the Towne in his
+cloake, went to a cutler's shop, and tooke out of the same a short
+sword, formerly provided and made very sharpe for that purpose, and
+presently overtooke him.' The young man attacked the clergyman, and the
+pamphlet gives a minute account of the dreadful wounds he inflicted
+upon him until 'A Mayde coming that way by occassion of businesse,
+cried out, whereupon he fledde.'
+
+The clergyman died of the frightful wounds he received, and the murderer
+was taken and carried before a justice, 'where, either for lacke of
+their due information of the truth, or by the corrupt and favourable
+affection of the magistrate, or both, there was a very slender bayle
+taken, and the malefactor by this flight sent away.' Cartwright's
+friends 'laboured by corrupt dealing and wrong information' to procure
+his pardon; but so barbarous a murder could not be hushed up, and the
+culprit eventually 'fled beyonde the seas.'
+
+[Illustration: MURDER OF THE REV MR. STORRE, 1613.]
+
+On the title-page of the pamphlet is a woodcut representing the murder
+of the Rev. Mr. Storre, which is copied above.
+
+The two other murders are not related at such great length, and are not
+illustrated.
+
+This is the earliest example I have met with of a kind of illustrated
+news that is very popular even in our own day. From the pains taken to
+describe all the circumstances of the crime and its consequences, the
+author evidently regarded it as a subject of the highest interest, and
+worthy of all the elaboration he was capable of bestowing upon it.
+
+[Illustration: NEWS FROM PENRHYN IN CORNWALL, 1618.]
+
+There is a very curious and rare tract of the date of 1618, which
+describes the circumstances of another remarkable murder. It is entitled
+'_News from Perin (Penrhyn), in Cornwall, of a most Bloody and
+unexampled Murther very lately committed by a Father on his owne sonne
+(who was lately returned from the Indyes), at the instigation of a
+mercilesse Step Mother, together with their severall most wretched
+endes, being all performed in the Month of September last, Anno 1618._'
+On the title-page is a woodcut representing the discovery of the murder,
+which is reprinted in the body of the pamphlet. Another woodcut
+illustrates a scene before the murder is committed, where the son hands
+his bag of treasure to his step-mother. The story is a very minute
+history of a scapegrace son, who, after various adventures, returns to
+his father's house a penitent and reformed man. Many years having
+elapsed, the son is not recognised by his father, who has married a
+second wife and is in straitened circumstances. The son begs a night's
+lodging and resolves not to make himself known till next morning. In the
+meantime, to show that he will be able to recompense his host and
+hostess for their hospitality, he gives the latter a bag of gold and
+jewels to take care of for him till the morrow. The woman, excited by
+the possession of the gold, thinks how easy it would be to relieve
+themselves from their embarrassments by murdering their guest and
+keeping possession of his treasure. She urges her husband to do the
+deed. After many refusals he consents, and the father murders his own
+son. In the morning it is made known to him who his victim is, and, in a
+fit of remorse and despair, he kills himself; upon which the guilty wife
+also commits suicide, and the tract thus winds up:--'And to the end it
+may be a warning to all covetous step mothers, and a content for all
+easie Fathers to avoyde the like hereafter. At the entreaty of divers
+Gentlemen in the Countrey, It is as neere the life as Pen and Incke
+could draw it out, thus put in Print.'
+
+William Lillo, the author of _George Barnwell_, is said to have founded
+his play of 'Fatal Curiosity' on this tract. Lillo was a prosperous
+London jeweller and a successful dramatic author. He depicted the
+harrowing details of this tragic story with great power; and the agonies
+of old Wilmot, the father, constitute one of the most appalling and
+affecting incidents of the drama.
+
+A curious black-letter tract of 1616, which is illustrated with a
+fearful apparition of three skeletons, is entitled, '_Miraculous Newes
+from the cittie of Holdt, in the Lordship of Munster (in Germany), the
+twentieth of September last past 1616, wherein there were plainly beheld
+three dead bodyes rise out of their Graves, admonishing the people of
+Judgements to come_.' The truth of this miraculous news is vouched for
+by 'divers worthy Persons and Burgimasters of the same citty,' whose
+names are given. This miraculous appearance was preceded by a fearful
+tempest of thunder and lightning. 'When this great tempest of thunder
+and lightning was ceased, there was heard throughout all the parts and
+places of the citty a most hideous and dolefull clamour or outcry,
+striking terror into all the people, yet no man could perceive whence it
+came, or where this clamour should bee. The people came over all the
+citty after the noise, but could not finde it; for when they were at one
+corner of the citty they then heard it at another; and when they were
+come to that other corner there it seemed to them to be in the middle of
+the citty; and to them that were in the middest it seemed farther off.
+So that all heard it, but none could find where it was, or from whence
+it came.
+
+'At length the people assembling in the churchyard behelde there so
+strange and incredible judgements sent by the Lord, that for the most
+part the beholders fell flatt on their faces to the ground, crying loude
+unto the Lord for mercy. For there they beheld coming out of their
+graves three most ghostly and fearfull dead bodyes.
+
+
+1.
+
+'Whereof the first that was seen to arise out of the earth, seemed very
+white, cleane, and cleere, who opening his mouth and beating his handes
+together spake thus: "Blessed be God in the highest Heaven, that our
+releasement is come, for we have wayted many a hundred yeare for this
+time." The people hearing this fell upon their knees and prayed unto the
+Lord with weeping and great lamentation, saying: O Lord beholde us with
+thy merciful eyes, and let us not be overwhelmed or smothered in our
+sinnes.
+
+
+2.
+
+'The second dead man that arose out of the earth caused farre greater
+feare and trembling then the former, for the beholders saw him
+altogether from the toppe to the toe, like unto a burning fire; he
+likewise opened his mouth, and wringing his handes, and tearing his
+haire, cryed with a loude voyce: Repent yee, Repent yee; Almighty God
+hath taken his chastising rodde in hand, to punish the people for their
+sinnes, for their great wealth, for their great talke or presumptious
+wordes, for their pompe, and for their pride: The which the Lord will no
+longer suffer nor endure, for the cry and complaint of these sinnes is
+asended up into his eares; Wherefore hee will destroy you with a
+suddaine sicknesse, and fiery Pestilence, so that you shall not have so
+much time as one houre, to utter one worde, to call upon God.
+
+[Illustration: MIRACULOUS NEWS FROM MUNSTER IN GERMANY, 1616.]
+
+
+3.
+
+'After this fiery apparition and threatening speech ended, there
+appeared likewise rising out of the grave a third dead man, grinding and
+gnashing his teeth together, striking his handes the one against the
+other, and crying with a most fearful and hideous voyce, insomuch that
+it seemed to all the multitude there present, that the earth would
+certainly have rent in sunder; and spake that all the people plainly
+heard and understood his wordes, which were these; Woe, woe, woe, to
+the wicked; this is the time that wee have long attended and looked for;
+wherefore (ye people) looke to it, and beware lest the great day of the
+Lord come upon you suddainly, and fall upon you unprovided; for the time
+of his comming is neerer than you thinke.
+
+'After the uttering of these wordes, the three dead Bodyes vanished and
+the Graves were shut againe, the heavens became cleere, the Tempest
+ceased, and all the people being released of their present horror and
+feare, rejoyced, and assembling themselves together, gave glory and
+laude, and praise unto the Lord for his Fatherly mercy and unspeakable
+goodnesse, in the mitigation of his furie, and withdrawing his heavy
+hand for the present. And thereupon appointed a sett day of
+supplications, prayers, and fasting, with true and unfained Repentance
+to be proclaimed, and observed.'
+
+This account is supplemented by an 'apology,' setting forth that men
+must not be incredulous because they hear of miraculous
+occurrences--that God is able to bring back the age of miracles, &c. The
+writer evidently thought his readers might require to be strengthened by
+argument before they could place implicit faith in his narrative, and so
+he takes some pains in his 'apology' to convince them that however
+unnatural and uncommon may be the appearances he relates, the wickedness
+of the world was a sufficient justification for this and other
+extraordinary events. A copy of the woodcut that illustrates this
+curious production is shown on the preceding page.
+
+[Illustration: 'GOOD NEWES TO CHRISTENDOME,' 1620.]
+
+In 1620 Nathaniel Butter printed an illustrated tract entitled _'Good
+Newes to Christendome, sent to a Venetian in Ligorne, from a Merchant in
+Alexandria, Discovering a Wonderfull and Strange Apparition, visibly
+seene for many dayes together in Arabia over the place where the
+supposed Tombe of Mahomet (the Turkish Prophet) is inclosed; By which
+the learned Arabians prognosticate the Reducing and Calling of the great
+Turke to Christianitie. With many other Notable Accidents: But the most
+remarkable is the miraculous rayning of Bloud about Rome_.' This
+tract, which is very long and discursive, relates, among other things,
+the apparition of a woman in the air, with a book in her hand, being the
+same apparition that is described at great length in a tract of 1642,
+which I shall quote hereafter. In the tract under notice there is a
+woodcut representing an army in the clouds--the clouds raining blood
+over a city; a woman with sword and book; and a crowd of men below
+watching the aerial phenomenon. The writer, in winding up his narrative,
+thus addresses his reader:--'If you cannot beleeve it as truth, yet to
+make that use of it as if it were true; and then shall you know, there
+is but one way to happiness, and all the predictions, prophesies,
+visions, apparitions, comets, inundations, stormes, tempests, famine,
+warre, alteration, and subversion of kingdomes, with all the cabinet of
+mysteries, tend to this end that _premium_ and _poena_ be the mastering
+curbs of the world; that is, that God hath a _Magazine_ of judgements to
+inflict on the obstinate sinner with punishments: and a store-house of
+mercy to support the penitent soule with comfort.'
+
+In 1627 we come upon a very curious and literal example of illustrated
+news. In that year Charles I., having declared war against France,
+fitted out an expedition of a hundred sail and an army of 7000 men for
+the support of the Protestant cause in that country. The King's
+favourite, the self-confident and vainglorious Duke of Buckingham, took
+the command of the expedition, although he was totally unfit for that
+position. He was personally brave, but possessed no other quality of a
+commander. He had no knowledge or experience of the art of war, and was
+too proud and presumptuous to be guided by the advice of others. The
+expedition was destined for Rochelle, then in possession of the
+Huguenots; but Buckingham went to sea without any understanding with his
+allies; and, when he anchored off Rochelle, he was refused admission to
+the town. He then directed his course to the neighbouring Isle of Rhe,
+where he succeeded in landing his men under the fire of his ships, and
+defeated a small French force commanded by the governor of the island.
+Instead of immediately following up his success, Buckingham allowed the
+French commander to secure and strengthen the fortress of St. Martin;
+and when he did advance he foolishly left the enemy in possession of
+another fort in his rear. He besieged the Castle of St. Martin for many
+weeks, and then led his men to storm the place without having made a
+single breach in the walls. They were repulsed at all points with
+considerable loss, and attempted to retreat to their ships; but Marshal
+Schomberg with a French army had thrown himself between the Duke and the
+fleet, and had put a strong corps and artillery into the fort of La
+Pree, which Buckingham had left in his rear. No precautions whatever had
+been taken, and they suffered great loss before they could re-embark.
+The expedition was a total failure, and Buckingham returned to England
+beaten and disgraced.
+
+While the Duke of Buckingham was besieging the citadel of St. Martin, an
+attempt was made, or was said to have been made, upon his life by a
+French Papist or Jesuit, with a thick four-edged knife. An account of
+the Duke's proceedings while in the Isle of Rhe appears to have been
+sent home, and was published probably with a view of influencing the
+people in his favour and showing to what dangers he was exposed in the
+national service. There is in the British Museum a tract entitled '_A
+Continued Journal of all the Proceedings of the Duke of Buckingham his
+Grace, in the Isle of Ree since the last day of July. With the names of
+the Noblemen as were drowned and taken in going to releeve the Fort. As
+also the Portraiture of the knife with which his Excellence should have
+been murdered, which very knife was brought over by Captaine Buckestone
+and delivered unto the Duchess of Buckingham her Grace on Monday night
+last. Published by Authoritie. London, Printed for Thomas Walkley, and
+are to be sold at his shop at the Eagle and Childe in Britaines Bursse,
+1627._' The following account is given of the intended assassination of
+the Duke:--
+
+  'Received the 27 of August.
+
+'Here I have sent you all the remarkable Newes that I have upon the
+last of _July_. There was taken by a _Perdue_ of ours, in the night (a
+Frenchman), that was sent by _Monsieur de Thorax_, the Governour of the
+Citadell, with a full intent to kill my Lord Duke; and for the speedy
+effecting of the same he had prepared a strange and dangerous _Poynado_,
+which, although it was taken about him, he confidently denied that he
+came not with any intent to kill the _Duke_ untill he came to the
+Tortures, which being presented before him he promised to discover all
+to my _Lord_ if he would promise him life, the which he did, and doth so
+performe with him, like a noble and mercifull Generall.' The tract
+contains a large woodcut of a knife, a reduced copy of which is given
+above, and underneath the engraving is the following description:--'This
+is the true Portraiture of the poysoned knife, both in length and
+breadth, having foure edges, with which a Jesuited Vilaine was sent out
+of the Fort by Monsieur de Thorax, the Governour of that Island, with an
+intent to have killed his Excellence, but by God's providence was
+delivered. His Grace hath used the French so nobly in all respects that
+he rather deserved their love than any wayes to have his life thus
+treacherously sought after, under the pretence that it was a meritorious
+act. Which knife was brought over into England by Captaine Buckestone,
+and by him delivered unto the Dutches of Buckingham her Grace on Monday
+night last.'
+
+[Illustration: KNIFE INTENDED FOR THE ASSASSINATION OF THE DUKE OF
+BUCKINGHAM, 1627.]
+
+Whether the attempt on Buckingham's life was a reality or was got up for
+the purpose of endearing the court favourite to all good Protestants, it
+foreshadowed his ultimate fate. In the following year, while he was at
+Portsmouth, and about to embark on a second expedition to Rochelle, he
+was stabbed by Felton, who had served under him in the expedition to
+the Isle of Rhe.
+
+Besides the subjects already noticed, the old news-writers delighted in
+signs and portents in the air, and failed not to improve the occasion
+whenever they met with a text so much to their liking. There was a fall
+of meteorites in 1628, which was chronicled at the time in an illustrated
+pamphlet, entitled, '_Looke up and See Wonders: a miraculous Apparition
+in the Ayre, lately seen in Barke-shire, at Bawlkin Greene, neere
+Hatford, April 9th, 1628._' The author, like his fellow-chroniclers,
+already quoted, regards the occurrence as a sign of Heaven's displeasure,
+and addresses his readers thus:--'So Benummed wee are in our Sences, that
+albeit God himselfe Holla in our Eares, wee by our wills are loath to
+heare him. His dreadfull Pursiuants of _Thunder and Lightning_ terrifie
+vs so long as they haue vs in their fingers, but beeing off, wee dance
+and sing in the midst of our Follies.' He then goes on to tell how 'the
+foure great quarter-masters of the World (_the foure Elements_) ... haue
+bin in ciuill Warres one against another.... As for _Fire_, it hath
+denied of late to warme vs, but at vnreasonable rates, and extreame hard
+conditions. But what talke I of this earthy nourishment of _fire_? How
+haue the _Fires_ of Heauen (some few yeares past) gone beyond their
+bounds, and appeared in the shapes of Comets and Blazing Starres?... The
+_Aire_ is the shop of Thunder and Lightning. In that, hath of late been
+held a Muster of terrible enemies and threatners of Vengeance, which the
+great Generall of the Field who Conducts and Commands all such Armies
+(_God Almighty, I meane_) auert from our Kingdome, and shoote the arrowes
+of his indignation some other way, vpon the bosomes of those that would
+confound his Gospell.... Many windowes hath he set open in heauen, to
+shewe what Artillery hee has lying there, and many of our Kings haue
+trembled, when they were shewne vnto them. What blazing Starres (euen at
+Noone-dayes) in those times hung houering in the Aire? How many
+frightfull Ecclipses both of Sun and Moone?... It is not for man to
+dispute with God, why he has done this so often ... but, with feare and
+trembling casting our eyes vp to Heauen, let vs now behold him, bending
+his Fist onely, as lately he did to the terrour and affrightment of all
+the Inhabitants dwelling within a Towne in the County of Barkshire....
+The name of the Towne is _Hatford_, some eight miles from _Oxford_. Ouer
+this Towne, vpon Wensday being the ninth of this instant Moneth of
+_April_, 1628, about fiue of the clocke in the afternoone this
+miraculous, prodigious and fearefull handy-worke of God was presented....
+The weather was warme, and without any great shewe of distemperature,
+only the skye waxed by degrees a little gloomy, yet not so darkened but
+that the Sunne still and anon, by the power of the brightnesse, brake
+through the thicke clouds....
+
+'A gentle gale of wind then blowing from betweene the _West_ and
+_North-west_, in an instant was heard, first a hideous rumbling in the
+_Ayre_, and presently after followed a strange and fearfull peale of
+Thunder, running vp and downe these parts of the _Countrey_, but it
+strake with the loudest violence, and more furious tearing of the
+_Ayre_, about a place called _The White Horse Hill_, than in any other.
+The whole order of this thunder, carried a kind of Maiesticall state
+with it, for it maintayned (_to the affrighted Beholders' seeming_) the
+fashion of a fought Battaile.
+
+'It beganne thus: First, for an onset, went off one great _Cannon_ as it
+were of _thunder_ alone, like a warning peece to the rest that were to
+follow. Then a little while after was heard a second; and so by degrees
+a third, vntil the number of 20 were discharged (or thereabouts) in very
+good order, though in very great terror.
+
+'In some little distance of time after this was audibly heard the sound
+of a Drum beating a Retreate. Amongst all these angry peales shot off
+from Heauen, this begat a wonderful admiration, that at the end of the
+report of every cracke, or _Cannon-thundering_, a hizzing noyse made way
+through the _Ayre_, not vnlike the flying of _Bullets_ from the mouthes
+of great Ordnance; and by the iudgement of all the terror-stricken
+witnesses they were _Thunder-bolts_. For one of them was seene by many
+people to fall at a place called _Bawlkin Greene_, being a mile and a
+half from _Hatford_: Which _Thunder-bolt_ was by one Mistris _Greene_
+caused to be digged out of the ground, she being an eye-witnesse amongst
+many others, of the manner of the falling.
+
+'The forme of the _Stone_ is three-square, and picked in the end: In
+colour outwardly blackish, some-what like Iron: Crusted ouer with that
+blacknesse about the thicknesse of a shilling. Within it is soft, of a
+grey colour, mixed with some kind of minerall, shining like small peeces
+of glasse.
+
+'This _Stone_ brake in the fal: The whole peece is in weight nineteene
+pound and a halfe: The greater peece that fell off weigheth fiue pound,
+which with other small peeces being put together, make foure and twenty
+pound and better....
+
+'It is in the Countrey credibly reported that some other Thunder-stones
+haue bin found in other places: but for certainty there was one taken vp
+at _Letcombe_, and is now in the custody of the _Shriefe_.'
+
+This curious account is illustrated with a quaint woodcut, in the
+foreground of which the thunder-bolt seen by Mistress Green is being
+'digged out of the ground.'
+
+[Illustration: FALL OF METEORS AT BAWLKIN GREEN, BERKSHIRE, APRIL 9,
+1628.]
+
+Amongst the many publications relating to the victorious career of
+Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, there was one entitled the _Swedish
+Intelligencer_, printed at London, in 1632, for Nathaniel Butter and
+Nicholas Bourne, both of them names associated with the first
+establishment of newspapers in England. The _Swedish Intelligencer_
+gives very full accounts of the exploits of Gustavus, and it is
+illustrated with his portrait, a bird's-eye view of the siege of
+Magdeburg, a plan showing how the King of Sweden and his army crossed
+the river Lech into Bavaria, and a plan or bird's-eye view of the battle
+of Lutzen, where Gustavus was killed. The portrait, the siege of
+Magdeburg, and the battle of Lutzen, are engraved on copper, but the
+passage of the Lech is a woodcut. I have copied the latter, the others
+being too elaborate for reproduction on a reduced scale. The three last
+named are very curious as illustrations of war news. Gustavus had
+crossed the Danube, and his troops overspread the country between that
+river and the river Lech. Field Marshal Tilly was in front of him,
+waiting for reinforcements from the army of Wallenstein, in Bohemia, and
+the junction of fresh levies raised in Bavaria, with which he hoped to
+drive the invaders back across the Danube. The account in the _Swedish
+Intelligencer_ of this celebrated passage of the River Lech is too long
+for quotation, but I give a condensed version of the circumstances from
+other sources.
+
+The Lech takes its rise among the mountains of the Tyrol, and, after
+washing the walls of Landsberg and Augsburg, falls into the Danube at a
+short distance from the town of Rain. The banks are broken and
+irregular, and the channel uncertain. Nor are there many rivers of the
+same size in Germany which can be compared with it in the strength and
+rapidity of its current. The united forces of Bavaria and the League,
+with this efficient means of defence in front, extended their right wing
+towards the Danube and their left towards Rain, while the banks of the
+river, as far as the city of Augsburg, were observed by their patrols,
+supported by detached bodies of infantry. Tilly had taken the precaution
+of breaking down the bridges over the Lech, and had thrown up field
+works at points where he judged the passage might be considered attended
+with fewest difficulties. That the Swedes would attack him in his main
+position was a pitch of daring to which, well as he was acquainted with
+the enterprising spirit of the king, he could scarcely suspect him of
+having yet attained. Such, however, was the full determination of
+Gustavus. After he had reconnoitred the course of the Lech for some
+miles, at the imminent peril of his life, he fixed upon a point between
+Rain and Thierhauppen, where the river makes a sweep to the eastward, as
+the spot for carrying his venturous design into effect. The king's
+first intention was to throw a floating bridge over the stream, but the
+attempt was no sooner made than it was found to be rendered hopeless by
+the rapidity of the current. It was then imagined that tressels might be
+sunk, and firmly secured by weights in the bed of the river, on which
+the flooring of the bridge might afterwards be securely laid. The king
+approved of this plan, and workmen were commanded to prepare the
+necessary materials at the small village of Oberendorf, situated about
+half a mile from the spot. During the night of the 4th of April the work
+was entirely finished, the supports fixed in the stream, and the planks
+for forming the bridge brought down to the water's edge. The king had,
+in the meantime, ordered a trench to be dug along the bank of the river
+for the reception of bodies of musketeers, and several new batteries to
+be constructed close to the shore, the fire from which, as they were
+disposed along a convex line, necessarily crossed upon the opposite
+side; those upon the left hand of the Swedes playing upon the left of
+the enemy, and those on the right upon the wood held by the Bavarians.
+Another battery, slightly retired from the rest, directed its fire
+against the entrenchments occupied by Tilly's centre. By daybreak on the
+5th, all necessary preparations having been made, the bridge was begun
+to be laid, and completed under the king's inspection. Three hundred
+Finland volunteers were the first who crossed, excited by the reward of
+ten crowns each to undertake the dangerous service of throwing up a
+slight work upon the other side for its protection. By four in the
+afternoon the Finlanders had finished their undertaking, having been
+protected from a close attack by the musketry of their own party and the
+batteries behind them, from which the king is said to have discharged
+more than sixty shots with his own hand, to encourage his gunners to
+charge their pieces more expeditiously. The work consisted merely of an
+embankment surrounded by a trench, but it was defended both by the
+direct and cross fire of the Swedes. As soon as it was completed,
+Gustavus, stationing himself with the King of Bohemia at the foot of
+the bridge, commanded Colonel Wrangle, with a chosen body of infantry
+and two or three field-pieces, to pass over, and after occupying the
+work, to station a number of musketeers in a bed of osiers upon the
+opposite side. The Swedes crossed the bridge with little loss, and after
+a short but desperate struggle the Imperialists were routed. The whole
+of the Swedish army was soon upon the eastern bank of the Lech, where
+the king, without troubling himself with the pursuit of the enemy,
+commanded his army to encamp, and ordered the customary thanksgivings to
+be offered for his victory.[1]
+
+The account in the _Swedish Intelligencer_ is wound up in these words:
+'And this is the story of the King's bridge over the _Lech_, description
+whereof we have thought worthy to be here in Figure imparted unto you.'
+Then follows an 'Explanation of the Letters in the Figure of the
+_Bridge_,' given below the illustration. The engraving does not appear
+to have been entirely satisfactory to the author, for on its margin the
+following words are printed: 'Our Cutter hath made the Ordnance too
+long, and to lye too farre into the River. The Hole also marked with R,
+should have been on the right hand of the Bridge.'
+
+[Illustration: PASSAGE OF THE RIVER LECH, BY GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS. FROM THE
+'SWEDISH INTELLIGENCER,' 1632.]
+
+  REFERENCES TO PASSAGE OF THE RIVER LECH.
+
+  'A The King of Sweeden, and the King of Bohemia by him.
+
+  B The Bridge.
+
+  C A Trench or Brestworke, in which the Kings Musketeers were lodged,
+  betwixt the severall Batteryes of the great Ordnance, which Musketeers
+  are represented by the small stroakes made right forwards.
+
+  D Divers little Field-pieces.
+
+  E Plat-formes or Batteryes for the Kings greater Cannon.
+
+  F The Halfe-moone, with its Pallisadoe or Stocket, beyond the Bridge,
+  and for the guard of it. It was scarcely bigge enough to lodge a
+  hundred men in.
+
+  G A little Underwood, or low Bushy place.
+
+  H A plaice voyd of wood; which was a Bache, sometimes overflowne.
+
+  I A Brestworke for Tillyes Musketeers.
+
+  K K Tilly and Altringer; or the place where they were shot.
+
+  L The high wood where the Duke of Bavaria stood.
+
+  M Tilleyes great Batteryes to shoot down the Bridge.
+
+  N A small riveret running thorow the wood.
+
+  O Tillyes great Brestworke; not yet finished. Begun at sixe in the
+  morning; and left off when he was shot.
+
+  P Some Horse-guards of Tillyes: layd scatteringly here and there all
+  along the river from Rain to Augsburg.
+
+  Q The kings Horse-guards, and Horse-sentryes.
+
+  R A hole in the earth, or casual advantageable place; wherein some of
+  the Kings Foot were lodged.
+
+  S The Hill behind Tillyes great worke.
+
+  T The fashion of the Tressels or Arches for the Kings Bridge.'
+
+In 1636 the Sallee Rovers had become very troublesome, and not only
+hindered British commerce, on the high seas, but even infested the
+English coasts. They had captured and carried into slavery many
+Englishmen, for whose release a 'Fleete of Shippes' was sent out in
+January, 1636. Assisted by the Emperor of Morocco, the nest of pirates
+was destroyed and the captives released. A full account of this
+expedition is given in a curious pamphlet, entitled, '_A true Journal of
+the Sally Fleet with the proceedings of the Voyage, published by John
+Dunton, London, Mariner, Master of the Admirall called the Leopard.
+Whereunto is annexed a List of Sally Captives names and the places where
+they dwell, and a Description of the three Townes in a Card. London,
+printed by John Dawson for Thomas Nicholes, and are to be sold at the
+Signe of the Bible in Popes Head Alley, 1637_.' This tract is
+illustrated by a large plan of Sallee, engraved on copper, with
+representations of six English vessels of war on the sea. After minutely
+describing the proceedings of the voyage, and giving a long list of the
+captives' names, the journalist winds up in these words: 'All these good
+Shippes with the Captives are in safety in England, we give God thanks.
+And bless King Charles and all those that love him.'
+
+At the end of the pamphlet is printed the authority for its publication:
+'Hampton Court, the 20. of October, 1637. This Journall and Mappe may be
+printed.'
+
+There is an illustrated pamphlet of this period which I have not been
+able to see. It is entitled, '_Newes, and Strange Newes from St.
+Christopher's of a Tempestuous Spirit, which is called by the Indians a
+Hurrycano or Whirlwind; whereunto is added the True and Last Relation
+(in verse) of the Dreadful Accident which happened at Witticombe in
+Devonshire, 21. October, 1638_.'
+
+The _Weekly News_, begun in 1622, had been in existence sixteen years
+when the idea of illustrating current events seems to have occurred to
+its conductors; for in the number for December 20, 1638, there is,
+besides the usual items of foreign news, an account of a 'prodigious
+eruption of fire, which exhaled in the middest of the ocean sea, over
+against the Isle of Saint Michael, one of the Terceras, and the new
+island which it hath made.' The text is illustrated by a full-page
+engraving showing 'the island, its length and breadth, and the places
+where the fire burst out.' I have not been able to find a copy of the
+_Weekly News_ for December 20, 1638, either in the British Museum or
+elsewhere. My authority for the above statement is a letter in the
+_Times_ of October 13, 1868. As far as I have been able to ascertain, no
+other illustrations were published in the _Weekly News_, so that we must
+conclude the engraving of the 'prodigious eruption of fire' was an
+experiment, which in its result was not encouraging to the proprietor or
+conductors of the journal.
+
+[Illustration: TAKING OF THE CASTLE OF ARTAINE, IRELAND, 1641.]
+
+When the Irish Rebellion of 1641 broke out, many news-books were
+published describing the transactions in that country, and several of
+them are illustrated. I may here remark that the illustrations of events
+in these pamphlets, as well as many of those contained in the numerous
+tracts published during the Civil War in England, appear to be works of
+pure imagination, and were, probably, invented by the artist just as a
+modern draughtsman would illustrate a work of fiction. Others, again,
+were evidently old woodcuts executed for some other purpose. A few
+instances occur, however, where drawings have been made from actual
+scenes, and sometimes maps and plans are given as illustrations of a
+battle or a siege. This rising of the Roman Catholics in Ireland began
+with a massacre of the Protestants, and, according to the tracts
+published at the time, the atrocities of recent wars in Bulgaria and
+elsewhere were equalled in every way by the Roman Catholics in Ireland
+in the seventeenth century. The illustrations in these tracts are very
+coarse woodcuts. One represents the arrest of a party of conspirators,
+and another is a view of a town besieged, while a third gives a group of
+prisoners supplicating for mercy. The best illustration that I have met
+with of this Irish news is contained in a pamphlet entitled, '_Approved,
+good and happy Newes from Ireland; Relating how the Castle of Artaine
+was taken from the Rebels, two of their Captaines kild, and one taken
+prisoner by the Protestants, with the arrival of 2000 foot, and 300
+horse from England. Also a great skirmish between the Protestants and
+the Rebels at a place near Feleston, wherein the English obtained great
+renowne and victory: Whereunto is added a true relation of the great
+overthrow which the English gave the Rebels before Drogheda, sent in a
+letter bearing date the 27 of February to Sir Robert King, Knight, at
+Cecill house in the Strand. Printed by order of Parliament. London,
+Printed for John Wright 1641._' The woodcut on the title-page of this
+tract represents the taking of the castle of Artaine, but there is only
+the following very short paragraph relating to it:--'The last news from
+Ireland 7 March 1641. The 10 of February our men went to _Artaine_
+against a castle so called, which had before done some mischiefe, to
+some of our men, the enemy being in it. But the enemy fled before our
+second coming, and left the Castle, and a garrison was left in it by
+us.' The other news is related more at length, and one of the paragraphs
+runs thus:--'On the 13 a man was brought to our City, being taken by
+some of our scattering men scouting about our City, who confest without
+constraint, that he had killed an _Englishwoman_ at a place called
+_Leslipson_, 6 Miles West of our City, and washed his hands in her
+bloud, being set on by the popish Priests so to doe; he was presently
+hanged, but dyed with much repentance and a protestant, which few do.'
+The concluding paragraph of this pamphlet shows the writer to have been
+a man of a commercial spirit:--'Tis to be feared that a famine is like
+to be in our City, in that still men come to us and provision is short,
+and none of yours that come to us bring any vittailes, great taxes are
+upon us, more than can be borne. He that had Butter, and Cheese, and
+Cloath, at between 6 and 14 shillings a yard here sent by any out of
+London might make a good trade of it. Cheshire Cheese is sould here for
+sixpence a pound already. Some of your Londoners are come hither
+(acquaintance of mine) that will send for such things, for great profit
+may be made by them and quicke returne.' Annexed is a facsimile of the
+woodcut representing the taking of the Castle of Artaine.
+
+Several other pamphlets relating to the Irish Rebellion are illustrated,
+but, with a few exceptions, the cuts bear very little relation to the
+subject, and were probably not executed for the purpose. One gives an
+account of a victory obtained by the English at Dundalk in 1642, and it
+has a woodcut of a man firing a cannon against a town, a copy of which
+is appended.
+
+[Illustration: VICTORY AT DUNDALK, 1642.]
+
+The description is in the following words:--'Newes from Ireland. On
+Monday morning came three Gentlemen to our City of Dublin from Sir Henry
+Tichbourne, who brought a message to the state of a great and happy
+victory obtained by the aforesaid Sir Henry Tichbourne with 2000 horse
+and foot marched to Ardee, and there put 400 of the Rebels to the sword,
+yet lost not one man of our side; from thence upon the Saturday
+following, he mustered up his forces against a place called Dundalke
+some 14 miles northward from Tredath, where the enemy was 5000 strong,
+and well fortified. At his first approach there issued out of the Towne
+3000 of the Rebels who all presented themselves in Battallia, our
+Forlorne hopes of horse and foot had no sooner fired upon them, but they
+routed the Rebels. Captaine Marroe's Troope of horse setting on killed
+great store of the Rebels who thereupon retreated to the Towne, made
+fast the gates, and ran out at the other end to their boats beforehand
+provided: Our Army coming in fired the gates, entred, and killed those
+within. Captain Marroe followed the flying foe, and slew abundance of
+them upon the strand, and it is reported by them that if he had known
+the Fords and the River, he had cut them all off, if he had gained the
+other side of the River, but being a stranger, could not doe it (wanting
+a guide) without endangering the Troope. There was slaine of the Rebels
+in this sudden skirmish not less than 1100 besides what they took
+prisoners. Sir Philomy O'Neale fled with the rest of the Commanders; but
+10 common soldiers were lost of our side. Sir Philomy O'Neale made speed
+away to a place called Newry, a chiefe garrison of the Rebels. Sir Henry
+Tichbourne hath sent 600 men more to Dublin, intending that place shall
+be the next he begins withall, which is granted, and tomorrow there
+goeth to him 500 men, if not 5000, for whose safety and prosperity in
+the meantime is the subject of our daily prayers that he may have as
+good success as in all his other designs from the first till this time;
+for no man was ever so beloved by his souldiers, that protest to follow
+him while they can stand. We are in great hope he will recover the Newry
+very shortly; it is credibly reported, that they got 20,000 pounds at
+least in pillage at Dundalke.'
+
+In another pamphlet, dated 1642, there is an account of a battle at
+Kilrush, which is also illustrated with a woodcut. The circumstances are
+related in detail, but they are sufficiently set forth in the title,
+without further quotation:--'Captaine Yarner's Relation of the Battaile
+fought at Kilrush upon the 15th day of Aprill, by my Lord of Ormond, who
+with 2500 Foot and 500 Horse, overthrew the Lord Mountgarret's Army,
+consisting of 8000 Foot and 400 Horse, all well armed, and the choyce of
+eight Counties. Together with a Relation of the proceedings of our Army,
+from the second to the later end of Aprill, 1642.'
+
+[Illustration: BATTLE OF KILRUSH, 1642.]
+
+Many other illustrated pamphlets relating to current events were
+published at this time. It would appear that in 1641 there was a
+visitation of the plague in London, and a tract of that date has
+reference to it. It is entitled:--'_London's Lamentation, or a fit
+admonishment for City and Country, wherein is described certain causes
+of this affliction and visitation of the Plague, yeare 1641, which the
+Lord hath been pleased to inflict upon us, and withall what means must
+be used to the Lord, to gain his mercy and favour, with an excellent
+spirituall medicine to be used for the preservative both of Body and
+Soule._' The 'spiritual medicine' recommended is an earnest prayer to
+heaven at morning and evening and a daily service to the Lord. The
+writer endeavours to improve the occasion very much like a preacher in
+the pulpit and continues his exhortation thus:--'Now seeing it is
+apparent that sin is the cause of sicknesse: It may appear as plainly
+that prayer must be the best means to procure health and safety, let not
+our security and slothfulnesse give death opportunity, what man or woman
+will not seem to start, at the signe of the red Crosse, as they passe
+by to and fro in the streets? And yet being gone they think no more on
+it. It may be, they will say, such a house is shut up, I saw the red
+crosse on the doore; but look on thine own guilty conscience, and thou
+shalt find thou hast a multitude of red crimson sinnes remaining in
+thee.' I have copied the illustration to this tract, and it will be seen
+that it is divided into two parts--one representing a funeral procession
+advancing to where men are digging two graves--the other showing dead
+bodies dragged away on hurdles. The first is labelled 'London's
+Charity.' The second 'The Countrie's Crueltie.' This was perhaps
+intended to impress the reader in favour of the orderly burial of the
+dead in the city churchyards, a subject on which public opinion has very
+much changed since that time.
+
+[Illustration: THE PLAGUE IN LONDON. 1641.]
+
+We have already noticed that the vicissitudes of the sea and the
+accidents of maritime life, which supply so much material to modern
+newspapers, were not less attractive to the early news-writers. There is
+a very circumstantial account of the voyage and wreck of a ship called
+the _Merchant Royall_ in a pamphlet published in 1641. The engraving it
+contains is the same block used by Thomas Greepe in 1587. It is
+entitled, '_Sad news from the seas, being a true relation of the losse
+of that good Ship called the Merchant Royall, which was cast away ten
+leagues from the Lands end, on Thursday night, being the 23 of September
+last 1641 having in her a world of Treasure, as this story following
+doth truly relate_.' Another illustrated pamphlet, dated 1642, contains
+a long and minute narrative of how a certain ship called the _Coster_
+was boarded by a native of Java, who, watching his opportunity, murdered
+the captain and several of the crew, but who was afterwards killed when
+assistance arrived from another ship. There is a woodcut representing
+the murders, and the title runs as follows:--'_A most Execrable and
+Barbarous murder done by an East Indian Devil, or a native of
+Java-Major, in the Road of Bantam, Aboard an English ship called the
+Coster, on the 22 of October last, 1641. Wherein is shewed how the
+wicked Villain came to the said ship and hid himself till it was very
+dark, and then he murdered all the men that were aboard, except the
+Cooke and three Boyes. And lastly, how the murderer himselfe was justly
+requited. Captain William Minor being an eye-witnesse of this bloudy
+Massacre. London: Printed for T. Banks, July the 18, 1642._' The very
+full particulars given in this pamphlet show how minute and
+circumstantial the old news-writers were in their narratives. It will be
+seen by the following extracts that the story has an air of truth given
+to it by careful attention to various small matters of detail:--
+
+'On Friday the 22 of October last 1641 towards night there came aboard
+an English ship called the _Coster_, in a small Prow (or flat Boat with
+one paddle) a proper young man, (a Java, which is as much as to say as a
+man born or native of the Territory of Java.) This man, (or devill in
+mans shape) with a pretence to sell some Hews, (hatching mischiefe in
+his damned minde,) did delay and trifle time, because he would have the
+night more dark for him to do his deeds of darknesse. At last he sold 6
+Hews for half a Royall of 8 which is not much above two shillings. There
+came also another Java aboard, (with the like small Prow or Boat) to
+whom he gave the half Royall, sent him away and bade him make haste; he
+being asked for what the other Java went for, the answer was that he had
+sent him for more Hews and Goates to sell.
+
+'Night being come, and very dark, (for it was the last night of the wane
+of the Moone) this inhumane dog staid lurking under the half deck having
+2 Crests (or dangerous waving daggers) and a Buckler, of which he would
+have sold one and the Buckler with it, and as he was discoursing he took
+off one of the Crests hefts and put cloth about the tongue of the Blade,
+and made it sure fast: on the other Crest he rolled the handle with a
+fine linnen cloth to make it also sure from slipping in his hand; these
+things he did whilst the Master, Robert Start, Stephen Roberts, his
+mate, Hugh Rawlinson, Chirurgeon, William Perks, Steward, James Biggs,
+Gunner, and 3 Boys or Youths attending. At supper they were very merry,
+and this Caitiffe took notice of their carelessnesse of him to suffer
+him to sit on the quarter deck upon a Cot close by them.
+
+'Supper being ended about 6 at night the Master went to his Cabin to
+rest, the Gunner asked leave to go ashore, (the ship riding but half a
+mile from landing.) Afterwards Robert Rawlinson and Perks walked upon
+the quarter deck; and the devilish Java perceiving the Master to be
+absent, he asked the Boyes where he was, who answered he was gone to
+sleepe. This question he demanded 3 or 4 times of the Boyes, and finding
+it to be so, he arose from the place where he sate, which was on the
+starboard side and went about the Table next the Mizzen Mast (where
+Roberts, Rawlings and Perks were walking) with his Target about his Neck
+for defence against Pikes, or the like; and his 2 Crests in his hand,
+and upon a sudden cries _a Muck_, which in that language is I hazard or
+run my death. Then first he stabd Roberts, secondly he stabd Rawlinson,
+thirdly Perks, all three at an instant. After that he let drive at the
+Boyes, but they leapd down, and ran forward into the forecastle, where
+they found the Cooke, to whom the Boyes related what had happened.'
+
+Further details are given at great length, showing how the savage
+continued his bloody work, and how he was finally overpowered. The
+narrative thus winds up:--
+
+[Illustration: MURDERS ON BOARD AN ENGLISH SHIP, 1642.]
+
+'It is observable that of all these men that were thus butchered, the
+Hel-hound did never stab any man twice, so sure did he strike, nor did
+he pursue any man that kept clear of his stand under the quarter-deck.
+So there dyed in all (in this bloody action) Robert Start, Master,
+Stephen Roberts, his Mate, Hugh Rawlinson, Chirurgeon, William Perks,
+Steward, Walter Rogers, Gunner's Mate, and Francis Drake, Trumpeter of
+the _Mary_. And after the Muck, Java, or Devill, had ended the first
+part of this bloody Tragedy, there was only left in the ship, the Cooke,
+3 Boyes, and one John Taylor, that was almost dead with a shott he
+foolishly made. So that 7 men were unfortunately lost (as you have
+heard) and the Gunner escaped very narrowly through God's merciful
+prevention, from the like of these related disasters and suddaine
+mischiefs, Good Lord deliver us.'
+
+The engraving, like all those belonging to this period, is very rough;
+but it was evidently prepared specially for the occasion, and some care
+appears to have been taken to represent the '_Java_' as he is described.
+It is a genuine attempt to illustrate the story, and on that account is
+more interesting than some of the woodcuts in the early newspapers.
+
+The Earl of Strafford, who was executed on Tower Hill, May 12, 1641,
+forms the subject of more than one illustrated tract of this period. In
+1642 was published a curious pamphlet, consisting of an engraved title
+and eight pages of illustrations, representing the principal events of
+1641-2. There are sixteen illustrations, exclusive of the title, two on
+each page. They are all etched on copper, and are done with some freedom
+and artistic ability. I shall have occasion to refer to this pamphlet
+hereafter; but at present I have copied the engraving entitled, 'The
+Earle of Strafford for treasonable practises beheaded on the
+Tower-hill.'
+
+In this example of illustrated news the artist has faithfully
+represented the locality in his background, but there the truth of his
+pencil stops. Strafford himself, although his head is not yet severed
+from his body, lies at full length on the scaffold, and instead of the
+usual block used for decapitations the victim's head rests on an
+ordinary plank or thick piece of wood. There is no one standing on the
+scaffold but the executioner, whereas history asserts that the Earl was
+attended in his last moments by his brother, Sir George Wentworth, the
+Earl of Cleveland, and Archbishop Usher. These omissions, if they were
+noticed at all, were no doubt looked upon as trivial faults in the
+infancy of illustrated journalism, and before a truth-loving public had
+learnt to be satisfied with nothing less than 'sketches done on the
+spot.' What appears to be a more correct view of the execution was,
+however, published at the time. In the British Museum are two etchings
+by Hollar (single sheets, 1641), representing the trial and execution
+of the Earl of Strafford. They both look as if they had been done from
+sketches on the spot, that of the execution giving a correct view of the
+Tower and the surrounding buildings, but they are too crowded to admit
+of reproduction on a reduced scale.
+
+[Illustration: EXECUTION OF STRAFFORD, 1641.]
+
+The taste of the time tolerated the publication of satires and petty
+lampoons even upon dead men. Soon after Strafford's death a tract was
+published entitled '_A Description of the Passage of Thomas, late Earle
+of Strafford, over the River of Styx, with the Conference betwixt him,
+Charon, and William Noy_.' There is a dialogue between Strafford and
+Charon, of which the following is a specimen:--
+
+'_Charon._--In the name of Rhodomont what ayles me? I have tugged and
+tugged above these two hours, yet can hardly steere one foot forward;
+either my dried nerves deceive my arme, or my vexed Barke carries an
+unwonted burden. From whence comest thou, Passenger?
+
+'_Strafford._--From England.
+
+'_Charon._--From England! Ha! I was counsailed to prepare myselfe, and
+trim up my boat. I should have work enough they sayd ere be long from
+England, but trust me thy burden alone outweighs many transported
+armies, were all the expected numbers of thy weight poor Charon well
+might sweat.
+
+[Illustration: STRAFFORD CROSSING THE STYX, 1641.]
+
+'_Strafford._--I bear them all in one.
+
+'_Charon._--How? Bear them all in one, and thou shalt pay for them all
+in one, by the just soul of Rhodomont; this was a fine plot indeed, sure
+this was some notable fellow being alive, that hath a trick to cosen the
+devil being dead. What is thy name?
+
+'(Strafford sighs.)
+
+'_Charon._--Sigh not so deep. Take some of this Lethaean water into thine
+hand, and soope it up; it will make thee forget thy sorrows.
+
+'_Strafford._--My name is Wentworth, Strafford's late Earle.
+
+'_Charon._--Wentworth! O ho! Thou art hee who hath been so long expected
+by William Noy. He hath been any time these two months on the other side
+of the banke, expecting thy coming daily.'
+
+Strafford gives Charon but one halfpenny for his fare, whereat the
+ferryman grumbles. Then ensues a conversation between Strafford and
+William Noy, part of which is in blank verse. The tract is illustrated
+with a woodcut, representing Strafford in the ferryman's boat with
+William Noy waiting his arrival on the opposite bank.
+
+[Illustration: A BURLESQUE PLAY ABOUT ARCHBISHOP LAUD. ACT I. 1641.]
+
+No man of his time appears to have excited the hostile notice of the
+press more than Archbishop Laud. The Archbishops of Canterbury had long
+been considered censors of the press by right of their dignity and
+office; and Laud exercised this power with unusual tyranny. The
+ferocious cruelty with which he carried out his prosecutions in the Star
+Chamber and Court of High Commission made his name odious, and his
+apparent preference for ceremonial religion contributed to render him
+still more unpopular. Men were put in the pillory, had their ears cut
+off, their noses slit, and were branded on the cheeks with S. S. (Sower
+of Sedition), and S. L. (Schismatical Libeller). They were heavily
+fined, were whipped through the streets, were thrown into prison; and
+all for printing and publishing opinions and sentiments unpleasing to
+Archbishop Laud, under whose rule this despotic cruelty became so
+prevalent that it was a common thing for men to speak of So-and-so as
+having been 'Star-Chambered.' No wonder, when the tide turned, that the
+long-pent-up indignation found a vent through the printing-press.
+Amongst the numerous tracts that were published after the suppression of
+the Star Chamber were many which held up Laud to public execration. He
+was reviled for his ambition, reproached for his cruelty, and
+caricatured for his Romish sympathies. During the four years between his
+fall and his execution, portraits of him and other illustrations
+relating to his career may be found in many pamphlets. I propose to
+introduce the reader to some of these, as examples of the kind of
+feeling that was excited by a man whose character and actions must have
+contributed not a little to bring about a convulsion which shook both
+the Church and the throne to their foundations. It must have been with a
+peculiar satisfaction that Prynne, one of the chief sufferers under
+Laud's rule, found himself armed with the authority of the House of
+Commons to despoil his old enemy. Probably a similar feeling caused many
+others to chuckle and rub their hands when they read, '_A New Play
+called Canterburie's Change of Diet_, printed in 1641.' This is a small
+tract illustrated with woodcuts, and is written in the form of a play.
+The persons represented are the Archbishop of Canterbury, a doctor of
+physic, a lawyer, a divine, a Jesuit, a carpenter and his wife. The
+doctor of physic is intended for either Dr. Alexander Leighton, or Dr.
+John Bastwick, both of whom had their ears cut off; the lawyer is
+Prynne; and the divine is meant for the Rev. Henry Burton, a London
+clergyman, who also suffered under Laud's administration. In the first
+act enter the Archbishop, the doctor, the lawyer, and the divine. Being
+seated, a variety of dishes are brought to the table, but Laud expresses
+himself dissatisfied with the fare placed before him and demands a more
+racy diet. He then calls in certain bishops, who enter armed with
+muskets, bandoleers, and swords. He cuts off the ears of the doctor, the
+lawyer, and the divine, and tells them he makes them an example that
+others may be more careful to please his palate. On the previous page is
+a copy of the cut which illustrates the first act.
+
+[Illustration: A BURLESQUE PLAY ABOUT ARCHBISHOP LAUD. ACT II.]
+
+[Illustration: A BURLESQUE PLAY ABOUT ARCHBISHOP LAUD. ACT III.]
+
+In the second act the Archbishop of Canterbury enters a carpenter's yard
+by the waterside, and seeing a grindstone he is about to sharpen his
+knife upon it, when he is interrupted by the carpenter who refuses to
+let him sharpen his knife upon his grindstone, lest he should treat him
+(the carpenter) as he had treated the others. The carpenter then holds
+the Archbishop's nose to the grindstone, and orders his apprentice to
+turn with a will. The bishop cries out, 'Hold! hold! such turning will
+soon deform my face. O, I bleed, I bleed, and am extremely sore.' The
+carpenter, however, rejoins, 'But who regarded "hold" before? Remember
+the cruelty you have used to others, whose bloud crieth out for
+vengeance. Were not their ears to them as pretious as your nostrils can
+be to you? If such dishes must be your fare, let me be your Cooke, I'll
+invent you rare sippets.' Then enters a Jesuit Confessor who washes the
+bishop's wounded face and binds it up with a cloth. There is also an
+illustration to this act which is here copied.
+
+[Illustration: ASSAULT ON LAMBETH PALACE, 1642.]
+
+In the third act the Archbishop and the Jesuit are represented in a
+great Cage (the Tower) while the carpenter and his wife, conversing
+together, agree that the two caged birds will sing very well together.
+The woodcut to this act represents a fool laughing at the prisoners.
+
+There is a fourth act in which the King and his Jester hold a
+conversation about the Bishop and the confessor in the cage. There is no
+printer's or publisher's name to this play, only the date, 1641.
+
+The pamphlet previously referred to as containing a picture of
+Strafford's execution, has also an engraving showing how the tide of
+public feeling had set against Archbishop Laud. The powerful Churchman
+had been impeached for high treason; he was deprived of all the profits
+of his high office and was imprisoned in the Tower. All his goods in
+Lambeth Palace, including his books, were seized, and even his Diary and
+private papers were taken from him by Prynne, who acted under a warrant
+from the House of Commons. The engraving under notice is entitled 'The
+rising of Prentices and Sea-men on Southwark side to assault the
+Archbishops of Canterburys House at Lambeth.'
+
+In a tract entitled '_A Prophecie of the Life, Reigne, and Death of
+William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury_,' there is a caricature of Laud
+seated on a throne or chair of state. A pair of horns grow out of his
+forehead, and in front the devil offers him a Cardinal's Hat. This
+business of the Cardinal's Hat is alluded to by Laud himself, who says,
+'At Greenwich there came one to me seriously, and that avowed ability to
+perform it, and offered me to be a Cardinal. I went presently to the
+king, and acquainted him both with the thing and the person.' This offer
+was afterwards renewed: 'But,' says he, 'my answer again was, that
+something dwelt within me which would not suffer that till Rome were
+other than it is.' It would thus appear that the Archbishop did not give
+a very decided refusal at first or the offer would not have been
+repeated; and that circumstance, if it were known at the time, must have
+strengthened the opinion that he was favourably inclined towards the
+Church of Rome. At all events, the offer must have been made public, as
+this caricature shows.
+
+Though Laud behaved with dignity and courage when he came to bid
+farewell to the world, if we are to believe the publications of the
+time, he was not above petitioning for mercy, while any hope of life
+remained. In 1643 a pamphlet was published with the following title,
+'_The Copy of the Petition presented to the Honourable Houses of
+Parliament by the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, wherein the said
+Archbishop desires that he may not be transported beyond the Seas into
+New England with Master Peters in regard to his extraordinary age and
+weaknesse_.' The petition is dated 'From the Tower of London this 6th of
+May 1643,' and in it the petitioner sets forth that out of a 'fervent
+zeal to Christianity' he endeavoured to reconcile the principles of the
+Protestant and Roman Catholic religions, hoping that if he could effect
+this he might more easily draw the Queen into an adherence to the
+Protestant faith. He deplores that his endeavours were not successful,
+and he begs the honourable Parliament to pardon his errors, and to
+'looke upon him in mercy, and not permit or suffer your Petitioner to be
+transported, to endure the hazard of the Seas, and the long tediousnesse
+of Voyage into those trans-marine parts, and cold Countries, which would
+soon bring your Petitioners life to a period; but rather that your
+Petitioner may abide in his native country, untill your Petitioner shall
+pay the debt which is due from him to Nature, and so your Petitioner
+doth submit himselfe to your Honourable and grave Wisdoms for your
+Petitioners request and desire therein. And your Petitioner shall humbly
+pray &c.'
+
+[Illustration: CARICATURE OF THE DEVIL OFFERING LAUD A CARDINAL'S HAT,
+1644.]
+
+If Archbishop Laud was really the author of this petition he appears to
+have expected that his long imprisonment would end in banishment rather
+than death. He was beheaded on Tower Hill, January 10, 1645. There is a
+woodcut portrait of the Archbishop printed on the title-page of the
+petition.
+
+[Illustration: ARCHBISHOP LAUD.]
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+  [1] _Life of Gustavus Adolphus_. Family Library.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+  Ben Jonson's Ridicule of the Early Newspapers--Fondness of the Old
+  News-Writers for the Marvellous--The Smithfield Ghost--The Wonderful
+  Whale--The Newbury Witch--Satirical Tracts and Caricatures at the
+  Commencement of the Civil War--Religion Tossed in a
+  Blanket--Caricatures of the Pope and the Bishops--Pluralists and
+  Patentees--Taylor, the Water Poet--_Mercurius Aulicus_--Activity of
+  the Pamphleteers--Welshmen Satirised--Satires on Prince Rupert--On the
+  King and Queen--The Ladies' Parliament--Illustrated Tracts relating to
+  Social and Political Subjects--Sir Kenelm Digby's Duel--The King
+  entertained by the City of London, 1641--Executions in 1641--The
+  Liquor Traffic and Sunday Closing in 1641--Abuses of the
+  Ecclesiastical Courts--Ritualism and Nunneries in 1641--Truths
+  enforced by Lieing--Stage Players and the Plague in 1641--Bartholomew
+  Fair in 1641--Destruction of Charing Cross and Cheapside
+  Cross--Strange Apparition--Method of Enforcing their Views adopted by
+  the Puritan Pamphleteers--Parodies of Roundhead Sermons--Matthew
+  Hopkins the Witch-finder--_The Welsh Post_ of 1643--William Lilly the
+  Astrologer--Three Suns seen in London on the King's Birthday.
+
+
+When Ben Jonson called the newspaper 'a weekly cheat to draw money,' and
+ridiculed the growing taste for news, he had some reason for satirising
+the journalism of the period. To satisfy the craving for news all kinds
+of impositions were freely circulated. Nothing was too wonderful for the
+credulity of the age, and people eagerly accepted what was placed before
+them, fully believing that whatever was in print must be true. It was
+not, however, till many years after Ben Jonson's death that the
+so-called newspapers put forward their full powers as purveyors of the
+marvellous. _Mercurius Democritus_ was the _Punch_ of that day. While he
+satirised men and things he laboured to satisfy the popular taste for
+the wonderful, as in the following account of a ghost that was said to
+haunt the neighbourhood of Smithfield:--'There is a great report of a
+ghoast that walks every Night amongst the Butchers at _Smithfield
+Barrs_, the _Shambles_, White-_Chappell_, and _Eastcheape_, in the habit
+of _Mallet_, the Lawyer, pulling the meat off the Butchers Tainters;
+many have adventured to strike at him with Cleavers and Chopping-knives,
+but cannot feel anything but Aire, every Saturday at night between 9 and
+12, he walks his stations, in this very habit as you see, doing more
+mischiefe to the _Butchers_ than ever _Robin Goodfellow_ did to the
+Country Hindes.'
