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diff --git a/36182.txt b/36182.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7af554f --- /dev/null +++ b/36182.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1660 @@ +Project Gutenberg's The Whale House of the Chilkat, by George T. Emmons + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Whale House of the Chilkat + +Author: George T. Emmons + +Release Date: May 21, 2011 [EBook #36182] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WHALE HOUSE OF THE CHILKAT *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS +OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM +OF NATURAL HISTORY + +VOL. XIX, PART I + +THE WHALE HOUSE OF THE CHILKAT + + +BY + +GEORGE T. EMMONS + +Lieutenant U.S. Navy + + +NEW YORK +PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES +1916 + + + +Transcriber's Note: The first part of the Publications in Anthropology +has been moved to the end of this text and merged with the last part of +that list. + + + + +THE WHALE HOUSE OF THE CHILKAT. + +BY GEORGE T. EMMONS. + +Lieutenant U.S. Navy. + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The material here presented has been gathered from the most reliable +native sources throughout a period of twenty-five years of intimate +personal acquaintance and association with the Tlingit, and treats of +their past, before the exodus from their old villages to the mining +camps and salmon canneries of the white man so reduced their numbers +that communal life in the large old houses, upon which their social +customs and practices depended, was rendered impossible, and the seed +of a new life was sown. + +I first visited the Chilkat in 1882, when little influenced by our +civilization. They were a comparatively primitive people, living under +their own well-established code of laws, subsisting on the natural +products of the country, clothed in skins, furs, and trade blankets, +practising ancestor worship in their elaborate ceremonial, cremating +the dead, dominated by the superstitions of witchcraft and the practice +of shamanism, proud, vain, sensitive, but withal, a healthy, honest, +independent race, and friendly when fairly met. + +Their villages then represented the best traditions of the past in both +architecture and ornamentation. The houses of heavy hewn timbers, split +from the giant spruces, were fortresses of defense, with narrow +doorways for entrance and the smoke hole in the roof for light and +ventilation. + +But today this is all changed. The old houses have disappeared, the old +customs are forgotten, the old people are fast passing, and with the +education of the children and the gradual loss of the native tongue, +there will be nothing left to connect them with the past. So on behalf +of native history and my deep interest in the people, I offer this +paper, describing in accurate detail one of the last relics of their +culture. Had the Chilkat been able to work stone instead of wood, their +country would now be the archaeological wonder of the Pacific Coast. + +The illustrations in color are from sketches made upon the ground and +are reasonably accurate both as to form and color. For their final form +I am indebted to Mr. S. Ichikawa. To Winter and Pond I am under +obligations for permission to use the photograph of the two Chilkat +chiefs. + +GEORGE T. EMMONS. + +Princeton, New Jersey, +April, 1916. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + +PAGE. + +PREFACE 3 + +INTRODUCTION 9 + +THE OLD WHALE HOUSE 18 + +DETAIL OF THE HOUSE POSTS 25 + GONAKATATE-GARS 25 + DUCK-TOOLH-GARS 26 + YEHLH-GARS 28 + TLUKE-ASS-A-GARS 29 + +OBJECTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE HOUSE 30 + +THE PRESENT WHALE HOUSE 33 + + +LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. + + +PLATES. + +1. Decorative Figure on Edge of House Platform. + +2. Carved and painted Screen over the Front of the Chief's Private +Apartment at Rear of the House. + +3. Carved Posts inside the Entrance to the House, Gonakatate-Gars and +Duck-Toolh-Gars, respectively. + +4. Carved Posts flanking Screen in Plate 2, Yehlh-Gars and +Tluke-ass-a-Gars, respectively. + + +TEXT FIGURES. + +1. Coudahwot and Yehlh-Gouhu, Chiefs of the Con-nuh-ta-di 7 + +2. An Old House, Kluckwan 11 + +3. Con-nuh-ta-di Grave Houses, Kluckwan 12 + +4. The Whale House of the Chilkat 19 + +5. Groundplan of the Whale House 21 + +6. Wood-worm Dish, as seen in the House 32 + + +[Illustration: Fig. 1. Coudahwot and Yehlh-gouhu, Chiefs of the +Con-nuh-ta-di. + +_Photograph copyrighted by Winter and Pond._] + + + + +INTRODUCTION. + + +Upon the discovery of the Northwest Coast of America, the Tlingit were +found in possession of Southeastern Alaska with possibly the exception +of the southernmost portion of Prince of Wales Island, which had been +wrested from them by invading Haida from Masset on the Queen Charlotte +Islands, during the latter half of the eighteenth century. From the +testimony of the early explorers, this occupation seems to have been of +sufficient age to have developed a racial type, speaking the same +tongue, acknowledging established laws, and bound by like conventions. +What knowledge we can gather of their origin and early life from their +family traditions, songs, and geographical names, although fragmentary +and vague, consistently tells of a uniform northward migration by +water, along the coast and through the inland channels from the +Tsimshian peninsula and Prince of Wales Island, which was constantly +augmented by parties of Interior people descending the greater rivers +to the sea. + +An indefinite belief in an earlier coast population is current among +the older people, and in confirmation of this, they refer to some +family songs and local names still used but not understood. As the +Tlingit are unquestionably a mixed race, this aboriginal element must +have been absorbed and contributed its racial characteristics to the +evolution of the present race. + +The social organization of the Tlingit is founded on matriarchy and is +dependent upon two exogamic parties, the members of which intermarry +and supplement each other upon the many ceremonial occasions that mark +their intercourse. The one claiming the Raven crest is known +particularly among the northern Tlingit as Klar-de-nar, "one party," +the other, more generally represented by the Wolf emblem has several +names, local in character, referring to old living places, as +Shen-ku-ka-de, "belonging to Shenk," Sit-ka-de, "belonging to Sit," +said to refer to the separation of the people after the flood when this +branch settled at Sit, Gee-ya-de, etc. Outside of these there is one +family claiming the Eagle crest that has no phratral standing, the +members of which, as strangers, marry indiscriminately in either +division, but in all cases the children belong to the mother's clan. + +The two parties are subdivided into fifty-six existing consanguineal +families or clans, and the names of some other's now extinct are +remembered. Each of these, while retaining its phratral functions and +privileges, is absolutely independent in government, succession, +inheritance, and territory, and besides the phratral crest common to +all, assumes others that are fully as prominent and often more in +evidence. Within the family there is a well-defined aristocracy wholly +dependent upon birth, from which the chiefs are chosen, an intermediate +class consisting of those who have forced themselves to the front, +through wealth, character, or artistic ability, and the poorer people. +In earlier days there were many slaves who had no recognized rights. + +Geographically considered, there are sixteen tribal divisions known as +kwans, a contraction of ka (man) and an (land-lived on or claimed). +These are purely accidental aggregations, with little cohesion, a +grouping of one or more families of each phratry through migratory +meeting or continual intermarriage, that live together in fixed +villages for mutual protection and social advantages, but recognize no +tribal head