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+Project Gutenberg's The Whale House of the Chilkat, by George T. Emmons
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
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+
+Title: The Whale House of the Chilkat
+
+Author: George T. Emmons
+
+Release Date: May 21, 2011 [EBook #36182]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WHALE HOUSE OF THE CHILKAT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
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+
+ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS
+OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM
+OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+VOL. XIX, PART I
+
+THE WHALE HOUSE OF THE CHILKAT
+
+
+BY
+
+GEORGE T. EMMONS
+
+Lieutenant U.S. Navy
+
+
+NEW YORK
+PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES
+1916
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note: The first part of the Publications in Anthropology
+has been moved to the end of this text and merged with the last part of
+that list.
+
+
+
+
+THE WHALE HOUSE OF THE CHILKAT.
+
+BY GEORGE T. EMMONS.
+
+Lieutenant U.S. Navy.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The material here presented has been gathered from the most reliable
+native sources throughout a period of twenty-five years of intimate
+personal acquaintance and association with the Tlingit, and treats of
+their past, before the exodus from their old villages to the mining
+camps and salmon canneries of the white man so reduced their numbers
+that communal life in the large old houses, upon which their social
+customs and practices depended, was rendered impossible, and the seed
+of a new life was sown.
+
+I first visited the Chilkat in 1882, when little influenced by our
+civilization. They were a comparatively primitive people, living under
+their own well-established code of laws, subsisting on the natural
+products of the country, clothed in skins, furs, and trade blankets,
+practising ancestor worship in their elaborate ceremonial, cremating
+the dead, dominated by the superstitions of witchcraft and the practice
+of shamanism, proud, vain, sensitive, but withal, a healthy, honest,
+independent race, and friendly when fairly met.
+
+Their villages then represented the best traditions of the past in both
+architecture and ornamentation. The houses of heavy hewn timbers, split
+from the giant spruces, were fortresses of defense, with narrow
+doorways for entrance and the smoke hole in the roof for light and
+ventilation.
+
+But today this is all changed. The old houses have disappeared, the old
+customs are forgotten, the old people are fast passing, and with the
+education of the children and the gradual loss of the native tongue,
+there will be nothing left to connect them with the past. So on behalf
+of native history and my deep interest in the people, I offer this
+paper, describing in accurate detail one of the last relics of their
+culture. Had the Chilkat been able to work stone instead of wood, their
+country would now be the archaeological wonder of the Pacific Coast.
+
+The illustrations in color are from sketches made upon the ground and
+are reasonably accurate both as to form and color. For their final form
+I am indebted to Mr. S. Ichikawa. To Winter and Pond I am under
+obligations for permission to use the photograph of the two Chilkat
+chiefs.
+
+GEORGE T. EMMONS.
+
+Princeton, New Jersey,
+April, 1916.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+PAGE.
+
+PREFACE                                                        3
+
+INTRODUCTION                                                   9
+
+THE OLD WHALE HOUSE                                           18
+
+DETAIL OF THE HOUSE POSTS                                     25
+    GONAKATATE-GARS                                           25
+    DUCK-TOOLH-GARS                                           26
+    YEHLH-GARS                                                28
+    TLUKE-ASS-A-GARS                                          29
+
+OBJECTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE HOUSE                             30
+
+THE PRESENT WHALE HOUSE                                       33
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+PLATES.
+
+1. Decorative Figure on Edge of House Platform.
+
+2. Carved and painted Screen over the Front of the Chief's Private
+Apartment at Rear of the House.
+
+3. Carved Posts inside the Entrance to the House, Gonakatate-Gars and
+Duck-Toolh-Gars, respectively.
+
+4. Carved Posts flanking Screen in Plate 2, Yehlh-Gars and
+Tluke-ass-a-Gars, respectively.
+
+
+TEXT FIGURES.
+
+1. Coudahwot and Yehlh-Gouhu, Chiefs of the Con-nuh-ta-di      7
+
+2. An Old House, Kluckwan                                     11
+
+3. Con-nuh-ta-di Grave Houses, Kluckwan                       12
+
+4. The Whale House of the Chilkat                             19
+
+5. Groundplan of the Whale House                              21
+
+6. Wood-worm Dish, as seen in the House                       32
+
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1. Coudahwot and Yehlh-gouhu, Chiefs of the
+Con-nuh-ta-di.
+
+_Photograph copyrighted by Winter and Pond._]
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+Upon the discovery of the Northwest Coast of America, the Tlingit were
+found in possession of Southeastern Alaska with possibly the exception
+of the southernmost portion of Prince of Wales Island, which had been
+wrested from them by invading Haida from Masset on the Queen Charlotte
+Islands, during the latter half of the eighteenth century. From the
+testimony of the early explorers, this occupation seems to have been of
+sufficient age to have developed a racial type, speaking the same
+tongue, acknowledging established laws, and bound by like conventions.
+What knowledge we can gather of their origin and early life from their
+family traditions, songs, and geographical names, although fragmentary
+and vague, consistently tells of a uniform northward migration by
+water, along the coast and through the inland channels from the
+Tsimshian peninsula and Prince of Wales Island, which was constantly
+augmented by parties of Interior people descending the greater rivers
+to the sea.
+
+An indefinite belief in an earlier coast population is current among
+the older people, and in confirmation of this, they refer to some
+family songs and local names still used but not understood. As the
+Tlingit are unquestionably a mixed race, this aboriginal element must
+have been absorbed and contributed its racial characteristics to the
+evolution of the present race.
+
+The social organization of the Tlingit is founded on matriarchy and is
+dependent upon two exogamic parties, the members of which intermarry
+and supplement each other upon the many ceremonial occasions that mark
+their intercourse. The one claiming the Raven crest is known
+particularly among the northern Tlingit as Klar-de-nar, "one party,"
+the other, more generally represented by the Wolf emblem has several
+names, local in character, referring to old living places, as
+Shen-ku-ka-de, "belonging to Shenk," Sit-ka-de, "belonging to Sit,"
+said to refer to the separation of the people after the flood when this
+branch settled at Sit, Gee-ya-de, etc. Outside of these there is one
+family claiming the Eagle crest that has no phratral standing, the
+members of which, as strangers, marry indiscriminately in either
+division, but in all cases the children belong to the mother's clan.
+
+The two parties are subdivided into fifty-six existing consanguineal
+families or clans, and the names of some other's now extinct are
+remembered. Each of these, while retaining its phratral functions and
+privileges, is absolutely independent in government, succession,
+inheritance, and territory, and besides the phratral crest common to
+all, assumes others that are fully as prominent and often more in
+evidence. Within the family there is a well-defined aristocracy wholly
+dependent upon birth, from which the chiefs are chosen, an intermediate
+class consisting of those who have forced themselves to the front,
+through wealth, character, or artistic ability, and the poorer people.
+In earlier days there were many slaves who had no recognized rights.
+
+Geographically considered, there are sixteen tribal divisions known as
+kwans, a contraction of ka (man) and an (land-lived on or claimed).
+These are purely accidental aggregations, with little cohesion, a
+grouping of one or more families of each phratry through migratory
+meeting or continual intermarriage, that live together in fixed
+villages for mutual protection and social advantages, but recognize no
+tribal head or authority, each family being a unit in itself. Very
+often the bitterest feuds existed between families within the tribe and
+of the same phratry, although if attacked by a stranger people all
+would unite for mutual protection.