+
+[Illustration: THE SMITHFIELD GHOST. FROM 'MERCURIUS DEMOCRITUS,' 1654.]
+
+Another example of the marvellous occurs in a tract entitled, '_The Sea
+Wonder: a true and wonderful relation of a Whale pursued in the Sea, and
+incountered by multitudes of other Fishes as it was certified by divers
+Mariners of Weymouth, who, comming from France in the good ship called
+the_ Bonaventure, _did shoote the said Whale, which making to Land did
+strike upon the Shore, within three miles of Weymouth, where being
+opened there was found in the belly of it a Romish Priest, with Pardon
+for divers Papists in England and Ireland, whose names are here
+inserted_.' Great pains appear to have been taken to give an air of
+truth to the narrative, which begins thus:--'On the 19th of October
+being the Lord's Day the good Ship called the _Bonaventure_ of
+_Weymouth_ being bound for _England_ was bringing home her Merchandise
+from _France_ which was wines, linning cloth, and abundance of
+Wall-nuts, the day was very fair and no wind stirring, so that the ship
+for above three hours space lay hulling upon the Seas, being not able to
+move either one way nor other for want of wind, although she was full
+sayled and prepared to take the advantage of every gale.' The author
+gravely explains that the excitement of the fishes and their attacks on
+the whale were caused by their instinctively feeling the presence of the
+Popish Priest. Annexed is a copy of the woodcut on the title-page of
+this curious tract.
+
+[Illustration: THE WONDERFUL WHALE, 1645.]
+
+'_Newes, True Newes, Laudable Newes, Citie Newes, Country Newes; The
+World is Mad, or it is a Mad World my Masters especially now when in the
+Antipodes these things are come to pass._' Such is the lengthy title of
+a pamphlet containing an imaginary account of things at the Antipodes,
+and illustrated with a fanciful woodcut on the title-page. Then we have
+news from Boston in New England of a strange and prodigious birth of a
+child with two heads, also illustrated. _Mercurius Democritus_, besides
+such waggeries as giving an account of 'a sight seen in the air by a
+blind philosopher,' communicates '_Many strange wonders out of the
+World, in the Moon, the Antipodes, Maggy Land, Tenebris, Fary-Land,
+Greenland, and other adjacent countries_. _Published for the right
+understanding of all the Mad-merry-people of Great Bedlam._' Another
+example of the wonderful stories put forth to entertain the multitude
+relates to the discovery and punishment of a witch during the civil war.
+It occurs in a pamphlet entitled '_A most Certain, Strange and true
+Discovery of a Witch, being taken by some of the Parliament Forces, as
+she was standing on a small planck-board and sayling on it over the
+River of Newbury_.' The illustration is of the rudest description, and
+the story is told in a breathless sort of way, without a full stop in
+the whole narrative:--
+
+'A part of the Army marching through Newbury, some of the Souldiers
+being scattered by the reason of their loytering by the way, in
+gathering Nuts, Apples, Plummes, Blackberries, and the like, one of them
+by chance in clambring up a tree, being pursued by his fellow or comrade
+in waggish merriment, jesting one with another, espied on the river
+being there adjacent, a tall, lean, slender woman, as he supposed, to
+his amazement, and great terrour, treading of the water with her feet,
+with as much ease and firmnesse as if one should walk or trample on the
+earth, wherewith he softly calls, and beckoned to his fellows to behold
+it, and with all possible speed that could be to obscure them from her
+sight, who as conveniently as they could they did observe, this could be
+no little amazement unto them you may think to see a woman dance upon
+the water, nor could all their sights be deluded, though perhaps one
+might, but coming nearer to the shore, they could perceive there was a
+planke or deale overshadowed with a little shallow water that she stood
+upon, the which did beare her up, anon rode by some of the commanders
+who were eye witnesses, as well as they, and were as much astonished as
+they could be, still too and fro she fleeted on the water, the boord
+standing firm boult upright, indeed I have both heard and read of many
+that in tempests and on rivers by casualty have become shipwracked, or
+cast overboard, where catching empty barrells, rudders, boards, or
+planks have made good shift by the assisting Providence of God to get on
+shore, but not in this womans kind to stand upon the board, turning and
+winding it which way she pleased, making it pastime to her, as little
+thinking who perceived her tricks, or that she did imagine that they
+were the last she ever should show, as we have heard the swan sing
+before her death, so did this devilish woman, as after plainly it
+appeared make sport before her death, at last having sufficiently been
+upon the water, he that deceived her alway did so then, blinding her
+that she could not, at her landing see the ambush that was laid for her,
+coming upon the shore, she gave the board a push, which they plainly
+perceived, and crossed the river, they searched after her but could not
+find her she being landed the Commanders beholding her, gave orders to
+lay hold on her, and bring her to them straight, the which some were
+fearful, but one being more venturous than other some, boldly went to
+her and seized on her by the arms, demanding what she was? but the woman
+no whit replying any words unto them, they brought her to the
+Commanders, to whom though mightily she was urged she did reply as
+little; so consulting with themselves what should be done with her,
+being it so apparently appeared she was a _witch_, being loth to let her
+goe & as loth to carry her with them, so they resolved with themselves,
+to make a shot at her, and gave order to a couple of their souldiers
+that were approved good marksmen, to charge and shoot her straight,
+which they prepared to doe; so setting her boult upright against a mud
+bank or wall; two of the souldiers according to their command made
+themselves ready, where having taken aime gave fire and shot at her,
+but with a deriding and loud laughter at them she caught their bullets
+in her hands and chew'd them, which was a stronger testimony than the
+water, that she was the same that their imaginations thought her for to
+be, so resolving with themselves if either fire or sword or halter were
+sufficient for to make an end of her, one set his Carbine close unto her
+brest; where discharging, the bullet back rebounded like a ball, and
+narrowly he mist it in his face that was the shooter; this so enraged
+the Gentleman, that one drew out his sword and manfully run at her with
+all the force his strength had power to make, but it prevailed no more
+than did the shot, the woman still though speechless, yet in a most
+contemptible way of scorn, still laughing at them, which did the more
+exhaust their furie against her life, yet one amongst the rest had heard
+that piercing or drawing bloud from forth the veins that crosse the
+temples of the head, it would prevail against the strongest sorcery, and
+quell the force of Witchcraft, which was allowed for triall; the woman
+hearing this knew then the Devill had left her and her power was gone,
+wherefore she began alowd to cry, and roare, tearing her haire, and
+making pitious moan, which in these words expressed were: And is it
+come to passe that I must die indeed? Why then his Excellency the Earle
+of Essex shall be fortunate and win the field, after which no more words
+could be got from her; wherewith they immediately discharged a Pistoll
+underneath her ear, at which she straight sunk down and died, leaving
+her legacy of a detested carcasse to the wormes, her soul we ought not
+to judge of, though the evils of her wicked life and death can scape no
+censure.'
+
+[Illustration: THE NEWBURY WITCH, 1643.]
+
+On the outbreak of the great Civil War an immense number of tracts and
+pamphlets were published relating to social and political questions,
+many of which were illustrated. Satire was a weapon freely used, and
+many hard hits were made, the point and bitterness of which cannot now
+be understood. Caricatures, which are generally supposed to have made
+their appearance in England at a much later date, are of frequent
+occurrence. The wonderful and supernatural were freely dealt in, and
+many tracts were published which were not strictly news, yet had some
+reference to public men and passing events. The woodcuts in the tracts
+and pamphlets of this period were frequently repeated, being sometimes
+used where they had no relation to the subject treated.
+
+[Illustration: RELIGION TOSSED IN A BLANKET, 1641.]
+
+The minds of men being much exercised on questions of religion at this
+time, it was to be expected that the subject would not escape the notice
+of the satirist. Accordingly, many tracts were published relating to
+religious matters, some of which are illustrated with woodcut
+caricatures. There is one of the date of 1641 containing a woodcut of
+four men tossing Religion (represented by a Bible) in a blanket. The
+writer condemns the numberless sects which were perplexing men's minds
+and tearing the Church asunder:--
+
+'Religion is made a Hotch potch, and as it were tossed in a Blanquet,
+and too many places of England too much _Amsterdamnified_ by several
+opinions. Religion is now become the common discourse and Table-talke in
+every Taverne and Ale-house, where a man shall hardly find five
+together in one minde, and yet every one presumes hee is in the right.
+The Booke of Common prayer which was established by Act of Parliament by
+that good and Godly King Edward the sixth, and after reestablished by
+another Parliament by that unparaled and peerlesse princesse Queen
+Elizabeth, and continued since in the happy Raignes of two gracious
+kings in the church of England for the service of God these ninetie
+yeares; yet one would have it to be cast out now, holding it to be a
+false worship; another is angrie at the vestments and habits of the
+Ministry; one will not kneel, another will not stand, one will sit
+downe, one will not bowe, another will not be uncovered, one holds all
+good manners to be popery, another that all decencie is superstitious,
+another that railes are Romish (which is false for the papists have no
+railes in their churches, nor anything so convenient). One foolishly
+assumes and presumes to save himselfe and some of his Neighbours too, by
+his good workes; another will be saved by a bare and lazie Faith that
+will do no work at all, and thus religion is puft and blowne to and fro
+with every wind of doctrine, and as it were tost in a Blanquet; but of
+this more largely hereafter in another part which will suddenly be
+printed, till when and ever it shall be my hearty prayers that as there
+is but one Shepheard, that is God in his gracious goodnesse and mercie
+would make us all one sheepfold.'
+
+[Illustration: CARICATURE OF THE POPE, 1643.]
+
+The shafts of satire were frequently aimed at the Pope and the Bishops.
+One caricature represents the Pope seated, while a unicorn tumbles the
+triple crown from his head. The same woodcut illustrates a '_Letter from
+the Devil to the Pope of Rome_.' Another tract has a representation of
+the Pope riding upon a seven-headed monster and holding in his hand a
+scroll on which are the words 'Estote proditores'--'Betraye your
+Country.' This advice he is giving to a cavalier, a bishop, and a monk,
+and at the same time three devils are represented as leaving him and
+entering into them. This cut, which is repeated in other pamphlets, is
+curious as an early specimen of caricature, but its meaning is now lost.
+
+[Illustration: CARICATURE OF THE BISHOPS, 1642.]
+
+The Bishops were treated with as little ceremony as the Pope. In one
+caricature four of them are represented as falling to the earth, with
+the following lines underneath the woodcut:--
+
+  'The tottering prelates, with their trumpery all,
+   Shall moulder downe, like elder from the wall.'
+
+In a pamphlet called _The Decoy Duck_, printed in 1642, there is a
+quaint woodcut caricature and a satirical account of how the Bishops of
+Durham, Lichfield, Norwich, Asaph, Bath, Hereford, Oxford, Ely,
+Gloucester, Peterborough, and Llandaff were decoyed and deceived by the
+Bishop of Lincoln (Bishop Williams). I have copied the woodcut, but no
+quotation from the pamphlet would be understood unless given at great
+length. It doubtless refers to the charge of high treason against the
+twelve Bishops.
+
+The abuses of the Established Church in an age when the spirit of
+dissent was strong were pretty sure to attract the notice of the
+satirical writer and the caricaturist. Accordingly, we find
+representations of the pluralist holding a church in each hand and one
+on each shoulder; while the non-resident clergyman was compared to the
+locust:--'The Locust is given to spoile and devoure greene things; it
+was one of the plagues of Egypt. Non-residents devoure the tithes of
+many parishes in this kingdome; and they are not to be numbered amongst
+the least of those plagues that God inflicts upon us for our sins. The
+Locusts caused Pharaoh and his servants to cry unto Moses that he would
+entreat the Lord to take them away; and our Non-Residents cause all good
+people to cry mightily unto God, to the King's Majesty, and to the
+Honourable House of Parliament, to reform them or remove them; that
+there may not be any carelesse Non-Resident in all the coasts of
+England.... Some of our carelesse Non-Residents have a cure of soules in
+one place and live in another, like fugitive Captaines forsake their
+Ensigne and Company at Barwick, and flee to Dover; who being with Jonah
+commanded for Nineveh, flee to Tarshish; being placed in the Country
+they run to the Cathedrals, they leave their charge as the Ostrich doth
+her eggs in the earth and sands, forgetting that either the foot may
+crush them or that the wild beast may break them, or at the best they
+leave their Congregations, as the Cuckoo doth her eggs to be hatched of
+a sparrow or some other bird.'
+
+The following woodcut is copied from a pamphlet entitled '_A Purge for
+Pluralities, showing the unlawfulnesse of men to have two Livings, or
+the Downefall of Double Benifices_.'
+
+[Illustration: THE PLURALIST, 1642.]
+
+The abuse of the Crown's prerogative in the granting of patents and
+monopolies was very frequent in the reigns of Elizabeth and James, and
+was not diminished under Charles the First. The practice did not fail to
+attract the notice of the satirical writers of the day, and caricature
+laid hold on the 'Projectors and Patentees,' and held them up to
+ridicule. '_A Dialogue or accidental discourse betwixt Mr. Alderman
+Abell, and Richard Kilvert, the two maine Projectors for Wine_, 1641,
+contains a woodcut showing 'The manner and forme how Projectors and
+Patentees have rode a Tylting in a Parliament time.' The wit of the
+illustration is a little obscure to the modern reader, but at the time
+of its publication it was no doubt understood, and relished accordingly.
+The pamphlet describes how Messrs. Abell and Kilvert laid their heads
+together to obtain the patent for wine; how they put the patent in
+force, and how, after the tide turned against them, they reviled one
+another.
+
+As the excitement of the Civil War increased, political animosity rose
+to a red heat. Cavaliers and Roundheads belaboured each other in many a
+merciless pamphlet, to which they often endeavoured to give additional
+bitterness by woodcut caricatures. Prominent individuals, such as Prince
+Rupert, became marks for the satirist's wit. Even the throne itself did
+not escape, and it was broadly hinted that the Protestant king was
+unduly influenced by the Roman Catholic queen. The curious subject of
+the growth of caricature might be illustrated by numerous examples from
+the publications of this period, but it will be sufficient to refer to
+two or three more woodcut satires of this date.
+
+The distractions of the times were epitomised by John Taylor, the Water
+Poet, in an illustrated rhyming pamphlet, published in 1642. It is
+entitled, '_Mad Fashions, Od Fashions, all out of Fashion, or the
+Emblems of these distracted Times_.'
+
+[Illustration: EMBLEMS OF THE DISTRACTED TIMES, 1642.]
+
+The author compares England to the engraving on his title-page, where
+everything is represented upside down:--
+
+  'The Picture that is printed on the front
+   Is like this Kingdome if you look upon 't;
+   For if you well doe note it as it is,
+   It is a Transform'd Metamorphasis.
+   This Monstrous Picture plainly doth declare
+   This land (quite out of order) out of square.
+   His Breeches on his shoulders doe appeare,
+   His doublet on his lower parts doth weare.
+   His Boots and Spurs upon his Armes and Hands,
+   His Gloves upon his feet (whereon he stands)
+   The church o'erturned (a lamentable show)
+   The Candlestick above, the light below,
+   The Coney hunts the Dogge, the Rat the Cat,
+   The Horse doth whip the Cart (I pray marke that)
+   The Wheelbarrow doth drive the man (Oh Base)
+   And Eeles and Gudgeons flie a mighty pace.
+   And sure this is a Monster of strange fashion
+   That doth surpasse all Ovids transformation.
+   And this is England's case this very day,
+   All things are turned the clean contrary way;
+   For now, as when a Royall Parliament,
+   (With King, and Peers, and Commons whole consent)
+   Have almost sate two years, with paines and Cares,
+   And charge, to free us from our Griefes and fears,
+   For when many a worthy Lord and Knight,
+   And good Esquire (for King and Countrey's Right)
+   Have spent so much time with great Toyle and Heede
+   All England's vicious garden how to weed,
+   So like a wildernesse 'twas over run,
+   That though much better hath been done; All is not done.'
+
+The Water Poet sided with the Cavalier party, and verse and prose flowed
+plentifully from his pen in favour of the Royal cause. His effusions
+provoked many replies, one of which is entitled, '_No Mercurius
+Aquaticus, but a Cable-Rope, double twisted for John Tayler, the Water
+Poet; who escaping drowning in a Paper-Wherry-Voyage, is reserved for
+another day, as followeth, viz._'
+
+Then follows the subjoined woodcut, with verses underneath. The hint
+that the poet was born to be hanged because he had escaped from drowning
+refers to his having undertaken to sail from London to Queenborough in a
+boat made of brown paper. In this foolhardy exploit Taylor and a friend
+who was with him nearly lost their lives. The tract under notice affords
+a good specimen of the sort of language used by the partisans of each
+faction against their opponents: 'I should be loathe to foule my fingers
+with any base Pamphlets that comes from Oxford, if the venom of their
+malicious spleens were darted against my particular self: But when
+through my sides they wound the honour of the Parliament and our Armies
+abroad, I cannot but set Pen to paper, and pay them back again in their
+own kinde. And who d'ye think I should meet abroad for a
+_Rogue-in-Print_ but one of our City Water-rats, the doughty John
+Taylor, who according to the knavish custom, changes his name upon every
+new paper-designe? Sometimes he calls himself _Thorney Ailo, Mercurius
+Aquaticus_, and now he entitles himself NO MERCURIUS AULICUS. I thought
+I had lately sent _rope_ enough for all the Parrots in Oxford; But I
+perceive they will be prattling still; and therefore I must unmaske the
+Mysterious Masters of the science of railing. There are three grand
+paper conspirators well known by the name of _Mercurius Aulicus, George
+Naworth_, and reverend Master _John Tayler_ the water-tankard, by whose
+sprinklings in this great dearth of Wit and Honesty the University is
+cherished and kept in credit. These three are they which pumpe and Pimpe
+about with their Prostitute Noddles in the behalf of Popery, Murder, and
+Rebellion against the state; they are Liars in all elements, _Aulicus_
+for Land-lies, _Tayler_ for Water, and hungry _George Naworth_ for all
+between Heaven and Earth, where I doubt not but to see them all meet
+together to take their farewell of the world, where the _Parrots_ will
+find _Ropes_ made of stronger Lines than mine, and such as will
+_non-plus_ the very primest Wits in the University.'
+
+[Illustration: PREDICTED FATE OF JOHN TAYLOR THE WATER POET, 1644.]
+
+The pamphleteer goes on to give the Water-Poet what he doubtless
+considered a thorough drubbing, and at the end he leaves him 'to the
+Gallows, the proper cure for such Rebels.' The words 'London' and
+'Oxford' on the woodcut have reference to another voyage which the
+Water-Poet performed in a sculler's boat between those places.
+
+[Illustration: MERCURIUS AULICUS IN THE PILLORY, 1645.]
+
+_Mercurius Aulicus_ was the organ of the Court party, and was published
+at Oxford. A curious satire upon this Court paper was printed in 1645,
+entitled, _Newes from Smith the Oxford Jaylor_. It consists of a
+dialogue between the author and the 'Oxford Jaylor,' and sets forth that
+'Mercurius Aulicus' was sentenced, by a jury of women,' to stand in the
+pillory three market-days in Oxford, for his lies, libels, and
+deceitful glozings;' to have a written paper over his head announcing
+his shame; to beg forgiveness of 'Mercurius Brittanicus;' to be
+prevented from writing any more libels for one year. 'That before two
+months' expiration he be cut of the simples, and his braines be taken
+out, washt in white wine, and put in againe.' 'That for every morning
+during the said time he have one mess of stewd broth made of the
+interlinings of fower Court Parazites, and the braines of 26 Oxford
+Widgins boyld in the water of forgetfulnesse.' 'That he may never
+hereafter have so much as one graine of wit left him in his empty
+Hogshead (his brains being taken out and washed as before is ordered) to
+scandalize those whom if he had any grace he is bound to honour.' There
+is a woodcut of _Mercurius Aulicus_ in the pillory, which is supposed to
+represent Sir John Birkenhead, who acquired the title of the Loyal
+Poet, and suffered several imprisonments. This cut was used on several
+other occasions.
+
+The troubles of the times are constantly indicated in the pamphlets of
+the period. In one the State is represented as a two-headed serpent,
+with these lines underneath the engraving:
+
+  'This double-headed serpent is a wonder,
+   It draws two ways and tears the womb in sunder;
+   The wofull emblem of a troubled State
+   Where civill warres doe threat to ruinate.'
+
+[Illustration: SQUARE CAPS TURNED INTO ROUND HEADS, 1642.]
+
+The partisans of the Parliament faction appear to have been much more
+active pamphleteers than the Cavaliers. '_Square Caps turned into Round
+Heads, or the Bishop's Vindication and the Brownist's conviction, being
+a Dialogue between Time and Opinion; showing the folly of the one and
+the worthinesse of the other_,' is a tract with an illustration
+representing Opinion turning a wheel, on which are five square caps and
+five round heads, while Time, with his scythe and hourglass, holds
+converse with Opinion. Under the woodcut are the following lines:--
+
+  'Time doth Opinion call unto accompt,
+   Who turns the Bishop's downe and Roundheads mount;
+   Upon her lofty wheels their Noddles are,
+   But her Camelion feedeth on his aire.'
+
+'_Cornucopia, or Room for a Ram head, wherein is described the dignity
+of the Ram head above the Roundhead or Rattlehead_,' is another tract,
+with a woodcut caricature representing a woman attempting to saw the
+horns from a man's head. The letterpress consists of a dialogue between
+a man and his wife, wherein the man humorously praises horns. It was a
+favourite joke to represent the Puritan as a 'cuckoldy Roundhead.'
+
+[Illustration: CARICATURE, 1642.]
+
+Another satirical pamphlet has a woodcut representing Cavaliers and
+Roundheads exciting their dogs to fight. It is entitled, '_A Dialogue or
+rather a Parly between Prince Rupert's Dogge whose name is Puddle, and
+Tobies Dog whose name is Pepper, &c._ _Whereunto is added the challenge
+which Prince Griffin's Dog, called Towzer, hath sent to Prince Rupert's
+Dog Puddle, in the behalfe of honest Pepper, Tobie's Dog. Moreover, the
+said Prince Griffin is newly gone to Oxford to lay the wager, and to
+make up the Match._' In this satire, which is very highly flavoured,
+both Cavaliers and Roundheads are pelted with very vigorous epithets,
+but in the end the Roundhead dog is converted by his opponent, and
+seals his recantation in a very striking manner.
+
+There is a tirade against the Jesuits entitled, '_A Peece of ordnance
+invented by a Jesuite, for Cowards that fight by Whisperings, and raise
+jealousies to overthrow both Church and State, which with the help of a
+private Ensign in the Cabbinet Councell, or Westminster Hall is able to
+doe more mischiefe at twentie miles distance, than a whole Regiment of
+stout Souldiers, at Musket-shot_. _Which grievance is by way of
+Remonstrance humbly presented to the consideration of the Parliament._'
+This tract has a woodcut of a man firing a cannon formed of the figure
+of a man.
+
+[Illustration: CARICATURE, 1643.]
+
+'_Hell's Hurlie-Burlie, or a Fierce contention between the Pope and the
+Devill_,' is illustrated; and there is a pamphlet, with a woodcut,
+entitled, '_The Devill's White Boyes: A Mixture of Malicious Malignants,
+with their much evill and manifold practises against the Kingdome and
+Parliament, with a bottomlesse Sack-full of Knavery, Popery, Prelacy,
+Policy, Treachery, Malignant Trumpery, Conspiricies, and Cruelties,
+filled to the top by the Malignants, laid on the shoulders of Time, and
+now by Time emptied forth, and poured out, to show the Truth, and shame
+the Devill_. Beneath, the woodcut are the following verses:--
+
+  'Malignants are the Divell's Agents still,
+   The Sack is _England_, which they strive to fill
+   With misery and mischief, and this Sack
+   Full stufft is laid upon Times aged back;
+   _Time_ pours it out now in an angry mood
+   That all their knaveries may be understood.'
+
+On the cut itself are printed the lines:--
+
+  '_Time_ now at the last pours out much knavery,
+   The Devill holds down fast to hinder the discovery.'
+
+[Illustration: CARICATURE, 1644.]
+
+The Welshman came in for a share of the satirist's wit at the
+commencement of the Civil War. He generally figures under the name of
+'Ap Shinkin,' and is made to speak English much the same as the Scottish
+Highlander does in Scott's novels. '_The Welsh mans Postures, or the
+true manner how her doe exercise her company of Souldiers in her own
+Country in a warlike manners_,' is a satire of a very broad character,
+and is illustrated with a woodcut representing men exercising with the
+pike. Shinkin is also ridiculed for the share he took in the battle of
+Edgehill, the first important engagement in the Civil War. There is an
+illustrated tract with the following title: '_The Welsh mans
+Complements: or the true manner how Shinkin wood his Sweetheart Maudlin
+after his return from Kenton Battaile_. _Also Fair Maudlin's reply and
+answer to all Shinkin's Welch complements, full of merry wit and
+pleasant mirth._' The 'merry wit' is certainly not refined, and the
+'pleasant mirth' is founded on Shinkin's supposed hasty departure from
+the neighbourhood of the fight. The woodcut represents Shinkin and
+Maudlin in conversation.
+
+Prince Rupert is often the mark for the satirist's wit. In '_Rupert's
+Sumpter, and private Cabinet rifled, and a Discovery of a Pack of his
+Jewels, by way of Dialogue between Mercurius Brittanicus and Mercurius
+Aulicus_,' there is a discussion as to the Prince's merits and demerits,
+and he is charged with aiming at the crown. Both the King and Queen were
+brought under the caricaturist's lash. In 1644 there was an illustrated
+pamphlet published, representing the King, Queen, and a bishop, with the
+following title: '_The Sussex Picture, or an Answer to the Sea-gull_.'
+The address to the reader is headed: 'The Sceptre's Submission, the
+Distaffs Triumph, and the Crosiers Combination. Reader, If thou hast
+view'd that stately Picture, which was lately sent up to the Parliament
+by Collonel Morley, and was taken in a Flemish Ship upon the Sussex
+Shore; Thou hast beheld therein the weaker sexe triumphing over the
+stronger, and by the help of a Miter, thou hast seen a Scepter doing
+homage to the Distaffe. If thou hast never seen the Originall, yet here
+is to be seen a poore, rude, counterfeit of the chief part in it; use
+thy judgement freely, and impartially: let both the Peece itself, and
+that which is said by both sides, in judgement thereupon, be put into
+one equal ballance. If the Dutch Author be not to undergo censure, as if
+he intended an English Storie, yet neither art thou to be censured for
+doubting his intention, or for standing amazed at his phancie. Shadows
+which are not fashioned by some certain, neer, interposing body present
+nothing to the eye, and therefore work nothing upon the understanding.
+The language of a picture is to be borrowed from the veritie of the
+matter, if that be wanting, neither the Art of the Limner nor the
+imagination of the spectator can supply its vocall organs.' This
+caricature may have referred to the influence which the Roman Catholic
+Queen was supposed to exercise over the Protestant king under clerical
+guidance.
+
+[Illustration: THE PARLIAMENT OF LADIES, 1644.]
+
+Charles I. summoned a Parliament at Oxford in 1644, consisting of such
+members of both Houses as were devoted to his interests. There exists a
+satirical tract ridiculing this Parliament, and, in fact, representing
+it as a Parliament of old women. The tract is entitled '_An exact
+Diurnall of the Parliament of Laydes_,' and is illustrated with a
+woodcut. It sets forth that 'Countesses and other Ladies (on Monday
+morning early in a Prosopopia) being met in Mary Maudlins Hall in
+Oxford, they first made choyce of their speaker; and it was agreed by
+all that the Lady Oboney should have the chaire, the Lady Rivers was
+made Chancellor, Nurse Windham High Constable, the Countess of Derby
+High Treasurer, and the Countess of Essex High Chamberlain. These Ladies
+having all taken their places, Mrs. Powell was appointed cheefe Clerk
+to the House, and Mrs. Peele Chaire Lady to the Close Committee, and
+Moll Cut-Purse was made Sergeant at Arms.' Prince Rupert and others are
+tried and sentenced for various crimes, but the ladies afterwards
+relent, and pardon all the prisoners brought before them. I give on the
+preceding page a reduced copy of the rough woodcut which illustrates
+this curious burlesque.
+
+[Illustration: CARICATURE, 1644.]
+
+A writer of much verbosity satirised the Assembly of Divines at
+Westminster in another illustrated pamphlet, printed 'by Martin
+Claw-Clergy for Bartholomew Bang-Priest, and sold in Toleration-street,
+at the sign of the Subject's Liberty, opposite to Persecuting Court.'
+The author states on the title-page that his production displays 'many
+witty Synodian Conceits both pleasant and commodious,' and adorns his
+work with the above curious engraving, which probably had some reference
+to a Papal Bull, but at this distance of time we look in vain for the
+point and meaning of many of these old caricatures.
+
+Having glanced at the satirical side of illustrated journalism at the
+epoch of the Civil War, I will quote two or three examples relating to
+the social and political condition of the country before entering upon
+the stirring events of that time.
+
+A great variety of subjects are embraced in this section. There are
+accounts of apparitions, signs and portents in the heavens, monstrous
+births, duels and murders, criminal trials and executions, besides many
+tracts relating to the vices and follies of the age. One of the first
+illustrated pamphlets we come to in this division of our subject
+describes a duel fought in vindication of the good name of King Charles
+I. The pamphlet is entitled, '_Sir Kenelme Digby's Honour maintained by
+a most couragious Combat which he fought with the Lord Mount le Ros, who
+by base and slanderous words reviled our King_. _Also the true relation
+how he went to the King of France, who kindly intreated and sent two
+hundred men to guard him so far as Flanders. And now he is returned from
+Banishment, and to his eternal honour lives in England._' This is a
+tract written by an undoubted Royalist. It begins in praise of valour,
+which is divided into three kinds--that which is allied to rashness,
+that which is born of the fear of death, and temperate or true valour.
+It describes how Sir Kenelme Digby was dining with a French lord, who,
+having toasted most of the kings of Christendom, then proposed the
+health of the most arrant coward in the world; and on Sir Kenelme
+inquiring who that was, he was told, after he had drunk the toast, that
+it was meant for the King of England: 'At which the good knight seemed
+very much discontent, knowing in what nature his Soveraigne was wronged;
+yet very wisely did he seeme to pass it by untill dinner being ended,
+then did he desire the same lord the next day to come and dine with him,
+who promised him upon his honour that he would.'
+
+[Illustration: SIR KENELM DIGBY's DUEL, 1641.]
+
+The next day the French Lord repaired to Sir Kenelme's lodgings, where
+an entertainment befitting his rank was provided: 'Neither did Sir
+Kenelme seeme to remember the former daies discontent, but was very
+frolic and merry, and in the midst of dinner time desired them all to
+be bare, for he would beginne a health to the bravest king in the world.
+The French Lord asked whom that was, Sir Kenelme made answer that when
+it had gone about he should know; well, about it went and then Sir
+Kenelme said that it was the health of the bravest king in the world,
+which is the King of England, my royal Master, for although my body be
+banished from him, yet is my heart loyally linkt; the French Lord at
+those words seemed to laugh repeating the same words before mentioned,
+then was Sir Kenelme throughly moved in the behalf of our Soveraigne
+King Charles whereupon he whispered the Lord in the eare, telling of him
+how that twice he had reviled the best King in the world in the hearing
+of me which am his faithful subject, wherefore for satisfaction I
+require a single combate of you, where either you shall pay your life
+for your sawcinesse, or I will sacrifice mine in the behalfe of my
+King. The French Lord being of a resolute spirit condescended to fight,
+the place was appointed, dinner being ended, they both arise from table
+and privately went together, being in field off they pluckt their
+doublets, and out they draw their weapons.
+
+'Mars would have bashful beene to have seene himselfe by Noble Digby
+there excelled, long work with the contemptible French Lord, he would
+not make, for fear lest any should lye in ambush and so he might hazard
+his own life, wherefore in four bouts he run his rapier into the French
+Lords brest till it came out of his throat againe, which so soon as he
+had done, away he fled to the Court of France, and made all knowne to
+the King thereof, who said the proudest Lord in France should not dare
+to revile his brother King.
+
+'A guard was presently chosen to conduct Sir Kenelme into Flanders,
+which they did, where he tooke shipping for England, where he now is,
+where in peace and quietnesse may he still remaine.
+
+'As for the French Lord he was paid according to his desert, and may all
+be so rewarded which shall dare to revile the Lords anointed, who
+suffers by other Nations, for the clemency he hath shown to his own
+Nation, _sed beati sunt pacifici_, but blessed is the peace maker; good
+king for thy patience in this world there are Crownes of immortal glory
+laid in store for thee in the world to come, there shall not traitors
+dare to show their faces, nor shall perplexity proceed from the great
+care of ruling of a kingdome, in the meanwhile may more such Noble
+Digbies increase to rebuke all cursing _Achitophels_ and reviling
+_Rabshakey's_.
+
+'Let God arise and then shall the enemies of our gracious King be sure
+to be scattered.
+
+  'Now I conclude commanding fame to show
+   Brave Digby's worthy deed, that all may know
+   He lov'd his king, may all so loyal prove
+   And like this Digby to their king show love.'
+
+Many portraits of Charles I. were published in tracts about this time.
+One of the best is contained in a poetical welcome to the King on his
+return from Scotland. '_King Charles his Entertainment and Londons
+Loyaltie_,' 1641, contains a precept issued by the Lord Mayor, directing
+how the aldermen and citizens shall meet the King, on his return from
+Scotland, at Shoreditch Church, and conduct him to the Guildhall to a
+banquet, and afterwards to Westminster. There is also a a very spirited
+woodcut of a City trumpeter in this pamphlet, which is copied above.
+City entertainments to sovereigns and princes have always been fruitful
+occasions for illustrated newspapers.
+
+[Illustration: CITY TRUMPETER, 1641.]
+
+The wholesale executions that used to take place at this period would
+astonish the modern newspaper reader. Sometimes as many as twenty-four
+persons were executed in one day at Tyburn. '_A Coppy of the Prisoners
+judgement condemned to dy, from Nugate on Monday the 13 of December,
+1641_,' gives an account of eight Jesuits and several other prisoners
+who were executed. A descriptive list is given of the condemned, and
+amongst them are the following:--
+
+'Charles James, an handsome gentile young man, was convicted for Robery
+and Burglary.
+
+'John Hodskins, a fine Scholler, a pretty fellow, yet wanted grace.
+
+'John Davis, a lusty stout personable man.
+
+'Francis Middlefield, a pretty youth, and a good Scholler, convicted of
+felonie.'
+
+Several highwaymen, horse-stealers, and coiners, are also included in
+this gloomy list, which is adorned with a woodcut of an execution.
+
+The regulation of the licensed victuallers' trade and the Sunday closing
+movement appear to have been as troublesome questions in the seventeenth
+century as they are now. As early as 1641 the publican was uttering the
+complaints which he still continues to utter. In a pamphlet of that date
+there is a dialogue between a tapster and a cook, which sets forth the
+grievances of both these worthies. The pamphlet is entitled, '_The
+Lamentable Complaints of Nick Froth the Tapster and Rulerost the Cook,
+concerning the restraint lately set forth against drinking, potting, and
+piping on the Sabbath day, and against selling meate_.' The publican
+expresses himself thus:--'I much wonder Master Rulerost why my trade
+should be put downe, it being so necessary in a commonwealth; why the
+noble art of drinking, it is the soul of all good fellowship, the marrow
+of a Poet's Minervs, it makes a man as valiant as Hercules though he
+were as cowardly as a Frenchman; besides I could prove it necessary for
+any man sometimes to be drunk, for suppose you should kill a man when
+you are drunk, you shall never be hanged for it untill you are sober;
+therefore I think it good for a man to be always drunk; and besides it
+is the kindliest companion, and friendliest sin of all the seven, for
+most sins leave a man by some accident or other, before his death, but
+this will never forsake him till the breath be out of his body; and
+lastly a full bowle of strong beere will drown all sorrows.'
+
+To which master Cook rejoins:--'Master Nick, you are mistaken, your
+trade is not put downe as you seem to say; what is done is done to a
+good intent; to the end that poor men that worke hard all the weeke for
+a little money, should not spend it all on the Sunday while they should
+be at some church, and so consequently there will not be so many
+Beggars.'
+
+[Illustration: THE COMPLAINT OF THE LICENSED VICTUALLERS, 1641.]
+
+Froth--'Alack you know all my profit doth arise onely on Sundays, let
+them but allow me that privilege, and abridge me all the weeke besides;
+S'foot, I could have so scowered my young sparks up for a penny a demy
+can, or a halfe pint, heapt with froth. I got more by uttering half a
+Barrell in time of Divine service, than I could by a whole Barrell at
+any other time, for my customers were glad to take anything for money,
+and think themselves much ingaged to me; but now the case is altered.'
+
+Cook--'Truly Master Froth you are a man of a light constitution, and not
+so much to be blamed as I that am more solid: O what will become of me!
+I now think of the lusty Sirloines of roast Beefe which I with much
+policy divided into an innumerable company of demy slices, by which,
+with my provident wife, I used to make eighteene pence of that which
+cost me but a groat (provided that I sold it in service time,) I could
+tell you too, how I used my halfe cans and my Bloomsbury Pots, when
+occasion served; and my Smoak which I sold dearer than any Apothecary
+doth his Physick; but those happy days are now past, and therefore no
+more of that.'
+
+This pamphlet is illustrated with a woodcut showing the Cook and Tapster
+in confabulation, while in the background joints are roasting, and
+guests are seated in boxes, refreshing themselves with 'half-cans and
+Bloomsbury pots.'
+
+The abuses of the Ecclesiastical Courts did not escape the notice of the
+seventeenth-century pamphleteers. Doctors' Commons and the Proctors were
+quizzed in an illustrated pamphlet, wherein 'Sponge, the Proctor,' and
+'Hunter, the Parator,' hold a long conversation, and express their
+opinion that the only way to make men live in quietness is to beggar
+them with long suits and large fees. Other evil-doers were shown up in a
+similar manner. A certain Edward Finch, Vicar of Christ-church, London,
+gave so much offence to the parishioners by his manner of life that a
+petition was presented to Parliament on the subject. The petitioners
+said they were offended by their Vicar's 'frequent and unreasonable
+bowings' before the altar, and by his 'scandalous life and
+conversation.' They set forth in the petition that they are 'troubled in
+their church with singing, organs, and other Instruments of Musicke, not
+understood by them, whereby they are greatly distracted in the service
+of God, the same being altogether unprofitable, and no way tending to
+their spirituall edification.' The Vicar is charged with drunkenness and
+incontinence--with exacting unreasonable fees--with being a
+non-resident; and the evidence in support of the petition shows that on
+one occasion he went to Hammersmith in a coach with certain loose
+companions and spent the day in a manner unfit for a clergyman. He is
+proved to have attempted to administer the Sacrament to a dying woman
+while he was in a state of drunkenness, and to have been guilty of many
+other disgraceful acts. The House of Commons passed a vote of censure on
+this graceless Ritualist; and the petition setting forth his misdeeds
+was printed and published, illustrated with a woodcut showing the
+journey to Hammersmith in a coach. Notwithstanding the condemnation of
+Parliament, the Rev. Edward Finch continued in his evil courses, and
+conducted his 'life and conversation' much the same as before.
+
+[Illustration: EVIL DOINGS OF THE REV. EDWARD FINCH, 1641.]
+
+From the 'perambulations' of a Ritualistic clergyman we come to a
+nunnery, in a pamphlet published in 1641, entitled, '_The Arminian
+Nunnery, or a briefe description and relation of the late erected
+Monasticall Place, called the Arminian Nunnery at Little Gidding, in
+Huntingdonshire_.' The writer of this pamphlet gives a minute and by no
+means 'brief' description of the institution, which he evidently
+believes to be Roman Catholic, or a stepping-stone to it, though the
+'Deacon' who attended him on his visit assured him to the contrary. He,
+however, sets down all the tapers and crosses, the bowings and
+prostrations, as so many proofs of idolatry, and marvels that, in a
+settled Church government, the Bishops should suffer any such
+institutions to exist; particularly that Archbishop Laud, professing to
+be such an 'Anti-Papist and enemy to superstition and idolatry, should
+permit this innovation and connive at such canting betwixt the barke and
+the tree in matter of Religion.' While censuring the prelates for their
+criminal slothfulness, the writer gave his countrymen the benefit of his
+own acuteness and energy, and published his description, illustrated
+with an engraving representing one of the nuns, with a portion of the
+nunnery in the background.
+
+[Illustration: NUNNERY AT LITTLE GIDDING, HUNTINGDONSHIRE, 1641.]
+
+The next illustrated pamphlet we come to is a curious attempt on the
+part of its author to satirise his literary contemporaries for the
+falsehoods contained in their writings, and he burlesques their
+productions by relating many things as lies which, however, he means to
+be understood as truths. It is called '_The Liar, or a contradiction to
+those who in the titles of their Books affirmed them to be true, when
+they were false; although mine are all true yet I term them lyes.
+Veritas Veritatis_.'
+
+'There was an Englishman which travelled to the Swedish Army, and began
+to relate very strange passages which he had seen here in England,
+thinking that travellers might lye by authority; for said he in the
+County of Berke, at a place called Abingdon, when the Earle of Strafford
+lost his head, was such thundering and lightning, and earthquakes, that
+it is almost incredible. Surely I think it is incredible indeed, for I
+know 'tis no such matter.
+
+'He told too that the very same day that my Lord Archbishop of
+Canterbury was committed to the Tower, there was a child born in the
+County of Somerset with a Mitre on its head, a marke on his breast like
+a Crucifix, and many other strange things which were there seene.'
+Having invented the travelling Englishman for a mouth-piece and selected
+the Swedish army for an audience, the writer goes on to relate many
+other strange things, which, though told as lies, are evidently intended
+to be taken as truths.
+
+[Illustration: THE LIAR ON THE RACK, 1641.]
+
+'They heard him with patience till he had made an end of his lying, and
+then they asked him whether yea or nay he saw these things he spake of,
+he presently swore all the oaths of God that he saw these things with
+his own natural eyes, which he had reported, and he would maintaine it,
+though he spent his dearest blood in the doeing of it; well, they heard
+his protestations, and made a full account that they would prove his
+constancie whether he would be a Martyr yea or nay, in the meane time
+they horsed him, and this was the manner of it.
+
+'There was a great high thing raised to the height of twelve or fourteen
+yards, made of Iron, whereon he was seated, with two great weights on
+his toes, and the like on his hands where he sate in great paine, if he
+should chance to ease himselfe upwards, there were sharp nailes over his
+head which would prick him, thus he sate and thus he suffered, till they
+had sufficiently made a laughing stock of him; well, when he had
+suffered enough they let him downe.'
+
+There is a woodcut representing the lying traveller on his 'horse,' and
+the tract winds up thus:--
+
+'Gentle Reader, I have heere related under the name of lies nothing but
+true tales, for if a man doth now speake truth he shall be sure to smart
+for it now-a-daies, either here or in other places: read gentlie and buy
+willingly.'
+
+When the Plague visited London in 1641 the theatres were closed and the
+players were thrown out of employment. This state of things is discussed
+in a dialogue between 'Cane of the Fortune and Reed of the Friars,' in a
+tract illustrated with a woodcut which was frequently used afterwards in
+broadsides. Bartholomew Fair, which was proclaimed for the last time in
+1855, was in all its glory in the days of Charles I. A contemporary
+tract gives a graphic description of the fair, and is illustrated with a
+woodcut representing a man swallowing a serpent. This probably
+represented a picture hung outside one of the shows. The title of the
+tract is, '_Bartholomew Faire, or Variety of Fancies, where you may find
+a faire of wares and all to please your mind; with the several
+enormities and misdemeanours which are there seen and acted_.' The fair
+is described as beginning 'on the twenty-fourth day of August, and is
+then of so vast an extent that it is contained in no lesse than four
+several parishes, namely, Christ Church, Great and Little Saint
+Bartholomew's, and Saint Sepulchre's. Hither resort people of all sorts,
+High and Low, Rich and Poore, from cities, townes, and countreys; of all
+sects, Papists, Atheists, Anabaptists, and Brownists, and of all
+conditions, good and bad, virtuous and vitious.' It is said to be 'full
+of gold and silver-drawers; just as Lent is to the Fishmonger so is
+Bartholomew Faire to the Pickpocket; it is his high harvest, which is
+never bad but when his cart goes up Holborn.
+
+[Illustration: A BARTHOLOMEW FAIR WONDER, 1641.]
+
+'It is remarkable and worth your observation to behold and hear the
+strange sights and confused noise in the Faire. Here a knave in a fool's
+coat, with a trumpet sounding, or on a drum beating, invites you and
+would fain perswade you to see his puppets; there a rogue like a wild
+woodman, or in an Antick shape like an incubus, desires your company, to
+view his motion; on the other side Hocus Pocus, with three yards of tape
+or ribbin in's hand, shewing his art of Legerdemain, to the admiration
+and astonishment of a company of cockoloaches. Amongst these you shall
+see a gray goose cap (as wise as the rest), with a what do ye lacke in
+his mouth, stand in his boothe, shaking a rattle, or scraping on a
+fiddle, with which children are so taken, that they presently cry out
+for these fopperies; and all these together make such a distracted noise
+that you would think Babell were not comparable to it. Here there are
+also your gamesters in action, some turning of a whimsey, others
+throwing for pewter, who can quickly dissolve a round shilling into a
+three-halfpenny saucer. Long Lane at this time looks very faire, and
+puts out her best cloaths, with the wrong side outward, so turned for
+their better turning off. And Cloth Faire is now in great request; well
+fare the ale-houses therein; yet better may a man fare (but at a dearer
+rate) in the pig market, alias Pasty-nooke, or Pye Corner, where pigges
+are all hours of the day on the stalls piping hot, and would cry (if
+they could speak) come eate me.'
+
+[Illustration: PULLING DOWN CHEAPSIDE CROSS, 1643.]
+
+In 1641 an order of Parliament directed the removal of idolatrous
+pictures from churches and the demolition of crosses in the streets. It
+must have been on the passing of this order that '_The Doleful
+lamentation of Cheapside Cross_,' with a woodcut of the Cross, was
+published, 1641. Also, '_A Dialogue between the Crosse in Cheap and
+Charing Crosse_,' 1641, which has also a woodcut representing the two
+crosses, while a Brownist and an Anabaptist converse about their
+demolition. It was not, however, till 1643 that Charing Cross and
+Cheapside Cross were demolished. '_The Downfall of Dagon, or the taking
+down of Cheapside Crosse this second of May, 1643_,' is a mock
+lamentation for the destruction of the Cross on account of its being a
+symbol of idolatry. The Cross itself is made to describe its history and
+to lament its errors. Divers reasons are given for its demolition, and
+the tract concludes in these words: 'And so this Tuesday it is a taking
+down with a great deal of judgement and discretion, and foure Companies
+of the Traine Bands of the City to guard and defend those that are about
+the worke, and to keep others from domineering, and so I leave it to be
+made levell with the ground this second day of May 1643.' The tract is
+illustrated with a woodcut representing the demolition of the Cross;
+and, as the day of publication is the day after the event, the persons
+concerned in its production must have been unusually prompt and
+energetic. The destruction of Cheapside and Charing Crosses is also
+recorded, under the date of 1643, in '_A Sight of the Transactions of
+these latter yeares Emblemized with Ingraven Plates, which men may read
+without Spectacles_.' This pamphlet contains a reprint of the etched
+plates previously mentioned, together with six others, one of which
+represents the pulling down of Cheapside Cross, and a summary of the
+transactions of the reign of Charles I., in which occurs the following
+passage:--'Cheapside Crosse, Charing Crosse, and all other crosses, in
+and about London utterly demolished and pulled down, and that abominable
+and blasphemous book of tolerating sports and pastimes on the Lord's
+daies, voted to be burnt, and shortly after accordingly burnt, together
+with many crucifixes and popish trinckets and trumperies in the very
+same place where Cheapside Crosse stood.' I have copied the plate
+representing the demolition of Cheapside Cross.
+
+The affairs of Turkey would seem to have had an interest for the English
+public in the seventeenth century, if we may judge from a pamphlet
+printed in 1642, with the following lengthy title:--'_Strange and
+Miraculous Newes from Turkie, sent to our English Ambassadour resident
+at Constantinople, of a woman which was seen in the Firmament with a
+Book in her hand at_ Medina Talnabi, _where Mahomet's Tomb is_. _Also
+several visions of armed men appearing in the Ayre for one and twenty
+dayes together. With a prophetical interpretation made by a Mahomedan
+Priest, who lost his life in the maintenance thereof. London, printed
+for Hugh Perry neere Ivy Bridge in the Strand June 13, 1642._' There is
+a woodcut of the apparition, and a lengthy description, passages from
+which I have extracted:--
+
+'There came newes to Constantinople of a strange Apparition or Vision,
+which was seene at _Medina Talnabi_ in Arabia, whereat Mahomet their
+great Prophet was buried. To visit whose Tombe the Turkes used to goe in
+Pilgrimage, but they must first goe to _Mecha_, which is some few dayes
+journey off, and there they take a ticket from the Grand Seigniors
+Beglerbeg, else they are not allowed to go to Medina.
+
+'This Vision continued three weeks together, which terrified the whole
+country, for that no man could discover the truth thereof.
+
+[Illustration: STRANGE VISION IN THE AIR, 1642.]
+
+'About the 20 of _September_ there fell so great a Tempest and so
+fearful a Thunder about midnight, as the Heavens were darkened, and
+those that were awake were almost distracted, but the Vapours being
+disperst, and the Element cleere, the people might read in Arabian
+characters these words in the Firmament, _O Why will you believe in
+Lies_. Betweene two and three in the morning there was seen a woman in
+white compassed about with the Sun, having a cheerfull countenance,
+holding in her hand a Booke, coming from the Northeast, opposite
+against her were Armies of _Turkes_, _Persians_, _Arabians_, and other
+Mahometans, ranged in order of Battaile, and ready to charge her, but
+she kept her standing, and onely opened the Booke, at the sight whereof
+the Armies fled, and presently all the lamps about Mahomet's Tombe went
+out, for as soon as ever the Vision vanished (which was commonly an hour
+before sunne rising) a murmuring Wind was heard, whereunto they imputed
+the extinguishing of the lamps. The antient pilgrims of Mahomet's Race,
+who after they have visited this place, never use to cut their haire,
+were much amazed, for that they could not conceive the meaning of this
+vision, only one of the _Dervices_, which is a strict religious order
+among the _Turkes_ like unto the Cappuchins amongst the Papists, and
+live in contemplation, stepped up very boldly and made a speech unto the
+Company which incensed them much against him, so as the poore Priest
+for his plain dealing lost his life, as you shall hereafter heare.'
+
+Then follows the speech of the Dervish to the Turks, who became so
+incensed that they put him to death, 'the poore man crying to the last
+gaspe, O thou woman with the Booke save me, and so he died. At which
+time there was a feareful tempest.'
+
+It seems to have been a favourite method amongst the Puritan
+pamphleteers of inducing belief in a particular creed or doctrine by
+setting forth the awful consequences arising from adherence to an
+opposite faith. Thus, in 1645, in the parish of Kirkham, a Popish
+gentlewoman was said to have become the mother of a child without a
+head, because she wished she might bear a child without a head rather
+than her offspring should become a Roundhead. Again, it was related that
+in Scotland a woman wished she might become the mother of a monster
+rather than her child should receive the rites of the Church of England.
+Accordingly, the child was born with two heads, long donkey-like ears,
+&c. In all these cases the pamphlets recording these extraordinary
+occurrences are illustrated. The apparitions of deceased persons were
+also used as a means of enforcing certain views. For example, in 1642,
+the ghosts of King James, the Marquis of Hamilton, George Eglisham, and
+the Duke of Buckingham, were made to hold a conversation, wherein
+Buckingham was charged with having caused the deaths of the others by
+poison. Buckingham confesses his guilt and promises to weep repentant
+tears. This pamphlet is also illustrated. The sermons of the Roundhead
+preachers were sometimes parodied, as in the case of a humorous pamphlet
+entitled, '_A Seasonable Lecture, or a most learned Oration;
+disburthened from Henry Walker, a most judicious quondam ironmonger,
+&c._' There is a woodcut to this pamphlet representing a person holding
+forth from a tub to several others who are listening to him. In '_A
+Glasse for the Times, 1648_,' there is a woodcut representing the
+'Orthodox true Minister' preaching in a church, while the 'Seducer, or
+False Prophet,' is holding forth to people in the open air; and the
+reader is instructed as to the difference between true ministers and
+false teachers.
+
+Amongst the numerous executions that took place about the beginning of
+the Civil War, some of the sufferers belonged to the Roman Catholic
+Religion, and went to the gallows for conscience sake. In 1643 a certain
+Father Bell, a Romish priest, was hanged; and a few days after the
+execution a pamphlet was published, entitled '_The Confession,
+Obstinacy, and Ignorance of Father Bell, a Romish Priest, wherein is
+declared the manner of his Tryall, Condemnation, and Execution on Munday
+December 11, 1643_.' There is a woodcut of the execution of Father Bell,
+and an account of his behaviour on the occasion, his speech at the
+gallows, and his disputatious conversation with the Sheriff.
+
+Though many persons were put to death for witchcraft during the Long
+Parliament, I have met with no illustrated record of any such event.
+Matthew Hopkins was 'witch-finder general' at this time, and he had a
+flourishing trade. He had a regular system for finding out witches; but
+it appears that it must have been called in question, for the objections
+to his system and his answers thereto were delivered to the Judges of
+Assize for the County of Norfolk in 1647. A pamphlet of that date
+contains a full account of Hopkins's rules for finding witches, and it
+is illustrated with a woodcut representing the interior of a house, with
+the witch-finder, two witches seated, and surrounded by their imps in
+the shapes of animals.
+
+_The Welsh Post_ of 1643 is a curious illustrated pamphlet which relates
+the news of the Civil War in language such as was supposed to be used by
+a Welshman speaking English. It begins thus:--'Whereas there hath beene
+many Tiurnals and Passages, the truth whereof hath beene much suspected,
+so tat her doth not be certaine to heare the true report of her
+pretherns proceeding; her hath terefore chosen to herselfe a fery true
+Printer (tat do scorne to print lie) to print a weekly Tiurnall for her
+dear Countryman of Whales to understand te fery truth marke you me tat
+now, for ferily her will not lye truly, but tell her te pare naked
+truth.' The news from Oxford is that 'te kings forces are fery weake
+there, and that the Countrey are fery glad of it, because of teir
+intolerable trouble and charge.' There is also news from
+Northamptonshire, Cheshire, Gloucester, Plymouth, Yorkshire, &c, all
+related in the same language.
+
+[Illustration: HOPKINS, THE WITCHFINDER, 1647.]
+
+_The Welsh Plunderer_ is another pamphlet, with a woodcut of a Cavalier,
+which is probably intended for Prince Rupert. It contains a rambling
+protestation from 'Shinkin' of his loyalty, and states what he will do
+in case Prince Rupert should visit Wales.
+
+William Lilly, the Astrologer, found a rich field for the exercise of
+his gifts during the progress of the Civil War. He was employed by both
+Royalists and Roundheads; and it is said he was even consulted by the
+King about signing the propositions of the Parliament. His advice was
+also sought respecting the King's projected escape from Carisbrook
+Castle. He kept his name before the public by publishing various
+almanacs and tracts, in one of which, _The Starry Messenger_, 1645, he
+gives an account of a strange apparition of three suns seen in London on
+the King's birthday. This is preceded by a long list of similar
+appearances, from the time of Christ to his own time, and the remarkable
+events which followed. In high-flown language, mixed with the jargon of
+astrology he vaguely hints at great events impending:--'I am clearly of
+opinion, These Sights, as well as many others, were caused by those
+tutelary Angels, who, by Gods permission, and under him, have the
+Government of the English Commonwealth. They are sensible of those many
+impending Miseries now too plentifully amongst us. Their conference with
+man now, as in the days of old, very few attain unto, it being a
+blessing sought after by many, attained unto by few: And yet there are
+some of opinion there lives in the world some, and of those some, a
+small Party in England, that know more than they utter, and either by
+Vision, or verball Colloquie, have the knowledge of future events, yea,
+even from the blessed Angels:'--which is as much as to say, I, William
+Lilly, am one of the favoured few! Come to me and I will teach you
+wisdom--I will unfold to you the mysterious future! The tract is
+illustrated with a woodcut; and a later tract published by Lilly
+contains an engraving of the three suns, together with a further
+exposition of his views on the subject:--'God many waves in these last
+times (though not by prophecy) yet discovers and signifies his
+intentions unto us, and especially in and at those times when his heavy
+judgments are imminent upon us; witnesse the many and frequent
+Appearances of severall Prodigies seen in this Kingdom of England within
+these four or five years, the like whereof for number are not recorded
+in any, either ancient or modern History, so that I might weary the
+reader, should I but mention the severall Letters which from sundry
+parts of this Kingdom have come to my hands, some mentioning strange
+sights in the ayre; others men fighting therein; others Guns shooting;
+others relating of three moons; others the apparition of two suns; some
+sending me letters, and including therein some part of that Corn which
+was rained down from heaven, &c. I forbear all further discourse hereof,
+assuring the kingdom, these Prodigies are the Premonitions, and assumed
+infallible Messengers of Gods wrath against the whole Kingdom, for our
+wicked transgressions, &c. God give us peace and grace to repent.'