or authority, each family being a unit in itself. Very +often the bitterest feuds existed between families within the tribe and +of the same phratry, although if attacked by a stranger people all +would unite for mutual protection. + +Of these several tribes the Chilkat-kwan has been the most prominent +since our acquaintance with Alaska. The relative importance of a +primitive people measured by an abundant food supply, natural resources +and geographic position as to favorable trade conditions was fully +satisfied in their case. In their country about the head of Lynn Canal, +with its two river systems flowing from lakes, the spawning beds of +countless salmon furnished a nutritious and limitless staple food which +was augmented by various other sea fish and seal in the inlets; bear, +goat, and smaller mammals on the land; and exhaustless berry patches on +the mountain sides. Their commanding position at the head of the inland +channels controlling the mountain passes to the interior, gave them the +monopoly of the fur trade of the upper Yukon Valley, and the placer +copper fields of the White River region. These products, unknown to the +coastal area, were economically important in primitive days, and after +the advent of Europeans the increased demand for furs, and their +greater value, made this trade even more lucrative. That they fully +realized its value is demonstrated by their determination to retain +control of it, for when the Hudson's Bay Company established the +factory of Fort Selkirk at the mouth of the Pelly River in 1852, a war +party under the celebrated Chief Chartrich, trailed in some three +hundred miles, surprised, captured, and burned the post, and warned the +occupants against any further encroachment upon their established zone +of trade, and they continued to enjoy these rights until the discovery +of the Klondike gold fields, when the influx of whites over-ran the +country and destroyed their industries. + +The earliest mention of this people occurs in a report of the Russian +Pilot Ismailof who, when visiting Yakutat in 1788, notes the presence +of a large body of Chilkat. In 1794 a boat expedition from Vancouver's +vessels, while exploring the head of Lynn Canal, met with a hostile +reception from a considerable number of natives and only averted +trouble by a hasty retreat. Lieutenant Whitby, the commander of the +party, was told of eight chiefs of great consequence who had their +homes on and about the Chilkat River, indicating an extensive +population. + +[Illustration: Fig. 2. An Old House, Kluckwan.] + +Under the Russian regime, beyond the mere claim of sovereignty, no +jurisdiction was exercised over this people except the distribution of +national flags and Imperial medals. All trading was guardedly carried +on from the decks of armed vessels, and long after the American +occupation they were permitted to live unmolested, until their country +became the highway of travel to the interior. + +The Tlingit were a canoe people and might be termed semi-nomadic, as +they were on their hunting grounds in the early spring and late fall, +while the summer season was spent in the fishing camps by the salmon +streams, but notwithstanding these long absences they built substantial +villages where, except for social activities, they spent the winter in +comparative idleness. + +[Illustration: Fig. 3. Con-nuh-ta-di Grave Houses, Kluckwan.] + +As they looked to the sea for their principal food supply, their +villages were directly on the shore just above the high water mark, in +sheltered coves where they could land and launch their canoes in any +weather and at any stage of the tide. But the Chilkat, differing from +all of the other Tlingit, lived just beyond the open water, in a rather +restricted territory, on rivers that were veritable storehouses of +food, bringing their abundance of fish life to their very doors, and so +permitting them to remain at home throughout the year, except when on +their trading trips to the interior, which gave their habitations a +more permanent character, and contributed to the unity of communal +life. + +Of the four principal old villages, all of which have survived the +ravages of constant strife and the still more deadly by-products of +civilization--liquor and disease--Kluckwan (mother town) has always +held the first place in size, wealth, and the character of its people. +It retained its supremacy long after the larger of the more southern +coast villages had gone to decay, as its more interior and isolated +position and the independent and aggressive reputation of its +population kept white traders at a distance. The discovery of gold near +Juneau and the establishment of the several salmon canneries at the +mouth of the river drew away its people, and communal life in the large +old houses, that was dependent upon the united efforts of the whole +household was made impossible by the absence of many, and the want of +cooperation of others who elected to live by themselves. With the +introduction of schools and the efforts of missionaries to break up the +old customs, the village has undergone a complete change and the old +houses have disappeared or have been modernized. + +The village lies at the edge of a gradual slope on the north bank of +the Chilkat, twenty miles from its mouth, where the swift current +concentrated in a single channel forms a strong eddy that permits the +landing of canoes at any stage of the river. The houses in a single and +double row follow the trend of the shore for upwards of three-quarters +of a mile, but far enough back to allow for the smoke houses, fish +drying frames, and canoe shelters, and in the rear are the grave houses +(Fig. 3) and the now disused cremation grounds strewn with charred logs +and partly burnt funeral pyres. Just beyond the village at either end, +in the cottonwood groves, hidden in the underbrush and covered with +moss, are the crumbling remains of the shaman's dead houses, guarded by +elaborately carved spirit figures and decayed canoes. + +The houses of each of the four resident totemic families are grouped +about that of the chief for mutual protection, giving the appearance of +three separate villages, as the two centrally located families through +increase of numbers, have been brought into closer union. In each group +the houses of the aristocracy and those of the poorer classes are of +like construction, differing however in size, strength of material, +interior appointments, and ornamentation. + +Of the five totemic families that form the Chilkat-kwan, not including +a sixth subdivision, four are resident here, while individuals of the +others through intermarriage are scattered through the village but +without house standing. The traditions of all of these speak of a +migration from the southern border northward through the inland +channels. + +The Wolf phratry is represented by three families: the Kagwantan, +Tuck-este-nar, and Duck-clar-way-di. The first two are closely related +and claim to be offshoots of a parent stock and to have migrated north +from the coast between the mouths of the Nass and the Skeena rivers and +in earlier times they lived inland on these rivers. The last-named is +unquestionably of interior origin and it is possible that all three are +of like ancestry. + +The sole representative of the Raven party is the Kon-nuh-ta-di with +which this paper deals. Their legendary history, so imaginary and +interesting, is closely associated with the wanderings and antics of +"Yehlh," the Raven creator, while the earliest family traditions are +centered about the south and west coast of the Prince of Wales and +contiguous islands. There is a hazy belief in the minds of the older +people, handed down through generations, that in the earliest days +there came to these shores from seaward, a people of unknown origin who +landed and lived on Dall Island, and later spread along the southern +coast of Prince of Wales Island. The descendants of one of the two +original women, represented as sisters, later crossed Dixon