+
+Of these several tribes the Chilkat-kwan has been the most prominent
+since our acquaintance with Alaska. The relative importance of a
+primitive people measured by an abundant food supply, natural resources
+and geographic position as to favorable trade conditions was fully
+satisfied in their case. In their country about the head of Lynn Canal,
+with its two river systems flowing from lakes, the spawning beds of
+countless salmon furnished a nutritious and limitless staple food which
+was augmented by various other sea fish and seal in the inlets; bear,
+goat, and smaller mammals on the land; and exhaustless berry patches on
+the mountain sides. Their commanding position at the head of the inland
+channels controlling the mountain passes to the interior, gave them the
+monopoly of the fur trade of the upper Yukon Valley, and the placer
+copper fields of the White River region. These products, unknown to the
+coastal area, were economically important in primitive days, and after
+the advent of Europeans the increased demand for furs, and their
+greater value, made this trade even more lucrative. That they fully
+realized its value is demonstrated by their determination to retain
+control of it, for when the Hudson's Bay Company established the
+factory of Fort Selkirk at the mouth of the Pelly River in 1852, a war
+party under the celebrated Chief Chartrich, trailed in some three
+hundred miles, surprised, captured, and burned the post, and warned the
+occupants against any further encroachment upon their established zone
+of trade, and they continued to enjoy these rights until the discovery
+of the Klondike gold fields, when the influx of whites over-ran the
+country and destroyed their industries.
+
+The earliest mention of this people occurs in a report of the Russian
+Pilot Ismailof who, when visiting Yakutat in 1788, notes the presence
+of a large body of Chilkat. In 1794 a boat expedition from Vancouver's
+vessels, while exploring the head of Lynn Canal, met with a hostile
+reception from a considerable number of natives and only averted
+trouble by a hasty retreat. Lieutenant Whitby, the commander of the
+party, was told of eight chiefs of great consequence who had their
+homes on and about the Chilkat River, indicating an extensive
+population.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2. An Old House, Kluckwan.]
+
+Under the Russian regime, beyond the mere claim of sovereignty, no
+jurisdiction was exercised over this people except the distribution of
+national flags and Imperial medals. All trading was guardedly carried
+on from the decks of armed vessels, and long after the American
+occupation they were permitted to live unmolested, until their country
+became the highway of travel to the interior.
+
+The Tlingit were a canoe people and might be termed semi-nomadic, as
+they were on their hunting grounds in the early spring and late fall,
+while the summer season was spent in the fishing camps by the salmon
+streams, but notwithstanding these long absences they built substantial
+villages where, except for social activities, they spent the winter in
+comparative idleness.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 3. Con-nuh-ta-di Grave Houses, Kluckwan.]
+
+As they looked to the sea for their principal food supply, their
+villages were directly on the shore just above the high water mark, in
+sheltered coves where they could land and launch their canoes in any
+weather and at any stage of the tide. But the Chilkat, differing from
+all of the other Tlingit, lived just beyond the open water, in a rather
+restricted territory, on rivers that were veritable storehouses of
+food, bringing their abundance of fish life to their very doors, and so
+permitting them to remain at home throughout the year, except when on
+their trading trips to the interior, which gave their habitations a
+more permanent character, and contributed to the unity of communal
+life.
+
+Of the four principal old villages, all of which have survived the
+ravages of constant strife and the still more deadly by-products of
+civilization--liquor and disease--Kluckwan (mother town) has always
+held the first place in size, wealth, and the character of its people.
+It retained its supremacy long after the larger of the more southern
+coast villages had gone to decay, as its more interior and isolated
+position and the independent and aggressive reputation of its
+population kept white traders at a distance. The discovery of gold near
+Juneau and the establishment of the several salmon canneries at the
+mouth of the river drew away its people, and communal life in the large
+old houses, that was dependent upon the united efforts of the whole
+household was made impossible by the absence of many, and the want of
+cooperation of others who elected to live by themselves. With the
+introduction of schools and the efforts of missionaries to break up the
+old customs, the village has undergone a complete change and the old
+houses have disappeared or have been modernized.
+
+The village lies at the edge of a gradual slope on the north bank of
+the Chilkat, twenty miles from its mouth, where the swift current
+concentrated in a single channel forms a strong eddy that permits the
+landing of canoes at any stage of the river. The houses in a single and
+double row follow the trend of the shore for upwards of three-quarters
+of a mile, but far enough back to allow for the smoke houses, fish
+drying frames, and canoe shelters, and in the rear are the grave houses
+(Fig. 3) and the now disused cremation grounds strewn with charred logs
+and partly burnt funeral pyres. Just beyond the village at either end,
+in the cottonwood groves, hidden in the underbrush and covered with
+moss, are the crumbling remains of the shaman's dead houses, guarded by
+elaborately carved spirit figures and decayed canoes.
+
+The houses of each of the four resident totemic families are grouped
+about that of the chief for mutual protection, giving the appearance of
+three separate villages, as the two centrally located families through
+increase of numbers, have been brought into closer union. In each group
+the houses of the aristocracy and those of the poorer classes are of
+like construction, differing however in size, strength of material,
+interior appointments, and ornamentation.
+
+Of the five totemic families that form the Chilkat-kwan, not including
+a sixth subdivision, four are resident here, while individuals of the
+others through intermarriage are scattered through the village but
+without house standing. The traditions of all of these speak of a
+migration from the southern border northward through the inland
+channels.
+
+The Wolf phratry is represented by three families: the Kagwantan,
+Tuck-este-nar, and Duck-clar-way-di. The first two are closely related
+and claim to be offshoots of a parent stock and to have migrated north
+from the coast between the mouths of the Nass and the Skeena rivers and
+in earlier times they lived inland on these rivers. The last-named is
+unquestionably of interior origin and it is possible that all three are
+of like ancestry.
+
+The sole representative of the Raven party is the Kon-nuh-ta-di with
+which this paper deals. Their legendary history, so imaginary and
+interesting, is closely associated with the wanderings and antics of
+"Yehlh," the Raven creator, while the earliest family traditions are
+centered about the south and west coast of the Prince of Wales and
+contiguous islands. There is a hazy belief in the minds of the older
+people, handed down through generations, that in the earliest days
+there came to these shores from seaward, a people of unknown origin who
+landed and lived on Dall Island, and later spread along the southern
+coast of Prince of Wales Island. The descendants of one of the two
+original women, represented as sisters, later crossed Dixon Entrance
+and peopled the Queen Charlotte Islands, founding the Haida, while
+those who remained, uniting with migratory bands from the Interior were
+the progenitors of the Tlingit.