+
+[Illustration: THREE SUNS SEEN IN LONDON ON THE KING'S BIRTHDAY, 1648.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+  The Civil War--Flying Sheets of News--Disturbance at
+  Kingston-on-Thames--Plot against London--Riotous Proceedings at York,
+  and Conspiracy in Edinburgh--The House of Commons--The Royal Standard
+  raised at Nottingham--Battle of Edgehill--Prince Rupert--The Lord
+  Mayor of London--_Mercurius Civicus_--_The Scottish Dove_--_The Flying
+  Post_--_The Kingdomes Weekly Post_--Cruelties of the Cavaliers--The
+  'Levellers'--The King's Escape from Oxford--Funeral of the Earl of
+  Essex--The Great Seal Broken--Fairfax--Cromwell--Sea Fight in the
+  Channel--The Prince of Wales's Squadron--Mutiny at Norwich--Siege of
+  Colchester--Execution of Sir Charles Lucas--The King at Carisbrooke
+  Castle--Execution of the King--Confession of Richard Brandon.
+
+
+The discontent which had been growing for so many years, and which had
+been strengthened and inflamed by the acts of Charles I. and his
+advisers in violating the principles of the Constitution, had now
+arrived at the point of rebellion. At the commencement of the Civil War
+the excitement was increased and sustained by the publication of flying
+sheets of news. Although the practice of publishing regular periodical
+papers had commenced, numerous fugitive tracts and pamphlets continued
+to be printed relating to particular events. Some of these papers were
+illustrated with woodcuts evidently executed on the spur of the moment,
+while others appear to have been taken from other sources and adapted to
+the occasion. An example of this latter kind occurs in a tract of 1642,
+which strikingly illustrates the state of the times:--
+
+'_A true Relation of the late Hurleyburly at Kingston upon Thames on
+Wednesday the 12th of January caused by Collonell Lundsford and the rest
+of his company, and the Towne fearing they would rise up in Rebellion,
+one cam speedily to declare it at_ London, _upon which the Traine Band
+were raised and caused to watch all night for the safety of the City._'
+On the title-page is a woodcut of an officer and a soldier, which,
+however, was evidently not executed for this special occasion, the
+officer being in the costume of the preceding reign. A facsimile of it
+is subjoined. The tract describes the commotion made in Kingston by the
+appearance of Colonel Lundsford and three hundred troopers, who, 'about
+the middle of the Towne, went in to drink, and continued there part of
+that day, swaggering, and swearing blasphemous Oathes (which filled the
+Towne with feares) and some amongst the rest, to frighten the Towne,
+swore bitter Oathes that they should see bloody times ere long.'
+
+[Illustration: HURLEYBURLEY AT KINGSTON-ON-THAMES, 1642.]
+
+[Illustration: CAPTAIN VAUL, THAT CRUEL TYRANT, 1642.]
+
+A tract of the same date refers to a reported conspiracy of the same
+Colonel Lundsford:--'_A terrible plot against London and Westminster
+discovered, showing how Colonell Lunsford the Papist, that should have
+bin Lieutenant in the Tower, should in a Conspiracy among the Jesuits
+and other Papists have blowne up the City of London, placing the pieces
+of Ordinance against it. Also how the papists with their forces should
+have risen against Westminster, and burnt downe the parliament house.
+Likewise how by this Conspiracy the Arch-bishop of_ Canterbury _should
+have been transported into France, and how Bishop Wren with many other
+Bishops and popish Doctors should have bin conducted with him thither,
+where Canterbury should have bin Sainted, and Wren made Cardinall. With
+an exact Relation of the chiefe Cause of the Apprentices rising in Armes
+to defend the City of London from their treachery, Describing most
+succinctly the singular mercy of God towards us in defending this
+Kingdome from the manifold Plots of the Papists and their Treacherous
+Conspiracies._' On the last page is a woodcut of a Cavalier in a hat and
+feathers, entitled 'Captaine Vaul that cruell Tyrant.' As there is no
+mention of this person in the pamphlet it was perhaps a well-known
+nickname of Colonel Lundsford. I annex a copy of this cut. The same cut
+appears in a tract entitled '_Terrible Newes from York_,' detailing
+certain riotous proceedings in that city, where it is given as 'Mr.
+Holk, chief Agent in the uproar.' Its first appearance, however, is in
+an account of a '_Bloody Conspiracy at Edinburgh_;' and, from its
+frequent use, this rough woodcut must have been regarded as a good, bold
+representation of a truculent soldier, suitable for the times.
+
+While the King and the House of Commons were contending for the upper
+hand there was published '_A Perfect Diurnall of the Passages in
+Parliament_,' illustrated with a woodcut of the House of Commons, with
+Mr. Speaker in the chair. This is used as a heading to several numbers
+of the same _Diurnall_, and sundry varieties of it are printed as
+headings to other reports of Parliament. This old woodcut has been often
+copied, but my examples of illustrated journalism would not be complete
+unless I introduced it here.
+
+The printing-presses that are said to have been carried by both armies
+during the Civil War must have been used solely for the printing of
+Proclamations, General Orders, and suchlike documents. It seems to be an
+ascertained fact that Cromwell's soldiers set up a printing-press in
+Scotland, and printed a newspaper; but it is not so certain that the
+armies of Charles I. and of the Parliament issued printed 'news' from
+whatever town they chanced to occupy at the time. It does not follow
+that because a tract is entitled _News from Hull_ it was actually
+printed at that place. On the contrary, I have found nearly all the
+tracts I have examined bear the imprints of London printers. _The News
+from the North, The Last printed News from Chichester_, &c., were all
+sent up to London, and there printed and published.
+
+[Illustration: THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, 1642.]
+
+In the words of Hume, 'The open signal of discord and civil war
+throughout the kingdom' was made at Nottingham on August 22, 1642,
+when the King erected his Royal standard and appealed to the loyalty of
+his subjects to support his authority by arms. Historians differ as to
+the precise day when this formal declaration of hostilities took place.
+Clarendon and Hume both fix it on the _25th_ of August, while Rushworth
+gives the _22nd_ as the date. The latter view is confirmed by a
+contemporary pamphlet, which gives an account of the raising of the
+Standard, and is illustrated with a woodcut representing the event. This
+pamphlet was written in the interest of the Parliament and against the
+King's party; but his Majesty is referred to in the most respectful
+language, as is generally the case in the pamphlets of the time. At the
+beginning of the struggle frequent hopes were expressed that the King
+would consent to be guided by the Parliament, while his Cavalier
+adherents were represented as his real enemies. The pamphlet referred to
+has the following title:--
+
+'_A true and exact Relation of the manner of his Majesties setting up of
+His Standard at_ Nottingham _on Munday the 22 of August, 1642_.
+
+'_First, the forme of the Standard, as it is here figured, and who were
+present at the advancing of it._
+
+'_Secondly, the danger of setting up of former standards, and the damage
+which ensued thereon._
+
+'_Thirdly, a relation of all the Standards that ever were set up by any
+King._
+
+'_Fourthly, the names of those knights who are appointed to be the
+King's Standard-bearers, with the forces that are appointed to guard
+it._
+
+'_Fifthly, the manner of the Kings comming first to Coventry._
+
+'_Sixthly, the Cavalieres resolution and dangerous threats which they
+have uttered, if the King concludes a peace without them, or hearkens
+unto his great Councill the Parliament; moreover how they have shared
+and divided London amongst themselves already. London, printed for T.
+Coles, 1642._'
+
+[Illustration: RAISING THE ROYAL STANDARD AT NOTTINGHAM, 1642.]
+
+The account of this interesting historical event is given in these
+words: 'Munday being the 22 of August in the morning, his Majesty left
+his forces before Coventry, and with some Lords and others in company
+rode to Leicester, where he dined that day at the Abbey House, the
+Countesse of Devonshire's house; however, so many printed intelligences
+doe falsely, though with much confidence aver (much like their other
+relations) that the king was with his Army in the field, at the time of
+the battell between them and the Lord Brookes forces, which was not
+untill the day following. Presently after dinner the King againe tooke
+horse, and with his company rode to Nottingham, where was great
+preparation for the setting up of the Standard that day as was formerly
+appointed. Not long after the Kings coming to towne, the Standard was
+taken out of the Castle, and carried into the field a little on the back
+side of the Castle wall. The likenesse of the Standard it is much of the
+fashion of the City Streamers used at the Lord Mayor's Show, having
+about 20 supporters, and is to be carried after the same way; on the top
+of it hangs a bloody flag, the Kings Armes quartered, with a hand
+pointing to the Crowne which stands above with this Motto: _Give Caesar
+his due_. The names of those Knights Baronets who were appointed to
+beare the Standard, viz. The chiefe was Sir _Thomas Brookes_, Sir
+_Arthur Hopton_, Sir _Francis Wortley_, and Sir _Robert Darlington_.
+
+'Likewise there was three troop of Horse appointed to waite upon the
+Standard, and to beare the same backwards and forwards with about sixe
+hundred foot Souldiers. It was conducted to the field in great state,
+his Majesty, the Prince, Prince _Robert_ (whom his Majesty hath lately
+made a Knight of the Garter), going along with divers other Lords and
+Gentlemen of his Majesties traine, beside great company of Horse and
+Foot, in all to the number of about two thousand, who came more to see
+the manner of the thing than any waie to offer assistance to his
+Majesty, as did afterwards evidently appear, for that upon the taking
+downe of the Standard, there were not above thirty of the trained bands
+that offered to come in to his Majesty, which, because their numbers
+were so inconsiderable his Majesty refused to accept of.
+
+'So soon as the Standard was set up, and his Majesty and the other Lords
+placed about it, a Herauld at Armes made ready to proclaim a
+Proclamation declaring the Ground and Cause of his Majesties setting up
+his Standard namely to suppress the pretended Rebellion of the Earle of
+Essex in raysing forces against him, to which he required the aid and
+assistance of all his loving subjects. But before the Trumpeters could
+sound to make Proclamation his Majesty called to view the said
+Proclamation; which being given him he privately read the same over to
+himselfe, and seeming to dislike some passages therein called for Penne
+and Inke, and with his owne hand crossed out and altered the same in
+diverse places, (a thing well worthy the noting) and then gave it the
+Herauld, who proclaymed the same to the people, though with some
+difficulty after his Majesties corrections; after the reading whereof,
+the whole multitude threw up their hats, with other suchlike
+expressions, _God Save the King_. Not long after the reading of the said
+Proclamation, it being towards night, the Standard was taken downe, and
+again carried into the castle, with the like state as it was brought
+into the field. And the next day it was again set up, and his Majesty
+came along with it, and made proclamation as the day before, and the
+like also was done on Wednesday, his Majesty being also present. But
+since that it hath been set up with lesse ceremony, there being not a
+hundred persons as are yet heard of that have offered themselves to his
+Majesty since the first setting up of his Standard.
+
+'Since which time his gracious Majesty hath pleased to send some
+propositions to both Houses of Parliament; and hath employed the Earle
+of Dorset, the Earle of Southampton, and Sir John Culpeper, and Sir
+William Uvedall to deliver his Majesties minde to the honourable Houses
+of Parliament for a fair Treaty and accommodation of Peace, and that all
+differences and mistakes might be ended, and all hostile manner of warre
+to cease in our Land and that it might be sent over to Ireland upon
+which report the Cavaliers which are about the Country are very
+desperate to heare that his Majesty will hearken to an accommodation of
+peace, or to apply or comply with his Parliament; telling his Majesty
+that it is dishonourable to stoop to his Subjects, and if his Majesty
+doth, they will either hang themselves, or kill and murther themselves,
+and doth vow private revenge to this Kingdome, if they do now misse of
+their hopes and enterprises, for they say they are sure to overcome us
+whom they called Roundheads, and call our Souldiers nothing else but a
+company of Shrove-Tuesday boyes, and idle headed prentices, who run away
+from their Masters under pretence of having this opportunity to get
+liberty from their hard service and cruelty. It is truly reported that
+the Cavaliers are all desperately bent against the City of London, and
+the inhabitants; they have already within themselves shared and divided
+it; some have allotted to themselves Gracious Street, others Lumbard
+Street, then others have shared Cheapside, and Pauls Church-yard, others
+do determine to seize upon the rich Aldermens houses and Persons, others
+to whom they owe or are indebted to by bond, or bill, or book, doe
+resolve when they come into the City to seize upon those persons first,
+to whom they are indebted, and to cut their throats, and then to seize
+upon Usurer or others, and to cut his throat for that money, so say
+they, we shall be both at once out of debt and have money to boot; these
+are the resolutions of the Cavaliers who doth but looke for such an
+advantage, so full of cruelty and malice they are, which God in his
+infinite and blessed mercy protect both our King and Kingdome from; and
+that their own swords may returne into their own bosoms that wish and
+long for such a day.'
+
+Then follows a notification from both Houses of Parliament that none
+shall proclaim the setting up of the King's Standard; and whoever shall
+suffer loss or damage through the Cavaliers shall receive reparation.
+
+According to Clarendon, the Royal Standard was set up under the most
+ill-omened and depressing circumstances: 'There was not one regiment of
+foot yet brought hither, so that the train-bands which the sheriff had
+drawn together were all the strength the King had for his person and
+the guard of the Standard. There appeared no conflux of men in obedience
+to the proclamation; the arms and ammunition were not yet come from
+York, and a general sadness covered the whole town. The Standard was
+blown down the same night it had been set up, by a very strong and
+unruly wind, and could not be fixed again in a day or two, till the
+tempest was allayed. This was the melancholy state of the King's affairs
+when the Standard was set up.'
+
+[Illustration: PRINCE RUPERT, GENERAL OF THE KING'S HORSE, 1643.]
+
+Soon after the King had unfurled his Standard at Nottingham the battle
+of Edgehill was fought, and an illustrated tract relates how the
+inhabitants of Kenton, a village near the battle-field, were disturbed
+at night by strange noises and the appearance of apparitions after the
+battle. The name of Prince Rupert begins to appear in the narratives of
+events, and his portrait frequently occurs in the illustrated sheets of
+this period. This dashing and impetuous Cavalier, whose rash courage
+excited the admiration of the Royalists, was regarded by the Roundheads
+as a cruel and bloodthirsty enemy, and he was often denounced by the
+Puritan preachers. In 1643 there was a pamphlet published called '_The
+Bloody Prince; or, a Declaration of the Most Cruell Practises of Prince
+Rupert and the rest of the Cavaliers in fighting against God and the
+true Ministers of his Church_.' Facing the title is a woodcut
+representing Prince Rupert on his charger, with the towns of Birmingham
+and Daventry in the background, both of which places were the scenes of
+conflict during the war, the former having been taken, partially burnt,
+and a heavy fine inflicted on the inhabitants by Prince Rupert.
+
+The City of London having taken the side of the Parliament, was
+naturally inclined to honour its chief magistrate when he was found to
+be an active and energetic promoter of its views. Isaac Pennington was
+Lord Mayor in 1643, and his portrait was published in a laudatory
+pamphlet, entitled '_A True Declaration, and just Commendation of the
+great and incomparable care of the Right Honourable Isaac Pennington_.'
+His Lordship is styled the Atlas of the city, bearing the weight and
+management of all civil affairs on his shoulders, and he is much
+commended for his great care in superintending the building of the
+fortifications round London under the direction of the Parliament. 'And
+herein,' says the writer, 'your honour hath shewed yourselfe an
+excellent Magistrate complying with the Parliament in all matters that
+concerne the publicke administration of the Commonweale; so that you
+have lookt upon the present state of this Citie and Religion with the
+cleare eye of justice; you have heard of the great pressures which the
+country hath endured by the cruelty of the Cavaliers; you have to the
+discouragement of malignants on the shoulders of fortitude, bore and
+suffered their false aspersions.... Your Honour hath in your present
+Magistracie walked uprightly, having clean and pure hands; nay, strong
+hands; for your Honour hath been the chiefest raiser and promoter of
+the workes and fortifications round about the Citie of London: you saw
+the times were dangerous, and that the King's Cavaliers gaped after
+nothing more than to get London, and make it a prey to the supplying of
+their necessities.' I have copied the portrait of the man who was thus
+distinguished by his fellow-citizens, not merely as an example of
+illustrated news, but as showing what a Lord Mayor of London looked like
+in Charles I.'s time.
+
+[Illustration: ISAAC PENNINGTON, LORD MAYOR OF LONDON, 1643.]
+
+It was in the City of London, and during the second year of the Civil
+War, that the first illustrated newspaper came into existence. _The
+Weekly News_ had attempted on only one occasion to illustrate the news
+of the day, but the _Mercurius Civicus_ frequently gave illustrations,
+and it is therefore entitled to be ranked as the first illustrated
+newspaper. It is true that most of the engravings it contains are
+portraits, and sometimes the same woodcut is used to represent more than
+one person. Besides portraits of the King and Queen, there are portraits
+of the chief generals and commanders engaged in the war. There are
+Prince Rupert, the Lord General, Sir Thomas Fairfax, the Marquis of
+Huntley, Sir Edward Deering, General Lesley, Lord Inchiquin, Lord Digby,
+Sir W. Waller, the Earl of Warwick, and others. '_The Mercurius Civicus,
+London's Intelligencer, or Truth impartially related from thence to the
+whole kingdom, to prevent misinformation, from Thursday July 13 to
+Thursday July 20, 1643_,' is the full title of No. 8; and it is curious
+to notice how nearly a portion of the title--_London's
+Intelligencer_--corresponds to the _London News_. It was a peculiar
+feature of the early newspapers that they were announced as being
+published 'to prevent misinformation,' or for the 'correction of false
+reports'--not so much for the diffusion of truth as for the correction
+of falsehood.
+
+[Illustration: CHARLES I. AND HIS QUEEN, FROM 'MERCURIUS CIVICUS,'
+1643.]
+
+On the front page of Number 8 of the _Mercurius Civicus_ are small
+portraits of Charles I. and his Queen, engraved on wood. Over the
+woodcut is a sort of table of contents, thus:--'The King and Queen
+conjoyned, the Kentish news related, our Forces are united, A publique
+Fast appointed.' On the preceding page is given a facsimile of the cut
+of the King and Queen.
+
+[Illustration: WEAPON CALLED A ROUNDHEAD, FROM 'MERCURIUS CIVICUS,'
+1643.]
+
+Similar portraits occur in other numbers, as well as several ornamental
+letters; but there is in Number 11 a very interesting illustration of
+the news of the hour. It is a woodcut of a weapon said to be intended
+for use against the Roundheads, and the following account is given of
+it:--'In the Danish Ship lately taken by the Earle of Warwicke, near
+Newcastle, were found Armes compleat for 5000 foot and for 500 horse,
+500 barrels of Gunpowder, Great store of Match and Lead, beside a
+thousand of those weapons which the Papists call Round-heads, for that
+with them they intended to bring the Round-heads into subjection. Many
+such weapons were long since found in divers Papists' houses in
+Lancashire; it is a weapon with an ovall or round top, stuck full of
+iron spikes. The forme whereof for better satisfaction is here set
+downe.' Then follows a representation of the weapon, of which a
+facsimile is given on the opposite page. The same cut is reprinted in
+other numbers.
+
+[Illustration: PORTRAIT OF PRINCE RUPERT, FROM 'MERCURIUS CIVICUS,'
+1644.]
+
+In another number it is related that 'the Manchestrians have lately
+taken from severall Papists in that County many desperate weapons which
+they call Round-heads.' No. 22 has a portrait of a Cavalier in hat and
+feather, intended probably for Prince Maurice, as there is in the body
+of the number an allusion to a report of his death. In No. 42 there is a
+portrait of Prince Rupert and the following summary on the
+title-page:--'Prince Rupert's forces routed near Stratford-on-Avon.
+Generall King's Army dispersed by the Scots. Himselfe wounded and fled
+to Yorke. Banbury Castle besieged by Colonell Cromwell.' I give a copy
+of Prince Rupert's portrait, which is made to do duty for the Marquis of
+Newcastle in another number. This practice of making the same woodcut
+pass for the portraits of different individuals savours somewhat of
+impudence on the part of the editor, and shows a cool reliance on the
+good nature or the obtuseness of his readers.
+
+[Illustration: THE OXFORD JUNTA IN COUNCIL, FROM 'MERCURIUS CIVICUS,'
+1644.]
+
+In the number of the _Mercurius Civicus_ for April 11, 1644, there is a
+curious woodcut representing the 'Oxford Junta in Council,' with the
+following paragraph referring to it:--'The news from his Excellencies
+generall Roundezvous at Ailsbury on Good-Fryday next, will no doubt
+cause the Oxonian Papists to whip themselves before the time, and to
+make the Oxford Junto to recall their late votes.' The lady and
+gentleman in the balcony were probably intended for the King and Queen.
+There is more variety in this number of _Mercurius Civicus_ than in any
+I have seen. In the war news there is the taking of Waltam House, in
+Hampshire; the taking of numerous men and horses at Christ-church, in
+Dorsetshire; then comes a paragraph stating that 'On Munday last, April
+8, there were ten men and two women executed at Tyburne for the severall
+offences for which they were condemned the last weeke at the Sessions in
+the Old Bayley.' Mention is made of a fight between the Scots Army and
+the Marquis of Newcastle's forces near Hilton; the gathering of the
+King's forces in the neighbourhood of Marlborough, and an announcement
+that the Parliament intend to draw all their forces together, and, if
+possible, by fighting a decisive action 'to put a speedy end to these
+miserable distractions.' The trial of Archbishop Laud was at this time
+going on, and reference is made to his appearance before the House of
+Peers. Two Welshmen were taken into custody for talking in Welsh, while
+they were crossing the river from Westminster to Southwark, about firing
+the city in several places, they not knowing that the waterman
+understood their language. It is stated that a solemn day of
+thanksgiving had been observed in London for the victory obtained over
+Sir Ralph Hopton's forces, and an ordinance was read in the churches
+exhorting the citizens to contribute all their strength to bring the
+contest to a final issue. There is also some account of recent fires in
+the city, which are attributed to the treachery of Cavaliers and
+Malignants. 'But,' says the writer, 'which way soever these sad
+accidents are brought to passe, they may afford the whole City this
+caution: that if the firing of some few houses be so dreadful and
+fearfull, as I am sure this appeared to those that beheld them,
+notwithstanding they had all means convenient to quench them, and the
+multitude being industrious to set their hands to the worke: O how
+terrible would it be to see your houses set on fire by the enemy, and
+the cruell souldiers, instead of bringing buckets of water, should stand
+with their drawne swords threatening the death of those that should
+offer to quench the flame? Poore Ireland can give ample testimony of
+this.' From Yorkshire there is news that Fairfax had taken Cawood
+Castle; from Banbury that the Royalist garrison was withdrawn from that
+place, and 'that the Carriers of Banbury and Southam were robbed the
+last weeke neere Tossiter in Northamptonshire by divers of the Cavaliers
+Forces.' In the number for April 25, 1644, there is a figure of the King
+armed with a sword, and with this inscription:--'Fire and sword again
+menaced by his Majesty.' During the first years of the Civil War the
+newspapers contained many portraits of the King, some of which were
+carefully engraved on copper.
+
+It is noticeable that the _Mercurius Civicus_ and other papers
+published during the Civil War were in the habit of including on their
+title-pages a summary of the contents of the number. Sometimes it was
+put in the form of rhyme, as--
+
+  'Tewkesbury is taken
+   Yorke walls are well shaken.'
+
+[Illustration: HEADING TO THE 'SCOTTISH DOVE,' 1644.]
+
+The _Scottish Dove_ frequently indulged in these rhyming summaries. On
+the title-page of Number 39 for July 13, 1644, the following lines are
+printed:--
+
+  'Rupert and Newcastle wholly Routed
+   Rupert and Newcastle's jarres undoubted;
+   Newcastle fled to Sea, Rupert to the King,
+   Give God the Glory heavenly praises sing.
+   A day of thankes the parliament hath set,
+   Lord Gray with some of Hasting's troops hath met.
+   From Oswestree Middleton the siege did raise
+   And Barnstaples defence, doth Essex praise;
+   The Queen Pendennis Castle liketh best.
+   The King uncertain where to take his rest.'
+
+The _Scottish Dove_ was a small quarto numbered and paged consecutively
+like the _Mercurius Civicus_. On the front page of every number was
+printed a woodcut of a dove bearing an olive-branch in its mouth, and at
+the side of the woodcut was usually printed the rhyming summary. I annex
+a facsimile of this heading.
+
+Many of the journals of this period showed their hankering after
+illustrations by occasionally indulging in an initial letter, if they
+could do nothing more. The animosities of party often caused them to
+forget their original purpose of spreading true intelligence, and they
+were quite as ready to apply the lash to each other as to chastise
+public wrongdoers or 'correct false reports.' At this time first
+appeared the familiar newspaper heading of the man on horseback blowing
+a horn. It was on the front page of the _Flying Post_, the first number
+of which was published on May 10, 1644. The full title was '_The Flying
+Post, conveying Weekly Packets to all Forraigne Nations, of the
+Proceedings of both Houses of Parliament and the Armies in Great
+Brittain_,' and it was 'published for the cleere satisfaction of all
+Forraigners and others who desire Certain, and Weekly Information.' The
+introduction is as follows:--
+
+'Gentlemen,--The too many errours committed of late time, by the
+irregularitie of the Presse (which since by the wisdome of the
+Parliament, is in a great measure suppressed), which did run Weekly in
+severall channels to the greatest part of Europe in great dishonour to
+our English Nation; Have enforced this my Flying Post never to make
+stay, till it had intimated the same unto you, and fully vindicated this
+my Native Kingdome, by publishing a certain Weekly Intelligence of all
+Proceedings of our honourable Parliament and unhappy wars of this
+Kingdome; wherein (though a well wisher to his Excellencie the Earle of
+Essex, and the Proceedings of Parliament) I shall write with the
+greatest indifference, truth, and modestie, as shall satisfie the
+impartiallest that reades me; attributing to the Enemy no otherwise than
+Truth will warrant it, be it to their honour or shame according to
+their demerit. Therefore give me leave to beg your credence beyond Sea
+and elsewhere, as you find me.'
+
+The _Flying Post_ gives intelligence from York, then besieged by the
+Scots; from Hull, Newark, and Mansfield; some notes of the proceedings
+in Parliament, respecting which the journalist says cautiously:--'As for
+our proceedings in Parliament, I shall be very cautious and tender in
+divulging them.' It was 'Published according to order,' and printed at
+London for Bernard Alsop, 1644.
+
+[Illustration: HEADING TO THE 'KINGDOMES WEEKLY POST,' 1644.]
+
+The _Klngdomes Weekly Post_ had the same heading, which is here copied.
+
+In a tract entitled '_Strange true and lamentable news from Exeter and
+other parts of the Western Countreys_' there is a woodcut of a woman on
+her knees praying for mercy. The pamphlet relates the cruelties
+inflicted by the Cavaliers on the inhabitants of Exeter, Bristol, and
+other towns. Prince Maurice is charged with breaking the articles of
+agreement made with the city of Exeter, and both he and Prince Rupert
+are likened to 'Tigers or Savage Beares.' It is stated that in the city
+of Exeter 'the rude Souldiers would not forbeare upon the least
+discontent given to them to draw their Rapiers upon the Citizens, and
+wound them, but especially when they are in their cups, they swagger,
+roare, sweare, and domineere, plundering, pillaging, or doing any other
+kind of wrong; to break shops and houses they count as nothing, taking
+away Boots, Shoes, Stockings, Hats, or any other commodities they can
+lay their hands on, and no Justice dares to resist them, and by this
+means the City is in such a miserable condition that they are even
+terrified to the death.' At Cirencester, having entered the town by
+force, they slew all the men who opposed them, took the unresisting
+inhabitants prisoners, and pillaged the town. At Bristol 'They went into
+some Cellars, where was plenty of wine and beere, drank what their
+gormandising guts would hold, and let the rest run about the house, with
+many other antique tricks that they used, which I cannot omit to speak
+of; moreover, they breake the Covenant which was made in every respect
+the very first hour that they entered the city, and fell to plundering,
+pillaging, robbing, stealing, cutting and slashing, as if they had never
+been brought up to any other practice.'
+
+[Illustration: STRANGE NEWS FROM EXETER, 1643.]
+
+In an account of the defence of Plymouth against the Royalists there is
+a very elaborate map showing the fortifications of the town, 'with the
+workes and approaches of the enemy at the last siege.' The account of
+the siege is very long, but the following passage may be quoted:--'One
+remarkable passage of God's providence to us we must with all
+thankfulnesse remember and acknowledge, that after the Towne had been a
+long time strictly beseiged and no fresh victuall either flesh or fish
+could be had, whereby the poore people were grievously punished, there
+came in an infinite multitude of Pilchards into the Harbour, within the
+Barbican, which the people took up with great ease in baskets, which did
+not only refresh them for the present, but a great deal more were taken,
+preserved, and salted; whereby the poore got much money; such a passage
+hath not happened before.
+
+'We cannot forget the humanity of the good women of Plymouth, and their
+courage in bringing out strong waters, and all sorts of provisions in
+the midst of all our skirmishes for refreshing of our souldiers, though
+many shot through the cloathes.'
+
+I have already made the remark that the military atrocities of recent
+times were equalled, if not exceeded, during the Civil War in England
+and Ireland. In a tract of 1644, containing various items of news, the
+following woodcut is given as an illustration of recent events. The same
+woodcut is found in another tract entitled '_Terrible and bloody Newes
+from the disloyall Army in the North_:'--'The proceedings of the Scots
+and Irish appears more visible and inhumane than formerly; their actions
+are tyrannical, their ways most insufferable, and executeth nothing but
+blood thirstinesse and cruelty tending only to utter ruin and
+desolation; they have burned down divers stately buildings in these
+parts, executed some of my Lord Wharton's tenants, and threatens others,
+which causeth the Country to rise and joyn with Lieu. Gen. Cromwell,
+insomuch that there will be a sudden engagement.'
+
+The sect called the 'Levellers' is thus alluded to in the same
+tract:--'Colonel Martin's approach with his Levellers in these parts
+hath alarmed the Country and put themselves into a posture to receive
+them, and for preservation of their ancient rights and liberties against
+their new design of levelling, who by their strange, politick, and
+subtill delusions have wrought into the hearts of divers people to
+ingage with them, especially among those who are of a desperate fortune,
+and mean condition, the basest and vilest of men resorting to them. They
+rob and plunder exceedingly wheresoever they come, saying they will
+levell all sorts of people, even from the highest to the lowest, and
+that he that hath the most shall be equall with him that hath the
+least.'
+
+[Illustration: CRUELTIES OF THE CAVALIERS, 1644.]
+
+In a pamphlet relating to the events of Charles I.'s reign there are
+some of the etchings previously noticed, together with nine others
+illustrating the history of the same period. They are:--1. The Court of
+High Commission and Star Chamber. 2. The Execution on Tower Hill of Sir
+Alexander Carew, Sir John Hotham, Captain Hotham, and the Archbishop of
+Canterbury. 3. The King's Escape from Oxford. 4. The Execution of the
+Duke of Hamilton, Earl of Cambridge, Earl of Holland, and Arthur Lord
+Capel. 5. The Coronation of Charles II. in Scotland, 1650. 6. A Meeting
+of Cavaliers. 7. A Seapiece illustrating Charles II.'s Escape from
+England after the Battle of Worcester. 8. Reading the Act of General
+Pardon and Oblivion, 1651. 9. The House of Commons in Session. The full
+title of the pamphlet is as follows:--'_A Brief Review of the most
+material Parliamentary Proceedings of this present Parliament, and their
+Armies, in their civil and Martial Affairs, which Parliament began the
+third of November, 1640, and the remarkable Transactions are continued
+untill the Act of Oblivion February 24, 1652. Published as a Breviary,
+leading all along successively, as they fell out in their several years.
+So that if any man will be informed of any remarkable passage, he may
+turne to the year and so see in some measure in what Moneth thereof it
+was accomplished. And for information of such as are altogether ignorant
+of the rise and progress of these times, which things are brought to
+pass that former ages have not heard of and after ages will admire. A
+work worthy to be kept in Record, and communicated to Posterity. London:
+Printed for Tho. Jenner at the South Entrance of the Royal Exchange._'
+From the above I have copied the etching of the escape of Charles I.
+from Oxford.
+
+[Illustration: ESCAPE OF CHARLES I. FROM OXFORD, 1646.]
+
+It is stated by Hume that when the King escaped from Oxford he was
+accompanied by two persons only--Dr. Hudson and Mr. Ashburnham--and that
+he rode before a portmanteau and called himself Ashburnham's servant.
+The engraving scarcely corresponds with this account; but the scene
+represented is evidently outside the city of Oxford, and other persons
+may then have joined the King's party.
+
+The city of Oxford surrendered to the Parliament on June 24, 1646, the
+King having signed a warrant for the surrender fourteen days previously.
+This event is recorded in a pamphlet entitled '_Good Newes from Oxford
+of the Treaty for the Surrender thereof, and how they are packing up to
+march away on Thursday next, June 18, 1646_.' The 'march away,' however,
+was not accomplished till the 24th. Amongst those who left the place
+were Prince Rupert and Prince Maurice, and the King's second son, James,
+the young Duke of York. The illustration to this pamphlet has no
+relation to the event, and was used on other occasions.
+
+The funeral of the Earl of Essex, the Parliamentary General, who died in
+1646, was made the occasion of a great display of pomp and ceremonial
+magnificence, which was duly chronicled and illustrated by the
+journalists of the time. '_The true manner and forme of the proceeding
+to the Funerall of Devereux, Earl of Essex_,' contains, besides a
+copperplate portrait of the Earl, numerous woodcuts of banners, and the
+funeral canopy. Several illustrated broadsides relating to this event
+were also published. In looking over the old newspapers we are
+frequently reminded of the truth of the saying that 'history repeats
+itself.' The Duke of Wellington's funeral in 1852 was a repetition, on a
+much more splendid scale, of the funeral of the Earl of Essex in 1646,
+with such differences as arose from the taste and circumstances of the
+time. Portraits of the Earl of Essex are of frequent occurrence in the
+pamphlets of this period.
+
+In the pamphlet containing the escape of the King from Oxford there is
+an etching of the burning of the Book of Sports on the site of Cheapside
+Cross, which is thus described:--'10 of May the Booke of Sportes upon
+the Lords Day was burned by the Hangman in the place where the Crosse
+stoode and at Exchange.' There is also in the same pamphlet a
+representation of breaking the Great Seal:--'The Great Seale broken
+before the Lords and Commons, on Tuesday, the 11 of August, 1646.' Some
+authorities say the Great Seal was not broken till January, 1649, new
+style.
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT SEAL BROKEN, 1646.]
+
+Sir Thomas Fairfax succeeded the Earl of Essex as commander of the
+Parliamentary army, and had Oliver Cromwell for his Lieutenant-General.
+Though a Presbyterian, he suffered himself to become the tool of the
+Independent party, and followed the councils of Cromwell until the Army
+had become master both of the Parliament and of the kingdom. All that
+related to a person of so much importance must have had uncommon
+interest for the popular mind, and accordingly we find Sir Thomas
+Fairfax and his military council form the subject of an engraving in a
+pamphlet of 1647. It is entitled '_The manner of His Excellency Sir
+Thomas Fairfax and the officers of his Army sitting in Council_.' In
+this engraving it will be seen that Fairfax, though farthest removed
+from the spectator, is made the largest figure in the picture,
+apparently for the purpose of giving him proper importance. Note also
+the huge pens, and the mysterious way in which the foreground figures
+appear to grow _out_ of the benches instead of sitting _on_ them.
+
+[Illustration: SIR THOMAS FAIRFAX AND HIS MILITARY COUNCIL, 1647.]
+
+Though Cromwell was at this time the real director of the army, and ere
+long became its acknowledged head, I have met with no representation of
+him in the illustrated news of the period. The art of 'interviewing' had
+not then been developed, and the 'Special Artist' did not exist. The
+most enterprising correspondent would probably have hesitated to intrude
+upon that stern and resolute leader of a revolutionary army, if he had
+no better excuse than to describe how he looked and what he said. Fancy
+the Special Artist of the _Mercurius Civicus_, for instance, sending in
+his card to Oliver Cromwell with a polite request that the General would
+give him five minutes of his valuable time for the purpose of making a
+sketch for the next number of his journal! And fancy how the uncomely
+countenance of the _ci-devant_ brewer would redden at the request, and
+how, probably, the unlucky artist would be consigned to the custody of
+the sentinel at the door!
+
+There is not much said about naval matters in the newspaper chronicles
+of the Civil War. The earliest account of a sea-fight that I have met
+with occurs in a pamphlet published in 1647. It is illustrated with a
+woodcut representing ships of war in action--which woodcut, by-the-by,
+afterwards appears in other pamphlets. The narrative is in the form of a
+letter, dated at sea, off Dover, May 4th, 1647; and, as the pamphlet is
+dated May 10th, we have another example of the extreme eagerness of the
+news-writers to supply the public with early intelligence. The
+combatants were not at war, and the fight appears to have arisen out of
+a mere question of naval etiquette. The following account is given of
+the transaction:--
+
+'A full Relation of a late Sea-Fight, betwixt the Parliament Ships and
+the Queene of Sweathlands, upon the Coast of England, neere Portsmouth,
+May 1.
+
+'Sir,
+
+'On the 2 of this instant moneth, being the Lords day, our Commander in
+chiefe of the Sea Forces, received a packet from a small Frigat, that
+came from the Rear-Admirall who had been in Fight the day before with
+five of the Queen of Swethlands ships, which they conveyed, being all
+laden with salt from Tubey in Portingale.
+
+'The reason of the fight was, the Swedish ships wore flags, viz.,
+Admirall, Vice-Admirall, and Rear-Admirall, which they refused to take
+in, or to low their top-sales (although commanded by Cap. Owen, Capt. of
+the Parliaments Reare-Admiral so to do) whereupon the said Capt. Owen
+gave them a broadside, insomuch that divers shots past betweene them,
+and great execution done upon the Switzers, scouring their upper decks
+with small shot severall times. Captain Owen lost not above 8 men,
+besides some few wounded, the fight continued sixe hours, til night
+began to aproach, where the Swedish Fleet tooke their opportunity, and
+got away. But so soon as Vice-Admirall Batten[1] heard of it, he set
+saile with the St. Andrew, Garland, Convertine, and Mary-Rose, and stood
+over for the coast of France in the night; and in the morning about 8 of
+the clock, being the 3 of May near Bulloign, he came up with the Admiral
+of the Swedes ship whose names was Martin Tysin, the ship was called the
+Leopard and had 32 guns; the Vice-Admiral Daniel Johnson, a lusty stout
+ship, called the Angel Raphael, and had 24 guns; the Rear-Admiral the
+Neptune, Moris Cook Captain, with 18 guns; the other two ships of 22
+guns apiece, one being called the Anne-Free, the other the Neptune.
+
+'The Captaines of all these ships, hee commanded aboard, and asked them
+what they had done with his Rear-Admiral; they at first denied that they
+saw him, but he pressing it so hard upon them, at length confessed, that
+they had been in fight with him, and that the reason was, because they
+would not take in their flags, being so commanded by their Queen, and
+had instructions to that purpose, which he caused them to send for, and
+took copies of them, which appeared to be true in a high manner.
+
+'And they further told our Commander Vice-Admiral Batten, that they
+would rather die in honour, than to go home and be hanged, for
+disobeying their commissions; a brave resolution, and I could wish it
+were imprinted in the hearts of all our commanders; they further told
+him, that if these flaggs were then abroad, they would die before they
+made one shot at him, though he shot never so many at them, yet would
+not take them in, and indeed were very respective to him. But they did
+much blame the Rear-Admiral, for that all the shot he made was at their
+Vice-Admiral and Rear-Admiral, and not at their Admiral, whom he ought
+first to have commanded, the others being subordinate to his commands;
+and although he was 4 or 5 hours by the Admirals side never shot gun at
+him, but sent his Boat 3 times aboard. Our Vice-Admiral demanded of
+them, where the Rear-Admiral left them, they told him off Beachey which
+to him did seem strange, that he should begin a quarrell and not follow
+them, till he came neer where the Vice-Admiral was, having sent a Frigot
+to him, to give him intelligence, and might undoubtedly expect his
+relief.
+
+'All Munday was spent in taking of Examinations, and Copies of
+Commissions; the Swedish Commanders being detained aboard by our
+Vice-Admiral as prisoners, but used with great civilitie.
+
+'At length a Councell of Warre was called by our Commander in chiefe
+with his Captaines, the result whereof was, that the Swedes
+Vice-Admiral, who had been the man which was most active was with his
+ship to be carried into the Downes, till the pleasure of the Parliament
+be further known which was done accordingly, and the next day we arrived
+in the Downes, being the 4. instant; the rest of the Swedes in regard of
+their shortness of Victuall, and having charge of the Convoy, were left
+to their own dispose, and this was performed without shooting so much as
+a Musket; but truly, if the Queene of Swethland leave not out that
+peremptory command in her instructions, not to strike to any of our
+Commanders, enjoyned to keep the Sovereignty of the Seas, and to expect
+homage from all, even to sinking, or burning, this must in time breed
+ill-bloud between the two Kingdomes, which might be wisht might be
+prevented, by a letter from our Parliament to the Queen of Swethland.
+Thus have I given you a perfect Relation of the whole proceedings.
+Sir, I have not else at present, but to let you know, I am your most
+humble servant and kinsman, 'R. B.
+
+[Illustration: NAVAL BATTLE, 1647.]
+
+'Dated at Sea off Dover the 4. of May 1647.'
+
+Another piece of illustrated news bearing upon naval affairs is
+entitled, '_News from the Royall Navie, Colchester, and Portsmouth,
+declaring the proceedings and intentions of the Prince of Wales, &c._'
+
+[Illustration: THE PRINCE OF WALES'S SQUADRON, 1648.]
+
+'We have received intelligence from the _Brill_ in Holland, that his
+Highness the Prince of Wales since his arrival there hath embarked
+himself in a great Vessell for England, the Earl of Newcastle, the Lord
+Gerhard, the Lord Culpepper, and divers others Lords and Gentlemen,
+being now floating upon the Neptune Seas towards the North of England,
+accompanying of his Royall person; we hear that they intend to land
+about Berwick, or else on the South side of the Holy-Island, and to
+march in the Van of the English Army. It is likewise said that divers
+Scottish Lords hath been with his Highnesse, and have treated with his
+Councell declaring the grounds and reasons of their engagement with
+England, and their resolution to redeem their dread Sovereign from
+imprisonment, to re-invest His Royall Person, and to make both him and
+His Posterity happy, and so Peace and Unity may flourish throughout all
+His Majesties Realms and Dominions. Severall urgent invitations were
+also presented to his Highness for his speedy and personal appearance in
+the North of England. The like to the Duke of York for his hastening
+with the Royal Navie towards the Downs, which unexpectedly is now come
+to pass; for we hear that the Prince with a great number of Royalists
+are sayled from the Brill in Holland towards the North of England, and
+that the Duke is come upon the Downs with a great and numerous Fleet,
+consisting of about 10 of the Kings great ships, and 30 Flemings, but
+they have not meddled on either side as yet; six of the Dukes ships, on
+Saturday last strook sayle before the town and Castle of Deal, and by
+their churlish tokens they sent us made it appear what they were, for
+they shot very neer 100 great Pieces at us, which killed 8 or nine of
+our men.'
+
+This account is illustrated with the woodcut on the opposite page.
+
+Some of the rough woodcuts to be found in many of the Civil War tracts
+would be unworthy of notice, did they not show the constant efforts that
+were made to illustrate the news of the hour. Such is the illustration
+to a tract entitled, '_A true Relation of the late Great Mutiny which
+was in the City of Norwich April 24, 1648_.' This gives an account of
+the explosion of ninety-eight barrels of gunpowder, whereby 200
+mutineers were slain, and the woodcut is intended to show the effects of
+the explosion.
+
+_Bloody Newes from the Scottish Army_ contains a woodcut representing
+two men on horseback charging each other. The description gives an
+account of the advance of the Scottish army on the English near Penrith,
+intending to surprise the latter; 'but by the vigilance of our scouts
+they were discovered.' After a 'furious conflict gallantly maintained on
+both sides, we gained ground, and beat them out of the field. This
+action happened upon Sunday morning last about 2 of the clock in the
+morning.'
+
+[Illustration: EXPLOSION AT NORWICH, 1648.]
+
+During the last struggles between the Parliamentarians and the
+Royalists, the latter, under Lord Goring, were driven into Colchester by
+Fairfax, and there besieged for more than two months. There are several
+pamphlets detailing incidents of this siege, one or two of which are
+illustrated. One of them is in the form of a letter to the writer's
+brother, and it has a quaint woodcut of 'Colchester Leaguer.'
+
+Another tract, dated July 27, 1648, is entitled '_A great Fight at
+Colchester upon Tuesday night last, being the 25 of this instant July,
+and the advancing of General Lucas and his forces to the very Guards of
+the Parliamenteers, with the particulars of the Fight, and the number
+that were killed and taken prisoners on both sides, and the springing of
+a Mine to blow up part of the Leaguer. Likewise a letter from Colchester
+concerning the marching of an Army to London. And Message from Prince
+Charles to Gen. Lucas. And a bloudy Fight at Deal Castle in Kent.
+London. Printed for R. Woodus, and are to be sold at the Royall Exchange
+in Cornhill, 1648._ The letter describing this fight contains so much
+curious matter that it is worth transcribing entire:--
+
+[Illustration: COLCHESTER LEAGUER, 1648.]
+
+'Sir, we have received information from Yarmouth, Harwich, and other
+places, that there is great fear of the Prince of Wales landing in those
+parts with a very considerable Army, and that he is resolved to advance
+towards Colchester, to raise the siege, and to let those Birds at
+liberty, which he esteems to be the only instruments to advance his
+Father's Cause. We hear that the L. Gerrard is designed Lieutenant
+Generall of the new Eastern Army, and the Lord Culpepper Major Generall,
+and that his Highnesse will repose no trust in either of the Princes
+Rupert or Maurice, or any other Foreign Personage whatsoever. This
+morning a Corporall of a troop of horse deserted the Colchestrian
+service, and humbly submitted himself to the Lord Generall, who upon
+examination touching their numbers and victualling said that the last
+Muster Rolls made mention of above 6000 Horse and Foot, and for
+victualling, they had plenty of Rye and bread-corn, but for flesh-meat
+they had none at all left, being constrained to kill Horses to satisfie
+their hungry appetites, which causeth many of the young Soldiers to
+desert their hard commons.
+
+'He further said, that at the last Muster upon Munday last the E. of
+Norwich and Sir Charles Lucas rode to the head of each Regiment, and
+read a paper to the Soldiery (which they said was a Message from the
+Prince of Wales) intimating that his Highnesse were resolved immediately
+to land his Forces about Yarmouth, and from thence to march downe to
+Colchester to raise the siege, and set them at liberty, and that if they
+could but hold out till Satterday, he doubted not of the day, and should
+take it as an acceptable service from them.
+
+'But I conceive the truth of this to be as palpable falsehood as the
+late report of the Royalists in these parts, who would not stick to say,
+_that Colchester was relieved by the ship called the Swallow, and that
+they shot in above 500 Holland cheeses out of Mortar pieces &c._
+
+'Some who are come out of the Town reports that the enemy within are
+springing a Mine, and doth intend to blow up the Lord Lucas his house
+(in our possession) which doth very much annoy them; their great
+Ordnance plaid very hard this morning, and did some execution, ours
+answered them again from the Great Mount, and plaid upon them for the
+space of one hour.
+
+'They are in very great streights for provision, and have eaten
+horse-flesh these six or seven dayes, but as resolute as formerly.
+
+'A party came out to cut Barley which was repulsed without losse, two
+only wounded of the party; some horse grazing under the City walls were
+snapt by some of Col. Whalleyes Forces, some shot, 38 taken, no way
+serviceable at present, unlesse good keeping recover them.
+
+'On Satterday last the Lord Generall gave Order that several Papers
+should be shot into the town out of Arrows, offering the private
+Souldiers quarter, and passes to go home, if they will deliver up
+Goring, Capel, Lucas, Loughborough, Farre, &c.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL LUCAS AT THE SIEGE OF COLCHESTER, 1648.]
+
+'This morning betwixt three and four of the clock, we received some
+tokens from the besieged, a party of them sallied out, and advanced up a
+narrow Lane neer to one of our Guards, thinking to surprise them
+unawares; but an Eagle ey'd Centinel discovering them, presented her
+bill, and fired; whereupon the rest of the Guardians received an allarm
+and immediately man'd the Line, the Colchestrians advanced and charged
+with great fury, this action was disputed by both parties with great
+courage and resolution, the enemy fell on without mercy, and fought it
+with much violence, but our Forces bodying, they retreat, our men
+pursues with great execution, killed about 20. and took as many
+prisoners, with the losse of 12. men; the like dispute hapned the last
+night; we expect every hour when we shall have Orders to fall on, the
+work will be difficult, and the storming dangerous, the town being
+disadvantageous for such a Military action.
+
+'_Colchester Leaguer July 26. at 8. in the morning._'
+
+This tract is illustrated with a portrait of General Lucas on horseback,
+which is copied on the previous page.
+
+Colchester surrendered to the Parliament on Aug. 27, 1648, when Fairfax
+determined to make an example of Sir Charles Lucas. This unexpected
+severity was attributed to Ireton, who had been set by Cromwell to watch
+Fairfax. There was a strong protest made against the intended execution,
+but it nevertheless took place. Lucas was shot, together with Sir George
+Lisle. The former suffered first, and he himself gave the order to the
+soldiers to fire, with as much coolness as if he had been a mere
+spectator. It is said that Lisle ran and kissed the dead body of his
+friend, and then presented himself to a like fate. Thinking that the
+firing party was too far off, he called to them to come nearer; one of
+the soldiers replied, 'I'll warrant you, Sir, we'll hit you.' 'Friends,'
+said the gallant Royalist, smiling, 'I have been nearer you when you
+have missed me.'
+
+Other tracts describe the proceedings of the Prince of Wales in his
+attempts to retrieve his father's fortunes. One of them has a portrait
+of the Prince, and contains a message sent by him to the Mayor of
+Yarmouth concerning the landing of his forces there for the relief of
+Colchester. Another is adorned with a very elaborate title-page, and
+describes 'The Resolution of the Prince of Wales, concerning the landing
+of his Army in the Isle of Loving-Land, within the County of Suffolk,
+and his Propositions to all Englishmen concerning his Engagement for
+King, City, and Kingdom, against the Army, and to fight for their
+Liberties, Freedom, and Privileges. Likewise, the further proceedings of
+the Royal Navie, under his Highness the D. of York, and the Declaration
+of the Seamen in the Isle of Wight and Portsmouth, concerning the Kings
+Majesty and the Fleet Royall, 1648.'
+
+The contest between the Royalists and the Parliament was now drawing to
+a close. The King was a prisoner in Carisbrooke Castle, and while he lay
+there he continued to occupy the pens of the pamphleteers and
+journalists. One writer addressed an exhortation to the nobility,
+clergy, and civil magistrates, in favour of the imprisoned Monarch; and
+he adorned his work with the above representation of the King in prison,
+which afterwards appeared in other pamphlets.
+
+[Illustration: CHARLES I. IN CARISBROOKE CASTLE, 1648.]
+
+It is remarkable that such important events as the trial and execution
+of Charles I. should not have tempted the newspapers of the day to
+illustrate subjects of so much interest. It may have been that such a
+terrible termination of the Civil War in some degree paralysed men's
+energies, and drove all thoughts of trading on such an event from their
+minds. I have met with two very rough woodcuts professing to represent
+the execution. One is contained in the Confession of Richard Brandon,
+the Hangman, and the other forms half of a woodcut frontispiece to a
+broadside describing the execution of the Regicides, which I shall refer
+to in its proper place. The Confession of Richard Brandon was published
+in 1649, the same year in which the King was executed, and purports to
+be a death-bed statement concerning that event. There were two Brandons,
+Gregory and Richard, father and son. The former beheaded Lord Strafford,
+and was believed by Charles II. to have been the executioner of his
+father. According to Sir Nathaniel Wraxall, George Selwyn, 'that
+insatiable amateur of executions,' told the story of King Charles's
+execution from information which he professed to have obtained from the
+Duchess of Portsmouth, who, he said, always asserted, on the authority
+of Charles II., that the King, his father, was not beheaded by either
+Colonel Joyce or Colonel Pride, as was then commonly believed, but that
+the real name of the executioner was _Gregory_ Brandon; that this man
+had worn a black crape stretched over his face, and had no sooner taken
+off the King's head than he was put into a boat at Whitehall Stairs,
+together with the block, the black cloth that covered it, the axe, and
+every other article that had been stained with the Royal blood. Being
+conveyed to the Tower, all the implements used in the decapitation had
+been immediately reduced to ashes. A purse containing one hundred broad
+pieces of gold was then delivered to Brandon, and he was dismissed. He
+survived the transaction many years, but divulged it a short time before
+he died. 'This account,' Wraxall adds, 'as coming from the Duchess of
+Portsmouth, challenges great respect.'[2] Popular belief, however, at
+the time pointed to Richard Brandon, son of the above-named Gregory
+Brandon, whose confession, published immediately after his death, I here
+quote:--
+
+'The Confession of Richard Brandon the Hangman (upon his Death bed).
+
+'The Confession of the Hangman concerning his beheading his late Majesty
+the King of Great Brittaine (upon his Death bed) who was buried on
+Thursday night last, in White Chappell Church-yard, with the manner
+thereof.
+
+'Upon Wednesday last (being the 20 of this instant June, 1649) Richard
+Brandon, the late Executioner and Hangman, who beheaded his late
+Majesty, King of Great Brittaine, departed this life. But during the
+time of his sicknesse his conscience was much troubled, and exceedingly
+perplexed in mind, yet little shew of repentance, for remission of his
+sins, and by past transgressions, which had so much power and influence
+upon him, that he seemed to live in them and they in him. And upon
+Sunday last, a young man of his acquaintance going in to visit him, fell
+into discourse, asked him how he did, and whether he was not troubled in
+conscience, for cutting off of the King's head?
+
+'He replied by reason that (upon the time of his tryal, and at the
+denouncing of Sentence against him) he had taken a vow and protestation,
+_wishing God to perish him body and soul, if ever he appeared on the
+scaffold to do the act or lift up his hand against him_.
+
+'Further acknowledging, _That he was no sooner entered upon the
+scaffold, but immediately he fell a trembling, and hath ever since
+continued in the like agony_.
+
+'He likewise confessed that he had 30 pounds for his pains, all paid him
+in half-crowns, within an hour after the blow was given, and that he had
+an orange stuck full of cloves, and a handkircher out of the King's
+pocket, so soon as he was carried off from the scaffold; for which
+orange he was proffered 20 shillings by a gentleman in Whitehall, but
+refused the same, and afterwards sold it for ten S. in Rosemary-lane.
+
+'About 6 of the clock at night he returned home to his wife living in
+Rosemary Lane, and gave her the money, saying, _That it was the deerest
+money that ever he earned in his life, for it would cost him his life_.
+Which prophetical words were soon made manifest; for it appeared that
+ever since he hath been in a most sad condition, and upon the
+Almightie's first scourging of him with the Rod of meeknesse, and the
+friendly admonition of divers friends, for the calling of him to
+repentance, yet he persisted on in his vicious Vices, and would not
+hearken thereunto, but lay raging and swearing, and still pointing at
+one thing or another, which he conceived to appear visible before him.