Entrance +and peopled the Queen Charlotte Islands, founding the Haida, while +those who remained, uniting with migratory bands from the Interior were +the progenitors of the Tlingit. + +The three principal families forming the Tanta-kwan that lived +thereabouts in the eighteenth century, until expelled by the Haida +invasion from Masset, and then crossed over to the mainland where they +are still found, are the Ta-qway-di, Kik-sat-di, and Kon-nuh-hut-di, +all of which have formed factors of great importance in peopling the +coast of Alaska as far north as Comptroller Bay, and are still +represented in all of the more important Tlingit tribes. The tribal +name Tanta, was taken from their country, the Prince of Wales Island, +Tan, "Sealion" so named from the abundance of this animal on the +seaward coast. The Kon-nuh-hut-di are said to have removed, at some +early day, to Port Stewart within the mainland entrance of Beam Canal, +which they called "Con-nuh," (safe, sheltered) and from which they +derived their family name (people of, or belonging to, Con-huh), but +finding the climate more severe than that of the islands, and with no +compensating advantages of food, they returned to their former home. A +slight variation of the name Kon-nuh-ta-di which is not accounted for, +distinguishes the Chilkat and more northern branches of the family from +the Tanta and Taku. Another name seldom used, but very pretentious and +tribal in character, is Shuck-ka-kwan "highest or first-man tribe" or +Shuck-ka-kon-nuh-ta-di, claiming superiority through a relationship +with Yehlh, in reference to his struggle with Gun-nook, the +supernatural keeper of fresh water, when in his efforts to escape +through the smoke hole of the house with what he had stolen he was +caught and held fast until he was smoked black. + +At a very early period they must have lived on the central west coast +of Prince of Wales Island, near Klawak, in a village or country called +Tuck-anee "outside town" where the people were known locally as +Tuckanadi "outside town people" as the scene of one of their principal +hero tales is laid hereabouts (the struggle of Duck-toolh with the +sealions) which it is claimed was the cause of one of the northward +migrations of a body of the family. It was certainly after this +happening, and possibly connected with it, that a considerable party +separated and traveled north through the inland channels to the head of +tidewater, and then up the Chilkat River until they reached the site of +Kluckwan where they finally settled and have ever since remained. This +movement must date back many years, for the Russian Pilot Ismailof, as +previously noted, in visiting Yakutat in 1888 met "a chief Ilk-hak with +a large force of one hundred warriors who had journeyed up the coast +from their winter home on the Chilkat River to trade." + +Ilk-hak or Yehlh-kok "Raven fragrance or smell" is an hereditary name +belonging strictly to the Kon-nuh-ta-di family (and as a coincidence it +happens to be that of the present chief to whom I am indebted for +certain information herein contained), and to have extended their +commercial activities to such a distance and with such a numerous +retinue would bespeak a considerable age and settled state in their new +home. + +Other migrations northward are known to have occurred at later periods; +One party following the outside coast settled in a bay above Cape +Spencer where much glacial ice collected and they took the name +Tih-ka-di (people of or belonging to the icebergs) but of these none +remain. + +Another body, taking a more easterly course among the islands, stopped +at Chyeek on the Chatham Straits shore of Admiralty Island with the +Hootz-ah-tar-kwan, but trouble with the Dasheton clan arose over a +woman and they removed in a body to Stevens Passage and joined the +Taku-kwan of which they form an integral part today under the original +name Kon-nuh-hut-di. + +In the latter portion of the eighteenth century, the Tanta-kwan +including this family, was driven out of the southern portion of the +Prince of Wales Island by the Haida and crossing Clarence Straits +settled on Annette and adjacent islands. Their principal village was +Tark-an-ee (winter town) at Port Chester where New Metlakatla now +stands, and was a very large settlement, a totem pole village, as the +decayed remains showed thirty years ago. In war with the Stickheen, +this village was destroyed and also a later one across the island, +Chake-an-ee (Thimble berry town) at Port Tamgass, when they crossed to +Cat Island and then to the mainland and made a last stand at Tongass +where they remained until the founding of Saxman and Ketchikan. + +None of this family is found today on Prince of Wales Island, their +original home. The principal branch lives at Chilkat where they have +always been accorded the highest place with the Ka-gwan-tan, with whom +they have so intermarried through generations, that it often happens +that the chiefs of each family are father and son. + +The personal names more frequently refer to the Raven, their most +honored crest, as they claim to be the first family of this phratry, +and it is the more conspicuously displayed on the totemic headdress and +ceremonial paraphernalia. They claim and use a great many other emblems +as the whale, frog, wood-worm, silver salmon, hawk, owl, moon, +starfish, and in their house carvings and painting they illustrate the +hero deeds and conquests of their ancestors in their early struggles +with mythical animals and supernatural beings. + +Facial painting played an important role in Tlingit life. The several +pigments differently applied in various characters depended upon the +purpose and the occasion. As a protection against snowblindness, the +glare of the sunshine on the water, the bite of insects and as a +cosmetic to preserve and whiten the complexion, a hemlock fungus was +charred, powdered, and applied to the face, which had previously been +covered with a mixture of melted suet and spruce gum, to which it +adhered and hardened, forming a red-black covering impervious to water. + +For mourning and anger the face was blackened with charcoal. + +When on war parties, the painting was in red or black or both, in +fanciful and hideous characters, but if suddenly surprised, they would +grab a piece of charcoal from the fire and rub it over the face to +disguise their personality and hide any expression of fear. + +The most elaborate painting was used in the winter ceremonials and +dances. The designs were almost entirely totemic in character even when +improvised for the occasion and apparently expressionless. They were +either geometric and symbolic in figure, or represented the animal form +in profile or some characteristic feature which distinguished it. In +the latter case the figure was stamped on the cheek or forehead with a +wood die. The primitive colors were black, from powdered charcoal, and +red, from pulverized ocher, but after the advent of Europeans, +vermilion of commerce took the place of the duller mineral red. Yellow, +white, and greenish blue were occasionally used, more particularly by +the southern tribes, but seldom, if ever, by the Chilkat. + +The most important painting of the face was that of the dead when +placed in state awaiting cremation, and this represented the crest of +the phratry rather than one of the assumed emblems of the family or +subdivisions. Most all of the Raven party, certainly all of the older +and more important families, and particularly the Kon-nuh-ta-di used +Yehlh-thluou, "Raven's nose," in the form of an isosceles triangle, in +black, the apex at the bridge of the nose, the sides enclosing the nose +and mouth, the base extending across the chin. This painting seems to +have been the right of all of the Raven families and was almost +universally used by them, although minor crest figures were sometimes +employed, as the Kon-nuh-hut-di of the Southern tribes are said to have +painted the starfish figure although I have never seen it so used, +although it was a