+
+The three principal families forming the Tanta-kwan that lived
+thereabouts in the eighteenth century, until expelled by the Haida
+invasion from Masset, and then crossed over to the mainland where they
+are still found, are the Ta-qway-di, Kik-sat-di, and Kon-nuh-hut-di,
+all of which have formed factors of great importance in peopling the
+coast of Alaska as far north as Comptroller Bay, and are still
+represented in all of the more important Tlingit tribes. The tribal
+name Tanta, was taken from their country, the Prince of Wales Island,
+Tan, "Sealion" so named from the abundance of this animal on the
+seaward coast. The Kon-nuh-hut-di are said to have removed, at some
+early day, to Port Stewart within the mainland entrance of Beam Canal,
+which they called "Con-nuh," (safe, sheltered) and from which they
+derived their family name (people of, or belonging to, Con-huh), but
+finding the climate more severe than that of the islands, and with no
+compensating advantages of food, they returned to their former home. A
+slight variation of the name Kon-nuh-ta-di which is not accounted for,
+distinguishes the Chilkat and more northern branches of the family from
+the Tanta and Taku. Another name seldom used, but very pretentious and
+tribal in character, is Shuck-ka-kwan "highest or first-man tribe" or
+Shuck-ka-kon-nuh-ta-di, claiming superiority through a relationship
+with Yehlh, in reference to his struggle with Gun-nook, the
+supernatural keeper of fresh water, when in his efforts to escape
+through the smoke hole of the house with what he had stolen he was
+caught and held fast until he was smoked black.
+
+At a very early period they must have lived on the central west coast
+of Prince of Wales Island, near Klawak, in a village or country called
+Tuck-anee "outside town" where the people were known locally as
+Tuckanadi "outside town people" as the scene of one of their principal
+hero tales is laid hereabouts (the struggle of Duck-toolh with the
+sealions) which it is claimed was the cause of one of the northward
+migrations of a body of the family. It was certainly after this
+happening, and possibly connected with it, that a considerable party
+separated and traveled north through the inland channels to the head of
+tidewater, and then up the Chilkat River until they reached the site of
+Kluckwan where they finally settled and have ever since remained. This
+movement must date back many years, for the Russian Pilot Ismailof, as
+previously noted, in visiting Yakutat in 1888 met "a chief Ilk-hak with
+a large force of one hundred warriors who had journeyed up the coast
+from their winter home on the Chilkat River to trade."
+
+Ilk-hak or Yehlh-kok "Raven fragrance or smell" is an hereditary name
+belonging strictly to the Kon-nuh-ta-di family (and as a coincidence it
+happens to be that of the present chief to whom I am indebted for
+certain information herein contained), and to have extended their
+commercial activities to such a distance and with such a numerous
+retinue would bespeak a considerable age and settled state in their new
+home.
+
+Other migrations northward are known to have occurred at later periods;
+One party following the outside coast settled in a bay above Cape
+Spencer where much glacial ice collected and they took the name
+Tih-ka-di (people of or belonging to the icebergs) but of these none
+remain.
+
+Another body, taking a more easterly course among the islands, stopped
+at Chyeek on the Chatham Straits shore of Admiralty Island with the
+Hootz-ah-tar-kwan, but trouble with the Dasheton clan arose over a
+woman and they removed in a body to Stevens Passage and joined the
+Taku-kwan of which they form an integral part today under the original
+name Kon-nuh-hut-di.
+
+In the latter portion of the eighteenth century, the Tanta-kwan
+including this family, was driven out of the southern portion of the
+Prince of Wales Island by the Haida and crossing Clarence Straits
+settled on Annette and adjacent islands. Their principal village was
+Tark-an-ee (winter town) at Port Chester where New Metlakatla now
+stands, and was a very large settlement, a totem pole village, as the
+decayed remains showed thirty years ago. In war with the Stickheen,
+this village was destroyed and also a later one across the island,
+Chake-an-ee (Thimble berry town) at Port Tamgass, when they crossed to
+Cat Island and then to the mainland and made a last stand at Tongass
+where they remained until the founding of Saxman and Ketchikan.
+
+None of this family is found today on Prince of Wales Island, their
+original home. The principal branch lives at Chilkat where they have
+always been accorded the highest place with the Ka-gwan-tan, with whom
+they have so intermarried through generations, that it often happens
+that the chiefs of each family are father and son.
+
+The personal names more frequently refer to the Raven, their most
+honored crest, as they claim to be the first family of this phratry,
+and it is the more conspicuously displayed on the totemic headdress and
+ceremonial paraphernalia. They claim and use a great many other emblems
+as the whale, frog, wood-worm, silver salmon, hawk, owl, moon,
+starfish, and in their house carvings and painting they illustrate the
+hero deeds and conquests of their ancestors in their early struggles
+with mythical animals and supernatural beings.
+
+Facial painting played an important role in Tlingit life. The several
+pigments differently applied in various characters depended upon the
+purpose and the occasion. As a protection against snowblindness, the
+glare of the sunshine on the water, the bite of insects and as a
+cosmetic to preserve and whiten the complexion, a hemlock fungus was
+charred, powdered, and applied to the face, which had previously been
+covered with a mixture of melted suet and spruce gum, to which it
+adhered and hardened, forming a red-black covering impervious to water.
+
+For mourning and anger the face was blackened with charcoal.
+
+When on war parties, the painting was in red or black or both, in
+fanciful and hideous characters, but if suddenly surprised, they would
+grab a piece of charcoal from the fire and rub it over the face to
+disguise their personality and hide any expression of fear.
+
+The most elaborate painting was used in the winter ceremonials and
+dances. The designs were almost entirely totemic in character even when
+improvised for the occasion and apparently expressionless. They were
+either geometric and symbolic in figure, or represented the animal form
+in profile or some characteristic feature which distinguished it. In
+the latter case the figure was stamped on the cheek or forehead with a
+wood die. The primitive colors were black, from powdered charcoal, and
+red, from pulverized ocher, but after the advent of Europeans,
+vermilion of commerce took the place of the duller mineral red. Yellow,
+white, and greenish blue were occasionally used, more particularly by
+the southern tribes, but seldom, if ever, by the Chilkat.
+
+The most important painting of the face was that of the dead when
+placed in state awaiting cremation, and this represented the crest of
+the phratry rather than one of the assumed emblems of the family or
+subdivisions. Most all of the Raven party, certainly all of the older
+and more important families, and particularly the Kon-nuh-ta-di used
+Yehlh-thluou, "Raven's nose," in the form of an isosceles triangle, in
+black, the apex at the bridge of the nose, the sides enclosing the nose
+and mouth, the base extending across the chin. This painting seems to
+have been the right of all of the Raven families and was almost
+universally used by them, although minor crest figures were sometimes
+employed, as the Kon-nuh-hut-di of the Southern tribes are said to have
+painted the starfish figure although I have never seen it so used,
+although it was a festival decoration.
+
+It was an old custom, but rather a privilege claimed by the chiefs and
+house masters of the aristocracy, to give names to the communal houses
+upon the occasion of their dedication, after the walls were up and the
+roof was on, when those of the opposite phratry who had assisted in the
+construction were feasted and compensated. Of course, in the evolution
+of society, men of strong character, successful in war, with wealth and
+many followers would compel such recognition as would permit them to
+found a house and give it a name, but in order to do so, the potlatch
+would have to be of undue proportion. The strongest characteristics of
+the Tlingit are pride, vanity, and a dread of ridicule, so unless one
+was absolutely assured of more than a formal acceptance of the act by
+both his own and the other tribal families he would hesitate to place
+himself in a false position, subject to criticism. The highest and most
+honored names thus given, were those of the totemic emblem, or
+referring to some particular feature of the crest figure, as "Raven
+house," "Brown bear house," "Eagle nest house," "Killer-whale dorsal
+fin house," etc. Other names meaning less were those of position,
+shape, material, etc., as "Point house," "Box house", "Bark house,"
+"Drum house," "Big house," "Lookout house," etc. In any case a name
+once given survived the mere structure. It was a dedication of the site
+and without any further ceremony belonged to all future houses built
+thereon.