+
+'About three dayes before he died he lay speechlesse, uttering many a
+sigh and heavy groan and so in a most desperate manner departed from his
+bed of sorrow. For the buriall whereof great store of wines were sent in
+by the sheriff of the City of London, and a great multitude of people
+stood wayting to see the Corps carried to the Church-yard, some crying
+out _Hang him Rogue, bury him in the Dung-hill_; others pressing upon
+him saying, _They would quarter him, for executing of the King_;
+insomuch, that the Church Wardens and Masters of the Parish were fain to
+come for the suppressing of them, and (with great difficulty) he was at
+last carried to White-Chappell Church-yard, having (as it is said) a
+bunch of Rosemary at each end of the coffin, on the top thereof, with a
+Rope tyed crosse from one end to the other.
+
+'And a merry conceited Cook, living at the sign of the Crown, having a
+black Fan (worth the value of 30 shillings) took a resolution to rent
+the same in pieces, and to every feather tied a piece of packthread dy'd
+in black ink, and gave them to divers persons, who (in derision) for a
+while, wore them in their hats.
+
+'Thus have I given thee an exact account and perfect relation of the
+life and death of Richard Brandon, to the end, that the World may be
+convinced of those calumnious speeches and erroneous suggestions which
+are dayly spit from the mouth of envy, against divers persons of great
+worth and eminency, by casting an _odium_ upon them for the executing of
+the King; it being now made manifest that the aforesaid Executioner was
+the only man that gave the fatal blows, and his man that wayted upon
+him was a Ragman, living in Rosemary Lane.'
+
+Subjoined is a copy of the cut on the title-page of this tract.
+
+[Illustration: EXECUTION OF CHARLES I., 1649.]
+
+The death of Richard Brandon is entered in the register of St. Mary's,
+Whitechapel, under date June 21, 1649. To the entry is appended a note,
+evidently of about the same date, to the effect that 'this R. Brandon is
+supposed to have cut off the head of Charles the First.' The 'calumnious
+speeches and erroneous suggestions' had indicated several persons as
+having struck the fatal blow on that dismal morning in January. Amongst
+them, besides those already named, were 'Squire Dun,' William Walker,
+Hugh Peters, Lord Stair, and William Hewlett. The last-named person was
+actually tried for the crime at the Restoration. The evidence against
+him went to show that 'his voice was heard upon the scaffold, and his
+Breeches were seen under his Frock, that he confest he was to have L100
+and preferment in Ireland to doe it; that being asked whether he cut off
+the King's head or no, he said what he had done he would not be ashamed
+of; and if it were to doe again he would doe it; more to the same
+purpose was witnessed by several witnesses, and by one, who being sworn,
+said that the Common-Hangman profest he did not doe it.' This sort of
+evidence was not fit to hang a dog; and, though Hewlett was found guilty
+and sentenced to death, the sentence was never carried into effect--a
+proof that public opinion must have been too strong even for the
+hardihood of those who had foredoomed Hewlett to the gallows. The
+Government had evidently determined to fix the treason on this man with
+the sanguinary idea that some person ought to be made to expiate the
+deed, even though that person might be innocent. The prevalent belief,
+however, was that it was the common executioner who had been employed;
+and it is highly improbable that a mere amateur would have been
+permitted to officiate on such an important occasion.
+
+Although I have met with no native contemporary production representing
+the execution, other than the rude woodcuts before mentioned, there is
+in the British Museum a collection of broadsides relating to the period
+of the Civil War, one of which has a large and well-executed copperplate
+engraving representing the execution of Charles I. It was published at
+Frankfort, and the descriptive text is in German. The view of Whitehall
+is correctly given, and the engraving looks like a genuine
+representation of the event.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [1] There is an Admiral Batten often mentioned by Pepys. If this is
+    the same man who was an active commander under the Parliament he must
+    have trimmed his sails well to hold a place in the Navy office under
+    Charles II.
+
+  [2] _Old and New London._ By Edward Walford.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+  Decrease of Newspapers after the Civil War--_Mercurius
+  Democritus_--_The Faithful Post_--_The Politique Post_--Broadsides for
+  the People--The Hollow Tree at Hampstead--Prodigious Monster taken in
+  Spain--The Restoration--Trial of the Regicides--Execution of the
+  Regicides--Licenser of the Press appointed--Popular Taste for the
+  Supernatural--Apparition in the Air in Holland--Revival of _Mercurius
+  Civicus_--Murder of Archbishop Sharpe--_The Loyal Protestant_--Frost
+  Fair on the Thames--Monmouth's Rebellion--The Bloody Assizes--Funeral
+  of Queen Mary, Consort of William III.--Increase of Newspapers after
+  the Revolution.
+
+
+When the Civil War was over the newspapers it had called into existence
+disappeared. The printing-press was, of course, not idle during the rule
+of Cromwell, but its productions were narrowly watched, and there is
+reason to suppose the newspapers were to a great extent under the
+influence of the party in power. Examples of illustrated journalism
+during this period are rare. We have '_A terrible and bloudy Fight at
+Sea_' between Blake and Van Tromp, and '_A great and wonderful Victory_'
+obtained by the English in the West Indies, each illustrated with a
+woodcut that had done duty in the pamphlets of the Civil War. A rough
+representation of an owl seated at a table writing in a book heads a
+tract ridiculing Lilly, the astrologer; while '_Black Monday, or a full
+and exact description of the great and terrible Eclipse of the Sun_,' is
+adorned with a representation of 'the true Figure of the Eclipse.' The
+grim and unsocial character of the times is set forth in '_The
+Vindication of Christmas_,' a pamphlet illustrated with a woodcut
+representing Old Christmas welcomed on one hand and forbidden on the
+other. After a pitiful lament for the misery of the times, Christmas
+sets out on a pilgrimage to London, where he enters a fair house that
+had once been an Alderman's, but is now inhabited by a sour-tempered
+miser. Here he meets with such a cold reception that he is fain to take
+himself off, 'and wandering into the country up and down from house to
+house, found small comfort in any.'
+
+[Illustration: THE VINDICATION OF CHRISTMAS, 1653.]
+
+I have spoken of _Mercurius Democritus_ as being the _Punch_ of the
+seventeenth century. It is singular that such a publication as this
+should have existed under a Puritanical Government. The humour is so
+exceedingly broad that it is difficult to understand how it could be
+circulated at a time when the rulers of the land professed a stern and
+rigid morality. Unlike the modern _Punch_, who is refined and courteous
+even when he is most severe, _Mercurius Democritus_ could seldom be
+facetious without being coarse and even indecent. In the same number
+that contains the cut of the Smithfield ghost, referred to in Chapter
+III., occur the following jests, which are comparatively mild specimens
+of the humour of _Mercurius Democritus_:--'The last Monday a Herd of
+Swine being driven through Long Lane 600 Jews were suddenly converted by
+them; some think it was for fear those Rumford Cattell should serve them
+as they served the Devill in the country of the _Gergesens_ when they
+carried him headlong into the sea.'
+
+'A Mad Country Parson coming riding up to London between Islington and
+the Red Bull met with a small-coale man, very black, with his sack of
+small coale at his back. The pitiful Parson minding to put a jeer on the
+small-coale man, made a sudden stop with his Horse, saying with a loud
+voyce, that those that rid after him might partake of the jest, Fellow,
+fellow (quoth he) I prithee tell 's some news from Hell, I see thou hast
+a whole sack full at thy back. Truly quoth the small-coale man, I can
+tell you but very little news from Hell, only the Devill wants a
+Chaplaine, and you ride but a little faster you may perchance have the
+place.'
+
+Much of the news printed continued to be circulated by means of
+pamphlets and broadsides, but some regular newspapers were also
+published. An illustrated example of the latter occurs in the _Faithful
+Post_ of 1653. The full title of the number for April 8, 1653, is '_The
+Faithful Post Impartially communicating the Proceedings of the
+Parliaments forces in England, Scotland, and Ireland, comprising the sum
+of Intelligence from the English and Dutch Fleets; with the Affairs and
+Designs now on foot in France, Denmark, Sweden, Holland, and all other
+parts of Europe_.' It has a woodcut portrait of Admiral Van Gallen, and
+contains the following news from Amsterdam relating thereto:--
+
+  'Wednesday, April 6.
+
+'From Amsterdam thus; Van Gallen Admiral of the Dutch Fleet in the
+Streights, has a golden chair sent him for his little great gallantry in
+the last service. And the Commons forsooth adore him extremely; insomuch
+that many of the Bores have erected his Statue and Portraiture, and hung
+it up as a memorial in the most eminent places of their Low country
+Fabrics, according to the figure following; with two silver keys in his
+hands; which, say they, are to unlock the Treasury of their enemy. _Pure
+Youths_.' (Here follows the portrait.)
+
+'And as we are informed, hath a golden Leg delicately set forth by Mr.
+Painter, in lieu of that shot off in the fight.'
+
+[Illustration: PORTRAIT OF ADMIRAL VAN GALLEN. FROM THE 'FAITHFUL POST,'
+1653.]
+
+[Illustration: FLAG OF COL. CHARLES JAMES. FROM THE 'POLITIQUE POST,'
+1653.]
+
+In the foregoing _Faithful Post_ there is a good deal of news about the
+English and Dutch fleets; and in the news from Lubeck it is reported
+that the English have printed a 'picture of Admiral Van Tromp
+represented with a man opening his breast to find his heart; but,
+searching, it was found in the Calf of his Leg, whereas, saith the Dutch
+Print, they know very well that Tromp behaved himself most gallantly,
+and like a man of courage.' In another number of the _Faithful Post_ is
+an illustration of a comet or 'Blazing Star' seen in Germany. The
+foregoing portrait of Admiral Van Gallen, and the blazing star, together
+with a map showing the effects of a great storm and flood in Holland,
+are printed in the _Politique Post_ for January 4, 1653; but there is no
+reference made to the engraving of Van Gallen; and the blazing star is
+described as having been seen at Pembroke, in Wales. In the same number
+of the _Politique Post_ is a woodcut of the flag of Colonel Charles
+James, which is thus alluded to:--'By the last Post and intelligence
+from the Navie, we have received very certain and credible intelligence,
+that Colonel Charles James having received a commission from the King of
+Scots, is launched forth into the deep with the Brest men of war who has
+now struck sail upon the Coast of Brittain, and there set up his Flag
+on the Poop of the Patrick, called the Vice-Ambral as here represented
+in the ensueing Figure.'
+
+[Illustration: THE HOLLOW TREE AT HAMPSTEAD, 1654.]
+
+In 1654 there was a remarkable tree at Hampstead, which was visited as a
+curiosity. It was called 'The Hollow Tree,' and was probably the central
+attraction of a place of entertainment. In a broadside of 1654 there is
+an etching of it by Hollar, with descriptive and other verses. There was
+a door in the trunk of the tree, and a turret on the top, the ascent to
+which was in the hollow of the tree. The turret was large enough to seat
+six, 'and round about roome for fourteene more.' The following is a
+specimen of the verses accompanying Hollar's etching:--
+
+'THE SALUTATION.
+
+  'Welcome, before! welcome all you that follow!
+   Our heart is sound although our Tree be hollow,
+   Yet know nor age, nor weaknesse did distresse
+   Its willing bulk into this hollownesse:
+   But a desire markt out for noble ends,
+   To finde more room to entertain fast friends,
+   And in the compasse of itself to try
+   Laws of true Mirth and Hospitality.
+   In such a Hollow, Musick dwells; thus love
+   Laies forth itself, yet ne'er doth bankrupt prove.
+   And having read the riddle doth impart
+   Things sometimes hollow have the soundest heart.'
+
+[Illustration: PRODIGIOUS MONSTER TAKEN IN THE MOUNTAINS OF ZARDANA IN
+SPAIN, 1655.]
+
+This broadside was an agreeable change from the prodigies and
+monstrosities with which the public were so liberally supplied. A
+specimen of the latter was published in 1655, which must have tried the
+faith of even the most credulous. It is described as '_The True
+Portraiture of a prodigious Monster, taken in the Mountains of Zardana_;
+the following Description whereof was sent to Madrid October 20, 1654,
+and from thence to Don Olonza de Cardines, Ambassador for the King of
+Spain now resident in London. Its stature was like that of a strong well
+set man, with 7 heads, the chief of them looking forward, with one eye
+in its front; the other heads have each two eyes in their natural
+situation, the ears of an Ass; with its principal head it eates, drinks,
+and cryes with an extraordinary and terrible voice; the other heads are
+also moved to and fro; it hath seven Arms and Hands of a Man, very
+strong in each of them; from the middle downward it is like a Satyr,
+with Goats feet, and cloven,' &c. This broadside has a very
+well-executed copperplate engraving of the monster; and another sheet of
+the same date has a woodcut copy of the same engraving, together with a
+long account in verse 'to the tune of Summer Time,' and the following
+additional particulars: 'The News of this Satyrical Monster being noysed
+abroad throughout all Spain, France, and Italy, made a desperate fear,
+and general distemper amongst all the Popish Prelates, Cardinals,
+Jesuites, Monks, and Fryers; yea, the very Pope himself trembled to hear
+this strange Report. There is a Prophesie in the 13 of the Revelation,
+of a great Red-Dragon and a Beast with seven heads that should arise out
+of the Sea, that should continue 42 moneths, which was to come to pass
+before the great and terrible day of judgement; which by the appearing
+of these strange Monsters is neer at hand now.'
+
+At the Restoration several broadsides of news were published containing
+engravings. There is one giving an account of the coronation of Charles
+II., which is illustrated with a copperplate engraving of the King
+seated on his throne, robed and crowned, with the following
+complimentary lines:--
+
+  'The Second Charles, Heire of the Royal Martyr
+   Who for Religion and his Subjects Charter
+   Spent the best Blood, that unjust Sword ere dy'de
+   Since the rude Souldier pierced our Saviours side.
+   Who such a Father had'st, and such a Son;
+   Redeem thy people and assume thy own,
+   Ascend thy Ancestors Imperial seat
+   Of Charles the Good, thou second Charles the Great,
+   That adds the worth; this lustre to the Crown,
+   Whose solid Glorious weighed Usurpers down.
+   Such Majesty as never was profan'd
+   While Tyrants rul'd 'twas only Charles that reigned.'
+
+Another broadside of the same date (1660) is entitled '_A Looking-Glass
+for Traytors, being the manner of the Tryall of those Barbarous Wretches
+at Justice-Hall in the Old-Baily, who contrived and compassed the Death
+of his late Sacred Majesty King Charles the First, of ever blessed
+memory; with an Account of their Severall Araignments, Conviction,
+Condemnation, and Execution_.' This sheet is also illustrated with a
+copperplate engraving, representing the Old Bailey Court at the trial of
+the Regicides, which is interesting if it truly represents the
+appearance of the court at that time. Numerous letters of reference are
+given under the engraving to explain its different parts, and a short
+summary is given of the trial: 'His Majesty (in pursuance of an Act of
+Parliament which had left the persons following to be tried according to
+Law, for being the principal Actors in the said Tragedy of his Father's
+death) issued out a special Commission of _Oyer_ and _terminer_ to the
+Judges and other Commissioners for that purpose; and accordingly
+_Wednesday_ the 10th of _October_ they met at the Sessions house in the
+_Old-Baily_, and the same morning the following persons were ordered to
+be brought from the _Tower_ to _Newgate_, and a way was made from the
+Press-yard backwards to the Sessions house, privately to convey them to
+and again, to keep them from the pressing of the people.' Then follows a
+list of twenty-eight persons, including Major-General Harrison and Hugh
+Peters, 'all which being brought to the Bar, were indicted and arraigned
+to the following effect:--
+
+'_That they not having the fear of God before their eyes, but being led
+by the instigation of the Divel had maliciously, traiterously, and
+advisedly imagined, consulted, contrived, and compassed the death of his
+late Majesty Charles the first of ever blessed memory, and that they had
+aided, procured, abetted, assisted, and comforted a certain person with
+a vizard upon his face, and a frock upon his body for that purpose._
+
+'Major-General _Harrison_ in his Pleadings carried himself so
+confidently to the Court as if he thought himself Careless and
+Unconcerned in the businesse, and seemed to justify not only the Power
+under which he Acted but also the Act itself, saying that Kings had
+formerly been privately Assassinated and Murthered, but what they had
+done was in the face of the Sun and in the fear of the Lord; whereat the
+Court was much troubled to see that he should make God the Author of
+that Horrid Murther.'
+
+Harrison was found guilty at once, and sentenced to be hanged, drawn,
+and quartered. The like fate awaited Hugh Peters. The sort of evidence
+that was brought against the prisoners is exemplified in this broadside,
+where it is stated that 'Mr. _Hugh Peters_ stood strangly amazed and
+could say nothing for himselfe against that Jury of witnesses that
+appeared against him; as that he said, _England_ could not be settled
+till 150 were taken away which he said were L L L viz. the Lords, the
+Levites, and the Lawyers; that he was often conspiring privately with
+Oliver Cromwell the King's death, that he could even reverence the High
+Court of Justice, it lookt so like the judgement of the world which
+should be at the last day by the Saints; with many other blasphemies too
+large to enumerate.'
+
+Amongst the prisoners arraigned on this occasion was the William Hewlett
+already referred to. In the other cases the jury promptly found the
+prisoners guilty without leaving the court; but it was a proof of the
+weakness of the evidence in Hewlett's case that 'they did withdraw
+themselves, and after a little consultation they found him guilty, and
+accordingly sentence was pronounced against him.' This sentence,
+however, as before stated, was never carried into effect.
+
+The engraving of this historical trial at the Old Bailey is too crowded
+to admit of reproduction here. Other broadsides relating to the trial of
+the regicides were published at the time, but they are more of the
+nature of caricatures than illustrations of news.
+
+It is well known that General Harrison, Hugh Peters, and others were
+executed with all the barbarous circumstances indicated in the words of
+their sentence. Peters was made to sit upon the scaffold, exposed to the
+jibes and jeers of the mob, and compelled to witness the mutilation of
+his fellow-victims. The executions were continued day after day both at
+Charing-cross and at Tyburn, and were stopped at last, not for lack of
+victims, or disinclination for more slaughter on the part of the
+authorities, but from a dread of the effect such bloodthirsty
+proceedings might have on the minds of the people. The horrors of such a
+scene, of course, attracted the sensational news-writer of the day; and
+a broadside of the time gives us a picture and description of the
+executions, coupled with a representation of the execution of Charles I.
+This broadside was evidently intended to exhibit at one view the
+commission of a great crime and its just punishment. The engraving shows
+on one side the execution of the King and on the other the punishment of
+the regicides. The description of the latter is preceded by an account
+of the trial and death of Charles. The title runs thus: '_A true and
+perfect Relation of the Grand Traytors Execution, as at severall times
+they were Drawn, Hanged, and Quartered at Charing-Crosse, and at
+Tiburne. Together with their severall Speeches and Confessions which
+every one of them made at the time of their Execution. London, printed
+for William Gilbertson, 1660_.'
+
+[Illustration: EXECUTION OF THE REGICIDES, 1660.]
+
+The following account is given of the execution of Major-General
+Harrison: 'The next day being _Saturday_ Major-Gen. _Harrison_ was drawn
+upon a Hurdle from Newgate to the Round, or railed Place near
+Charing-Crosse, where a Gibbet was set upon which he was Hanged. Many
+of his acquaintance did seem to triumph to see him die so Confidently;
+whiles numbers of true Christians did grieve in earnest to see him die
+so impenitently. We have been told that when he took his leave of his
+wife, he comforted her, and told her that he would come again in three
+days; but we hear nothing as yet of his Resurrection.' In describing the
+execution of Hugh Peters, it is said, 'He came to the Ladder
+unwillingly, and by degrees was drawn up higher and higher. Certainly he
+had many Executioners within him; he leaned upon the Ladder being
+unwilling to part from it, but being turned off, the spectators gave a
+great shout, as they did when his Head was cut off, and held up aloft on
+the point of a Spear. The very souldiers themselves whom heretofore he
+did animate to slaughter, and a thorough execution of their Enemies were
+now ashamed of him, and upon the point of their Spears showed that
+guilty head which made them guilty of so much blood.'
+
+Pepys, in his Diary, says, under date October 13, 1660:--'I went out to
+Charing Cross, to see Major-General Harrison hanged, drawn, and
+quartered; which was done there, he looking as cheerful as any man could
+do in that condition. He was presently cut down, and his head and heart
+shown to the people, at which there were great shouts of joy. It is
+said, that he said that he was sure to come shortly at the right hand of
+Christ to judge them that now had judged him; and that his wife do
+expect his coming again. Thus it was my chance to see the King beheaded
+at White Hall, and to see the first blood shed in revenge for the King
+at Charing Cross.'
+
+It will be seen by the copy made from this woodcut that the design is of
+the rudest possible description, and must have been the work of a common
+ballad illustrator, whose fee was probably on a par with his ability. He
+evidently thought that, in such a scene as the execution of Charles I.,
+the Church should be paramount, for he has made Bishop Juxon a much more
+prominent figure than the King.
+
+The reign of the 'Merry Monarch,' though not the most creditable period
+in English History, would have supplied abundant materials for the
+journalist if there had been any newspapers. The Great Plague, the Fire
+of London, the sea-fights with the Dutch, were splendid opportunities
+for the pencil of the 'special artist' or the pen of 'our own
+correspondent.' A law had been passed prohibiting the publication of
+newspapers without being duly licensed. Sir John Birkenhead was
+appointed Licenser of the Press, and he was succeeded by Sir Roger
+L'Estrange. There was scarcely anything that could be called a newspaper
+except the _London Gazette_, and it only contained such news as the
+Government thought proper to make public, and it was never illustrated.
+The little that was done in the way of pictorial journalism was of a
+satirical or humorous character, or had reference to foreign affairs,
+and was either published in the form of broadsides or was put before the
+public in such a questionable shape that it was difficult to tell
+whether it was truth or fiction. As soon as the people were released
+from the domination of Puritanism a reaction set in, and the humours of
+_Mercurius Democritus_ were supplemented by the still broader fancies of
+_Mercurius Fumigolus_. Occasional entertainment of a more serious
+character was supplied, such as '_A True and Perfect Relation of the
+Happy Successe and Victory obtained against the Turks of Argiers at
+Bugia_.' The popular taste for the mysterious and supernatural was
+touched by '_A true and perfect Relation, of a strange and wonderful
+Apparition in the Air, the Fourteenth of August, near Goeree in
+Holland_.' This was an illustrated broadside containing the following
+account:--'On the fourteenth of August this year 1664, towards the
+evening near Goeree in Holland, there was seen by many Spectators an
+Apparition upon the Ocean of two several Fleets of Ships engaged in a
+Fight, which lasted for the space of about half an hour, and then
+vanished. Afterwards there appeared two Lyons, who with great fury and
+violence, assaulted each other three several times, neither of them
+prevailing against the other, till at length both of them wearied with
+their continual striving, did, as it were, give over for breath, when on
+a sudden a third Lyon of a very great and huge stature appeared and
+falling first upon the one, and then on the other, destroyed them both.
+They being vanished, there appeared a King, with a Crown upon his head,
+and he so plainly and visibly discerned as that the spectators did
+discover the very Buttons on his Coat. After all was vanished, the said
+Spectators continueing there, and walking too and fro upon the sands,
+the Ocean, so far as they could see, seemed to be Blood. On the next
+morning, the same Apparition, in all its Circumstances, was seen again,
+and the truth thereof attested upon Oath, before the Magistrates of
+Goeree, by the said Spectators; so that there is no doubt made of the
+truth thereof. And this happening in this juncture of time, begets some
+strange apprehensions; for that about six Months before Van Trump was
+slain in the former Wars with England, there was seen near the same
+place, an Apparition of several Ships in the Air, as it were fighting
+with each other.'
+
+[Illustration: APPARITION IN THE AIR AT GOEREE IN HOLLAND, 1664.]
+
+This broadside was printed at London, 'by Thomas Leach in Shooe Lane in
+the Year 1664. _With Allowance_ October 13, 1664. Roger L'Estrange.' The
+illustration is an etching, very well and freely executed.
+
+Amongst other things which appear to have been revived at the
+Restoration was the _Mercurius Civicus_. In Dr. Burney's collections in
+the British Museum there is preserved a copy of Number 4 of _Mercurius
+Civicus_, dated May 1, 1660. On the title-page it is stated to be
+'published by order of the Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen;' but it is
+not illustrated, as was its predecessor of the time of the Civil War.
+
+[Illustration: THE MURDER OF ARCHBISHOP SHARP, 1679.]
+
+One of the most atrocious deeds of the time, and one that had a powerful
+effect upon public feeling, was the murder of Archbishop Sharp in 1679.
+This prelate was held to have betrayed the Presbyterians at the time of
+the Restoration, and was hated accordingly. This hatred had been
+manifested by an attempt on his life in the streets of Edinburgh in the
+year 1668; but on that occasion the Archbishop escaped, and another
+person was wounded. On May 3, 1679, Archbishop Sharp was returning in
+his coach to St. Andrews from Kennaway, where he had passed the night,
+when, at a place called Magus Moor, he was set upon by nine men, who
+murdered him with pitiless barbarity in the presence of his daughter,
+who accompanied him. This dreadful event was commemorated in a broadside
+entitled '_The Manner of the Barbarous Murther of James, late Lord
+Archbishop of St. Andrews, Primate and Metropolitan of all Scotland and
+one of his Majesties most Honourable Privy Council of that kingdom, May
+3, 1679_.' A copperplate engraving represents the murder, and some
+verses are printed underneath. I have copied the engraving on this
+broadside, which forms part of the Luttrell collection in the British
+Museum.
+
+In 1681 there existed a newspaper entitled _The Loyal Protestant and
+True Domestic Intelligencer_. In the number for April 2, 1681, there is
+printed the following curious news from Rome:--
+
+'Rome, March 6. There did appear here about the middle of Dec. last, a
+strange and wonderful Comet near the Ecliptick in the sign of Libra, and
+in the body of the Virgin. At the same time a Prodigious Egge was laid
+by a Young Pullet (which had never laid before) with a perfect Comet in
+it, and as many stars, and in the same form as the enclosed figure
+shows. All the great ones of Rome have seen it, even the Queen and the
+Pope. What you see in the enclosed Paper is within the Egge most clearly
+exprest, and not upon the Shell. The Roman Wits are now very busy in
+guessing at what this Comet and Egge may portend.'
+
+This account of the egg is printed on the front page of _The Loyal
+Protestant_, in the midst of Court news from Oxford, municipal news from
+Leicester, news from Edinburgh, &c, and is illustrated with a woodcut,
+which I have copied. A further description is appended to the
+representation of the egg:--'The true form of a Prodigious Egg brought
+forth at Rome the 11th of Dec. last in the year 1680 in which the Commet
+here printed does continue to appear.'
+
+'The aforesaid 11th of Dec. about 8 of the Clock in the morning, a Hen
+Chicken, with a great Noise, crying extraordinarily, that never had laid
+an Egge before this day, brought forth an Egge of an extraordinary
+greatness, with all these several Forms as you see here exprest, to the
+great amazement of all those that have seen it. This is an exact draught
+of the Egge as it was printed in Italy. But all persons are left to
+their own choice whether they will believe either this or any of our own
+late home-bred Miracles or visions.'
+
+[Illustration: EXTRAORDINARY EGG LAID AT ROME. FROM THE 'LOYAL
+PROTESTANT AND TRUE DOMESTIC INTELLIGENCER,' 1681.]
+
+Supernatural occurrences and uncommon events, even when traceable to
+natural causes, have always had great attractions for both the ignorant
+and the educated. We therefore find the talents of the old newsmen were
+most frequently exercised on mysterious appearances in the air, floods,
+fires, and frosts, earthquakes and upheavings of the sea. Having already
+quoted examples dealing with some of these subjects, I now come to two
+broadsides which describe and illustrate the great frost of 1683-4, when
+the river Thames was covered with ice eleven inches thick, the forest
+trees, and even the oaks, in England were split by the frost, most of
+the hollies were killed, and nearly all the birds perished. According
+to the testimony of an eye-witness, 'The people kept trades on the
+Thames as in a fair, till February 4, 1684. About forty coaches daily
+plied on the Thames as on drye land.' The broadsides under notice give
+representations of the fair held on the Thames, and describe it in
+doggerel verse. The one containing the engraving I have copied is
+entitled '_Great Britain's Wonder; London's Admiration. Being a True
+Representation of a Prodigious Frost, which began about the beginning of
+December, 1683, and continued till the Fourth Day of February following.
+And held on with such violence, that Men and Beasts, Coaches and Carts,
+went as frequently thereon as Boats were wont to pass before. There was
+also a street of Booths built from the Temple to Southwark, where were
+sold all sorts of Goods imaginable--namely Cloaths, Plate, Earthen Ware;
+Meat, Drink, Brandy, Tobacco, and a Hundred sorts of other Commodities
+not here inserted. It being the wonder of this present Age, and a great
+consternation to all the Spectators._' The description opens thus:--
+
+  'Behold the Wonder of this present Age
+   A Famous River now become a stage.
+   Question not what I now declare to you,
+   The Thames is now both Fair and Market too.
+   And many Thousands dayley do resort,
+   There to behold the Pastime and the Sport
+   Early and late, used by young and old,
+   And valued not the fierceness of the Cold.'
+
+The illustration is a roughly executed woodcut, and represents a street
+of booths opposite the Temple, looking towards the Middlesex shore. On
+one side are men skating, sliding, riding on sledges, and playing at
+football; whilst bull-baiting, skittle-playing, &c, go on on the other
+side. Coaches are driven across the ice, boats are dragged as sledges,
+and an ox is roasted whole in one corner.
+
+[Illustration: FROST FAIR ON THE THAMES, 1683.]
+
+The other broadside has a woodcut of the same scene, but taken from a
+different point, and looking _down_ the river, with London Bridge, the
+Tower, Monument, &c, in the distance. In addition to a description of
+Frost Fair, there is an account of all the great frosts from the time of
+William the Conqueror.
+
+Some curious particulars of this great frost are recorded by
+contemporary writers. Evelyn describes the whole scene, and says that he
+crossed the river on the ice on foot upon the 9th, in order to dine with
+the Archbishop of Canterbury at Lambeth; and again in his coach, from
+Lambeth to the horse-ferry at Millbank, upon Feb. 5th, when 'it began to
+thaw, but froze again.' Hackney-coaches plied between Somerset House and
+the Temple to Southwark. There was a printing-press set up in one of the
+booths, 'where the people and ladys tooke a fancy to having their names
+printed, and the day and year set down, when printed on the Thames. This
+humour took so universally that 'twas estimated the printer gained about
+L5 a day for printing a line onely at sixpence a name, besides what he
+got by ballads, &c.' A specimen of this printing has been preserved. It
+was executed for Charles II., who visited Frost Fair accompanied by
+several members of his family. It contains, besides the names of the
+King and Queen, those of the Duke of York, Mary his Duchess, Princess
+Anne (afterwards Queen Anne), and Prince George of Denmark, her husband.
+The last name on the list is 'Hans in Kelder,' which literally means
+'Jack in the Cellar,' and is supposed to have been suggested by the
+humour of the King in allusion to the interesting situation of the
+Princess Anne; and we can fancy the swarthy face of the 'Merry Monarch'
+smiling in the frosty air as this congenial joke was perpetrated.
+
+In the Luttrell collection of broadsides there is one with a large
+woodcut representing the battle of Sedgemoor and other incidents of
+Monmouth's rebellion. The letterpress is in wretched verse, and is
+entitled, '_A Description of the late Rebellion in the West. A Heroic
+Poem._' The unfortunate issue of Monmouth's rising excited the sympathy
+of the common people, to whom he was endeared by his many amiable
+qualities and his handsome person. Though this broadside was evidently
+written in the interest of the Government it was likely to have a ready
+sale, and it was sought to increase the interest by pictorial
+representation. The engraving, which is on an unusually large scale, is
+very rough, like all the woodcuts of the period.
+
+The slaughter at Sedgemoor and the execution of the Duke of Monmouth
+were partly forgotten in the greater horror excited by the unsparing
+severity of Judge Jefferies in condemning to death hundreds of persons
+who were charged with being concerned in the rebellion. I have met with
+one illustrated tract relating to the 'Bloody Assize.' It is inserted at
+the end of the volume of the _London Gazette_ for 1685, and has
+apparently been added by Dr. Burney, the collector, as bearing upon the
+events of the time. It forms no part of the _London Gazette_, though
+bound up with it. There is a rough woodcut on the title-page containing
+eleven portraits, and the title is as follows:--
+
+'_The Protestant Martyrs; or the Bloody Assizes, giving an account of
+the Lives, Tryals, and Dying Speeches, of all those eminent Protestants
+that suffered in the West of England by the sentence of that bloody and
+cruel Judge Jefferies; being in all_ 251 _persons, besides what were
+hanged and destroyed in cold blood. Containing also the Life and Death
+of James Duke of Monmouth; His Birth and Education; His Actions both at
+Home and Abroad; His Unfortunate Adventure in the West; His Letter to
+King James; His Sentence, Execution and Dying-words upon the Scaffold;
+with a true Copy of the Paper he left behind him. And many other curious
+Remarks worth the Readers Observation. London, Printed by F. Bradford;
+at the Bible in Fetter Lane._'
+
+At the end of the pamphlet is printed this curious sentence:--'This
+Bloody Tragedy in the West being over our Protestant Judge returns for
+London; soon after which Alderman Cornish felt the Anger of Somebody
+behind the Curtain.'
+
+Alderman Cornish was afterwards executed at the corner of King Street,
+Cheapside, for alleged participation in the Rye House Plot.
+
+[Illustration: MARTYRS OF THE BLOODY ASSIZES, 1685.]
+
+This fragment of contemporary history shows that if there were no
+regular newspapers to supply the people with illustrated news they
+obtained it in the shape of cheap fly-sheets and broadsides--the form in
+which it was supplied to them before newspapers began.
+
+Macaulay describes the unlicensed press at this period as being worked
+in holes and corners, and producing large quantities of pamphlets which
+were a direct infraction of the law subjecting the press to a
+censorship. 'There had long lurked in the garrets of London a class of
+printers who worked steadily at their calling with precautions
+resembling those employed by coiners and forgers. Women were on the
+watch to give the alarm by their screams if an officer appeared near the
+workshop. The press was immediately pushed into a closet behind the bed;
+the types were flung into the coal-hole, and covered with cinders; the
+compositor disappeared through a trap-door in the roof, and made off
+over the tiles of the neighbouring houses. In these dens were
+manufactured treasonable works of all classes and sizes, from halfpenny
+broadsides of doggerel verse up to massy quartos filled with Hebrew
+quotations.'[1] The pamphlet I have just quoted probably issued from a
+press of this kind; but he must have been a bold printer who dared to
+put his name and address to a work wherein Jefferies was openly referred
+to as 'that bloody and cruel Judge Jefferies.'
+
+Large broadsides continued to be the favourite form of illustrated
+journalism for some time after this. One gives a 'true and perfect
+relation' of a great earthquake which happened at Port Royal, in
+Jamaica, on Tuesday, June 7th, 1692, and is illustrated with a large
+woodcut. On the death of Queen Mary, the consort of William III., an
+illustrated broadside was published, plentifully garnished with skulls
+and cross-bones, entitled, '_Great Britain's Lamentation; or the Funeral
+Obsequies of that most incomparable Protestant Princess, Mary, of ever
+Blessed Memory, Queen of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, who
+departed this life the 28th of December, at Kensington, 1694, in the
+Thirty-second Year of her Age. She Reigned Five Years, Eight Months, and
+Seventeen Days. And was conducted from Whitehall to Westminster Abbey,
+in an open Chariot of State, on black cloath, by the Nobility, Judges,
+and Gentry of the Land, on Tuesday, the 5th of March, 1694-5._' The
+large woodcut shows the funeral procession, and I have copied that part
+of it containing the funeral car, with the body of the deceased queen
+resting under a canopy.
+
+[Illustration: FUNERAL OF QUEEN MARY, 1695.]
+
+In a few years after the Revolution newspapers began to increase
+rapidly. The censorship of the press ceased in 1695, and was immediately
+followed by the appearance of great numbers of periodical papers. At
+first they were small in size, were wretchedly printed on the commonest
+paper, and each number contained only a small quantity of matter. The
+art of wood-engraving, the readiest and least expensive method of
+illustration, was now in the lowest possible condition; and the
+newspapers at the end of the seventeenth century contain scarcely any
+illustrations, except, perhaps, a heading of a rudely executed figure of
+a man blowing a horn, flanked by a ship or a castle, and numerous small
+woodcuts to advertisements.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+  [1] _History of England._
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+  Constant Attempts at Illustrated News--Increase of Caricatures--The
+  _Postman_, 1704--Fiery Apparition in the Air, seen in
+  London--Caricature against the Jacobites--The South-Sea
+  Bubble--Eclipse of the Sun, 1724--The _Grub Street Journal_ an
+  Illustrated Paper--The _Daily Post_--Admiral Vernon's Attack on Porto
+  Bello--The _Penny London Post_--Henry Fielding and the _Jacobite's
+  Journal_--_Owen's Weekly Chronicle_--_Lloyd's Evening Post_, and the
+  Trial of Lord Byron for the Murder of Mr. Chaworth--The _St. James's
+  Chronicle_--Illustrated Account of a Strange Wild Beast seen in
+  France--The _Gentleman's Journal_ of Anthony Motteux--The _Gentleman's
+  Magazine_ of Edward Cave--The _London Magazine_--The _Scot's
+  Magazine_.
+
+
+In glancing at the early newspapers it is apparent that the idea, in
+some shape, of illustrating the news of the day was never quite absent
+from the minds of newspaper conductors. Sometimes it took the form of a
+rude map of the country where some war was going on, or the plan of some
+city which was being besieged. In the _London Post_ for July 25, 1701,
+is a map of the seat of war in Italy, which is reprinted in other
+numbers, and the _Daily Courant_, for Sept. 8, 1709, contains a large
+plan of Mons. In the absence of other means, even printers' lines were
+used to represent a plan of some place, or an event of unusual interest.
+Such an attempt at illustrated news was made in the _Dublin Journal_ for
+May 14, 1746, where there is a plan, set up in type and printers' lines,
+of the battle of Culloden; and in the number for March 28, 1747, there
+is a similar plan of the trial of Lord Lovat. This is doubly interesting
+as being _Irish_. Engraving on copper, though it involved the expense of
+a double printing, was sometimes resorted to for the purpose of
+enlivening the pages of the early newspapers, and we have seen that it
+was also employed in broadsides. There was so much enterprise that even
+penny papers sometimes introduced engravings into their pages.
+
+About the beginning of the eighteenth century caricatures began to
+increase in England. Religious animosities and political intrigues,
+always keen incentives to satire, had opened a wide field to the
+caricaturist in the years which followed the Revolution. But religious
+bigotry and party spirit, strong as they were at this period, were
+exceeded by the social follies which came afterwards. The trial of Dr.
+Sacheverell occasioned the publication of numerous songs, squibs, and
+caricatures; but the South-Sea Bubble surpassed it as a fruitful source
+of lampoons and pictorial satire. The spirit of ridicule was fed by the
+political intrigues, the follies and the vices of the Georgian era, and
+reached its highest development in the days of George III. Amongst other
+early channels for circulation we find caricatures making their
+appearance in newspapers, and as we proceed I shall give one or two
+examples from the illustrated journalism of this period.
+
+On March 14, 1704, _The Postman_, one of the papers that was started on
+the expiration of the censorship (and which Macaulay says was one of the
+best conducted and most prosperous), published what was called a
+Postscript for the purpose of making its readers acquainted with a
+prodigy seen in Spain in the air so far back as the year 1536. It is
+illustrated with a woodcut representing two men fighting in the air; and
+the following account is given of it:--'The success of the expedition of
+K. Charles III. being now the subject of all Publick Discourses, the
+Reader, we hope, will excuse the following Postscript, which must be
+confest to be of an extraordinary nature, as containing some things
+hardly to be parallelled. All the states of Christendom being concerned
+some way or other in this great quarrell, it is not to be wondered at if
+the discovery of a Prodigy, which seems to foretell the decision of it,
+has made so much noise at Rome, and that we insert it in this place. The
+French Faction grew intolerably insolent upon account of the storms
+which have so long retarded the Portuguese expedition, and represented
+these cross accidents as a manifest declaration that God did not approve
+the same; and this way of arguing, though never so rash and impertinent
+in itself, prevailed over the generality of the people, in a City which
+is the Centre of superstition. The Partizans of the House of Austria
+were very much dejected and had little to say, when they happily
+discovered in the Library of the Vatican a Book printed at Bazil in the
+year 1557 written by Conradus Lycosthenes, wherein they found an
+argument to confute all the reasons alledged by their adversaries, and a
+sure Presage in their opinion of the success of K. Charles III. This
+made a great noise at Rome, and his Grace the Duke of Shrewsbury sent an
+account thereof. The Book perhaps is not so scarce as they thought at
+Rome; and the learned Doctor Hans Sloane having one in his Library, and
+having been so obliging as to give me leave to transcribe that passage,
+I present it here to the reader, leaving it to everyone to make his own
+observations. The Book is thus Intituled: "_Prodigiorum Ostentorum
+Chronicon, &c., per Conradum Lycosthenem, Rubeaquensem. Printed in Folio
+at Bazil per Henricum Petri 1557_," and amongst the infinite number of
+Prodigies he relates in his collection, which extends from the beginning
+of the world to his time, he has the following, page 558 (here follows
+the description on each side of the woodcut in Latin and English). 'In a
+certain place of Spain on the 7th of Feby, 1536, 2 hours after the
+setting of the sun as Fincelius relates it after others, were seen in
+the Air, which was rainy and cloudy, two Young Men in Armour, fighting
+with Swords, one of them having in his left hand a Shield or round
+Buckler, adorned with an Eagle, with this inscription, I SHALL REIGN,
+and the other having on a long Target with these words, I HAVE REIGNED.
+They fought a Duel, and he who had the Eagle on his Buckler beat down
+his enemy and was conqueror.' The whole affair refers to the war of the
+Spanish Succession between the partisans of Louis XIV. and the House of
+Bourbon, and the House of Austria, and is made to foretell the downfall
+of the former. As the Bourbons did eventually obtain the Crown of Spain,
+this interpretation of the supposed prodigy may be referred to the same
+class as the prophecies of _Old Moore's Almanack_. I have copied the
+engraving, which is the only illustration I have found in _The Postman_.
+
+[Illustration: PRODIGY SEEN IN SPAIN. FROM THE 'POSTMAN,' 1704.]
+
+We have already noticed that no class of marvels were so attractive to
+the early news-writers as apparitions in the air. Another example of
+this is found in a pamphlet, published in 1710, entitled '_The Age of
+Wonders: or, A further and particular Description of the remarkable, and
+Fiery Apparition that was seen in the Air, on Thursday in the Morning,
+being May the 11th, 1710_.' It is illustrated with a rough woodcut, and
+has the following description:--
+
+.... 'As for the strange Appearances which were seen on the 11th of May
+in the Morning, I suppose there is by this time few that do not give
+Credit to the same, since so many creditable People in several parts of
+the Town have apparently testified the same, and are ready still to do
+it upon enquirey, as in Clare Market, Cheapside, Tower-hill, and other
+places; it was likewise seen by several Market Folks then upon the
+Water, who have since agreed in Truth thereof, most of which relate in
+the following manner:--
+
+'On Wednesday Night, or rather Thursday Morning last, much about the
+Hour of two a Clock, several People, who were then abroad, especially
+the Watchman about Tower Street, Clare Market, Cheapside, and
+Westminster, plainly and visibly saw this strange Comet, it seem'd a
+very great Star, at the end of which was a long tail, or streak of Fire,
+very wonderful and surprizing to behold. It did not continue fix'd, but
+pass'd along with the Scud, or two black Clouds, being carried by a
+brisk wind that then blew.
+
+[Illustration: FIERY APPARITION IN THE AIR, SEEN IN LONDON, 1710.]
+
+'After which follow'd the likeness of a Man in a Cloud of Fire, with a
+Sword in his hand, which mov'd with the Clouds as the other did, but
+they saw it for near a quarter of an Hour together, to their very great
+surprize, and related the same the next Morning, which they are ready
+now to affirm if any are so curious to go and Enquire, particularly John
+Smith, near Tower-street, Abraham Wilsley, on Tower-hill, John Miller,
+near Clare Market, John Williams, in Cheapside, George Mules and
+Rebeccah Sampson upon the Water, and Mr. Lomax, Watchman of St. Anns,
+with many others too tedious to insert.'
+
+Amongst the many newspapers that had sprung into existence the following
+so far improved upon their small and dingy predecessors as to be adorned
+with pictorial headings:--The _Post Boy_, 1720; the _Weekly Journal_,
+1720; the _London Journal_, 1720; the _Weekly Journal, or Saturday's
+Post_, 1721; _Applebee's Weekly Journal_, 1721; _Read's Journal, or
+British Gazetteer_, 1718-31. The last named appeared for many years as
+the _Weekly Journal, or British Gazetteer_; but the _Weekly Journal_ was
+a favourite title, and was borne by so many other papers that after a
+time the publisher altered the title of his paper to _Read's Journal; or
+British Gazetteer_, and gave it an engraved heading. Read was a man of
+enterprise, and surpassed his contemporaries in endeavouring to make his
+journal attractive by means of illustrations. In his paper for Nov. 1,
+1718, there is a caricature engraved on wood. It is levelled against the
+Jacobites, and is called 'An Hieroglyphick,' and is introduced to the
+reader with the following rhymes:--
+
+  'Will _Fools_ and _Knaves_ their own Misfortune see
+   And ponder on the _Tories_ villany
+   Behold this _Hieroglyphick_, and admire
+   What _Loyalty_ do's in true Souls inspire!
+   Whate'er the _Figures_ mean we shan't declare,
+   Because the _Jacobites_ will curse and swear;
+   But if our _Readers_ will this piece explain,
+   Their Explanation we shall not disdain.'
+
+[Illustration: CARICATURE AGAINST THE JACOBITES. FROM 'READ'S WEEKLY
+JOURNAL,' 1718.]
+
+Nobody appears to have responded to the invitation conveyed in the
+verses, for in the succeeding numbers of the paper there is no attempt
+to explain the 'hieroglyphick.' A copy of this early newspaper
+caricature is given on the opposite page.
+
+In the same journal for May 20, 1721, there is a large woodcut entitled
+'Lucifers Row-Barge,' which I have also copied. It is a caricature on
+the South-Sea Bubble, and appears, from what follows, to have been first
+published in the previous week: 'The Call for this Journal (last week)
+being very extraordinary, upon account of the delineation of Lucifer's
+Row-Barge in it, we are desired by several of our Correspondents both in
+City and Country, to present them with it in this week's paper, with an
+Explanation of every Representation in the aforesaid Cut, adapted to
+Figures; with which Request we have comply'd, as supposing it will be
+acceptable not only to them with such a Design, but likewise pleasing to
+all our Readers in General.' The different parts of the engraving are
+described under the illustration on the following page.
+
+Each of these divisions of the subject is further described in verse. In
+concocting this satire the author has allowed some symptoms of
+journalistic jealousy to appear by dragging in the correspondent of the
+_London Journal_ (which was a rival paper), and describing him as the
+common hangman. The feeling about the South-Sea Bubble must have been
+very strong to have made this caricature acceptable. It was intended to
+satirise Mr. Knight, the cashier of the South-Sea Company, who fled the
+country when it became too hot for him. The verses which accompany the
+engraving, though by no means models of poetic elegance, might be
+commended to the attention of some directors of our own day:--
+
+  'Then what must such vile Plunderers expect
+   When they upon their Actions do reflect;
+   Who barely have three Kingdoms quite undone
+   From aged Father to the Infant Son?
+   From many Eyes they've drawn a briny Flood,
+   But Tears to ruined People do no Good.'
+
+[Illustration: SOUTH SEA BUBBLE CARICATURE. FROM THE 'WEEKLY JOURNAL AND
+BRITISH GAZETTEER,' 1721.
+
+  '1. The Cashire of the South Sea Company
+
+  2. The Horse of an Accomptant to the South Sea
+  Company
+
+  3. The Correspondent of the Author of the _London
+  Journal_
+
+  4. A Stock Jobber, or Exchange Broker, whipt by
+  the Common Hangman
+
+  5. Belzebub prompting a Director of the South Sea
+
+  6. Satan prompting the same Director in t'other Ear
+
+  7. The Worm of Conscience fastens on the above
+  said Director
+
+  8. The Cup of Indignation
+
+  9. A Director's Sacrifice, which is a Villanous Heart
+
+  10. A Director in the Pillory
+
+  11. The Superscription over the pillory'd Director
+  paraphras'd from the prophet Ezekiel. Chap.
+  XXII. Ver. 12, 13, and Chap. XXIII. Ver. 25, 26, 27
+
+  12. A Director decyphered by the Knave of Diamonds
+  Hanged
+
+  13. A Director wafting to Hell with the tide
+
+  14. Lucifers Row-Barge for first rate passengers
+
+  15. Moloch sounds his trumpet for Joy of meeting
+  with a good Fare
+
+  16. Belial playing on the Violin to the Director
+
+  17. Mammon takes a trip at Helm for him
+
+  18. The South Sea
+
+  19. Lucifer rowing his own Barge
+
+  20. The Entrance into Hell, represented by the
+  Mouth of the Leviathan, or great Whale,
+  belching flames of sulphurous fire.']
+
+There was a total eclipse of the sun in 1724, which appears to have
+excited much attention, and several notices of it occur in the
+newspapers. Parker's _London News_ gives a long account, with a woodcut,
+which I have copied. This paper was published three times a-week--on
+Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. In the number for Monday, May 4th,
+1724, is the woodcut referred to, together with the following
+explanation:--
+
+'Of the Eclipse of the Sun which will happen in the Afternoon on Monday,
+the 11th of this inst. May 1724.
+
+'The Sun, the glorious Lamp of the Universe, being a large round Body of
+Light, is fixt in the Centre of the _Creation_; so that all parts
+thereof might be partakers of his vivifying Rays, which otherwise would
+be shut up in perpetual Darkness.
+
+'The Earth is a dark round Ball, which turneth round on its own Axis,
+from West to East, once in twenty-four Hours Time, causing thereby Day
+and Night, also at the same Time, the Earth with the Moon, going round
+in its Orbit in 365 Days and some Hours, constituting thereby the true
+Length of our Year.
+
+'The Moon is likewise a round dark Ball, void of Light, and
+circumvolveth the Earth once a Month; so that whenever she passeth in
+her Orbit, in a direct line between the Sun and Earth, she Eclipses the
+Earth not the Sun, by depriving us of a Sight thereof; And whenever the
+Earth happens to be between the Sun and Moon, at such times the Earth
+obstructs the Light of the Sun from the Moon, and then the Moon is
+Eclipsed by the dark Body of the Earth.
+
+'Now to prevent any Consternation, which People, through Ignorance may
+fall under, by means of that great Eclipse which is now approaching; at
+which time it will be so dark, that the stars, (if the Air be clear)
+will be seen; and the Planets Mars, Venus, and the seldom to be seen
+Mercury, will appear a little above the Sun, towards the South; also
+Venus a little higher to the Left of Mercury, and Mars in the S.S.W.
+Parts of the Heavens; The several Appearances of this Eclipse will be
+according to the Types before inserted.
+
+'The beginning of this Eclipse, according to the nicest Computation of
+the most Judicious, will happen at 39 Minutes past 5 in the Afternoon
+when the Limb of the Moon will just touch the Sun's Limb, as it is
+represented by the Uppermost Figure to the Right Hand. At 44 Minutes
+after 5 it will be enter'd the disk, and so much darkened as the 2d
+Scheme on the Right Hand shews. At 48 Minutes past 5 as the 3d denotes.
+At 53 Minutes past 5 as the 4th shews. At 58 Minutes after 5, as the 5th
+represents. At 3 Minutes past 6, as in the 6th Scheme. At 7 Minutes
+after 6, as in the 7th. At 12 Minutes past 6, as is shewn by the 8th
+Figure. At 17 Minutes past 6, as the 10th Figure shews. At 26 Minutes
+past 6, as the next succeeding Scheme denotes, beginning always to
+number from the Right Hand. At 31 Minutes after 6, so much of the Sun's
+Body will be darkened, as the 12th represents: and at 36 past 6, will be
+the greatest darkness, when only a small thread of Light will be seen at
+_London_, on the upper part of the _Sun_ as the 13th Scheme informs; but
+to all the Southern parts of the Kingdom, it will be totally darkened.
+
+'After this the _Sun_ will begin to shew its Light, which will appear
+first on the lower part of that Glorious Body, towards the Right Hand;
+and the darkness will gradually lessen, as the several Figures
+represent, till the Sun's Body be perfectly clear of the Shadow, which
+will be at 27 Minutes past 7 a-clock that Afternoon.'
+
+This description is reprinted, together with the woodcut, in the same
+paper for May 8th, and to it is added the following:--'Directions for
+the better viewing the Eclipse that will happen on Monday next'--'Take a
+Piece of Common window Glass and hold it over a Candle, so that the
+Flame of the Candle may make it black, through which look upon the Sun,
+and you will behold the _Eclipse_ without Danger to the Eyes.'
+
+Or thus
+
+Take a Piece of thick writing Paper, and prick a hole in it with a fine
+Needle, through which the _Eclipse_ may be seen.'
+
+[Illustration: ECLIPSE OF THE SUN. FROM 'PARKER'S LONDON NEWS,' 1724.]
+
+The same paper (May 8th, 1724) contains some advertisements about the
+eclipse, which seems to have been for the moment the absorbing topic,
+and was apparently made the vehicle for advertising the shops of
+different tradesmen. The notices were published ostensibly 'to lessen
+the consternation of ignorant people,' but it is evident the advertisers
+had an eye to business. 'An exact curious Draft' was to be 'given
+_gratis_ at Mr. Garway's original shop, the Sign of the Practical Scheme
+at the Royal Exchange Gate, on Cornhill Side. Up one pair of Stairs at
+the Sign of the celebrated Anodyne Necklace for Childrens' Teeth, next
+the Rose Tavern without Temple Bar. At Mr. Gregg's Bookseller, next to
+Northumberland House, at Charing Cross; and at R. Bradshaw's the
+author's Servant, at his House, next to the King's Head, in Crown
+Street, right against Sutton Street End, just by Soho Square. Note, it
+will not be given to any Boy or Girl.'
+
+The cut and description are again reprinted in the number for May 11th,
+where, amongst other items of news, is the following:--'His Royal
+Highness went last Monday to Richmond, as did also the Right Hon. the
+Lord _Chancellor_, Judge Fortescue, and other persons of note; some of
+the Judges went to Hampton Court, and other gentlemen of Learning and
+Curiosity to more distant places, to make their Observations, as 'tis
+said, upon the great Eclipse of the Sun that happen'd in the Evening,
+and exactly answered the _Calculations_ made of it by our Astronomers.'
+In the number for May 18th are accounts of how the eclipse was observed
+in the country. It is stated:--'We are advised from the Isle of Wight
+that the Eclipse on the 11th instant, which was Total, and caused very
+great Consternation there lasted about a Minute and a half; but that the
+chief sufferers thereby were the gentry of that Island, who by the great
+concourse of Strangers to their Houses, had but very little French
+Claret left upon their hands; But the comfort is, they have frequent
+opportunities of running some more.'
+
+_Parker's London News_ blended amusement with instruction. The following
+items of news occur in the same number that contains the account of the
+eclipse, and show how our forefathers were entertained by the newspapers
+160 years ago:--'The Papers of the week, from the highest to the lowest
+rank have killed one Sir Nicholas Raymond in the Isle of Wight; but as
+no such knight ever inhabited therein, we can impute it to nothing but
+want of home news.'
+
+'Last Saturday Night, two Servant Maids at a Snuff Warehouse, at Mile
+End took _so much Snuff_, that they quarrell'd, and one of them stabbed
+the other in so many places with an Iron Scuer, that 'twas thought she
+could not live. The other therefore, was instantly apprehended and
+committed.'
+
+'Last week an Apothecary was attacked by two Highwaymen, between
+Winchester and Southampton, who robbed him of his money, and finding two
+Vials of Purging Potions in his Pocket, that he was carrying to a
+_Patient_, they were so inhuman as to force him to swallow 'em himself.'
+
+'Last Sunday Night, Sir Basil Firebrass, noted for his humanity to young
+Vintners, whom he first set up, and afterwards upon Default of payment
+took execution against 'em, departed this life.'
+
+_The Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer_ for May 9th, 1724, contains an
+account and illustration of the same eclipse that is described in
+_Parker's London News_. The illustration is a diagram, and is called, 'A
+Representation of a Solar Eclipse. The Time of the Beginning, Middle,
+and End of the Eclipse and the continuance of Darkness, together with
+its Appearance at London and Bristol.'