festival decoration. + +It was an old custom, but rather a privilege claimed by the chiefs and +house masters of the aristocracy, to give names to the communal houses +upon the occasion of their dedication, after the walls were up and the +roof was on, when those of the opposite phratry who had assisted in the +construction were feasted and compensated. Of course, in the evolution +of society, men of strong character, successful in war, with wealth and +many followers would compel such recognition as would permit them to +found a house and give it a name, but in order to do so, the potlatch +would have to be of undue proportion. The strongest characteristics of +the Tlingit are pride, vanity, and a dread of ridicule, so unless one +was absolutely assured of more than a formal acceptance of the act by +both his own and the other tribal families he would hesitate to place +himself in a false position, subject to criticism. The highest and most +honored names thus given, were those of the totemic emblem, or +referring to some particular feature of the crest figure, as "Raven +house," "Brown bear house," "Eagle nest house," "Killer-whale dorsal +fin house," etc. Other names meaning less were those of position, +shape, material, etc., as "Point house," "Box house", "Bark house," +"Drum house," "Big house," "Lookout house," etc. In any case a name +once given survived the mere structure. It was a dedication of the site +and without any further ceremony belonged to all future houses built +thereon. + + + + +THE OLD WHALE HOUSE. + + +When I first visited Kluckwan in 1885, the large old communal houses of +the Kon-nuh-ta-di were still standing, the principal one of which, that +of the hereditary chief, Yough-hit, "Whale house," was in the last +stages of decay and uninhabitable, although the interior fittings were +intact and it was still used upon festival occasions. It was +unquestionably the most widely known and elaborately ornamented house, +not only at Chilkat, but in Alaska. It occupied the site of much older +houses and it is claimed much larger ones. It is said to have been +built by Kate-tsu about or prior to 1835 and stood in the middle of the +village. It represented the best type of Tlingit architecture, a broad +low structure of heavy hewn spruce timbers, with noticeably high corner +posts, that gave it a degree of character wholly wanting in the larger +houses of the Vancouver Island people. It faced the river with a +frontage of 49 feet 10 inches and a depth of 53 feet which was +approximately the proportions of Tlingit houses large and small. The +four broad, neatly finished corner posts, and the intermediate ones on +the sides and back were mortised in length, to receive the ends of the +wall planks of spruce or hemlock that were laid horizontally along the +sides and back, while the front was formed by two heavy bed pieces +placed one above the other extending across the front, dove-tailed into +the corner posts, and reaching to the height of the door sill, cut out +along the upper edge to receive the lower ends of the broad vertical +planks that extend to the roof, and fitted under corresponding grooves +in the cornice cappings that in the rear of the corner posts were +notched and grooved to fit in the post. It will thus be seen that the +old houses formed a solid structure, the frame and planking supporting +each other without the use of spikes. The doorway, that was the only +opening in the walls, was approached by two steps over three feet above +the ground, it was narrow and low as a defensive measure, so that but +one could enter at a time, and then only in a stooping posture equally +impossible for attack or defense. The roof covering consisted of a +confusion of overlapping spruce boards and slabs of bark that +originally had been held down by smaller tree trunks extending the +depth of the structure and held in place by heavy boulders at the ends. +The smoke hole in the center of the roof which both lighted and +ventilated the interior had been protected by a movable shutter +balanced on a cross bar resting on two supports so that it could be +shifted to either side as desired. + +[Illustration: Fig. 4. The Whale House of the Chilkat.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 5. Groundplan of the Whale House. In size, it was +49 ft. 10 in. front by 53 ft. deep. From a plan drawn by the author.] + +The interior formed an excavation four feet nine inches below the +ground level, with two receding step-like platforms. The lower square +floor space 26 feet by 26 feet 9 inches, constituted the general living +and working room common to all, except that portion in the rear and +opposite the entrance, which was reserved for the use of the house +chief, his immediate family and most distinguished guests. This was the +place of honor in all Tlingit houses upon all occasions, ceremonial or +otherwise. The flooring of heavy, split, smoothed planks of varying +widths extended around a central gravelled fireplace six feet by six +feet and a half, where all of the cooking was done, over a wood fire +which also heated the house in winter. In front of and a little to the +right of the fire space entered by a small trap door in the floor +barely large enough to admit a person, was a small cellar-like +apartment used as a steam bath, by heating boulders in the nearby fire, +dropping them on the floor below with split wood tongs, and pouring +water upon them to generate the vapor when the bather entered and the +opening was covered over. + +The first platform extending around the main floor at an elevation of +2-3/4 feet, comparatively narrow, with a width of 2-1/2 feet along the +sides, and slightly more at the ends, served both as a step, and a +lounging place in the daytime, and that in front, broken by the steps +descending from the doorway, was utilized for firewood, fresh game, +fish, water baskets, and such larger household articles and implements +as were in general use. The retaining walls of this platform consisted +of four heavy hewn spruce timbers approximately 27 feet long, 3 feet +wide, and 5 inches thick, and so fitted with mortise and tenon at +opposite ends that they supported each other without artificial +fastenings. The faces of these timbers were beautifully finished in the +finest adze work, and those on either side and at the back were carved +in low relief to represent a remarkable extended figure, neither wholly +human nor animal, with widely outstretched arms and legs, painted in +red. It may be that the artist conceived and executed this form merely +as a decorative feature, without meaning, or if it was his purpose to +present a recognizable figure he followed that characteristic and well +established privilege of native art in exaggeration to make the subject +conform to the decorative field. The old chief, Yehlh-guou, "Raven's +slave," said that the figure symbolized "Kee-war-kow" the highest +heaven where those who were killed in war and died violent deaths went, +and are seen at play in the Aurora Borealis. Another explanation is +that it merely represented a man warming himself before the central +fire. (Plate 1.) + +The upper and broader platform, rising two feet above that below, was +at the ground level, and was floored with heavy planks. It had a depth +of ten feet on the sides which was greatly increased at the back and +correspondingly diminished in front. The four heavy retaining timbers +forming the walls and supporting the platform were thirty-one feet at +the front and back and thirty-three feet along the sides, two feet +wide, and five inches in thickness, and were fitted together at the +ends as previously described, and shown in the house plan. On the +carefully adzed face carved in low relief, equidistant from the corners +and from each other, arranged in echelon, were three representations of +the "tinneh" the ceremonial copper and in connection with this it may +be noted that one of the names of the house chief was Tinneh-sarta +"Keeper of the copper." This platform constituted the sleeping