+
+
+
+
+THE OLD WHALE HOUSE.
+
+
+When I first visited Kluckwan in 1885, the large old communal houses of
+the Kon-nuh-ta-di were still standing, the principal one of which, that
+of the hereditary chief, Yough-hit, "Whale house," was in the last
+stages of decay and uninhabitable, although the interior fittings were
+intact and it was still used upon festival occasions. It was
+unquestionably the most widely known and elaborately ornamented house,
+not only at Chilkat, but in Alaska. It occupied the site of much older
+houses and it is claimed much larger ones. It is said to have been
+built by Kate-tsu about or prior to 1835 and stood in the middle of the
+village. It represented the best type of Tlingit architecture, a broad
+low structure of heavy hewn spruce timbers, with noticeably high corner
+posts, that gave it a degree of character wholly wanting in the larger
+houses of the Vancouver Island people. It faced the river with a
+frontage of 49 feet 10 inches and a depth of 53 feet which was
+approximately the proportions of Tlingit houses large and small. The
+four broad, neatly finished corner posts, and the intermediate ones on
+the sides and back were mortised in length, to receive the ends of the
+wall planks of spruce or hemlock that were laid horizontally along the
+sides and back, while the front was formed by two heavy bed pieces
+placed one above the other extending across the front, dove-tailed into
+the corner posts, and reaching to the height of the door sill, cut out
+along the upper edge to receive the lower ends of the broad vertical
+planks that extend to the roof, and fitted under corresponding grooves
+in the cornice cappings that in the rear of the corner posts were
+notched and grooved to fit in the post. It will thus be seen that the
+old houses formed a solid structure, the frame and planking supporting
+each other without the use of spikes. The doorway, that was the only
+opening in the walls, was approached by two steps over three feet above
+the ground, it was narrow and low as a defensive measure, so that but
+one could enter at a time, and then only in a stooping posture equally
+impossible for attack or defense. The roof covering consisted of a
+confusion of overlapping spruce boards and slabs of bark that
+originally had been held down by smaller tree trunks extending the
+depth of the structure and held in place by heavy boulders at the ends.
+The smoke hole in the center of the roof which both lighted and
+ventilated the interior had been protected by a movable shutter
+balanced on a cross bar resting on two supports so that it could be
+shifted to either side as desired.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 4. The Whale House of the Chilkat.]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 5. Groundplan of the Whale House. In size, it was
+49 ft. 10 in. front by 53 ft. deep. From a plan drawn by the author.]
+
+The interior formed an excavation four feet nine inches below the
+ground level, with two receding step-like platforms. The lower square
+floor space 26 feet by 26 feet 9 inches, constituted the general living
+and working room common to all, except that portion in the rear and
+opposite the entrance, which was reserved for the use of the house
+chief, his immediate family and most distinguished guests. This was the
+place of honor in all Tlingit houses upon all occasions, ceremonial or
+otherwise. The flooring of heavy, split, smoothed planks of varying
+widths extended around a central gravelled fireplace six feet by six
+feet and a half, where all of the cooking was done, over a wood fire
+which also heated the house in winter. In front of and a little to the
+right of the fire space entered by a small trap door in the floor
+barely large enough to admit a person, was a small cellar-like
+apartment used as a steam bath, by heating boulders in the nearby fire,
+dropping them on the floor below with split wood tongs, and pouring
+water upon them to generate the vapor when the bather entered and the
+opening was covered over.
+
+The first platform extending around the main floor at an elevation of
+2-3/4 feet, comparatively narrow, with a width of 2-1/2 feet along the
+sides, and slightly more at the ends, served both as a step, and a
+lounging place in the daytime, and that in front, broken by the steps
+descending from the doorway, was utilized for firewood, fresh game,
+fish, water baskets, and such larger household articles and implements
+as were in general use. The retaining walls of this platform consisted
+of four heavy hewn spruce timbers approximately 27 feet long, 3 feet
+wide, and 5 inches thick, and so fitted with mortise and tenon at
+opposite ends that they supported each other without artificial
+fastenings. The faces of these timbers were beautifully finished in the
+finest adze work, and those on either side and at the back were carved
+in low relief to represent a remarkable extended figure, neither wholly
+human nor animal, with widely outstretched arms and legs, painted in
+red. It may be that the artist conceived and executed this form merely
+as a decorative feature, without meaning, or if it was his purpose to
+present a recognizable figure he followed that characteristic and well
+established privilege of native art in exaggeration to make the subject
+conform to the decorative field. The old chief, Yehlh-guou, "Raven's
+slave," said that the figure symbolized "Kee-war-kow" the highest
+heaven where those who were killed in war and died violent deaths went,
+and are seen at play in the Aurora Borealis. Another explanation is
+that it merely represented a man warming himself before the central
+fire. (Plate 1.)
+
+The upper and broader platform, rising two feet above that below, was
+at the ground level, and was floored with heavy planks. It had a depth
+of ten feet on the sides which was greatly increased at the back and
+correspondingly diminished in front. The four heavy retaining timbers
+forming the walls and supporting the platform were thirty-one feet at
+the front and back and thirty-three feet along the sides, two feet
+wide, and five inches in thickness, and were fitted together at the
+ends as previously described, and shown in the house plan. On the
+carefully adzed face carved in low relief, equidistant from the corners
+and from each other, arranged in echelon, were three representations of
+the "tinneh" the ceremonial copper and in connection with this it may
+be noted that one of the names of the house chief was Tinneh-sarta
+"Keeper of the copper." This platform constituted the sleeping place of
+the inmates. Each family occupied a certain space according to number
+and relative importance, the poorer members being nearer the door. The
+spaces were separated from each other by walls of chests, baskets, and
+bundles containing the family wealth in skins, blankets, clothing,
+ceremonial paraphernalia, and food products. On the walls were hung
+weapons, traps, snares, and hunting gear. Cedarbark mats covered the
+floor over which was laid the bedding consisting of pelts of the
+caribou, mountain sheep, goat, and bear, and blankets of lynx, fox, and
+squirrel, which in the daytime were ordinarily rolled up for economy of
+space. Sometimes these chambers were partly enclosed by skins or old
+canoe sails. The back compartment occupying the space between the two
+rear interior posts was partitioned off by a very beautiful carved wood
+screen which will be described later. This was the chamber of the chief
+and his immediate family. (Plate 2)
+
+At the level of this upper platform, firmly imbedded in the ground
+equidistant from the sides and nearer the front than the back wall,
+were four vertical elaborately carved posts "gars" nine feet three
+inches high and two feet six inches wide, which supported the roof
+structure. The heads were hollowed to receive two neatly rounded tree
+trunks almost two feet in diameter extending from front to rear, on top
+of these at intervals were placed heavy cross bars which in turn
+supported two smaller rounded longitudinal beams placed that distance
+towards the center that would give the necessary pitch to the roof,
+lighter cross pieces spanned these, on which rested the ridge pole in
+two sections to allow for the smoke hole.