+
+The celebrated _Grub Street Journal_ now comes upon the scene; and we
+find it not only surpassing its contemporaries in wit and satire, but it
+also comes out as an illustrated paper. In No. 43, for Oct. 29th, 1730,
+a whole page is occupied with woodcuts of the arms of the City
+Companies, which are reprinted about the time of Lord Mayor's Day in
+succeeding years. In No. 48 there is a very well-executed copperplate
+portrait, presumably of the Lord Mayor of London. As it is printed on
+the same page with type (involving two printings), and the journal was
+sold for twopence, it shows some enterprise for the year 1730. On the
+front page of No. 95, for Oct. 28th, 1731, there are very rude woodcuts
+of the Lord Mayor's procession, surrounded by the arms of the City
+Companies before referred to. No. 147 has a curious copperplate at the
+head of an article entitled, '_The Art and Mystery of Printing
+Emblematically Displayed_.' The engraving represents human figures with
+animals' heads at work in a printing-office. An ass is setting up the
+types, a pig is using the inking-balls, a horse is acting as pressman, a
+sheep is arranging the printed sheets, while a two-faced man and a
+many-horned devil are watching them all. This, like the portrait of the
+Lord Mayor, is printed on the same page with the type, with no printing
+at the back of the engraving. The article is a satirical conversation
+between certain printers' devils, and is continued in the next number,
+where the engraving is also reproduced. The _Grub Street Journal_ is the
+first example I have met with of a newspaper employing the expensive
+process of copperplate engraving for illustrations, and printing the
+plate in the body of its pages. It was probably thought to be too
+costly, for we find the conductors recurring to the almost extinct art
+of wood-engraving. In the number for Oct. 25th, 1733, there is a
+coarsely executed woodcut heading a satirical allegory, entitled, _The
+Art of Trimming Emblematically Displayed_.
+
+The _Daily Post_ of March 29th, 1740, is interesting as being an early
+example of a daily paper attempting to illustrate current events. The
+_Daily Post_ consisted of a single leaf, with the page divided into
+three columns. In the number referred to there is a long account of
+Admiral Vernon's attack on Porto Bello, illustrated with a woodcut,
+which the writer says will give the reader a clearer idea of the
+position of the town, castle, and ships engaged. The narrative is
+introduced by the editor in these words:--'The following is a letter
+from a gentleman on board the Burford at Porto Bello to his friend at
+Newcastle, which, as it contains a more particular account of Admiral
+Vernon's glorious achievement at that place than any yet published here,
+we thought we could not in justice to the Bravery of our English
+Officers and Sailors, refuse it a Place in our Paper.'
+
+[Illustration: ADMIRAL VERNON'S ATTACK ON PORTO BELLO. FROM THE 'DAILY
+POST,' 1740.
+
+  A. The Iron Castle on the North side of the Mouth of the Harbour with
+  100 Guns.
+
+  B. The Castle Gloria, with 120 Guns, on the South side of the Harbour,
+  and a Mile from the Iron Castle.
+
+  C. The Fort of Hieronymo, with 20 Guns.
+
+  D. The Town of Porto Bello lying along the Extremity of the Harbour.
+
+  E. The station of the Spanish Ships.
+
+  F. The Hampton-Courts place of Action, Commodore Brown.
+
+  G. The Norwich's ditto, Cap. Herbert.
+
+  H. The Worcester's ditto, Cap. Main.
+
+  I. The Admiral's Ship, the Burford.]
+
+'On the afternoon of the 21st about two o'clock we came up with Porto
+Bello Harbour, where the Spaniards had hoisted upon the Iron Castle the
+Flag of Defiance; and, as we were told by themselves afterwards, they
+wished earnestly for our attempting to come in, as believing they could
+sink us all immediately, but said they feared we were only making a
+second Bastimento Expedition, and would not give them the pleasure of
+engaging us.' Then follows a long and circumstantial account of the
+conflict. 'Notwithstanding they had discharged very few Guns for some
+Minutes before we came up; yet as if they had resolved to summon up all
+their Courage against the Flag, they welcomed us with a terrible Volley,
+which being at so short a Distance, took Place with almost every Shot.
+One struck away the Stern of our Barge; another broke a large Gun upon
+our upper Deck; a third went thro' our Foretop-Mast; and a fourth,
+passing thro' the Arning within two Inches of our Main-Mast, broke down
+the barricado of our Quarter-Deck, very near the Admiral, and killed
+three Men in a Moment, wounding five others which stood by them. This
+look'd as if we should have bloody work, but was far from discouraging
+our brave Fellows.' The Spaniards being driven from their guns, the
+English landed:--'One man set himself close under an Embossier, whilst
+another climbed upon his Shoulders and enter'd under the Mouth of a
+great Gun. This so dismay'd the Spaniards that they threw down their
+Arms and fled to the Top of the Castle; from whence scaling backwards we
+could see them run into the woods by hundreds and fly for their lives.'
+The place being taken, the writer gives a minute account of the damage
+done and the booty taken. He says:--'We have also had the good luck to
+find about 10,000 Dollars belonging to the King of Spain, which I had
+the Pleasure of being present at the searching for, when we found it in
+the Customhouse,' &c.
+
+The writer of the above account signs himself Wm. Richardson, and gives
+the explanations to the letters on the woodcut, a facsimile of which is
+engraved.
+
+To account for the enthusiasm with which Admiral Vernon's victory at
+Porto Bello was received we must remember that the nation had previously
+been wrought up to a high state of fever about Spain, and the
+declaration of war had been received in the most jubilant manner. We can
+therefore understand that the conductors of the _Daily Post_, infected
+by the popular fervour, would gladly seize the opportunity of producing
+in their pages the drawing and description by an eye-witness of this
+naval victory. This early example of illustrated news, though it has
+nothing pictorial about it, is extremely interesting, showing as it does
+the tendency of newspapers, in times of excitement, to call on the
+artist's pencil to aid the writer's pen. It was in reference to this war
+that Walpole said, when the bells were ringing joyfully, 'They may ring
+the bells now, but they will soon be wringing their hands.'
+
+To the preceding example of a _daily_ paper attempting to illustrate
+current events I will add an instance of a _penny_ paper doing a similar
+thing at about the same period. _The Penny London Post, or, The Morning
+Advertiser_, was a paper published three times a-week, and in the number
+for Jan. 9th, 1748-9, there is given 'A view of the Public Fireworks to
+be exhibited on occasion of the General Peace concluded at Aix La
+Chapelle the 7th Day of October 1748.' The engraving is little more
+than a diagram, and accompanies a description of the arrangements made
+for the occasion, amongst which there was to be a band of a hundred
+musicians to play before the fireworks began, 'the Musick for which,'
+says the _Penny London Post_, 'is to be composed by Mr. Handel.'
+
+We are accustomed to think of the immortal author of _Tom Jones_ as a
+novelist only. Henry Fielding was, however, also a journalist, a
+pamphleteer, and a justice of the peace for Middlesex and Westminster.
+Amidst his other labours he found time to edit the _Jacobite's Journal_,
+a paper started to support the House of Hanover after the Rebellion of
+1745. It was a sheet of four pages, published every Saturday, and the
+first twelve numbers were adorned with a woodcut heading which has been
+attributed to Hogarth. This heading was discontinued after the twelfth
+number, and in number 13 there is an elaborate article, replete with
+sarcastic humour, explaining the reasons for its discontinuance. The
+_Jacobite's Journal_ purported to be edited by 'John Trott-Plaid, Esq.,'
+and was essentially satirical in its tone. In the second number there is
+the following reference to the engraved heading:--
+
+'As my Wife appears in her Plaid on _Ass-back_ behind me at the Head of
+this Paper, it will not I hope be imagined that I have brought her
+abroad only to take the Air, without assigning to her any share in this
+undertaking.
+
+'The _Mystery of Jacobitism_ doth not, like that of _Free Masonry_,
+exclude the Female World; for tho' all Jacobites are not, as some wicked
+Whigs have represented us, _old women_, yet women we have in great
+Numbers among us, who are as learned in the knowledge of our Mysteries,
+and as active in the celebration of our Rites, as any of the Male
+Species; and many of these are so far from deserving the name of _old_,
+that their age scarce yet entitles them to the name of _women_.'
+
+As I before stated, the heading is left out after the twelfth number.
+Whether it had sufficiently served its purpose as a caricature of the
+Jacobite party, and was no longer needed, or whether it really took up
+too much room, as stated by the editor, its discontinuance was made the
+occasion of publishing a leading article, part of which I am tempted to
+transcribe as an excellent specimen of Fielding's satire.
+
+'There is scarcely anything more provoking than to be totally
+misunderstood, and by that means to have our compliments received as
+Affronts, and our Panegyrick converted into Satire.
+
+'It cannot therefore be wondered at, if I am not well pleased with that
+gross misunderstanding of the Emblematical Frontispiece so long prefixed
+to my Paper, which hath generally prevailed, and which, among other good
+Reasons, hath at length induced me to displace it for the future. By
+this Error of the Public, a Contrivance of mine (the expense of much
+laborious thinking) to do Honour to the Jacobite Party, hath been
+represented as the Means of vilifying and degrading it.
+
+'But, seriously, could the Art of Man have carried the Glory of
+Jacobitism higher than it was carried in this print, where a Jacobite of
+either Sex was seen cloathed in Mystery, and riding on one of the most
+honourable Beasts in the Universe, while Popery servilely attends,
+leading it by the Halter, and _France_ and the Republican Party are
+dragged after Heels. Is not here depictured that notable and mysterious
+Union of _French_ Interest, Popery, Jacobitism, and Republicanism; by a
+Coalition of all which Parties this Nation is to be redeemed from the
+deplorable State of Slavery, under which it at present labours?
+
+'It would be endless to enumerate all the Mistakes and ridiculous
+Conceits entertained on this occasion. Some have imagined we intended to
+insinuate that the Protestant Jacobites were led by the Nose by Popery,
+and spurr'd on by _France_ and the Republicans; whereas nothing can be
+more certain in Fact, than that Popery and _France_, and the
+Republicans, have ever been the mere Dupes and Fools of the said
+Jacobites.
+
+'Many have endeavoured to discover Resemblances to real Persons in the
+figures there exhibited. By the Popish Priest, it hath been said we
+design to represent the old Chevalier; and by the Figures on the Ass,
+the young Chevalier his Son and the famous _Jenny Cameron_.
+
+'Others have found out Likenesses of less Importance, and several
+Squires and Country Gentlewomen of _Staffordshire_ and other Counties,
+who never travel beyond the limits of a Fox chace, have been supposed to
+ride, once a week, Post all over the Kingdom in this Paper.
+
+'But the most egregious Errors have been committed in Misconstructions
+concerning the Ass. Several ingenious and witty Printers of News Papers
+have very facetiously taken occasion to call the Author himself an Ass;
+supposing probably, that as Scripture informs us an Ass once spoke, so
+certain Descendants of the same Family might write, which Faith, perhaps
+something within their own Experience, might sufficiently encourage them
+to receive.
+
+'To mention no more of these absurd Conjectures, I must here inform my
+Reader, that by the Body of the Ass we intend to figure the whole Body
+of Jacobitical doctrine.
+
+'Now as there was no Symbol among the Antients, of which the
+Emblematical Meaning was so plain and easy to be discovered, our Party
+could never have so universally mistaken it, had it not been for that
+want of Learning among us, which I lamented in my last Paper. Hence
+being misled by those erroneous opinions, which the Moderns have
+propagated to the great disadvantage of Asses, the Jacobites have been
+unwilling to discover any Resemblance between themselves and an Animal
+which the wise Antients saw in so respectable a Light, and which the
+ignorance of latter Ages hath highly dishonoured by odious Comparisons
+with certain Individuals of the Human Species.
+
+'Thus _Homer_ is well known to have liken'd one of his principal Heroes
+to this noble Animal; which was in such Esteem among the antient _Jews_,
+that he was not only an object of their Devotion, but they are said to
+have preserved his Figure in massy Gold in the Temple of _Jerusalem_.
+
+'If the Transfiguration of _Midas_ in the _Metamorphosis_ doth but
+little Honour to the Ears of our Symbol, the Story of _Lotis_ which the
+same Poet tells in his Fastorum, is greatly in praise of his Braying, by
+which the Chastity of that Nymph was rescued from the wicked Designs of
+her insidious Lover.
+
+'In such esteem hath this noble Beast been held among the Learned, that
+I have seen a Book composed in his Favour and entitled _Laus Asini_: not
+to mention the celebrated performance of _Apuleius_ to which he hath
+given the Name of the _Golden Ass_.
+
+'Instead therefore of being displeased with the Emblem, our Party have
+great Reason to be vain on this Occasion, nor do I think there can be a
+greater Comparison than of a Protestant Jacobite to an Ass, or one more
+to the Honour of the former.
+
+'First, what can so well answer to that noble and invincible obstinacy,
+which I have more than once celebrated in our Party, as the intractable
+and unalterable Nature of this Animal, which gave rise to an antient
+Proverb alluded to by _Horace_ in his Satires:--
+
+                    '"---- Your Art
+  As well may teach an Ass to scour the Plain
+  And bend obedient to the forming Rein."
+
+'And again in his Epistles:--
+
+     '"Democritus would think the writers told
+  To a deaf Ass their story ----"
+
+'Which may most strictly be applied to all those writers, who have
+endeavoured to convince the Jacobites by argument.
+
+'Again what can give us a more adequate Idea of that Firmness, with
+which we have supported all the ill-usage of the worst of Sovereigns
+without Resentment, than the laudable Indifference which an Ass hath
+for the same; whom you may beat, whip, kick, and spur as long as you are
+pleased, he still trudges on without altering his Pace.
+
+'To omit many other obvious Resemblances, such as Braying, &c, the
+famous story of the Countryman and the Ass, briefly touched upon by
+_Horace_ in the Epistle addressed to his own Book, is so perfect a
+Picture of Jacobitism, that I have been inclined to think as the
+Antients are known to have inveloped all their Mysteries in Fable and
+Allegory, that no less than Jacobitism itself was intended to be couched
+under this story: "A certain Countryman observing an Ass making towards
+a Precipice, ran to him, and catching hold of his Tail, endeavoured with
+all his Might to withhold him from Destruction; but the more the
+Countryman attempted to preserve him, the more obstinately the Ass
+contended against his kind Preserver, and the more eagerly was bent upon
+accomplishing his fatal Purpose. The Countryman at last, wearied out
+with his Endeavours to save an obstinate Beast against his own will, and
+having probably received some Thanks from his Heels for his intended
+kindness, instead of pulling any longer, gave the Ass a Push, and
+tumbled him headlong down the Precipice which he had been so
+industriously pursuing."
+
+'I make no doubt but many of our good Enemies the Whigs, who have well
+imitated this Countryman in the former part of his Behaviour, would
+imitate him likewise in the latter, was it not that they cannot
+precipitate us without tumbling down themselves at the same time.
+
+'These are the Mysteries, then, which have been couched under my
+Frontispiece, and which, tho' their meaning must now appear to have been
+so plain, have nevertheless stood exposed so long at the Head of this
+Journal, without having been, as I can find, understood by any.
+
+'Perhaps I shall be asked, why I have now displaced them, since, after
+so large and full an Explanation, they cannot fail of being highly
+agreeable to that Party for whose use chiefly this Paper is calculated;
+and who would, for the future, worship my Ass with the same Veneration
+with which the _Jews_ of old did theirs.
+
+'Now, tho' the Indignation which I have exprest in the Beginning of this
+Essay at the many gross and absurd Misconceptions which have been vented
+by the Public, would alone very well justify the Discontinuance of my
+Emblem so much abused, there are, to say the Truth, two other Reasons
+which have had a stronger Weight with me in producing this
+Determination. The former of these is, that the Ass and his Retinue do
+indeed take up too much room, and must oblige us either to suppress Part
+of our Lucubrations, or some of those material articles of News which we
+weekly transcribe from others; or lastly those pieces of Intelligence
+called Advertisements, which tho' not always most entertaining to our
+Reader, do afford very agreeable Entertainment to ourselves.
+
+'A second and a very strong Motive with us, is to lend all the
+Assistance in our Power to a very worthy and willing, tho' weak Brother,
+the learned and facetious Novelist, Mr. _Carte_; whose great Romance,
+tho' in our Court of Criticism, where we shall always act impartially,
+we have been obliged like other Judges, to condemn, contrary to our own
+Inclinations, to be grubb'd, we shall always privately esteem as a work
+calculated solely for the use of our Party. As we have therefore, to our
+great Concern, received very credible Information that the said work
+begins already to be considered only as a Heap of Waste Paper, we have
+thought proper to lend our Frontispiece to our good Brother, in order
+that it may be prefixed to the future Volumes of that great Work
+advising him to omit the words _London Evening Post_, and to insert
+_English History_ in their stead. This will not fail of greatly
+recommending his Performance to our Party, who never willingly read
+anything but what an Ass may at least be supposed to have bray'd.
+
+'I could wish, moreover, that the learned Novelist would take our Advice
+in another Instance, and for the future deal forth his excellent work in
+weekly Portions or Numbers; I do not mean in such a Form as the real
+History of _England_ is now publishing by Mr. Waller; but in the same
+manner with those true and delectable Histories of _Argalus_ and
+_Parthenia_, _Guy_, Earl of _Warwick_, the _Seven Champions_, &c., in
+which Form, at the price of 1d. each, when embellished by our
+Frontispiece, I make no doubt of assuring him as universal a Sale as the
+inimitable Adventures of _Robinson Crusoe_ formerly had throughout this
+Kingdom.'
+
+The 'Mr. Carte' to whom Fielding proposed to lend his 'Frontispiece' was
+Thomas Carte, the historian, who had just brought out the first volume
+of his _History of England_, in which he showed such decided Jacobite
+predilections that his work was ruined in consequence. He professed to
+be acquainted with the case of a person who had been cured of the King's
+Evil by the Pretender, then an exile in France, and this so disgusted
+many of the subscribers to his book that they withdrew their names and
+abandoned the author and his work together. He, however, brought out two
+more volumes, and a fourth was published after his death. It was
+probably in allusion to this story of the Pretender curing the King's
+Evil that Fielding speaks of Carte as 'the learned and facetious
+novelist;' and doubtless the 'great Romance' referred to was intended
+for his history of England. Fielding and Carte both died in the same
+year, 1754.
+
+[Illustration: PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF FORT FOURAS, AS IT APPEARED IN THE
+SHIPS FROM THE CHARENTE, FROM 'OWEN'S WEEKLY CHRONICLE,' 1758.]
+
+During the next ten years I have found no illustrations in the
+newspapers of that period. In 1758 there was a newspaper published
+entitled _Owen's Weekly Chronicle, or Universal Journal_, a sheet of
+eight pages, size of the _Athenaeum_, price two-pence halfpenny. About
+this time the English Government, in carrying on the war against France,
+despatched several expeditions to the French coast, none of which
+redounded much to the credit of the British arms. One of these
+expeditions was against Rochfort, and it turned out a failure, which
+caused much dissatisfaction. _Owen's Weekly Chronicle_ for June 3, 1758,
+published a long article on the subject, illustrated with a woodcut view
+of Fort Fouras. The writer concludes, with true newspaper vehemence, in
+the following words:--'Where is the glory of the British name? Where are
+the terrors that used to accompany our fleets and armies? Let it not be
+said the treasures of the country are poured forth in vain by an united
+and willing people; that our enemies are become invulnerable; and every
+blow our Ministers meditate impracticable. The Duke of Marlborough and
+Lord George Sackville are gone with Lord Anson and Sir Edward Hawke upon
+the present grand expedition; and we hope their courage and experience
+will revive the sinking honour of their country; and show that France is
+both vulnerable and impotent when the power of Britain is properly
+exerted.' Unfortunately, the sinking honour of the country was not much
+revived by the 'grand expedition' here referred to; for, after an
+ineffectual attempt on St. Maloes, the Duke of Marlborough embarked in
+such haste that he left his tea-spoons behind him: and these were
+afterwards sent home in a cartel-ship by the Duke d'Aiguillon in polite
+contempt. I have copied the woodcut above referred to, which is
+entitled, 'A Perspective view of Fort Fouras as it appeared in the ships
+from the Charente,' and the following description is given of
+it:--'Fouras was the tower of an old parish church, which, soon after
+the foundation of Rochefort, in 1688, Louis XIV. purchased of the
+proprietors to make a Tour de Garde, for repeating signals from the
+Isles of Oleron and Aix up to Rochefort, which is one of its present
+uses. A fort and garrison being established in the isle of Aix, Fouras
+was found to be the nearest and most secure communication in all
+weathers with that island; so that in process of time barracks and
+lodgments were built therein, and it was fortified to the sea by a
+strait curtain.'
+
+For the view of Fort Fouras _Owen's Weekly Chronicle_ must have been
+indebted to some one on board one of the British ships. Naval and
+military officers in all parts of the world are among the most valued
+correspondents of the modern illustrated newspaper; and it is
+interesting to notice that so long ago as the taking of Porto Bello and
+the attack on Rochefort there were men engaged in those expeditions
+whose spirit and intelligence prompted them to supply the newspapers of
+the day with sketches and information. The view of Fort Fouras is the
+earliest attempt I have seen in a newspaper to give a pictorial
+representation of a place in connexion with news.
+
+Wood-engraving was the only cheap method of illustration within the
+reach of newspapers, but the art barely existed at this time. The few
+woodcuts published in newspapers were not only coarsely and rudely
+executed, but sometimes the efforts of the illustrator did not get
+beyond a rough plan or map, and even this, as I have before remarked,
+was not always engraved. In further confirmation of this statement I may
+refer to _Lloyd's Evening Post_ of April 17, 1765, where one of the
+pages is taken up with a plan representing the trial of a Peer in
+Westminster Hall. This is done entirely with lines, type, and printer's
+ornaments. Although there is no account given of this trial in _Lloyd's
+Evening Post_, the plan must have referred to the case of Lord Byron,
+who was tried in Westminster Hall for the murder of Mr. Chaworth, April
+16 and 17, 1765.
+
+In the winter of 1764-5 a strange wild beast was said to have appeared
+in France, devouring women and children, and spreading dismay and terror
+through the whole of Languedoc. What this ferocious creature was, or
+whence it came, no one knew; but the fear inspired by its presence was
+universal. The district which it specially haunted procured for it the
+name of the Wild Beast of the Gevaudan, by which designation it became
+famous not only in the South of France but throughout the country, and
+even in foreign lands. The earliest account of this ferocious monster
+appeared in the official journal of Paris in the following words:--
+
+'A very strange wild beast has lately appeared in the neighbourhood of
+Langagne and the forest of Mercoire which has occasioned great
+commotion. It has already devoured twenty persons, chiefly children, and
+particularly young girls, and scarcely a day passes without some
+accident. The terror he occasions prevents the woodcutters from working
+in the forests; so that wood has become dear. Those who have seen him
+say he is much higher than a wolf, low before, and his feet are armed
+with talons. His hair is reddish, his head large, and the muzzle of it
+is shaped like that of a greyhound; his ears are small and straight; his
+breast is wide, and of a grey colour; his back streaked with black; and
+his mouth, which is large, is provided with a set of teeth so very sharp
+that they have taken off several heads as clean as a razor could have
+done. He is of amazing swiftness; but, when he aims at his prey, he
+crouches so close to the ground, that he hardly appears to be bigger
+than a large fox; and at the distance of some one or two toises, he
+rises upon his hind legs and springs upon his prey, seizing it by the
+neck or throat. He is afraid of oxen, which he runs away from. The
+consternation is dreadful throughout the district where he commits his
+ravages, and public prayers are offered up on the occasion. The Marquis
+de Marangis has sent out four hundred peasants to destroy this fierce
+beast; but they have not been able to do it.'
+
+In spite of the efforts made to capture or destroy it the wild beast of
+the Gevaudan continued its ravages. In a letter from Meude, dated
+December 21, 1764, it is stated, 'The wild beast, which hath ravaged
+several provinces, has been for some time in ours. He was seen a few
+days ago near St. Flour, ten leagues from hence, and he is now in our
+neighbourhood. The day before yesterday he devoured a little girl who
+looked after cattle. A detachment of dragoons has been out six weeks
+after him. The province has offered a thousand crowns to any person who
+will kill him.' On the 8th of February, 1765, the following statement
+was sent from Montpellier:--'On the 12th ultimo the wild beast attacked
+seven children, five boys and two girls, none of whom exceeded eleven
+years of age. The beast flew at one of the boys; but the three eldest of
+them by beating him with stakes, the ends of which were iron, obliged
+him to retire, after having bitten off a part of the boy's cheek, which
+he ate before them. He then seized another of the children; but they
+pursued him into a marsh which was close by, where he sunk in up to his
+belly. By continually beating him, they rescued their companion; who,
+though he was under his paw for some time, received only a wound in his
+arm, and a scratch in the face. A man at last coming up, the creature
+was put to flight. He afterwards devoured a boy at Mazel, and, on the
+21st, flew on a girl, who, however, escaped with some dangerous wounds.
+The next day he attacked a woman, and bit off her head. Captain Duhamel,
+of the dragoons, is in pursuit of him, and has caused several of his men
+to dress themselves in women's apparel, and to accompany the children
+that keep cattle.'
+
+The eyes of all France being fixed upon the doings of this wild beast,
+the attention of Louis the Fifteenth himself was called to the bravery
+of the boys in the preceding account. 'The King having been informed of
+the bravery with which the young Portefaix attacked the beast on the
+12th of January last, at the head of his companions, and being willing
+to reward such gallant behaviour, has given him a recompense of four
+hundred livres, and has ordered three hundred to be distributed among
+his companions.'
+
+The Government also offered a reward for the destruction of the wild
+beast. The following placard was fixed up in all the cities and towns of
+Languedoc:--'By the King and the Intendant of the province of Languedoc.
+Notice is given to all persons, that His Majesty, being justly affected
+by the situation of his subjects now exposed to the ravages of the wild
+beast which for four months past has infested Vivarais and Gevaudan, and
+being desirous to stop the progress of such a calamity, has determined
+to promise a reward of six thousand livres to any person or persons who
+shall kill this animal. Such as are willing to undertake the pursuit of
+him may previously apply to the Sieur de la Fout, sub-deputy to the
+Intendant of Meudes, who will give them the necessary instructions
+agreeably to what has been presented by the ministry on the part of his
+Majesty.'
+
+A letter from Paris dated the 18th of February, 1765, gives the
+following circumstantial description of the wild beast:--
+
+'You know how I acquainted you, some months ago, that Monsieur Bardelle,
+his son and I, designed going by the Diligence, and opening the New Year
+at our old friend Monsieur Dura's chateau, near Babres, in Languedoc. We
+spent the time very agreeably, our host and his family having done all
+in their power to make us welcome. The party broke up and took leave the
+first of this month, amongst whom was Monsieur Lefevre, a counsellor,
+and two young ladies, who were engaged to pass a week at Monsieur de
+Sante's, the cure of Vaistour, about three days' journey distant from
+the chateau of Monsieur Dura. The company went away in a berlingo and
+four, and the footman Michel, on a saddle-horse; the carriage, after the
+manner here, being drawn by four post-horses, with two postilions, the
+berlingo having no coach box. The first night the party lay at Guimpe,
+and set out next morning at nine, to bait half way between that and
+Roteux, being four posts, and a mountainous barren country, as all the
+Gevaudan is. The parish of Guimpe had been greatly alarmed by the
+frequent appearance of, and the horrid destruction made by, the fiery
+animal that has so long been the terror of the Gevaudan, and is now so
+formidable that the inhabitants and travellers are in very great
+apprehension. The bailiff of Guimpe acquainted the party that this
+animal had been often lurking about the chaussee that week, and that it
+would be proper to take an escort of armed men, which would protect the
+carriage; but the gentlemen declined it, and took the ladies under their
+protection, and set out, on the 2nd of February, very cheerfully. When
+they had made about two leagues, they observed at a distance a
+post-chaise, and a man on horseback, coming down the hill of Credi, and
+whipping the horses very much; and at the descent unfortunately the
+wheel-horse fell down, and the postilion was thrown off; whereupon the
+horseman who followed the chaise, advanced to take up the boy, in which
+moment, when he had got down, we perceived the wild beast so often
+described make a jump towards the horses, and on the footman's raising
+his right hand to draw a cutlass and strike the creature, it pricked up
+its ears, stood on its hind feet, and, showing its teeth full of froth,
+turned round and gave the fellow a most violent blow with the swing of
+its tail. The man's face was all over blood; and then the monster,
+seeing the gentleman in the chaise present a blunderbuss at its neck,
+crept on its forehead to the chaise-step, keeping its head almost under
+its forelegs, and getting close to the door, reared upright, vaulted
+into the inside, broke through the other side-glass, and ran at a great
+rate to the adjoining wood. The blunderbuss missed fire, or it is
+possible this had been the last day this brute-disturber had moved. The
+stench left in the carriage was past description, and no cure of burning
+frankincense, nor any other method removed, but rather increased the
+stink, so that it was sold for two louis; and though burned to ashes,
+the cinders were obliged, by order of a commissary, to be buried without
+the town walls. We came up very well in time; for the beast would
+doubtless have destroyed some one, had it not espied three of us
+advancing with guns. It certainly jumped through the chaise to get away
+from us.'
+
+These accounts appear to have been received with some incredulity
+abroad. In the same number of _Lloyd's Evening Post_ that contains the
+plan of Lord Byron's trial there occurs the following passage about this
+curious wild beast: 'One of the Dutch Gazetteers by Monday's mail
+says:--"The accounts of the wild beast seen in the Gevaudan are of such
+a nature that it is hardly possible to give any credit thereto, and yet
+most of them have appeared in the _Paris Gazette_, a paper whose
+authors, known to be men of letters, are too judicious to be suspected
+of credulity, too prudent, too well informed of what passes at the Court
+of the King their master, one should think, to attribute to his Most
+Christian Majesty a reward for an action which never had any
+existence--an action which was only a fable."' This is, no doubt, an
+allusion to the reward of 400 livres bestowed upon the boys who beat off
+the ferocious monster.
+
+While the interest and excitement about this terrible wild beast was at
+the highest, the _St. James's Chronicle_ published an engraving and
+description of it. The _St. James's Chronicle; or the British Evening
+Post_, was a folio of four pages, published three times a-week, price
+twopence-halfpenny. In the number for June 6, 1765, there is printed the
+following description and woodcut:--
+
+'For the _St. James's Chronicle_.
+
+'Of this beast, which has already devoured upwards of seventy Persons
+and spread Terrour and Desolation throughout the whole Gevaudan, the
+Sieur de la Chaumette, who lately wounded it, has given us the following
+Description. It is larger than a Calf of a year old, strongly made
+before, and turned like a Grayhound behind. His Nose is long and
+pointed, his Ears upright and smaller than a wolf's, his Mouth of a most
+enormous size, and always wide open; a Streak of Black runs from his
+Shoulders to the Beginning of his Tail. His Paws are very large and
+strong; the Hair on his Back and Mane thick, bristly, and erect; his
+Tail long and terminating in a Bush, like that of a Lion; his Eyes
+small, fierce, and fiery. From this description it appears that he is
+neither a Wolf, Tiger, nor Hyena, but probably a Mongrel, generated
+between the two last, and forming, as it were, a new Species. All the
+accounts lately received agree in assuring that there are several of
+them.'
+
+[Illustration: STRANGE WILD BEAST SEEN IN FRANCE. FROM THE 'ST. JAMES'S
+CHRONICLE,' 1765.]
+
+The _St. James's Chronicle_ does not state from whence the portrait was
+obtained. A representation of the wild beast of the Gevaudan was sent in
+April, 1765, to the Intendant of Alencon, and a description of that
+picture corresponds with the woodcut in the _St. James's Chronicle_, so
+that the latter was probably a copy of the former.
+
+About three months after the publication of the woodcut and description
+in the _St. James's Chronicle_, the career of this much dreaded animal
+was brought to a close. On Sept. 20th, 1765, it was encountered in the
+wood of Pommieres by a certain Monsieur Beauterme, a gentleman of a
+distant province and noted as a successful hunter. He had come into the
+district on purpose to seek out this notorious wild beast, and having
+found it, shot it in the eye at the distance of about fifty paces. The
+animal, however, though wounded, showed fight, and was rushing on
+Monsieur Beauterme with great fury, when he was finally dispatched by a
+gamekeeper named Reinhard.
+
+Several inhabitants of the Gevaudan who had been attacked by the beast
+declared it to be the same which had caused such consternation in the
+country, and Monsieur Beauterme set out with the body to Versailles in
+order to present it to the King. The animal was found to be thirty-two
+inches high, and five feet seven and a half inches long including the
+tail. The surgeon who dissected the body said it was more of a hyena
+than a wolf, its teeth being forty in number, whereas wolves have but
+twenty-six. The muscles of the neck were very strong; its sides so
+formed that it could bend its head to its tail; its eyes sparkled so
+with fire that it was hardly possible to bear its look. Its tail was
+very large, broad, and thick, and bristled with black hair, and its feet
+armed with claws extremely strong and singular.
+
+In Paris it was thought that this mysterious animal was a cross between
+a tiger and a lioness, and had been brought into France to be shown as a
+curiosity. It is not unlikely that it had escaped from some travelling
+show, and was probably a hyena. The imagination of the country people
+would easily transform it into any shape suggested by their terrors.
+That such fancies easily begin and rapidly grow was proved in the case
+of Captain Sir Allan Young's pet Esquimaux dog, which was either stolen
+or wandered from the Arctic ship _Pandora_ as she lay in Southampton
+harbour after returning from the Polar regions. Quite a panic arose in
+that part of Hampshire where this most valuable and harmless animal was
+wandering about, and every sort of story was circulated of the ravages
+and dangers the country was exposed to. The people began to think that
+besides their sheep and pigs their children were in danger. Some said it
+was a gigantic black fox, others that it was a Canadian wolf.
+Expeditions were organized to attack it, and after being chased for some
+miles by people on horseback, it was ultimately shot and exhibited at
+sixpence a head in Winchester market-place. There could be no doubt
+about the dog's identity, for Sir Allan Young afterwards got back his
+skin.
+
+Before concluding my sketch of illustrated journalism in the eighteenth
+century I must refer to a class of publication that possessed many of
+the characteristics of the newspaper, without exactly belonging to that
+category. This kind of journal is represented by the _Gentleman's
+Magazine_; but, although Edward Cave considered himself the inventor of
+the magazine form of publication, the _Gentleman's Magazine_ was not the
+first journal of the kind. Nearly forty years before it came into
+existence a monthly publication was started in London with the following
+title:--'_The Gentleman's Journal; or, the Monthly Miscellany_. _By way
+of Letter to a Gentleman in the country, consisting of News, History,
+Philosophy, Poetry, Music, Translations, &c. January_, 1691/2.' Its
+projector and editor was a refugee Frenchman, one Peter Anthony Motteux,
+and the design appears to have met with considerable success, but it did
+not last more than four years.
+
+In the second number of the _Gentleman's Journal_ appeared the
+following:--'The author desires to be excused for not answering the many
+ingenious letters that have been sent to him that he may have the more
+time to apply himself to this journal; he judges that he answers them
+enough when he follows the advice they give him, or inserts what is sent
+to him, which he will always be very careful to do. But such things as
+any way reflect upon particular persons, or are either against religion
+or good manners, he cannot insert. He will take care to settle
+correspondence both abroad and at home, to inform his readers of all
+that may be most worthy their knowledge; and if anything offers itself
+that deserves to be engraved, he will get it done. But it being
+impossible he should know by himself a thousand things which the publick
+would gladly know, such persons as have anything to communicate may be
+pleased to send it to him, at the Black Boy Coffee House in Ave Maria
+Lane, not forgetting to discharge the postage.'
+
+It would appear by the above that Peter Anthony Motteux had a vague
+perception that engravings might increase the attractions of his
+journal; but it does not seem that much came in his way that 'deserved
+to be engraved.' I have found only two small woodcuts in the
+_Gentleman's Journal_. They both occur in the volume for 1694. One is a
+representation of snow crystals, and the other is a diagram of a mock
+sun.
+
+Motteux tells us that his journal was patronised by the Queen, and was
+much favoured by the ladies generally. He had amongst his contributors
+Dryden, Matthew Prior, Sedley, and Tom Durfey. Charles Wesley, brother
+of the famous John, sent serious verses, as did also Tate, of 'Tate and
+Brady' celebrity. All these contributions were introduced into a long
+letter, which, as the title indicates, was the shape in which the
+_Gentleman's Journal_ was written, and in this respect it was modelled
+upon the early manuscript newsletters.
+
+Peter Anthony Motteux, the editor of the first English magazine, was
+also the author of several songs, plays, and prologues, and he also
+published a translation of _Don Quixote_. He kept a large East India
+warehouse in Leadenhall Street, and afterwards obtained a situation in
+the Post Office. He was found dead on the morning of his fifty-eighth
+birthday, in a low drinking-house in Butchers' Row, near Temple Bar, and
+had either been murdered or had lost his life in a drunken frolic. The
+_London Gazette_ of the succeeding week contained the offer of a reward
+of fifty pounds for the discovery of the murderer, and the King's pardon
+to any but the actual criminal; but the mystery was never cleared up,
+and the bones of the clever exiled Frenchman lie unavenged and forgotten
+in the vaults of St. Andrew Undershaft, Leadenhall Street, celebrated
+amongst City churches as the burial-place of John Stowe.[1]
+
+Edward Cave, the early patron and friend of Dr. Johnson, projected and
+brought out the _Gentleman's Magazine_ in 1731. It was printed at St.
+John's Gate, Clerkenwell, a view of which place embellished its
+title-page.
+
+The full title was, '_The Gentleman's Magazine, or Monthly
+Intelligencer_, containing Essays, Controversial, Humorous, and
+Satirical; Religious, Moral, and Political; collected chiefly from the
+Publick Papers. Select Pieces of Poetry. A Succinct Account of the most
+remarkable Transactions and Events, Foreign and Domestick. Births,
+Marriages, Deaths, Promotions, and Bankrupts. The Prices of Goods and
+Stocks, and Bill of Mortality. A Register of Books. Observations on
+Gardening.' It will thus be seen that the Magazine possessed many of the
+characteristics of a newspaper. On the front page of the earlier numbers
+were printed the names of the various newspapers from which it derived
+its information. It was some time before illustrations began to appear.
+The most important subjects were engraved on copper, and rough woodcuts
+were sprinkled here and there among the type. Sometimes the most
+incongruous subjects were engraved on the same plate, such as the
+section of a man-of-war and the figure of a locust. There was
+occasionally an illustration of news, as in the volume for 1746, where
+there is a map of the country round Carlisle, showing the route of the
+Scottish rebels; and in the same volume there is a portrait of Lord
+Lovat. The frontispiece to this volume is a portrait of the Duke of
+Cumberland, with the motto _Ecce Homo_. Portraits, plans, and bird's-eye
+views are of frequent occurrence. In the volume for 1747 is a very
+elaborate bird's-eye view of the city of Genoa, illustrating an account
+of an insurrection there. The same volume contains a view of Mount
+Vesuvius, with a description of the last great eruption. In the volume
+for 1748 are views of Amsterdam, the Mansion House, London, Greenwich
+Hospital, the Foundling Hospital, &c. The volume for 1749 contains an
+engraving of the fireworks on the occasion of the Peace, and views of
+Blenheim House and Covent Garden. In the volume for 1750 there is a
+woodcut with 'J. Cave sc.' in the corner. This was probably a son or
+some other relative of the proprietor, who was either in training as an
+engraver, or was trying his hand merely as an amateur. His name does not
+appear again, and I have never met with it elsewhere in connexion with
+the art of wood-engraving.
+
+In the number for November, 1750, there occurs the following amongst the
+list of deaths:--'Mr. Edward Bright, at Malden in Essex, aged 30; he was
+supposed to be the largest man living, or perhaps that ever lived in
+this island. He weighed 42 stone and a half, horseman's weight; and not
+being very tall, his body was of an astonishing bulk, and his legs were
+as big as a middling man's body. He was an active man till a year or two
+before his death, when his corpulency so overpowered his strength that
+his life was a burthen, and his death a deliverance. His coffin was
+three feet six inches over the shoulders, six feet seven inches long,
+and three feet deep; a way was cut thro' the wall and staircase, to let
+the corpse down into the shop; it was drawn upon a carriage to the
+church, and let down into the vault by the help of a slider and
+pulleys.' In the number for the following February there is a woodcut of
+Mr. Bright, and the reader is referred back to the November number for
+the above description. This seems to show that the _Gentleman's
+Magazine_ did not consider it of vital importance, in illustrating news,
+to follow very close upon the heels of events. I have copied this
+engraving as a specimen of the woodcut illustrations of the _Magazine_.
+
+[Illustration: EDWARD BRIGHT. WEIGHT 421/2 STONE. FROM THE 'GENTLEMAN'S
+MAGAZINE' FOR FEBRUARY, 1751.]
+
+The _Gentleman's Magazine_ attracted the notice and admiration of Dr.
+Johnson before he came to London as a literary adventurer. He afterwards
+became a regular contributor to its pages, and for many years it was his
+principal source of income. His first contribution was a complimentary
+Latin poem addressed to Sylvanus Urban, and when Cave died Johnson wrote
+an account of him in the magazine. Dr. Johnson told Boswell 'that when
+he first saw St. John's Gate, the place where that deservedly popular
+miscellany was originally printed, he "beheld it with reverence."'
+
+Edward Cave was born at Newton, in Warwickshire, Feb. 29th, 1691; he
+died Jan. 10th, 1754. 'He was peculiarly fortunate,' says Boswell, 'in
+being recorded by Johnson; who of the narrow life of a printer and
+publisher, without any digressions or adventitious circumstances, has
+made an interesting and agreeable narrative.'
+
+The _Gentleman's Magazine_ still exists, but retains nothing of its
+original character beyond the name.
+
+Within a year the success of the _Gentleman's Magazine_ brought into
+being the _London Magazine_, and, in 1739, the _Scots Magazine_,
+published in Edinburgh. In the second volume of the latter, under date
+March, 1740, there is a larger version of the woodcut of the taking of
+Porto Bello, already described. The account also is given, quoted,
+however, from the _London Evening Post_, and not from the _Daily Post_,
+where the woodcut appeared. Maps, plans, and views of places
+occasionally occur in other volumes of the _Scots Magazine_. In vol.
+iii. there is a plan of the harbour, city, and forts of Cartagena, and
+the number for July, 1743, contains a plan of the battle of Dettingen.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+  [1] _New Quarterly Magazine_, January, 1878.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+  Revival of Wood-engraving by Thomas Bewick--The _Observer_ started,
+  1791--The _Times_ an Illustrated Paper--Illustrations of News in the
+  _Observer_--St. Helena and Napoleon Bonaparte--Abraham Thornton and
+  the 'Assize of Battle'--Mr. William Clement and Illustrated
+  Journalism--The Cato Street Conspiracy--Trial of Queen Caroline--The
+  House of Commons in 1821--Coronation of George IV.--Royal Visits to
+  Ireland and Scotland--Murder of Mr. Weare--Illustrations of the Murder
+  in the _Morning Chronicle_, the _Observer_, and the
+  _Englishman_--_Bell's Life in London_--Prize-Fight at Warwick--Liston
+  as 'Paul Pry'--'Gallery of Comicalities,' &c.--_Pierce Egan's Life in
+  London_--Death of the Duke of York--Death of Mr. Canning--Opening of
+  Hammersmith Bridge, 1827--Mr. Gurney's Steam Coach--The Thames
+  Tunnel--The Murder in the Red Barn--The Siamese Twins--Death of George
+  IV.--Opening of New London Bridge, 1831--Coronation of William IV. and
+  Queen Adelaide--Fieschi's Infernal Machine--Funeral of William
+  IV.--Queen Victoria's First Visit to the City--Coronation and Marriage
+  of the Queen--Christening of the Prince of Wales--_The Weekly
+  Chronicle_--The Greenacre Murder--Mr. Cocking and his Parachute--The
+  Courtney Riots at Canterbury--Burning of the Tower of London,
+  1841--_The Sunday Times_--Burning of the Houses of Parliament,
+  1834--_The Champion_--_The Weekly Herald_--_The Magnet_--Removing the
+  Body of Napoleon I.--_The Penny Magazine_--Charles Knight--Humorous
+  Journalism of the Victorian Era.
+
+
+There appears to have been little or nothing done in the way of
+illustrated journalism during the remaining years of the eighteenth
+century. It was during this period that Thomas Bewick revived the almost
+extinct art of wood-engraving, and about the time he brought out the
+first of his illustrated natural history books a weekly newspaper was
+started in London which afterwards became the pioneer of modern
+illustrated journalism. This was the _Observer_, the first number of
+which came out on Sunday, Dec. 4th, 1791. It is the oldest of our
+existing weekly newspapers, and is one of the rare instances of a
+Sunday paper becoming established.[1] Many years had to elapse before
+wood-engraving began to be used as a means of popular illustration; but
+when some of Bewick's numerous pupils began to diffuse the fruits of
+their master's teaching the _Observer_ was the first newspaper that
+availed itself of the restored art. Before this, however, there were
+symptoms of the reawakening of a dormant idea. In looking back to the
+early years of the present century it is curious and interesting to
+notice that the _Times_ was occasionally an illustrated paper. The
+battle of Trafalgar and the death of Nelson stirred the national heart
+to such a degree that the _Times_ of that day was induced to introduce
+into its pages engravings of Nelson's coffin and funeral car, when the
+hero's remains were carried to St. Paul's. In the number for Jan. 10th,
+1806, there is an account of the State funeral, which is illustrated
+with the above-named woodcuts. They are very rudely executed, and
+plainly show that the influence of Bewick's labours had not yet
+penetrated into the region of journalism. Annexed is a copy of what the
+_Times_ of 1806 presented to the public in response to the intense
+interest felt by the whole of the British nation about Nelson's death
+and funeral. It is a noteworthy example of renewed effort in the
+direction of illustrated news at a time when insufficient means of
+production clogged the spirit of enterprise. Like the _Swedish
+Intelligencer_ of 1632, the _Times_ did not hesitate to point out its
+shortcomings in the following notice at the foot of the engraving:--'The
+only difference in the appearance of the Funeral Car from the engraving
+is, that, contrary to what was at first intended, neither the pall nor
+coronet appeared on the coffin. The first was thrown in the stern of the
+Car, in order to give the public a complete view of the coffin; and
+the coronet was carried in a mourning-coach. We had not time to make the
+alteration.'
+
+[Illustration: NELSON'S FUNERAL CAR. FROM THE 'TIMES,' JAN. 10, 1806.]
+
+To the above engraving the following description was appended:--'The
+Car, modelled at the ends in imitation of the hull of the Victory. Its
+head towards the horses, was ornamented with a figure of Fame. The stern
+carved and painted in the naval style, with the word "Victory" in yellow
+raised letters on the lanthorn over the poop. The coffin placed on the
+quarterdeck with its head towards the stern, with the English Jack
+pendent over the poop lowered half-staff. There was an awning over the
+whole, consisting of an elegant canopy supported by four pillars, in the
+form of palm-trees, as we have already mentioned, and partly covered
+with black velvet. The corners and sides were decorated with black
+ostrich feathers, and festooned with black velvet, richly fringed,
+immediately above which, in the front, was inscribed in gold the word
+"Nile" at one end; on one side the following motto, "Hoste devicto,
+requievit;" behind was the word "Trafalgar;" and on the other side the
+motto "Palmam qui meruit ferat," as in the engraving. The carriage was
+drawn by six led horses, in elegant furniture.'
+
+In 1817 the _Times_ also illustrated the projects of Robert Owen, who
+laboured long and ardently to promote the doctrines of Socialism. In the
+number for Aug. 9th, 1817, there is a large woodcut called Robert Owen's
+agricultural and manufacturing villages of Unity and Mutual Cooperation.
+In those days a page of the _Times_ was not so valuable as it is now, or
+probably the enthusiastic Socialist would not have found it so easy to
+enlist that journal in helping to propagate his doctrines. In 1834 Owen
+made in London another attempt to put in practice the principles he had
+so long advocated. He died in 1858, aged ninety.
+
+I have mentioned that the _Observer_ was the first newspaper that
+availed itself of the revived art of wood-engraving; but it had
+previously essayed the then difficult task of illustrating the news of
+the day by the more costly means of engraving on copper. The island of
+St. Helena having been selected as the place of residence of Napoleon
+Bonaparte, the _Observer_ of Oct. 29th, 1815, published a large
+copperplate view of the island, with a descriptive account. The plate is
+printed on the same page with the letterpress, so that there must have
+been two printings to produce this specimen of illustrated news. Three
+years later the _Observer_ produced another copperplate example of news
+illustration, also printed on the letterpress page. This was a portrait
+of Abraham Thornton, whose remarkable case attracted much public
+attention. He was tried for the murder of a young woman, Mary Ashford,
+with whom he was known to be acquainted, and in whose company he was
+seen shortly before her death. He was, however, acquitted, the jury
+probably believing it to be a case of suicide. The brother of the girl
+then appealed, and Thornton claimed his right to defend himself by wager
+of battle. This claim was allowed, after long arguments before the
+judges. It was found, much to the surprise of the general public, that
+by the law of England a man in an appeal of murder might demand the
+combat, thereby to make proof of his guilt or innocence. In the present
+case the girl's brother refused the challenge, and Thornton escaped.
+This was the last appeal to the 'Assize of Battle' in this country; and
+the attention of the Legislature being drawn to the obsolete statute, it
+was repealed by 59 Geo. III., 1819. It was during the progress of the
+arguments in this case, and while the public interest was very great,
+that the _Observer_ published the portrait of the accused.
+
+After this the _Observer_ became remarkable for its illustrations of
+news. Mr. William Clement, the proprietor, was a man who early saw the
+attractiveness of illustrated journalism. I am not aware when he first
+became associated with the _Observer_; but under his management frequent
+illustrations of news were given in that paper. In 1820 _Bell's Life in
+London_ was started, and very soon Mr. Clement became the proprietor of
+that paper also. In 1821 he purchased the _Morning Chronicle_, which,
+however, turned out a bad speculation. Having invested a very large sum
+of money in the latter paper, Mr. Clement spared no effort to make it
+profitable, and the _Observer_ was neglected. It suffered in
+consequence, and fell in circulation. Frequently the illustrations of
+news that were printed in the _Observer_ were published the day
+previously in the _Chronicle_. They were also occasionally printed in
+_Bell's Life_ and the _Englishman_, a fourth paper belonging to Mr.
+Clement. All four papers were carried on together; but it is the
+_Observer_ that stands out as the prominent representative of
+illustrated journalism at this period. Other journals came into
+existence which took up the idea of illustrating the news of the day;
+among them the _Sunday Times_, started by Daniel Whittle Harvey in 1822,
+when he was member for Colchester. Another paper which for a time
+rivalled, if it did not excel, the _Observer_ in the frequency of its
+news illustrations was the _Weekly Chronicle_. It flourished a few years
+before the birth of the _Illustrated London News_, but has long been
+extinct. Mr. Clement sold the _Morning Chronicle_ in 1834, and soon
+restored the _Observer_ to its old position. The _Morning Chronicle_
+started in 1769 and expired in 1864. The _Englishman_ has long been
+defunct, but I am not acquainted with the date of its disappearance.
+There was a paper called the _Englishman_ in 1714, and the name was
+again revived by the late Dr. Kenealy.
+
+The _Observer_ and _Bell's Life_ were both published at the same office
+for many years, but their companionship was terminated in 1877, when
+they left the office in the Strand where they had so long lived amicably
+together, the great sporting journal migrating to Catherine Street, and
+the _Observer_ seeking a new home in the Strand further west.
+
+One or two other newspapers occasionally published engravings during the
+few years immediately preceding the _Illustrated London News_, and of
+them I will speak in the proper place. The most prominent, however,
+were the _Observer_, _Bell's Life in London_, and the _Weekly
+Chronicle_, and to these three I propose first to direct attention as
+being the main supporters of the pictorial spirit until it culminated in
+the _Illustrated London News_. It was during the ten years preceding
+1842 that the founder of that journal noticed the growing inclination of
+the people for illustrated news, and it was chiefly in the pages of the
+_Observer_ and the _Weekly Chronicle_ that he thought he saw the growth
+of a hitherto uncultivated germ.
+
+In 1820 all England was startled by the discovery of a mysterious plot
+of some political desperadoes who planned the assassination of the
+Ministers of the Crown and the overthrow of the Government. This came to
+be known as the Cato Street Conspiracy, the place of meeting of the
+conspirators being in Cato Street, Marylebone. The extravagance of the
+Prince Regent, the high price of bread, and the heavy taxation, had
+brought about a feeling of discontent among the lower orders which,
+unhappily, was greatly increased by the Spa Fields riots, and the
+collision between the soldiers and the people in Lancashire, at what was
+called the massacre of Peterloo. Thistlewood, the leader of the
+conspirators, had already been tried for treasonable practices, but
+acquitted. He had also been in trouble for his connexion with the Spa
+Fields riots. The sanguinary plan of the conspirators was to murder the
+Cabinet Ministers while they were all assembled at dinner at Lord
+Harrowby's house in Grosvenor Square. They were to seize certain pieces
+of cannon, take the Bank of England, destroy the telegraph to Woolwich,
+set fire to different parts of London, and then establish a provisional
+government at the Mansion House, sending emissaries to the outports to
+prevent the escape of obnoxious persons. They reckoned on large numbers
+of the discontented joining them as soon as they had destroyed the
+tyrants and oppressors of the people, as they termed the Ministers. They
+had provided pikes, pistols, sabres, knives, blunderbusses, and
+hand-grenades; and one of the gang, a butcher, had furnished himself
+with a heavy butcher's knife, to cut off the heads of 'Castlereagh and
+the rest as he came at them.' Adams, one of their number, turned
+informer, and the conspirators were surprised by the police at their
+meeting-place in Cato Street. After a conflict in which one of the
+police-officers was killed, several of the gang were secured, and others
+were taken soon afterwards. Thistlewood, the leader, escaped in the
+first rush, but was captured next day.
+
+The place where the seizure was made is described as a hayloft over a
+deserted stable with a step-ladder leading from the stable to the loft
+above, with two apertures in the floor of the loft, opening on the racks
+in the stable below; opening from the loft were two small inner rooms.
+On the evening of the 23rd of February, 1820, the conspirators were
+assembled in this stable, where they were arming themselves for the
+bloody work they had planned, when the police, aided by a party of the
+Coldstream Guards under Lieut. Fitzclarence, broke in upon them.
+Police-officers Ruthven, Ellice, and Smithers, were the first to mount
+the ladder, and enter the loft.
+
+'There were about five-and-twenty men in the room, eating bread and
+cheese, and drinking porter, or selecting arms from a long carpenter's
+bench which stood close by the wall. Just at that juncture, Thistlewood,
+hearing a noise, and some one calling, "Hallo! Show a light!" took a
+candle, and looked down the stairs to see who was coming, and, on seeing
+that there was a surprise, he put the candle back on the bench, seized a
+sword, and with three or four others retreated stealthily to the further
+of the inner rooms--the one that had a window looking out into Cato
+Street. At that moment one of the men seized below called out to warn
+his comrades, "Look out there above!"
+
+'At the same time, two of the constables, at first almost unnoticed,
+appeared at the top of the ladder, and presenting their pistols, said,
+"Hallo, is anybody in the room? Here's a pretty nest of you!"
+
+'Then another of the patrol cried, "We are officers; seize their arms."
+
+'And a third, "Gentlemen, we have got a warrant to apprehend you all,
+and as such we hope you will go peaceably."
+
+'Just then Smithers, distrusting further parley, and believing, in his
+staunch way, in promptitude, before the conspirators could discover the
+scantiness of the assailing numbers, or could muster courage to use
+their arms, cried, "Let me come forward," and pushed towards the door of
+the inner room, where Thistlewood stood thrusting with a very long
+sword. The leader of the conspirators instantly rushed forward, and
+struck Smithers through his right side. The constable threw up his
+hands, his head fell back, he staggered against Ruthven, cried, "O my
+God, I am done!" and fell dead near the opening of the stairs. Ellice
+held up his staff at Thistlewood, and threatened to fire with the pistol
+in his right hand, unless he instantly surrendered. The lights were
+immediately dashed out, and a voice cried in the darkness, "Kill the
+---- at once! Throw them down-stairs! Kill them!"
+
+'Then there were twenty or thirty pistol-shots fired, and a tremendous
+headlong rush was made at the stairs, driving the Bow Street men
+backwards; the conspirators leaping down into the manger through the
+holes in the floor, or by the window, others firing at the officers on
+the stairs, or up through the manger, all making for the archway in John
+Street.'[2]
+
+It would appear the conspirators were closely watched for some time
+before they were arrested. Indeed, it was suspected that Government
+emissaries were employed to foment the conspiracy in order that a
+terrible example might be made for the benefit of the disaffected.