place of +the inmates. Each family occupied a certain space according to number +and relative importance, the poorer members being nearer the door. The +spaces were separated from each other by walls of chests, baskets, and +bundles containing the family wealth in skins, blankets, clothing, +ceremonial paraphernalia, and food products. On the walls were hung +weapons, traps, snares, and hunting gear. Cedarbark mats covered the +floor over which was laid the bedding consisting of pelts of the +caribou, mountain sheep, goat, and bear, and blankets of lynx, fox, and +squirrel, which in the daytime were ordinarily rolled up for economy of +space. Sometimes these chambers were partly enclosed by skins or old +canoe sails. The back compartment occupying the space between the two +rear interior posts was partitioned off by a very beautiful carved wood +screen which will be described later. This was the chamber of the chief +and his immediate family. (Plate 2) + +At the level of this upper platform, firmly imbedded in the ground +equidistant from the sides and nearer the front than the back wall, +were four vertical elaborately carved posts "gars" nine feet three +inches high and two feet six inches wide, which supported the roof +structure. The heads were hollowed to receive two neatly rounded tree +trunks almost two feet in diameter extending from front to rear, on top +of these at intervals were placed heavy cross bars which in turn +supported two smaller rounded longitudinal beams placed that distance +towards the center that would give the necessary pitch to the roof, +lighter cross pieces spanned these, on which rested the ridge pole in +two sections to allow for the smoke hole. + +The private apartment of the house chief occupied the central portion +of the upper rear platform, and was partitioned off in front, by a +screen of thin native-split red cedar planks of varying widths, neatly +fitted vertically, and sewed together with withes of spruce root, +countersunk, to make it appear a solid piece. It extended between the +two rear carved posts that supported the roof structure, and was twenty +feet long by nine and a half feet high. The front surface was smoothed +with dogfish skin or equisetum, and elaborately carved in low relief +and painted to represent the rain spirit, which was symbolized by the +great central figure with outstretched arms, while the small crouching +figures in the border around the sides and top known as Su-con-nutchee +"raindrops splash up," represented the splash of the falling drops +after striking the ground. The whole partition was called Su-kheen +"rain wall." + +The round hole through the body, over which was formerly hung a dressed +caribou or goatskin, formed the entrance to the chamber, which received +its only light and ventilation over the top of the screen from the +smoke hole in the roof. There seems to be a difference of opinion today +as to who executed this work. Yehlh-kok the present chief of the family +says that it was done by Kate-tsu, the chief who built the house, and +that the painting was the work of Skeet-lah-ka, a later chief and an +artist of wide repute, the father of Chartrich, who in 1834 just prior +to the lease of the littoral by the Russian Government to the Hudson's +Bay Company, accompanied the first Russians who ascended the Chilkat +River, which would carry it well back in the early portion of the last +century which was the Victorian age of Northwest Coast art. + +Others, while agreeing as to the painting, claim that the carving was +designed and executed by a Tsimshian. But whether the work of the +former or the latter, the conventionalized design, and particularly the +multiplicity of small figures around the principal one is essentially +Tsimshian in character and entirely different from the realism of +Tlingit art. + +It is unquestionably the finest example of native art, either Tlingit +or Tsimshian, in Alaska, in boldness of conception,--although highly +conventionalized in form,--in execution of detail, and in the selection +and arrangement of colors. + +The four interior posts "gars" on which rest the heavy longitudinal +beams that support the roof structure are elaborately carved in high +relief, a commingling of human and animal forms. Each one illustrates +some hero tale or important incident in the early life of the family, +or a tradition of the wanderings and antics of Yehlh, "the Raven" with +whom they claim a certain relationship. Each post is named from the +story told. They are of red cedar, brought from the south, and were +carved by a Tsimshian who also carved the figures on the faces of the +retaining timbers of the first platform. For all of this work he +received in payment ten slaves, fifty dressed moose-skins, and a number +of blankets. + +Besides these there were four other posts known as Teetle-Gars "Dog +salmon post." They presented a slightly rounded surface, carved in low +relief, painted in dull colors, inlaid with opercula and representing, +as the name indicated, the dog salmon. They were much decayed and only +two were standing at the height of the upper platform at the sides in +1885. They had been used originally as interior posts in some house but +had passed their period of usefulness and were preserved simply as +relics of the past. + + + + +DETAIL OF THE HOUSE POSTS. + +GONAKATATE-GARS. + + +The carved interior post to the right of the doorway entering was known +as Gonakatate-Gars and told a story of Yehlh, the Raven. (Plate 3_a_.) + +Gonakatate was believed to be a great sea monster, half animal and half +fish, variously represented according to the imagination of the artist, +but generally shown with fore feet, a characteristic dorsal fin, and +the tail of a fish, but again it is said that in rising from the water +it appeared as a beautifully ornamented house front. It brought great +good fortune to one who saw it. + +The principal figure extending from near the top to the bottom with +front and hind paws represents this monster holding a whale by the +flipper with the tail in its mouth and the head between the hind feet, +for the Gonakatate is believed to capture and eat whales. The figure of +a woman on the back of the whale is called Stah-ka-dee-Shawut which is +an older name of the Qwash-qwa-kwan, a family that came from the +interior and settled on the coast about Yakutat, and as the scene of +this adventure is placed thereabouts and with the matriarchal system +the woman would indicate the family. The use of her figure would serve +to mark the locality which is the only explanation for her appearance. + +In the blow hole of the whale is the head of the Raven which is the +significant feature of the whole carving that illustrates the story. +The smaller head at the top, ornamented with human hair is called +Gonakatate-Yuttee, "Gonakatate's child," that holds the head of the +hawk in its paws. While the hawk is an emblem of the family, these +figures are merely ornamental and have no connection with the story. + +The story of the Gonakatate-Gars is as follows:-- + +During the wanderings of Yehlh "Raven" along the coast of Alaska above +the mouth of the Alsech River, he saw a whale blowing, far out to sea, +and being always hungry he greatly wanted to capture it, but he had +neither spear nor line and only his fire bag of flint, stone, and +tinder. He thought that he might kill the whale if he could only get +inside, so when it came up to breathe he flew in the blow hole and +reaching the stomach, struck a light, and made a fire that soon killed +it. + +When it floated inshore and was rolled on the beach by the breakers, he +tried to escape as he had entered, but the blow hole had partly closed +and he could only get his head out. He saw a young man coming down to +the shore and he commenced to sing in a loud voice. This greatly +surprised him and he hastened back to the camp to tell the old people +that there was strange singing in a stranded whale, which brought all +the villagers to the scene, and they proceeded to cut open the whale at +the