+
+The private apartment of the house chief occupied the central portion
+of the upper rear platform, and was partitioned off in front, by a
+screen of thin native-split red cedar planks of varying widths, neatly
+fitted vertically, and sewed together with withes of spruce root,
+countersunk, to make it appear a solid piece. It extended between the
+two rear carved posts that supported the roof structure, and was twenty
+feet long by nine and a half feet high. The front surface was smoothed
+with dogfish skin or equisetum, and elaborately carved in low relief
+and painted to represent the rain spirit, which was symbolized by the
+great central figure with outstretched arms, while the small crouching
+figures in the border around the sides and top known as Su-con-nutchee
+"raindrops splash up," represented the splash of the falling drops
+after striking the ground. The whole partition was called Su-kheen
+"rain wall."
+
+The round hole through the body, over which was formerly hung a dressed
+caribou or goatskin, formed the entrance to the chamber, which received
+its only light and ventilation over the top of the screen from the
+smoke hole in the roof. There seems to be a difference of opinion today
+as to who executed this work. Yehlh-kok the present chief of the family
+says that it was done by Kate-tsu, the chief who built the house, and
+that the painting was the work of Skeet-lah-ka, a later chief and an
+artist of wide repute, the father of Chartrich, who in 1834 just prior
+to the lease of the littoral by the Russian Government to the Hudson's
+Bay Company, accompanied the first Russians who ascended the Chilkat
+River, which would carry it well back in the early portion of the last
+century which was the Victorian age of Northwest Coast art.
+
+Others, while agreeing as to the painting, claim that the carving was
+designed and executed by a Tsimshian. But whether the work of the
+former or the latter, the conventionalized design, and particularly the
+multiplicity of small figures around the principal one is essentially
+Tsimshian in character and entirely different from the realism of
+Tlingit art.
+
+It is unquestionably the finest example of native art, either Tlingit
+or Tsimshian, in Alaska, in boldness of conception,--although highly
+conventionalized in form,--in execution of detail, and in the selection
+and arrangement of colors.
+
+The four interior posts "gars" on which rest the heavy longitudinal
+beams that support the roof structure are elaborately carved in high
+relief, a commingling of human and animal forms. Each one illustrates
+some hero tale or important incident in the early life of the family,
+or a tradition of the wanderings and antics of Yehlh, "the Raven" with
+whom they claim a certain relationship. Each post is named from the
+story told. They are of red cedar, brought from the south, and were
+carved by a Tsimshian who also carved the figures on the faces of the
+retaining timbers of the first platform. For all of this work he
+received in payment ten slaves, fifty dressed moose-skins, and a number
+of blankets.
+
+Besides these there were four other posts known as Teetle-Gars "Dog
+salmon post." They presented a slightly rounded surface, carved in low
+relief, painted in dull colors, inlaid with opercula and representing,
+as the name indicated, the dog salmon. They were much decayed and only
+two were standing at the height of the upper platform at the sides in
+1885. They had been used originally as interior posts in some house but
+had passed their period of usefulness and were preserved simply as
+relics of the past.
+
+
+
+
+DETAIL OF THE HOUSE POSTS.
+
+GONAKATATE-GARS.
+
+
+The carved interior post to the right of the doorway entering was known
+as Gonakatate-Gars and told a story of Yehlh, the Raven. (Plate 3_a_.)
+
+Gonakatate was believed to be a great sea monster, half animal and half
+fish, variously represented according to the imagination of the artist,
+but generally shown with fore feet, a characteristic dorsal fin, and
+the tail of a fish, but again it is said that in rising from the water
+it appeared as a beautifully ornamented house front. It brought great
+good fortune to one who saw it.
+
+The principal figure extending from near the top to the bottom with
+front and hind paws represents this monster holding a whale by the
+flipper with the tail in its mouth and the head between the hind feet,
+for the Gonakatate is believed to capture and eat whales. The figure of
+a woman on the back of the whale is called Stah-ka-dee-Shawut which is
+an older name of the Qwash-qwa-kwan, a family that came from the
+interior and settled on the coast about Yakutat, and as the scene of
+this adventure is placed thereabouts and with the matriarchal system
+the woman would indicate the family. The use of her figure would serve
+to mark the locality which is the only explanation for her appearance.
+
+In the blow hole of the whale is the head of the Raven which is the
+significant feature of the whole carving that illustrates the story.
+The smaller head at the top, ornamented with human hair is called
+Gonakatate-Yuttee, "Gonakatate's child," that holds the head of the
+hawk in its paws. While the hawk is an emblem of the family, these
+figures are merely ornamental and have no connection with the story.
+
+The story of the Gonakatate-Gars is as follows:--
+
+During the wanderings of Yehlh "Raven" along the coast of Alaska above
+the mouth of the Alsech River, he saw a whale blowing, far out to sea,
+and being always hungry he greatly wanted to capture it, but he had
+neither spear nor line and only his fire bag of flint, stone, and
+tinder. He thought that he might kill the whale if he could only get
+inside, so when it came up to breathe he flew in the blow hole and
+reaching the stomach, struck a light, and made a fire that soon killed
+it.
+
+When it floated inshore and was rolled on the beach by the breakers, he
+tried to escape as he had entered, but the blow hole had partly closed
+and he could only get his head out. He saw a young man coming down to
+the shore and he commenced to sing in a loud voice. This greatly
+surprised him and he hastened back to the camp to tell the old people
+that there was strange singing in a stranded whale, which brought all
+the villagers to the scene, and they proceeded to cut open the whale at
+the blow hole when the Raven flew out singing khoonee, khoonee,
+"cleaned out the blow hole." When the people had cut up the whale and
+tried out the blubber into grease the Raven returned in human form, and
+asked them how they got the whale, and if they had heard singing
+within, for he told them that long ago this had happened in his
+country, and all of those who ate the grease had died. This so
+frightened the people that they left the grease boxes on the shore and
+returned to the village, when the Raven sat down and ate all the grease
+they had prepared.
+
+
+DUCK-TOOLH-GARS.
+
+The carved interior post, to the left of the doorway entering, was
+named Duck-toolh-Gars, and illustrates a hero tale of the family that
+occurred before their northern migration. The human figure represents
+Duck-toolh "Black-skin" (typifying strength), tearing the sealion in
+two. The head at the base symbolizes the rock island on which the
+sealion hauled, when this incident took place. The head of Duck-toolh
+is wrapped around with sealion intestines and is ornamented with human
+hair hanging down over the face. The sealion forms the central figure;
+the protruding tongue indicates death, as the body is split in half.
+The fore flippers are parallel with the body under the man's forearms
+and the back flippers rest on his shoulders.
+
+It is said that in the early life of the Kon-nuh-hut-di, before their
+migration north, when they lived on the west coast of Prince of Wales
+Island, at or near the present site of Klawak, at Tuck-anee "just by
+the outside" from which the inhabitants took the local name
+Tuck-an-a-di "outside country people" from their home on the ocean
+coast, there was a young man, the nephew of the chief, named Duck-toolh
+"Black-skin," but nicknamed At-kaharsee "nasty man" from his generally
+dirty condition.