+However this may have been, the plot excited the most intense interest
+among all classes. Thistlewood and the other prisoners were tried at the
+Old Bailey, April 17th, 1820, and found guilty of high treason. Six
+were transported for life, the other five, including Thistlewood, were
+hung on May 1st, and their heads severed from their bodies--the
+quartering, the usual doom of traitors, having been graciously forgiven.
+
+[Illustration: A. Door to the cart-house. B. Door by which the officers
+entered. C. Stable window. D. Loft-door.
+
+STABLE WHERE THE CATO STREET CONSPIRATORS MET. FROM THE 'OBSERVER,'
+MARCH 5TH, 1820.]
+
+The _Observer_ for March 5th, 1820, published some illustrations of the
+Cato Street Conspiracy. One is an exterior view of the stable in Cato
+Street where the conspirators met, which is copied on the opposite page.
+
+[Illustration: SECTION OF GRENADE PREPARED BY THE CATO STREET
+CONSPIRATORS.
+
+FROM THE 'OBSERVER,' MARCH 5TH, 1820.
+
+  A. Cylindrical tin Box containing gunpowder.
+
+  B. Pitched tow.
+
+  C. Bullets, old nails, Spikes, &c.
+
+  D. Tin Tube a Fuze filled with damp powder.]
+
+There was also an interior view of the hayloft, together with sections
+of some of the grenades, daggers, &c., large quantities of which were
+found in the loft.
+
+These cuts, which are roughly done, were reprinted in the _Observer_ for
+March 12th, and two new ones were added, 'Interior view of the Hayloft
+at the moment when Smithers received his Death Wound,' and a view of the
+interior of the stable. They are all interesting as examples of
+illustrated news at a time when the means of producing such things were
+extremely limited.
+
+[Illustration: DAGGER PREPARED BY THE CATO STREET CONSPIRATORS. FROM THE
+'OBSERVER,' MARCH 5TH, 1820.
+
+A. Dagger made out of a bayonet to use singly or on top of a pike
+handle.
+
+B. Dagger with hole in the middle to receive dagger A. when screwed on,
+to be used right and left.
+
+C. Section of the transverse dagger B.]
+
+Mr. Clement, the proprietor of the _Observer_, gave a remarkable proof
+of his enterprising spirit when the Cato Street conspirators were tried.
+At that time newspapers were prohibited under a penalty of 500_l._ from
+publishing reports of cases in the courts of law before they were
+concluded. Mr. Clement, seeing the universal interest excited by the
+trial, determined to publish a report without waiting for the verdict.
+He accordingly sent reporters to the court, and published the whole in
+the _Observer_ before the verdict was given. This was a contempt of
+court for which he expected to have to pay, and, though the penalty was
+duly inflicted, it was never exacted. The _eclat_ attending this
+proceeding was of immense value to the _Observer_, and the sale of that
+number was so great that the proprietor could easily have paid the
+penalty of 500_l._, and he would still have been a gainer.[3]
+
+The Prince of Wales (afterwards George IV.), whose unhappy marriage with
+Caroline of Brunswick produced so much scandal and excitement in this
+country, had long been separated from his wife, who was residing abroad
+at the time her husband became King. Her Majesty announced her intention
+of returning to England; and though the King's Ministers endeavoured to
+dissuade her from her purpose, she persisted in her resolution, and on
+June 6th, 1820, she landed at Dover. Her journey through London was one
+long triumph, thousands of people escorting her to her temporary
+residence, and giving her the warmest possible welcome, for they looked
+upon her as an ill-used and persecuted woman. The question of omitting
+her name from the Liturgy had been debated in Parliament, and afterwards
+a 'Bill of Pains and Penalties' was brought in, which was in effect
+placing the Queen upon her trial. Contemporary newspapers show what
+intense excitement filled the public mind upon this subject, and how the
+nation ranged itself on the side of the King or Queen--by far the
+greater number being for the latter. Nothing was talked of but the
+'Queen's trial,' and the wrongs and indignities that had been heaped
+upon the head of an innocent woman.
+
+On Aug. 16th, the married ladies of the metropolis presented Her Majesty
+with an address, and three days after the trial commenced, the defence
+being conducted by Mr. Brougham and Mr. Denman. When the Queen attended
+the House of Lords large crowds accompanied her through the streets, and
+manifested by their cries their sympathy for her cause. The Bill of
+Pains and Penalties was carried on a second reading by a majority of
+twenty-eight, but it sank on the third reading to a majority of nine,
+and was finally abandoned owing to the threatening attitude of the
+populace. Great rejoicings ensued, London was illuminated for three
+nights, and on Nov. 29th the Queen went in state to St. Paul's. On this
+occasion William Hone, who had distinguished himself as one of the
+Queen's champions, displayed a transparency at his house on Ludgate
+Hill, which was painted by George Cruikshank, and is engraved in Hone's
+collected pamphlets.
+
+The _Observer_, having to some extent laid itself out for 'illustrated
+news,' the occasion of so much interest and excitement as the Queen's
+trial was not likely to pass unnoticed. Accordingly, we find in the
+number for Sept. 17th, 1820, a large woodcut, entitled, 'A Faithful
+Representation of the Interior of the House of Lords as prepared for the
+Trial of Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Caroline.' This was published
+at the time the excitement was at the highest, and no doubt the eager
+public properly appreciated the enterprise of the conductors of the
+paper.
+
+In 1821 the House of Commons contained many notable politicians and
+eminent men who afterwards became leaders and champions among the ranks
+of Whig and Tory. Amongst the most prominent were Canning, Brougham,
+Peel, and Palmerston. The question of Reform was becoming more and more
+pressing, and the House of Commons as then constituted was tottering to
+its fall. The conductors of the _Observer_, ever on the look-out for
+what would interest their readers, published on Jan. 21st, 1821, two
+views of the interior of the House of Commons, one looking towards the
+Speaker's Chair, the other looking from it. In one the House is empty,
+but in the other most of the leading politicians of the day are
+introduced. The figures, however, are on too small a scale to be
+likenesses of the persons intended, but the reader is assisted by
+references showing the places occupied by the most prominent members of
+the House.
+
+The national excitement about Queen Caroline's trial was dying out when
+the first gentleman in Europe prepared for his coronation. On this
+occasion the _Observer_ gave the lieges appropriate pictures of the
+august ceremony. The best draughtsmen and engravers on wood, then very
+few in number, were employed to prepare views of Westminster Abbey and
+Westminster Hall during the coronation ceremony and the banquet which
+followed. The _Observer_ of July 22nd, 1821, contains four engravings,
+which, considering the limited artistic means at command, are by no
+means discreditable to the management of the paper. On this occasion a
+double number was published, the price of which was fourteen pence, and
+the publisher evidently thought it was very cheap. He announced that he
+would keep the number on sale for ten days after publication, so that no
+one might be disappointed in getting a copy. All these engravings of the
+coronation of George IV. were done on what was then considered a large
+scale, though none of them exceed a half-page of the present illustrated
+newspapers, and were finished as regards light and shade, according to
+the best ability of the artist.
+
+The coronation number of the _Observer_ produced a great sensation, and
+it had a very large sale. Nothing like it had ever been done before, and
+the public eagerly paid the double price for the sake of the engravings.
+Fourpence was paid for stamp duty on each sheet, amounting on the whole
+to 2000_l._ paid to Government for stamp duty, exclusive of paper duty.
+The number consisted of two sheets, each of which had a sale of 60,000
+copies. This was a very good stroke of business, and Mr. Clement had
+fair reason to congratulate himself on his successful enterprise. It
+prompted him to further efforts; but, unfortunately, he had not the
+wisdom to confine his energies to one channel, and what he gained by one
+speculation he lost by another. It was at this time he purchased the
+_Morning Chronicle_ for 42,000_l._; but, as I have before stated, this
+turned out a disastrous investment, and also injured for a time the
+otherwise successful _Observer_.
+
+Soon after his coronation George IV. visited Ireland, and while on his
+way received the melancholy intelligence of the death of his consort,
+the unfortunate Queen Caroline, which, however, did not prevent His
+Majesty from continuing his journey. The _Observer_ of Sept. 2nd, 1821,
+published 'A correct View of his Majesty King George the Fourth landing
+from the _Lightening_ Steam Packet, Capt. Skinner, on the Pier of the
+Harbour of Howth, on Sunday, the Twelvth of August, 1821.' In describing
+this event the _Observer_ spoke of it as the opening of a new era for
+Ireland, and of the highest importance both in an historical and
+political point of view.
+
+In the following year the King went to Scotland; but, though the
+_Observer_ published long and elaborate descriptions of His Majesty's
+visit, the occasion was not deemed worthy of illustration. The
+opportunity, however, must have been far richer than the visit to
+Ireland in affording subjects for sketches. It would have been curious
+to see what a contemporary 'special artist' would have made of Sir
+Walter Scott; and posterity would have been glad to have had handed down
+to it the 'varra effigies' of George IV. and Alderman Curtis in the
+kilt!
+
+In 1823 the city of Cadiz, in Spain, was invested by the French, who
+took possession of the place on Oct. 3rd in that year. The _Observer_,
+in its issue of Oct. 5th, printed a plan and view of Cadiz, the plan
+first appearing in the _Morning Chronicle_ of the day before. The view
+of Cadiz is well engraved, in the manner of that day, by W. Hughes. The
+plan is also well done, and very complete.
+
+Towards the end of 1823 a murder, unparalleled in the history of crime,
+excited immense public interest, and the _Observer_ at once took up the
+case, and described and illustrated it with a particularity and
+minuteness of detail that must have satisfied the most ardent
+sensationalist. The incidents of this remarkable crime have been long
+forgotten; but I will give an outline of the story in connexion with the
+engravings published on the occasion by the _Observer_.
+
+Mr. William Weare was an attorney in Lyon's Inn, who added to his legal
+practice the business of a bill-discounter, and enlivened the dulness of
+both pursuits by indulging occasionally in the excitement of gambling.
+He counted amongst his friends one Mr. John Thurtell, a notorious
+betting-man; and it was to keep an appointment with this friend that he
+left his chambers in Lyon's Inn on Friday, Oct. 24th, 1823. The two
+friends had agreed to go on a short shooting excursion to a lonely
+cottage on the St. Albans road, about fourteen miles from London.
+Thurtell was respectably connected, but had an evil reputation, he and
+his brother being then in hiding to avoid a charge of arson. Two other
+men were concerned in the murder, Hunt, a public singer, of doubtful
+character, and Probert, a spirit merchant, a fraudulent bankrupt, who
+lived at the cottage to which Thurtell and his friend were going. In the
+gambling transactions between Thurtell and Weare the former conceived
+himself to have been cheated of 300_l._, and in revenge he determined to
+murder Weare, and by robbing him recoup himself as far as possible for
+his losses. The crime was coolly premeditated, and Hunt appears to have
+been an accessory before the fact, having arranged to meet Thurtell on
+the road, and to assist in despatching the victim. For this purpose the
+shooting excursion to Probert's cottage was planned, but, owing to a
+mistake of Hunt's, he did not join Thurtell as agreed, and the latter
+committed the murder alone.
+
+Thurtell and Weare were seen driving in a gig towards Edgeware about
+five o'clock in the evening on Oct. 24th, and they afterwards called at
+the 'White Hart,' Edgeware, for refreshment. After they were gone
+Probert and Hunt, also driving in a gig, called at the same inn, where
+they had some brandy and water, and afterwards drove away.
+
+Gill's Hill Cottage, the place where Probert lived, was about two miles
+from Elstree, and was approached by a narrow road called Gill's Hill
+Lane. Some country people passing in the neighbourhood of this lane
+about eight o'clock in the evening heard a shot fired and deep groans as
+if some one was injured. They also heard voices and the wheels of a cart
+or gig moving. Near nine o'clock Thurtell arrived at the cottage
+_alone_, and giving the horse and gig to the servant, went out to meet
+Probert and Hunt, with whom he soon afterwards returned.
+
+Hunt being a stranger, was formally introduced to Mrs. Probert and a
+Miss Noyes who was staying at the house. The whole party supped
+together, and spent the evening in jollity. Hunt sang several songs, and
+Thurtell produced a gold hunting-watch which afterwards proved to be
+Weare's, and, taking off the chain, offered it to Probert for his wife,
+but he declining it, Thurtell put it round the lady's neck himself. It
+was after midnight before the ladies retired, and the sleeping
+accommodation being limited it was arranged that Thurtell should sleep
+on some chairs and Hunt was to occupy the sofa. A drawing of the sofa
+forms one of the illustrations in the _Observer_, and proves how
+thoroughly every circumstance of the horrid tale was followed up and
+exhibited to the public. All this time the body of the murdered Weare
+was lying behind a hedge in the lane.
+
+Mrs. Probert's suspicions had been aroused by several strange
+circumstances. A vague and horrid alarm took possession of her, and when
+she retired to bed she stole to the head of the stairs and listened to
+the talk that was going on below in the parlour. She heard her husband
+and his two visitors apparently dividing money, burning papers, and
+making mysterious plans to conceal something dreadful that had been
+done. Then the parlour door was opened, and the frightened woman stole
+back to her room. She heard two of the men go to the stable and bring
+out the horse. Afterwards, hearing a noise in the garden, she looked out
+of the window, and it being a moonlight night, she saw a man dragging
+something large and heavy along the garden walk towards the fishpond.
+Then followed a hollow sound as if something had been thrown into the
+pond.
+
+That night, when Probert went to bed, he found his wife sitting up and
+crying. She questioned him about the mysterious sounds she had heard,
+but he told her that he and his companions had only been out trying to
+net some game. In the morning she renewed her inquiries, but he only
+replied, 'Don't torment me; you make my life miserable.' He seemed in
+low spirits, and went moping round the garden and about the pond. Going
+into the kitchen Mrs. Probert observed the gig cushion drying at the
+kitchen fire, although there had been no rain the night before, and the
+cook was surprised to see in the stable a wet, ripped-up sack hanging on
+a nail.
+
+[Illustration: THE COUCH ON WHICH HUNT SLEPT AT GILL'S HILL COTTAGE.
+FROM THE 'OBSERVER,' NOV. 10, 1823.]
+
+Early on Saturday morning two labouring men were busy in Gill's Hill
+Lane repairing the road, when two gentlemen passed them on foot. At the
+bend of the lane they stooped down and appeared to be looking for
+something among the dead leaves and brambles. Coming back they had some
+conversation with the road-menders, and afterwards passed on up the lane
+towards the cottage. A short time afterwards one of the labourers found
+at the spot where the gentlemen had been looking an open penknife
+covered with blood, and a little further on a pistol with hair sticking
+to it, and also bloody. These articles the man gave to his master the
+same morning when he came round to inspect their work. About noon they
+saw the two gentlemen from Probert's drive away in a gig. They both
+looked hard at the spot where the knife and pistol had been found, but
+said nothing.
+
+Mr. Nicholls, the road surveyor, to whom the knife and pistol had been
+handed by the man who found them, went to the magistrates at Watford and
+told how and where the articles had been found. The magistrates at once
+sent information to Bow Street, and two of their number immediately went
+to Gill's Hill Lane, where they discovered spots and gouts of blood on
+the bank and under the leaves, and there was a gap in the hedge where a
+body seemed to have been dragged through. The field was also much
+trampled. They at once came to the conclusion that a murder had been
+committed, and took instant measures to trace the guilty parties. The
+police seized Probert and Thomas Thurtell at Gill's Hill, and searched
+the house and premises. John Thurtell was apprehended at the 'Coach and
+Horses,' in Conduit Street. Marks of blood were found on different
+articles of clothing belonging to him. At Hunt's lodgings various
+articles belonging to Weare had been found. Weare being missing it was
+suspected he had met with foul play at the hands of these men. A
+billiard-table keeper in Spring Gardens proved that Mr. Weare had called
+upon him about three o'clock on Friday, October 24th, and told him he
+was then on his way to join Thurtell in the Edgeware Road, as they were
+going down to Hertfordshire for a few days' shooting. Thurtell, on being
+questioned, admitted he knew Mr. Weare, but said he had not seen him for
+eight days.
+
+It appeared by the disclosures afterwards made by Thurtell's two
+confederates that Thurtell had shot Weare while they were riding in the
+gig down Gill's Hill Lane, leading to the cottage where Probert lived.
+Weare jumped out of the gig, crying he would pay Thurtell all he owed
+him if he would only spare his life. Thurtell jumped out of the gig and
+ran after him. He got Weare down and cut his throat with a penknife, and
+then struck him on the head with a pistol. He then dragged the body
+through the hedge and left it there. The same night Thurtell and Hunt
+went out from Probert's cottage to bring the body away, but they found
+it too heavy. Probert and Thurtell then went and brought the body on the
+horse, and put it in the fishpond with stones in the sack to keep it
+down. They afterwards removed the body from the fishpond and sunk it in
+a deep pond by the side of the Elstree road.
+
+The cold-blooded indifference of the perpetrators of this atrocious
+crime was most extraordinary. The murder was committed on Friday night,
+and on Saturday Thurtell and Hunt returned to London and dined with
+Thomas Thurtell and Mr. Noyes, Probert's brother-in-law, at the 'Coach
+and Horses,' in Conduit Street. They were very jovial, and next day
+(Sunday) the whole party met again at Proberts' house in Gill's Hill
+Lane, when the afternoon was spent in playing at cards. On Sunday night
+Thurtell and Hunt went to dig a grave to bury the body, but the dogs
+were barking, and they were afraid some one was about. On Monday, while
+Hunt engaged Mrs. Probert in conversation, Thurtell and Probert got the
+body out of the fishpond, and cut off the clothes. Then they all three
+carried it to the garden-gate and put it into the gig. A grave half dug
+was found in Probert's garden, but the soil was hard, and it is supposed
+that Thurtell and Hunt were afraid of the noise pickaxes would make.
+
+Hunt, to save his own neck from the halter, confessed that he knew where
+the body was, and went with four men in a hackney coach to a bridge on
+the Elstree Road, near which was a deep pond by the side of the road. In
+this pond the body of Weare was found tied in a sack, with stones to
+keep it down.
+
+[Illustration: POND IN WHICH THE BODY OF MR. WEARE WAS FOUND. FROM THE
+'OBSERVER,' NOV. 10, 1823.]
+
+Thurtell, Probert, and Hunt were tried at Hertford on January 6, 1824.
+Probert was admitted King's evidence, and so escaped for that time, but
+he was afterwards hung at the Old Bailey for horse-stealing. Thurtell
+and Hunt were condemned to death, but only Thurtell was hung, Hunt being
+reprieved on the morning of execution, and transported for life. In
+those days prize-fighting was in much favour, and a great fight was
+coming off between Spring and Langham, two noted pugilists. To show the
+ruffianly and impenitent character of Thurtell, it is related that he
+said, a few hours before his execution, 'It is perhaps wrong in my
+situation; but I own I should like to read Pierce Egan's account of the
+great fight yesterday.'
+
+Some of the incidents of the trial were appalling, others ludicrous. The
+production of the weapon with which the murder was committed, stained
+and rusted with blood, made every one shudder except the prisoners. The
+oft-quoted reason for a man being respectable 'because he kept a horse
+and shay' occurred during this trial; and when Probert's cook was asked
+whether the supper at Gill's Hill Cottage was postponed, she answered,
+'No; it was pork.'[4]
+
+The murder of Mr. Weare was committed on October 24, and discovered a
+few days afterwards. On November 10 the _Observer_ published five
+illustrations of the murder:--1. Probert's cottage and garden. 2. The
+scene of the murder in Gill's Hill Lane. 3. The pond in which the body
+of Weare was found. 4. Front view (from the road) of Probert's cottage.
+5. The parlour and the couch on which Hunt slept. On December 7 the
+_Observer_ published a view of the interior of the Crown Court at
+Hertford at the moment the prisoners were brought up to plead; and,
+having found that the public had eagerly purchased the illustrations
+already issued, the editor announced the publication of two sheets with
+additional engravings on the occasion of the trial:--'The Trials of the
+prisoners at Hertford having been put off till Tuesday, Jan. 6, the
+publication of the intended Supplement of this Journal, containing the
+plates illustrative of the facts to be disclosed in the evidence, has
+been deferred till Sunday, January 11, on which day Two Sheets instead
+of one will be published. Booksellers, Postmasters, &c., are requested
+to give their orders through their respective Agents in London, as no
+papers whatever are on any occasion forwarded through the Publisher.'
+Accordingly, at the appointed time two sheets came out, containing the
+cuts already enumerated together with three fresh ones, the latter being
+the stable-yard of Probert's cottage with the murderers conveying the
+body by the light of a lantern to the stable; a front view of the
+cottage, showing the murderers dragging the body to the pond; and a
+ground-plan of the country round the scene of the murder. The conductors
+of the Journal appear to have had some misgivings as to the good taste
+of their proceedings, but were unable to resist the temptation of a
+large and profitable sale. The engravings are thus introduced to the
+reader:--'The unparalleled interest which has been created in the public
+mind by the mysterious circumstances attending the death of Mr. Weare
+has induced us, with a view to the gratification of our readers, to use
+every exertion in our power, not only to give a faithful and copious
+Report of the Trial of the persons charged with this most foul and
+atrocious deed, but, with the assistance of competent Artists, to obtain
+such Plates as appear to us best calculated to illustrate the detail of
+circumstances disclosed in the evidence before the jury. We are aware
+that by some these illustrations will be condemned as inconsistent with
+good taste; and we are ready to acknowledge that on all occasions their
+adoption would be extremely injudicious. In a case, however, where the
+feelings and the curiosity of the public have been so much excited, and
+where so singular and ardent an avidity has been displayed to obtain
+every possible light upon a subject so interesting, we trust that those
+who may entertain, perhaps, a well-founded objection to our plan, will,
+for a moment, grant us their indulgence, and permit us to meet the
+wishes of persons who may not be so fastidious as themselves. The
+strongest argument which we can adduce in favour of the continued
+pursuit of this plan--is the fact, that of three of the plates which we
+now feel it necessary to republish, many thousand impressions have been
+already sold, and yet the number, though high, has been insufficient to
+supply the continued demand. The necessity imposed on us, however, for
+breaking up our formes, forced us to refer the recent applicants to the
+present publication, which will be found to contain the most minute and
+correct particulars of everything connected with this extraordinary
+affair.'
+
+Then follows a long and minute description of all the plates, when it is
+stated, 'For the sake of effect the artist has given all the views as
+they would appear in daylight; but, with the exception of Plate II.
+(finding the body of Weare in the pond), the scenes ought to have been
+represented as at night.' Some of the engravings illustrating the murder
+of Mr. Weare appeared in the _Morning Chronicle_ the day before their
+publication in the _Observer_, and they were also published
+simultaneously in the _Englishman_, which appears to have been in
+substance another edition of the _Observer_ without the advertisements.
+The name of W. Hughes is attached to them as the engraver.
+
+The _Observer_ was loudly condemned for publishing the Weare and
+Thurtell illustrations, and it did not for some time bring out any more
+engravings; but this was probably owing more to the commercial
+depression prevailing at the time than to the strictures that had been
+passed upon newspaper morality.
+
+About this time _Bell's Life_ came into Mr. Clement's hands, and
+henceforth it shared, with the _Morning Chronicle_ and the _Englishman_,
+in the illustrations prepared for the _Observer_. It had, however, a
+distinct series of illustrations of its own, which was continued for
+several years. But before describing them I must refer to one or two
+characteristic engravings which appeared in _Bell's Life_ in its early
+days. On November 28, 1824, the first large woodcut was published,
+representing a prize-fight on a raised stage, and entitled the 'Tip Top
+Milling at Warwick.' According to the account accompanying the
+engraving, this prize-fight was a most brutal exhibition, without any
+display of what boxers call 'science'--a mere exchange of hard blows,
+ending in one of the combatants being carried insensible from the stage.
+The coming fight was made known far and wide, so that when the day
+arrived vehicles from all parts of the country brought hundreds of
+spectators to the scene. The fight took place, openly and without fear
+of interruption, on the race-course at Warwick, the grand stand being
+crammed with spectators, and a ring of waggons, on which clustered
+crowds of eager gazers, surrounded the stage. This is all shown in the
+engraving in _Bell's Life_; and the different objects in the background,
+such as the church, the keep of Warwick Castle, the cemetery, &c., are
+pointed out by figures of reference with the most conscientious care.
+There is a very long account of the battle, couched in language only
+understood by members of the 'fancy.'
+
+In 1825 the town was being amused by Liston, as 'Paul Pry,' then a
+recent creation of the stage. On November 8 in that year _Bell's Life_
+published a woodcut representing the comedian in that character, which I
+have copied as an early example of the illustrations of the great
+sporting journal.
+
+[Illustration: LISTON AS PAUL PRY. FROM 'BELL'S LIFE,' 1825.]
+
+In 1827 _Bell's Life_ commenced a series of caricature sketches by
+Cruikshank, Seymour, and Kenny Meadows, entitled a 'Gallery of
+Comicalities.' This continued at intervals, along with other sketches
+entitled 'Phizogs of the Tradesmen of London' (half-lengths of Butchers,
+Cobblers, &c., commencing in 1832); 'Kitchen Stuff, or Cads of the
+Aristocracy' (heads of gentlemen's servants); 'Portraits down the Road'
+(heads of characters seen on a stage-coach journey, such as the
+Landlady, the Commercial Traveller, the Chambermaid, &c.); 'The Sporting
+Album' (sketches from life, commencing 1834). These caricature subjects
+were continued to the end of the year 1840. The greater number are much
+too coarse, cynical, and vulgar for the taste of the present day.
+Sometimes a series of sketches extended through several consecutive
+weeks, such as 'The Pugilist's Progress' and 'The Drunkard's Progress,'
+both by Seymour. 'The Drunkard's Progress,' which appeared in 1829,
+consisted of twelve scenes, and embodied the same idea that was many
+years afterwards more fully developed by George Cruikshank in his series
+of large plates entitled 'The Bottle.' Now and then appeared a sporting
+subject by Harvey, such as Coursing, Hunting, Bull-Baiting, &c. In the
+number for February 8, 1829, appeared a curious woodcut representing a
+view in the Isle of Anglesea, which was said to have excited the
+attention and surprise of passing travellers from its presenting an
+excellent profile of the Marquis of Anglesea, who was then very
+popular. In 1831 portraits of Young Dutch Sam and Ned Neal, the famous
+pugilists, were published; and in 1838 the initials of John Leech began
+to appear to some of the cuts. Portraits of prize-fighters, race-horses,
+representations of racing-cups, &c., were given at intervals until 1851,
+when the last illustration, a monument to Tom Cribb, appeared.
+
+[Illustration: THE MAN WOT LOST THE FIGHT.
+
+THE MAN WOT WON THE FIGHT.
+
+FROM 'BELL'S LIFE,' 1831.]
+
+As further examples of the illustrations in _Bell's Life_, I copy two,
+which were published in 1831.
+
+About 1825 there was another sporting paper in existence, conducted by
+the celebrated author of 'Tom and Jerry.' It was called _Pierce Egan's
+Life in London_, and, like _Bell's Life_, had its sporting and other
+columns decorated with little woodcut headings, and sometimes published
+an engraving of a racing-cup.
+
+At the beginning of 1827 the _Observer_ resumed its illustrations of
+news, and on the death of the Duke of York published a long memoir of
+his Royal Highness, accompanied by an equestrian portrait of the Duke,
+'taken during his last visit to Newmarket.' In the number for January 21
+are engravings of the remains of his Royal Highness lying in state in
+St. James's Palace, and a view of the interior of the Royal Mausoleum at
+Windsor. The above were engraved by Slader, and were published
+simultaneously in the _Englishman_ and _Bell's Life_.
+
+The number published on Aug. 13, 1827, contains a large portrait of Mr.
+Canning, then just deceased. This portrait has the names of Jackson and
+Smith attached to it as the engravers. In the number for Sept. 30 there
+is a 'correct view of the Suspension Bridge, Hammersmith, to be opened
+to the public on Saturday, Oct. 6, 1827.' This is engraved by Slader,
+and appears also in _Bell's Life_ the same week. The following week the
+_Observer_ published a large plan showing the alterations proposed in
+St. James's Park in connexion with the building of Buckingham Palace;
+and on Nov. 18 appeared a plan of the port of Navarino, accompanying an
+account of the naval battle at that place. In December was published a
+view of 'Mr. Gurney's new Steam-Carriage, as it appeared in the Regent's
+Park on Thursday, Dec. 6, 1827,' and later in the same month a
+representation of Mr. D. Gordon's new steam-coach. Both these engravings
+are curious and interesting, as showing the attempts that were made
+fifty years ago to apply steam to the propulsion of carriages on common
+roads.
+
+[Illustration: HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF YORK, TAKEN DURING HIS
+LAST VISIT TO NEWMARKET. FROM THE 'OBSERVER,' JAN. 8, 1827.]
+
+Mr. Gurney was a medical man, but gave up his practice and devoted
+himself to scientific studies, and particularly to the construction of
+locomotive engines for turnpike travelling. He had seen Trevithick's
+engine, and when a youth had frequently met Trevithick himself. He had
+thus become imbued with a conviction of the practicability of making a
+steam-carriage that would travel on common roads. Other inventors
+succeeded in doing the same thing, but Mr. Gurney attained the greatest
+amount of success. With his steam-carriage he made a journey from London
+to Bath on July 28, 1829, performing the return journey at fourteen
+miles an hour, or the eighty-four miles in nine hours and twenty
+minutes, stoppages for fuel and water included. In 1831 he established a
+regular steam conveyance between Gloucester and Cheltenham, a distance
+of about nine miles. The steam-carriages commenced plying on Feb. 21,
+1831, and continued running four times a-day for four months, with
+tolerable regularity and without accident. The project, however,
+received such determined opposition from coach proprietors and turnpike
+trusts that it was abandoned. The tolls exacted were so heavy that at
+one gate they amounted to eight guineas. Mr. Gurney is said to have
+expended 36,000_l._ on his enterprise, but without any permanent
+beneficial result. His inventive genius, however, contributed to
+develope the high speed of the locomotive and the subsequent success of
+railways. He died Feb. 28, 1875, aged eighty-two years.
+
+[Illustration: MR. GURNEY'S NEW STEAM-CARRIAGE AS IT APPEARED IN THE
+REGENT'S PARK ON THURSDAY, DEC. 6, 1827. FROM THE 'OBSERVER,' DEC. 9,
+1827.]
+
+Mr. Gordon took out a patent for a steam-coach in 1822, and constructed
+two different machines. One had its wheels surrounded by cogs, or
+projecting teeth. This engine was to be placed within a large rolling
+drum, about nine feet in diameter and five feet wide, the inside of
+which should be fitted with circular rack-rails fitting the wheels of
+the steam-engine. Thus the motion of the engine would cause the drum to
+roll forward, on the same principle that a squirrel causes a cylindrical
+cage to revolve; and the rolling of the drum was to move a carriage
+connected with it. The other machine had two long propellers or legs,
+intended to obviate the supposed tendency of wheels to slip when
+ascending a slope.
+
+The Thames Tunnel, which was begun in 1825 by Mr. Brunel, was on more
+than one occasion threatened with destruction by irruptions of water. On
+Jan. 12, 1828, six workmen perished by a sudden rush of water into the
+workings, and on the 20th the _Observer_ published an engraving
+representing the catastrophe. On the 9th of June appeared 'A correct
+view of Ascot Heath Race Course, taken by an eminent artist on Thursday
+last.' This 'eminent artist' was William Harvey, and the cut bears the
+names of Jackson and Smith as the engravers. A sheet containing a
+selection of comic sketches from _Bell's Life_ was issued with the
+_Observer_ of July 20, 1828, accompanied by a statement that the
+sketches (twenty-seven in number) cost one hundred and forty-two pounds,
+drawing and engraving. This sounds very trivial when contrasted with the
+large sums now paid by illustrated newspapers.
+
+In 1827 another exciting murder was committed, and the _Observer_,
+undeterred by former censures, published a portrait of the criminal and
+a view of the scene of his crime, but did not on this occasion deal with
+the case in the elaborate way in which the murder of Mr. Weare was
+treated. The story of the Red Barn is well known to provincial playgoers
+in the Eastern Counties, where it still sometimes figures in theatrical
+programmes on Saturday nights. William Corder was a farmer's son
+residing not far from Ipswich. He had for some time carried on an
+intrigue with a country girl named Maria Marten, whom he at last enticed
+into a barn not far from her father's cottage, and there murdered her,
+and buried her body under the floor of the barn. After this he continued
+to visit her father's cottage, and by various falsehoods accounted for
+the girl's continued absence. Months went by, and Corder wrote several
+letters to the girl's parents, in which he told plausible stories about
+her being at the seaside with relatives of his own. The girl's mother,
+however, had had her suspicions aroused by several circumstances, and at
+length she dreamed three times that her daughter had been murdered and
+her body hid under the floor in the Red Barn. The woman's mind was so
+worked upon by the recurrence of this dream that she induced her husband
+to search under the floor of the barn, and there, sure enough, the
+murdered body of the girl was found. In the meantime Corder had
+advertised for a wife in the _Morning Herald_ in the following
+terms:--'A private gentleman, aged twenty-four, entirely independent,
+whose disposition is not to be exceeded, has lately lost chief of his
+family by the hand of Providence, which has occasioned discord among the
+remainder, under circumstances the most disagreeable to relate. To any
+female of respectability, who would study for domestic comfort, and is
+willing to confide her future happiness to one in every way qualified to
+render the marriage state desirable, as the advertiser is in affluence.
+Many happy marriages have taken place through means similar to this now
+resorted to. It is hoped no one will answer this through impertinent
+curiosity; but should this meet the eye of any agreeable lady, who feels
+desirous of meeting with a sociable, tender, kind, and sympathising
+companion, they will find this advertisement worthy of notice. Honour
+and secrecy may be relied on. As some little security against idle
+application, it is requisite that letters may be addressed, post-paid,
+A. Z., care of Mr. Foster, stationer, 68 Leadenhall Street, with real
+name and address, which will meet with most respectful attention.'
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM CORDER. FROM THE 'OBSERVER,' AUG. 10, 1823.]
+
+Through this advertisement Corder became acquainted with a lady who kept
+the Grove House Academy at Ealing, near London. They were married, and
+he went to reside with his wife at Grove House, where he was arrested
+one morning in the spring of 1828. Various circumstances pointed to him
+as the murderer of Maria Marten, and he was tried for the crime at Bury
+St. Edmunds on Aug. 6, 1828. The crowd was so great that the counsel and
+officers of the court had to fight their way to their places. Corder
+appeared at the bar dressed in a new suit of black, and with his hair
+combed over his forehead. He wore a pair of blue French spectacles,
+through which he eyed the witnesses smilingly. Being called on for his
+defence, he read a statement which amounted to charging Maria Marten
+with having committed suicide. He said that in consequence of a quarrel
+they had in the Red Barn she shot herself with one of two pistols which
+he had with him:--'The instant the mischief happened, I thought to have
+made it public; but this would have added to the suspicion, and I then
+resolved to conceal her death. I then buried her in the best way I
+could. I tried to conceal the fact as well as I could, giving sometimes
+one reason for her absence, and sometimes another.' He was found guilty
+and sentenced to death, and the night before his execution he made the
+following confession:--'I acknowledge being guilty of the death of poor
+Maria Marten, by shooting her with a pistol. The particulars are as
+follows: When we left her father's house, we began quarrelling about the
+burial of the child, she apprehending that the place wherein it was
+deposited would be found out. The quarrel continued for about three
+quarters of an hour upon this and about other subjects. A scuffle
+ensued, and during the scuffle, and at the time I think that she had
+hold of me, I took the pistol from the side pocket of my
+shooting-coat.... I have been guilty of great idleness, and at times led
+a dissolute life, but I hope through the mercy of God to be
+forgiven.--W. CORDER.'
+
+This murder excited great and marked interest, not only in Suffolk, but
+through the whole country. On Aug. 10, 1828, the day before the
+execution, the _Observer_ published a portrait of Corder and a view of
+the Red Barn, which are here copied. The excitement showed itself in the
+streets, where puppet shows represented the scene of the crime, and
+Methodist preachers held forth in the fields near the barn to thousands
+of attentive listeners. The Red Barn itself was nearly pulled to pieces
+by curiosity seekers.
+
+[Illustration: THE RED BARN. FROM THE 'OBSERVER,' AUG. 10, 1828.]
+
+On the Monday of the execution all the workmen in Bury struck work in
+order to see the murderer hanged, and persons came from long distances
+for the same purpose. One man was pestered by every one he met on his
+return by inquiries whether Corder had really been hung that morning.
+This was repeated so often that he became quite weary of the constantly
+recurring question, 'Is Corder executed?' In the evening, in order to
+get rid of the gloomy feelings created by what he had witnessed, he went
+to the theatre, where he arrived somewhat late. The play ('Macbeth') had
+advanced to the fourth scene of the first act as he seated himself in
+the pit. The newcomer, who was better acquainted with the details of the
+murder in the Red Barn than with the plays of Shakespeare, was not a
+little astonished when King Duncan entered, and, fixing his eye upon
+him, repeated what he thought was the same question that had been so
+often addressed to him that day, 'Is execution done on Cawdor?'
+
+[Illustration: THE SIAMESE TWINS. FROM THE 'OBSERVER,' NOVEMBER 22,
+1829.]
+
+The _Observer_ continued its illustration of events as they occurred,
+sharing the engravings with _Bell's Life_ and the _Englishman_. St.
+Katharine's Docks were opened on Oct. 25th, 1828, and on the following
+day the _Observer_ published a bird's eye view of the docks, showing the
+ceremonies attending the opening. In January, 1829, appeared two views
+of Buckingham Palace, then building for George IV.; and in August a cut
+of the 'Post-Office Accelerator,' a carriage for conveying London
+postmen to their several districts. A portrait of Rowton, the winner of
+the Great St. Leger for 1829, was given in September. This year the
+lovers of wonderful shows were attracted to an exhibition in London of
+two Siamese youths who were united together by a short cartilaginous
+band at the pit of the stomach, but with no other connexion existing
+between them. They were perfectly straight and well made, and walked
+with a gait like other people; being perfect in all their parts, and
+having all their functions distinct. Their names were Chang and Eng; and
+they were first discovered on the banks of the Siam river, fishing, by
+Mr. Hunter, an American, by whom they were taken to New York, where they
+were exhibited, and were afterwards brought to England. They were
+supposed to be about eighteen years old when they were exhibited in
+London in 1829. The _Observer_ of November 22, 1829, published a long
+account of the Siamese Twins, with a woodcut representing them as they
+were exhibited to the public.
+
+After having been exhibited for several years in London and the
+provinces, the Siamese twins went to America, where they settled on a
+farm, and married sisters. In the year 1869 they returned to London, and
+were as elderly men again exhibited; but they soon went back to America,
+where in a few years they died, both together. A similar exhibition was
+made in London about 1868 of twin girls, named Millie-Christine, or the
+'Two-headed Nightingale,' and it was probably the appearance of these
+two 'black birds' that suggested the idea of the Siamese twins appearing
+again in public.
+
+In June, 1830, George the Fourth died, and the _Observer_ published
+several engravings connected with the event. On June 24th appeared a
+portrait of 'His Majesty George the Fourth as he last appeared in his
+Pony Phaeton in Windsor Park;' and on July 18 three illustrations of the
+lying-in-state and the funeral were published.
+
+'The King is dead! Long live the King!' So said the citizens of London
+when they invited William IV. and Queen Adelaide to a banquet at
+Guildhall on the following November 9; and on the 1st, eight days before
+the entertainment came off, the _Observer_ duly supplied the public with
+'A correct view of the grand civic entertainment,' as it was to be. On
+Aug. 1, 1831, new London Bridge was opened by the King and Queen, and
+two engravings illustrative of the event were published in the
+_Observer_, the _Morning Chronicle_, _Bell's Life_, and the
+_Englishman_. One of them is interesting, as it shows the relative
+positions of the old and the new bridge. The view was taken from the
+tower of St. Saviour's Church, Southwark, looking towards Fish Street
+Hill.
+
+[Illustration: HIS MAJESTY GEORGE IV., AS HE LAST APPEARED IN HIS PONY
+PHAETON IN WINDSOR PARK. FROM THE 'OBSERVER,' JUNE 29, 1830.]
+
+The _Observer_ of Sept. 11, 1831, contained four illustrations of the
+coronation of King William IV. and Queen Adelaide, together with long
+and elaborate descriptions. There was another paper in existence at this
+time called the _United Kingdom_, which also illustrated the coronation.
+This was the period of the great Reform agitation, when the newspapers
+were absorbed in political excitement; and after this the _Observer_ for
+a time ceased to give any illustrations.
+
+On July 28, 1835, a diabolical attempt was made in Paris to shoot
+Louis-Philippe, king of the French. The assassin, whose name was
+Fieschi, constructed an infernal machine, consisting of twenty-five
+barrels, charged with various kinds of missiles, and lighted
+simultaneously by a train of gunpowder. The machine was fired from a
+window as the King rode along the lines of the National Guard, on the
+Boulevard du Temple, accompanied by his three sons and suite. The King
+and his sons escaped, but Marshal Mortier was shot dead and many
+officers were dangerously wounded. Amongst the spectators upwards of
+forty persons were killed or injured. In its number for August 9, 1835,
+the _Observer_ gave a sketch of the attempted assassination, a portrait
+of the criminal, and a representation of the infernal machine.
+
+The actual infernal machine, with a waxen effigy of Fieschi, formed for
+many years a prominent attraction at Madame Tussaud's Exhibition.
+
+The reign of William IV. was a short one, and soon the _Observer_ had to
+illustrate his funeral, as it had done that of his predecessor. The
+number for July 3, 1837, contained three engravings of the royal
+obsequies, and ere long the brief rule of the Sailor King was forgotten
+in the dawning glories of the Victorian era. The epoch of railways was
+opening. The Greenwich Railway was the first railway out of London, and
+the next was the North-Western, or the London and Birmingham as it was
+then called. On July 24, 1837, the _Observer_ published a large
+woodcut of the 'Grand entrance to the London and Birmingham Railway at
+Euston Square.' Mr. Hardwick's massive structure was then in progress,
+and formed the entrance to the first of the great London railway
+stations--vast buildings, some of which have swallowed up whole streets,
+and contributed greatly to alter the appearance of London in their
+vicinity.
+
+[Illustration: GERARD, _ALIAS_ FIESCHI, AND THE INFERNAL MACHINE. FROM
+THE 'OBSERVER,' AUGUST 9, 1835.]
+
+On July 24, 1837, a balloon ascended from Vauxhall with a parachute
+attached, in which was Mr. Cocking, who in descending was killed. The
+_Observer_ published illustrations of this event, which excited great
+interest at the time. Other papers illustrated Mr. Cocking's death,
+which I will recount more at length when I come to treat of the _Weekly
+Chronicle_, which contained more illustrations of the event than any
+other paper. A large engraving appeared in the _Observer_ for August 20,
+1837, representing the Waterloo shield, given by Lord George Bentinck,
+and run for at Goodwood Races, 1837.
+
+When Her Majesty Queen Victoria paid her first visit to the City of
+London after her accession, the _Observer_ came out with larger
+engravings than it had ever before produced. Two large views of the
+interior of Guildhall were given, together with a panoramic sketch of
+the royal and civic procession, and a portrait of the youthful Queen,
+'surrounded by a beautiful Emblematic Design, in which innocence and
+strength are happily portrayed by the playfulness of the Doves and the
+fearless defiance of the Lion.' Such was the flowery language of the
+_Observer_ in those days.
+
+The _Observer_ of July 2, 1838, was a double number, price tenpence, and
+contained several illustrations of the coronation of Queen Victoria,
+which were also printed in _Bell's Life_. I have copied one of them, not
+because it is particularly good, but simply to mark an important
+historical event, which ought to have some record in an account of
+illustrated journalism.
+
+[Illustration: THE CORONATION OF QUEEN VICTORIA. FROM THE 'OBSERVER,'
+JULY 2, 1838.]
+
+On the occasion of Her Majesty's marriage, the _Observer_ published a
+wedding number, containing several engravings, which were introduced to
+the reader thus:--'Little in the way of explanation is necessary to
+render the sketches in the opposite page, with which we have illustrated
+our account of the splendid ceremonials of Her Majesty's Nuptials on
+Monday last, intelligible. Our readers will no doubt make due allowance
+for any imperfections which may be discovered, when they reflect on the
+fact that the whole of the labours of the artists and the engravers have
+been accomplished in less than a week, and this under circumstances of
+difficulty, in obtaining admission to the scenes to be sketched, almost
+insurmountable. We should not be doing justice to our engraver were we
+not to state that it is to Mr. Orrin Smith we owe the consummation of
+our desire to gratify our patrons.'
+
+On October 30, 1841, a fire occurred in the Tower of London, when the
+Armoury and 280,000 stand of arms were destroyed. On November 7 the
+_Observer_ published three illustrations of this great fire. On November
+14 it presented its subscribers with a large emblematic engraving on the
+occasion of the birth of the Prince of Wales. In the following January,
+when the Prince of Wales was christened, it published a large page
+engraving designed by W. B. Scott, and engraved by Smith and Linton,
+containing the ceremony of christening in St. George's Chapel, the
+banquet in St. George's Hall, illustrations of the history of the
+Princes of Wales from the presentation of the first Prince of Wales to
+the Welsh, to the religious instruction of Edward VI. by Archbishop
+Cranmer, including the battle of Cressy with the feats of the Black
+Prince, and the subsequent pageantry attending the introduction of the
+King of France as a prisoner into London over London Bridge; following
+this is the dismissal of Falstaff and his profligate companions by Henry
+V., with views of Windsor, &c. From this time until 1847 the _Observer_
+published no more engravings. In the interval the _Illustrated London
+News_ commenced its career. On July 12, 1847, the _Observer_ published
+the last of its illustrations. This was on the installation of Prince
+Albert as Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. The engravings have
+the name of W. J. Linton attached to them, and are on a larger scale,
+and are better done than anything hitherto appearing in the same paper.
+
+The _Weekly Chronicle_, the first number of which was published
+September 18, 1836, started with the idea of illustrating the news of
+the day as one of its principal features. The price was threepence, and
+with it was incorporated the _Weekly Times_. In the first number the
+public were 'requested to be on their guard against the substitution of
+any other paper.' This probably had reference to some threatened
+rivalship, for exactly a year later appeared _Holt's Weekly Chronicle_,
+a paper which also gave illustrations of current events. It published
+engravings connected with the rebellion in Canada, and also illustrated
+the burning of the Royal Exchange in 1838. It appears to have had only a
+brief existence. The first number of the _Weekly Chronicle_ contained an
+engraving of 'the new grand Balloon which ascended from Vauxhall Gardens
+with nine persons on Friday, September 9th, engraved by W. C. Walker,
+from a drawing made by a gentleman who ascended expressly for this
+paper.' Number 2 contained a page of comic sketches, apparently by
+Seymour, and with the number for October 30, 1836, was presented gratis
+an almanack containing a view of the new Houses of Parliament, not quite
+as the design was eventually carried out. Very early in its career the
+_Weekly Chronicle_ selected the criminal records as favourite subjects
+for illustration. Perhaps some memory of the profits realised by the
+_Observer_ on the occasion of the Weare murder induced the conductors to
+cultivate this class of news. Certainly nothing more repulsive ever
+figured in the pages of an illustrated newspaper than some of the
+woodcuts published by the _Weekly Chronicle_.
+
+Towards the end of 1836 another attempt was made on the life of the King
+of the French, and on January 8, 1837, the _Weekly Chronicle_ published
+a portrait of the criminal. A month or two later the public were
+enlightened as to the personal appearance of another murderer, one
+Pegsworth, who had his portrait taken in Newgate on the morning of his
+execution. The annals of crime were varied by the exploits of war, and a
+view of the heights of Amelzagame illustrated the career of the Spanish
+Legion under the command of General Evans. In the spring of 1837
+occurred the Greenacre murder, and the _Weekly Chronicle_ at once went
+into the case with an evident determination to do full justice to its
+sensational merits. From the first examination of the murderer before
+the magistrates to his final exit in the Old Bailey the artists of the
+paper were on the alert, pencil in hand. It is a painful fact that the
+numbers of the _Weekly Chronicle_ containing the illustrations of the
+Greenacre murder had a very large sale. The details of the crime are too
+shocking to recapitulate, but I will give a list of the woodcuts
+published in connexion with it.
+
+April 2, 1837.--A sketch of Greenacre taken while under examination at
+the police-office. Head of the murdered woman as preserved in spirits at
+Paddington Workhouse.
+
+April 9.--Greenacre taking notes at his examination before the
+magistrates at Marylebone Police Office. Exterior of Greenacre's house
+in Carpenter's Buildings, Windmill Lane, Camberwell. View of Pineapple
+Gate, Edgware Road, where the body was found. Matthew Hale, lock-keeper,
+who found the head. Rear of Greenacre's house. A back room looking into
+the garden. Portraits of Mrs. Gale and child taken while under
+examination at Marylebone Police Office. Room where the horrible
+mutilation was committed. Osierbed in Cold Harbour Lane, where the legs
+were found.
+
+April 16.--Trial of Greenacre.
+
+April 23.--Chapel in Newgate, sketched during the preaching of the
+condemned sermon to Greenacre.
+
+April 30.--Greenacre in condemned cell.
+
+[Illustration: CHAPEL IN NEWGATE: THE CONDEMNED SERMON. FROM THE 'WEEKLY
+CHRONICLE,' APRIL 23, 1837.
+
+  1. Sheriffs' Pew.
+  2. Governor's Pew.
+  3. Condemned Pew.]
+
+On May 7 the _Weekly Chronicle_ wound up this series of illustrations by
+publishing a large cut, which it entitled, 'A scene in the Old Bailey,
+immediately before the execution, engraved expressly for the _Weekly
+Chronicle_ by a distinguished artist.' According to an announcement in
+the paper itself, the sale of the _Weekly Chronicle_ during the
+publication of these engravings was 130,000.
+
+[Illustration: THE CONDEMNED CELL, NEWGATE. FROM THE 'WEEKLY CHRONICLE,'
+APRIL 30, 1837.]
+
+On May 14, 1837, the _Weekly Chronicle_ published portraits of Sir
+Francis Burdett and Mr. Leader, the former of a superhuman length, with
+a shocking bad hat. In the following number, as if the public had not
+been sufficiently supplied with horrors, there was printed 'a sketch of
+Eliza Davis as she lay on the mattress after the murder.' This was known
+as the Frederick Street murder, and was remarkable from the
+circumstances, and from the fact that the murderer was never
+discovered. This paper now commenced 'The Pictorial Gallery,
+illustrating every object of interest and curiosity in Art, Science,
+Literature, and Amusement. (To be continued weekly.)' In this series
+were published a view of the Euston Railway Station, a portrait of
+Madame Taglioni, a sketch of a novel mode of propelling balloons,
+representations of the Bedouin Arabs, the City of London School, the
+Adelaide Gallery, the Hippodrome at Bayswater, proclamation of Queen
+Victoria at Temple Bar, portraits of the Queen, the late King, the Earl
+of Durham, and the Duchess of Kent. Then followed a view of the Royal
+Mausoleum at Windsor, and several illustrations of Mr. Cocking's fatal
+descent in a parachute.
+
+Mr. Cocking was an enthusiast in aerostation--he was, in fact, balloon
+mad, and had spent years in inventing a parachute which he believed to
+be perfectly safe, and in which he ascended from Vauxhall Gardens on
+July 24, 1837, attached to Mr. Green's Royal Nassau balloon. The
+experiment was widely advertised, and when the day and hour arrived the
+poor enthusiast faithfully appeared, and ascended in his fatal machine
+for more than a mile. He then himself liberated the parachute from the
+balloon. For a few seconds he descended steadily; the parachute then
+collapsed, broke, turned over, and shot straight down to the earth a
+hopeless ruin. Poor Cocking was still in the basket of the parachute
+when he reached the earth, but was quite insensible, and in ten minutes
+he was dead. The parachute fell at Lee; and it is recorded that not only
+was the machine itself carried away piecemeal, but the dead man's purse
+was stolen from his pocket, his watch, his snuff-box, his eye-glass were
+taken, even the cap was stolen from his head, the shoes were pulled from
+his feet, the buttons from his dress. Such statements seem incredible,
+and for the credit of human nature one could wish they were false; but
+they have been seriously made, and never contradicted.
+
+[Illustration: MR. COCKING IN HIS PARACHUTE AT THE MOMENT OF ASCENSION.
+FROM THE 'WEEKLY CHRONICLE,' JULY 30, 1837.]
+
+The _Weekly Chronicle_ published several illustrations of this event.
+They represent Mr. Cocking in the car of the parachute at the moment
+of ascension; the Nassau balloon as it appeared from the Royal Gardens,
+Vauxhall; the parachute in its various stages in its descent; and Mr.
+Cocking as he lay for the inspection of the jury in the room at the
+Tiger's Head, at Lee. The first of these I have copied.
+
+This rash adventure was wound up by the opening of a subscription list
+for the benefit of Cocking's widow, which was headed by the Queen with
+50_l._ The Gas Company that had supplied the gas for the disaster gave
+30_l._, and the proprietors of Vauxhall gave the gardens for a benefit.
+Thus the friends who ought to have restrained the vanity of the
+enthusiast and the speculators who led him on to his fate did their best
+in the way of atonement; but it was clearly a case where the civil power
+ought to have interposed to prevent the fatal catastrophe.
+
+The _Chronicle_ varied its illustrations of events by an occasional
+portrait of a public man, such as Mr. T. Wakley, Mr. Roebuck, Lord John
+Russell, and Daniel Whittle Harvey. The Queen's first visit to the City,
+and her Majesty delivering her speech to her first Parliament, furnished
+subjects for large woodcuts. Early in the year 1838 the Royal Exchange
+was burnt, and this historical event was made the subject of an
+engraving in the number for January 14, 1838.
+
+This year the _Weekly Chronicle_ also published several engravings
+illustrative of the rebellion in Canada, including a portrait of
+Papineau, the insurgent leader, and views of Quebec and Montreal. The
+murder of Eliza Grimwood in the Waterloo Road furnished another
+opportunity for sensational sketches, and in the same number that
+contained them (June 10, 1838) appeared three illustrations of the
+Courtney Riots at Canterbury.
+
+In 1833 an eccentric person, calling himself Sir William Courtney,
+appeared at Canterbury and attracted much attention by his half-crazed
+appearance and his frequent harangues on the grievances of the poor. He
+presented himself as a candidate to represent the city of Canterbury in
+Parliament, but this ambition was frustrated by his being tried and
+found guilty of perjury, an offence he had committed on behalf of some
+smugglers on the Kentish coast. He was sentenced to imprisonment and
+transportation; but, being proved insane, the sentence was commuted, and
+he was confined in a lunatic asylum. Here he remained four years, and
+was then liberated under the belief that he was restored to a rational
+state. He was, however, madder than ever, having while in confinement
+brooded over his supposed wrongs and the sufferings of the oppressed
+poor until he fancied himself a prophet and a deliverer sent from
+heaven. With the cunning of madness he counterfeited sanity, and thus
+was able to resume what he considered his prophetic mission. He
+harangued about the new poor law, promised cheap bread to all who would
+follow him, and on May 29, 1838, he gathered together a band of about
+twenty men, with whom he marched from one place to another, proclaiming
+that he would make May 29 more memorable than it had ever been in
+connexion with the restoration of Charles II. This went on for a day or
+two, when a farmer, named Curtis, having his field-work stopped by the
+leading away of his men, went to a magistrate and obtained a warrant to
+apprehend them. In an attempt to execute this warrant a constable was
+killed by Courtney, who now broke into a rhapsody of exultation,
+declared that a second Gideon was come to slay the ungodly, and that all
+should perish who opposed the prophet. With outstretched sword he cried,
+'I am the only Saviour of you all. You need not fear, for I will bring
+you through all.' The excitement had now become so general, and the
+menaces of Courtney and his armed party so alarming, that the
+magistrates resolved on the instant capture of this dangerous maniac and
+his ignorant followers. They came up with the rioters at a place called
+the Osier Bed, where Courtney's men threatened the magistrates and
+constables with bludgeons and fire-arms. After firing his pistol at one
+of the party who attempted to arrest him, Courtney and his men broke
+away to Bossenden Wood, and the magistrates, seeing no other resource,
+sent at once for a detachment of the 45th Regiment from Canterbury
+Barracks. Courtney had now proclaimed to his followers that he was no
+other than Jesus Christ returned to earth, and that they were safer with
+him than if they were in their beds; therefore they must resist the
+soldiers, and they were sure of victory. In the meantime a hundred men
+of the 45th Regiment, headed by Lieutenant Bennett, surrounded Bossenden
+Wood. Accompanied by the civil magistrates, they advanced to close round
+the rioters, when Courtney fired at the young Lieutenant commanding the
+party, and shot him dead. The next minute the prophet himself was slain
+by a soldier, who covered him with his musket as he fired at Lieutenant
+Bennett. Then ensued a hand-to-hand fight, which resulted in the death
+of seven of the rioters and one constable, besides several persons
+seriously wounded.