blow hole when the Raven flew out singing khoonee, khoonee, +"cleaned out the blow hole." When the people had cut up the whale and +tried out the blubber into grease the Raven returned in human form, and +asked them how they got the whale, and if they had heard singing +within, for he told them that long ago this had happened in his +country, and all of those who ate the grease had died. This so +frightened the people that they left the grease boxes on the shore and +returned to the village, when the Raven sat down and ate all the grease +they had prepared. + + +DUCK-TOOLH-GARS. + +The carved interior post, to the left of the doorway entering, was +named Duck-toolh-Gars, and illustrates a hero tale of the family that +occurred before their northern migration. The human figure represents +Duck-toolh "Black-skin" (typifying strength), tearing the sealion in +two. The head at the base symbolizes the rock island on which the +sealion hauled, when this incident took place. The head of Duck-toolh +is wrapped around with sealion intestines and is ornamented with human +hair hanging down over the face. The sealion forms the central figure; +the protruding tongue indicates death, as the body is split in half. +The fore flippers are parallel with the body under the man's forearms +and the back flippers rest on his shoulders. + +It is said that in the early life of the Kon-nuh-hut-di, before their +migration north, when they lived on the west coast of Prince of Wales +Island, at or near the present site of Klawak, at Tuck-anee "just by +the outside" from which the inhabitants took the local name +Tuck-an-a-di "outside country people" from their home on the ocean +coast, there was a young man, the nephew of the chief, named Duck-toolh +"Black-skin," but nicknamed At-kaharsee "nasty man" from his generally +dirty condition. + +The villagers depended largely upon the flesh of the sealion for food, +its hide was used for armor and other economic purposes while the +whisker bristles were greatly prized for the crown of the ceremonial +headdress. + +These animals were found in great numbers on a rocky island far to +seaward (supposed to have been Foresters Island), but the ocean passage +in their frail canoes was very dangerous and with their primitive +spears and clubs it took courage and strength to succeed in the hunt, +and so they prepared themselves for the undertaking by much exercise, +and hardened their bodies by sea bathing in the early morning +throughout the winter. But Duck-Toolh seemingly practised none of these +things, he slept late and although of great size was looked upon as +lazy and weak until he became the laughing stock even of the children. +In the household was a powerful man named Kash-ka-di, who in passing +for his morning plunge would kick Duck-toolh and call him by his +nickname, which he never resented. Upon coming out of the water each +morning the bathers would test their strength by trying to pull up and +break smaller trees. All of this time Duck-toolh was shamming, for +every night after all had gone to sleep he would steal out and sit in +the ice cold water by the hour, and coming out would beat himself with +bundles of brush to keep up his circulation, then he would enter the +house and throwing a little water on the hot coals to make steam, and +wrapping himself in his bark mat would lie down and go to sleep in the +ashes which covered his body and gave him his nickname. One night while +he was sitting in the water he heard a whistle, and saw a heavily built +man rise out of the sea. He came to him and told him to get up, when he +whipped him on the back four times and with each stroke he fell down. +Then he gave Duck-toolh the sticks and told him to whip him, which had +no effect upon him and he said, "You have not gained strength yet." +This operation was again repeated which gave Duck-toolh great strength, +and then they wrestled with each other, but neither could throw the +other. The strange man said, "Now you are very powerful I have given +you my strength," when a heavy fog suddenly drove in from the sea and +enveloped him and he disappeared. Then Duck-toolh ran about and broke +the limbs off the trees with little effort, but he put them together +again and they froze in place for he did not want any one to know that +strength had come to him. He felt very happy, and was very willing to +do anything for any one or to accept the ridicule and abuse heaped upon +him. In the morning, Kash-ka-di, after coming out of the water, ran +about trying his strength and he took the great limb that was stuck +together in his hands and pulled it apart. He boasted to everyone that +strength had come to him and that he was ready now to go out against +the sealion. Duck-toolh said, "Yes, he would go too," which made every +one laugh. Even the girls made fun of him and asked him what he could +do, for he was like them, and he said that he could bail the canoe, +which was a woman's or child's work. He washed and put on clean clothes +and going to his grandmother said, "You have no tlhan," (strips of fur +woven into blankets); "you have no da" (martin skin). She answered, +"Yes" and gave him a strip of fur with which he tied up his front hair, +taken in a bunch (this was done when one felt angry), and he dabbed his +mouth with red paint, but still the people laughed at him, although he +looked like a chief. Then the canoe started for the sealion grounds and +while Kash-ka-di boasted of his great strength and what he would do, +Duck-toolh sat silently in the bottom of the canoe. When they reached +the rocks Kash-ka-di jumped out and grabbing a great sealion by its +hind flippers tried to tear it in two, but he was thrown high in the +air and killed on the rocks. Then Duck-toolh laughed and said, "Who +broke the tree," "I break it," and he jumped on the rock and grabbed +the sealion and tore it apart, beat the brains out of the smaller ones, +and for some unknown reason he wound the intestines of the animals +around his head. Then they loaded the canoe with the carcasses and +returned home and everyone knew that Duck-toolh was strength and he +became a very powerful and wealthy man. Some versions of this story say +that he remained alone on the island for some time during which the +spirit of the doctor came to him, but my informant knew nothing of +this. + + +YEHLH-GARS. + +The carved post on the right of the ornamental screen was named +Yehlh-Gars "Raven Post," and told the story of the capture of Ta "the +king salmon." The main figure shows the Raven in human form holding a +head with a projecting blade-like tongue, which is known as Tsu-hootar +"jade adze." At the bottom is the head of a fish which should have been +that of the king salmon, but through a mistake of the carver it +resembles more nearly that of the sculpin. Coming out of the mouth of +the Raven is a bird form called Tu-kwut-lah-Yehlh, "telling lies +raven," which symbolizes the lies the Raven told to the little birds +mentioned in the story. (Plate 4_a_.) + +Many of the myths relative to the later wanderings of the Raven after +the release of the elements necessary to life on the earth, and +particularly those in connection with animals, represent him as always +hungry, unscrupulous and deceptive, and friendly only for selfish +purposes. In the early spring before the salmon had come into the +rivers, or the berries had ripened on the mountain sides, the season of +little food, Yehlh happened to be on the seashore near Dry Bay and very +hungry. He saw a king salmon jumping in the ocean and he commenced to +plan how he could take it, for he had neither canoe, spear, nor line. +Going back from the shore he found in a deserted camp a piece of an old +cedarbark mat, an old woven spruce root hat, an eagle skin, and a jade +adze "tsu-hootar." Putting on the hat, folding the mat about his body, +and dressing his hair with eagle down, he took the jade and seating +himself on a big boulder at the edge of the water said to the salmon, +"Tsu-hootar is calling you bad names, he says that