+
+The villagers depended largely upon the flesh of the sealion for food,
+its hide was used for armor and other economic purposes while the
+whisker bristles were greatly prized for the crown of the ceremonial
+headdress.
+
+These animals were found in great numbers on a rocky island far to
+seaward (supposed to have been Foresters Island), but the ocean passage
+in their frail canoes was very dangerous and with their primitive
+spears and clubs it took courage and strength to succeed in the hunt,
+and so they prepared themselves for the undertaking by much exercise,
+and hardened their bodies by sea bathing in the early morning
+throughout the winter. But Duck-Toolh seemingly practised none of these
+things, he slept late and although of great size was looked upon as
+lazy and weak until he became the laughing stock even of the children.
+In the household was a powerful man named Kash-ka-di, who in passing
+for his morning plunge would kick Duck-toolh and call him by his
+nickname, which he never resented. Upon coming out of the water each
+morning the bathers would test their strength by trying to pull up and
+break smaller trees. All of this time Duck-toolh was shamming, for
+every night after all had gone to sleep he would steal out and sit in
+the ice cold water by the hour, and coming out would beat himself with
+bundles of brush to keep up his circulation, then he would enter the
+house and throwing a little water on the hot coals to make steam, and
+wrapping himself in his bark mat would lie down and go to sleep in the
+ashes which covered his body and gave him his nickname. One night while
+he was sitting in the water he heard a whistle, and saw a heavily built
+man rise out of the sea. He came to him and told him to get up, when he
+whipped him on the back four times and with each stroke he fell down.
+Then he gave Duck-toolh the sticks and told him to whip him, which had
+no effect upon him and he said, "You have not gained strength yet."
+This operation was again repeated which gave Duck-toolh great strength,
+and then they wrestled with each other, but neither could throw the
+other. The strange man said, "Now you are very powerful I have given
+you my strength," when a heavy fog suddenly drove in from the sea and
+enveloped him and he disappeared. Then Duck-toolh ran about and broke
+the limbs off the trees with little effort, but he put them together
+again and they froze in place for he did not want any one to know that
+strength had come to him. He felt very happy, and was very willing to
+do anything for any one or to accept the ridicule and abuse heaped upon
+him. In the morning, Kash-ka-di, after coming out of the water, ran
+about trying his strength and he took the great limb that was stuck
+together in his hands and pulled it apart. He boasted to everyone that
+strength had come to him and that he was ready now to go out against
+the sealion. Duck-toolh said, "Yes, he would go too," which made every
+one laugh. Even the girls made fun of him and asked him what he could
+do, for he was like them, and he said that he could bail the canoe,
+which was a woman's or child's work. He washed and put on clean clothes
+and going to his grandmother said, "You have no tlhan," (strips of fur
+woven into blankets); "you have no da" (martin skin). She answered,
+"Yes" and gave him a strip of fur with which he tied up his front hair,
+taken in a bunch (this was done when one felt angry), and he dabbed his
+mouth with red paint, but still the people laughed at him, although he
+looked like a chief. Then the canoe started for the sealion grounds and
+while Kash-ka-di boasted of his great strength and what he would do,
+Duck-toolh sat silently in the bottom of the canoe. When they reached
+the rocks Kash-ka-di jumped out and grabbing a great sealion by its
+hind flippers tried to tear it in two, but he was thrown high in the
+air and killed on the rocks. Then Duck-toolh laughed and said, "Who
+broke the tree," "I break it," and he jumped on the rock and grabbed
+the sealion and tore it apart, beat the brains out of the smaller ones,
+and for some unknown reason he wound the intestines of the animals
+around his head. Then they loaded the canoe with the carcasses and
+returned home and everyone knew that Duck-toolh was strength and he
+became a very powerful and wealthy man. Some versions of this story say
+that he remained alone on the island for some time during which the
+spirit of the doctor came to him, but my informant knew nothing of
+this.
+
+
+YEHLH-GARS.
+
+The carved post on the right of the ornamental screen was named
+Yehlh-Gars "Raven Post," and told the story of the capture of Ta "the
+king salmon." The main figure shows the Raven in human form holding a
+head with a projecting blade-like tongue, which is known as Tsu-hootar
+"jade adze." At the bottom is the head of a fish which should have been
+that of the king salmon, but through a mistake of the carver it
+resembles more nearly that of the sculpin. Coming out of the mouth of
+the Raven is a bird form called Tu-kwut-lah-Yehlh, "telling lies
+raven," which symbolizes the lies the Raven told to the little birds
+mentioned in the story. (Plate 4_a_.)
+
+Many of the myths relative to the later wanderings of the Raven after
+the release of the elements necessary to life on the earth, and
+particularly those in connection with animals, represent him as always
+hungry, unscrupulous and deceptive, and friendly only for selfish
+purposes. In the early spring before the salmon had come into the
+rivers, or the berries had ripened on the mountain sides, the season of
+little food, Yehlh happened to be on the seashore near Dry Bay and very
+hungry. He saw a king salmon jumping in the ocean and he commenced to
+plan how he could take it, for he had neither canoe, spear, nor line.
+Going back from the shore he found in a deserted camp a piece of an old
+cedarbark mat, an old woven spruce root hat, an eagle skin, and a jade
+adze "tsu-hootar." Putting on the hat, folding the mat about his body,
+and dressing his hair with eagle down, he took the jade and seating
+himself on a big boulder at the edge of the water said to the salmon,
+"Tsu-hootar is calling you bad names, he says that you have an ugly
+black mouth and that you are afraid to come up to the shore." This so
+enraged the salmon that he came towards the shore, when Tehlh said,
+"Wait a little, I have to go to the woods" for he had no club and the
+salmon must always be killed by striking it on the head with a club.
+When he returned, he again reviled the salmon and when it came and
+jumped in shallow water he killed it. He then kindled a fire with his
+rubbing sticks and prepared the fish for cooking. In the meantime many
+small birds came around hoping to get something to eat, and the Raven
+sent them off to gather skunk cabbage leaves to wrap the fish in, but
+those that they brought he condemned as too small or smelling bad, and
+told them to go to the far mountain where the proper kind grew. As soon
+as they had disappeared he wrapped the fish in the discarded leaves,
+scraped away the fire and the gravel beneath, buried the fish, and
+covered it with the hot stones and the fire. When the fish was cooked,
+he ate all of it and collecting the bones, carefully wrapped them in
+the old leaves and covered them with the fire and when the little birds
+returned with the mountain leaves he showed them the bones, saying that
+the fire had eaten the flesh. Then all of the birds felt very badly,
+the little chickadee cried bitterly and continually wiping its eyes
+with its feet wore away the feathers which ever after showed a white
+stripe from the corners down. The blue jay was so angry that he tied up
+the feathers on top of his head which have ever since formed a crest,
+for when the Tlingit are angry they tie the front hair up in a knot;
+while the robin in his grief sat too close to the fire and burned his
+breast red.
+
+
+TLUKE-ASS-A-GARS.