+
+The illustrations of these riots in the _Weekly Chronicle_ of June 10,
+1838, consist of the following:--
+
+1. 'Courtney with his troops leaving Bossenden Farm.'
+
+2. 'The death of Lieutenant Bennett. Courtney in the act of exhorting
+his men to advance.'
+
+3. 'Interior of the Red Lion stables, with the bodies as they were laid
+out after the conflict.'
+
+Courtney, whose real name was John Thom, was undoubtedly mad. He never
+could have found followers, except amongst the most degraded and
+ignorant; and it is hoped he did better service to his countrymen than
+he ever dreamt of by drawing attention to the dreadful evils arising
+from the want of education among the rural population. Most of his
+followers could neither read nor write, and were so totally unacquainted
+with the simplest truths of Christianity that they believed him when he
+asserted that he was Gideon, Samson, and Jesus Christ all in one, and
+that he had descended from heaven to redress the wrongs of the poor, but
+more especially to reduce the price of bread!
+
+[Illustration: THE DREADFUL RIOT AND LOSS OF LIFE AT BOSSENDEN WOOD,
+EAST KENT. FROM THE 'WEEKLY CHRONICLE,' JUNE 10, 1838.
+
+  1. Courtney.
+
+  2. Lieutenant Bennett.
+
+  3. Sergeant Langley making a thrust at Courtney with a bayonet, and
+  was knocked down with a bludgeon.
+
+  4. Six Magistrates.
+
+  5. Soldier who stepped forward and shot Courtney.
+
+  6. Major Armstrong.
+
+  7. Detachment of the 45th Regiment loading.
+
+  8. Lieutenant Bennett's detachment.
+
+  9. The man Wills, who knocked down Sergeant Langley.
+
+  10. Courtney's flag.
+
+  11. J. N. Knatchbull firing at Courtney.]
+
+The _Weekly Chronicle_ illustrated the coronation of Queen Victoria by a
+view of 'The interior of the Abbey at the moment of Her Majesty
+assuming the Crown,' and a full-page engraving of the Coronation
+Procession. Two pages of engravings were given on the occasion of the
+Queen's marriage; and on November 1, 1841, a large 'view of the Tower of
+London as it appeared on fire on the morning of Sunday, the 31st ult.,
+from a drawing by a distinguished artist.' On January 29, 1842, the same
+paper illustrated the christening of the Prince of Wales, with its
+attendant ceremonies and festivities; and later in the same year were
+published the last of its illustrations, relating to the employment of
+women and children in coal-mines.
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF THE HOUSE OF LORDS, LOOKING FROM THE ENTRANCE
+TO THE SPOT LATELY OCCUPIED BY THE THRONE. FROM THE 'SUNDAY TIMES,' NOV.
+2, 1834.]
+
+The _Observer_, _Bell's Life_, and the _Weekly Chronicle_, which during
+more than twenty years had been the chief representatives of pictorial
+journalism, gradually abandoned the practice of giving illustrations
+after the _Illustrated London News_ was established. Two or three other
+newspapers occasionally published engravings, but they were very few,
+and appeared at long intervals. The _Sunday Times_ illustrated the trial
+of Thurtell for the murder of Mr. Weare, and on Nov. 2, 1834, it
+published several engravings of the destruction of the Houses of
+Parliament, two of which, representing the ruins, are of sufficient
+interest to introduce here.
+
+[Illustration: RUINS OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. FROM THE 'SUNDAY TIMES,'
+NOV. 2, 1834.]
+
+The _Champion_ of Nov. 13, 1836, has an engraving of the interior of a
+cotton-factory; and the _Weekly Herald_ in the same year issued two
+engravings illustrating the story of Wat Tyler:--'1. Workshop scene; Wat
+Tyler knocking the Tyrant Tax-gatherer's brains out;' the principal
+characters equipped in boots, buckles, and belts, in true theatrical
+style 2. 'Smithfield scene; the assassin Walworth treacherously
+murdering the brave but too-confiding Wat Tyler.' The same paper also
+issued this year a view of St. Peter's, Rome. The _Magnet_, a paper
+started in 1837, illustrated the proclamation of Queen Victoria, William
+IV. lying in state, the Canadian rebellion, burning of the Royal
+Exchange, coronation of Queen Victoria, and on Jan. 4, 1841, the removal
+of the remains of Napoleon I. from St. Helena. There are two engravings
+of this interesting historical event. The first is entitled, 'A correct
+view, taken on the spot, of the interior of the tent at St. Helena,
+after the disinterment of the body of Napoleon, at the instant of the
+removal of the lid from the coffin; the remains of the Emperor appearing
+(as one of the spectators remarked) as if he were asleep.' I have copied
+the second cut, which represents the embarkation of the body, and is one
+of the last examples of pictorial journalism before the birth of the
+_Illustrated London News_.
+
+Before concluding this part of my subject it is fitting that I should
+include the _Penny Magazine_ amongst the pictorial journals which
+immediately preceded the establishment of a regular illustrated
+newspaper. The _Penny Magazine_, though not a newspaper, was intended to
+supplant the cheap and pernicious contraband newspapers that then
+existed in large numbers. It was the most successful experiment that
+England had then seen of the art of illustration in combination with the
+steam press, and was the best attempt that had been made in a cheap form
+to elevate the public taste.
+
+[Illustration: THE REMOVAL AND DELIVERY OF THE REMAINS OF THE EMPEROR
+NAPOLEON BY THE GOVERNOR OF ST. HELENA TO THE PRINCE DE JOINVILLE, ON
+THE 16TH DAY OF OCTOBER, 1840. FROM THE 'MAGNET,' JAN. 11, 1841.]
+
+Mr. Charles Knight, who thus, in the _Penny Magazine_, led the way in
+combining literature with art in a popular form, was a staunch advocate
+of education, and he never ceased in his endeavours to improve the
+condition of the masses. He said, 'the poor man must be made a
+thinking man--a man capable of intellectual pleasures; he must be
+purified in his tastes, and elevated in his understanding; he must be
+taught to comprehend the real dignity of all useful employments; he must
+learn to look upon the distinctions of society without envy or
+servility; he must respect them, for they are open to him as well as to
+others; but he must respect himself more. The best enjoyments of our
+nature might be common to him and the most favoured by fortune. Let him
+be taught how to appreciate them. Diminish the attractions of his
+sensual enjoyments by extending the range of his mental pleasures.'[5]
+With such convictions, Mr. Knight, in 1827, joined the Society for the
+Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, a new educational movement then just
+started by the Reform Party. He brought out, under its auspices, a great
+number of useful works, most of which were profusely illustrated. In
+1832 Mr. Knight resided in the Vale of Health on Hampstead Heath. One of
+his neighbours was Mr. M. D. Hill, an active member of the Society for
+the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. It was a time of great political
+excitement, and the town was flooded with unstamped weekly publications,
+which in some degree came under the character of contraband newspapers,
+and were nearly all dangerous in principle and coarse in language. Mr.
+Knight and Mr. Hill often walked to town together, and their
+conversation naturally turned to a subject in which they both felt a
+special interest--the means of improving the condition of the people by
+the diffusion of cheap literature, and so counteracting the dangerous
+and offensive publications which then abounded. One morning in early
+spring their talk was of this kind, when Mr. Hill exclaimed, 'Let us see
+what something cheap and good can accomplish! Let us have a Penny
+Magazine!' Mr. Knight immediately adopted the suggestion, which was
+cordially approved by the Lord Chancellor Brougham; and on March 31,
+1832, appeared the first number of 'the _Penny Magazine_ of the Society
+for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.' It was necessary to avoid making
+the new periodical anything like a newspaper lest it should become
+liable to stamp duty, and at first very little expense was incurred for
+illustrations, most of the engravings in the early numbers being
+reprinted from other works of the Society. It was not till six months
+had elapsed that Mr. Knight ventured into the wide field of
+illustration, and made the public familiar with great works of art, such
+as the 'Laocoon,' the 'Apollo Belvedere,' the 'Dying Gladiator,' the
+'Cartoons,' &c. The best pictures of the old masters were intermingled
+with scenes at home and abroad, with places of renown and illustrious
+men of all nations and of every age.
+
+The success of the _Penny Magazine_ was a surprise to the publisher and
+an astonishment to most persons. At the end of 1832 it had reached a
+sale of 200,000 in weekly numbers and monthly parts, and it soon
+produced a revolution in popular art throughout the world. Stereotype
+casts of its best cuts were supplied for the illustration of
+publications of a similar character which appeared in Germany, France,
+Holland, Livonia, Bohemia, Italy, Ionian Islands, Sweden, Norway,
+Spanish America, and the Brazils. The entire work was also reprinted in
+the United States from plates sent from this country.[6]
+
+It continued its prosperous career for nine years, when a new series was
+commenced, with considerable improvements in engraving and printing.
+Five volumes of the new series were published, but the sale declined,
+owing to the commencement of illustrated newspapers, and the _Penny
+Magazine_ in its old form came to an end in 1845, three years after the
+commencement of the _Illustrated London News_.[7] _Knight's Penny
+Magazine_, a smaller miscellany, commencing in January, 1846, kept up
+the old name for six months longer, and then it ceased to exist. In
+announcing its discontinuance, Mr. Knight thus closes this interesting
+chapter of literary history:--'The present series of the _Penny
+Magazine_ is closed, after an experience of only six months. The editor
+has no reason to complain of the want of public encouragement, for the
+sale of this series has exceeded that of its predecessor in 1845. But
+the sale, such as it is, is scarcely remunerative; and there are
+indications that it may decline rather than increase. This is a hint
+which cannot be mistaken. It shall not be said of his humble efforts to
+continue, upon an equality with the best of his contemporaries, a
+publication which once had a decided pre-eminence, that
+
+  "Superfluous lags the veteran on the stage."
+
+He leaves this portion of popular literature to be cultivated by those
+whose new energy may be worth more than his old experience. The _Penny
+Magazine_ shall begin and end with him. It shall not pass into other
+hands.'
+
+Mr. Knight attributed the falling off in the sale of the _Penny
+Magazine_ to the extended sale of newspapers and the application of
+wood-engravings to their illustration; and in his _Passages of a Working
+Life_ he relates how he first heard of the journal that was destined to
+succeed the _Penny Magazine_ in the field of popular art:--'In 1842,
+having occasion to be in attendance at the Central Criminal Court, my
+curiosity was excited by an unusual spectacle--that of an artist, seated
+amongst the civic dignitaries on the bench, diligently employed in
+sketching two Lascars, on their trial for a capital offence. What was
+there so remarkable in the case, in the persons, or even in the costume
+of the accused, that they should be made the subject of a picture? The
+mystery was soon explained to me. The _Illustrated London News_ had been
+announced for publication on the Saturday of the week in which I saw the
+wretched foreigners standing at the bar. I knew something about hurrying
+on wood-engravers for the _Penny Magazine_, but a newspaper was an
+essentially different affair. How, I thought, could artists and
+journalists so work concurrently that the news and the appropriate
+illustrations should both be fresh? How could such things be managed
+with any approach to fidelity of representation unless all the essential
+characteristics of a newspaper were sacrificed in the attempt to render
+it pictorial? I fancied that this rash experiment would be a failure. It
+proved to be such a success as could only be ensured by resolute and
+persevering struggles against natural difficulties.'
+
+Charles Knight was born at Windsor in 1791. The son of a bookseller, he
+very early became connected with the press. At the age of twenty-one he
+conducted the _Windsor and Eton Express_, and a few years later he
+became the editor of the _Guardian_, a London weekly paper. He
+afterwards started a monthly magazine called the _Etonian_, and amongst
+his contributors were Macaulay, Praed, and other clever young men who
+had been educated at Eton, some of whom supported him in a later
+venture, _Knight's Quarterly Magazine_. In the midst of his varied
+duties as author and publisher he never lost sight of the great question
+of popular education, and heartily joined in the movement for repealing
+the taxes on knowledge. He gave expression to his views in _The
+Struggles of a Book against Excessive Taxation_ and _The Case of the
+Authors as regards the Paper Duty_. He paid the enormous sum of
+16,500_l._ for paper duty on the _Penny Cyclopedia_ alone, and on the
+same work he expended 40,000_l._ for literature and engravings. When
+this great and useful work was completed Mr. Knight was entertained at a
+public dinner presided over by Lord Brougham, when the leading men in
+literature and art united to do him honour. The _Penny Cyclopedia_ was
+not a commercial success, solely because of the paper duty.
+
+Of the numerous illustrated works published by Mr. Knight, the
+_Pictorial Bible_ was the most successful in a pecuniary sense, and he
+considered the _Arabian Nights_ the most beautiful as regards
+illustrations. He was so ardent a promoter of illustrative art, that he
+invented a press for printing in colours, from which issued many
+coloured engravings for his various works, such as _Old England_, the
+_Farmer's Library_, &c.
+
+Mr. Knight died at Addlestone, Surrey, March 9, 1873, and was buried in
+his native town of Windsor. A marble bust of him was placed by public
+subscription in the Council Chamber of that town, and two scholarships,
+bearing his name, were founded in the school of the Stationers' Company.
+It was well said of Charles Knight on the occasion of unveiling his bust
+at Windsor, that he set out in life with the desire to make knowledge a
+common possession instead of an exclusive privilege. He laboured for the
+good of his fellow-men rather than for the rewards of fame or fortune,
+and no man was more worthy of honour for his public services and his
+private virtues. The last time I saw him was at the grave of an old
+friend of his and mine; and as I recall the remembrance of his grey hair
+tossed in the wintry wind, I adopt in all seriousness what Douglas
+Jerrold said in jest, that two words would suffice for his
+epitaph--'good Knight.'
+
+It is curious that the printing-press, which has worked such mighty
+changes, should have reproduced in another form the ancient jester who
+stood in cap and bells behind his master's chair, and the merry-andrew
+who made the rustics laugh upon the village green. The numerous
+satirical and humorous publications of the Victorian era represent a
+distinct kind of illustrated journalism, through which runs an amusing
+commentary on passing events, combined with a vein of satire always
+good-humoured and often instructive. At the head of this array of wit
+and wisdom stands _Punch_, who, however, was preceded by _Figaro in
+London_, conducted by Mr. Gilbert A'Beckett, afterwards one of _Punch's_
+strongest supporters. Mr. A'Beckett faithfully acted up to his motto:--
+
+  'Satire should, like a polished razor keen,
+   Wound with a touch that's hardly felt or seen;'
+
+but the constitution of _Figaro_ was not strong, and he died young.
+
+While the _Penny Magazine_ was yet in vigorous life, and the
+_Illustrated London News_ was as yet unborn, there used to be a weekly
+gathering of authors, actors, and artists, at a tavern in Wych Street,
+Strand, where the late Mr. Mark Lemon presided as the genial host. This
+company of merry men were mostly on the sunny side of life, and disposed
+to look upon the world and the world's cares with a laughing eye. They
+were ever ready to go out of their way for the sake of a joke, and a
+pun, good or bad, was pleasant to them. In this congenial atmosphere
+_Punch_ germinated, and in July, 1841, that shrewd observer and
+good-humoured satirist appeared. Mr. _Punch_, like some other great men,
+had a hard struggle in his early days; but prosperous times came, and he
+now combines in his own person the dignity of age with the vivacity of
+youth. _Puck_, _Diogenes_, and numerous other imitators of _Punch_,
+attempted to obtain a share of public favour, but most of them died
+after a brief existence. The best of these that survive are _Fun_ and
+_Judy_, which, with the _Hornet_, _Vanity Fair_, _Figaro_ (a revival of
+the name), _Moonshine_, _Funny Folks_, and others, continue their weekly
+budgets with a smartness and vigour not unworthy of their great
+prototype.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [1] There was another Sunday paper in existence about this time, the
+    _Sunday Reformer and Universal Register_. In the number for Dec.
+    29th, 1793, there is a copperplate portrait of Robert Lowth, D.D.,
+    Lord Bishop of London, then recently deceased.
+
+  [2] 'Old Stories Retold,' in _All the Year Round_.
+
+  [3] Grant's _Newspaper Press_.
+
+  [4] 'Old Stories Retold,' in _All the Year Round_.
+
+  [5] _Passages of a Working Life._
+
+  [6] At this time there was another illustrated weekly magazine in
+    existence--the _Mirror_, which began about 1822. The engravings it
+    contained were chiefly of a topographical character.
+
+  [7] The _Saturday Magazine_ was started in imitation of the _Penny
+    Magazine_, and, like its prototype, had a considerable popularity for
+    some years.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+  The _Illustrated London News_--The Early Numbers--The Burning of
+  Hamburgh--Facetious Advertisements--Bal Masque at Buckingham
+  Palace--Attempted Assassination of the Queen--The Queen's First Trip
+  by Railway--First Royal Visit to Scotland--Political Portraits--R.
+  Cobden--Lord John Russell--Benjamin Disraeli--The French Revolution,
+  1848--The Great Exhibition, 1851--The Crimean War--Coloured
+  Pictures--Christmas Numbers--Herbert Ingram--The _Pictorial
+  Times_--Other Illustrated Journals.
+
+
+Having traced the idea of illustrating the news of the day from the
+early 'news-book' through its various stages of growth and development,
+we come to the first regular illustrated newspaper that was established.
+The projector had long held the opinion, founded on his experience as a
+newsvendor at Nottingham, that such a publication would succeed. He had
+noticed that when the _Observer_ and the _Weekly Chronicle_ contained
+engravings, there was a much larger demand for those papers than when
+they were without illustrations, and he conceived the idea of starting a
+paper whose chief attraction should be its _pictures_. He thought if he
+could combine _art_ and _news_ together, he would be adding greatly to
+the ordinary attractions of a newspaper, and would probably secure a
+widely extended circle of readers. His customers at Nottingham often
+asked for the 'London news' when anything of interest was astir in the
+Metropolis, and his observant shrewdness led him to conclude that this
+would be a good name for his paper. He accordingly called it the
+_Illustrated London News_, and under that title the first number
+appeared on May 14th, 1842. It contained sixteen printed pages and
+thirty-two woodcuts, including all the little headings to the columns,
+price sixpence, and it equalled in size the _Atlas_ which was then sold
+for a shilling, without engravings. It was printed by R. Palmer (at
+the office of Palmer and Clayton), 10 Crane Court, Fleet Street, and
+published by J. Clayton, 320 Strand. The introductory address is written
+in a florid and inflated style; but it shows a correct perception of the
+wide and varied range that would have to be taken by an illustrated
+newspaper.
+
+[Illustration: THE BURNING OF HAMBURGH. FROM THE FIRST NUMBER OF THE
+'ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,' MAY 14, 1842.]
+
+[Illustration: HEADING TO 'COURT AND HAUT TON,' COLUMN, 'ILLUSTRATED
+LONDON NEWS,' MAY 14, 1842.]
+
+The well-known engraved heading represents a view of London from the
+Thames, as it was then,--St. Paul's towering in the centre, and the Lord
+Mayor's procession in State barges passing up the river. The first
+engraving is a 'View of the Conflagration of the City of Hamburgh,'
+which began on May 5th, and continued for several days. A great part of
+the city was destroyed, and more than one hundred lives were lost. As
+marking an epoch in the history of the Pictorial Press, I reprint this
+engraving and some others from the early numbers. The next cut is
+apparently a view of some town in Italy or France; but there is no name
+to the engraving or any reference to it in the surrounding text, which
+is all about the dreadful railway accident between Paris and Versailles
+which had then just occurred, whereby fifty persons were killed, and one
+hundred and fifty were more or less injured. On the next page are views
+of the city of Cabul and the fortress of Ghuznee, just then the seat of
+stirring events. The columns of 'Foreign Intelligence,' 'The Court and
+Haut Ton,' 'Births, Marriages, and Deaths,' were each headed by a small
+woodcut, an example of which is given here. There is also an
+illustration of ladies' fashions, accompanied by a gushing, descriptive
+letter from Paris, beginning: 'Dear Mr. Editor, I feel an inexpressible
+delight in inditing my first communication to your lady readers, upon
+the fashions of the _haut ton_ of this _ville de gaite_. So suddenly and
+with such power has the sun lately shot forth, that there is no end to
+invention in our spring fashions.'
+
+[Illustration: FASHIONS FOR MAY, 1842. FROM THE 'ILLUSTRATED LONDON
+NEWS,' MAY 14, 1842.]
+
+It would appear that illustrated police reports were to have formed part
+of the attractions of the paper, and several small cuts dealing with
+humorous subjects are scattered through the early numbers. The cases
+were evidently selected with a view to provoke merriment rather than to
+indulge a morbid taste for criminal records, and seem to show that the
+paper in its early days possessed something of the frolicsomeness of
+youth, and did not consider a joke beneath its dignity. It had its wild
+oats to sow, and was not indisposed to emulate its contemporary _Punch_,
+then also a young joker. The first illustrations of the kind relate to a
+case at the Mansion House before Sir Peter Laurie, where the manager of
+a matrimonial institution sought to defend his establishment from the
+strictures of that celebrated 'putter-down.' A few pages further on we
+come upon two facetious advertisements, one of them professing to have
+been called forth by the report of the above case at the Mansion
+House:--
+
+'MATRIMONY.--A _professional_ gentleman, who has for some time past
+enrolled the category of his multitudinous graces, accomplishments, and
+_prospects_, in the portfolio of the "Matrimonial Alliance
+Establishment," fearing that, under the influence of Sir Peter Laurie's
+recent animadversion they will waste their sweetness unseen--unknown in
+the rose-tinted volume of the modern Hymen, avails himself of the
+glorious opportunity afforded to advertisers by the proprietors of the
+_Illustrated London News_, "and boldly and unhesitatingly submits his
+picture in little," to the approving smiles of the fair daughters (and
+_widows_) of Albion's Isle, conscious of his perfect sincerity in
+stating that he has no _insurmountable_ objection to fortune being
+combined with beauty, taste, lively disposition, and cheerful temper; he
+feels assured that the lovely creature whose eyes shall be fortunate
+enough, first to meet this advertisement (and then the advertiser), will
+secure to herself a perfect amenity, if truth be truth, and manners--not
+money--make the man. Address, with portrait (miniature set in gold,
+pearls, or other precious stones, not refused), A. Donis Slim, Esq., 320
+Strand.'
+
+[Illustration: A. DONIS SLIM, ESQ. FROM THE 'ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,'
+MAY 14, 1842.]
+
+The other advertisement referred to is of an entirely different
+character, being addressed to the commercial world:--
+
+'CAPITAL SPEC! Safe as the Bank!--Wanted a partner in a snug, genteel
+little concern, with an airy and pleasant corner situation in one of the
+most densely crowded thoroughfares of the Metropolis, and doing a good,
+ready-money business, without much risk; which an increase of capital
+would considerably extend. The returns exceed the outlay, and the Sunday
+custom alone covers the rent. The taxes are redeemed, and there is a
+long unexpired term of the lease, which is held at a lolly-pop. The
+coming into a half-share, including plant and stock, very moderate--say
+a trifle above 0000_l._ Any person who can command the above sum will
+not only find this a decided bargain, but a very desirable opportunity
+of commencing business, and well worthy the attention of an industrious
+person of small means and less family. References exchanged. Address,
+prepaid, to B. B. (Brandy Ball), Pieman's Alley.'
+
+[Illustration: PARTNERSHIP WANTED. FROM THE 'ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,'
+MAY 14, 1842.]
+
+The principal engravings in this first number illustrate the first Bal
+Masque given by Queen Victoria at Buckingham Palace. They were drawn by
+Sir John Gilbert, then at the beginning of his career, and it was most
+fortunate for the new enterprise that an artist of such great and varied
+abilities was found at the very outset to give his powerful aid to the
+undertaking. His wonderful facility and bold picturesqueness were
+exactly suited to the requirements of an illustrated newspaper. The
+first enabled him to do his work with marvellous quickness, and the
+second was an excellent counterpoise to the damaging effects of hurried
+engraving and rapid printing. The illustrations of the Queen's Bal
+Masque are eight in number, including character portraits of Her Majesty
+and the Prince Consort. There are two cuts from a book under review, and
+the last illustration in the number represents a long line of men
+carrying advertising boards 'to proclaim the advent of this important
+publication.'
+
+The first number sold well, probably because the public was curious to
+see what the new paper was like. Twenty-six thousand copies were
+disposed of, but there was a great falling-off in the sale of the second
+number, which opened with a leading article explaining the principles
+that were to guide the paper in its future career. The cut on the front
+page represents the ceremony of taking the veil, and was evidently drawn
+by Gilbert. The next engravings illustrate Waghorn's Overland Route to
+India, then recently organized, followed by an illustrated account of
+the sale at Strawberry Hill, and a portrait of a then notorious
+criminal, Daniel Good, which is accompanied by an editorial apology
+disclaiming all intention of joining the 'raw-head and bloody-bones'
+school, but in the interests of science commending the portrait to the
+disciples of Lavater. This is the only instance of such an engraving
+being inserted in the paper (with the exception of the portrait of
+MacNaghten, who shot Mr. Drummond), and it is evident the editor's
+better feeling revolted against it, although he was only following the
+example of the _Observer_ and the _Weekly Chronicle_.
+
+[Illustration: HER MAJESTY AS QUEEN PHILIPPA. FROM THE 'ILLUSTRATED
+LONDON NEWS,' MAY 14, 1842.]
+
+The first engraving in No. 3 is a portrait of Mehemet Ali, which is
+given in connexion with further illustrations of the Overland Route to
+India. But the most important picture in this number is a portrait of
+the Queen with the baby Prince of Wales in her lap, drawn by Gilbert.
+There is also the first example of a sporting illustration--a portrait
+of Attila, the winner of the Derby, which accompanies an account of
+Epsom Races, with several other engravings.
+
+[Illustration: THE QUEEN'S FIRST RAILWAY JOURNEY. FROM THE 'ILLUSTRATED
+LONDON NEWS,' JUNE 19, 1842.]
+
+[Illustration: ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF THE QUEEN. FROM THE
+'ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,' JUNE 5, 1842.]
+
+[Illustration: MR. R. COBDEN, M.P. FROM THE 'ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS,'
+JULY 2, 1842.]
+
+An event now occurred which afforded the first important opportunity of
+illustrating the news of the hour. This was the attempt on the life of
+the Queen, who was fired at as she was driving up Constitution Hill by a
+young man named Francis. The public excitement on this occasion was very
+great, and it is a little surprising that the _Illustrated London News_
+did not make more of it. In No. 4 there are two illustrations in
+connexion with this event, one representing the attempted assassination,
+the other the examination of the prisoner before the Privy Council. The
+engravings are not very imposing, but large blocks had not then come
+into use; and as the event occurred on a Monday there was not too much
+time, with the limited means then at command, to produce them on a large
+scale. In No. 6 there is a small cut entitled 'The Queen's first trip by
+Railway,' which illustrates an account of her Majesty's first journey by
+railway from Windsor to London. With the exception of the drawings by
+Gilbert most of the illustrations in these first six numbers are of an
+inferior character, and show that the conductors of the paper had not
+yet obtained the best artistic help. Indeed it was a long time before
+the higher class of artists and engravers would believe that an
+illustrated newspaper was worthy of their professional attention.
+Illustrations of the Police Reports continued to be scattered through
+the early numbers, mingled with such subjects as a ballet at Her
+Majesty's Theatre, a public dinner, a launch, a horserace, and sketches
+of the Chartist riots at Preston. The Queen's first visit to Scotland
+was very copiously illustrated, and a series of 'Popular Portraits' was
+begun which included most of the prominent politicians of the day. In
+No. 11 the fatal accident to the Duke of Orleans is illustrated; and
+further on the hand of Gilbert is visible in the drawings representing
+the funeral of the Duke of Sussex, the Lord Mayor's Show, and the grand
+Polish Ball at Guildhall. With No. 19 the office was removed to 198
+Strand, where it has remained ever since. The first Cattle Show
+illustrations occur in No. 31, and it is evident that the artists by
+whom they were executed had not made that kind of art their special
+study. The approach of Christmas is heralded by the introduction of
+various laughable sketches; the Pantomimes are illustrated by Alfred
+Crowquill, and Christmas himself is welcomed in a 'Song of the Wassail
+Bowl.' Kenny Meadows finishes the volume with a party of Cupids carrying
+the _Illustrated London News_ through the air, while a literary and
+artistic Cupid, cap in hand, makes his bow to the reader.
+
+The first volume ends with the year 1842, and it has for a frontispiece
+a large view of London, a title-page drawn by Gilbert, and headings to
+preface and index by Kenny Meadows. The preface is written in the florid
+style of the introductory address in the first number; but the following
+passage refers, not inappropriately, to the value and interest of the
+work to the future historian:--
+
+'What would Sir Walter Scott or any of the great writers of modern times
+have given--whether for the purposes of fiction or history, or political
+example or disquisition--for any museum-preserved volume such as we have
+here enshrined. The life of the times--the signs of its taste and
+intelligence--its public monuments and public men--its
+festivals--institutions--amusements--discoveries--and the very
+reflection of its living manners and costumes--the variegated dresses of
+its mind and body--what are--what _must_ be all these but treasures of
+truth that would have lain hid in Time's tomb, or perished amid the sand
+of his hour-glass but for the enduring and resuscitating powers of
+art--the eternal register of the pencil giving life and vigour and
+palpability to the confirming details of the pen. Could the days of
+Elizabeth or others as bright and earlier still be unfolded to us
+through such a mirror, what a mint of wisdom might we gather in from
+such dazzling periods of the past! Of just as much captivating value
+then is such a book to the future. It will pour the lore of the
+Antiquarian into the scholar's yearning soul, and teach him truth about
+those who have gone before him, as it were, with the Pictorial Alphabet
+of Art! It is in this sense that we regard the greatness of our design,
+and are proud of its envied and unexampled success; and it is for this
+end that we shall strain every nerve to perfect it into order and
+completeness that may accord with the beauty and brilliancy which many
+episodes of its execution have already been fortunate to display. Scott
+might carry Elizabeth to Kenilworth through the regions of his fine
+imagination, backed and supported by books, and we may take _cum grano
+salis_ the Antiquarian's and the Poet's word, but the year two thousand
+will be ten times better assured of all the splendid realities of our
+own Victoria's visit to the native land of the Northern Magician who
+enshrined in fiction the glories of Queen Bess. This volume is a work
+that history _must_ keep.'
+
+At the end of the preface is printed the following 'Dedicatory
+Sonnet:'--
+
+  'To the great public,--that gigantic soul
+     Which lends the nation's body life and light,
+     And makes the blood within its veins grow bright
+   With gushing glory,--we this muster-roll
+   Of all the deeds that pass 'neath its controul
+     Do dedicate,--the page of simple news
+   Is here adorned and filled with pictured life,
+   Coloured with thousand tints--the rainbow strife
+     Of all the world's emotions--all the hues
+   Of war--peace--commerce;--agriculture rife
+   With budding plenty that doth life infuse
+     And fair domestic joy--all--all are here
+     To gild the _new_, and from the bygone year
+   Present a gift to take--to cherish and to use.'
+
+The second volume began with several improvements. A 'Romance of Real
+Life,' by Henry Cockton, illustrated by Kenny Meadows, was the first
+attempt to infuse a new interest into newspaper literature by the
+introduction of fiction. Stories by Thomas Miller and others followed.
+This feature of the paper was continued for some time until _fiction_
+was crowded out by _fact_. The popular portraits were done on a larger
+scale and were of a more ambitious character. In No. 40 there is one of
+Lord John Russell, which is reprinted here as an example of the improved
+portraiture of the period.
+
+[Illustration: PORTRAIT OF LORD JOHN RUSSELL. FROM THE 'ILLUSTRATED
+LONDON NEWS,' 1843.]
+
+In the following year was commenced a series of 'Parliamentary
+Portraits,' one of which I have selected to accompany the portrait of
+Lord John Russell. It is that of Mr. Disraeli, and it will perhaps
+interest the reader to compare the present estimate of Lord Beaconsfield
+with what was said of Mr. Disraeli in 1844. The following is a portion
+of the article which accompanies the portrait:--'The most remarkable
+speeches in the recent debates have been those of Mr. Disraeli, the
+Member for Shrewsbury. He has lately made himself more prominent in the
+sphere of literature and politics as the expounder of the views and
+opinions of that section of the Conservative party which has received
+the name of "Young England." His opinions however are too peculiar, have
+too much individuality ever to become those of a party. We scarcely
+think "Young England" capable of holding as points of belief the
+startling paradoxes to which Mr. Disraeli occasionally gives utterance.
+His speeches abound with happily turned sentences, in which a clever
+sarcasm is thrown into the antithetical form; they also contain a
+large amount of historical information, on which he draws almost as
+often as Macaulay himself. He rarely announces a positively new
+principle, but he often places old ones in a strange and startling
+light, and states the most extraordinary inconsistencies with an air of
+such perfect earnestness and conviction that his auditors are sometimes
+puzzled whether to admire or laugh at him. But he is not one of those
+men who can be laughed at; we have seen him turn the laugh most sorely
+against those who thought themselves securely trenched behind form and
+precedent. He can hit hard, and none have suffered more from his sarcasm
+than the present Premier and the Home Secretary. He seems to mangle them
+with peculiar gusto, and deals with them as if he was annihilating the
+Tadpole or Taper of his own "Coningsby." His speeches have not much
+metaphor, nor does he indulge in rhetorical glitter and ornament; we
+cannot call him impassioned, nor say he is eloquent; but he interests,
+informs, and amuses. A speech from Disraeli is sure to command
+attention. His manner is not calculated to set off his matter to the
+best advantage. His delivery is heavy, and of action he has none
+whatever. He thrusts his hands deep into his side-pockets, leans forward
+a little, or turns from side to side according to whom he may be
+addressing. But that is all. Though he sets the House cheering or
+laughing for minutes together, his countenance remains impassive; he
+says a good thing as if perfectly unconscious of it.'
+
+The paper rapidly advanced in public favour and soon reached a
+circulation of 66,000. It celebrated the completion of the first year of
+its existence by the publication of a double number, profusely
+illustrated by Gilbert, Harvey, and Kenny Meadows.
+
+[Illustration: BENJAMIN DISRAELI, M.P. FROM THE 'ILLUSTRATED LONDON
+NEWS,' JUNE 22, 1844.]
+
+The _Illustrated London News_ was not established without many
+misgivings as to its ultimate success. Its founder probably did not at
+first realise all the difficulties that lay in his way, but as fast as
+they appeared he met them with characteristic courage and energy, and
+overcame them by perseverance. He seized on every opportunity to
+consolidate the strength of the paper, and paid a great amount of
+personal attention to its management, often denying himself sleep one or
+two nights a-week. As the profits increased he kept on increasing the
+scope and number of its attractive features. He made it a rule to spare
+no expense in every department of the journal; whatever money could
+command for its success he resolved to have. After a time he was able to
+act on this wise resolve to the fullest extent, and in the end he
+achieved a great success.
+
+In describing the _Illustrated London News_ during the first year of its
+existence, I have directed attention chiefly to the pictorial portion of
+its contents, that being the characteristic feature of the paper by
+which it was distinguished from its purely literary contemporaries. The
+engravings I have reprinted from it are given as curiosities and not as
+specimens of excellence. The succeeding volumes contain abundant
+evidence that the highest talent was afterwards employed in producing
+the best examples of art as well as in the illustration of news. In its
+sixth year the course of public events opened up new and stirring scenes
+for its pages. So great was the interest felt in the exciting events of
+the year 1848, that the sale of the _Illustrated London News_ was more
+than doubled in three months. The vigorous sketches of the French
+Revolution published week after week were so eagerly bought that the
+publisher was not always able to meet the demand. On one occasion he was
+freely pelted with flour and other harmless missiles because the London
+'trade' could not get their supply soon enough to satisfy their
+impatience. The noisy newsboys, in mocking imitation of the Paris mob
+which was then making the streets of that city ring with cries of 'a bas
+Guizot!' vented their indignation against the publisher of the
+_Illustrated London News_ by shouting 'a bas Little! a bas Little!'
+
+But though the year of revolutions was so rich in materials for
+pictorial journalism, the year of the Great Exhibition was yet more
+fruitful. The Great Exhibition of 1851 was a perfect novelty, and was
+hailed as the harbinger of peace on earth and good-will among men.
+Coming so soon after the convulsions of 1848, the peaceful display was
+more enchanting from the contrast. Such a golden opportunity was not
+lost upon the pictorial press, and every stage of the construction of
+the first Crystal Palace was represented. The very plan of the building
+was first made public in the pages of the _Illustrated London News_, the
+first design adopted by the Commissioners having been superseded by Sir
+Joseph Paxton's Palace of Glass. The building was shown in progress from
+the raising of the first column, and its removal was illustrated to the
+clearing away of the foundations. In this 'Festival of Labour' the
+_Illustrated London News_ took a prominent place. An edition was printed
+in the Exhibition building by one of Applegarth's vertical
+printing-machines, then the quickest method of printing in use. At this
+time the paper was distinguished by the number and excellence of its
+illustrations, and the '_London News_' printing-machine was one of the
+attractions of the 'World's Fair.'
+
+In three years more the dreams of universal peace created by the Great
+Exhibition were rudely swept away by the declaration of war with Russia
+and subsequent invasion of the Crimea. The long and disastrous siege of
+Sebastopol, the assaults on the Redan and the Malakoff, the battles of
+Balaclava and Inkermann, supplied the most exciting subjects for
+illustration. It was the first great war since Waterloo, and the
+national excitement being intensified by the maladministration of the
+Government, the British public eagerly bought the war sketches. The sale
+of the paper at this time was very great, yet it is a curious fact that
+it never reached so high a figure as during the peaceful exhibition of
+1851,--a proof that, after all, the arts of peace are more attractive
+than the excitement of war.
+
+At Christmas, 1855, a novel feature was introduced into the _Illustrated
+London News_. For some years a Christmas number had been published, and
+it was now for the first time printed in _colours_. It is true the
+coloured pictures were little more than ordinary woodcuts with tints
+printed over them, but their imperfections were principally owing to the
+breakdown of machinery and the great hurry in which they were produced.
+In after years much better things were done, and the coloured Christmas
+pictures which have been for many years produced at the chromatic press
+of Leighton Bros. take rank among the best work of the kind. They have
+proved exceedingly popular, and always sold well. That of 'Little Red
+Riding Hood,' after J. Sant, R.A., published in 1863, was reprinted
+again and again, until the blocks were utterly worn out. They were then
+re-engraved, and again reprinted. The Christmas picture issued in 1882
+('Cinderella') was specially painted by Mr. Millais, R.A., at the price
+of 3000 guineas. When it is noted that the large coloured reproduction
+of this picture, together with seventeen highly finished full-page
+engravings by some of the best artists of the day, were sold for a
+shilling, it will be seen that the pictorial press is no unimportant
+factor in diffusing the purifying and softening influence of art.
+
+During the forty-two years that have elapsed since the first illustrated
+newspaper was founded, there has never been any long interval of peace.
+War of some kind, big or little, has broken out, like a volcano, on some
+part of the earth's surface, and kept the Argus-eyed newspaper editor on
+the alert. From Alma to Tel-el-Kebir and the desert warfare of the
+Soudan, there has been a succession of conflicts, with only a short
+interval of a few years between; so that the food on which picture
+newspapers thrive best has been abundantly supplied, and this remarkable
+offspring of the printing-press has consequently increased and
+multiplied, and is now found in every corner of the earth, 'from China
+to Peru.' The reader may form some idea of the magnitude of the
+operations in connexion with illustrated journalism when I state that at
+the marriage of the Prince of Wales the _Illustrated London News_ of
+that week consisted of three sheets, and 930,000 sheets were printed of
+that issue in one week. These sheets, if placed side by side, would
+cover 660 miles, so that, as they were printed on both sides, they
+represent a printed surface of, after deductions for margin, more than
+1115 miles in length. Nearly eighty tons of paper and twenty-three
+hundredweight of printing-ink were used in the production of that
+number. Larger quantities have been printed of some issues, but the
+production was spread over a longer period of time. 930,000 sheets is
+the largest quantity ever printed _in one week_. It will thus be seen
+what an amount of business this represents to the paper-maker, the
+ink-maker, the wood-draughtsman, the engravers, the electrotypers, the
+compositors, printers, machine-men, roller-makers, warehousemen, and the
+numerous other workers in a newspaper printing-office.
+
+The first editor of the _Illustrated London News_ was Mr. Bailey, who
+was nicknamed 'Alphabet Bailey' on account of the great number of his
+Christian names, and the consequent multiplicity of his initials. He was
+also called 'Omnibus Bailey' from his having edited a periodical called
+the _Omnibus_. These names were given to him to distinguish him from Mr.
+Thomas Haynes Bayley, the sentimental song-writer, author of 'I'd be a
+Butterfly,' 'The Soldier's Tear,' &c. Dr. Charles Mackay became the
+literary and political editor of the paper in 1848, and in 1852 he took
+its entire management and control, in which position he continued till
+1859, when he resigned. The late John Timbs was for many years on the
+editorial staff, and his familiar figure is well remembered in the old
+room at 198 Strand, where he sat with paste and scissors, undisturbed by
+the noises which surrounded him both inside and outside the house, for
+in this one room the whole business of the paper was at one time
+conducted. Here the young literary or artistic aspirant, who thought he
+saw in the new journal an opening for his hitherto unappreciated
+talents, had to explain his proposals before the eyes and in the hearing
+of rivals who were waiting for their turn. The place was open to all
+comers, and was at once the centre of managerial, financial, and
+editorial affairs. But the founder of the paper received all who came
+with good-humour and generous feeling, and never disregarded a useful
+hint or refused the proffered assistance of a good man.
+
+Herbert Ingram, the founder of the _Illustrated London News_, was born
+at Boston, Lincolnshire, on the 27th of May, 1811. He lost his father
+very early, and being sent to the Boston Free School, he there obtained
+all the school education he ever received. The course of instruction
+through which he passed was of the most circumscribed character, making
+his success in after-life all the more remarkable. At the age of
+fourteen he was apprenticed to Mr. Jos. Clarke, then a printer living in
+the Market Place, Boston. His master soon found that he possessed
+industry, patience, and perseverance in a high degree, qualities which
+unquestionably lay at the root of his subsequent success in life. He was
+always ready to work all night when orders were plentiful, and was
+unwilling to abandon anything he began until it was entirely complete.
+He established a character for punctuality and trustworthiness, while he
+carefully looked after the interests of his employer. At the expiration
+of his apprenticeship he came to London and worked for about two years
+as a journeyman printer. He then settled in Nottingham, and commenced
+business as a printer, bookseller, and newsagent.
+
+It was at this time Mr. Ingram was struck with the evident partiality of
+the public for _illustrated news_. He found such an extraordinary demand
+for the numbers of the _Weekly Chronicle_ containing the engravings of
+the Greenacre murder that he set seriously to work on the scheme of an
+illustrated newspaper, and put himself in communication with Mr.
+Marriott, who was then the manager of the _Weekly Chronicle_. But at the
+outset it appeared impossible to overcome the difficulty of producing
+pictures quick enough and in such numbers as would furnish forth a paper
+while the news was fresh. In the gradual development of the first
+illustrated newspaper it was, however, found that the draughtsmen and
+engravers of the day were fully equal to the demands made upon them, and
+a system of quick production was soon established which kept the paper
+on a level with current events.
+
+Mr. Ingram, who had settled in London before he started the _Illustrated
+London News_, entered heart and soul into his new enterprise. He had
+much to learn, and many things to do that were neither easy nor
+pleasant, but he had the rare faculty of picking out the right men to
+help him. It was his wise policy to employ the best talent, and in order
+to have it to pay its possessor munificently. He was brought closely
+into connexion with the artistic and literary world, by whom he was
+sincerely respected, and with whom his dealings were uniformly marked by
+kindness and liberality. Though he had not himself received the
+advantages of literary or artistic culture, he was able to do much in
+diffusing a knowledge and love of art amongst the people. His enterprise
+helped to change the character of public taste, and allured it into
+channels which were previously open only to the wealthy and the refined.
+His practical knowledge as a printer and newsagent were of infinite
+value in organizing and conducting the varied details of newspaper
+business. He was ever on the watch, and made opportunities where other
+men would have been indifferent and inactive. When a new Archbishop of
+Canterbury was installed the number of the paper containing an engraving
+of the ceremony was sent to every clergyman in England, and this was
+followed by a large and permanent increase in the number of
+subscribers--the first large rise in the sale since the paper began. At
+a much later date--long after the paper had become firmly
+established--the French authorities stopped the sale of the _Illustrated
+London News_ in Paris on account of some article reflecting on the
+Emperor Napoleon. Mr. Ingram happened to be in Paris at the time, and he
+immediately showed that the old energy and perseverance of the
+Nottingham newsvendor had not forsaken him. He used great exertions to
+get the paper released, in which he at length succeeded, and he himself
+afterwards went round in a cab and delivered the numbers to the various
+subscribers. When he was at Nottingham he walked five miles (and of
+course five miles back) to supply a gentleman with a single paper; and
+on one occasion he got up at two in the morning, and travelled to London
+to get some papers, the ordinary post not arriving soon enough to
+satisfy the curiosity of his customers. His exertions were rewarded by
+the sale of more than 1000 copies of that paper in Nottingham alone.
+This was probably one of the occasions which struck him so forcibly when
+the Nottingham public manifested such an eager interest in _illustrated
+news_.
+
+Throughout his life Mr. Ingram was devoted to the interests of his
+native town, and in return the people of Boston, in 1856, elected him as
+their representative in Parliament. At the general election which
+occurred after the dissolution in 1857 he was returned again. Amongst
+other social and political questions in which he took an active interest
+he was prominent in the agitation for the repeal of the stamp duty on
+newspapers. He also exerted himself zealously for the repeal of the
+paper duty, but he died before that important movement was brought to a
+successful issue. In 1848 Mr. Ingram started a cheap daily paper--the
+_Morning Telegraph_--upon which he spent a large amount of money. He
+was, however, before the time in this instance. The era of cheap daily
+papers had not begun, and after a time the new speculation was
+abandoned. He was one of the original shareholders of the _Great
+Eastern_ steamship, and was on board the giant vessel when the accident
+occurred on her trial trip from the Nore to Portland Harbour. It is a
+remarkable circumstance that the dreadful catastrophe in which he lost
+his life happened on the anniversary of this accident on board the
+_Great Eastern_.
+
+[Illustration: HERBERT INGRAM, FOUNDER OF THE 'ILLUSTRATED LONDON
+NEWS.']
+
+In 1860 Mr. Ingram visited America accompanied by his eldest son. They
+left Liverpool in the _North American_ on the 9th of August, and landed
+at Quebec in time to witness, after traversing the Lower St. Lawrence,
+the knocking in of the 'last wedge' of the Victoria Bridge at Montreal
+by the Prince of Wales. They then went on to Niagara, where they stayed
+some days. From Niagara Mr. Ingram proceeded to Chicago, intending to
+cross the prairies, and to follow the Mississippi to New Orleans, and
+thence to New York, but more especially to Boston, which old
+associations of history had determined him to make the conclusion of his
+sojourn in the United States. He altered his plans, however, and decided
+to visit Lake Superior, and to prolong his stay in America, proposing to
+return to England about the end of October.
+
+Mr. Ingram left Chicago at midnight on the 7th of September, accompanied
+by his son, in the _Lady Elgin_ steamer, bound on an excursion up Lakes
+Michigan and Superior. Nearly four hundred persons were on board. The
+wind blew hard from the north-east, and a heavy sea was running, but no
+one thought of danger, and there was music and dancing in the saloon.
+Thirty miles from Chicago and ten miles from land, about two o'clock on
+the morning of the 8th, there came a sudden crash. The schooner
+_Augusta_, sailing at the rate of eleven knots an hour, had struck the
+_Lady Elgin_ on the midships gangway, and then, having her sails set,
+and the wind blowing freshly, drifted off in the darkness. At first it
+was not thought that any serious damage had been done to the steamer,
+but those on board soon found that she was settling fast. The captain
+ordered parts of the woodwork of the vessel to be cut adrift to serve as
+rafts, and made such other provisions as the hurry would allow. In less
+than half-an-hour the hurricane deck floated off, and the hulk with the
+machinery went to the bottom with a tremendous noise. When the vessel
+parted all lights were extinguished, and the unfortunate passengers were
+left struggling amid the waves in total darkness. The steamer sank in
+three hundred feet of water, the sea was running high, and the land was
+ten miles away. Some of those who survived to see the dawn were drifted
+towards the shore on pieces of the wreck, and were drowned in the surf
+in the sight of hundreds of spectators. Out of 393 persons on board
+only 114 were saved. Among the drowned were Mr. Ingram and his son. The
+body of Mr. Ingram was washed ashore about sixteen miles from Chicago,
+and every effort was used to restore animation, but in vain. The body of
+his son was never found.
+
+The citizens of Chicago were profoundly impressed by the melancholy fate
+of father and son, so far away from home and friends. Mr. Ingram's
+remains were escorted from the Brigg's House Hotel to the railway
+station by a procession of more than eight hundred of the British
+residents in the neighbourhood. The body was taken to Quebec and
+conveyed on board the _Bohemian_ steamer, which arrived at Liverpool on
+the 2nd of October. From thence the remains were removed to Boston, and
+interred in the new cemetery at Skirbeck, about a mile from the centre
+of the town. On the day of the funeral all the shops and places of
+business in Boston were closed, the inhabitants filled the streets and
+followed the procession up to the gates of the cemetery. It was in every
+sense a public funeral, and afforded the strongest testimony of the
+respect in which the memory of the deceased was held by his
+fellow-townsmen. Two years afterwards, on October 6th, 1862, a statue of
+Mr. Ingram, raised by public subscription, was unveiled in the
+market-place at Boston. The life that began in the quaint old
+Lincolnshire town and ended amid the stormy waters of Lake Michigan, has
+now an enduring memorial standing not far from the spot where Herbert
+Ingram was born.
+
+The _Illustrated London News_ no sooner became an assured success than
+it was imitated. The _Pictorial Times_ was the first competitor that
+entered the field, and a very strong literary staff was collected to
+contend for the new path that had been opened. Douglas Jerrold wrote the
+leading articles; Thackeray was critic and reviewer, in which capacity
+he reviewed Macaulay's _Essays_ and Disraeli's _Coningsby_; Mark Lemon
+was dramatic critic, Peter Cunningham art critic, while Gilbert
+A'Beckett was the humorous contributor; the managing editor was Henry
+Vizetelly, and Knight Hunt, author of the _Fourth Estate_, afterwards
+editor of the _Daily News_, was the sub-editor. One man who has since
+become famous as a journalist was amongst the artists employed on the
+new paper. Those who only know Mr. George Augustus Sala as a brilliant
+writer will be surprised to learn that he is also a facile draughtsman,
+and was on the artistic staff of the _Pictorial Times_ in 1847. The
+_Pictorial Times_ was continued for several years, but it never achieved
+such a measure of success as to become permanently established. A story
+used to be told in connexion with it which gave some countenance to the
+popular belief that some of the sketches in illustrated newspapers were
+evolved from the inner consciousness of the artists. I cannot answer for
+the truth of the anecdote, but I know it served to amuse the world of
+Bohemia at the time. When the Queen and Prince Albert went first to
+Scotland, the newspapers in recording the movements of the royal party
+related, among other things (quoting a Scottish contemporary), that Her
+Majesty and the Prince had gone one day to 'see the shearing.' The
+conductors of the _Pictorial Times_ seeing this, and being anxious to
+present their readers with a perfect record of the royal doings,
+forthwith set an artist to work to produce a pleasant pastoral scene,
+with a group of shepherds _shearing their sheep_--not knowing that
+'shearing' in Scotland means _cutting the corn_, and forgetting for the
+moment that sheep-shearing is not usually done in the autumn.
+
+Much energy and capital have been expended on several other attempts to
+found pictorial journals in London, but most of them failed to secure a
+profitable footing. _Pen and Pencil_ contained some capital cuts by
+Linton; and the _Illustrated Times_, a threepenny paper, was well done.
+The _Illustrated News of the World_, in addition to numerous woodcuts,
+issued portraits engraved on steel. _The Ladies' Newspaper_ was started
+to fill a supposed void in journalism, but was ultimately absorbed by
+the _Queen_, in which connexion it still flourishes. The _Illustrated
+Midland News_ was brought out in Manchester, but it could not find in
+that city and its neighbourhood sufficient sustenance to subsist beyond
+a brief period. The _Illustrated London and Provincial News_ in its
+title endeavoured to attract both town and country, but it only had a
+short career. While these different ventures were in progress, the
+_Penny Illustrated Paper_ appealed to a lower stratum of the public with
+great success, and it has now a very large sale, having combined the
+_Illustrated Times_ with its original title. In some of these
+enterprises the promoters appear to have been unable to shake off, in
+choosing their titles, the fascinating influence of the word
+'illustrated.' A joint-stock company broke the spell, and started a
+paper with the very original title of the _Graphic_ on the eve of the
+great war between France and Germany. It was a most favourable time for
+establishing a new paper, and the conductors handled the opportunity
+with great ability and success. The printing and general _get-up_ of the
+_Graphic_ are excellent, and it has earned for itself a wide popularity.
+The _Pictorial World_ was started as a threepenny paper, and after
+existing several years at that price it became the property of a company
+and was raised to sixpence. During the Egyptian War it made strenuous
+efforts to obtain a footing on the same platform with the _Illustrated
+London News_ and the _Graphic_. The large lithographic portraits
+published by the _Pictorial World_ were very good. As the public taste
+improved under the influence of the pictorial press new fields were
+opened up for cultivation by the enterprising journalist. The
+_Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News_ addressed itself not only to
+the sportsman and actor, but also to that section of the public which
+finds amusement in the incidents and humours of the sporting world and
+the stage. It has deservedly obtained a good position. The last new
+comer on the journalistic stage is the _Ladies' Pictorial_, which has
+recently been enlarged and greatly improved. Its light and elegant
+contents are well suited to the tastes of its numerous patrons. All the
+existing illustrated papers in London have their publishing offices in
+the 'Line of Literature,' as Fleet Street and the Strand have been
+called. In the streets and courts in the neighbourhood are housed
+numbers of engravers and draughtsmen, who find it mutually convenient to
+work in the vicinity of the head-quarters of pictorial journalism. Many
+of the same fraternity consume the midnight oil in distant suburbs,
+their work gravitating to the great centre in the morning.
+
+All the countries of Europe, the United States, some of the cities of
+South America, the Colonies of Canada and Australia, have now their
+illustrated newspapers. Some of them supplement their own productions by
+reproducing the engravings from the English papers, and many have
+attained a high degree of artistic merit. The American journals are
+especially noteworthy for their excellent engravings.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+  How an Illustrated Newspaper is
+  Produced--Wood-engraving--Boxwood--Blocks for Illustrated
+  Newspapers--Rapid Sketching--Drawing on the Block--Method of Dividing
+  the Block for Engraving--Electrotyping--Development of the Printing
+  Machine--Printing Woodcuts--Machinery for Folding Newspapers--Special
+  Artists--Their Dangers and Difficulties--Their Adventures in War and
+  Peace.
+
+
+In describing the production of a modern pictorial newspaper, I take the
+_Illustrated London News_ as the type of its class, because it was the
+first paper of the kind that was ever established. The art of
+wood-engraving, to which the illustrated newspaper owes its existence,
+has been fully described by competent authors. The best work on the
+subject is that produced by the late John Jackson in 1839; but since
+that date the resources of the art have been greatly developed, chiefly
+through the influence of illustrated newspapers.
+
+The material used for wood-engraving is box-wood, which is preferred to
+all other kinds of wood on account of its close grain, hardness, and
+light colour. It admits of finer and sharper lines being cut upon it
+than any other wood, and great quantities are consumed in producing the
+engravings of an illustrated newspaper. According to Mr. J. R. Jackson,
+Curator of the Kew Museum, the box-tree is at the present time widely
+distributed through Europe and Asia, being found abundantly in Italy,
+Spain, Southern France, and on the coast of the Black Sea, as well as
+China, Japan, Northern India, and Persia. The box of English growth is
+so small as to be almost useless for commercial purposes. What is called
+Turkey box-wood is the best, and this is all obtained from the forests
+that grow on the Caucasus, and is chiefly shipped at Poti and Rostoff.