you have an ugly +black mouth and that you are afraid to come up to the shore." This so +enraged the salmon that he came towards the shore, when Tehlh said, +"Wait a little, I have to go to the woods" for he had no club and the +salmon must always be killed by striking it on the head with a club. +When he returned, he again reviled the salmon and when it came and +jumped in shallow water he killed it. He then kindled a fire with his +rubbing sticks and prepared the fish for cooking. In the meantime many +small birds came around hoping to get something to eat, and the Raven +sent them off to gather skunk cabbage leaves to wrap the fish in, but +those that they brought he condemned as too small or smelling bad, and +told them to go to the far mountain where the proper kind grew. As soon +as they had disappeared he wrapped the fish in the discarded leaves, +scraped away the fire and the gravel beneath, buried the fish, and +covered it with the hot stones and the fire. When the fish was cooked, +he ate all of it and collecting the bones, carefully wrapped them in +the old leaves and covered them with the fire and when the little birds +returned with the mountain leaves he showed them the bones, saying that +the fire had eaten the flesh. Then all of the birds felt very badly, +the little chickadee cried bitterly and continually wiping its eyes +with its feet wore away the feathers which ever after showed a white +stripe from the corners down. The blue jay was so angry that he tied up +the feathers on top of his head which have ever since formed a crest, +for when the Tlingit are angry they tie the front hair up in a knot; +while the robin in his grief sat too close to the fire and burned his +breast red. + + +TLUKE-ASS-A-GARS. + +The carved post on the left of the ornamental screen was named +Tluke-ass-a-Gars "Wood-worm Post" and illustrated a very important +happening in the early life of the family that is believed to have +caused the separation of the body that first migrated northward. The +large upper figure represents Ka-kutch-an, "the girl who fondled the +wood-worm," which she holds in front of her body with both hands. Over +her head are two wood-worms whose heads form her ears. Beneath is shown +a frog in the bill of a crane. The whole post symbolizes the tree in +which the wood-worm lives, the crane lights on the outer surface and +the frog lives underneath among the roots. + +It is said that in early days in a village that would seem to have been +near Klawak, on the west coast of Prince of Wales Island, there was a +chief of the Tlow-on-we-ga-dee family whose wife was of the +Kon-nuh-ta-di. They had a daughter just reaching womanhood. One day +after the members of the household had returned from gathering +firewood, the daughter, picking up a piece of bark found a wood-worm +which she wrapped up in her blanket and carried in the house. After the +evening meal she took it into the back compartment and offered it some +food, but it would not eat, and then she gave it her breast and it grew +very rapidly and she became very fond of it, as if it were her child, +and as time went on her whole life seemed to be absorbed by her pet +which she kept secreted. Her constant abstraction and absences grew so +noticeable that the mother's suspicions were aroused and one day she +detected her fondling the worm that had now grown as large as a person. +She called the chief and they wondered greatly for no one had ever seen +anything like it. As she played with the worm she sang to it all the +time:-- + + "Da-a-a see-ok bus k-e-e-e. Tchi-ok kon nok + They have small faces. Sit down here. + + Tu usk-k ka tel kin ka Tchi-ok kon nok + They have small fat cheeks. Sit down here." + +The father told the uncle and he sent for his niece and set food before +her, and while she ate he stole away to see the worm, which she had +hidden behind the food chests in the back apartment. That evening the +uncle called the people together and told them that his niece had a +great "living creature" Kutze-ce-te-ut that might in time kill them all +and they decided to kill the worm. Another reason given for the +destruction of the creature was that it was held accountable for the +loss of much food that had been mysteriously disappearing from the +grease boxes for some time past. + +The following day the aunt invited her to come and sew her martin skin +robe, and in her absence the men sharpened their long wooden spears and +going to the house killed the worm. Upon her return she cried bitterly +and said they had killed her child and she sang her song night and day +until she died. Then her family left this place and migrated north. In +commemoration of this event the Tlow-on-we-ga-du family display the +tail of the worm on their dance dress, pipes, etc., as they attacked +that part, while the Kon-nuh-ta-di display the whole worm figure as +they killed the head which was the most important part. + + + + +OBJECTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE HOUSE. + + +Closely associated with the "Whale House," and in the keeping of the +chief, were many ceremonial objects in crest form, that were never +exhibited except upon such important occasions as when the whole family +was assembled and much property was distributed to those of the +opposite phratry who had assisted at house and grave building, +cremation, etc. Most prominent among these was a great wood feast +dish, and an exceptionally large basket. The former was known as +Thluke-hotsick "wood-worm dish," and as a crest object it told the same +story as the carved interior post previously described. It was hollowed +out of a tree trunk 14 feet 6 inches long, 2 feet 6 inches wide and 1 +foot high. It was shaped and ornamentally carved and painted to +represent a wood-worm and inlaid along the rounded upper edge with +opercula. In 1885 it had so far decayed that its usefulness was past +although it was still displayed upon ceremonial occasions (Fig. 6). + +[Illustration: Fig. 6. Wood-worm Dish, as seen in the House.] + +The basket although at least two generations old, has been carefully +cared for so that it is in an excellent state of preservation. It is +named Kuhk-claw "basket mother" on account of its great size, measuring +33 inches in both height and diameter. It was woven of split spruce +root in cylindrical form, by a woman of the family, in the +characteristic weave of the Chilkat, where alternate spirals of woof +are in the double twining and plaiting, giving a rough and irregular +appearance to the wall surface. The only variation on the outside are +four short darker colored lines of weave which mark its capacity at +different heights as we mark a commercial measure. It is fitted with +twisted root handle for carriage. Both of these receptacles were used +at feasts, filled with native food, and are generally known throughout +southeastern Alaska. + + + + +THE PRESENT WHALE HOUSE. + + +In 1899 this house and Yehlh-hit (Raven) House adjoining were torn down +and preparations for the erection of new buildings were gotten under +way, and in the winter of 1901, after the walls were up and the roof +on, a great potlach was given by the Kon-nuh-ta-di, to the three Wolf +families of the opposite phratry in the tribe and the Ka-gwan-tan of +Sitka, in which over ten thousand dollars in property, food, and money +were distributed. The head chief of the family the master of the whale +house Yehlh-guou "Raven's slave," welcomed his guest upon landing, +wearing the Raven hat. The new house although modern in form and of two +stories took the old name, and it stands today windowless and doorless, +the interior grown up in weeds, a monument of the last great potlatch +of the Chilkat, as the chief died soon afterwards and his successor has +neither the means to finish it nor the desire to live in it and the +elaborate carvings have never been placed but are stored and will +probably so remain. + + + + +PLATE 1. + +Decorative figures carved in bas-relief on the face of the retaining +timbers supporting the two interior