+
+The carved post on the left of the ornamental screen was named
+Tluke-ass-a-Gars "Wood-worm Post" and illustrated a very important
+happening in the early life of the family that is believed to have
+caused the separation of the body that first migrated northward. The
+large upper figure represents Ka-kutch-an, "the girl who fondled the
+wood-worm," which she holds in front of her body with both hands. Over
+her head are two wood-worms whose heads form her ears. Beneath is shown
+a frog in the bill of a crane. The whole post symbolizes the tree in
+which the wood-worm lives, the crane lights on the outer surface and
+the frog lives underneath among the roots.
+
+It is said that in early days in a village that would seem to have been
+near Klawak, on the west coast of Prince of Wales Island, there was a
+chief of the Tlow-on-we-ga-dee family whose wife was of the
+Kon-nuh-ta-di. They had a daughter just reaching womanhood. One day
+after the members of the household had returned from gathering
+firewood, the daughter, picking up a piece of bark found a wood-worm
+which she wrapped up in her blanket and carried in the house. After the
+evening meal she took it into the back compartment and offered it some
+food, but it would not eat, and then she gave it her breast and it grew
+very rapidly and she became very fond of it, as if it were her child,
+and as time went on her whole life seemed to be absorbed by her pet
+which she kept secreted. Her constant abstraction and absences grew so
+noticeable that the mother's suspicions were aroused and one day she
+detected her fondling the worm that had now grown as large as a person.
+She called the chief and they wondered greatly for no one had ever seen
+anything like it. As she played with the worm she sang to it all the
+time:--
+
+    "Da-a-a see-ok bus k-e-e-e.      Tchi-ok kon nok
+    They have small faces.           Sit down here.
+
+    Tu usk-k ka tel kin ka           Tchi-ok kon nok
+    They have small fat cheeks.      Sit down here."
+
+The father told the uncle and he sent for his niece and set food before
+her, and while she ate he stole away to see the worm, which she had
+hidden behind the food chests in the back apartment. That evening the
+uncle called the people together and told them that his niece had a
+great "living creature" Kutze-ce-te-ut that might in time kill them all
+and they decided to kill the worm. Another reason given for the
+destruction of the creature was that it was held accountable for the
+loss of much food that had been mysteriously disappearing from the
+grease boxes for some time past.
+
+The following day the aunt invited her to come and sew her martin skin
+robe, and in her absence the men sharpened their long wooden spears and
+going to the house killed the worm. Upon her return she cried bitterly
+and said they had killed her child and she sang her song night and day
+until she died. Then her family left this place and migrated north. In
+commemoration of this event the Tlow-on-we-ga-du family display the
+tail of the worm on their dance dress, pipes, etc., as they attacked
+that part, while the Kon-nuh-ta-di display the whole worm figure as
+they killed the head which was the most important part.
+
+
+
+
+OBJECTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE HOUSE.
+
+
+Closely associated with the "Whale House," and in the keeping of the
+chief, were many ceremonial objects in crest form, that were never
+exhibited except upon such important occasions as when the whole family
+was assembled and much property was distributed to those of the
+opposite phratry who had assisted at house and grave building,
+cremation, etc. Most prominent among these was a great wood feast
+dish, and an exceptionally large basket. The former was known as
+Thluke-hotsick "wood-worm dish," and as a crest object it told the same
+story as the carved interior post previously described. It was hollowed
+out of a tree trunk 14 feet 6 inches long, 2 feet 6 inches wide and 1
+foot high. It was shaped and ornamentally carved and painted to
+represent a wood-worm and inlaid along the rounded upper edge with
+opercula. In 1885 it had so far decayed that its usefulness was past
+although it was still displayed upon ceremonial occasions (Fig. 6).
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 6. Wood-worm Dish, as seen in the House.]
+
+The basket although at least two generations old, has been carefully
+cared for so that it is in an excellent state of preservation. It is
+named Kuhk-claw "basket mother" on account of its great size, measuring
+33 inches in both height and diameter. It was woven of split spruce
+root in cylindrical form, by a woman of the family, in the
+characteristic weave of the Chilkat, where alternate spirals of woof
+are in the double twining and plaiting, giving a rough and irregular
+appearance to the wall surface. The only variation on the outside are
+four short darker colored lines of weave which mark its capacity at
+different heights as we mark a commercial measure. It is fitted with
+twisted root handle for carriage. Both of these receptacles were used
+at feasts, filled with native food, and are generally known throughout
+southeastern Alaska.
+
+
+
+
+THE PRESENT WHALE HOUSE.
+
+
+In 1899 this house and Yehlh-hit (Raven) House adjoining were torn down
+and preparations for the erection of new buildings were gotten under
+way, and in the winter of 1901, after the walls were up and the roof
+on, a great potlach was given by the Kon-nuh-ta-di, to the three Wolf
+families of the opposite phratry in the tribe and the Ka-gwan-tan of
+Sitka, in which over ten thousand dollars in property, food, and money
+were distributed. The head chief of the family the master of the whale
+house Yehlh-guou "Raven's slave," welcomed his guest upon landing,
+wearing the Raven hat. The new house although modern in form and of two
+stories took the old name, and it stands today windowless and doorless,
+the interior grown up in weeds, a monument of the last great potlatch
+of the Chilkat, as the chief died soon afterwards and his successor has
+neither the means to finish it nor the desire to live in it and the
+elaborate carvings have never been placed but are stored and will
+probably so remain.
+
+
+
+
+PLATE 1.
+
+Decorative figures carved in bas-relief on the face of the retaining
+timbers supporting the two interior superimposed platforms. For their
+positions in the house see Fig. 6. The three upper figures represent
+the native hammered copper plate, "Tinneh," which was an important
+feature in the ceremonial life of the Northwest Coast and was the most
+valued of possessions, while that below was said to symbolize
+"Kee-war-kow," the highest heaven. (See p. 22.)
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 1.]
+
+PLATE 2.
+
+Carved and painted screen at the back of the house partitioning off the
+chief's apartment. It is called Su-kheen, or "rain wall." The central
+figure with outstretched arms represents the Rain Spirit, while the
+small crouching figures in the border are called Su-cou-nutchee,
+"raindrops splash up," or the splash of falling drops after striking
+the ground.
+
+A portion of the screen has been broken off and the otherwise
+unsymmetrical form of the drawing is due to photographic distortion.
+Its position in the house is indicated by Fig. 6. The hole through the
+body of the symbolic figure is the door or entrance to the apartment
+behind. (See p. 23.)
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 2.]
+
+PLATE 3.
+
+_a_ Carved interior post to the right of the entrance, Gonakatate-Gars,
+representing the mythical sea monster that brings good fortune to one
+who sees it and illustrates a story in the early wanderings of Yehlh,
+the Raven. At the top is "Gonakatate's child" who holds a hawk in its
+paws. Next is the head of "Gonakatate," the principal figure whose body
+extends to the bottom of the post. He holds in front of him a whale,
+peeping from whose blow hole is the head of the Raven. On the back of
+the whale is the figure of a woman. (See p. 25.)
+
+_b_ Carved interior post to the left of the entrance, Duck-Toolh-Gars
+representing the legendary hero, "Black-Skins" rending the sealion. The
+large human figure is Duck-Toolh, who holds a sealion by the hind
+flippers. The head at the base of the post represents the island upon
+which he stood while tearing the sealion asunder. (See p. 26.)