+The forests extend from thirty to a hundred and eighty miles inland, but
+many of them are in the hands of the Russian Government and are closed
+to commerce. Within the last few years a supply of box-wood has been
+obtained from the forests in the neighbourhood of the Caspian Sea; but
+Turkey box is becoming dearer every year and inferior in quality. After
+the wood is cut in the forest, it is brought down on horseback to the
+nearest river, put on board flat-bottom boats, and floated down to the
+port of shipment. It arrives in this country either at Liverpool or
+London, chiefly the former, and is usually in logs about four feet long
+and eight or ten inches across.
+
+[Illustration: BACK OF A BLOCK, SHOWING THE WAY IN WHICH THE PARTS ARE
+FASTENED TOGETHER.]
+
+The wood intended for engraving purposes is first carefully selected and
+then cut up into transverse slices about an inch thick. After being cut,
+the pieces are placed in racks something like plate-racks, and
+thoroughly seasoned by slow degrees in gradually heated rooms. This
+seasoning process ought to last, on an average, four or five years; but
+the exigencies of trade seldom allow of so long a time. They are then
+cut into parallelograms of various sizes, the outer portion of the
+circular section near the bark being cut away, and all defective wood
+rejected. These parallelograms are then assorted as to size, and fitted
+together at the back by brass bolts and nuts. By this means blocks of
+any size can be made, and they possess the great advantage of being
+capable of being taken to pieces after a drawing is made, and
+distributed among as many engravers as there are pieces in the block.
+This invention of making bolted blocks was brought forward just about
+the time the _Illustrated London News_ was started, when large blocks
+and quick engraving came to be in demand. In the days of the _Penny
+Magazine_, blocks were made by simply glueing the pieces of wood
+together, or they were fastened by means of a long bolt passing through
+the entire block.
+
+The cut given on the opposite page represents the back of a half-page
+block of the _Illustrated London News_, and shows the way in which the
+bolts and nuts are used for fastening the different parts of the block
+together.
+
+For the production of a pictorial newspaper a large staff of draughtsmen
+and engravers is required, who must be ready at a moment's notice to
+take up any subject, and, if necessary, work day and night until it is
+done. The artist who supplies the sketch has acquired by long practice a
+rapid method of working, and can, by a few strokes of his pencil,
+indicate a passing scene by a kind of pictorial shorthand, which is
+afterwards translated and extended in the finished drawing. The sketch
+being completed on paper, the services of the draughtsman on wood come
+into requisition, for it is not often that the drawing on the block is
+made by the same person who supplies the sketch. Sometimes the sketch to
+be dealt with is the production of an amateur, or is so hastily or
+indifferently done that it has to be remodelled or rearranged in drawing
+it on the wood. Faulty or objectionable portions have to be left out or
+subdued, and perhaps a point in the sketch that is quite subordinate, is
+brought forward and made to form a prominent part of the picture. All
+this has to be done without doing violence to the general truth of the
+representation, and with due consideration for the particular conditions
+of the moment, such as the amount of finish and distribution of light
+and shade suitable for rapid engraving and printing.
+
+[Illustration: FACSIMILE OF SKETCH: SURRENDER OF SEDAN.]
+
+[Illustration: THE SURRENDER OF SEDAN. FROM THE 'ILLUSTRATED LONDON
+NEWS,' SEPT. 17, 1870.]
+
+An example of the adaptation of a rapid sketch occurs in the engraving
+of the surrender of Sedan, published in the _Illustrated London News_,
+September 17, 1870. This sketch, which carries with it the strongest
+evidence of being taken 'under fire,' came to hand a few hours before
+the engravings for the current week were to be ready for the printer.
+The cream or heart of the sketch, representing an officer waving a white
+flag over the gate of Sedan attended by a trumpeter, was taken for the
+subject, while the comparatively unimportant part of the sketch was left
+out. The drawing was rapidly executed and as rapidly engraved, and was
+ready for press at the usual time. I give a reduced copy of the
+engraving, together with a facsimile reduction of the original sketch,
+which will show the reader the way in which hurried sketches are
+sometimes adapted to the purposes of a newspaper without at all
+impairing their original truth.
+
+Sometimes more than one draughtsman is employed on a drawing where the
+subject consists of figures and landscape, or figures and architecture.
+In such a case, if time presses, the two parts of the drawing are
+proceeded with simultaneously. The whole design is first traced on the
+block; the bolts at the back of the block are then loosened, the parts
+are separated, and the figure-draughtsman sets to work on his division
+of the block, while another draughtsman is busied with the landscape or
+architecture, as the case may be. Occasionally, when there is very great
+hurry, the block is separated piece by piece as fast as the parts of the
+drawing are finished--the engraver and draughtsman thus working on the
+same subject at the same time. Instances have occurred where the
+draughtsman has done his work in this way, and has never seen the whole
+of his drawing together. The double-page engraving of the marriage of
+the Prince of Wales in the _Illustrated London News_, March 21, 1863,
+was drawn on the wood by Sir John Gilbert at 198 Strand, and as fast as
+each part of the drawing was done it was separated from the rest and
+given to the engraver. Considering that the artist never saw his drawing
+entire, it is wonderful to find the engraving so harmonious and
+effective. Photographing on the wood is now in general use for
+portraits, sculpture, architecture, and other subjects where there is a
+picture or finished drawing on paper to work from.
+
+The drawing on wood being completed, it passes into the hands of the
+engraver, and the first thing he does is to cut or set the lines across
+all the joins of the block before the different parts are distributed
+among the various engravers. This is done partly to ensure as far as
+possible some degree of harmony of colour and texture throughout the
+subject. When all the parts are separated and placed in the hands of
+different engravers each man has thus a sort of _key-note_ to guide him
+in the execution of his portion, and it should be his business to
+imitate and follow with care the colour and texture of the small pieces
+of engraving which he finds already done at the edge of his part of the
+block where it joins the rest of the design. The accompanying cuts
+represent a block entire and the same subject divided.
+
+[Illustration: A BLOCK BEFORE IT IS TAKEN TO PIECES.]
+
+[Illustration: THE SAME SUBJECT DIVIDED.]
+
+Though this system of subdividing the engraving effects a great saving
+of time, it must be admitted that it does not always result in the
+production of a first-rate work of art as a whole. For, supposing the
+subject to be a landscape with a good stretch of trees, the two or three
+engravers who have the trees to engrave have, perhaps, each a different
+method of rendering foliage; and when the whole is completed, and the
+different pieces are put together, the trees perhaps appear like a piece
+of patchwork, with a distinct edge to each man's work. To harmonise and
+dovetail (so to speak) these different pieces of work is the task of the
+superintending artist, who retouches the first proof of the engraving
+and endeavours to blend together the differences of colour and
+texture. This is often no easy task, for the press is generally waiting,
+and the time that is left for such work is often reduced to minutes
+where hours would scarcely suffice to accomplish all that might be done.
+Or the block to be engraved may be a marine subject, with a stormy sea.
+In this case, like the landscape, two or three engravers may be employed
+upon the water, each of them having a different way of representing that
+element. Here it is even more difficult than in the landscape to blend
+the conflicting pieces of work, and requires an amount of 'knocking
+about' that sometimes astonishes the original artist. All this is the
+necessary result of the hurry in which the greater part of newspaper
+engravings have to be produced. When the conditions are more favourable
+better things are successfully attempted, and of this the illustrated
+newspapers of the day have given abundant proofs.
+
+It is obvious that when a block is divided and the parts are distributed
+in various hands, if any accident should occur to one part the whole
+block is jeopardised. It is much to the credit of the fraternity of
+engravers that this rarely or ever happens. I only remember one instance
+of a failure of this kind within my own experience. An engraver of
+decidedly Bohemian character, after a hard night's work on the tenth
+part of a page block, thought fit to recruit himself with a cheering
+cup. In the exhilaration that followed he lost the piece of work upon
+which he had been engaged, and thereby rendered useless the efforts of
+himself and his nine compatriots.
+
+When the block is finished the parts are screwed together by means of
+the brass bolts and nuts at the back of the block. It is then delivered
+to the electrotyper, who first takes a mould of the block in wax, which
+mould is then covered with a thin coating of blacklead, that being a
+good conductor of electricity. The mould is then suspended by a brass
+rod in a large bath filled with a solution of sulphate of copper and
+sulphuric acid. A strong current of electricity, obtained from a
+dynamo-electric machine close at hand, is conducted to the wax mould in
+the bath and also to a sheet of copper which is placed near the mould.
+The electricity decomposes the copper and deposits it in small particles
+on the mould, on which a thin coating of copper is gradually formed,
+producing an exact facsimile of the original engraved block. This copper
+reproduction of the woodcut is filled in at the back with metal, mounted
+on wood, and is then ready for the printer, who has his 'overlays' all
+ready, and the business of printing begins.
+
+There is nothing more wonderful in the history of printing than the
+rapid development of the printing machine and the extraordinary increase
+of its productive power. The ordinary press, though greatly improved,
+was found quite inadequate to the demands made upon it; and, the
+attention of practical men being directed to some more rapid means of
+production, the steam printing machine was invented. As early as 1790
+Mr. W. Nicholson obtained letters patent for a machine very similar to
+those since in use; but it was not till 1814 that any practical use was
+made of the steam printing machine. In that year a German named Koenig
+constructed a machine for the _Times_ newspaper, which worked
+successfully; but, though highly ingenious, the machine was very
+complicated, and it was soon superseded by the invention of Messrs.
+Applegarth and Cowper, possessing several novel features. This machine,
+again, was replaced by another where the type was arranged vertically.
+Then came Hoe's American machines, and finally the Walter Press, the
+principle of which last invention has, in the Ingram Rotary Machine,
+been successfully applied to the printing of cheap illustrated
+newspapers. By the old 'two-feeder' machines the engravings were printed
+on one side of the sheet, and, by a second printing, the type on the
+other side. They turned out 1500 impressions of the engravings in an
+hour, while the type side was printed (by a six-feeder American machine)
+at the rate of 12,000 impressions an hour. The _Penny Illustrated Paper_
+is printed by the Ingram Rotary Machine at the rate of 6500 an hour. It
+prints both sides of the sheet at once, cuts each number to its proper
+size, folds it, and turns it out complete. It occupies no more space
+than an ordinary perfecting machine, and only requires four men to
+attend to it, while thirty men and five 'two-feeders' would be required
+to do the same amount of work by the old system.
+
+If a block be well engraved and carefully used in printing there is
+practically no limit to the number of impressions that may be taken from
+it. The blocks in the Christmas number of the _Illustrated London News_
+of 1882 had 425,000 impressions taken from them, and they are still good
+for a new edition of the like number.
+
+After the paper is printed each sheet is neatly folded by folding
+machines, which fold the entire edition in a few hours. One
+double-action folding machine will fold fifty sheets in a minute. As it
+is found that machinery for folding newspapers works much better at a
+moderate speed, in the case of the Ingram Rotary Machine it has been
+arranged in duplicate, so that each folder only works at half the speed
+of the printing machine. The folding machine completes its work by
+inserting the paper in its cover; but as the _Illustrated London News_
+has not sufficient space for machines to carry out the whole of this
+part of the business, a number of women and girls are employed, whose
+nimble fingers supplement the work of the folding machines.
+
+[Illustration: THE EVE OF A BATTLE: NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENTS SLEEPING ON
+THE FIELD.]
+
+In these days of electric telegraphy Puck's notion of putting 'a girdle
+round about the earth in forty minutes' is not so very far from being
+realised. The London citizen as he sips his coffee at his villa in the
+suburbs runs his eye over the pages of his morning paper, and reads of
+events that took place yesterday many thousand miles away. Before he
+starts for business he is informed of what is passing on every side of
+the inhabited earth. This rapid transmission of intelligence is somewhat
+damaging to the illustrated newspaper, for by the time it can publish
+sketches of interesting events in far distant countries the freshness
+of the news is gone, and the public mind is occupied with later
+occurrences. Until some method is invented of sending sketches by
+electricity the pictorial press must endure this disadvantage, but in
+the meantime it spares no pains to overtake the march of events.
+Wherever there is any 'moving accident by flood or field' the 'special
+artist' of the illustrated newspaper is found 'takin' notes.' No event
+of interest escapes his ever ready pencil. He undergoes fatigues,
+overcomes formidable difficulties, and often incurs personal danger in
+fulfilling his mission. On the eve of a battle he will sleep on the bare
+ground wrapped in a blanket or waterproof sheet, and he will ride all
+night through a hostile country to catch the homeward mail. He is
+equally at home in the palace and the hovel, and is as ready to attend a
+battle as a banquet. He thought nothing of stepping over to China to
+attend the nuptials of the celestial Emperor; and on that occasion
+extended his travels until he had completed the circuit of the globe,
+winding up with a run on the war-path among the American Indians. He
+assisted at the laying of the telegraph cable between Europe and
+America, and diversified his labours, and showed the versatility of his
+powers by taking part in an impromptu dramatic entertainment which he
+and his comrades got up for the occasion, and which they appropriately
+called 'A Cable-istic Extravaganza.' He was at the opening of the Suez
+Canal, and he passed with the first railway train through the Mont Cenis
+tunnel. In pursuing his vocation the special artist has to encounter the
+perils of earth, air, fire, and water. Now he is up in a balloon, now
+down in a coal-mine; now shooting tigers in India, now deer-stalking in
+the Highlands. Dr. Schliemann no sooner announced that he had discovered
+the site of Troy than the special artist was down upon the spot at once.
+He is found risking his life in the passes of Afghanistan, and in
+Zululand assisting at the defeat and capture of Cetywayo. Now he is at
+the bombardment of Alexandria, and now facing the savage warriors of
+the Soudan at El-Teb and Tamasi. At the present time (November, 1884),
+he is on his way up the Nile with the expedition for the relief of
+General Gordon at Khartoum, and he is in India with the Boundary
+Commissioners exploring the dangerous passes of the Afghan frontier. In
+peace or war the special artist pursues his purpose with stoical
+self-possession in spite of cold, hunger, and fatigue.
+
+[Illustration: A CABLE-ISTIC EXTRAVAGANZA, PERFORMED BY NEWSPAPER
+CORRESPONDENTS ON BOARD THE _GREAT EASTERN_, AT SEA, JULY, 1866.]
+
+The special artist may be said to have commenced his career with the
+Crimean War. While the signs of the coming storm were yet distant the
+_Illustrated London News_ sent the late Mr. S. Read to the expected
+scene of action, and during the whole course of the war special artists
+were on the shores of the Black Sea and in the Baltic to chronicle the
+great events of the time. The world had scarcely forgotten Balaklava and
+Inkerman when the war between Italy, France, and Austria broke out.
+Solferino and Magenta were fought, Garibaldi conquered Sicily, and
+wherever the interest was greatest there the special artist was found.
+Special artists went with the contending armies when Denmark opposed
+herself single-handed to the united forces of Prussia and Austria, and
+delineated every important incident of the campaign. When the present
+Emperor of Germany was crowned King of Prussia at Koenigsberg special
+artists travelled to that ancient city to furnish sketches of the
+ceremony. The gigantic civil war in America, and the brief struggle
+between Prussia and Austria in 1866, gave active employment to the
+special artist; and when a British force advanced into Abyssinia a
+special artist was with that most romantic expedition, and sent home
+numerous sketches of the remarkable scenery of the country, as well as
+of all the principal events of the campaign. The assault on Magdala, the
+dispersion of King Theodore's broken army, the customs and dwellings of
+the people, were all noted and illustrated. When the great war of 1870,
+between France and Prussia, broke out, the illustrated newspapers had
+special artists on both sides, who encountered all sorts of hardships,
+and passed through all kinds of adventures in fulfilling their duties.
+Besides being frequently arrested as spies, and undergoing the
+privations of beleagured places, they had also to run the risk of shot
+and shell, and sometimes they were obliged to destroy their sketching
+materials under fear of arrest. One of them was in custody as a spy no
+less than eleven times during the war. The danger of being seen
+sketching or found with sketches in their possession was so great that
+on one occasion a special artist actually swallowed his sketch to avoid
+being taken up as a spy. Another purchased the largest book of cigarette
+papers he could obtain, and on them he made little sketches, prepared in
+case of danger to smoke them in the faces of his enemies.
+
+[Illustration: HEADQUARTERS OF SPECIAL ARTIST IN ASIA MINOR, 1877.]
+
+[Illustration: ARREST OF NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENTS AT METZ, DURING THE
+FRANCO-GERMAN WAR.]
+
+The following extract from a letter I received from a special artist
+during the war, will give some idea of the trouble and danger of
+sketching:--
+
+'Of the trouble I have taken to get these sketches you can have no
+conception. The plan I have been obliged to adopt is this. I walk about
+quietly, apparently noticing only the goods in the shop-windows. When I
+see anything, I make memoranda on small bits of tissue paper, perhaps in
+a cafe, or while appearing to look at the water from the top of a
+bridge, or on the side of an apple, with a big knife in my hand
+pretending to peel it. These little mems I roll up into pills, place
+them handy in my waistcoat pocket to be chewed up or swallowed if "in
+extremis." When I get home at night, first making sure that I am not
+overlooked by way of the window, I unroll these little pills, and from
+those mems make a complete outline on a thin piece of white paper. Then
+I paste these sketches face to face, trim the edges, and it looks like a
+plain piece of paper, but hold it up to the light and the sketch shows.
+So I make memoranda all over it,--the times of trains starting, prices
+of articles, or extracts from newspapers. When I get to a place of
+safety, I soak these pieces of paper in water, pull the sketches apart,
+and from them have made the sketches I have forwarded to you. If I could
+not get into a place of safety to make the sketches, I don't know what
+I should do, in fact I don't think I could do anything, for I would not,
+for any consideration _be found making a sketch, nor with a sketch in my
+possession_; nor should I dare post a sketch at the "Bureaux de poste,"
+but I might get it into a street box.'
+
+Another special artist being at Metz, found himself in the midst of a
+population infected with what he called the 'spy-fever.' About a dozen
+English newspaper correspondents were there, and they became a united
+body through persecution. There was always about a fourth of their
+number in prison, and what most persons would have considered to be
+clear evidence that they were not spies, was in the minds of the French
+clear evidence that they were. If they were told that the correspondent
+of an English newspaper could not possibly be a spy, the reply was that
+that was just the character that a _cochon_ of a Prussian spy would
+assume. The townspeople of Metz became quite wild when they heard of the
+French defeats at Woerth and Forbach, and when they saw an artist
+sketching the Emperor's carriage, they pounced upon him as a Prussian
+spy, and he and his companions were marched off in custody, amid the
+hootings of the mob. The following account of this affair is extracted
+from the _Illustrated London News_ of August 20, 1870: 'Three of the
+representatives of London papers, Mr. Simpson, Mr. Henry Mayhew and his
+son, went to the railway station, having heard a rumour that the Emperor
+was about to start for the front, and also that a train full of the
+wounded was expected to arrive. At the station they met Mr. Stuart,
+another newspaper correspondent, who had just come from Italy, having
+travelled all night. They found the Emperor's carriage and horses
+waiting to be forwarded by a train on the railway towards St. Avold. Our
+artist thought it would be doing no harm to employ the few minutes of
+his waiting at the station in making a slight sketch of the carriage and
+horses, which might be useful as materials for an illustration of some
+future scene where the same equipage might figure. He took a small
+sketch-book and pencil out of his pocket and quickly finished this
+little drawing. There was no attempt at concealment; he even showed his
+sketch to one of the bystanders who was close to him, and who seemed to
+watch his movements with some curiosity. Mr. Simpson then rejoined his
+three English companions, but had scarcely done so before they were
+surrounded by a large party of artillery soldiers, who wore undress
+jackets and had not their arms with them. They were taken into custody,
+each one placed between two soldiers, and thus were marched through the
+streets of Metz to the Place de la Cathedral. A mob of people followed,
+increasing as they went on, and reviling the foreigners as "Sacres
+Prusses," or "Cochons de Prusses," threatening vengeance upon them,
+which might probably have been taken if their violence had not been
+restrained by the presence of the soldiers. The whole party were then
+brought into the guard-room, where several persons came forward as their
+accusers to denounce them as spies of the enemy, lurking about Metz with
+a hostile and insidious purpose. The chief evidence against one of them
+was that he had bought three copies of a Metz local newspaper; another
+was suspected because he had been seen four days successively in the
+same cafe, "and always sitting in the same seat;" a third could be no
+true man, because, while he said he belonged to a London paper, he
+confessed that he had just come from Florence. The main charge against
+Mr. Simpson was that he did not lodge at an hotel, but in a private
+house. These particulars were repeated to the crowd outside, which
+filled the whole Place, and was in a state of raging fury; till at last
+the officers in charge made their appearance and commenced a more
+regular examination. Our artist produced his passport, which was
+approved as in due order; but his little sketch-book, with its scraps of
+notes and bits of outline, seemed to contain matter for serious
+investigation. In spite of his awkward and rather alarming position, he
+was struck with the absurdity of viewing such innocent scrawls as proof
+of heinous guilt. He endeavoured, however, with the assistance of Mr.
+Mayhew, to explain what they were, and to persuade the officers that
+they could do no harm. After a tedious detention, they were permitted to
+write a note to a friend, who instantly went to the Provost-Marshal, and
+at once got an order for their immediate release. Their private letters
+and papers were examined. Several other persons, Frenchmen as well as
+foreigners, including one who was the artist employed by a Paris
+illustrated paper, were arrested at Metz on the same day; and more than
+one of them suffered rough usage at the hands of the mob. On the next
+day they were all ordered to leave the town.' The following is a
+facsimile of the sketch that produced all this commotion.
+
+[Illustration: THE EMPEROR'S CARRIAGE AT METZ.]
+
+The same artist who made his sketches into pills, being at Bremerhafen,
+found himself so watched and dogged by the police and others who had
+observed he was a stranger, that he could not make the sketch he wanted.
+After much walking about he at length returned to the place where he
+desired to sketch, and sitting down at the edge of the harbour he began
+to draw lines with his umbrella on the mud, as if in a fit of
+abstraction, and soon had sketched in this way the principal points of
+the scene before him. This he repeated several times, until the view
+was fixed in his memory, when he retired to the railway-station, and
+there, unobserved, committed the scene to his sketch-book. On another
+occasion, in the neighbourhood of Mezieres, he was driven at nightfall
+to seek a lodging in a very lonely and villainous looking inn. The
+occupants of the place looked upon him with evil eyes, and dreading lest
+one more should be added to the numerous graves already near the
+cabaret, he betook himself to a neighbouring wood, where he spent the
+whole night surrounded by the carcases of dead horses. At Lyons he
+penetrated into the theatre where the people were storing corn and flour
+in anticipation of a siege. He had made some hasty notes in his
+sketch-book, when he was observed and obliged to retreat, followed,
+however, by several men. He had noticed an umbrella shop round the
+corner in the next street, and into this shop he rushed, seized an
+umbrella, opened it, and kept it expanded between himself and the door,
+as if examining the quality of the silk, while his pursuers ran past,
+when he demanded the price of the umbrella, paid the money, and walked
+off, glad to escape at so small a cost. Sometimes his adventures had a
+more amusing termination. When the spy-fever prevailed very strongly
+both in France and Germany, he was one day looking into a shop-window
+when he became conscious that he was watched by two officers. 'Now,'
+thought he, 'I am in for it again, and shall certainly be arrested.'
+This feeling was confirmed as one of the officers advanced towards him,
+and raising his hand as if to seize him by the collar, addressed him
+thus: 'Permit me, monsieur, to adjust the string of your shirt collar,
+which has escaped from behind your cravat.'[1] This gentleman was
+somewhat old-fashioned in his costume, and during his wanderings was
+sometimes mistaken for a sea-captain. He had even received confidential
+proposals to discuss the question of freight.
+
+The _Illustrated London News_ had five artists in the field during the
+Franco-German war: W. Simpson, R. T. Landells, G. H. Andrews, C. J.
+Staniland, and Jules Pelcoq. From the fact of Landells being already
+known to the Crown Prince of Prussia and several of his staff, it was
+settled that his destination should be Germany, and I remember that
+before his departure he expressed to me just the slightest shade of
+discontent that he should be selected to go on what he thought would be
+the losing side. He was destined, however, to be present at the
+proclamation of the German Emperor in the palace of Versailles, and he
+was one of the first to enter Paris after it capitulated to the German
+army. Soon afterwards he very nearly experienced the unpleasant
+consequences of being taken for a German spy. Landells himself was of a
+dark complexion, and might very well have passed for a Frenchman, but on
+the occasion referred to he was in the company of a brother artist (Mr.
+Sidney Hall, of the _Graphic_), who, being fair, might easily be
+mistaken for German. The excited mob of Paris had just vented their rage
+on a suspected spy by drowning him in the Seine, and the two special
+artists were loitering on the outskirts of the crowd, when Mr. Hall
+imprudently took out his sketch-book, which was no sooner perceived than
+a cry was raised of 'Prussian spy!' and they too would probably have
+been pitched into the river had they not managed, with great difficulty,
+to escape from the crowd.
+
+[Illustration: NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENTS ON THEIR WAY TO THE FRONT.
+SISTOVA, 1877.]
+
+When the German armies were closing round Paris M. Jules Pelcoq
+consented to be shut up in the devoted city for the purpose of supplying
+the _Illustrated London News_ with sketches. During the hardships of the
+siege he was quite unable to obtain fuel to warm his apartment, and was
+compelled to retire to bed, where, wrapped in a blanket, he finished up
+the rough sketches he had made out of doors, which were then
+photographed and sent off by balloons to London. These balloons were
+regularly despatched during the prevalence of winds that would carry
+them to the provinces unoccupied by the Germans. They were followed by
+Prussian light cavalry as long as they were in sight, and some were
+captured. Afterwards, as the city became more closely invested, and the
+danger increased, the precaution was taken of despatching the balloons
+at night, and the time fixed on was kept concealed from all save those
+immediately concerned, in order to avoid, as far as possible, the
+chances of its being communicated to the enemy, and thereby exposing the
+aeronauts to the fiery rockets and other projectiles with which the
+Germans were prepared to favour them. The railway-stations were
+generally chosen as the starting-places, for they not only offered large
+open spaces in which to fill the balloons, but, being situated away from
+the centre of Paris, there was less risk, in ascending, of coming in
+contact with buildings.
+
+To provide against the loss of sketches so sent, photographic copies
+were despatched by other balloons. In some cases two, and even three,
+copies of the same sketch reached my hands by balloon-post during the
+German investment of Paris. Considering the danger and difficulty of
+this mode of communication, the intercourse between the _Illustrated
+London News_ and its artist in Paris was kept up pretty regularly during
+the whole siege.
+
+[Illustration: SKETCHING UNDER DIFFICULTIES. HERZEGOVINA, 1876.]
+
+The requirements of special artists when on the 'war path' vary
+according to circumstances. Mr. Simpson, in France during the
+Franco-German war, found no scarcity of food, but could seldom get a bed
+to sleep in. On the other hand, Mr. Melton Prior, in South Africa and
+other hot countries, found that he was never sure of obtaining either
+food or drink. During the war in Herzegovina in 1876 the newspaper
+correspondents had to rough it pretty considerably. Sometimes, when the
+special artist got to a resting-place for the night, he would have to
+work up his sketches by the light of a single candle, which he kept in
+an upright position by holding it between his feet as he sat on the
+ground, while the correspondent of a London 'daily' scribbled his notes
+beside him. The difficulty of obtaining sleeping accommodation was
+experienced by another artist in Servia, who was obliged one night to go
+to rest in a sort of diligence or covered waggon which stood in the inn
+yard. It was the only 'spare bed,' and the tired 'special' was very glad
+to coil himself up within its recesses. These hardships, however, belong
+to the past. Just as the combatants in modern warfare fight their
+battles with the most scientific weapons, so the newspaper correspondent
+now goes to the field armed with the latest appliances against cold,
+fatigue, hunger, and thirst. He provides himself with an abundant
+supply of tinned meats and champagne, plenty of clothing, the latest
+improvements in saddlery; and when he arrives at the scene of action he
+buys as many horses as he wants for himself and servants. Acting on the
+experience of former campaigns, Mr. Prior was able in the Zulu War to
+travel much more comfortably than any member of the staff, not even
+excepting Lord Chelmsford himself. 'I had then no fewer than five
+horses: two in the shafts of my American waggon, one for myself, one for
+my servant, and one spare horse. I followed the army through all its
+marches in my travelling carriage, and on the eve of the Battle of
+Ulundi I was the only man who had a tent; all the others lay down in the
+open.'
+
+[Illustration: THE SPARE BED.]
+
+While recording the progress of events--the deeds of war mingling with
+the works of peace--the pictorial press is not unmindful of what is done
+in the cause of humanity. One of the recent experiences of the special
+artist was in making a journey across Siberia in search of the survivors
+of the crew of the American exploring ship _Jeanette_. Mr. J. Gordon
+Bennett, the proprietor of the _New York Herald_, having sent out a
+commissioner to search for the missing expedition, he was joined by the
+special artist of the _Illustrated London News_. They had before them
+a journey of two or three thousand miles, and they travelled in one of
+the covered sledges used in Siberia in the winter time. It was their
+travelling carriage by day and their sleeping apartment at night.
+Sometimes they had to turn out and defend themselves from the wolves
+which followed them over the snowy waste. The artist on this occasion
+was Mr. Larsen, of Copenhagen, who proved himself a first-rate special.
+
+[Illustration: SPECIAL ARTIST'S TENT.]
+
+When the effects of a deadly climate are added to the usual chances of
+war, the courage and endurance of the newspaper correspondent are doubly
+tried. The 'specials' of the principal London journals joined the
+Ashantee expedition with as much alacrity as if they had been going to a
+review in Hyde Park. Among them was Mr. Melton Prior, the artist of the
+_Illustrated London News_, who landed at Cape Coast Castle before the
+arrival of the British troops, marched with them to Coomassie, and
+remained in that place till it was destroyed by the victors. But the
+long march in such a climate had exhausted the strength of many, and the
+special artist was among the number. On nearing Coomassie he could no
+longer trust to his own unaided powers of locomotion, so he laid hold on
+the tail of a mule which he saw ambling before him, and so was helped
+forward. The gentleman who was riding the mule turned round, when it
+proved to be Sir Garnet Wolseley himself, who, in answer to the
+exhausted artist's apologies, good-humouredly told him to 'hold on!'
+
+While coolness and courage are indispensable qualifications for the
+special artist, if he can sometimes accomplish a little harmless
+dissimulation he finds it very useful. In 1877, during the war between
+Russia and Turkey, a special artist overcame the difficulties he
+encountered in getting to the front by assuming the character of a
+camp-follower, and professing to sell composite candles, German
+sausages, Russian hams, dried fish, Dutch cheese, &c., and when passing
+Cossacks became importunate they were propitiated with a candle or two,
+a slice of cheese, or a packet of Roumanian tobacco. In like manner
+the artist who went to the port of Ferrol to accompany Cleopatra's
+Needle to London shipped on board the tug _Anglia_ as a coal-trimmer,
+and signed the usual articles as one of the crew, there being no room
+for passengers. After the successful voyage of the tug the artist left
+her at Gravesend, being anxious to bring his sketches to head-quarters;
+but until he was legally discharged from service he ran the unpleasant
+risk of being taken up for absconding from his ship.
+
+[Illustration: NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENTS STARTING FOR SIBERIA.]
+
+Not the least of a special artist's troubles is to get his sketches sent
+home without loss of time. Mr. Simpson, who has had a large and varied
+experience as a special artist, having been all round the world in that
+capacity, gives it as his opinion that the first duty of a special
+correspondent when he arrives at the scene of action is to find out the
+post-office, if he happens to be in a part of the world where such a
+civilised institution exists. He should take care to post all his
+packets himself, and never trust to any one else. He says, 'In all my
+various travels I never lost a packet but once, and that was during the
+week's fighting at the time of the Commune in Paris. There were three
+sketches in the packet. I was very dubious about letting them out of my
+hands, but I had been all the week with the correspondent of the
+_Times_, who had spent a considerable sum of money upon messengers to
+get his letters taken through the lines outside Paris and off to London.
+I ventured to let my packet go with his, thinking it was safe, but
+neither of them ever reached their destination.' In connexion with this
+subject I may quote the following story related by Mr. Prior to the
+editor of the _Pall Mall Gazette_:--'I remember one time when I was
+attached to Mehemet Ali's head-quarters in Bulgaria during the
+Russo-Turkish war. The Turkish censor stopped no fewer than six weeks of
+my sketches. Things were getting desperate. Our people were telegraphing
+out to know whether I was alive or dead; and, finding that something
+must be done, I determined to see the thing through or leave the camp.
+It so happened that I had been the witness of some peculiarly
+atrocious deeds perpetrated by Turks upon Bulgarians, so I set to work
+and drew half-a-dozen faithful representations of the sufferings which I
+had witnessed. Armed with these I went up to the censor's office and
+asked that they might be stamped for transmission home. The censor
+looked at the first and said it was ridiculous. Couldn't pass that; no
+such atrocities had ever been committed; and so forth. The second was
+condemned in the same way, and so on until the last was reached. When he
+had rejected that also I said to him very deliberately, "You are going
+to pass every one of these sketches!" "On the contrary," said he, "I am
+going to tear them up." "If you do," said I, "I shall draw not only six
+but twelve pictures worse than these, and send them home by my own
+messenger." "I will have him arrested then," said the censor. "Very
+well, then, in that case I shall leave the camp at once, and in London I
+will draw twenty pictures all worse than these, and they will all be
+published, so that people may see the real truth about how you are
+behaving here." The censor, like a sensible man, saw that it was no use
+carrying things with too high a hand, and came to terms. He admitted he
+had stopped all my sketches, promised to do so no more, and I left him
+with my atrocity pictures in my pocket, assuring him that the first
+sketch of mine that he stopped again the whole series should go to
+London by the next steamer. I never had any more trouble with him in
+that respect, though he paid me out by having me arrested some months
+later.'
+
+[Illustration: CAMP OF THE 'TIMES' AND 'ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS''
+CORRESPONDENTS ATTACKED BY WOLVES. BULGARIA, 1877.]
+
+During the Franco-German War Mr. Simpson often proved the advantage of
+his plan of always posting his sketches himself. At the fall of
+Strasburg he was in the advanced trench when the white flag was
+displayed from the tower of the cathedral. It was late in the evening
+when he got home to bed, but he was up with the first streak of dawn
+finishing his sketch of the historical event he had witnessed the day
+before. He then walked five miles to General Werder's head-quarters to
+post the sketch. He wasted no time in trying to get a horse or
+carriage, in which he might have failed, nor would he trust the packet
+to a messenger. He knew that the slightest delay would postpone the
+publication of the sketch for a whole week. The sketch arrived in time,
+as he had calculated, for the next publication, and he had the
+satisfaction of knowing that on this occasion, as on many others, his
+promptitude and energy had well served the interests of the journal he
+represented.
+
+[Illustration: NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENTS' HUTS ON THE BATTLE-FIELD OF
+KACELJEVO, 1877.]
+
+A special artist has to encounter many troubles and vexations apart from
+the dangers and difficulties of war time. When Mr. Simpson was at
+Brindisi, on his way to the opening of the Suez Canal, wishing to sketch
+the town and fortifications, he ensconced himself in a snug corner, well
+sheltered from the 'Bora,' or cold wind that was blowing, and had
+settled down comfortably to work, when he was interrupted by a man who
+addressed him in Italian, a language Simpson did not understand. He,
+however, made out that the man's 'padre' or master would not like
+Simpson to be there; but the latter replied in plain English that he
+cared nothing for his 'padre,' that he had the permission of the
+Commandant to go where he pleased, and so he went on with his sketching.
+After much unintelligible talk the man attempted to stop the sketcher's
+view by standing between him and the town, but finding the sketching
+went on just the same, he suddenly went away and then returned with a
+gun, pointing it in a threatening manner towards Simpson, who thought
+the gun was perhaps not loaded, or at all events that the man would
+never be such a fool as to shoot him, so he merely gave a majestic wave
+of his hand and went on with his work. The man's rage then increased to
+such a degree that he seized the butt end of his gun, uttering a volley
+of curses, and from the word 'testa' Simpson supposed the man wanted to
+smash his head. However he never flinched, and the man, lowering his
+gun, muttered something about the 'Cani,' and went off again. Presently
+he returned dragging with him a huge dog. Simpson felt more afraid of
+the dog than the man, but it turned out that the dog had more sense than
+his master and refused on any terms to attack the artist. He bolted,
+the man after him, and Simpson then armed himself with two stones in
+case the attack should be renewed, resolving, like Tell when he devoted
+one of his arrows to Gessler, that one stone should be for the dog and
+the other for his oppressor. The man however could not get the dog to
+return to the attack. He had exhausted the whole of his resources, and
+was evidently astonished and annoyed to find he had failed to frighten
+the artist, so he finished off with a torrent of curses and then
+gradually calmed down. He remained watching the completion of the
+sketch, and then obligingly favoured the artist with some criticisms on
+his work. He pointed out that a ship in the harbour had been forgotten,
+and could not understand that it had been purposely left out because it
+interfered with one of the principal buildings. In this instance it was
+perhaps best for both parties that they did not understand each other's
+language; but the special artist is occasionally placed at a
+disadvantage by not understanding the language of the country where he
+happens to be. However it rarely leads to more than a temporary
+embarrassment, and is often the cause of more amusement than vexation.
+Mr. G. H. Andrews on one occasion desired to have a couple of eggs for
+breakfast, but could not make the maid of the inn comprehend his
+meaning. He tried all he knew of French, Flemish, and German, but the
+girl shook her head. At length a bright idea struck the artist. He drew
+from his pocket a pencil and note-book, and sketched a couple of oval
+forms, meaning them for eggs, and explained by gestures that _that_ was
+what he wanted. The girl's face brightened at once when she saw the
+sketch, and with a nod of intelligence she tripped away. In a few
+minutes she returned and presented the hungry artist with--_a pair of
+spectacles!_
+
+The late Mr. S. Read, who was one of the first special artists employed
+on the pictorial press, travelled much abroad, yet he knew little or
+nothing of any language save his mother tongue. Germany, Italy, Austria,
+Spain, France, Belgium, Switzerland, were all visited by him, and he got
+on very well without speaking the language of any of those countries. He
+was a man of genial humour, accustomed to make the best of everything,
+and not easily put out by trifles. He was once travelling in the south
+of France when a fellow-passenger in the train accosted him in French,
+and was much surprised to find he was not understood.
+
+'Vat!' said the Frenchman; 'you travel and speak no French! Speak you
+German?'
+
+'No.'
+
+'Nor Italian?'
+
+'No.'
+
+'Spanish?'
+
+'No.'
+
+'Ah, mon Dieu! you travel and speak noting!' and with a pitying grimace
+and shrug of the shoulders he looked round at the other passengers.
+Presently our artist took his revenge. As they were passing a town with
+a ruined castle on a hill he said, with much fervour, addressing the
+Frenchman,--
+
+'How beautifully that old tower is relieved by the dark foliage! What a
+splendid contrast is the cold grey of the hill behind! How harmoniously
+the distance is blended with the middle distance, and the middle
+distance with the foreground, by means of the bridge across the river!'
+The Frenchman stared, stammered, and confessed he did not comprehend.
+
+'What!' said our artist; 'you travel and do not understand English!'
+
+'Ver leetle.'
+
+'Do you speak Scotch?'
+
+'Non, m'sieur.'
+
+'Nor Irish!'
+
+'Non.'
+
+'Welsh?'
+
+'Non.'
+
+'Suffolk?'
+
+'Non, non, m'sieur.'
+
+With an exact imitation of the Frenchman's contemptuous shrug our friend
+turned to their fellow-travellers amid the loud laughter of those who
+understood the joke.
+
+When the special artist exercises his vocation at home, though he lacks
+the excitement of danger, he meets with many amusing incidents. An
+artist who attended the meeting of the British Association at Lincoln
+many years ago desired to sketch the house which was reputed to have
+been the residence of John o' Gaunt, and asked the waiter at the hotel
+if he could direct him to it. 'Johnny Gaunt, Sir?' said the waiter,
+evidently puzzled; 'I don't know him, Sir, but I'll inquire.' In a few
+minutes he returned and said he had inquired at the bar, but that no
+such person as Johnny Gaunt resided thereabouts. Another, who was
+something of a wag, was once making a sketch in the heart of St.
+Giles's; there were no School Boards in those days, and numbers of idle
+street boys surrounded our sketcher, performing all manner of
+bewildering gymnastics. Not at all disturbed, however, he amused himself
+by asking his young friends numerous questions, all of which were
+answered with rapid pertness. At last he inquired of one active imp if
+he could read. 'No, I can't read,' said the young gentleman, 'but I can
+stand on my head and drink a quartern o' gin.'
+
+The methods pursued by special artists in obtaining their sketches are
+as various as the methods of painters in producing their pictures, or of
+authors in writing their books. One man uses a very small sketch-book,
+another prefers a large one, but they all require to supplement their
+hurried sketches with marginal notes. When there is not time to sketch a
+complete cow, it is good to write underneath the sketch, 'This is a
+cow.' Many events have to be sketched that last only a few minutes, and
+in such cases some little mistakes will occur even with old
+practitioners. Literary correspondents are liable to the same
+misfortune. At a certain royal marriage in St. George's Chapel, Windsor,
+the Lord Chamberlain obligingly sent a gentleman to attend the members
+of the press, and inform them as to the name and rank of the
+distinguished guests as they entered the chapel. The correspondents
+courteously allowed the artists of the pictorial press to take front
+places, so that some of their number were unable to see what was going
+on, and had to trust to their comrades for information. When the Duke of
+A----, in full Highland costume, entered the chapel, there was a general
+inquiry, 'Who is that?' 'That,' said the gentleman from the Lord
+Chamberlain's department, 'is the Duke of A----, the great Mac Callum
+More.' 'Who is it?' cried some of the gentlemen in the background, and
+the name was passed on, but by the time it reached the outer fringe of
+correspondents it was changed into 'The Duke of A---- with the Great
+Claymore,' and under that style and title his grace's name figured in at
+least one newspaper next day.
+
+What may be called the shorthand notes for a sketch are sometimes
+difficult to make out without explanation. On one occasion a sketch was
+under consideration, when the editor made certain suggestions to the
+artist, who was very good natured, and of a most pliant disposition. 'I
+think, you know,' said the editor, 'if you were to add two or three more
+figures in the foreground it would improve the composition and help to
+detach the principal group from this windmill.' 'Well, the fact is,'
+replied the artist, 'what you call a windmill I intended for a man on
+horseback, but if you think it will come better as a windmill I'll alter
+it with pleasure.'
+
+[Illustration: THE SPECIAL ARTIST ON THE ROAD.]
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+  [1] This incident was illustrated in _Punch_, and lest I should be
+    accused of using up old material, I must explain that the hero of the
+    adventure, on his return to England, told the story to one of the
+    _Punch_ artists, who made a sketch of the incident, which was
+    afterwards published.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+  Artists who have assisted in founding the Pictorial Press--Sir John
+  Gilbert, R.A., G. H. Thomas, and others--Wood-Engraving and its
+  Connexion with the Pictorial Press--Other Methods of producing
+  Illustrations--Wood-Engraving in England before and after Bewick's
+  time--Its wide Diffusion owing to the kindred Art of Printing--The
+  resources of the Art developed by Pictorial Newspapers--Conclusion.
+  Newspapers a Necessity of Civilised Life--The _Acta Diurna_ of the
+  Romans--Early Newspapers in Venice, Germany, and the Low
+  Countries--List of Illustrated Newspapers published Abroad.
+
+
+The establishment of the pictorial press as an English institution was
+greatly aided by the active co-operation of many distinguished artists,
+the very foremost in this connexion being Sir John Gilbert. Other Royal
+Academicians and eminent painters have drawn on wood for the illustrated
+newspapers, but Gilbert stands out pre-eminently the great popular
+illustrator of the Victorian era. He it was who first gave a distinctive
+character to the illustration of news. He seemed to possess an inborn
+knowledge of the essentials of newspaper art, and could express by a few
+freely drawn lines and touches the hurried movement of street crowds or
+the state and dignity of Court ceremonies. Whether he had to draw a knight
+in armour or a gentleman in a paletot he did it in a way exactly suited to
+rapid engraving and printing. The feeling which, in his pictures, makes
+him delight in battle-fields, blazoned banners, velvet and gold, made his
+drawings on wood brilliant in handling and always picturesque. It was most
+fortunate that the commencement of his career was coincident with the
+foundation of the pictorial press. William Harvey and other artists were
+already in the field, but Gilbert's style was better adapted to newspaper
+work. His quickness and versatility made him just the man that was
+wanted. Harvey had drawn some of the subjects published in the _Observer_,
+but his style was not suited to the illustration of current events.
+Nothing came amiss to Gilbert, who supplied the pictorial press for twenty
+years with a constant succession of effective drawings, embracing all
+kinds of subjects, and he never failed in that most essential quality of a
+newspaper artist--_punctuality_. It is as the popular illustrator that the
+name of Gilbert stands at the head of that numerous band of artists who
+contributed to the foundation of illustrated journalism in this country.
+
+The late George H. Thomas was not less successful than Gilbert in the
+spirit and vigour of his drawings. His bold and eminently artistic
+pencil alternated with Gilbert's in portraying the exciting events
+following the revolutionary period of 1848-49. His contributions to the
+_Illustrated London News_ during the Crimean war were marked by great
+force and truthfulness, and procured him the notice and patronage of her
+Majesty Queen Victoria. Mr. Thomas's premature death in 1868 was a great
+loss to the world of art in general, and to the pictorial press in
+particular.
+
+It is remarkable that many of our distinguished artists should have
+begun their careers as engravers or draughtsmen on wood. The production
+of works in black and white, whether as engravings or drawings, is no
+doubt good artistic practice in the study of light and shade, and the
+young artist who draws on wood as a means of helping him to live while
+he is waiting for fame, is at the same time pursuing a useful branch of
+his art education. Luke Fildes, A.R.A., Birket Foster, W. Small, R. C.
+Woodville, C. Gregory, A.R.A., and many others began in this way, and
+among deceased artists occur the names of S. Read, E. Duncan, and F. W.
+Topham. The two last were both engravers. All these men have done good
+work on the pictorial press, and some of them first won distinction
+through its medium. Both the _Illustrated London News_ and the _Graphic_
+may claim to have done good service to art and artists in this respect.
+Their pages have always been open to young artists of ability, and while
+they have helped forward struggling genius they have opened up new
+sources of enjoyment to the general public.
+
+The pictorial press has hitherto been mainly dependent on the art of
+wood-engraving for its illustrations, but latterly several inventions
+have been used, not unsuccessfully, in the production of blocks in
+relief, to be printed in the same manner as woodcuts. The great
+improvements that have been made in surface printing render it probable
+that in the future these _process_ blocks may be extensively used in
+illustrated newspapers. They are recommended by their cheapness and
+rapid production; and as the intermediate process of engraving is
+dispensed with, they retain the exact touch of the artist, and are not
+liable to be mutilated by careless or hasty engraving. It may be said of
+all these inventions, however, that they are best suited for slight
+sketches, and should not be applied to the production of highly-finished
+subjects. For the latter there is nothing better than a woodcut, which,
+when well executed and carefully printed, has a richness superior to any
+other method of engraving. But in the present day competition is so
+great and the march of events is so rapid that cheapness and rapidity of
+production will override artistic excellence, and _process_-engraving,
+as it is called, will probably be the method adopted for the _daily_
+pictorial press, the era of which is approaching.
+
+Wood-engraving, as an art, scarcely existed in this country before the
+time of Thomas Bewick. To him we owe its revival, and he was thus
+indirectly concerned in the creation of the pictorial newspaper. Though
+we have seen that the _Grub Street Journal_ and the _Observer_ on a few
+occasions used copperplate illustrations, it is perfectly certain that
+an illustrated newspaper, properly so-called, never could have existed
+but for the art of wood-engraving. It was an essential agent in bringing
+into life this novel offspring of the printing press, just as it
+assisted in the birth of the old 'block books.' When Caxton brought the
+art of printing into this country the woodcuts printed at his press were
+probably executed by the printers whom he brought with him. His
+successors illustrated their books in the same way, and even after
+wood-engraving was practised in England as a distinct profession many of
+the illustrations in books and pamphlets were the work of printers. When
+something of superior design and finish was wanted, ready-made woodcuts
+were procured from Nuremberg or Lyons, then the chief marts for such
+productions. The blocks so obtained were sometimes used without much
+regard to the book in which they were printed. Cuts originally designed
+for an edition of _Ovid_ appeared in the Bible, and no notice was taken
+of this mixture of sacred and profane things. Albert Duerer's influence
+on the art of wood-engraving was very great, but it never extended to
+this country. Hans Holbein, who came to England two years before Duerer's
+death, made a few designs for the wood-engravers during his long
+residence here. His transient use of the art, however, did not raise it
+to a better condition, and printers continued to be the chief producers
+of woodcuts. In the time of Queen Elizabeth there flourished a printer
+and engraver of the name of John Day, who took for his mark an
+emblematic device of the day-spring of the reformed religion, with the
+motto, 'Arise, for it is Day.' The best illustrated books of that period
+were produced by him. About this time the art was rapidly declining in
+other countries, but in England it was in a better condition than at any
+previous period. It soon, however, declined in this country also, but
+was kept alive by Edward Kirkall, John Baptiste Jackson, and others,
+until it was revived by Thomas Bewick.
+
+The low condition of the art of wood-engraving in this country was
+chiefly owing to the want of good designers, and it was not until a man
+arose who possessed the power to _draw_ as well as to _engrave_ that an
+English school of wood-engraving was created. Bewick possessed the
+artistic faculty as a direct gift from nature; and though it was from
+accidental circumstances that he was led to exercise this innate power
+in drawing and engraving on wood, he soon discovered of what the art was
+capable, and devoted his chief attention to it. He drew such things as
+he understood and had studied from nature, and thoroughly comprehending
+the scope and power of wood-engraving, he was able, with little labour,
+to produce the best results.
+
+At the time of Bewick's death, in 1828, England had scarcely recovered
+from the exhausting wars of Napoleon, trade was stagnant, and taxation
+was heavy. The mass of the people had no money to spend on such luxuries
+as illustrated books, and the enterprise of publishers was confined to
+the production of the well-known 'Annuals' of that day; but they were
+illustrated with steel engravings, and were only purchased by the
+wealthier classes. Such works as _Robinson Crusoe_ and the _Pilgrim's
+Progress_, for which there is always a demand, were illustrated by
+Cruikshank and Harvey. There was _Northcote's Fables_, on which all the
+best engravers of the day were employed; but it was not until the
+Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge began its operations, and
+Charles Knight took the lead in illustrated literature, that
+wood-engraving began to be extensively used. The art was so little known
+that when the woodcuts of the _Penny Magazine_ began to attract
+attention a nobleman of that day spoke of them as the productions of a
+new art. Illustrations were so seldom used that the preparation of even
+a small woodcut was of much moment to all concerned. I have heard the
+late William Harvey relate that when Whittingham, the well-known
+printer, wanted a new cut for his 'Chiswick Press' series, he would
+write to Harvey and John Thompson, the engraver, appointing a meeting at
+Chiswick, when printer, designer, and engraver talked over the matter
+with as much deliberation as if they were about to produce a costly
+national monument, and after they had settled all points over a snug
+supper, the result of their labours was the production, months
+afterwards, of a small woodcut measuring perhaps two inches by three. At
+this time only about a dozen persons, besides Bewick's pupils, were
+practising the art of wood-engraving in England, and in France the art
+was so low that a few years later the blocks for the _Magazin
+Pittoresque_ were sent from Paris to London to be engraved. In Germany,
+the cradle of the art, it languished as in other countries, while in
+America, a country which is now taking a leading part in the cultivation
+of wood-engraving, the art was almost unknown as a native production. It
+is now in use all over the civilised world, and there is scarcely a
+capital city without its newspaper illustrated with woodcuts. It has
+even penetrated to the sunless regions of ice and snow. In the Library
+of the South Kensington Museum there is a book with illustrations drawn
+and engraved on wood by Esquimaux!
+
+The cause of this wide diffusion and extended employment of the art of
+wood-engraving is undoubtedly its close alliance with the kindred art of
+printing. No other method of engraving lends itself so easily to the
+rapid productions of the printing-press. From the earliest days of
+printing the two arts have advanced hand in hand, aiding in the growth
+of knowledge and the spread of civilisation. The application of steam to
+the art of printing revolutionised the world of typography, and
+wood-engraving was not slow in adapting itself to the new conditions.
+The advancing spirit of education created a demand for cheap knowledge.
+Penny magazines and pictorial newspapers came into existence. The steam
+printing-press spread them far and wide, and wood-engraving since the
+time of Bewick has shown that it possesses capabilities which that
+genuine old artist would have rejoiced to behold.
+
+In tracing the origin and progress of the pictorial press I have
+confined my researches to British journalism, but the subject might be
+widely extended. From the days of the _Acta Diurna_ of the Romans
+something in the shape of a newspaper appears to have been a necessity
+of civilised life. Soon after the invention of printing small
+news-sheets appeared in various towns of Germany and in Venice. In the
+Low Countries an illustrated war gazette was published as early as 1605.
+It was called the _Niewetijdinghe_, and it was the precursor of the
+_Gazette van Antwerpen_, which survived till 1805. During the Spanish
+and Austrian rule in Belgium each town had its privileged newspaper. As
+the printers of those days were well acquainted with the art of
+wood-engraving, it is not unlikely that some of these early newspapers
+contained illustrations. The earlier newspapers of Holland were chiefly
+devoted to commercial intelligence, and afforded little scope for
+illustration, but illustrated broadsides were not uncommon. In Germany
+the first regular newspaper appeared in 1615, when the art of
+wood-engraving had greatly declined; and when the physician Renaudot
+started the first newspaper in France, in 1631, if the idea of
+illustrating it had occurred to him he would have had to rely on his
+printer for the production of the woodcuts. As, however, the low
+condition of illustrative art in the seventeenth century did not deter
+English printers of 'News-books' from seeking such pictorial aid as they
+could obtain, it is highly probable their Continental brethren did the
+same, however insufficient might be the means at their command.
+
+When the history of our own age comes to be written the pictorial
+newspapers will form an inexhaustible store-house for the historian. The
+following list of cities in Europe, America, and the English colonies,
+with the names of the illustrated newspapers published by them, will
+convey some idea of the extent to which pictorial journalism has spread
+during the last forty years:--
+
+PARIS:
+
+  _L'Illustration._
+  _Le Monde Illustre._
+  _L'Univers Illustre._
+  _La Republique Illustree._
+  _La France Illustree._
+
+BERLIN:
+
+  _Deutsche Illustrirte Zeitung._
+
+STUTTGART:
+
+  _Uber Land und Meer._
+  _Das Buch fuer Alle._
+
+LEIPZIG:
+
+  _Illustrirte Zeitung._
+
+VIENNA:
+
+  _Neue Illustrirte Zeitung._
+
+MILAN:
+
+  _L'Illustrazione Universale._
+  _L'Illustrazione Italiana._
+
+MADRID:
+
+  _La Illustracion Espanola._
+
+BARCELONA:
+
+  _La Illustracion Catolica._
+
+WARSAW:
+
+  _Klosy._
+  _Tycodnik Powszechny._
+
+AMSTERDAM:
+
+  _De Hollandsche Illustratie._
+
+ST. PETERSBURG:
+
+  _Universal Illustration._
+
+COPENHAGEN:
+
+  _Illustreret Tidende._
+
+CHRISTIANIA:
+
+  _Nu Illustreret Tidende._
+
+NEW YORK:
+
+  _Harper's Weekly._
+  _Harper's Bazaar._
+  _Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper._
+  _Spirit of the Times._
+  _The Daily Graphic._
+  _Illustrirte Zeitung_ (printed in German).
+
+WASHINGTON:
+
+  _Illustrated Washington Chronicle._
+
+MONTREAL:
+
+  _Canadian Illustrated News._
+  _Le Monde Illustre_ (French).
+
+SYDNEY:
+
+  _Illustrated Sydney News._
+
+MELBOURNE:
+
+  _Illustrated Australian News._
+  _Australian Sketcher._
+
+MEXICO:
+
+  _Revista Universal._
+
+MONTEVIDEO:
+
+  _La Illustracion Uruguaya._
+
+RIO DE JANEIRO:
+
+  _A Illustracao._
+
+CAPE TOWN:
+
+  _South African Illustrated News._
+
+
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+London Printed by STRANGEWAYS AND SONS Tower Street Upper St Martin's
+Lane
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Pictorial Press, by Mason Jackson
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