superimposed platforms. For their +positions in the house see Fig. 6. The three upper figures represent +the native hammered copper plate, "Tinneh," which was an important +feature in the ceremonial life of the Northwest Coast and was the most +valued of possessions, while that below was said to symbolize +"Kee-war-kow," the highest heaven. (See p. 22.) + +[Illustration: PLATE 1.] + +PLATE 2. + +Carved and painted screen at the back of the house partitioning off the +chief's apartment. It is called Su-kheen, or "rain wall." The central +figure with outstretched arms represents the Rain Spirit, while the +small crouching figures in the border are called Su-cou-nutchee, +"raindrops splash up," or the splash of falling drops after striking +the ground. + +A portion of the screen has been broken off and the otherwise +unsymmetrical form of the drawing is due to photographic distortion. +Its position in the house is indicated by Fig. 6. The hole through the +body of the symbolic figure is the door or entrance to the apartment +behind. (See p. 23.) + +[Illustration: PLATE 2.] + +PLATE 3. + +_a_ Carved interior post to the right of the entrance, Gonakatate-Gars, +representing the mythical sea monster that brings good fortune to one +who sees it and illustrates a story in the early wanderings of Yehlh, +the Raven. At the top is "Gonakatate's child" who holds a hawk in its +paws. Next is the head of "Gonakatate," the principal figure whose body +extends to the bottom of the post. He holds in front of him a whale, +peeping from whose blow hole is the head of the Raven. On the back of +the whale is the figure of a woman. (See p. 25.) + +_b_ Carved interior post to the left of the entrance, Duck-Toolh-Gars +representing the legendary hero, "Black-Skins" rending the sealion. The +large human figure is Duck-Toolh, who holds a sealion by the hind +flippers. The head at the base of the post represents the island upon +which he stood while tearing the sealion asunder. (See p. 26.) + +[Illustration: PLATE 3.] + +PLATE 4. + +_a_ Carved interior post to the right of the decorative screen in the +rear of the house, Yehlh-Gars, Raven Post, telling the story of the +Raven capturing the king salmon. The main figure with head at the top +represents the Raven, holding the head of Tsu-hootar, or "jade adze," +and standing upon the head of a fish. From the mouth of Raven is +issuing a bird representing lies. (See p. 28.) + +_b_ Carved interior post to the left of the decorative screen in the +rear of the house, Tluke-ass-a-Gars, illustrating the story of the girl +and the wood-worm. The human figure above is that of Ka-kutch-an, "the +girl who fondled the wood-worm." She holds the wood-worm in front in +her hands. Two worms are peeping around her head. The lower figure +represents a crane holding a frog in its bill. (See p. 29.) + +[Illustration: PLATE 4.] + + + + +American Museum of Natural History. + +PUBLICATIONS IN ANTHROPOLOGY. + + +In 1906 the present series of Anthropological Papers was authorized by +the Trustees of the Museum to record the results of research conducted +by the Department of Anthropology. The series comprises octavo volumes +of about 350 pages each, issued in parts at irregular intervals. +Previous to 1906 articles devoted to anthropological subjects appeared +as occasional papers in the Bulletin and also in the Memoir series of +the Museum. A complete list of these publications with prices will be +furnished when requested. All communications should be addressed to the +Librarian of the Museum. + +The recent issues are as follows:-- + + +Volume X. + + I. Chipewyan Texts. By Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 1-66. 1912. Price, +$1.00. + + II. Analysis of Cold Lake Dialect, Chipewyan. By Pliny Earle Goddard. +Pp. 67-170, and 249 text figures. 1912. Price, $1.00. + + III. Chipewyan Tales. By Robert H. Lowie. Pp. 171-200. 1912. Price, +$.25. + + IV. The Beaver Indians. By Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 201-293, and 19 +text figures. 1916. Price, $1.00. + + V. (In press.) + + +Volume XI. + + I. Societies and Ceremonial Associations in the Oglala Division of the +Teton-Dakota. By Clark Wissler. Pp. 1-99, and 7 text figures. 1912. +Price, $.50. + + II. Dance Associations of the Eastern Dakota. By Robert H. Lowie. Pp. +101-142. 1913. Price, $.25. + + III. Societies of the Crow, Hidatsa and Mandan Indians. By Robert H. +Lowie. Pp. 143-358 and 18 text figures. 1913. Price, $2.00. + + IV. Societies and Dance Associations of the Blackfoot Indians. By Clark +Wissler. Pp. 363-460, and 29 text figures. 1913. Price, $1.00. + + V. Dancing Societies of the Sarsi Indians. By Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. +461-474. 1914. Price, $.25. + + VI. Political Organization, Cults, and Ceremonies of the Plains-Ojibway +and Plains-Cree Indians. By Alanson Skinner. Pp. 475-542, and 10 text +figures. 1914. Price, $.75. + + VII. Pawnee Indian Societies. By James R. Murie. Pp. 543-644, and 18 +text figures. 1914. Price, $1.00. + +VIII. Societies of the Arikara Indians. By Robert H. Lowie. Pp. +645-678. 1915. Price, $.50. + + IX. Societies of the Iowa, Kansa, and Ponca Indians. By Alanson +Skinner. Pp. 679-801, and 5 text figures. 1915. Price, $1.00. + + X. Dances and Societies of the Plains Shoshone. By Robert H. Lowie. Pp. +803-835. 1915. Price, $.25. + + XI. Societies of the Kiowa. By Robert H. Lowie. Pp. 837-851. 1916. +Price, $.25. + + XII. General Discussion of Shamanistic and Dancing Societies By Clark +Wissler. Pp. 853-876. 1916. Price, $.25. + +XIII. (In preparation). + + +Volume XII. + + I. String-figures from the Patomana Indians of British Guiana. By Frank +E. Lutz. Pp. 1-14. and 12 text figures. 1912. Price, $.25. + + II. Prehistoric Bronze in South America. By Charles W. Mead. Pp. 15-52, +and 4 text figures. 1915. Price, $.25. + + III. Peruvian Textiles. By M. D. C. Crawford. Pp. 52-101, and 23 text +figures. 1915. Price, $.50. + + IV. (In preparation.) + + +Volume XIII. + + I. Social Life and Ceremonial Bundles of the Menomini Indians. By +Alanson Skinner. Pp. 1-165, and 30 text figures. 1913. Price, $1.50. + + II. Associations and Ceremonies of the Menomini Indians. By Alanson +Skinner. Pp. 167-215, and 2 text figures. 1915. Price, $.40. + + III. Folklore of the Menomini Indians. By Alanson Skinner and John V. +Satterlee. Pp. 217-546. 1915. Price, $1.60. + + +Volume XIV. + + I. The Stefansson-Anderson Arctic Expedition of the American Museum: +Preliminary Ethnological Report. By Vilhjalmur Stefansson. Pp. 1-376, +94 text figures, and 2 maps. 1914. Price. $3.50. + + II. (In preparation.) + + +Volume XV. + + I. Pueblo Ruins of the Galisteo Basin, New Mexico. By N. C. Nelson. Pp. +1-124, Plates 1-4, 13 text figures, 1 map, and 7 plans. 1914. Price +$.75. + + II. (In preparation.) + + +Volume XVI. + + I. The Sun Dance of the Crow Indians. By Robert H. Lowie. Pp. 1-50, and +11 text figures. 1915. Price, $.50. + + II. (In preparation.) + + +Volume XVII. + + I. Riding Gear of the North American Indians. By Clark Wissler. Pp. +1-38, and 27 text figures. 1915. Price, $.50. + + II. Costumes of the Plains-Indians. By Clark Wissier. Pp. 41-91, and 28 +text figures. 1915. Price, $.50. + + III. Structural Basis to the Decoration of Costumes among the Plains +Indians. By Clark Wissler. Pp. 93-114, and 12 text figures. 1916. +Price, $.25. + + IV. Basketry of the Papago and Pima. By Mary Lois Kissell. Pp. +115-264, and 81 text figures. 1916. Price, $1.50. + + V. (In preparation.) + + +Volume XVIII. + + I. Zuni Potsherds. By A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 1-37, and 2 text figures. +1916. Price, $.30. + + II. (In preparation). + + +Volume XIX. + + I. The Whale House of the Chilkat. By George T. Emmons. Pp. 1-33. +Plates I-IV, and 6 text figures. 1916. Price, $1.00. + + II. (In preparation). + + +_The Cosmos Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts_ + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Whale House of the Chilkat, by George T. 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