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 3.]
+
+PLATE 4.
+
+_a_ Carved interior post to the right of the decorative screen in the
+rear of the house, Yehlh-Gars, Raven Post, telling the story of the
+Raven capturing the king salmon. The main figure with head at the top
+represents the Raven, holding the head of Tsu-hootar, or "jade adze,"
+and standing upon the head of a fish. From the mouth of Raven is
+issuing a bird representing lies. (See p. 28.)
+
+_b_ Carved interior post to the left of the decorative screen in the
+rear of the house, Tluke-ass-a-Gars, illustrating the story of the girl
+and the wood-worm. The human figure above is that of Ka-kutch-an, "the
+girl who fondled the wood-worm." She holds the wood-worm in front in
+her hands. Two worms are peeping around her head. The lower figure
+represents a crane holding a frog in its bill. (See p. 29.)
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 4.]
+
+
+
+
+American Museum of Natural History.
+
+PUBLICATIONS IN ANTHROPOLOGY.
+
+
+In 1906 the present series of Anthropological Papers was authorized by
+the Trustees of the Museum to record the results of research conducted
+by the Department of Anthropology. The series comprises octavo volumes
+of about 350 pages each, issued in parts at irregular intervals.
+Previous to 1906 articles devoted to anthropological subjects appeared
+as occasional papers in the Bulletin and also in the Memoir series of
+the Museum. A complete list of these publications with prices will be
+furnished when requested. All communications should be addressed to the
+Librarian of the Museum.
+
+The recent issues are as follows:--
+
+
+Volume X.
+
+   I. Chipewyan Texts. By Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 1-66. 1912. Price,
+$1.00.
+
+  II. Analysis of Cold Lake Dialect, Chipewyan. By Pliny Earle Goddard.
+Pp. 67-170, and 249 text figures. 1912. Price, $1.00.
+
+ III. Chipewyan Tales. By Robert H. Lowie. Pp. 171-200. 1912. Price,
+$.25.
+
+  IV. The Beaver Indians. By Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 201-293, and 19
+text figures. 1916. Price, $1.00.
+
+   V. (In press.)
+
+
+Volume XI.
+
+   I. Societies and Ceremonial Associations in the Oglala Division of the
+Teton-Dakota. By Clark Wissler. Pp. 1-99, and 7 text figures. 1912.
+Price, $.50.
+
+  II. Dance Associations of the Eastern Dakota. By Robert H. Lowie. Pp.
+101-142. 1913. Price, $.25.
+
+ III. Societies of the Crow, Hidatsa and Mandan Indians. By Robert H.
+Lowie. Pp. 143-358 and 18 text figures. 1913. Price, $2.00.
+
+  IV. Societies and Dance Associations of the Blackfoot Indians. By Clark
+Wissler. Pp. 363-460, and 29 text figures. 1913. Price, $1.00.
+
+   V. Dancing Societies of the Sarsi Indians. By Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp.
+461-474. 1914. Price, $.25.
+
+  VI. Political Organization, Cults, and Ceremonies of the Plains-Ojibway
+and Plains-Cree Indians. By Alanson Skinner. Pp. 475-542, and 10 text
+figures. 1914. Price, $.75.
+
+ VII. Pawnee Indian Societies. By James R. Murie. Pp. 543-644, and 18
+text figures. 1914. Price, $1.00.
+
+VIII. Societies of the Arikara Indians. By Robert H. Lowie. Pp.
+645-678. 1915. Price, $.50.
+
+  IX. Societies of the Iowa, Kansa, and Ponca Indians. By Alanson
+Skinner. Pp. 679-801, and 5 text figures. 1915. Price, $1.00.
+
+   X. Dances and Societies of the Plains Shoshone. By Robert H. Lowie. Pp.
+803-835. 1915. Price, $.25.
+
+  XI. Societies of the Kiowa. By Robert H. Lowie. Pp. 837-851. 1916.
+Price, $.25.
+
+ XII. General Discussion of Shamanistic and Dancing Societies By Clark
+Wissler. Pp. 853-876. 1916. Price, $.25.
+
+XIII. (In preparation).
+
+
+Volume XII.
+
+   I. String-figures from the Patomana Indians of British Guiana. By Frank
+E. Lutz. Pp. 1-14. and 12 text figures. 1912. Price, $.25.
+
+  II. Prehistoric Bronze in South America. By Charles W. Mead. Pp. 15-52,
+and 4 text figures. 1915. Price, $.25.
+
+ III. Peruvian Textiles. By M. D. C. Crawford. Pp. 52-101, and 23 text
+figures. 1915. Price, $.50.
+
+  IV. (In preparation.)
+
+
+Volume XIII.
+
+   I. Social Life and Ceremonial Bundles of the Menomini Indians. By
+Alanson Skinner. Pp. 1-165, and 30 text figures. 1913. Price, $1.50.
+
+  II. Associations and Ceremonies of the Menomini Indians. By Alanson
+Skinner. Pp. 167-215, and 2 text figures. 1915. Price, $.40.
+
+ III. Folklore of the Menomini Indians. By Alanson Skinner and John V.
+Satterlee. Pp. 217-546. 1915. Price, $1.60.
+
+
+Volume XIV.
+
+   I. The Stefansson-Anderson Arctic Expedition of the American Museum:
+Preliminary Ethnological Report. By Vilhjalmur Stefansson. Pp. 1-376,
+94 text figures, and 2 maps. 1914. Price. $3.50.
+
+  II. (In preparation.)
+
+
+Volume XV.
+
+   I. Pueblo Ruins of the Galisteo Basin, New Mexico. By N. C. Nelson. Pp.
+1-124, Plates 1-4, 13 text figures, 1 map, and 7 plans. 1914. Price
+$.75.
+
+  II. (In preparation.)
+
+
+Volume XVI.
+
+   I. The Sun Dance of the Crow Indians. By Robert H. Lowie. Pp. 1-50, and
+11 text figures. 1915. Price, $.50.
+
+  II. (In preparation.)
+
+
+Volume XVII.
+
+   I. Riding Gear of the North American Indians. By Clark Wissler. Pp.
+1-38, and 27 text figures. 1915. Price, $.50.
+
+  II. Costumes of the Plains-Indians. By Clark Wissier. Pp. 41-91, and 28
+text figures. 1915. Price, $.50.
+
+ III. Structural Basis to the Decoration of Costumes among the Plains
+Indians. By Clark Wissler. Pp. 93-114, and 12 text figures. 1916.
+Price, $.25.
+
+  IV. Basketry of the Papago and Pima. By Mary Lois Kissell. Pp.
+115-264, and 81 text figures. 1916. Price, $1.50.
+
+   V. (In preparation.)
+
+
+Volume XVIII.
+
+   I. Zuni Potsherds. By A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 1-37, and 2 text figures.
+1916. Price, $.30.
+
+  II. (In preparation).
+
+
+Volume XIX.
+
+   I. The Whale House of the Chilkat. By George T. Emmons. Pp. 1-33.
+Plates I-IV, and 6 text figures. 1916. Price, $1.00.
+
+  II. (In preparation).
+
+
+_The Cosmos Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts_
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Whale House of the Chilkat, by George T. Emmons
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